Datasets:

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jenny/11023

COMMON LAW AND EQUITY

common law and equity

very fast

kɑmʌn lɔ ʌnd ɛkwʌti

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very fast, but there's some background noise and a slightly monotonous tone, which can be heard in this recording.'

jenny/11024

King John of England signs Magna Carta

king john of england signs magna carta

very fast

kɪŋ dʒɑn ʌv ɪŋɡlʌnd saɪnz mæɡnʌ kɑɹtʌ

quite noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy, but the tone is quite monotone, and the pace is very fast.'

jenny/11025

The 'doctrine of precedent', or stare decisis means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts, and future decisions of the same court, to assure that similar cases reach similar results.

the 'doctrine of precedent', or stare decisis means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts, and future decisions of the same court, to assure that similar cases reach similar results.

very fast

ðʌ 'dɑktɹʌn ʌv pɹɛsɪdʌnt', ɔɹ stɛɹ minz ðæt dɪsɪʒʌnz baɪ haɪɜ˞ kɔɹts baɪnd loʊɜ˞ kɔɹts, ʌnd fjutʃɜ˞ dɪsɪʒʌnz ʌv ðʌ seɪm kɔɹt, tu ʌʃʊɹ ðæt sɪmʌlɜ˞ keɪsʌz ɹitʃ sɪmʌlɜ˞ ɹɪzʌlts.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast pace but her voice is quite monotone in this recording.'

jenny/11026

Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the British Empire .

common law originated from england and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the british empire .

very fast

kɑmʌn lɔ ɜ˞ɪdʒʌneɪtʌd fɹʌm ɪŋɡlʌnd ʌnd hæz bɪn ɪnhɛɹʌtɪd baɪ ɔlmoʊst ɛvɜ˞i kʌntɹi wʌns taɪd tu ðʌ bɹɪtɪʃ ɛmpaɪɜ˞ .

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very quiet and monotone, with no significant background noise.'

jenny/11027

In medieval England, the Norman conquest the law varied-shire-to-shire, based on disparate tribal customs.

in medieval england, the norman conquest the law varied shire to shire, based on disparate tribal customs.

very fast

ɪn mɪdivʌl ɪŋɡlʌnd, ðʌ nɔɹmʌn kɑŋkwɛst ðʌ lɔ vɛɹid-ʃaɪɹ-tu-ʃaɪɹ, beɪst ɑn dɪspɜ˞ɪt tɹaɪbʌl kʌstʌmz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone voice, lacking any expression or variation in pace.'

jenny/11028

The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when King John was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws.

the next major step in the evolution of the common law came when king john was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws.

very fast

ðʌ nɛkst meɪdʒɜ˞ stɛp ɪn ðʌ ɛvʌluʃʌn ʌv ðʌ kɑmʌn lɔ keɪm wɛn kɪŋ dʒɑn wɑz fɔɹst baɪ hɪz bæɹʌnz tu saɪn ʌ dɑkjʌmɛnt lɪmʌtɪŋ hɪz ʌθɔɹʌti tu pæs lɔz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, barely above a whisper, and the recording is quite clear despite being very confined sounding'.

jenny/11029

A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralised.

a concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law making under this system, and compared to its european counterparts the english judiciary became highly centralised.

very fast

ʌ kɑnsʌntɹeɪtɪd ʌnd ɪlit ɡɹup ʌv dʒʌdʒɪz ʌkwaɪɜ˞d ʌ dɑmʌnʌnt ɹoʊl ɪn lɔ-meɪkɪŋ ʌndɜ˞ ðɪs sɪstʌm, ʌnd kʌmpɛɹd tu ɪts jʊɹʌpiʌn kaʊntɜ˞pɑɹts ðʌ ɪŋɡlɪʃ dʒudɪʃiɛɹi bɪkeɪm haɪli .

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly but has a very fast tempo and monotone delivery.'

jenny/1102

Still, gives 'em the right idea, eh?'.

still, gives 'em the right idea, eh?'.

very fast

stɪl, ɡɪvz 'ɛm ðʌ ɹaɪt aɪdiʌ, ɛ?'.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks with a clear voice, but there's a slight background noise that makes it sound slightly muffled.'

jenny/11031

This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a systematised process of developing common law.

this powerful and tight knit judiciary gave rise to a systematised process of developing common law.

very fast

ðɪs paʊɜ˞fʌl ʌnd taɪt-nɪt dʒudɪʃiɛɹi ɡeɪv ɹaɪz tu ʌ pɹɑsɛs ʌv dɪvɛlʌpɪŋ kɑmʌn lɔ.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear, but there's a bit of background noise and a moderate tone of voice.'.

jenny/11032

From the time of Sir Thomas More, the first lawyer to be appointed as Lord Chancellor, a systematic body of equity grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own Court of Chancery.

from the time of sir thomas more, the first lawyer to be appointed as lord chancellor, a systematic body of equity grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own court of chancery.

very fast

fɹʌm ðʌ taɪm ʌv sɜ˞ tɑmʌs mɔɹ, ðʌ fɜ˞st lɔjɜ˞ tu bi ʌpɔɪntɪd æz lɔɹd tʃænsʌlɜ˞, ʌ sɪstʌmætɪk bɑdi ʌv ɛkwʌti ɡɹu ʌp ʌlɔŋsaɪd ðʌ ɹɪdʒʌd kɑmʌn lɔ, ʌnd dɪvɛlʌpt ɪts oʊn kɔɹt ʌv tʃænsɜ˞i.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a high level of clarity and expression, but her tone is very monotone and her pace is very fast.'

jenny/11033

At first, equity was often criticised as erratic, that it varied according to the length of the Chancellor's foot.

at first, equity was often criticised as erratic, that it varied according to the length of the chancellor's foot.

very fast

æt fɜ˞st, ɛkwʌti wɑz ɔfʌn æz ɪɹætɪk, ðæt ɪt vɛɹid ʌkɔɹdɪŋ tu ðʌ lɛŋkθ ʌv ðʌ tʃænsʌlɜ˞'ɛs fʊt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear, but there's a bit of background noise that can be heard.'

jenny/11034

Over time, courts of equity developed solid principles, especially under Lord Eldon.

over time, courts of equity developed solid principles, especially under lord eldon.

very fast

oʊvɜ˞ taɪm, kɔɹts ʌv ɛkwʌti dɪvɛlʌpt sɑlʌd pɹɪnsʌpʌlz, ʌspɛʃli ʌndɜ˞ lɔɹd ɪldɑn.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very clear and monotone tone, with no noticeable background noise or fast delivery'.

jenny/11036

In developing the common law, academic writings have always played an important part, both to collect overarching principles from dispersed case law, and to argue for change.

in developing the common law, academic writings have always played an important part, both to collect overarching principles from dispersed case law, and to argue for change.

very fast

ɪn dɪvɛlʌpɪŋ ðʌ kɑmʌn lɔ, ækʌdɛmɪk ɹaɪtɪŋz hæv ɔlweɪz pleɪd æn ɪmpɔɹtʌnt pɑɹt, boʊθ tu kʌlɛkt oʊvɜ˞ɑɹtʃɪŋ pɹɪnsʌpʌlz fɹʌm dɪspɜ˞st keɪs lɔ, ʌnd tu ɑɹɡju fɔɹ tʃeɪndʒ.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very clear and concise tone, but there is some background noise that makes it sound somewhat unclear.'

jenny/11038

But merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked.

but merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked.

very fast

bʌt mɪɹli ɪn dɪskɹaɪbɪŋ, skɑlɜ˞z hu sɔt ɛksplʌneɪʃʌnz ʌnd ʌndɜ˞laɪɪŋ stɹʌktʃɜ˞z sloʊli tʃeɪndʒd ðʌ weɪ ðʌ lɔ æktʃuʌli wɜ˞kt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, with barely any variation in pace or expression.'

jenny/11039

Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts.

religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts.

very fast

ɹɪlɪdʒʌs lɔ ɪz ɪksplɪsʌtli beɪst ɑn ɹɪlɪdʒʌs pɹisɛpts.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there's a slight background noise that makes it sound a bit muffled.'

jenny/1103

At this moment the telescreen let out a piercing whistle.

at this moment the telescreen let out a piercing whistle.

very fast

æt ðɪs moʊmʌnt ðʌ lɛt aʊt ʌ pɪɹsɪŋ wɪsʌl.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks very fast and monotone, but there is a hint of clarity in the background.'

jenny/11040

Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability, because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments.

often the implication of religion for law is unalterability, because the word of god cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments.

very fast

ɔfʌn ðʌ ɪmplʌkeɪʃʌn ʌv ɹɪlɪdʒʌn fɔɹ lɔ ɪz , bɪkɔz ðʌ wɜ˞d ʌv ɡɑd kænɑt bi ʌmɛndɪd ɔɹ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʌd ʌɡɛnst baɪ dʒʌdʒɪz ɔɹ ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnts.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear but slightly monotone, delivered at a fast pace.'

jenny/11041

However, a thorough and detailed legal system generally requires human elaboration.

however, a thorough and detailed legal system generally requires human elaboration.

very fast

haʊɛvɜ˞, ʌ θɜ˞oʊ ʌnd dɪteɪld liɡʌl sɪstʌm dʒɛnɜ˞ʌli ɹikwaɪɜ˞z hjumʌn ɪlæbɜ˞eɪʃʌn.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very quiet and monotone, with minimal background noise and a fast pace.'.

jenny/11042

For instance, the Quran has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation, Qiyas , Ijma and precedent.

for instance, the quran has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation, qiyas , ijma and precedent.

very fast

fɔɹ ɪnstʌns, ðʌ hæz sʌm lɔ, ʌnd ɪt ækts æz ʌ sɔɹs ʌv fɜ˞ðɜ˞ lɔ θɹu ɪntɜ˞pɹɪteɪʃʌn, , ʌnd pɹɛsɪdʌnt.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very clear, but there's a bit of background noise that makes it sound slightly unclear in a relatively quiet room.'

jenny/11043

This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as Sharia and Fiqh respectively.

this is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as sharia and fiqh respectively.

very fast

ðɪs ɪz meɪnli kʌnteɪnd ɪn ʌ bɑdi ʌv lɔ ʌnd dʒʊɹʌspɹudʌns noʊn æz ʃɑɹiʌ ʌnd ɹɪspɛktɪvli.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone of voice, but there's a bit of background noise in this recording.'

jenny/11044

Another example is the Torah or Old Testament, in the Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses.

another example is the torah or old testament, in the pentateuch or five books of moses.

very fast

ʌnʌðɜ˞ ɪɡzæmpʌl ɪz ðʌ tɔɹʌ ɔɹ oʊld tɛstʌmʌnt, ɪn ðʌ ɔɹ faɪv bʊks ʌv moʊzʌs.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Very confined sounding, but with a moderate ambient sound in the background. Jenny's voice is relatively monotone and speaks quite quickly.'

jenny/11045

This contains the basic code of Jewish law, which some Israeli communities choose to use.

this contains the basic code of jewish law, which some israeli communities choose to use.

very fast

ðɪs kʌnteɪnz ðʌ beɪsɪk koʊd ʌv dʒuɪʃ lɔ, wɪtʃ sʌm ɪzɹeɪli kʌmjunʌtiz tʃuz tu jus.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, with some background noise that is slightly more noticeable.'

jenny/11046

The Halakha is a code of Jewish law that summarizes some of the Talmud's interpretations.

the halakha is a code of jewish law that summarizes some of the talmud's interpretations.

very fast

ðʌ ɪz ʌ koʊd ʌv dʒuɪʃ lɔ ðæt sʌmɜ˞aɪzɪz sʌm ʌv ðʌ tælmʌd'ɛs ɪntɜ˞pɹɪteɪʃʌnz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast pace but is almost silent, with a somewhat cloudy and unclear tone.'

jenny/11047

Nevertheless, Israeli law allows litigants to use religious laws only if they choose.

nevertheless, israeli law allows litigants to use religious laws only if they choose.

very fast

nɛvɜ˞ðʌlɛs, ɪzɹeɪli lɔ ʌlaʊz lɪtɪɡʌnts tu jus ɹɪlɪdʒʌs lɔz oʊnli ɪf ðeɪ tʃuz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'This sample has a very good recording, but the speaker's monotone voice can be a bit monotonous at times.'

jenny/11048

Canon law is only in use by members of the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion.

canon law is only in use by members of the catholic church, the eastern orthodox church and the anglican communion.

very fast

kænʌn lɔ ɪz oʊnli ɪn jus baɪ mɛmbɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ kæθlɪk tʃɜ˞tʃ, ðʌ istɜ˞n ɔɹθʌdɑks tʃɜ˞tʃ ʌnd ðʌ æŋɡlʌkʌn kʌmjunjʌn.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

'The speech sample is clear and recorded well, with moderate ambient sound and a moderate pace of delivery.'

jenny/11049

Canon law is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority , for the government of a Christian organisation or church and its members.

canon law is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority , for the government of a christian organisation or church and its members.

very fast

kænʌn lɔ ɪz ʌ sɛt ʌv ɔɹdʌnʌnsɪz ʌnd ɹɛɡjʌleɪʃʌnz meɪd baɪ ɪkliziæstɪkʌl ʌθɔɹʌti , fɔɹ ðʌ ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt ʌv ʌ kɹɪstʃʌn ɔɹɡʌnɪzeɪʃʌn ɔɹ tʃɜ˞tʃ ʌnd ɪts mɛmbɜ˞z.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny's speech is very monotone and barely audible due to the lack of clarity and the high level of noise.'

jenny/1104

It was the signal to return to work.

it was the signal to return to work.

very fast

ɪt wɑz ðʌ sɪɡnʌl tu ɹɪtɜ˞n tu wɜ˞k.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone of voice, but her delivery is very fast, resulting in a sense of urgency.'

jenny/11050

It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion.

it is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the catholic church , the eastern orthodox and oriental orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the anglican communion.

very fast

ɪt ɪz ðʌ ɪntɜ˞nʌl ɪkliziæstɪkʌl lɔ ɡʌvɜ˞nɪŋ ðʌ kæθlɪk tʃɜ˞tʃ , ðʌ istɜ˞n ɔɹθʌdɑks ʌnd ɔɹiɛntʌl ɔɹθʌdɑks tʃɜ˞tʃɪz, ʌnd ðʌ ɪndʌvɪdʒʌwʌl næʃʌnʌl tʃɜ˞tʃɪz wɪðɪn ðʌ æŋɡlʌkʌn kʌmjunjʌn.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a high level of clarity and monotone, lacking any noticeable variation in pace or emphasis'.

jenny/11051

The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches.

the way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches.

very fast

ðʌ weɪ ðæt sʌtʃ tʃɜ˞tʃ lɔ ɪz lɛdʒʌsleɪtʌd, ɪntɜ˞pɹʌtʌd ʌnd æt taɪmz ʌdʒudʌkeɪtɪd vɛɹiz waɪdli ʌmʌŋ ðiz θɹi bɑdiz ʌv tʃɜ˞tʃɪz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very good recording. Jenny's voice is very clear and slightly monotone, but she speaks quite fast.'

jenny/11052

In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

in all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council, these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

very fast

ɪn ɔl θɹi tɹʌdɪʃʌnz, ʌ kænʌn wɑz ɜ˞ɪdʒʌnʌli ʌ ɹul ʌdɑptɪd baɪ ʌ tʃɜ˞tʃ kaʊnsʌl; ðiz kænʌnz fɔɹmd ðʌ faʊndeɪʃʌn ʌv kænʌn lɔ.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, lacking any expressive inflection.'

jenny/11053

The Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the western world, predating the evolution of modern European civil law and common law systems.

the catholic church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the western world, predating the evolution of modern european civil law and common law systems.

very fast

ðʌ kæθlɪk tʃɜ˞tʃ hæz ðʌ oʊldʌst kʌntɪnjuʌsli fʌŋkʃʌnɪŋ liɡʌl sɪstʌm ɪn ðʌ wɛstɜ˞n wɜ˞ld, ðʌ ɛvʌluʃʌn ʌv mɑdɜ˞n jʊɹʌpiʌn sɪvʌl lɔ ʌnd kɑmʌn lɔ sɪstʌmz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there is some background noise and her tone is quite monotone.'

jenny/11055

The Eastern Catholic Churches, which developed different disciplines and practices, are governed by the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.

the eastern catholic churches, which developed different disciplines and practices, are governed by the code of canons of the eastern churches.

very fast

ðʌ istɜ˞n kæθlɪk tʃɜ˞tʃɪz, wɪtʃ dɪvɛlʌpt dɪfɜ˞ʌnt dɪsʌplʌnz ʌnd pɹæktʌsʌz, ɑɹ ɡʌvɜ˞nd baɪ ðʌ koʊd ʌv kænʌnz ʌv ðʌ istɜ˞n tʃɜ˞tʃɪz.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there is a slight background noise that makes it sound somewhat muffled.'

jenny/11056

The canon law of the Catholic Church influenced the common law during the medieval period through its preservation of Roman law doctrine such as the presumption of innocence.

the canon law of the catholic church influenced the common law during the medieval period through its preservation of roman law doctrine such as the presumption of innocence.

very fast

ðʌ kænʌn lɔ ʌv ðʌ kæθlɪk tʃɜ˞tʃ ɪnfluʌnst ðʌ kɑmʌn lɔ dʊɹɪŋ ðʌ mɪdivʌl pɪɹiʌd θɹu ɪts pɹɛzɜ˞veɪʃʌn ʌv ɹoʊmʌn lɔ dɑktɹʌn sʌtʃ æz ðʌ pɹɪzʌmpʃʌn ʌv ɪnʌsʌns.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very quiet and monotone, but she speaks quite quickly.'

jenny/11059

In modern times, the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law and custom.

in modern times, the legal systems of many muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as islamic law and custom.

very fast

ɪn mɑdɜ˞n taɪmz, ðʌ liɡʌl sɪstʌmz ʌv mɛni mʌzlʌm kʌntɹiz dɹɔ ʌpɑn boʊθ sɪvʌl ʌnd kɑmʌn lɔ tɹʌdɪʃʌnz æz wɛl æz ɪzlɑmɪk lɔ ʌnd kʌstʌm.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear and monotone, with minimal background noise and a fast pace.'.

jenny/1105

All three men sprang to their feet to join in the struggle round the lifts, and the remaining tobacco fell out of Winston's cigarette.

all three men sprang to their feet to join in the struggle round the lifts, and the remaining tobacco fell out of winston's cigarette.

very fast

ɔl θɹi mɛn spɹæŋ tu ðɛɹ fit tu dʒɔɪn ɪn ðʌ stɹʌɡʌl ɹaʊnd ðʌ lɪfts, ʌnd ðʌ ɹɪmeɪnɪŋ tʌbækoʊ fɛl aʊt ʌv wɪnstʌn'ɛs sɪɡɜ˞ɛt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast pace, but her voice is slightly clear with some background noise and occasional monotone intonations.'

jenny/11060

The constitutions of certain Muslim states, such as Egypt and Afghanistan, recognise Islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia.

the constitutions of certain muslim states, such as egypt and afghanistan, recognise islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to sharia.

very fast

ðʌ kɑnstɪtuʃʌnz ʌv sɜ˞tʌn mʌzlʌm steɪts, sʌtʃ æz idʒʌpt ʌnd æfɡænʌstæn, ɹɛkʌɡnaɪz ɪslɑm æz ðʌ ɹɪlɪdʒʌn ʌv ðʌ steɪt, ʌblaɪdʒɪŋ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞ tu ʌdhɪɹ tu ʃɑɹiʌ.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with little to no variation in her tone of voice, sounding very monotone.'

jenny/11061

Saudi Arabia recognises Quran as its constitution, and is governed on the basis of Islamic law.

saudi arabia recognises quran as its constitution, and is governed on the basis of islamic law.

very fast

sɔdi ʌɹeɪbiʌ ɹɛkʌɡnaɪzɪz æz ɪts kɑnstʌtuʃʌn, ʌnd ɪz ɡʌvɜ˞nd ɑn ðʌ beɪsʌs ʌv ɪzlɑmɪk lɔ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy and has a very monotone tone, with fast pacing.'

jenny/11063

There are distinguished methods of legal reasoning and methods of interpreting the law.

there are distinguished methods of legal reasoning and methods of interpreting the law.

very fast

ðɛɹ ɑɹ dɪstɪŋɡwɪʃt mɛθʌdz ʌv liɡʌl ɹizʌnɪŋ ʌnd mɛθʌdz ʌv ɪntɜ˞pɹɛtɪŋ ðʌ lɔ.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there's a slight background noise that can be heard. The tone is quite monotone, with very little variation in pitch or pace.'.

jenny/11064

There are also many other arguments and cannons of interpretation which altogether make statutory interpretation possible.

there are also many other arguments and cannons of interpretation which altogether make statutory interpretation possible.

very fast

ðɛɹ ɑɹ ɔlsoʊ mɛni ʌðɜ˞ ɑɹɡjʌmʌnts ʌnd kænʌnz ʌv ɪntɜ˞pɹɪteɪʃʌn wɪtʃ ɔltʌɡɛðɜ˞ meɪk stætʃʌtɔɹi ɪntɜ˞pɹɪteɪʃʌn pɑsʌbʌl.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there's a bit of a monotone quality to it.'

jenny/11065

Jurimetrics is the formal application of quantitative methods, especially probability and statistics, to legal questions.

jurimetrics is the formal application of quantitative methods, especially probability and statistics, to legal questions.

very fast

ɪz ðʌ fɔɹmʌl æplʌkeɪʃʌn ʌv kwɑntɪteɪtɪv mɛθʌdz, ʌspɛʃli pɹɑbʌbɪlʌti ʌnd stʌtɪstɪks, tu liɡʌl kwɛstʃʌnz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there is some background noise that makes it sound slightly muffled.'

jenny/11066

The use of statistical methods in court cases and law review articles has grown massively in importance in the last few decades.

the use of statistical methods in court cases and law review articles has grown massively in importance in the last few decades.

very fast

ðʌ jus ʌv stʌtɪstɪkʌl mɛθʌdz ɪn kɔɹt keɪsʌz ʌnd lɔ ɹivju ɑɹtʌkʌlz hæz ɡɹoʊn mæsɪvli ɪn ɪmpɔɹtʌns ɪn ðʌ læst fju dɛkeɪdz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very high-pitched monotone voice, with minimal expression.'

jenny/11067

LEGAL INSTITUTIONS

legal institutions

very fast

liɡʌl ɪnstɪtuʃʌnz

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there is a hint of a monotone quality to it. The recording is quite fast, but the overall pace is slow.'

jenny/11068

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, XVII

thomas hobbes, leviathan, xvii

very fast

tɑmʌs hɑbiz, lʌvaɪʌθʌn,

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a high level of clarity and speaks very fast, but her voice is very consistent and lacks any significant variation in tone or pace'.

jenny/11069

John Locke, in his Two Treatises of Government, and Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, advocated for a separation of powers between the political, legislature and executive bodies.

john locke, in his two treatises of government, and baron de montesquieu in the spirit of the laws, advocated for a separation of powers between the political, legislature and executive bodies.

very fast

dʒɑn lɑk, ɪn hɪz tu tɹitʌsʌz ʌv ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt, ʌnd bæɹʌn di ɪn ðʌ spɪɹʌt ʌv ðʌ lɔz, ædvʌkeɪtɪd fɔɹ ʌ sɛpɜ˞eɪʃʌn ʌv paʊɜ˞z bɪtwin ðʌ pʌlɪtʌkʌl, lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞ ʌnd ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv bɑdiz.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Extremely noisy recording. The speaker's voice is very monotone and there's a lot of background noise.'

jenny/1106

Winston was writing in his diary:.

winston was writing in his diary,.

very fast

wɪnstʌn wɑz ɹaɪtɪŋ ɪn hɪz daɪɜ˞i:.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear but has a slight background noise and a very monotone tone, delivered quite fast.'

jenny/11070

Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the state, in contrast to the absolutist theory of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan.

their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the state, in contrast to the absolutist theory of thomas hobbes' leviathan.

very fast

ðɛɹ pɹɪnsʌpʌl wɑz ðæt noʊ pɜ˞sʌn ʃʊd bi eɪbʌl tu jusɜ˞p ɔl paʊɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ steɪt, ɪn kɑntɹæst tu ðʌ æbsʌlutɪst θɪɹi ʌv tɑmʌs hɑbiz' lʌvaɪʌθʌn.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is clear and recorded well, but there is a bit of background noise and a slow, monotone delivery.'.

jenny/11071

Max Weber and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state.

max weber and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state.

very fast

mæks wɛbɜ˞ ʌnd ʌðɜ˞z ɹiʃeɪpt θɪŋkɪŋ ɑn ðʌ ɪkstɛnʃʌn ʌv steɪt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone and delivers her words quite quickly.'

jenny/11072

Modern military, policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as Locke or Montesquieu could not have foreseen.

modern military, policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as locke or montesquieu could not have foreseen.

very fast

mɑdɜ˞n mɪlʌtɛɹi, pʌlisɪŋ ʌnd bjʊɹʌkɹætɪk paʊɜ˞ oʊvɜ˞ ɔɹdʌnɛɹi sɪtʌzʌnz' deɪli lɪvz poʊz spɛʃʌl pɹɑblʌmz fɔɹ ʌkaʊntʌbɪlɪti ðæt ɜ˞liɜ˞ ɹaɪtɜ˞z sʌtʃ æz lɑk ɔɹ kʊd nɑt hæv fɔɹsin.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast pace and a neutral tone, with some occasional slight echoes in a relatively clear recording'.

jenny/11073

A judiciary is a number of judges mediating disputes to determine outcome.

a judiciary is a number of judges mediating disputes to determine outcome.

very fast

ʌ dʒudɪʃiɛɹi ɪz ʌ nʌmbɜ˞ ʌv dʒʌdʒɪz midieɪtɪŋ dɪspjuts tu dʌtɜ˞mʌn aʊtkʌm.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear and concise, but there is some background noise that makes it sound very monotone.'

jenny/11074

Most countries have systems of appeal courts, with an apex court as the ultimate judicial authority.

most countries have systems of appeal courts, with an apex court as the ultimate judicial authority.

very fast

moʊst kʌntɹiz hæv sɪstʌmz ʌv ʌpil kɔɹts, wɪð æn eɪpɛks kɔɹt æz ðʌ ʌltʌmʌt dʒudɪʃʌl ʌθɔɹʌti.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone of voice, but there's a slight background noise that affects the clarity of her words.'

jenny/11075

In the United States, this authority is the Supreme Court; in Australia, the High Court; in the UK, the Supreme Court; in Germany, the Bundesverfassungsgericht; and in France, the Cour de Cassation.

in the united states, this authority is the supreme court, in australia, the high court, in the uk, the supreme court, in germany, the bundesverfassungsgericht, and in france, the cour de cassation.

very fast

ɪn ðʌ junaɪtɪd steɪts, ðɪs ʌθɔɹʌti ɪz ðʌ sʌpɹim kɔɹt; ɪn ɔstɹeɪljʌ, ðʌ haɪ kɔɹt; ɪn ðʌ jukeɪ, ðʌ sʌpɹim kɔɹt; ɪn dʒɜ˞mʌni, ðʌ ; ʌnd ɪn fɹæns, ðʌ kʊɹ di .

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear and concise, but there's a slight hint of background noise that makes it sound a bit muffled.'

jenny/11076

For most European countries the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg can overrule national law, when EU law is relevant.

for most european countries the european court of justice in luxembourg can overrule national law, when eu law is relevant.

very fast

fɔɹ moʊst jʊɹʌpiʌn kʌntɹiz ðʌ jʊɹʌpiʌn kɔɹt ʌv dʒʌstʌs ɪn lʌksʌmbɔɹɡ kæn oʊvɜ˞ɹul næʃʌnʌl lɔ, wɛn iju lɔ ɪz ɹɛlʌvʌnt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast pace but has a slightly monotonous tone of voice'.

jenny/11077

The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg allows citizens of the Council of Europe member states to bring cases relating to human rights issues before it.

the european court of human rights in strasbourg allows citizens of the council of europe member states to bring cases relating to human rights issues before it.

very fast

ðʌ jʊɹʌpiʌn kɔɹt ʌv hjumʌn ɹaɪts ɪn stɹæsbɔɹɡ ʌlaʊz sɪtʌzʌnz ʌv ðʌ kaʊnsʌl ʌv jʊɹʌp mɛmbɜ˞ steɪts tu bɹɪŋ keɪsʌz ɹɪleɪtɪŋ tu hjumʌn ɹaɪts ɪʃuz bɪfɔɹ ɪt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'The speech is very clear, but slightly muffled due to the confined room and faint background noise.'

jenny/11078

Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be unconstitutional.

some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be unconstitutional.

very fast

sʌm kʌntɹiz ʌlaʊ ðɛɹ haɪʌst dʒudɪʃʌl ʌθɔɹʌti tu oʊvɜ˞ɹul lɛdʒʌsleɪʃʌn ðeɪ dʌtɜ˞mʌn tu bi ʌnkɑnstʌtuʃʌnʌl.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly but with a very slight monotone delivery, speaking quite fast but not too loudly.'

jenny/11079

A judiciary is theoretically bound by the constitution, just as all other government bodies are.

a judiciary is theoretically bound by the constitution, just as all other government bodies are.

very fast

ʌ dʒudɪʃiɛɹi ɪz θiɜ˞ɛtɪkʌli baʊnd baɪ ðʌ kɑnstʌtuʃʌn, dʒʌst æz ɔl ʌðɜ˞ ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt bɑdiz ɑɹ.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The audio sample is clear and crisp, but the recording is quite confined, giving it a sense of intimacy.'

jenny/1107

It was three years ago.

it was three years ago.

very fast

ɪt wɑz θɹi jɪɹz ʌɡoʊ.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks very quickly and clearly, with minimal background noise or variation in tone of voice.'.

jenny/11080

In most countries judges may only interpret the constitution and all other laws.

in most countries judges may only interpret the constitution and all other laws.

very fast

ɪn moʊst kʌntɹiz dʒʌdʒɪz meɪ oʊnli ɪntɜ˞pɹʌt ðʌ kɑnstʌtuʃʌn ʌnd ɔl ʌðɜ˞ lɔz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with minimal monotone, her voice sounding very confined and distant in a quiet room with a faint echo.'

jenny/11081

But in common law countries, where matters are not constitutional, the judiciary may also create law under the doctrine of precedent.

but in common law countries, where matters are not constitutional, the judiciary may also create law under the doctrine of precedent.

very fast

bʌt ɪn kɑmʌn lɔ kʌntɹiz, wɛɹ mætɜ˞z ɑɹ nɑt kɑnstʌtuʃʌnʌl, ðʌ dʒudɪʃiɛɹi meɪ ɔlsoʊ kɹieɪt lɔ ʌndɜ˞ ðʌ dɑktɹʌn ʌv pɹɛsɪdʌnt.

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is very clear and very fast, but the recording is quite confined, making it difficult to hear the nuances of her voice.'

jenny/11082

The UK, Finland and New Zealand assert the ideal of parliamentary sovereignty, whereby the unelected judiciary may not overturn law passed by a democratic legislature.

the uk, finland and new zealand assert the ideal of parliamentary sovereignty, whereby the unelected judiciary may not overturn law passed by a democratic legislature.

very fast

ðʌ jukeɪ, fɪnlænd ʌnd nu zilʌnd ʌsɜ˞t ðʌ aɪdil ʌv pɑɹlʌmɛntɜ˞i sɑvɹʌnti, wɛɹbaɪ ðʌ ʌnɪlɛktɪd dʒudɪʃiɛɹi meɪ nɑt oʊvɜ˞tɜ˞n lɔ pæst baɪ ʌ dɛmʌkɹætɪk lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very clear and monotone tone, but there's some background noise, making her voice sound slightly muffled.'

jenny/11083

By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out their wishes.

by the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out their wishes.

very fast

baɪ ðʌ pɹɪnsʌpʌl ʌv ɹɛpɹʌzɛntʌtɪv ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt pipʌl voʊt fɔɹ pɑlʌtɪʃʌnz tu kæɹi aʊt ðɛɹ wɪʃɪz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is very clear and slightly monotone, with minimal background noise and a fast pace.'

jenny/11084

Although countries like Israel, Greece, Sweden and China are unicameral, most countries are bicameral, meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses.

although countries like israel, greece, sweden and china are unicameral, most countries are bicameral, meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses.

very fast

ɔlðoʊ kʌntɹiz laɪk ɪzɹiʌl, ɡɹis, swidʌn ʌnd tʃaɪnʌ ɑɹ , moʊst kʌntɹiz ɑɹ , minɪŋ ðeɪ hæv tu sɛpɜ˞ʌtli ʌpɔɪntɪd lɛdʒʌsleɪtɪv haʊsʌz.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a clear tone, but there is some background noise that can be heard.'

jenny/11085

In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller constituencies.

in the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller constituencies.

very fast

ɪn ðʌ 'loʊɜ˞ haʊs' pɑlʌtɪʃʌnz ɑɹ ɪlɛktʌd tu ɹɛpɹɪzɛnt smɔlɜ˞ kʌnstɪtʃuʌnsiz.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is very clear but has a moderate amount of background noise and is delivered very quickly.'

jenny/11086

The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a federal system or different voting configuration in a unitary system .

the 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a federal system or different voting configuration in a unitary system .

very fast

ðʌ 'ʌpɜ˞ haʊs' ɪz juʒʌwʌli ɪlɛktʌd tu ɹɛpɹɪzɛnt steɪts ɪn ʌ fɛdɜ˞ʌl sɪstʌm ɔɹ dɪfɜ˞ʌnt voʊtɪŋ kʌnfɪɡjɜ˞eɪʃʌn ɪn ʌ junɪtɛɹi sɪstʌm .

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very confined sounding and slightly clear speech with moderate monotone delivery.'

jenny/11087

In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a house of review.

in the uk the upper house is appointed by the government as a house of review.

very fast

ɪn ðʌ jukeɪ ðʌ ʌpɜ˞ haʊs ɪz ʌpɔɪntɪd baɪ ðʌ ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt æz ʌ haʊs ʌv ɹivju.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there's a bit of a background noise in the recording.'

jenny/11088

One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another.

one criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another.

very fast

wʌn kɹɪtɪsɪzʌm ʌv sɪstʌmz wɪð tu ɪlɛktʌd tʃeɪmbɜ˞z ɪz ðæt ðʌ ʌpɜ˞ ʌnd loʊɜ˞ haʊsʌz meɪ sɪmpli mɪɹɜ˞ wʌn ʌnʌðɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone and is quite confined in her vocal delivery, though her voice is clear enough to understand'.

jenny/11089

The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review.

the traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review.

very fast

ðʌ tɹʌdɪʃʌnʌl dʒʌstʌfʌkeɪʃʌn ʌv ɪz ðæt æn ʌpɜ˞ tʃeɪmbɜ˞ ækts æz ʌ haʊs ʌv ɹivju.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear but has a slight monotone delivery.'

jenny/1108

It was on a dark evening, in a narrow side-street near one of the big railway stations.

it was on a dark evening, in a narrow side street near one of the big railway stations.

very fast

ɪt wɑz ɑn ʌ dɑɹk ivnɪŋ, ɪn ʌ nɛɹoʊ saɪd-stɹit nɪɹ wʌn ʌv ðʌ bɪɡ ɹeɪlweɪ steɪʃʌnz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks very quickly and monotone, with minimal variation in pace or inflection.'.

jenny/11090

This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action.

this can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action.

very fast

ðɪs kæn ɑɹbʌtɹɛɹinʌs ʌnd ɪndʒʌstɪs ɪn ɡʌvɜ˞mɛntʌl ækʃʌn.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone in a quiet room with moderate ambient noise'.

jenny/11091

To pass legislation, a majority of the members of a legislature must vote for a bill in each house.

to pass legislation, a majority of the members of a legislature must vote for a bill in each house.

very fast

tu pæs lɛdʒʌsleɪʃʌn, ʌ mʌdʒɔɹʌti ʌv ðʌ mɛmbɜ˞z ʌv ʌ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞ mʌst voʊt fɔɹ ʌ bɪl ɪn itʃ haʊs.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone in a very clear recording, with minimal background noise.'

jenny/11092

Normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions.

normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions.

very fast

nɔɹmʌli ðɛɹ wɪl bi sɛvɹʌl ɹidɪŋz ʌnd ʌmɛndmʌnts pɹʌpoʊzd baɪ ðʌ dɪfɜ˞ʌnt pʌlɪtʌkʌl fækʃʌnz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny's speech is very quiet, with a slight amount of background noise and a very monotone tone.'.

jenny/11093

If a country has an entrenched constitution, a special majority for changes to the constitution may be required, making changes to the law more difficult.

if a country has an entrenched constitution, a special majority for changes to the constitution may be required, making changes to the law more difficult.

very fast

ɪf ʌ kʌntɹi hæz æn ɛntɹɛntʃt kɑnstʌtuʃʌn, ʌ spɛʃʌl mʌdʒɔɹʌti fɔɹ tʃeɪndʒʌz tu ðʌ kɑnstʌtuʃʌn meɪ bi ɹikwaɪɜ˞d, meɪkɪŋ tʃeɪndʒʌz tu ðʌ lɔ mɔɹ dɪfʌkʌlt.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly and monotonically with minimal background noise.'

jenny/11094

A government usually leads the process, which can be formed from Members of Parliament e.g.

a government usually leads the process, which can be formed from members of parliament e.g.

very fast

ʌ ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt juʒʌwʌli lidz ðʌ pɹɑsɛs, wɪtʃ kæn bi fɔɹmd fɹʌm mɛmbɜ˞z ʌv pɑɹlʌmʌnt i.dʒi.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone voice in a room with a hint of background noise, but her delivery is quite fast.'

jenny/11095

the UK or Germany .

the uk or germany .

very fast

ðʌ jukeɪ ɔɹ dʒɜ˞mʌni .

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny's speech is very monotone and very muffled, with only a faint background sound.'

jenny/11096

However, in a presidential system, the government is usually formed by an executive and his or her appointed cabinet officials e.g.

however, in a presidential system, the government is usually formed by an executive and his or her appointed cabinet officials e.g.

very fast

haʊɛvɜ˞, ɪn ʌ pɹɛzʌdɛnʃʌl sɪstʌm, ðʌ ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt ɪz juʒʌwʌli fɔɹmd baɪ æn ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv ʌnd hɪz ɔɹ hɜ˞ ʌpɔɪntɪd kæbʌnʌt ʌfɪʃʌlz i.dʒi.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone and slightly robotic tone, with minimal variation in pace or expression.'

jenny/11097

the United States or Brazil .

the united states or brazil .

very fast

ðʌ junaɪtɪd steɪts ɔɹ bɹʌzɪl .

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, with limited variation in pace and volume.'.

jenny/11099

The executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political authority of the State.

the executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political authority of the state.

very fast

ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv ɪn ʌ liɡʌl sɪstʌm sɜ˞vz æz ðʌ sɛntɜ˞ ʌv pʌlɪtʌkʌl ʌθɔɹʌti ʌv ðʌ steɪt.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear but slightly muffled due to the recording conditions.'

jenny/1109

She was standing near a doorway in the wall, under a street lamp that hardly gave any light.

she was standing near a doorway in the wall, under a street lamp that hardly gave any light.

very fast

ʃi wɑz stændɪŋ nɪɹ ʌ dɔɹweɪ ɪn ðʌ wɔl, ʌndɜ˞ ʌ stɹit læmp ðæt hɑɹdli ɡeɪv ɛni laɪt.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks very fast and monotone, with some background noise, but her voice is very quiet overall.'

jenny/110

For the first time the magnitude of what he had undertaken came home to him.

for the first time the magnitude of what he had undertaken came home to him.

very fast

fɔɹ ðʌ fɜ˞st taɪm ðʌ mæɡnʌtud ʌv wʌt hi hæd ʌndɜ˞teɪkʌn keɪm hoʊm tu hɪm.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast pace but her voice is quite monotone.'

jenny/11100

In a parliamentary system, as with Britain, Italy, Germany, India, and Japan, the executive is known as the cabinet, and composed of members of the legislature.

in a parliamentary system, as with britain, italy, germany, india, and japan, the executive is known as the cabinet, and composed of members of the legislature.

very fast

ɪn ʌ pɑɹlʌmɛntɜ˞i sɪstʌm, æz wɪð bɹɪtʌn, ɪtʌli, dʒɜ˞mʌni, ɪndiʌ, ʌnd dʒʌpæn, ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv ɪz noʊn æz ðʌ kæbʌnʌt, ʌnd kʌmpoʊzd ʌv mɛmbɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear and has a moderate tone, but it is somewhat confined in space with faint background noise'.

jenny/11101

The executive is led by the head of government, whose office holds power under the confidence of the legislature.

the executive is led by the head of government, whose office holds power under the confidence of the legislature.

very fast

ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv ɪz lɛd baɪ ðʌ hɛd ʌv ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt, huz ɔfɪs hoʊldz paʊɜ˞ ʌndɜ˞ ðʌ kɑnfʌdʌns ʌv ðʌ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very quiet and monotone, with some faint background noise'.

jenny/11102

Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.

because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.

very fast

bɪkɔz pɑpjʌlɜ˞ ɪlɛkʃʌnz ʌpɔɪnt pʌlɪtʌkʌl pɑɹtiz tu ɡʌvɜ˞n, ðʌ lidɜ˞ ʌv ʌ pɑɹti kæn tʃeɪndʒ ɪn bɪtwin ɪlɛkʃʌnz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear, but there is a slight echo in the background'.

jenny/11103

The head of state is apart from the executive, and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation.

the head of state is apart from the executive, and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation.

very fast

ðʌ hɛd ʌv steɪt ɪz ʌpɑɹt fɹʌm ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv, ʌnd sɪmbɑlɪkʌli ɪnækts lɔz ʌnd ækts æz ɹɛpɹʌzɛntʌtɪv ʌv ðʌ neɪʃʌn.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Very noisy and monotone speech with minimal variation in pace.'

jenny/11104

Examples include the President of Germany , the Queen of the United Kingdom , and the President of Austria .

examples include the president of germany , the queen of the united kingdom , and the president of austria .

very fast

ɪɡzæmpʌlz ɪnklud ðʌ pɹɛzʌdɛnt ʌv dʒɜ˞mʌni , ðʌ kwin ʌv ðʌ junaɪtɪd kɪŋdʌm , ʌnd ðʌ pɹɛzʌdɛnt ʌv ɔstɹiʌ .

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, and her voice is quite clear with minimal background noise.'

jenny/11105

The other important model is the presidential system, found in the United States and in Brazil.

the other important model is the presidential system, found in the united states and in brazil.

very fast

ðʌ ʌðɜ˞ ɪmpɔɹtʌnt mɑdʌl ɪz ðʌ pɹɛzʌdɛnʃʌl sɪstʌm, faʊnd ɪn ðʌ junaɪtɪd steɪts ʌnd ɪn bɹʌzɪl.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast but monotone voice in a very noisy recording.'

jenny/11106

In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet.

in presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet.

very fast

ɪn pɹɛzʌdɛnʃʌl sɪstʌmz, ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv ækts æz boʊθ hɛd ʌv steɪt ʌnd hɛd ʌv ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt, ʌnd hæz paʊɜ˞ tu ʌpɔɪnt æn ʌnɪlɛktɪd kæbʌnʌt.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very clear voice, but there is some background noise that can be heard.'

jenny/11107

Under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable.

under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable.

very fast

ʌndɜ˞ ʌ pɹɛzʌdɛnʃʌl sɪstʌm, ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv bɹæntʃ ɪz sɛpɜ˞eɪt fɹʌm ðʌ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞ tu wɪtʃ ɪt ɪz nɑt ʌkaʊntʌbʌl.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very good recording. Jenny speaks with a very clear and concise tone, but there's a slight background noise that makes it a bit difficult to understand at times.'

jenny/11108

Although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda.

although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda.

very fast

ɔlðoʊ ðʌ ɹoʊl ʌv ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv vɛɹiz fɹʌm kʌntɹi tu kʌntɹi, juʒʌwʌli ɪt wɪl pɹʌpoʊz ðʌ mʌdʒɔɹʌti ʌv lɛdʒʌsleɪʃʌn, ʌnd pɹʌpoʊz ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt ʌdʒɛndʌ.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, and the recording is quite clear despite some background noise.'.

jenny/11109

In presidential systems, the executive often has the power to veto legislation.

in presidential systems, the executive often has the power to veto legislation.

very fast

ɪn pɹɛzʌdɛnʃʌl sɪstʌmz, ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv ɔfʌn hæz ðʌ paʊɜ˞ tu vitoʊ lɛdʒʌsleɪʃʌn.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there's a slight echo in the background.'

jenny/1110

She had a young face, painted very thick.

she had a young face, painted very thick.

very fast

ʃi hæd ʌ jʌŋ feɪs, peɪntɪd vɛɹi θɪk.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks with a slightly monotone tone, with occasional fast bursts of speed.'.

jenny/11110

Most executives in both systems are responsible for foreign relations, the military and police, and the bureaucracy.

most executives in both systems are responsible for foreign relations, the military and police, and the bureaucracy.

very fast

moʊst ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪvz ɪn boʊθ sɪstʌmz ɑɹ ɹispɑnsʌbʌl fɔɹ fɔɹʌn ɹileɪʃʌnz, ðʌ mɪlʌtɛɹi ʌnd pʌlis, ʌnd ðʌ bjʊɹɑkɹʌsi.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is clear and crisp, but there is a bit of background noise and a consistent tone throughout.'

jenny/11111

Ministers or other officials head a country's public offices, such as a foreign ministry or defence ministry.

ministers or other officials head a country's public offices, such as a foreign ministry or defence ministry.

very fast

mɪnʌstɜ˞z ɔɹ ʌðɜ˞ ʌfɪʃʌlz hɛd ʌ kʌntɹi'ɛs pʌblɪk ɔfʌsʌz, sʌtʃ æz ʌ fɔɹʌn mɪnʌstɹi ɔɹ dɪfɛns mɪnʌstɹi.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very fast pace but the recording is quite clear with minimal background noise'.

jenny/11112

The election of a different executive is therefore capable of revolutionising an entire country's approach to government.

the election of a different executive is therefore capable of revolutionising an entire country's approach to government.

very fast

ðʌ ɪlɛkʃʌn ʌv ʌ dɪfɜ˞ʌnt ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv ɪz ðɛɹfɔɹ keɪpʌbʌl ʌv æn ɪntaɪɜ˞ kʌntɹi'ɛs ʌpɹoʊtʃ tu ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is very clear and concise, delivered with a moderate pace but lacking any significant variation in tone or pace.'

jenny/11113

MILITARY AND POLICE

military and police

very fast

mɪlʌtɛɹi ʌnd pʌlis

quite noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very noisy recording with limited clarity and very fast pacing, resulting in a chaotic and disjointed delivery.'

jenny/11114

While military organisations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a standing police force is a relatively modern concept.

while military organisations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a standing police force is a relatively modern concept.

very fast

waɪl mɪlʌtɛɹi ɔɹɡʌnɪzeɪʃʌnz hæv ɪɡzɪstʌd æz lɔŋ æz ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt ɪtsɛlf, ðʌ aɪdiʌ ʌv ʌ stændɪŋ pʌlis fɔɹs ɪz ʌ ɹɛlʌtɪvli mɑdɜ˞n kɑnsɛpt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks in a very monotone tone with minimal variation in pace and volume.'

jenny/11115

For example, Medieval England's system of traveling criminal courts, or assizes, used show trials and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control.

for example, medieval england's system of traveling criminal courts, or assizes, used show trials and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control.

very fast

fɔɹ ɪɡzæmpʌl, mɪdivʌl ɪŋɡlʌnd'ɛs sɪstʌm ʌv tɹævʌlɪŋ kɹɪmʌnʌl kɔɹts, ɔɹ , juzd ʃoʊ tɹaɪʌlz ʌnd pʌblɪk ɛksʌkjuʃʌnz tu ɪnstɪl kʌmjunʌtiz wɪð fɪɹ tu meɪnteɪn kʌntɹoʊl.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone and slightly robotic tone, with minimal variation in pace or expression.'.

jenny/11117

Max Weber famously argued that the state is that which controls the monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

max weber famously argued that the state is that which controls the monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

very fast

mæks wɛbɜ˞ feɪmʌsli ɑɹɡjud ðæt ðʌ steɪt ɪz ðæt wɪtʃ kʌntɹoʊlz ðʌ mʌnɑpʌli ɑn ðʌ lʌdʒɪtʌmʌt jus ʌv fɔɹs.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'The speech sample is very clear but has a slightly monotone tone, delivered very quickly.'

jenny/11118

The military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the government or the courts.

the military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the government or the courts.

very fast

ðʌ mɪlʌtɛɹi ʌnd pʌlis kæɹi aʊt ɛnfɔɹsmʌnt æt ðʌ ɹɪkwɛst ʌv ðʌ ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt ɔɹ ðʌ kɔɹts.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very loud and clear, but it is also very monotonous and flat.'.

jenny/11119

The etymology of bureaucracy derives from the French word for office and the Ancient Greek for word power .

the etymology of bureaucracy derives from the french word for office and the ancient greek for word power .

very fast

ðʌ ɛtʌmɑlʌdʒi ʌv bjʊɹɑkɹʌsi dɜ˞aɪvz fɹʌm ðʌ fɹɛntʃ wɜ˞d fɔɹ ɔfɪs ʌnd ðʌ eɪntʃʌnt ɡɹik fɔɹ wɜ˞d paʊɜ˞ .

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, barely above a whisper, and her delivery is very fast'.

jenny/1111

It was really the paint that appealed to me, the whiteness of it, like a mask, and the bright red lips.

it was really the paint that appealed to me, the whiteness of it, like a mask, and the bright red lips.

very fast

ɪt wɑz ɹɪli ðʌ peɪnt ðæt ʌpild tu mi, ðʌ waɪtnʌs ʌv ɪt, laɪk ʌ mæsk, ʌnd ðʌ bɹaɪt ɹɛd lɪps.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks quietly and monotone, with some background noise and a moderate pace.'

jenny/11120

Like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive.

like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive.

very fast

laɪk ðʌ mɪlʌtɛɹi ʌnd pʌlis, ʌ liɡʌl sɪstʌm'ɛs ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt sɜ˞vʌnts ʌnd bɑdiz ðæt meɪk ʌp ɪts bjʊɹɑkɹʌsi kæɹi aʊt ðʌ daɪɹɛktɪvz ʌv ðʌ ɪɡzɛkjʌtɪv.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone and slightly hesitant tone, with the recording sounding quite clear but slightly muffled due to the confined nature of the space'.