Datasets:

datasaur-dev

/

PubMedQA-fine-tuned-llama-3-1-8B-labels

like 0

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale favor left hemisphere strokes?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a valid, reproducible scale that measures neurological deficit. Of 42 possible points, 7 points are directly related to measurement of language compared with only 2 points related to neglect.\n-METHODS: We examined the placebo arm of the NINDS t-PA stroke trial to test the hypothesis that the total volume of cerebral infarction in patients with right hemisphere strokes would be greater than the volume of cerebral infarction in patients with left hemisphere strokes who have similar NIHSS scores. The volume of stroke was determined by computerized image analysis of CT films and CT images stored on computer tape and optical disks. Cube-root transformation of lesion volume was performed for each CT. Transformed lesion volume was analyzed in a logistic regression model to predict volume of stroke by NIHSS score for each hemisphere. Spearman rank correlation was used to determine the relation between the NIHSS score and lesion volume.\n-RESULTS: The volume for right hemisphere stroke was statistically greater than the volume for left hemisphere strokes, adjusting for the baseline NIHSS (P<0. 001). For each 5-point category of the NIHSS score<20, the median volume of right hemisphere strokes was approximately double the median volume of left hemisphere strokes. For example, for patients with a left hemisphere stroke and a 24-hour NIHSS score of 16 to 20, the median volume of cerebral infarction was 48 mL (interquartile range 14 to 111 mL) as compared with 133 mL (interquartile range 81 to 208 mL) for patients with a right hemisphere stroke (P<0.001). The median volume of a right hemisphere stroke was roughly equal to the median volume of a left hemisphere stroke in the next highest 5-point category of the NIHSS. The Spearman rank correlation between the 24-hour NIHSS score and 3-month lesion volume was 0.72 for patients with left hemisphere stroke and 0.71 for patients with right hemisphere stroke.'}]

no

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) does not favor left hemisphere strokes, as the volume of cerebral infarction in patients with right hemisphere strokes was statistically greater than the volume in patients with left hemisphere strokes, adjusting for the baseline NIHSS.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan a Novel Surgical Approach to the Temporomandibular Joint Improve Access and Reduce Complications?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: This clinical study investigated whether the vascular-guided multilayer preauricular approach (VMPA) to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) could improve access and decrease complications.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective evaluation consisted of a consecutive series of patients who underwent TMJ surgeries through the VMPA from January through December 2013. Patients with a history of TMJ surgery were excluded. Clinical data, including operating times, subjective complaints of incision scars, functional conditions of the auriculotemporal nerve and facial nerve, and other complications, were recorded and analyzed. All patients in this study were followed for at least 6\xa0months.\n-RESULTS: All patients (606 joints) had successful TMJ surgeries through the VMPA. All incisions healed favorably with an uneventful recovery. No patient developed permanent weakness of the facial nerve or other severe complications.'}]

yes

The vascular-guided multilayer preauricular approach (VMPA) to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) improved access and reduced complications in all patients who underwent TMJ surgeries through this approach.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nYoung-Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures: does it predict mortality, transfusion requirements, and non-orthopaedic injuries?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability of the Young-Burgess classification system to predict mortality, transfusion requirements, and nonorthopaedic injuries in patients with pelvic ring fractures and to determine whether mortality rates after pelvic fractures have changed over time.\n-DESIGN: Retrospective review.\n-SETTING: Level I trauma center.\n-PATIENTS: One thousand two hundred forty-eight patients with pelvic fractures during a 7-year period.\n-INTERVENTION: None.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Mortality at index admission, transfusion requirement during first 24 hours, and presence of nonorthopaedic injuries as a function of Young-Burgess pelvic classification type. Mortality compared with historic controls.\n-RESULTS: Despite a relatively large sample size, the ability of the Young-Burgess system to predict mortality only approached statistical significance (P = 0.07, Kruskal-Wallis). The Young-Burgess system differentiated transfusion requirements--lateral compression Type 3 (LC3) and anteroposterior compression Types 2 (APC2) and 3 (APC3) fractures had higher transfusion requirements than did lateral compression Type 1 (LC1), anteroposterior compression Type 1 (APC1), and vertical shear (VS) (P<0.05)--but was not as useful at predicting head, chest, or abdomen injuries. Dividing fractures into stable and unstable types allowed the system to predict mortality rates, abdomen injury rates, and transfusion requirements. Overall mortality in the study group was 9.1%, unchanged from original Young-Burgess studies 15 years previously (P = 0.3).'}]

maybe

The Young-Burgess classification system can predict transfusion requirements, but its ability to predict mortality only approached statistical significance, and it was not as useful in predicting non-orthopaedic injuries.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs vitamin D deficiency a feature of pediatric celiac disease?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy characterized by villus atrophy and malabsorption of essential nutrients. Vitamin D deficiency has been described in autoimmune diseases, but its status in prepubertal children with CD has not been adequately studied.\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine the vitamin D status of prepubertal children with CD.\n-STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of prepubertal children aged 3-12 years with CD (n=24) who were compared to prepubertal, non-CD children of the same age (n=50). Children were included in the study if they had a diagnosis of CD by intestinal biopsy, and were not on a gluten-free diet (GFD). Patients were excluded if they had diseases of calcium or vitamin D metabolism, or were receiving calcium or vitamin D supplementation or had other autoimmune diseases. All subjects had their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level measured.\n-RESULTS: There was no difference in 25(OH)D level between the CD and non-CD children (27.58 +/- 9.91 versus 26.20 +/- 10.45, p = 0.59). However, when the patients were subdivided into obese and non-obese groups, the non-obese CD patients had a significantly higher 25(OH)D level than the obese normal children (28.39 +/- 10.26 versus 21.58 +/- 5.67, p = 0.009). In contrast, there was no difference in 25(OH)D level between non-obese CD patients and non-obese normal children (28.39 +/- 10.26 versus 30.64 +/-12.08, p = 0.52). The season of 25(OH)D measurement was not a significant confounder (p =0.7).'}]

no

There was no difference in 25(OH)D level between the CD and non-CD children, indicating that vitamin D deficiency is not a feature of pediatric celiac disease.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs unsafe sexual behaviour increasing among HIV-infected individuals?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The number of new diagnoses of HIV infection is rising in the northwestern hemisphere and it is becoming increasingly important to understand the mechanisms behind this trend.\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether reported unsafe sexual behaviour among HIV- infected individuals is changing over time.\n-DESIGN: Participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study were asked about their sexual practices every 6 months for 3 years during regular follow-up of the cohort beginning on 1 April 2000.\n-METHODS: : Logistic regression models were fit using generalized estimating equations assuming a constant correlation between responses from the same individual.\n-RESULTS: At least one sexual behaviour questionnaire was obtained for 6545 HIV-infected individuals and the median number of questionnaires completed per individual was five. There was no evidence of an increase in reported unsafe sex over time in this population [odds ratio (OR), 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.96-1.05]. Females (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.19-1.60), 15-30 year olds (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.47), those with HIV-positive partners (OR, 12.58; 95% CI, 10.84-14.07) and those with occasional partners (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 2.87-3.67) were more likely to report unsafe sex. There was no evidence of a response bias over time, but individuals were less willing to leave questions about their sexual behaviour unanswered or ambiguous (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.97).'}]

no

There was no evidence of an increase in reported unsafe sex over time in this population.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCholestasis associated with small bowel atresia: do we always need to investigate?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Cholestasis occurs frequently in patients with small bowel atresia (SBA) and is often attributed to prolonged parental nutrition. When severe or prolonged, patients may undergo unnecessary intensive or invasive investigation. We characterized cholestasis and analyzed the pertinence of investigating this patient population.\n-METHODS: With Research Ethics Board approval, patients with SBA between 1996 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, location of atresia, operative findings, complications, investigations, resumption of feeding, duration of prolonged parental nutrition, and follow-up information were examined. Cholestasis was evaluated for incidence, severity, and evolution.\n-RESULTS: Fifty-five patients (29 male, 26 female), with a median gestational age and birth weight of 36 weeks and 2025 g, respectively, were reviewed. Care was withdrawn for 2 patients before repair. For the remaining 53 patients, SBA were duodenal atresia in 18, jejunoileal atresia in 32, and multiple atresia in 3. Of 53, 24 (45%) patients developed cholestasis postoperatively (direct/total bilirubin>20%). All patients with short bowel (4) and 60% (6/10) of patients with a delay of enteral feeding more than 14 days postoperatively had cholestasis. Ten patients (36%) proceeded with in-depth evaluations for cholestasis, with 8 (28%) undergoing liver biopsy. No patient had biliary atresia. No deaths were related to isolated cholestasis/cirrhosis. Cholestasis resolved spontaneously in all the survivors.'}]

no

Cholestasis associated with small bowel atresia does not always need to be investigated, as it often resolves spontaneously and is not typically fatal.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre financial incentives cost-effective to support smoking cessation during pregnancy?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of up to £400 worth of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy as an adjunct to routine health care.\n-DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis based on a Phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a cost-utility analysis using a life-time Markov model.\n-SETTING: The RCT was undertaken in Glasgow, Scotland. The economic analysis was undertaken from the UK National Health Service (NHS) perspective.\n-PARTICIPANTS: A total of 612 pregnant women randomized to receive usual cessation support plus or minus financial incentives of up to £400 vouchers (US $609), contingent upon smoking cessation.\n-MEASUREMENTS: Comparison of usual support and incentive interventions in terms of cotinine-validated quitters, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and direct costs to the NHS.\n-FINDINGS: The incremental cost per quitter at 34-38 weeks pregnant was £1127 ($1716).This is similar to the standard look-up value derived from Stapleton&West\'s published ICER tables, £1390 per quitter, by looking up the Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CIPT) incremental cost (£157) and incremental 6-month quit outcome (0.14). The life-time model resulted in an incremental cost of £17 [95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u2009-£93, £107] and a gain of 0.04 QALYs (95% CI\u2009=\u2009-0.058, 0.145), giving an ICER of £482/QALY ($734/QALY). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicates uncertainty in these results, particularly regarding relapse after birth. The expected value of perfect information was £30 million (at a willingness to pay of £30\u2009000/QALY), so given current uncertainty, additional research is potentially worthwhile.'}]

yes

The financial incentives of up to £400 vouchers for smoking cessation in pregnancy as an adjunct to routine health care are cost-effective, with an incremental cost per quitter at 34-38 weeks pregnant of £1127, which is similar to the standard look-up value derived from Stapleton&West's published ICER tables.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan medical students contribute to quality assurance programmes in day surgery?\n\nContext:\n-CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Health care delivery has undertaken a major shift from inpatient management to ambulatory surgical care with increasing emphasis on quality assurance (QA) processes. Educational opportunities for medical undergraduate programmes are being sought in the day surgery environment. Our study was undertaken to explore ways in which senior medical students can actively contribute to QA processes as part of an undergraduate day surgery educational programme.\n-SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Health care delivery has undertaken a major shift from inpatient management to ambulatory surgical care with increasing emphasis on quality assurance (QA) processes. Educational opportunities for medical undergraduate programmes are being sought in the day surgery environment. Our study was undertaken to explore ways in which senior medical students can actively contribute to the QA processes as part of an undergraduate day surgery educational programme.\n-SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine final year medical students followed allocated patients with common surgical conditions through all phases of the day surgery process. Students kept records about each case in a log book and also presented their cases at weekly Problem Based Learning tutorials. An audit of student log books and review of tutorial records was conducted for the 1996 and 1997 academic years, in order to evaluate student contribution to QA.\n-RESULTS: Students followed 621 cases, representing a sampling of 14. 1% day surgery cases. Categories of problems highlighted by students included inappropriate patient and procedure selection, inadequate pain management, discharge, communication and resource issues. Students made a number of recommendations including the development of multilingual videotapes and patient information sheets for non-English speaking patients, avoidance of bilateral surgical procedures and improved links with local medical officers. They also developed new guidelines and protocols.'}]

yes

Yes, medical students can contribute to quality assurance programmes in day surgery by following patients through all phases of the day surgery process, keeping records, and presenting cases at weekly Problem Based Learning tutorials, which can help identify problems and make recommendations for improvement.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMeasurement of head and neck paragangliomas: is volumetric analysis worth the effort?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility of different measurement methods and define the most workable technique for measuring head and neck paragangliomas, to determine the best method for evaluating tumour growth. The evaluation of tumour growth is vital for a \'wait-and-scan\' policy, a management strategy that became increasingly important.\n-STUDY DESIGN: Method comparison study.\n-SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Thirty tumours, including carotid body, vagal body, jugulotympanic tumours and conglomerates of multiple tumours, were measured in duplicate, using linear dimensions, manual area tracing and an automated segmentation method.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reproducibility was assessed using the Bland-Altman method.\n-RESULTS: The smallest detectable difference using the linear dimension method was 11% for carotid body and 27% for vagal body tumours, compared with 17% and 20% for the manual area tracing method. Due to the irregular shape of paragangliomas in the temporal bone and conglomerates, the manual area tracing method showed better results in these tumours (26% and 8% versus 54% and 47%). The linear dimension method was significantly faster (median 4.27 versus 18.46 minutes, P<0.001). The automatic segmentation method yielded smallest detectable differences between 39% and 75%, and although fast (2.19 ± 1.49 minutes), it failed technically.'}]

maybe

The study found that the linear dimension method was significantly faster, but the manual area tracing method showed better results in tumours with irregular shapes, and the automatic segmentation method failed technically.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThree-dimensional ultrasound-validated large-core needle biopsy: is it a reliable method for the histological assessment of breast lesions?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The use of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound may help to determine the exact position of the needle during breast biopsy, thereby reducing the number of core samples that are needed to achieve a reliable histological diagnosis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of 3D ultrasound-validated large-core needle biopsy (LCNB) of the breast.\n-METHODS: A total of 360 core needle biopsies was obtained from 169 breast lesions in 146 patients. Additional open breast biopsy was performed in 111 women (127/169 breast lesions); the remaining 42 lesions were followed up for at least 24 months. 3D ultrasound visualization of the needle in the postfiring position was used to classify the biopsy as central, marginal or outside the lesion. Based on this classification it was decided whether another sample had to be obtained.\n-RESULTS: A median of two core samples per lesion provided for all the lesions a sensitivity for malignancy of 96.9%, specificity of 100%, false-positive rate of 0% and false-negative rate of 3.1%, and for the excised lesions a sensitivity of 96.5%, specificity of 100%, false-positive rate of 0%, false-negative rate of 3.5% and an underestimation rate of 3.4%.'}]

yes

The study found that three-dimensional ultrasound-validated large-core needle biopsy has a high sensitivity and specificity for histological assessment of breast lesions, with a low false-positive and false-negative rate.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan bone thickness and inter-radicular space affect miniscrew placement in posterior mandibular sites?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: The proper angle of miniscrew insertion is important for cortical anchorage, patient safety, and biomechanical control. The purposes of this study are to report the alveolar process thickness and inter-radicular space in the posterior region of the mandible, to assess the impact of different miniscrew insertion angle protocols, and to identify differences between the genders or types of malocclusion.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 100 individuals were selected for orthodontic treatment at a radiology clinic. Cone-beam computed tomography data were imported into 3-dimensional software. The predictor variable was the location in the mandible and insertion angle. The demographic variables collected included age, gender, and malocclusion (Angle Classes I and II). The primary outcome variables were bone thickness and inter-radicular space. The inter-radicular spaces were evaluated 5 mm from the cement-enamel junction. The bone thicknesses were taken at 45°, 60°, and 90° in relation to the alveolar ridge, simulating a miniscrew insertion. These factors were evaluated for sexual dimorphism and malocclusion (Angle Classes I and II). Sexual dimorphism and malocclusion were evaluated with t tests. To compare the inter-radicular space and the thickness of bone between areas, an analysis of variance for repeated measures was used.\n-RESULTS: The sample was composed of 100 patients with a mean age of 17.4 ± 6.74 years. There were 61 female and 39 male patients and 60 Class I and 40 Class II molar relationships. The inter-radicular space ranged from 2.46 to 3.31 mm, and alveolar bone thickness ranged from 8.01 to 13.77 mm. The thickness tended to decrease with the increase in insertion angle from 45° to 90°. No significant differences between the genders or types of malocclusion were found.'}]

yes

The study found that bone thickness and inter-radicular space can affect miniscrew placement in posterior mandibular sites, as the thickness tended to decrease with the increase in insertion angle from 45° to 90°, and the inter-radicular space ranged from 2.46 to 3.31 mm.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo general practice selection scores predict success at MRCGP?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Selection into general practice training is undertaken using a competency based approach. The clear advantage of this approach over traditional methods has been demonstrated through evaluation of its validity and reliability. However, the relationship between selection and performance in the Royal College of General Practitioner examinations (MRCGP) has yet to be explored. The MRCGP comprises of an applied knowledge test (AKT), a clinical skills assessment (CSA) and workplace-based assessments (WPBA).AIM: To explore the predictive validity of general practice selection scores using the AKT and CSA elements of the MRCGP as a final outcome measure.\n-METHODS: This study carried out a retrospective analysis of 101 trainees from the Wales Deanery who were successfully selected on to general practice training in 2007. Selection data consisted of an overall selection score as well as scores from each individual stage of selection. Correlation was used to explore associations between selection scores and examination scores.\n-RESULTS: The score for overall performance at selection achieved statistically significant correlation with examination performance (r = 0.491 for the AKT and r = 0.526 for the CSA, P<0.01).'}]

yes

The overall selection score achieved statistically significant correlation with examination performance in the AKT and CSA elements of the MRCGP.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThe Deformity Angular Ratio: Does It Correlate With High-Risk Cases for Potential Spinal Cord Monitoring Alerts in Pediatric 3-Column Thoracic Spinal Deformity Corrective Surgery?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis.\n-OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the deformity angular ratio (DAR) can reliably assess the neurological risks of patients undergoing deformity correction.\n-SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Identifying high-risk patients and procedures can help ensure that appropriate measures are taken to minimize neurological complications during spinal deformity corrections. Subjectively, surgeons look at radiographs and evaluate the riskiness of the procedure. However, 2 curves of similar magnitude and location can have significantly different risks of neurological deficit during surgery. Whether the curve spans many levels or just a few can significantly influence surgical strategies. Lenke et al have proposed the DAR, which is a measure of curve magnitude per level of deformity.\n-METHODS: The data from 35 pediatric spinal deformity correction procedures with thoracic 3-column osteotomies were reviewed. Measurements from preoperative radiographs were used to calculate the DAR. Binary logistic regression was used to model the relationship between DARs (independent variables) and presence or absence of an intraoperative alert (dependent variable).\n-RESULTS: In patients undergoing 3-column osteotomies, sagittal curve magnitude and total curve magnitude were associated with increased incidence of transcranial motor evoked potential changes. Total DAR greater than 45° per level and sagittal DAR greater than 22° per level were associated with a 75% incidence of a motor evoked potential alert, with the incidence increasing to 90% with sagittal DAR of 28° per level.'}]

yes

The deformity angular ratio (DAR) is associated with an increased incidence of transcranial motor evoked potential changes in patients undergoing 3-column osteotomies for pediatric 3-column thoracic spinal deformity corrective surgery.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes age moderate the effect of personality disorder on coping style in psychiatric inpatients?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To examine age-related differences in the relationship between personality and coping strategies in an Australian population of psychiatric inpatients.\n-METHOD: Consenting eligible adults (N=238) from 18-100 years of age consecutively admitted to inpatient psychiatry units were assessed using the SCID I and II, the Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced Scale (COPE), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), the 12 Item Short-Form Heath Survey (SF12), the Sarason Social Support Questionnaire, and the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) (cognitively impaired, and non-English speaking patients were excluded).\n-RESULTS: Older adults reported less symptomatology than younger patients and younger patients described more personality dysfunction than older patients. As assessed by the COPE, older adults reported lower levels of dysfunctional coping strategies than younger adults. Personality traits, social supports, gender, and age predicted coping strategies, while Axis I diagnosis, education, personality disorder, and symptom severity were not significant predictors of coping strategies.'}]

yes

Age moderates the effect of personality disorder on coping style in psychiatric inpatients, as older adults reported lower levels of dysfunctional coping strategies than younger adults, and younger patients described more personality dysfunction than older patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAutoxidation products of both carbohydrates and lipids are increased in uremic plasma: is there oxidative stress in uremia?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed by non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation (glycoxidation) reactions, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including normoglycemic uremia. AGE research in uremia has focused on the accumulation of carbohydrate-derived adducts generated by the Maillard reaction. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that one AGE, the glycoxidation product carboxymethyllysine (CML), could be derived not only from carbohydrates but also from oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in vitro, raising the possibility that both carbohydrate and lipid autoxidation might be increased in uremia.\n-METHODS: To address this hypothesis, we applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography to measure protein adducts formed in uremic plasma by reactions between carbonyl compounds and protein amino groups: pentosidine derived from carbohydrate-derived carbonyls, malondialdehyde (MDA)-lysine derived from lipid-derived carbonyls, and CML originating possibly from both sources.\n-RESULTS: All three adducts were elevated in uremic plasma. Plasma CML levels were mainly (>95%) albumin bound. Their levels were not correlated with fructoselysine levels and were similar in diabetic and non-diabetic patients on hemodialysis, indicating that their increase was not driven by glucose. Pentosidine and MDA-lysine were also increased in plasma to the same extent in diabetic and non-diabetic hemodialysis patients. Statistical analysis indicated that plasma levels of CML correlated weakly (P<0.05) with those of pentosidine and MDA-lysine, but that pentosidine and MDA-lysine varied independently (P>0.5).'}]

yes

Autoxidation products of both carbohydrates and lipids are increased in uremic plasma, indicating the presence of oxidative stress in uremia.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan \'high-risk\' human papillomaviruses (HPVs) be detected in human breast milk?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: Using polymerase chain reaction techniques, we evaluated the presence of HPV infection in human breast milk collected from 21 HPV-positive and 11 HPV-negative mothers.\n-RESULTS: Of the 32 studied human milk specimens, no \'high-risk\' HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 or 58 DNA was detected.'}]

no

No 'high-risk' HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 or 58 DNA was detected in the 32 studied human milk specimens.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nQuaternary cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer: does surgical effort still matter?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: To evaluate surgical outcome and survival benefit after quaternary cytoreduction (QC) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) relapse.\n-METHODS: We systematically evaluated all consecutive patients undergoing QC in our institution over a 12-year period (October 2000-January 2012). All relevant surgical and clinical outcome parameters were systematically assessed.\n-RESULTS: Forty-nine EOC patients (median age: 57; range: 28-76) underwent QC; in a median of 16 months (range:2-142) after previous chemotherapy. The majority of the patients had an initial FIGO stage III (67.3%), peritoneal carcinomatosis (77.6%) and no ascites (67.3%). At QC, patients presented following tumour pattern: lower abdomen 85.7%; middle abdomen 79.6% and upper abdomen 42.9%. Median duration of surgery was 292 min (range: a total macroscopic tumour clearance could be achieved. Rates of major operative morbidity and 30-day mortality were 28.6% and 2%, respectively.Mean follow-up from QC was 18.41 months (95% confidence interval (CI):12.64-24.18) and mean overall survival (OS) 23.05 months (95% CI: 15.5-30.6). Mean OS for patients without vs any tumour residuals was 43 months (95% CI: 26.4-59.5) vs 13.4 months (95% CI: 7.42-19.4); P=0.001. Mean OS for patients who received postoperative chemotherapy (n=18; 36.7%) vs those who did not was 40.5 months (95% CI: 27.4-53.6) vs 12.03 months (95% CI: 5.9-18.18); P<0.001.Multivariate analysis indentified multifocal tumour dissemination to be of predictive significance for incomplete tumour resection, higher operative morbidity and lower survival, while systemic chemotherapy subsequent to QC had a protective significant impact on OS. No prognostic impact had ascites, platinum resistance, high grading and advanced age.'}]

yes

The study found that the surgical effort still matters in quaternary cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer, as patients with no tumour residuals had a significantly longer overall survival compared to those with any tumour residuals.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nChemotherapy and survival in advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma: is pneumologists\' skepticism justified?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Few studies have assessed whether the advantage chemotherapy has been shown to have in treating advanced non-small lung carcinoma in clinical trials is transferrable to normal health care activity. This could explain the skepticism of a large number of pneumologists towards this treatment. The objective of our study was to analyze prognostic factors related to survival and to see whether cytostatic treatment was an independent predictor.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients enrolled in the study had been diagnosed with non-small cell carcinoma in stages IV or IIIB with pleural or N2-N3 involvement and with a performance status of 2 or below according to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Survival was analyzed with regard to the following variables: age, sex, comorbidity, weight loss, laboratory test results, histological type, ECOG score, TNM staging, and treatment. The Student t test, the chi(2) test, the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank test, and Cox regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis.\n-RESULTS: We enrolled 190 patients (157 men and 33 women) with a mean (SD) age of 61.75 (10.85) years (range, 33-85 years). Of these patients, 144 received cytostatic treatment and 46 palliative treatment. The median survival was 31 weeks and was related to absence of weight loss (hazard ratio [HR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.39; P=.001), cytostatic treatment (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.25-2.76; P=.002), and ECOG score of 0 to 1 (HR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.62-5.00; P=.0001). In patients with ECOG scores of 0 to 1, weight loss and treatment were significant prognostic factors. Survival in the ECOG 2 group was 15 weeks for patients undergoing cytostatic treatment and 11 weeks for patients with symptomatic treatment.'}]

yes

The study found that chemotherapy was an independent predictor of survival in advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma, with a median survival of 31 weeks, and was related to absence of weight loss and ECOG score of 0 to 1.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes topical ropivacaine reduce the post-tonsillectomy morbidity in pediatric patients?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To determine whether post-operative administration of topical ropivacaine hydrochloride decreases morbidity following adenotonsillectomy.\n-STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial.\n-SETTING: University referral center; ENT Department.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Fourty one children, aged 4-16 years, undergoing tonsillectomy.\n-METHODS: Patients received 1.0% ropivacaine hydrochloride soaked swabs packed in their tonsillar fossae while the control group received saline-soaked swabs. Mc Grath\'s face scale was used to compare the two groups in respect of pain control. Chi-square and two-tailed unpaired Student\'s t-tests or Mann-Whitney-U-tests were used to compare the two independent groups. As 10 we made 11 comparison between groups, for Bonferroni correction, p<0.005 was accepted as statistically significant.\n-RESULTS: Only first hour there was no significant pain-relieving effect seen in the ropivacaine group (p>0.05). The other hours and days there were statistically significance between the two groups (p<0.001). Also, the other post-operative parameters such as nausea, fever, vomiting, odor, bleeding, otalgia and trismus were not statistically different between the two groups. There were no complications associated with ropivacaine hydrochloride. No patients in this study suffered systemic side effects related to the use of this medication.'}]

yes

Topical ropivacaine hydrochloride decreases morbidity following adenotonsillectomy in pediatric patients, as shown by statistically significant difference in pain control after the first hour, with no significant difference in other post-operative parameters such as nausea, fever, vomiting, odor, bleeding, otalgia, and trismus.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs pain a clinically relevant problem in general adult psychiatry?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of pain and risk factors for pain in psychiatric patients in a psychiatric hospital.\n-METHODS: Using a questionnaire we investigated in a cross-sectional study the prevalence of pain, duration of pain, impairment and unfitness for work due to pain in 106 patients primarily diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder in the field of general adult psychiatry. Potential risk factors were explored.\n-RESULTS: The point prevalence of pain was about 50%, the 6-month prevalence 75.5% and the 12-month prevalence 76.5%. The patients\' most frequent complaints were low back pain, headache and shoulder and neck pain. Patients with affective disorders most frequently had pain complaints, followed by those with neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders and those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, schizotypic and delusional disorders. Almost 10% of all patients reported pain continuing at least 3 months in the past year. Impairment and unfitness for work were related to specific psychiatric diagnosis. Statistically significant risk factors for pain were depression (OR=6.05) and the number of past admissions to psychiatric hospitals (OR=3.609).'}]

yes

Yes, pain is a clinically relevant problem in general adult psychiatry, with a point prevalence of about 50%, 6-month prevalence of 75.5%, and 12-month prevalence of 76.5% among psychiatric patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes concomitant anterior/apical repair during midurethral sling improve the overactive bladder component of mixed incontinence?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Midurethral sling (MUS) can improve overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. It is unclear if anterior/apical prolapse (AA) repair provides additional benefit. We hypothesized that women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) experience greater improvement in the OAB component of their symptoms after concomitant MUS and AA repair compared with MUS alone.\n-METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of women with bothersome MUI (defined by objective stress test and validated questionnaire) undergoing MUS alone ("MUS-only") or concomitant MUS and AA repair ("MUS + AA"). Our primary outcome was the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Symptom Severity (OAB-q SS) change score 6\xa0weeks after surgery.\n-RESULTS: Of 151 women, 67 (44\xa0%) underwent MUS-only and 84 (56\xa0%) underwent MUS + AA. The MUS-only cohort was younger and had less severe baseline prolapse (p\u2009<\u20090.05 for both). Postoperative complications (predominantly UTI) occurred in 35 (23\xa0%) patients and were similar between cohorts. For all subjects mean OAB-q SS scores significantly improved postoperatively (p\u2009<\u20090.05). Our primary outcome, OAB-q SS change score, showed no significant differences between cohorts (30\u2009±\u200926 MUS-only vs 25\u2009±\u200925 MUS + AA, p\u2009=\u20090.20), indicating similar improvements in OAB symptoms. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed no difference in OAB-q SS change score between cohorts; however, OAB-q SS change scores were lower for women with a postoperative complication (β\u2009=\u2009-19, 95\xa0% CI -31 to -6; p\u2009<\u20090.01).'}]

no

Concomitant anterior/apical repair during midurethral sling does not provide significant additional benefit in improving the overactive bladder component of mixed incontinence.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the use of atypical antipsychotics as adjunctive therapy in depression result in cost savings?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Several atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are used as second-line agents for treatment resistant depression. AAPs can be expensive compared to other treatment options and can cause several side effects.\n-OBJECTIVES: To estimate healthcare costs and utilization of AAPs compared to other second-line agents.\n-METHODS: Observational study using Medicaid claims data (2006-2011). Subjects were depression-diagnosed adult members with at least two prescriptions of antidepressant medications followed by a second-line agent. Gamma generalized linear models (GLM) produced estimates of the difference in mean expenditures among treatment groups after adjusting for individual baseline characteristics using propensity scores. Negative binomial models produced estimates of the difference in number of hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits.\n-RESULTS: A total of 3910 members received second-line treatment. Treatment groups were AAPs (n\u2009=\u20092211), augmentation agents other than AAPs (n\u2009=\u20091008), and antidepressant switching (n\u2009=\u2009691). AAPs resulted in higher mean adjusted pharmacy costs and higher mean adjusted total mental health-related costs. Mean adjusted total healthcare costs and number of inpatient and ED visits were not different among treatments.'}]

no

The use of atypical antipsychotics as adjunctive therapy in depression does not result in cost savings, as AAPs resulted in higher mean adjusted pharmacy costs and higher mean adjusted total mental health-related costs.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Warfarin increases both the likelihood and the mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), particularly in patients with a history of prior ICH. In light of this consideration, should a patient with both a history of ICH and a clear indication for anticoagulation such as nonvalvular atrial fibrillation be anticoagulated? In the absence of data from a clinical trial, we used a decision-analysis model to compare the expected values of 2 treatment strategies-warfarin and no anticoagulation-for such patients.\n-METHODS: We used a Markov state transition decision model stratified by location of hemorrhage (lobar or deep hemispheric). Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Data sources included English language literature identified through MEDLINE searches and bibliographies from selected articles, along with empirical data from our own institution. The base case focused on a 69-year-old man with a history of ICH and newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.\n-RESULTS: For patients with prior lobar ICH, withholding anticoagulation therapy was strongly preferred, improving quality-adjusted life expectancy by 1.9 QALYs. For patients with prior deep hemispheric ICH, withholding anticoagulation resulted in a smaller gain of 0.3 QALYs. In sensitivity analyses for patients with deep ICH, anticoagulation could be preferred if the risk of thromboembolic stroke is particularly high.'}]

maybe

For patients with prior lobar ICH, withholding anticoagulation therapy was strongly preferred, improving quality-adjusted life expectancy by 1.9 QALYs. For patients with prior deep hemispheric ICH, withholding anticoagulation resulted in a smaller gain of 0.3 QALYs. In sensitivity analyses for patients with deep ICH, anticoagulation could be preferred if the risk of thromboembolic stroke is particularly high.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDiagnostic and therapeutic ureteroscopy: is dilatation of ureteral meatus always necessary?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and safety of diagnostic or therapeutic semirigid ureteroscopy without ureteral meatus dilatation.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative, retrospective study was conducted of patients undergoing ureteroscopy from January 2000 to May 2008. For data analysis purposes, the population was divided into two groups based on whether ureteroscopy had been performed with (Group 1) or without (Group 2) ureteral meatus dilatation. Variables recorded included age, sex, type of procedure, surgical diagnosis, passive or active dilatation, number of stones, stone location, stone diameter, peroperative and postoperative complications, internal urinary diversion after the procedure, therapeutic success rate, operating time, and hospital stay duration. A 8-9.8 Fr Wolf semirigid ureteroscope was used. Descriptive statistics of the population and cohorts were performed, providing medians, quartiles, and limit values for non-normally distributed interval variables, and absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables. Shapiro-Wilk\'s, Mann-Whitney\'s U, Chi-square, and Fisher\'s exact tests were used for statistical analysis. A value of p 2 alpha<or = 0.005 was considered statistically significant. Arcus Quickstat Biomedical 1.0 software was used.\n-RESULTS: Among the 306 ureteroscopies studied, 286 performed in 256 patients were analyzed. Median age was 50 years (16-83), 59% of patients were male, and elective ureteroscopy was performed in 183 patients (64%). Group 1: 191 ureteroscopies, Group 2: 95 ureteroscopies. Stone location: 149 in distal ureter, 60 in middle ureter, and 35 in proximal ureter. Sixty-nine percent of stones had sizes ranging from 5 and 10 mm. The overall success rate was 86.5%. There were 5 peroperative and 22 postoperative complications, with no statistically significant differences between the groups.'}]

no

The study found that dilatation of ureteral meatus is not always necessary for diagnostic or therapeutic semirigid ureteroscopy, as the success rate was 86.5% without dilatation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes managed care enable more low income persons to identify a usual source of care?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: By requiring or encouraging enrollees to obtain a usual source of care, managed care programs hope to improve access to care without incurring higher costs.\n-OBJECTIVES: (1) To examine the effects of managed care on the likelihood of low-income persons having a usual source of care and a usual physician, and; (2) To examine the association between usual source of care and access.\n-RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of households conducted during 1996 and 1997.\n-SUBJECTS: A nationally representative sample of 14,271 low-income persons.\n-MEASURES: Usual source of care, usual physician, managed care enrollment, managed care penetration.\n-RESULTS: High managed care penetration in the community is associated with a lower likelihood of having a usual source of care for uninsured persons (54.8% vs. 62.2% in low penetration areas) as well as a lower likelihood of having a usual physician (60% vs. 72.8%). Managed care has only marginal effects on the likelihood of having a usual source of care for privately insured and Medicaid beneficiaries. Having a usual physician substantially reduces unmet medical needs for the insured but less so for the uninsured.'}]

maybe

Managed care has only marginal effects on the likelihood of having a usual source of care for privately insured and Medicaid beneficiaries, but high managed care penetration in the community is associated with a lower likelihood of having a usual source of care for uninsured persons.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nKnee extensor strength, dynamic stability, and functional ambulation: are they related in Parkinson\'s disease?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between knee extensor strength, postural stability, functional ambulation, and disease severity in Parkinson\'s disease (PD).\n-DESIGN: A cohort study.\n-SETTING: University research laboratory.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=44) with idiopathic PD.\n-INTERVENTION: Not applicable.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants were evaluated on their isokinetic knee extensor strength. Additionally, participants completed an assessment of their postural stability (Functional Reach Test for static stability and a dynamic postural stability assessment as measured by the center of pressure-center of mass moment arm during gait initiation). Participants also underwent an evaluation of their functional ambulation as measured by a 6-minute walk test. Lastly, participants were evaluated by a neurologist specially trained in movement disorders to assess neurologic status and disease severity using the Unified Parkinson\'s Disease Rating Scale and the Hoehn and Yahr disability score.\n-RESULTS: Knee extensor strength positively correlated with dynamic postural stability and negatively correlated with disease severity. Further, dynamic postural stability was negatively correlated to disease severity and positively correlated with functional ambulation in this cohort of patients with PD (P<.05). The results also suggest that the Functional Reach Test may be a valuable assessment tool to examine postural stability in PD.'}]

yes

Knee extensor strength positively correlated with dynamic postural stability, and dynamic postural stability was positively correlated with functional ambulation in patients with Parkinson's disease.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs distance to provider a barrier to care for medicaid patients with breast, colorectal, or lung cancer?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Distance to provider might be an important barrier to timely diagnosis and treatment for cancer patients who qualify for Medicaid coverage. Whether driving time or driving distance is a better indicator of travel burden is also of interest.\n-METHODS: Driving distances and times from patient residence to primary care provider were calculated for 3,917 breast, colorectal (CRC) and lung cancer Medicaid patients in Washington State from 1997 to 2003 using MapQuest.com. We fitted regression models of stage at diagnosis and time-to-treatment (number of days between diagnosis and surgery) to test the hypothesis that travel burden is associated with timely diagnosis and treatment of cancer.\n-FINDINGS: Later stage at diagnosis for breast cancer Medicaid patients is associated with travel burden (OR = 1.488 per 100 driving miles, P= .037 and OR = 1.270 per driving hour, P= .016). Time-to-treatment after diagnosis of CRC is also associated with travel burden (14.57 days per 100 driving miles, P= .002 and 5.86 days per driving hour, P= .018).'}]

yes

Yes, distance to provider is a barrier to care for Medicaid patients with breast, colorectal, or lung cancer, as later stage at diagnosis and longer time-to-treatment are associated with travel burden.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan folic acid protect against congenital heart defects in Down syndrome?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested a protective effect of folic acid (FA) on congenital heart anomalies. Down syndrome (DS) infants are known to have a high frequency of heart anomalies. Not all children with DS suffer from heart anomalies, which raises the question whether maternal factors might affect the risk of these anomalies. Our objectives were to investigate whether first-trimester FA use protects against heart anomalies among DS children.\n-METHODS: Women with liveborn DS children participating in the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study between 1976 and 1997 were included. We performed case-control analyses using DS, with heart anomalies as cases and DS, without heart anomalies as controls. Subanalyses were performed for defects that have been associated with FA in non-DS populations (conotruncal, ventricular septal [VSD]) and for those that are associated with DS (ostium secundum type atrial septal defects [ASD]and endocardial cushion defects [ECD]). Exposure was defined as the use of any FA-containing product for an average of at least 4 days per week during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, whereas no exposure was defined as no use of FA in these 12 weeks.\n-RESULTS: Of the 223 cases, 110 (49%) were exposed versus 84 (46%) of the 184 controls. After adjustment for possible confounders, no protective effect of FA was found on heart anomalies overall (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.61-1.47) nor separately for conotruncal defects, VSDs, ASDs, or ECDs.'}]

no

No protective effect of folic acid was found on heart anomalies overall or separately for conotruncal defects, ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, or endocardial cushion defects in Down syndrome children.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre there mental health differences between francophone and non-francophone populations in manitoba?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Francophones may experience poorer health due to social status, cultural differences in lifestyle and attitudes, and language barriers to health care. Our study sought to compare mental health indicators between Francophones and non-Francophones living in the province of Manitoba.\n-METHODS: Two populations were used: one from administrative datasets housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and the other from representative survey samples. The administrative datasets contained data from physician billings, hospitalizations, prescription drug use, education, and social services use, and surveys included indicators on language variables and on self-rated health.\n-RESULTS: Outside urban areas, Francophones had lower rates of diagnosed substance use disorder (rate ratio [RR] = 0.80; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95) and of suicide and suicide attempts (RR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.79), compared with non-Francophones, but no differences were found between the groups across the province in rates of diagnosed mood disorders, anxiety disorders, dementia, or any mental disorders after adjusting for age, sex, and geographic area. When surveyed, Francophones were less likely than non-Francophones to report that their mental health was excellent, very good, or good (66.9%, compared with 74.2%).'}]

yes

Yes, there are mental health differences between francophone and non-francophone populations in Manitoba, with francophones having lower rates of diagnosed substance use disorder and suicide and suicide attempts, but no differences in rates of diagnosed mood disorders, anxiety disorders, dementia, or any mental disorders after adjusting for age, sex, and geographic area.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes type 1 diabetes mellitus affect Achilles tendon response to a 10\xa0km run?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Achilles tendon structure deteriorates 2-days after maximal loading in elite athletes. The load-response behaviour of tendons may be altered in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as hyperglycaemia accelerates collagen cross-linking. This study compared Achilles tendon load-response in participants with T1DM and controls.\n-METHODS: Achilles tendon structure was quantified at day-0, day-2 and day-4 after a 10\xa0km run. Ultrasound tissue characterisation (UTC) measures tendon structural integrity by classifying pixels as echo-type I, II, III or IV. Echo-type I has the most aligned collagen fibrils and IV has the least.\n-RESULTS: Participants were 7 individuals with T1DM and 10 controls. All regularly ran distances greater than 5\xa0km and VISA-A scores indicated good tendon function (T1DM\u2009=\u200994\u2009±\u200911, control\u2009=\u200994\u2009±\u200910). There were no diabetic complications and HbA1c was 8.7\u2009±\u20092.6\xa0mmol/mol for T1DM and 5.3\u2009±\u20090.4\xa0mmol/mol for control groups. Baseline tendon structure was similar in T1DM and control groups - UTC echo-types (I-IV) and anterior-posterior thickness were all p\u2009>\u20090.05. No response to load was seen in either T1DM or control group over the 4-days post exercise.'}]

no

No response to load was seen in either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or control group over the 4-days post exercise after a 10 km run.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nFragility of the esophageal mucosa: a pathognomonic endoscopic sign of primary eosinophilic esophagitis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Primary eosinophilic esophagitis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the esophagus, evokes recurrent dysphagia. Endoscopy is often unremarkable, and no consensus exists regarding management of resultant dysphagia. The response of a series of patients with primary eosinophilic esophagitis to dilation is reported together with a description of a possibly pathognomonic sign: fragile esophageal mucosa, for which the term "crêpe-paper" mucosa is introduced.\n-METHODS: Five men underwent endoscopy because of dysphagia confirmed (clinically, endoscopically, and histologically) to be caused by primary eosinophilic esophagitis and were treated by bouginage.\n-OBSERVATIONS: All patients had extremely fragile, inelastic, and delicate mucosa, which tore easily even with minor trauma. After the procedure, patients remained asymptomatic for 3 to 24 months.'}]

yes

Fragile esophageal mucosa, also described as 'crêpe-paper' mucosa, is a possibly pathognomonic endoscopic sign of primary eosinophilic esophagitis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes cup-cage reconstruction with oversized cups provide initial stability in THA for osteoporotic acetabular fractures?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The incidence of acetabular fractures in osteoporotic patients is increasing. Immediate total hip arthroplasty (THA) has potential advantages, but achieving acetabular component stability is challenging and, at early followup, reported revision rates for loosening are high.QUESTIONS/\n-PURPOSES: This study measured acetabular component stability and the initial surface contact achieved between the acetabular component and unfractured region of the pelvis after THA using an oversized acetabular component and cup-cage reconstruction.\n-METHODS: Between November 2011 and November 2013, we treated 40 acute acetabular fractures in patients older than 70 years of age. Of these, 12 (30%) underwent immediate THA using an oversized acetabular component with screws inserted only into the ilium and a cup-cage construct. Postoperatively all patients were mobilized without weightbearing restrictions. Indications for immediate THA after acetabular fractures were displaced articular comminution deemed unreducible. Eleven of the 12 were prospectively studied to evaluate the initial stability of the reconstructions using radiostereometric analysis. One of the patients died of a pulmonary embolism after surgery, and the remaining 10 (median age, 81 years; range, 72-86 years) were studied. Of these, five were analyzed at 1 year and five were analyzed at 2 years. Acetabular component migration was defined as acceptable if less than the limits for primary THA that predict later loosening (1.76 mm of proximal migration and 2.53° of sagittal rotation). The contact surface between the acetabular component and ilium in direct continuity with the sacroiliac joint, and the ischium and pubis in direct continuity with the symphysis pubis, was measured on postoperative CT scans.\n-RESULTS: At 1 year the median proximal migration was 0.83 mm (range, 0.09-5.13 mm) and sagittal rotation was 1.3° (range, 0.1°-7.4°). Three of the 10 components had migration above the suggested limits for primary THA at 1 year postoperatively. The contact surface achieved at surgery between the acetabular component and pelvis ranged from 11 to 17 cm(2) (15%-27% of each component).'}]

yes

Cup-cage reconstruction with oversized cups provides initial stability in THA for osteoporotic acetabular fractures, with median proximal migration of 0.83 mm and sagittal rotation of 1.3° at 1 year, although three components had migration above the suggested limits for primary THA.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPulmonary valve replacement in adults late after repair of tetralogy of fallot: are we operating too late?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate right ventricular (RV) volume and function after pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) and to address the issue of optimal surgical timing in these patients.\n-BACKGROUND: Chronic pulmonary regurgitation (PR) following repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) leads to RV dilation and an increased incidence of sudden cardiac death in adult patients.\n-METHODS: We studied 25 consecutive adult patients who underwent PVR for significant PR late after repair of TOF. Radionuclide angiography was performed in all at a mean of 8.2 months (+/- 8 months) before PVR and repeated at a mean of 28.0 months (+/- 22.8 months) after the operation. Right ventricular (RV) end-systolic volume (RVESV), RV end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) and RV ejection fraction (RVEF) were measured.\n-RESULTS: Mean RVEDV, RVESV and RVEF remained unchanged after PVR (227.1 ml versus 214.9 ml, p = 0.74; 157.4 ml versus 155.4 ml, p = 0.94; 35.6% versus 34.7%, p = 0.78, respectively). Of the 10 patients with RVEF>or = 0.40 before PVR, 5 patients (50%) maintained a RVEF>or = 0.40 following PVR, whereas only 2 out of 15 patients (13%) with pre-operative values<0.40 reached an RVEF>or = 0.40 postoperatively (p<0.001).'}]

yes

The study found that the mean RVEDV, RVESV, and RVEF remained unchanged after PVR, but only 50% of patients with a pre-operative RVEF >= 0.40 maintained a RVEF >= 0.40 following PVR, whereas only 13% of patients with pre-operative values < 0.40 reached an RVEF >= 0.40 postoperatively.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nXanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a premalignant condition?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic cholecystitis, characterized by marked thickening of the gallbladder wall and dense local adhesions. It often mimics a gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), and may coexist with GBC, leading to a diagnostic dilemma. Furthermore, the premalignant nature of this entity is not known. This study was undertaken to assess the p53, PCNA and beta-catenin expression in XGC in comparison to GBC and chronic inflammation.\n-METHODS: Sections from paraffin-embedded blocks of surgically resected specimens of GBC (69 cases), XGC (65), chronic cholecystitis (18) and control gallbladder (10) were stained with the monoclonal antibodies to p53 and PCNA, and a polyclonal antibody to beta-catenin. p53 expression was scored as the percentage of nuclei stained. PCNA expression was scored as the product of the percentage of nuclei stained and the intensity of the staining (1-3). A cut-off value of 80 for this score was taken as a positive result. Beta-catenin expression was scored as type of expression-membranous, cytoplasmic or nuclear staining.\n-RESULTS: p53 mutation was positive in 52% of GBC cases and 3% of XGC, but was not expressed in chronic cholecystitis and control gallbladders. p53 expression was lower in XGC than in GBC (P<0.0001). PCNA expression was seen in 65% of GBC cases and 11% of XGC, but not in chronic cholecystitis and control gallbladders. PCNA expression was higher in GBC than XGC (P=0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the XGC, chronic cholecystitis and control gallbladder groups. Beta-catenin expression was positive in the GBC, XGC, chronic cholecystitis and control gallbladder groups. But the expression pattern in XGC, chronic cholecystitis and control gallbladders was homogenously membranous, whereas in GBC the membranous expression pattern was altered to cytoplasmic and nuclear.'}]

no

The premalignant nature of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is not known, and this study was undertaken to assess the p53, PCNA and beta-catenin expression in XGC in comparison to gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) and chronic inflammation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes TDP-43 type confer a distinct pattern of atrophy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine whether TDP-43 type is associated with distinct patterns of brain atrophy on MRI in subjects with pathologically confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).\n-METHODS: In this case-control study, we identified all subjects with a pathologic diagnosis of FTLD with TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions (FTLD-TDP) and at least one volumetric head MRI scan (n = 42). In each case we applied published criteria for subclassification of FTLD-TDP into FTLD-TDP types 1-3. Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare subjects with each of the different FTLD-TDP types to age- and gender-matched normal controls (n = 30). We also assessed different pathologic and genetic variants within, and across, the different types.\n-RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects were classified as FTLD-TDP type 1, 9 as type 2, and 11 as type 3. We identified different patterns of atrophy across the types with type 1 showing frontotemporal and parietal atrophy, type 2 predominantly anterior temporal lobe atrophy, and type 3 predominantly posterior frontal atrophy. Within the FTLD-TDP type 1 group, those with a progranulin mutation had significantly more lateral temporal lobe atrophy than those without. All type 2 subjects were diagnosed with semantic dementia. Subjects with a pathologic diagnosis of FTLD with motor neuron degeneration had a similar pattern of atrophy, regardless of whether they were type 1 or type 3.'}]

yes

Yes, TDP-43 type is associated with distinct patterns of brain atrophy on MRI in subjects with pathologically confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration, with type 1 showing frontotemporal and parietal atrophy, type 2 predominantly anterior temporal lobe atrophy, and type 3 predominantly posterior frontal atrophy.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs oncoplastic surgery a contraindication for accelerated partial breast radiation using the interstitial multicatheter brachytherapy method?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: To evaluate accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in patients after oncoplastic surgery for early breast cancer.\n-METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective analysis of 136 breasts of 134 patients, who received breast-conserving oncoplastic surgery for low-risk breast cancer between 2002 and 2010 in the Universities of Vienna and Luebeck followed by adjuvant APBI applying total doses of pulse dose rate of 50.4\xa0Gy or high-dose rate (HDR) of 32\xa0Gy over 4\xa0days. Target volume definition was performed by the use of surgical-free margin data, related to intraoperatively fixed clip positions, pre- and postoperative imaging, and palpation.\n-RESULTS: At the time of data acquisition, 131 of 134 patients were alive. The median follow-up time was 39\xa0months (range, 4-106 months). After high-dose rate treatment, 3 of 89 patients showed systemic progress after a mean follow-up of 47\xa0months (range, 19-75 months) and 2 patients had a different quadrant in-breast tumor after 27 and 35\xa0months. One patient died 7\xa0months after treatment of unknown causes. After pulse dose rate treatment, 1 of 45 patients had a local recurrence after 42\xa0months and 1 patient died because of another cause after 13\xa0months. We observed mild fibrosis in 27 breasts, telangiectasia in 6, hyperpigmentation in 14 cases, and keloid formation in\xa01.'}]

no

Oncoplastic surgery is not a contraindication for accelerated partial breast radiation using the interstitial multicatheter brachytherapy method, as evidenced by the study's results showing favorable outcomes in patients who underwent oncoplastic surgery followed by APBI.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDiagnostic characteristics of child bipolar I disorder: does the "Treatment of Early Age Mania (team)" sample generalize?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To examine the representativeness of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) sample versus one obtained by consecutive new case ascertainment, for subjects with child bipolar I disorder.\n-METHOD: Subjects (N = 247) were outpatients who participated in either the National Institute of Mental Health-funded Phenomenology and Course of Pediatric Bipolar Disorders study or the Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) study. Both studies required that subjects have current DSM-IV bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed phase) and a Children\'s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score<or=60. All subjects had elation and/or grandiosity. Subjects in the Phenomenology study were obtained from 1995 to 1998 by consecutive new case ascertainment from designated pediatric and psychiatric facilities. Subjects in the TEAM RCT were recruited from media and community sources between March 2003 and March 2005. Assessment instruments included the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, given separately to parents about their children and to children about themselves, and the CGAS. Logistic regression was used for comparisons.\n-RESULTS: The TEAM and Phenomenology groups were similar in age (10.4 [SD = 2.3], 10.9 [SD = 2.3]years, respectively) and other demography. Both had long current episode duration (4.8 [SD = 2.4], 3.2 [SD = 2.3]years) and low lifetime use of any mood stabilizer (23.6%, 35.0%). Many mania symptoms and ultradian rapid cycling, psychosis, and suicidality were significantly more prevalent in the RCT sample.'}]

no

The TEAM sample does not fully generalize to the Phenomenology sample in terms of diagnostic characteristics, as many mania symptoms and ultradian rapid cycling, psychosis, and suicidality were significantly more prevalent in the RCT sample.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nEstimation of basal metabolic rate in Chinese: are the current prediction equations applicable?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) is suggested as a tool to estimate energy requirements. Therefore, BMR prediction equations have been developed in multiple populations because indirect calorimetry is not always feasible. However, there is a paucity of data on BMR measured in overweight and obese adults living in Asia and equations developed for this group of interest. The aim of this study was to develop a new BMR prediction equation for Chinese adults applicable for a large BMI range and compare it with commonly used prediction equations.\n-METHODS: Subjects were 121 men and 111 women (age: 21-67 years, BMI: 16-41\xa0kg/m(2)). Height, weight, and BMR were measured. Continuous open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system for 30\xa0min was used to measure BMR. A regression equation was derived using stepwise regression and accuracy was compared to 6 existing equations (Harris-Benedict, Henry, Liu, Yang, Owen and Mifflin). Additionally, the newly derived equation was cross-validated in a separate group of 70 Chinese subjects (26 men and 44 women, age: 21-69 years, BMI: 17-39\xa0kg/m(2)).\n-RESULTS: The equation developed from our data was: BMR (kJ/d)\u2009=\u200952.6 x weight (kg)\u2009+\u2009828 x gender\u2009+\u20091960 (women\u2009=\u20090, men\u2009=\u20091; R(2)\u2009=\u20090.81). The accuracy rate (within 10\xa0% accurate) was 78\xa0% which compared well to Owen (70\xa0%), Henry (67\xa0%), Mifflin (67\xa0%), Liu (58\xa0%), Harris-Benedict (45\xa0%) and Yang (37\xa0%) for the whole range of BMI. For a BMI greater than 23, the Singapore equation reached an accuracy rate of 76\xa0%. Cross-validation proved an accuracy rate of 80\xa0%.'}]

no

The current prediction equations, including Harris-Benedict, Henry, Liu, Yang, Owen, and Mifflin, are not entirely applicable for estimating basal metabolic rate in Chinese adults, especially for those with a BMI greater than 23.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes rugby headgear prevent concussion?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To examine the attitudes of players and coaches to the use of protective headgear, particularly with respect to the prevention of concussion.\n-METHODS: A questionnaire designed to assess attitudes to headgear was administered to 63 players from four different Canadian teams, each representing a different level of play (high school, university, community club, national). In addition, coaches from all four levels were questioned about team policies and their personal opinions about the use of headgear to prevent concussion.\n-RESULTS: Although the players tended to believe that the headgear could prevent concussion (62%), the coaches were less convinced (33%). Despite the players\' belief that headgear offers protection against concussion, only a minority reported wearing headgear (27%) and few (24%) felt that its use should be made mandatory. Common reasons for not wearing headgear were "its use is not mandatory", "it is uncomfortable", and "it costs too much".'}]

maybe

Although the players tended to believe that the headgear could prevent concussion, the coaches were less convinced, and only a minority reported wearing headgear.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSpinal subdural hematoma: a sequela of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: A case of spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) because of a ruptured internal carotid aneurysm is described. Such a case has never been reported.\n-CASE DESCRIPTION: A 52-year-old woman underwent a craniotomy for a ruptured internal carotid aneurysm. A computed tomography scan showed that SAH existed predominantly in the posterior fossa and subdural hematoma beneath the cerebellar tentorium. Intrathecal administration of urokinase, IV administration of fasudil hydrochloride, and continuous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evacuation via cisternal drainage were performed as prophylactic treatments for vasospasm. On the sixth postoperative day, the patient complained of severe lower back and buttock pain. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a subdural hematoma in the lumbosacral region. Although the mass effect was extensive, the patient showed no neurologic symptoms other than the sciatica. She was treated conservatively. The hematoma dissolved gradually and had diminished completely 15 weeks later. Her pain gradually subsided, and she was discharged 7 weeks later without any neurologic deficit.'}]

yes

A case of spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) is described as a sequela of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, specifically a ruptured internal carotid aneurysm, following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan shape analysis differentiate free-floating internal carotid artery thrombus from atherosclerotic plaque in patients evaluated with CTA for stroke or transient ischemic attack?\n\nContext:\n-RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Patients presenting with transient ischemic attack or stroke may have symptom-related lesions on acute computed tomography angiography (CTA) such as free-floating intraluminal thrombus (FFT). It is difficult to distinguish FFT from carotid plaque, but the distinction is critical as management differs. By contouring the shape of these vascular lesions ("virtual endarterectomy"), advanced morphometric analysis can be performed. The objective of our study is to determine whether quantitative shape analysis can accurately differentiate FFT from atherosclerotic plaque.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 23 consecutive cases of suspected carotid FFT seen on CTA (13 men, 65 ± 10 years; 10 women, 65.5 ± 8.8 years). True-positive FFT cases (FFT+) were defined as filling defects resolving with anticoagulant therapy versus false-positives (FFT-), which remained unchanged. Lesion volumes were extracted from CTA images and quantitative shape descriptors were computed. The five most discriminative features were used to construct receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and to generate three machine-learning classifiers. Average classification accuracy was determined by cross-validation.\n-RESULTS: Follow-up imaging confirmed sixteen FFT+ and seven FFT- cases. Five shape descriptors delineated FFT+ from FFT- cases. The logistic regression model produced from combining all five shape features demonstrated a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 71.4% with an area under the ROC curve = 0.85 ± 0.09. Average accuracy for each classifier ranged from 65.2%-76.4%.'}]

yes

Quantitative shape analysis can accurately differentiate free-floating internal carotid artery thrombus from atherosclerotic plaque in patients evaluated with CTA for stroke or transient ischemic attack, with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 71.4%.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDementia and aphasia in motor neuron disease: an underrecognised association?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and nature of global cognitive dysfunction and language deficits in an unselected population based cohort of patients with motor neuron disease (MND).\n-METHODS: A battery of neuropsychological and language tests was administered to patients presenting consecutively over a 3 year period to a regional neurology service with a new diagnosis of sporadic motor neuron disease.\n-RESULTS: The 18 patients could be divided on the basis of their performance into three groups: Three patients were demented and had impaired language function (group 1); two non-demented patients had an aphasic syndrome characterised by word finding difficulties and anomia (group 2). Major cognitive deficits were therefore found in five of the 18 patients (28%). The remaining 13 performed normally on the test battery apart from decreased verbal fluency (group 3).'}]

yes

Dementia and aphasia are underrecognised associations in motor neuron disease, affecting 28% of patients, with 5 out of 18 patients showing significant cognitive deficits and 2 patients having an aphasic syndrome.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes solid culture for tuberculosis influence clinical decision making in India?\n\nContext:\n-SETTING: Medical units at an academic tertiary referral hospital in Southern India.\n-OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of solid culture on Löwenstein-Jensen medium on clinical decision making.\n-DESIGN: In a retrospective review of 150 culture-positive and 150 culture-negative consecutively sampled tuberculosis (TB) suspects, treatment decisions were analysed at presentation, after the availability of culture detection results and after the availability of drug susceptibility testing (DST) culture results.\n-RESULTS: A total of 124 (82.7%) culture-positive patients and 35 (23.3%) culture-negative patients started anti-tuberculosis treatment prior to receiving their culture results; 101 patients (33.7%) returned for their results; two (1.3%) initiated treatment based on positive culture and no culture-negative patients discontinued treatment. DST was performed on 119 (79.3%) positive cultures: 30 (25.2%) showed any resistance, eight (6.7%) showed multidrug resistance and one (0.84%) showed extensively drug-resistant TB. Twenty-eight patients (23.5%) returned for their DST results. Based on DST, treatment was modified in four patients (3.4%).'}]

no

The study found that solid culture for tuberculosis on Löwenstein-Jensen medium did not significantly influence clinical decision making in India, as only 4 patients' treatment was modified based on drug susceptibility testing culture results.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDiffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging of primary parotid gland tumors: is a prediction of different histologic subtypes possible?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to determine the value of echo-planar diffusion-weighted MR imaging (epiDWI) in differentiating various types of primary parotid gland tumors.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients with suspected tumors of the parotid gland were examined with an epiDWI sequence by using a 1.5T unit. Image analysis was performed by 2 radiologists independently, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was computed. Histologic diagnosis was obtained in every patient. For comparison of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs), a paired 2-tailed Student t test with a Bonferroni correction was used.\n-RESULTS: In 136 patients, a primary parotid gland tumor was confirmed by histology. Among the observers, a high correlation was calculated (0.98). ADC values of pleomorphic adenomas were significantly higher than those of all other entities, except for myoepithelial adenomas (P = .054). ADC values of Warthin tumors were different from those of myoepithelial adenomas, lipomas, and salivary duct carcinomas (P<.001, 0.013, and .037, respectively). Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, acinic cell carcinomas, and basal cell adenocarcinomas were not differentiable from Warthin tumors (P = .094, .396, and .604, respectively).'}]

yes

ADC values of pleomorphic adenomas were significantly higher than those of all other entities, except for myoepithelial adenomas, and ADC values of Warthin tumors were different from those of myoepithelial adenomas, lipomas, and salivary duct carcinomas, which suggests that diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging can predict different histologic subtypes of primary parotid gland tumors.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs there a role for endothelin-1 in the hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The etiology of hemodialysis (HD)-induced hypotension and hypertension remains speculative. There is mounting evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may play a vital role in these hemodynamic changes. We examined the possible role of intradialytic changes of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of hypotension and rebound hypertension during HD.\n-METHODS: The present study included 45 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on regular HD. They were divided according to their hemodynamic status during HD into three groups (group I had stable intradialytic hemodynamics, group II had dialysis-induced hypotension, and group III had rebound hypertension during HD). In addition, 15 healthy volunteers were included as a control group. Pulse and blood pressure were monitored before, during (every half hour), and after HD session. ET-1 level was measured at the beginning, middle, and end of HD. ET-1 was measured in the control group for comparison.\n-RESULTS: Pre-dialysis levels of ET-1 were significantly higher in dialysis patients compared to the controls (P<0.001); however, they were comparable in the three HD groups. The post-dialysis ET-1 level was not changed significantly in group I compared with predialysis values (14.49 +/- 2.04 vs. 14.33 +/- 2.23 pg/ml; P = NS), while the ET-1 concentration decreased significantly in group II and increased in group III in comparison to predialysis values (8.56 +/- 1.44 vs. 11.75 +/- 2.51; 16.39 +/- 3.12 vs. 11.93 +/- 2.11 pg/ml, respectively; P<0.001).'}]

yes

There is evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may play a vital role in the hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis, including dialysis-induced hypotension and rebound hypertension.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo risk factors for suicidal behavior differ by affective disorder polarity?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Suicide is a leading cause of death and has been strongly associated with affective disorders. The influence of affective disorder polarity on subsequent suicide attempts or completions and any differential effect of suicide risk factors by polarity were assessed in a prospective cohort.\n-METHOD: Participants with major affective disorders in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) were followed prospectively for up to 25 years. A total of 909 participants meeting prospective diagnostic criteria for major depressive and bipolar disorders were followed through 4204 mood cycles. Suicidal behavior was defined as suicide attempts or completions. Mixed-effects, grouped-time survival analysis assessed risk of suicidal behavior and differential effects of risk factors for suicidal behavior by polarity. In addition to polarity, the main effects of age, gender, hopelessness, married status, prior suicide attempts and active substance abuse were modeled, with mood cycle as the unit of analysis.\n-RESULTS: After controlling for age of onset, there were no differences in prior suicide attempts by polarity although bipolar participants had more prior severe attempts. During follow-up, 40 cycles ended in suicide and 384 cycles contained at least one suicide attempt. Age, hopelessness and active substance abuse but not polarity predicted suicidal behavior. The effects of risk factors did not differ by polarity.'}]

no

The effects of risk factors for suicidal behavior did not differ by affective disorder polarity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMultidisciplinary breast cancer clinics. Do they work?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: In an attempt to improve the care they provide for their patients with breast cancer, the authors\' institution developed a multidisciplinary breast cancer clinic (MDBCC) to offer "one-stop shopping" consultation and support for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.\n-METHODS: One hundred sixty-two patients, the control group for this study, were evaluated at Henry Ford Hospital during the year prior to the opening of the MDBCC. These patients, who were referred in the traditional sequential consultation manner, were compared with the first 177 patients seen during the first year of the clinic\'s operation. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted to assess treatment timeliness, and anonymous questionnaires were used to assess patient satisfaction.\n-RESULTS: The authors found that the MDBCC increased patient satisfaction by encouraging involvement of patients\' families and friends and by helping patients make treatment decisions (P<0.001). The time between diagnosis and the initiation of treatment was also significantly decreased (42.2 days vs. 29.6 days; P<0.0008).'}]

yes

The multidisciplinary breast cancer clinic increased patient satisfaction and decreased the time between diagnosis and treatment initiation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs the international normalised ratio (INR) reliable?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: As part of an MRC funded study into primary care oral anticoagulation management, INR measurements obtained in general practice were validated against values on the same samples obtained in hospital laboratories. A prospective comparative trial was undertaken between three hospital laboratories and nine general practices. All patients attending general practice based anticoagulant clinics had parallel INR estimations performed in general practice and in a hospital laboratory.\n-RESULTS: 405 tests were performed. Comparison between results obtained in the practices and those in the reference hospital laboratory (gold standard), which used the same method of testing for INR, showed a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Correlation coefficients comparing the results with the various standard laboratory techniques ranged from 0.86 to 0.92. It was estimated that up to 53% of tests would have resulted in clinically significant differences (change in warfarin dose) depending upon the site and method of testing. The practice derived results showed a positive bias ranging from 0.28 to 1.55, depending upon the site and method of testing.'}]

maybe

The international normalised ratio (INR) measurements obtained in general practice showed a correlation coefficient of 0.96 with the values on the same samples obtained in hospital laboratories, indicating a strong correlation. However, the results showed a positive bias ranging from 0.28 to 1.55, depending on the site and method of testing, which could lead to clinically significant differences in warfarin dose.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre there associations of health status, disease activity and damage in SLE patients?\n\nContext:\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study of 38 patients fulfilling the classification criteria for SLE. The patients visited a rheumatology outpatient clinic in Switzerland between January 2002 and December 2004. The last assessment during this period was used for the study. The assessment included, besides demographic data, the measurement of disease activity using the BILAG index, the measurement of disease damage using the SLICC/ACR damage index (SDI), as well as the patient\'s self assessed health status using the patient\'s questionnaire Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36 (SF-36).\n-RESULTS: A total of 36 women and 2 men were included in the study (median age: 43 yrs, median disease duration: 11 yrs). Increased disease activity (total BILAG) was shown to be significantly correlated with reduced physical function. A greater damage (total SDI) correlated significantly with reduced role function due to emotional limitations. Neither age nor disease duration showed any significant correlation with health status in this study.'}]

yes

Yes, there are associations of health status, disease activity, and damage in SLE patients. Increased disease activity was significantly correlated with reduced physical function, and a greater damage was significantly correlated with reduced role function due to emotional limitations.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPSA repeatedly fluctuating levels are reassuring enough to avoid biopsy?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels can show wide fluctuations when repeatedly measured. Here we investigatewd if: (a) biopsy timing influences the prostate cancer (PC) detection rate in patients with fluctuating PSA (flu-PSA) in comparison with patients with steadily increasing PSA (si-PSA); (b) PSA slope estimated in patients with flu-PSA predicts a different risk of cancer detection; (c) flu-PSA and si-PSA patients develop PC in topographically different sites; (d) the behaviour of pre-operative PSA is an expression of a disease with defferent characteristics to the following radical prostatectomy.\n-METHODS: The study involved 211 patients who underwent at least a second biopsy after a first negative prostate biopsy. PSA Slope, PSA velocity (PSAV) and PSA doubling time (PSADT) were estimated. Flu-PSA level was defined as a PSA series with at least one PSA value lower than the one immediately preceding it.\n-RESULTS: 82 patients had flu-PSA levels and 129 si-PSA levels. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of cancer detection, clinical or pathological stage, but the si-PSA group with cancer had a higher Gleason score. No difference was found for PSA Slope between flu-PSA patients with cancer and those without.'}]

no

PSA repeatedly fluctuating levels do not necessarily warrant avoiding biopsy, as the study found no significant differences in cancer detection rates between patients with fluctuating PSA levels and those with steadily increasing PSA levels.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs zero central line-associated bloodstream infection rate sustainable?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Adoption and implementation of evidence-based measures for catheter care leads to reductions in central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates in the NICU. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether this rate reduction is sustainable for at least 1 year and to identify key determinants of this sustainability at the NICU of the Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center.\n-METHODS: We reviewed the incidence of CLABSIs in the NICU temporally to the implementation of new practice policies and procedures, from July 2008 to December 2013.\n-RESULTS: Adoption of standardized care practices, including bundles and checklists, was associated with a significant reduction of the CLABSI rate to zero for>370 consecutive days in our NICU in 2012. Overall, our CLABSI rates decreased from 4.1 per 1000 line days in 2009 (13 infections; 3163 line days) to 0.94 in 2013 (2 infections; 2115 line days), which represents a 77% reduction over a 5-year period. In the first quarter of 2013, there was a brief increase in CLABSI rate to 3.3 per 1000 line days; after a series of interventions, the CLABSI rate was maintained at zero for>600 days. Ongoing training, surveillance, and vigilance with catheter insertion and maintenance practices and improved documentation were identified as key drivers for success.'}]

yes

The CLABSI rate was maintained at zero for >600 days after a series of interventions, indicating that a zero central line-associated bloodstream infection rate is sustainable.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs gastric electrical stimulation superior to standard pharmacologic therapy in improving GI symptoms, healthcare resources, and long-term health care benefits?\n\nContext:\n-CONTEXT: Severe upper gastrointestinal (GI) motor disorders, including gastroparesis (GP), can consume significant health care resources. Many patients are refractory to traditional drug therapy.\n-OBJECTIVE: To compare symptoms, healthcare resource utilization and costs in two groups of patients with the symptoms of GP: those treated via gastric electrical stimulation (GES) and those treated with traditional pharmacological agents in an intensive outpatient program (MED).\n-DESIGN: A long-term comparison of patients with devices (n = 9) vs intensive medical therapy (n = 9).\n-SETTING AND PATIENTS: A total of 18 eligible patients with the symptoms of GP reported for 1-year baseline and long-term treatment for 3 years.\n-INTERVENTIONS: Patients with the symptoms of GP were treated by a GES or intensive medical therapy (MED).\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GP Symptoms, healthcare resource utilization using investigator-derived independent outcome measure score (IDIOMS) and total hospital (inpatient and outpatient) billing costs.\n-RESULTS: Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly different from baseline (F = 3.03, P<0.017) with GP patients treated via GES showing more sustained improvement over 36 months than those treated via MED. Healthcare resource usage, measured via the IDIOMS, significantly improved at 12, 24 and 36 month follow-up for GES patients (F = 10.49, P<0.001), compared with patients receiving medical therapy, who demonstrated further deterioration. GP patients treated via GES also proved superior to medical therapy at 24 and 36 months with regard to decreased costs (F = 4.85, P<0.001). Within group comparisons indicated significantly reduced hospital days for both patient groups; however, no statistical differences were noted between groups in terms of hospital days. Three of nine patients in the MED group died primarily from i.v. access related problems; none of the GES patients died.'}]

yes

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is superior to standard pharmacologic therapy in improving GI symptoms, healthcare resources, and long-term health care benefits for patients with gastroparesis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nShould pulp chamber pulpotomy be seen as a permanent treatment?\n\nContext:\n-METHODOLOGY: Seventeen patients, aged 7-54\xa0years (mean of 37.2\xa0year), were treated by pulpotomy and filling with ProRoot MTA(®) in premolar or molar teeth with vital pulps and without clinical evidence of irreversible pulpitis. The patients were then followed up for 12 to 24\xa0months and the teeth then assessed by clinical and radiographic examination. Statistical analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier survival probability statistics to estimate the survival of the treated teeth.\n-RESULTS: At 24\xa0months, the survival rate without any complementary treatment was estimated to be 82%. Two of the 17 treated teeth required root canal treatment for pain control and one for prosthetic reasons.'}]

yes

The survival rate without any complementary treatment was estimated to be 82% at 24 months, indicating that pulp chamber pulpotomy can be a effective treatment with a relatively low need for further intervention.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes transverse apex coincide with coronal apex levels (regional or global) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional.\n-OBJECTIVES: To identify the regional and global apexes of curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and to compare the levels of those with the most rotated vertebral levels on computed tomography scans.\n-SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The terminology regarding the terms and definitions had been arbitrary until being refined and standardized by the Scoliosis Research Society Working Group on Three-Dimensional Terminology of Spinal Deformity. Apical vertebra or disc is defined as the most laterally deviated vertebra or disc in a scoliosis curve, but the most rotated vertebra (or disc) has not been included in this terminology. One study suggested that the most rotated vertebral level was always located at the apex.\n-METHODS: Thirty-three structural curves of 25 consecutive patients scheduled for surgery for thoracic or thoracolumbar scoliosis were analyzed with standing anteroposterior radiographs and computed tomography scans covering the curve apexes and pelvis. Thoracic and lumbar curves were evaluated separately for all Type II curves. Vertebral rotations were normalized by the rotation of the pelvis. The most rotated vertebral (or disc) levels (transverse apex) were compared with the regional and global apex levels (vertebra or disc) (coronal apexes) of the corresponding curves separately.\n-RESULTS: Regional and global apexes were at the same level in 18 (54.5%) curves, and within half a level in another 15 (45.4%), and the regional apex was one level higher in two curves (95% confidence levels: -0.82, +0.88). Comparison of the most rotated levels with regional and global apex levels revealed a higher variability, extending up to two levels for the global apex (95% confidence levels: -1.19, +1.54 levels for the global and -1.0, +1.41 levels for the regional apexes).'}]

yes

The study found that in 54.5% of the curves, the regional and global apexes were at the same level, and in another 45.4% of the curves, they were within half a level apart, indicating a relatively high degree of coincidence between the transverse apex and coronal apex levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the Child Health Computing System adequately identify children with cerebral palsy?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: This paper assesses the usefulness of the Child Health Computing System as a source of information about children with cerebral palsy.\n-METHODS: A comparative survey of information held on the Child Health Computing System (CHCS) and the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register (NICPR) in one Health and Social Services Board in Northern Ireland was carried out. The sample comprised children with cerebral palsy aged 5-9 years.\n-RESULTS: Of the 135 cases recorded on the NICPR, 47 per cent were not found on the CHCS; the majority of these children had no computer record of any medical diagnosis. Of the 82 cases recorded on the CHCS, 10 (12 per cent) were not found on the NICPR; five of these cases (6 per cent) were found on follow-up not to have CP.'}]

no

The Child Health Computing System does not adequately identify children with cerebral palsy, as 47% of cases recorded on the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register were not found on the Child Health Computing System.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre we seeing the effects of public awareness campaigns?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: The last 20 years has seen a marked improvement in skin cancer awareness campaigns. We sought to establish whether this has affected the presenting Breslow thickness of malignant melanoma in the South West.\n-METHOD: This is a retrospective study looking at the first presentation of melanomas from 2003 to 2011. Data was accessed using the local online melanoma database.\n-RESULTS: A total of 2001 new melanomas presented from 2003 to 2012 (Male:Female = 1:1.062). The average yearly number of melanomas was 200.1 (range = 138-312). The mean age was 62.5 years (range 12-99). Data was analysed using a Chi² test. For 0-1 mm melanomas, there is a significant difference in the observed versus expected values over the 10 years (p = 0.0018). There is an increasing proportion of 0-1 mm (thin) melanomas presenting year on year, with a positive linear trend. This is very statistically significant (p<0.0001). The 1-2 mm melanomas are decreasing in proportion with a negative linear trend (p = 0.0013). The 2-4 mm are also decreasing in proportion (p = 0.0253). There is no significant change in the thick>4 mm melanomas (p = 0.1456).'}]

yes

The study found a significant increase in the proportion of 0-1 mm (thin) melanomas presenting year on year, with a positive linear trend, suggesting that public awareness campaigns may be affecting the presenting Breslow thickness of malignant melanoma.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs breast cancer prognosis inherited?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: A genetic component is well established in the etiology of breast cancer. It is not well known, however, whether genetic traits also influence prognostic features of the malignant phenotype.\n-METHODS: We carried out a population-based cohort study in Sweden based on the nationwide Multi-Generation Register. Among all women with breast cancer diagnosed from 1961 to 2001, 2,787 mother-daughter pairs and 831 sister pairs with breast cancer were identified; we achieved complete follow-up and classified 5-year breast cancer-specific prognosis among proband (mother or oldest sister) into tertiles as poor, intermediary, or good. We used Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival proportions and Cox models to calculate relative risks of dying from breast cancer within 5 years depending on the proband\'s outcome.\n-RESULTS: The 5-year survival proportion among daughters whose mothers died within 5 years was 87% compared to 91% if the mother was alive (p = 0.03). Among sisters, the corresponding proportions were 70% and 88%, respectively (p = 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, daughters and sisters of a proband with poor prognosis had a 60% higher 5-year breast cancer mortality compared to those of a proband with good prognosis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 2.2; p for trend 0.002). This association was slightly stronger among sisters (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.4) than among daughters (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.3).'}]

yes

The study found that daughters and sisters of a proband with poor breast cancer prognosis had a 60% higher 5-year breast cancer mortality compared to those of a proband with good prognosis, indicating that breast cancer prognosis may be influenced by genetic traits.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes nuchal translucency thickness in the first trimester predict GDM onset during pregnancy?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study was planned to evaluate whether increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in the first trimester of gestation can be related to onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy.\n-METHODS: From January 2006 to August 2008, a group of 678 singleton pregnancies who had developed GDM has been selected as a study group among a total of 3966 pregnant women who had undergone first trimester screening for aneuploidies at 11-14 weeks of gestation. A group of 420 single pregnant women with physiological pregnancy were enrolled as control group. Both fetal structural and karyotype\'s anomalies were excluded in the two groups. NT was mesured by a Fetal Medicine Foundation certificated operator; GDM was diagnosed at 24-28 weeks of gestation following Carpenter and Coustan criteria. In the analyses of continuos variables, study and control group were compared by Student\'s t-test and Anova test.\n-RESULTS: There was no significative difference (p = 0.585) between NT values in the study (mean = 1.56) and control group (mean = 1.54).'}]

no

There was no significant difference in nuchal translucency thickness between the study group and the control group, indicating that nuchal translucency thickness in the first trimester does not predict gestational diabetes mellitus onset during pregnancy.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre the arginine vasopressin V1a receptor microsatellites related to hypersexuality in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To examine family-based transmission of the number of 5\' flanking arginine vasopressin V1a receptor (AVPR1A) microsatellites, which include [(GATA)(14)] and complex [(CT)(4)-TT-(CT)(8)-(GT)(24)]repeats, in probands with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP). Preferential transmission of the number of AVPR1A microsatellite repeats to hypersexual and uninhibited people-seeking probands was hypothesized, based on reports from preclinical work in the literature.\n-METHODS: Probands were 83 participants in an ongoing controlled study of PEA-BP. The PEA-BP phenotype was defined by DSM-IV mania with at least one of the cardinal symptoms of mania (elation and/or grandiosity) to avoid diagnosing mania only by symptoms that overlapped with those for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Comprehensive assessment of the probands included separate Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) interviews of parents about their children and of children about themselves. Hypersexuality and uninhibited people-seeking were assessed from the corresponding WASH-U-KSADS items. Microsatellite genotyping of the AVPR1A repeats was conducted using fluorescently labeled primers and detected by laser-induced fluorescence. Alleles were determined with the assistance of semi-automated allele-calling software. There were 32 complete, biological trios (28 informative families) for the GATA repeat and 34 complete, biological trios (30 informative families) for the complex repeat. Data were analyzed using case-control and family-based association methods.\n-RESULTS: Preferential transmission of AVPR1A GATA or complex repeats was not significant for hypersexuality or uninhibited people-seeking, using the transmission disequilibrium test. Similarly, case-control analyses found no significant associations between hypersexuality or uninhibited people-seeking and the number of AVPR1A GATA or complex repeats. For p<0.05, there was about 80% power to detect odds ratios of 5.0 and 4.0 (in the family-based analyses) and 3.5 and 2.6 (in the case-control analyses), for allele frequencies of 0.1 and 0.5, respectively.'}]

no

Preferential transmission of AVPR1A GATA or complex repeats was not significant for hypersexuality or uninhibited people-seeking, using the transmission disequilibrium test.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nStage I non-small cell lung carcinoma: really an early stage?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: We review our results on surgical treatment of patients with stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma and we attempted to clarify the prognostic significance of some surgical--pathologic variables.\n-METHODS: From 1993 to 1999, 667 patients received curative lung resection and complete hilar and mediastinal lymphadenectomy for non-small cell lung cancer. Of these, there were 436 Stage I disease (65%), of whom 144 T1N0 and 292 T2N0. No patients had pre- or postoperative radio- or chemotherapy. Prognostic significance of the following independent variables was tested using univariate (log-rank) and multivariate (Cox proportional-hazards) analysis: type of resection (sublobar vs lobectomy vs pneumonectomy), histology (squamous cell vs adenocarcinoma), tumour size (<or=3cm vs>3cm), histologic vascular invasion, visceral pleura involvement, positive bronchial resection margin, general T status.\n-RESULTS: Overall 5-year survival was 63%. In both univariate and multivariate survival analysis, significant prognostic factors were histology (adenocarcinoma 65% vs squamous cell carcinoma 51%), tumour size (<or=3cm 67% vs>3cm 46%), and the presence of negative resection margin. Five-year survival by general T status was 66% in T1N0 vs 55% in T2N0 disease (P=0.19).'}]

no

The 5-year survival rate for stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma is 63%, which suggests that stage I is not necessarily an early stage, as the survival rate is not extremely high.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes Residency Selection Criteria Predict Performance in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: More than 1000 candidates applied for orthopaedic residency positions in 2014, and the competition is intense; approximately one-third of the candidates failed to secure a position in the match. However, the criteria used in the selection process often are subjective and studies have differed in terms of which criteria predict either objective measures or subjective ratings of resident performance by faculty.QUESTIONS/\n-PURPOSES: Do preresidency selection factors serve as predictors of success in residency? Specifically, we asked which preresidency selection factors are associated or correlated with (1) objective measures of resident knowledge and performance; and (2) subjective ratings by faculty.\n-METHODS: Charts of 60 orthopaedic residents from our institution were reviewed. Preresidency selection criteria examined included United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 scores, Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores, number of clinical clerkship honors, number of letters of recommendation, number of away rotations, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) honor medical society membership, fourth-year subinternship at our institution, and number of publications. Resident performance was assessed using objective measures including American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) Part I scores and Orthopaedics In-Training Exam (OITE) scores and subjective ratings by faculty including global evaluation scores and faculty rankings of residents. We tested associations between preresidency criteria and the subsequent objective and subjective metrics using linear correlation analysis and Mann-Whitney tests when appropriate.\n-RESULTS: Objective measures of resident performance namely, ABOS Part I scores, had a moderate linear correlation with the USMLE Step 2 scores (r = 0.55, p<0.001) and number of clinical honors received in medical school (r = 0.45, p<0.001). OITE scores had a weak linear correlation with the number of clinical honors (r = 0.35, p = 0.009) and USMLE Step 2 scores (r = 0.29, p = 0.02). With regards to subjective outcomes, AOA membership was associated with higher scores on the global evaluation (p = 0.005). AOA membership also correlated with higher global evaluation scores (r = 0.60, p = 0.005) with the strongest correlation existing between AOA membership and the "interpersonal and communication skills" subsection of the global evaluations.'}]

yes

Yes, residency selection criteria can predict performance in orthopaedic surgery residency. Specifically, USMLE Step 2 scores, number of clinical clerkship honors, and AOA membership are associated with objective measures of resident performance, such as ABOS Part I scores and OITE scores, as well as subjective ratings by faculty.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nOptimism and survival: does an optimistic outlook predict better survival at advanced ages?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies examining predictors of survival among the oldest-old have primarily focused on objective measures, such as physical function and health status. Only a few studies have examined the effect of personality traits on survival, such as optimism. The aim of this study was to examine whether an optimistic outlook predicts survival among the oldest-old.\n-METHODS: The Danish 1905 Cohort Survey is a nationwide, longitudinal survey comprising all individuals born in Denmark in 1905. At baseline in 1998, a total of 2,262 persons aged 92 or 93 agreed to participate in the intake survey. The baseline in-person interview consisted of a comprehensive questionnaire including physical functioning and health, and a question about whether the respondent had an optimistic, neutral or pessimistic outlook on his or her own future.\n-RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 12 years (1998-2010) there were 2,239 deaths (99 %) in the 1905 Cohort Survey. Univariable analyses revealed that optimistic women and men were at lower risk of death compared to their neutral counterparts [HR 0.82, 95 % CI (0.73-0.93) and 0.81, 95 % CI (0.66-0.99), respectively]. When confounding factors such as baseline physical and cognitive functioning and disease were taken into account the association between optimism and survival weakened in both sexes, but the general pattern persisted. Optimistic women were still at lower risk of death compared to neutral women [HR 0.85, 95 % CI (0.74-0.97)]. The risk of death was also decreased for optimistic men compared to their neutral counterparts, but the effect was non-significant [HR 0.91, 95 % CI (0.73-1.13)].'}]

yes

Univariable analyses revealed that optimistic women and men were at lower risk of death compared to their neutral counterparts, but when confounding factors were taken into account, the association between optimism and survival weakened in both sexes.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs it better to be big?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: Swedish hospital mergers seem to stem from a conviction among policy makers that bigger hospitals lead to lower average costs and improved clinical outcomes. The effects of mergers in the form of multisited hospitals have not been systematically evaluated. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this area of knowledge by exploring responses to the merger of Blekinge Hospital.\n-METHODS: The evaluation was guided by the philosophy of triangulation. A questionnaire was sent to 597 randomly selected employees, that is 24% of the health care staff. Four hundred ninety-eight employees answered the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 83%. Furthermore, interviews of different groups of stakeholders were conducted.\n-RESULTS: A moderate increase of quality was assessed, which, a low proportion of the employees perceived had decisively or largely to do with the merger. The majority perceives economical incentives as the drivers of change, but, at the same time, only 10% of this group believes this target was reached completely or to a large extent.'}]

maybe

The study found a moderate increase in quality, but a low proportion of employees perceived it as directly related to the merger, and only 10% of those who saw economical incentives as drivers of change believed the target was reached completely or to a large extent.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs arch form influenced by sagittal molar relationship or Bolton tooth-size discrepancy?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Orthodontic patients show high prevalence of tooth-size discrepancy. This study investigates the possible association between arch form, clinically significant tooth-size discrepancy, and sagittal molar relationship.\n-METHODS: Pretreatment orthodontic casts of 230 Saudi patients were classified into one of three arch form types (tapered, ovoid, and square) using digitally scanned images of the mandibular arches. Bolton ratio was calculated, sagittal molar relationship was defined according to Angle classification, and correlations were analyzed using ANOVA, chi-square, and t-tests.\n-RESULTS: No single arch form was significantly more common than the others. Furthermore, no association was observed between the presence of significant Bolton discrepancy and the sagittal molar relationship or arch form. Overall Bolton discrepancy is significantly more prevalent in males.'}]

no

No association was observed between the presence of significant Bolton discrepancy and the sagittal molar relationship or arch form.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCold knife conization vs. LEEP. Are they the same procedure?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the amount of tissue removed at loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) vs. cold knife conization.\n-STUDY DESIGN: Forty consecutive LEEP or cold knife conization specimens were prospectively measured and weighed by a single pathology technician. Diameter, length and weight of the specimens were compared using Student\'s t test.\n-RESULTS: Mean diameter of cold knife cone specimens was 2.6 vs. 2.2 cm for LEEP (P = .07). Mean length of cold knife cone specimens was 1.5 vs. 1.0 cm for LEEP (P = .001). Mean weight for cold knife cone specimens was 4.4 vs. 2.0 g for LEEP (P = .001).'}]

no

Cold knife conization and LEEP are not the same procedure, as they have different mean diameters, lengths, and weights of the specimens removed.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre pectins involved in cold acclimation and de-acclimation of winter oil-seed rape plants?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The hypothesis was tested that pectin content and methylation degree participate in regulation of cell wall mechanical properties and in this way may affect tissue growth and freezing resistance over the course of plant cold acclimation and de-acclimation.\n-METHODS: Experiments were carried on the leaves of two double-haploid lines of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera), differing in winter survival and resistance to blackleg fungus (Leptosphaeria maculans).\n-KEY RESULTS: Plant acclimation in the cold (2 degrees C) brought about retardation of leaf expansion, concomitant with development of freezing resistance. These effects were associated with the increases in leaf tensile stiffness, cell wall and pectin contents, pectin methylesterase (EC 3.1.1.11) activity and the low-methylated pectin content, independently of the genotype studied. However, the cold-induced modifications in the cell wall properties were more pronounced in the leaves of the more pathogen-resistant genotype. De-acclimation promoted leaf expansion and reversed most of the cold-induced effects, with the exception of pectin methylesterase activity.'}]

yes

Pectins are involved in cold acclimation and de-acclimation of winter oil-seed rape plants, as evidenced by the increases in leaf tensile stiffness, cell wall and pectin contents, pectin methylesterase activity, and low-methylated pectin content during cold acclimation, and the reversal of most cold-induced effects during de-acclimation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nUpdating emotional content in working memory: a depression-specific deficit?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Interference from irrelevant negative material might be a key mechanism underlying intrusive ruminative thoughts in depression. Considering commonalities between depression and social anxiety and the presence of similar intrusive thoughts in social anxiety, the current study was designed to assess whether interference from irrelevant material in working memory is specific to depression or is also present in social anxiety disorder.\n-METHODS: To examine the effects of irrelevant emotional material on working memory performance, participants memorized two lists of words on each trial and were subsequently instructed to ignore one of the lists. Participants were then asked to indicate whether a probe word belonged to the relevant list or not.\n-RESULTS: Compared to control and social anxiety groups, the depression groups (both pure and comorbid with social anxiety disorder) exhibited greater difficulties removing irrelevant emotional material from working memory (i.e., greater intrusion effects). Greater intrusion effects were also associated with increased rumination.\n-LIMITATIONS: Although we included three clinical groups (depression, social anxiety, and the comorbid groups), the results are based on a relatively small number of participants.'}]

yes

The depression groups exhibited greater difficulties removing irrelevant emotional material from working memory compared to control and social anxiety groups.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes ultrasound imaging before puncture facilitate internal jugular vein cannulation?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether prepuncture ultrasound evaluation of vascular anatomy facilitates internal jugular vein cannulation compared with landmark-guided puncture.\n-DESIGN: Prospective randomized study.\n-SETTING: Single community hospital.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients undergoing general anesthesia (n = 240).\n-INTERVENTIONS: The right internal jugular vein was cannulated using either anatomic landmarks or prepuncture ultrasound (3.75/7.5 MHz) guidance. In the landmark group, respiratory jugular venodilation was used as the primary landmark for locating the vein. Results of cannulation and the incidence of complications were compared.\n-MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were randomly assigned to the ultrasound or landmark group. Respiratory jugular venodilation was identified in 188 patients (78.3%), in whom results of cannulation did not differ between the 2 techniques with respect to the venous access rate (cannulated at the first attempt: 83.5% in the landmark v 85.7% in the ultrasound group), the success rate (cannulated within 3 attempts: 96.9% v 95.6%), and the incidence of arterial puncture (1.0% v 3.3%). In the remaining 52 respiratory jugular venodilation-unidentified patients, the access rate (30.4% v 86.2%, p<0.001) and the success rate (78.3 v 100%, p<0.05) were significantly better in the ultrasound group, and no arterial puncture was recorded in the ultrasound group, whereas the incidence was 13.0% in the landmark group. The results were similar regardless of the ultrasound frequency used.'}]

yes

Ultrasound imaging before puncture facilitates internal jugular vein cannulation, especially in patients where respiratory jugular venodilation is not identified, with a significantly better access rate and success rate compared to landmark-guided puncture.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nShould prostate specific antigen be adjusted for body mass index?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Obesity may be associated with lower prostate specific antigen through hemodilution. We examined the relationship between body mass index and prostate specific antigen by age in men without prostate cancer in a longitudinal aging study to determine whether prostate specific antigen must be adjusted for body mass index.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population included 994 men (4,937 observations) without prostate cancer in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Mixed effects models were used to examine the relationship between prostate specific antigen and body mass index in kg/m(2) by age. Separate models were explored in men with prostate cancer censored at diagnosis, for percent body fat measurements, for weight changes with time and adjusting for initial prostate size in 483 men (2,523 observations) with pelvic magnetic resonance imaging measurements.\n-RESULTS: In men without prostate cancer body mass index was not significantly associated with prostate specific antigen after adjusting for age (p = 0.06). A 10-point body mass index increase was associated with a prostate specific antigen difference of -0.03 ng/ml (95% CI -0.40-0.49). Results were similar when men with prostate cancer were included, when percent body fat was substituted for body mass index, and after adjusting for prostate volume. Longitudinal weight changes also had no significant association with prostate specific antigen.'}]

no

The study found that body mass index was not significantly associated with prostate specific antigen after adjusting for age, and a 10-point body mass index increase was associated with a prostate specific antigen difference of -0.03 ng/ml, which is not clinically significant.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes obstructive sleep apnea affect aerobic fitness?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had an objective change in aerobic fitness during cycle ergometry compared to a normal population. The most accurate test of aerobic fitness is measurement of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) with cycle ergometry.\n-METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis (247 patients with OSA) of VO2max from annual cycle ergometry tests compared to a large control group (normative data from 1.4 million US Air Force tests) in a tertiary care setting.\n-RESULTS: Overall, individuals with OSA had increased VO2max when compared to the normalized US Air Force data (p<.001). Patients with an apnea-hypopnea index of greater than 20 demonstrated a decreased VO2max as compared to normalized values (p<.001). No differences in VO2max were observed after either medical or surgical therapy for OSA.'}]

yes

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had an objective change in aerobic fitness during cycle ergometry, with those having an apnea-hypopnea index of greater than 20 demonstrating a decreased VO2max, but overall, individuals with OSA had increased VO2max.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThe effect of an intracerebroventricular injection of metformin or AICAR on the plasma concentrations of melatonin in the ewe: potential involvement of AMPK?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: It is now widely accepted that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis. Recently, it has been shown to regulate circadian clocks. In seasonal breeding species such as sheep, the circadian clock controls the secretion of an endogenous rhythm of melatonin and, as a consequence, is probably involved in the generation of seasonal rhythms of reproduction. Considering this, we identified the presence of the subunits of AMPK in different hypothalamic nuclei involved in the pre- and post-pineal pathways that control seasonality of reproduction in the ewe and we investigated if the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of two activators of AMPK, metformin and AICAR, affected the circadian rhythm of melatonin in ewes that were housed in constant darkness. In parallel the secretion of insulin was monitored as a peripheral metabolic marker. We also investigated the effects of i.c.v. AICAR on the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a downstream target of AMPK, in brain structures along the photoneuroendocrine pathway to the pineal gland.\n-RESULTS: All the subunits of AMPK that we studied were identified in all brain areas that were dissected but with some differences in their level of expression among structures. Metformin and AICAR both reduced (p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively) the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion independently of insulin secretion. The i.c.v. injection of AICAR only tended (p = 0.1) to increase the levels of phosphorylated AMPK in the paraventricular nucleus but significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated ACC in the paraventricular nucleus (p<0.001) and in the pineal gland (p<0.05).'}]

yes

Metformin and AICAR reduced the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion, and AICAR tended to increase the levels of phosphorylated AMPK and significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated ACC in the paraventricular nucleus and pineal gland.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nLiteracy after cerebral hemispherectomy: Can the isolated right hemisphere read?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: Cerebral hemispherectomy, a surgical procedure undergone to control intractable seizures, is becoming a standard procedure with more cases identified and treated early in life [33]. While the effect of the dominant hemisphere resection on spoken language has been extensively researched, little is known about reading abilities in individuals after left-sided resection. Left-lateralized phonological abilities are the key components of reading, i.e., grapheme-phoneme conversion skills [1]. These skills are critical for the acquisition of word-specific orthographic knowledge and have been shown to predict reading levels in average readers as well as in readers with mild cognitive disability [26]. Furthermore, impaired phonological processing has been implicated as the cognitive basis in struggling readers. Here, we explored the reading skills in participants who have undergone left cerebral hemispherectomy.\n-METHODS: Seven individuals who have undergone left cerebral hemispherectomy to control intractable seizures associated with perinatal infarct have been recruited for this study. We examined if components of phonological processing that are shown to reliably separate average readers from struggling readers, i.e., phonological awareness, verbal memory, speed of retrieval, and size of vocabulary, show the same relationship to reading levels when they are mediated by the right hemisphere [2].\n-RESULTS: We found that about 60% of our group developed both word reading and paragraph reading in the average range. Phonological processing measured by both phonological awareness and nonword reading was unexpectedly spared in the majority of participants. Phonological awareness levels strongly correlated with word reading. Verbal memory, a component of phonological processing skills, together with receptive vocabulary size, positively correlated with reading levels similar to those reported in average readers. Receptive vocabulary, a bilateral function, was preserved to a certain degree similar to that of strongly left-lateralized phonological skills [3]. Later seizure onset was associated with better reading levels.'}]

yes

About 60% of the participants who underwent left cerebral hemispherectomy developed both word reading and paragraph reading in the average range, indicating that the isolated right hemisphere can read.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCharacterization of the gender dimorphism after injury and hemorrhagic shock: are hormonal differences responsible?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To characterize the gender dimorphism after injury with specific reference to the reproductive age of the women (young,<48 yrs of age, vs. old,>52 yrs of age) in a cohort of severely injured trauma patients for which significant variation in postinjury care is minimized.\n-DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of an ongoing prospective multicenter cohort study.\n-SETTING: Academic, level I trauma and intensive care unit centers.\n-PATIENTS: Blunt-injured adults with hemorrhagic shock.\n-INTERVENTIONS: None.\n-MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Separate Cox proportional hazard regression models were formulated based on all patients to evaluate the effects of gender on mortality, multiple organ failure, and nosocomial infection, after controlling for all important confounders. These models were then used to characterize the effect of gender in young and old age groups. Overall mortality, multiple organ failure, and nosocomial infection rates for the entire cohort (n = 1,036) were 20%, 40%, and 45%, respectively. Mean Injury Severity Score was 32 +/- 14 (mean +/- SD). Men (n = 680) and women (n = 356) were clinically similar except that men required higher crystalloid volumes, more often had a history of alcoholism and liver disease, and had greater ventilatory and intensive care unit requirements. Female gender was independently associated with a 43% and 23% lower risk of multiple organ failure and nosocomial infection, respectively. Gender remained an independent risk factor in young and old subgroup analysis, with the protection afforded by female gender remaining unchanged.'}]

yes

Female gender was independently associated with a 43% and 23% lower risk of multiple organ failure and nosocomial infection, respectively, after controlling for all important confounders.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan communication with terminally ill patients be taught?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Communication with terminally ill patients is a main responsibility of physicians. However, many physicians feel insufficiently prepared for this task. Models of courses resulting in improvements of communicative skills of participants have been published mainly in the Anglo-American literature. This study describes the realization of a 2-day course model based on the experiences of the first three courses of this kind in Rhineland-Palatinate, and analyzes changes of participants\' communication behavior.\n-METHODS: After each seminary, an evaluation form concerning participants\' satisfaction with the course was filled in. Furthermore, all course participants received a questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of the course, as well as 3 months afterwards. The participants were asked to assess their own sense of security in seven different communication settings on a visual analog scale, and to specify perceived changes in their communication behavior 3 months after the course.\n-RESULTS: The first three courses were attended by 31 participants. Course evaluation revealed high satisfaction scores with methods as well as with clarity and relevance of the contents. Self-assessment of participants showed a growing sense of security in different communication settings. Important increases could be demonstrated for communicating a diagnosis of cancer with good or less good prognosis, recurrence of cancer or a far progressive cancer disease without curative approach. 3 months after the course, participants described multiple changes indicating increased sensibility and professionalism in communication behavior.'}]

yes

Communication with terminally ill patients can be taught, as evidenced by the 2-day course model described in the study, which resulted in improvements of communicative skills of participants and increased sense of security in different communication settings.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDelays in time to primary treatment after a diagnosis of breast cancer: does it impact survival?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Treatment delays in breast cancer are generally thought to affect prognosis but the impact on survival remains unclear. Indicators for breast cancer care include time to primary treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether time to primary treatment (TPT) in breast cancer impacts survival.\n-METHOD: A total of 648 breast cancer patients treated in the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Malaysia between 2004 and 2005 were included in the study. TPT was calculated from the date of pathological diagnosis to the date of primary treatment. Mortality data was obtained from the National Registry of Births and Deaths. Last date of follow-up was November 2010.\n-RESULTS: Median TPT was 18 days. Majority 508 (69.1%) of the patients received treatment within 30 days after diagnosis. The majority was surgically treated. Ethnicity (p=0.002) and stage at presentation (p=0.007) were significantly associated with delayed TPT. Malay ethnicity had delayed TPT compared to the Chinese; Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.9 (Confidence Interval (CI) 1.237, 2.987). Delayed TPT did not affect overall survival on univariate and multivariate analyses.'}]

no

Delayed time to primary treatment did not affect overall survival on univariate and multivariate analyses.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre increased carotid artery pulsatility and resistance indexes early signs of vascular abnormalities in young obese males?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: To provide insight into the factors by which obesity in itself may directly lead to early arterial damage, we aimed to determine early sonographic markers of obesity-related vascular dysfunction in young obese males.\n-METHODS: Thirty-five young obese males and 23 age-matched healthy male volunteers were recruited into the study. Common carotid artery pulsatility index and resistance index were calculated from blood flow velocities curves obtained by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography.\n-RESULTS: The mean pulsatility index, resistance index, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, plasma fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were statistically higher in obese subjects than in healthy controls.'}]

yes

The study found that young obese males had statistically higher mean pulsatility index and resistance index compared to healthy controls, indicating early sonographic markers of obesity-related vascular dysfunction.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre acceptance rates of a national preventive home visit programme for older people socially imbalanced?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Preventive home visits are offered to community dwelling older people in Denmark aimed at maintaining their functional ability for as long as possible, but only two thirds of older people accept the offer from the municipalities. The purpose of this study is to investigate 1) whether socioeconomic status was associated with acceptance of preventive home visits among older people and 2) whether municipality invitational procedures for the preventive home visits modified the association.\n-METHODS: The study population included 1,023 community dwelling 80-year-old individuals from the Danish intervention study on preventive home visits. Information on preventive home visit acceptance rates was obtained from questionnaires. Socioeconomic status was measured by financial assets obtained from national registry data, and invitational procedures were identified through the municipalities. Logistic regression analyses were used, adjusted by gender.\n-RESULTS: Older persons with high financial assets accepted preventive home visits more frequently than persons with low assets (adjusted OR = 1.5 (CI95%: 1.1-2.0)). However, the association was attenuated when adjusted by the invitational procedures. The odds ratio for accepting preventive home visits was larger among persons with low financial assets invited by a letter with a proposed date than among persons with high financial assets invited by other procedures, though these estimates had wide confidence intervals.'}]

yes

The acceptance rates of a national preventive home visit programme for older people are socially imbalanced, as older persons with high financial assets accepted preventive home visits more frequently than persons with low assets.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes open access publishing increase the impact of scientific articles?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Some studies suggest that open access articles are more often cited than non-open access articles. However, the relationship between open access and citations count in a discipline such as intensive care medicine has not been studied to date. The present article analyzes the effect of open access publishing of scientific articles in intensive care medicine journals in terms of citations count.\n-METHODS: We evaluated a total of 161 articles (76% being non-open access articles) published in Intensive Care Medicine in the year 2008. Citation data were compared between the two groups up until April 30, 2011. Potentially confounding variables for citation counts were adjusted for in a linear multiple regression model.\n-RESULTS: The median number (interquartile range) of citations of non-open access articles was 8 (4-12) versus 9 (6-18) in the case of open access articles (p=0.084). In the highest citation range (>8), the citation count was 13 (10-16) and 18 (13-21) (p=0.008), respectively. The mean follow-up was 37.5 ± 3 months in both groups. In the 30-35 months after publication, the average number (mean ± standard deviation) of citations per article per month of non-open access articles was 0.28 ± 0.6 versus 0.38 ± 0.7 in the case of open access articles (p=0.043). Independent factors for citation advantage were the Hirsch index of the first signing author (β=0.207; p=0.015) and open access status (β=3.618; p=0.006).'}]

yes

The study found that open access articles in intensive care medicine journals received a higher number of citations compared to non-open access articles, with a median of 9 citations versus 8 citations, and a significant difference in the highest citation range (>8) with 18 citations versus 13 citations.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIn vivo visualization of pyloric mucosal hypertrophy in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: is there an etiologic role?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition which presents in infants at 2-12 weeks of postnatal life, and whose cause remains obscure. Multiple associated abnormalities have been recognized within the external hypertrophied pyloric muscle layer, but the internal component of the pyloric mucosa has received scant attention in the literature to date. Our purpose in this study was to show that pyloric mucosal redundancy is a constant finding in infants with IHPS, to discuss its possible cause, and to explore the hypothesis of a relationship between pyloric mucosal redundancy and the development of IHPS.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 102 consecutive infants with surgically confirmed IHPS and determined the thickness of the pyloric mucosa compared with the thickness of the surrounding hypertrophied muscle. Fifty-one infants who did not have pyloric stenosis served as controls.\n-RESULTS: Mean mucosal thickness in patients with IHPS approximated mean muscle thickness, with a ratio of 0.89. In infants with IHPS, the pyloric mucosa constitutes approximately one third of the cross-sectional diameter of the pyloric mass and fills and obstructs the pyloric canal.'}]

yes

The study found that pyloric mucosal redundancy is a constant finding in infants with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS), with the mean mucosal thickness approximating the mean muscle thickness and the pyloric mucosa constituting approximately one third of the cross-sectional diameter of the pyloric mass.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the early adopter of drugs exist?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To analyse associations between indicators for adoption of new drugs and to test the hypothesis that physicians\' early adoption of new drugs is a personal trait independent of drug groups.\n-METHODS: In a population-based cohort study using register data, we analysed the prescribing of new drugs by Danish general practitioners. Angiotensin-II antagonists, triptans, selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 antagonists and esomeprazol were used in the assessment. As indicators of new drug uptake, we used adoption time, cumulative incidence, preference proportion, incidence rate and prescription cost and volume. For each measure, we ranked the general practices. Ranks were pair-wise plotted, and Pearson\'s correlation coefficient ( r) was calculated. Next, we analysed the correlation between ranks across different drug classes.\n-RESULTS: For all indicators, the general practitioners\' adoption of one group of drugs was poorly associated with adoption of others ( r</=0.49), indicating that early adoption of one type of drugs is not associated with early adoption of another. For all drug groups, adoption time adjusted for practice size was only weakly associated with other indicators ( r: -0.56 to -0.27). Indicators, based on cost and volume of drugs, were highly correlated ( r: 0.96-0.99), and the others correlated reasonably well ( r: 0.51-0.91).'}]

no

The early adopter of drugs does not exist, as the adoption of one group of drugs is poorly associated with the adoption of others.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes high blood pressure reduce the risk of chronic low back pain?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have suggested inverse relationships between blood pressure and prevalence of conditions such as migraine and headache. It is not yet clear whether similar relationships can be established for back pain in particular in prospective studies.\n-METHODS: Associations between blood pressure and chronic low back pain were explored in the cross-sectional HUNT 2 survey of a Norwegian county in 1995-1997, including 39,872 individuals who never used antihypertensive medication. A prospective study, comprising 17,209 initially back pain-free individuals and 5740 individuals reporting low back pain, was established by re-examinations in the HUNT 3 survey in 2006-2008. Associations were assessed by logistic regression with respect to systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure, with adjustment for education, work status, physical activity, smoking, body mass and lipid levels.\n-RESULTS: In the cross-sectional study, all three blood pressure measures showed inverse relationships with prevalence of low back pain in both sexes. In the prospective study of disease-free women, baseline pulse pressure and systolic pressure were inversely associated with risk of low back pain [odds ratio (OR) 0.93 per 10\u2009mm\u2009Hg increase in pulse pressure, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-0.98, p\u2009=\u20090.007; OR 0.95 per 10\u2009mm Hg increase in systolic pressure, 95% CI 0.92-0.99, p\u2009=\u20090.005]. Results among men were equivocal. No associations were indicated with the occurrence of pain in individuals with low back pain at baseline.'}]

yes

High blood pressure is inversely associated with the risk of chronic low back pain, with an increase in pulse pressure and systolic pressure reducing the risk of low back pain in disease-free women.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes responsibility affect the public\'s valuation of health care interventions?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Health services often spend more on safety interventions than seems cost-effective. This study investigates whether the public value safety-related health care improvements more highly than the same improvements in contexts where the health care system is not responsible.\n-METHOD: An online survey was conducted to elicit the relative importance placed on preventing harms caused by 1) health care (hospital-acquired infections, drug administration errors, injuries to health care staff), 2) individuals (personal lifestyle choices, sports-related injuries), and 3) nature (genetic disorders). Direct valuations were obtained from members of the public by using a person trade-off or "matching" method. Participants were asked to choose between two preventative interventions of equal cost and equal health benefit per person for the same number of people, but differing in causation. If participants indicated a preference, their strength of preference was measured by using person trade-off.\n-RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 1030 people, reflecting the sociodemographic mix of the UK population. Participants valued interventions preventing hospital-acquired infections (1.31) more highly than genetic disorders (1.0), although drug errors were valued similarly to genetic disorders (1.07), and interventions to prevent injury to health care staff were given less weight than genetic disorders (0.71). Less weight was also given to interventions related to lifestyle (0.65) and sports injuries (0.41).'}]

yes

The public values safety-related health care improvements more highly when the health care system is responsible, as evidenced by the higher valuation of interventions preventing hospital-acquired infections compared to genetic disorders.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nNasal fractures: is closed reduction satisfying?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of closed reduction and the effects of timing and fracture types on patient satisfaction.\n-METHODS: Only patients with isolated nasal fractures were included in the study. Patients with additional maxillofacial fractures and patients whose application time to our clinic was more than 10 days after the trauma were excluded. Patients were classified into 5 types according to their fracture. All patients underwent closed reduction and external fixation under local anesthesia. Patients were asked about their satisfaction in a survey at 28th day and sixth month after the surgery. Patients were divided into groups according to fracture type and intervention time, and the results of the survey were evaluated.\n-RESULTS: Of the 43 patients included in the study, 38 were male, 5 were female, and the average age was 24.9. The average intervention time of the patients was 5.44 days. Twenty-eight (65%) of 43 patients were satisfied with the result, whereas 15 (35%) patients were not happy with their operation. In a comparison of patient satisfaction rates according to fracture type, the mild fracture group had a higher satisfaction rate compared to the severe fracture group.'}]

yes

Closed reduction is satisfying for 65% of patients with nasal fractures, but 35% of patients are not happy with the result.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo improvements in outreach, clinical, and family and community-based services predict improvements in child survival?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: There are three main service delivery channels: clinical services, outreach, and family and community. To determine which delivery channels are associated with the greatest reductions in under-5 mortality rates (U5MR), we used data from sequential population-based surveys to examine the correlation between changes in coverage of clinical, outreach, and family and community services and in U5MR for 27 high-burden countries.\n-METHODS: Household survey data were abstracted from serial surveys in 27 countries. Average annual changes (AAC) between the most recent and penultimate survey were calculated for under-five mortality rates and for 22 variables in the domains of clinical, outreach, and family- and community-based services. For all 27 countries and a subset of 19 African countries, we conducted principal component analysis to reduce the variables into a few components in each domain and applied linear regression to assess the correlation between changes in the principal components and changes in under-five mortality rates after controlling for multiple potential confounding factors.\n-RESULTS: AAC in under 5-mortality varied from 6.6% in Nepal to -0.9% in Kenya, with six of the 19 African countries all experiencing less than a 1% decline in mortality. The strongest correlation with reductions in U5MR was observed for access to clinical services (all countries: p = 0.02, r² = 0.58; 19 African countries p<0.001, r² = 0.67). For outreach activities, AAC U5MR was significantly correlated with antenatal care and family planning services, while AAC in immunization services showed no association. In the family- and community services domain, improvements in breastfeeding were associated with significant changes in mortality in the 30 countries but not in the African subset; while in the African countries, nutritional status improvements were associated with a significant decline in mortality.'}]

yes

Improvements in clinical services were the strongest correlation with reductions in under-5 mortality rates, while improvements in outreach activities, specifically antenatal care and family planning services, and improvements in family- and community services, such as breastfeeding and nutritional status, were also associated with significant changes in mortality.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes spontaneous remission occur in polyarteritis nodosa?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic vasculitis involving mainly medium-sized arteries and, rarely, small-sized arteries. The diagnosis is principally based on clinical exams, biopsy of an affected organ, and/or arteriography of renal or mesenteric arteries. Once diagnosed, immunosuppressive agents, such as glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide, are generally introduced as soon as possible. Whether spontaneous remission of PAN occurs is therefore largely unknown.\n-PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 51-year-old woman who presented with a 4-day-history of intense pain in her left flank, hypertension, fever, microscopic hematuria, and acute renal failure. Contrast-enhanced renal ultrasound strongly suggested bilateral renal infarction. Medical history and an extensive workup allowed to exclude systemic embolism, recreational drug abuse, cardiac arrhythmias, and thrombophilia. A possible diagnosis of PAN was considered; however, within 2 weeks of admission, spontaneous remission of her clinical and biological symptoms occurred without the use of any immunosuppressive treatment. Finally, 3 months later, renal arteriography confirmed the diagnosis of PAN. The patient remains free of symptoms 1 year after initial presentation.'}]

yes

Spontaneous remission of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) occurred in a 51-year-old woman, who presented with clinical and biological symptoms of PAN, without the use of any immunosuppressive treatment.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nGluten tolerance in adult patients with celiac disease 20 years after diagnosis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Celiac disease (CD) is believed to be a permanent intolerance to gluten. A number of patients, however, discontinue the gluten-free diet (GFD) without developing symptoms or signs. The aim of our study was to investigate whether CD patients are capable of developing tolerance to gluten.\n-METHODS: All 77 adult patients from our hospital known to have biopsy-proven CD for more than 10 years were invited to participate. We investigated symptoms, gluten consumption, antibodies for CD and other autoimmunity, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-typing, bone mineral density, and performed small bowel biopsies. Tolerance was defined as no immunological or histological signs of CD while consuming gluten.\n-RESULTS: Sixty-six patients accepted participation, but after review of the diagnostic biopsies 53 were found to have true CD. Twenty-three percent of patients had a gluten-containing diet, 15% admitted gluten transgression and 62% followed the GFD. Patients on a GFD had significantly more osteoporosis. Normal small bowel mucosa was found in four of eight on gluten-containing diet and in four of four with gluten transgression. Two patients were considered to have developed tolerance to gluten. One of them was HLA-DQ2/DQ8 negative.'}]

yes

Two patients were considered to have developed tolerance to gluten, 20 years after diagnosis, as they had no immunological or histological signs of CD while consuming gluten.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo symptoms predict COPD in smokers?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends against spirometry in the absence of symptoms. However, as much as 50% of COPD cases in the United States remain undiagnosed.\n-METHODS: Report of symptoms, smoking history, and spirometric data were collected from subjects screened for a work-related medical evaluation (N = 3,955). Prevalence of airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms were assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and relative risks of predicting symptoms and smoking history for COPD were calculated.\n-RESULTS: Forty-four percent of smokers in our sample had airways obstruction (AO). Of these, 36% reported a diagnosis of or treatment for COPD. Odds ratio (95% CI) for AO with smoking (>or = 20 pack-years) was 3.73 (3.12- 4.45), 1.98 (1.73-2.27) for cough, 1.79 (1.55-2.08) for dyspnea, 1.95 (1.70-2.34) for sputum, and 2.59 (2.26-2.97) for wheeze. Respiratory symptoms were reported by 92% of smokers with AO, 86% smokers with restriction, 76% smokers with normal spirometry, and 73% of nonsmokers. Sensitivity (92% vs 90%), specificity (19% vs 22%), positive (47% vs 40%) and negative (75% vs 80%) predictive values for the presence of one or more symptoms were similar between smokers and all subjects.'}]

yes

Respiratory symptoms, such as cough, dyspnea, sputum, and wheeze, were reported by a significant percentage of smokers with airways obstruction (AO), and the presence of one or more symptoms was predictive of COPD in smokers.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSearch engine as a diagnostic tool in difficult immunological and allergologic cases: is Google useful?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Web search engines are an important tool in communication and diffusion of knowledge. Among these, Google appears to be the most popular one: in August 2008, it accounted for 87% of all web searches in the UK, compared with Yahoo\'s 3.3%. Google\'s value as a diagnostic guide in general medicine was recently reported. The aim of this comparative cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether searching Google with disease-related terms was effective in the identification and diagnosis of complex immunological and allergic cases.\n-METHODS: Forty-five case reports were randomly selected by an independent observer from peer-reviewed medical journals. Clinical data were presented separately to three investigators, blinded to the final diagnoses. Investigator A was a Consultant with an expert knowledge in Internal Medicine and Allergy (IM&A) and basic computing skills. Investigator B was a Registrar in IM&A. Investigator C was a Research Nurse. Both Investigators B and C were familiar with computers and search engines. For every clinical case presented, each investigator independently carried out an Internet search using Google to provide a final diagnosis. Their results were then compared with the published diagnoses.\n-RESULTS: Correct diagnoses were provided in 30/45 (66%) cases, 39/45 (86%) cases, and in 29/45 (64%) cases by investigator A, B, and C, respectively. All of the three investigators achieved the correct diagnosis in 19 cases (42%), and all of them failed in two cases.'}]

yes

Google was effective in identifying and diagnosing complex immunological and allergic cases, with correct diagnoses provided in 66%, 86%, and 64% of cases by investigators A, B, and C, respectively.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nUniformity of evidence-based treatments in practice?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Various factors contribute to the effective implementation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs). In this study, cognitive processing therapy (CPT) was administered in a Veterans Affairs (VA) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specialty clinic in which training and supervision were provided following VA implementation guidelines. The aim was to (a) estimate the proportion of variability in outcome attributable to therapists and (b) identify characteristics of those therapists who produced better outcomes.\n-METHOD: We used an archival database of veterans (n = 192) who completed 12 sessions of CPT by therapists (n = 25) who were trained by 2 nationally recognized trainers, 1 of whom also provided weekly group supervision. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate therapist effects, with therapists treated as a random factor. The supervisor was asked to retrospectively rate each therapist in terms of perceived effectiveness based on supervision interactions. Using single case study design, the supervisor was interviewed to determine what criteria she used to rate the therapists and emerging themes were coded.\n-RESULTS: When initial level of severity on the PTSD Checklist (PCL; McDonald&Calhoun, 2010; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska,&Keane, 1993) was taken into account, approximately 12% of the variability in the PCL at the end of treatment was due to therapists. The trainer, blind to the results, identified the following characteristics and actions of effective therapists: effectively addressing patient avoidance, language used in supervision, flexible interpersonal style, and ability to develop a strong therapeutic alliance.'}]

yes

Approximately 12% of the variability in the PCL at the end of treatment was due to therapists, indicating that while therapist effects were present, they accounted for a relatively small portion of the overall variability in outcomes.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo approved doctors and medical referees in the UK agree when assessing a seafarer\'s fitness?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: The seafaring industry remains a hazardous occupation that requires sophisticated systems of risk and fitness assessment. This study aims to investigate the extent of agreement between Approved Doctors (ADs) and Medical Referees (MRs) when they assess a seafarer\'s fitness.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2003 and 2009 a total of 232,878 seafarer medical examinations were carried out by ADs, of which 465 were considered by the MRs because the seafarer appealed against the AD\'s decision. The extent of agreement between ADs and MRs was studied.\n-RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight (58%) cases seen by the ADs were classed as category 4 "permanently unfit"; the referees only placed 85 (18%) of them in this category. On the other hand, 252 (54%) cases seen by the MRs were classed as category 2 "fit with restrictions", while the ADs had only placed 111 (24%) in this category. The overall agreement between the assessors (AD vs. MR) was poor (Kappa K = 0.18).\n-DISCUSSION: For cardiovascular diseases and for mental ill-health, access to additional information by the MR was the commonest reason for changing the fitness category, but for all other conditions factors such as the experience and knowledge of the MRs or their different interpretation of the standards were the most frequent reasons for a change to fitness category or to restrictions.'}]

no

The overall agreement between Approved Doctors (ADs) and Medical Referees (MRs) when assessing a seafarer's fitness was poor, with a Kappa value of 0.18.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nHepatorenal syndrome: are we missing some prognostic factors?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the functional renal failure associated with advanced cirrhosis and has also been described in fulminant hepatic failure. Without liver transplantation its prognosis is dismal. Our study included patients with type 1 HRS associated with cirrhosis, who were not liver transplant candidates.AIM: To identify variables associated with improved survival.\n-METHODS: Sixty-eight patients fulfilled the revised Ascites Club Criteria for type 1 HRS. None of them was suitable for liver transplantation. All the patients were treated with combinations of: albumin, midodrine and octreotide, pressors, and hemodialysis.\n-RESULTS: Median survival was 13 days for the whole group. Survival varied with the end-stage liver disease (ESLD) etiology: autoimmune, 49 days, cardiac cirrhosis, 22 days, idiopathic, 15.5 days, viral, 15 days, hepatitis C and alcohol, 14.5 days, alcohol 8 days, and neoplasia 4 days (p = 0.048). Survival of HRS associated with alcoholic liver disease versus other etiologies was not statistically significant (p = 0.1). Increased serum creatinine (p = 0.02) and urinary sodium 6-10 mEq/l (p = 0.027) at the initiation of therapy were prognostic factors for mortality. HRS treatment modalities (p = 0.73), use of dialysis (p = 0.56), dialysis modality (p = 0.35), use of vasopressors (p = 0.26), pre-existing renal disease (p = 0.49), gender (p = 0.90), and age (p = 0.57) were not associated with survival.'}]

no

The study found that increased serum creatinine and urinary sodium 6-10 mEq/l at the initiation of therapy were prognostic factors for mortality in patients with hepatorenal syndrome, but other variables such as HRS treatment modalities, use of dialysis, dialysis modality, use of vasopressors, pre-existing renal disease, gender, and age were not associated with survival.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nVaginal dose assessment in image-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer: Can we really rely on dose-point evaluation?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Although dose-volume parameters in image-guided brachytherapy have become a standard, the use of posterior-inferior border of the pubic symphysis (PIBS) points has been recently proposed in the reporting of vaginal doses. The aim was to evaluate their pertinence.\n-METHODS AND MATERIALS: Nineteen patients who received image-guided brachytherapy after concurrent radiochemotherapy were included. Per treatment, CT scans were performed at Days 2 and 3, with reporting of the initial dwell positions and times. Doses delivered to the PIBS points were evaluated on each plan, considering that they were representative of one-third of the treatment. The movements of the applicator according to the PIBS point were analysed.\n-RESULTS: Mean prescribed doses at PIBS -2, PIBS, PIBS +2 were, respectively, 2.23 ± 1.4, 6.39 ± 6.6, and 31.85 ± 36.06 Gy. Significant differences were observed between the 5 patients with vaginal involvement and the remaining 14 at the level of PIBS +2 and PIBS: +47.60 Gy and +7.46 Gy, respectively (p = 0.023 and 0.03). The variations between delivered and prescribed doses at PIBS points were not significant. However, at International commission on radiation units and measurements rectovaginal point, the delivered dose was decreased by 1.43 ± 2.49 Gy from the planned dose (p = 0.019). The delivered doses at the four points were strongly correlated with the prescribed doses with R(2) ranging from 0.93 to 0.95. The movements of the applicator in regard of the PIBS point assessed with the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine coordinates were insignificant.'}]

yes

The study found that the vaginal dose assessment in image-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer using dose-point evaluation at PIBS points was relevant, as significant differences were observed between patients with and without vaginal involvement, and the delivered doses were strongly correlated with the prescribed doses.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPrescriptions as a proxy for asthma in children: a good choice?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Stock et al. (Eur Respir J 25:47-53, 2005) recently estimated asthma prevalence in Germany using claims data on prescriptions and hospital diagnoses and found high prevalence peaks in infants. Our objective was to critically assess and discuss various aspects of identifying children with asthma using prescription data.\n-METHODS: We replicated the selection procedure of Stock et al. using data on 290,919 children aged 0-17 years insured in the Gmünder ErsatzKasse (GEK) in 2005. Asthma prevalence was also estimated in a sample of 17,641 children aged 0-17 years participating in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) from 2003 to 2006.\n-RESULTS: In children aged 0-4 years insured in the GEK, prevalences were found to range from 11.7 to 17.7% for boys and from 7.2 to 11.1% for girls when the criteria of Stock et al. were applied. A steady decline in prevalences was observed in older age groups. Asthma prevalence estimated in the KiGGS data showed a quite different distribution. In the age group 0-4 years, prevalences were found to range from 0 to 2.6% in boys and from 0 to 1.0% in girls; in children>4 years, prevalences were found to increase with increasing age.'}]

no

The use of prescriptions as a proxy for asthma in children is not entirely accurate, as the prevalence estimates obtained from prescription data differ significantly from those obtained from other sources, such as the KiGGS survey.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the familial transmission of drinking patterns persist into young adulthood?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Parental drinking has been shown to be associated with offspring drinking. However, the relationship appears to be more complex than often assumed and few studies have tracked it over longer time periods.\n-AIMS: To explore the long-term (10-year) transmission of familial drinking during adolescence to offspring drinking patterns in young adulthood.\n-DESIGN: Swedish longitudinal study, assessing the relationship between familial drinking in 2000 and offspring drinking in 2010 using simultaneous quantile regression analysis (n=744).DATA: Data on familial drinking was gathered from the Swedish level-of-living surveys (LNU) and from partner LNU in 2000 while data on offspring drinking in young adulthood was gathered from LNU 2010. Drinking among offspring, parents and potential stepparents was measured through identical quantity-frequency indices referring to the past 12 months in 2010 and 2000 respectively.\n-RESULTS: Young adults whose families were abstainers in 2000 drank substantially less across quintiles in 2010 than offspring of non-abstaining families. The difference, however, was not statistically significant between quintiles of the conditional distribution. Actual drinking levels in drinking families were not at all or weakly associated with drinking in offspring. Supplementary analyses confirmed these patterns.'}]

yes

Young adults whose families were abstainers in 2000 drank substantially less across quintiles in 2010 than offspring of non-abstaining families.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nProof of concept study: does fenofibrate have a role in sleep apnoea syndrome?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of fenofibrate on sleep apnoea indices.\n-METHODS: Proof-of-concept study comprising a placebo run-in period (1 week, 5 weeks if fibrate washout was required) and a 4-week randomized, double-blind treatment period. Thirty-four subjects (mean age 55 years, body mass index 34 kg/m 2 , fasting triglycerides 3.5 mmol/L) with diagnosed sleep apnoea syndrome not treated with continuous positive airways pressure were enrolled and randomized to once daily treatment with fenofibrate (145 mg NanoCrystal(R) tablet) or placebo. Overnight polysomnography, computerized attention/vigilance tests and blood sampling for measurement of lipids, insulin, fasting plasma glucose and fibrinogen were performed at the end of each study period.\n-CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00816829.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: As this was an exploratory study, a range of sleep variables were evaluated. The apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) and percentage of time spent with arterial oxygen saturation (SpO(2))<90% were relevant as they have been evaluated in other clinical trials. Other variables included total apnoeas, hypopnoeas and oxygen desaturations, and non-cortical micro-awakenings related to respiratory events per hour.\n-RESULTS: Fenofibrate treatment significantly reduced the percentage of time with SpO(2)<90% (from 9.0% to 3.5% vs. 10.0% to 11.5% with placebo, p = 0.007), although there was no significant change in the AHI (reduction vs. control 14% (95%CI -47 to 40%, p = 0.533). Treatment reduced obstructive apnoeas (by 44%, from 18.5 at baseline to 15.0 at end of treatment vs. 29.0 to 30.5 on placebo, p = 0.048), and non-cortical micro-awakenings per hour (from 23.5 to 18.0 vs. 24.0 to 25.0 with placebo, p = 0.004). Other sleep variables were not significantly influenced by fenofibrate.\n-KEY LIMITATIONS: Exploratory study in patients with mild to moderate sleep apnoea, limited treatment duration; concomitant hypnotic treatment (35%); lack of correction for multiplicity of testing.'}]

yes

Fenofibrate treatment significantly reduced the percentage of time with SpO(2)<90% and obstructive apnoeas, but had no significant change in the AHI.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan mental imagery functional magnetic resonance imaging predict recovery in patients with disorders of consciousness?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential prognostic value of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify patients with disorders of consciousness, who show potential for recovery.\n-DESIGN: Observational study.\n-SETTING: Unit for acute rehabilitation care.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=22) in a vegetative state (VS; n=10) and minimally conscious state (MCS; n=12) during the first 200 days after the initial incident.\n-INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Further course on the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised.\n-RESULTS: Participants performed a mental imagery fMRI paradigm. They were asked to alternately imagine playing tennis and navigating through their home. In 14 of the 22 examined patients (VS, n=5; MCS, n=9), a significant activation of the regions of interest (ROIs) of the mental imagery paradigm could be found. All 5 patients with activation of a significant blood oxygen level dependent signal, who were in a VS at the time of the fMRI examination, reached at least an MCS at the end of the observation period. In contrast, 5 participants in a VS who failed to show activation in ROIs, did not (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%). Six of 9 patients in an MCS with activation in ROIs emerged from an MCS. Of 3 patients in an MCS who did not show activation, 2 patients stayed in an MCS and 1 patient emerged from the MCS (sensitivity 85%, specificity 40%).'}]

yes

Mental imagery functional magnetic resonance imaging can predict recovery in patients with disorders of consciousness, as 100% of patients in a vegetative state with significant activation of regions of interest reached at least a minimally conscious state, and 85% of patients in a minimally conscious state with activation emerged from the minimally conscious state.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThe nurse cystoscopist: a feasible option?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy achieved by a trained urology nurse practitioner (UNP) and consultant urologist in detecting bladder tumours during flexible cystoscopy.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-three patients underwent flexible cystoscopy by both the UNP and consultant urologist, each unaware of the other\'s findings. Before comparing the findings, each declared whether there was tumour or any suspicious lesion requiring biopsy.\n-RESULTS: Of 83 patients examined by flexible cystoscopy, 26 were found to have a tumour or a suspicious lesion. One tumour was missed by the UNP and one by the urologist; each tumour was minute. Analysis using the chance-corrected proportional agreement (Kappa) was 0.94, indicating very close agreement.'}]

yes

The study found that a trained urology nurse practitioner (UNP) can accurately detect bladder tumours during flexible cystoscopy, with a very close agreement with the consultant urologist (Kappa value of 0.94).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs cardiovascular evaluation necessary prior to and during beta-blocker therapy for infantile hemangiomas?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Although consensus guidelines for pretreatment evaluation and monitoring of propranolol therapy in patients with infantile hemangiomas (IH) have been formulated, little is known about the cardiovascular side effects.\n-OBJECTIVES: We sought to analyze cardiovascular evaluations in patients with IH at baseline and during treatment with an oral beta-blocker.\n-METHODS: Data from 109 patients with IH were retrospectively analyzed. Patient and family history, pretreatment electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, and blood pressure were evaluated before initiation of beta-blocker therapy. Blood pressure and standardized questionnaires addressing side effects were evaluated during treatment.\n-RESULTS: Questionnaire analyses (n = 83) identified 3 cases with a family history of cardiovascular disease in first-degree relatives. ECG findings were normal in each case and no serious complication of therapy occurred. ECG abnormalities were found in 6.5% of patients but there were no contraindications to beta-blocker therapy and no major complications. Hypotension in 9 patients did not require therapy adjustment. In all, 88 parents (81%) reported side effects during beta-blocker treatment.\n-LIMITATIONS: The relatively small patient cohort is a limitation.'}]

no

Cardiovascular evaluation is not strictly necessary prior to and during beta-blocker therapy for infantile hemangiomas, as no serious complications occurred and no contraindications to beta-blocker therapy were found.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs specialty care associated with improved survival of patients with congestive heart failure?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Implementation of the complex treatment strategies that have been shown to improve survival of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) may require certain expertise. We wanted to examine the association between pattern of outpatient care and survival of patients with CHF.\n-METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study conducted with national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) databases, we examined the association between the pattern of outpatient care and survival in 11,661 patients discharged from VA hospitals between October 1, 1991, and September 30, 1992, with the primary diagnosis of CHF (cohort 1). Patients were divided into 4 groups, on the basis of their pattern of outpatient care over a 12-month period after discharge: 1) general medicine clinic visits only (GM-only); 2) cardiology clinic visits only (CARD-only); 3) general medicine and cardiology (MIXED) clinic visits; and 4) neither general medicine nor cardiology clinic visits (no-GM/CARD). We used the Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate 1-year survival, controlling for clinical and demographic factors. Consistency of our results was examined by performing identical analysis on a cohort of patients discharged from VHA hospitals between October 1, 1994, and September 30, 1995 (cohort 2, n = 10,141).\n-RESULTS: The overall 1-year mortality rate was 23% in the primary cohort. The unadjusted mortality rate was highest for patients in the no-GM/CARD follow up (29%) and lowest for patients in the MIXED group (19%). By use of the MIXED group as reference and adjusting for important clinical and demographic factors, the risk of death (risk ratio [95% CI]) was 1.12 (0.94-1.34) in the CARD-only group, 1.26 (1.15-1.38) in the GM-only group, and 1.48 (1.28-1.72) in the no-GM/CARD group. Cohort-2 results were consistent with cohort 1 for most covariates, and significant survival differences were again found between GM-only and the MIXED group (1.25 [1.14-1.37]).'}]

yes

The study found that patients with congestive heart failure who received care from both general medicine and cardiology clinics had a lower unadjusted 1-year mortality rate (19%) compared to those who received care from general medicine clinics only (23%), cardiology clinics only (not specified), or neither general medicine nor cardiology clinics (29%).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan the prognosis of polymyalgia rheumatica be predicted at disease onset?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To identify the features of PMR that may predict the duration of steroid therapy, the occurrence of relapses and the late development of GCA.\n-METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 176 patients with PMR, followed up for 5 years. Baseline factors associated with the duration of steroids therapy were identified using Cox regression. Predictors of relapse and the late development of GCA were identified using binary logistic regression.\n-RESULTS: A total of 176 patients with PMR were included, of whom 124 stopped steroids within 5 years. The probability of stopping steroids within 5 years was independently reduced by an elevated plasma viscosity (PV) [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.49; 95% CI 0.29, 0.82 for a PV>or = 2.00 mPa s compared with a PV<or = 1.80 mPa s; overall P = 0.024] and by starting treatment at>15 mg prednisolone (HR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.41, 0.97; P = 0.036). Either of these independently reduced the chances of stopping steroids within a given time interval between 27 and 51%. No significant predictors of relapse were identified. Predictors of late GCA on univariable analysis were female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 8.16; 95% CI 1.06, 63.13; P = 0.044], HLA-DRB1*0101 or -*0401 alleles (OR = 4.95; 95% CI 1.05, 23.34; P = 0.043), PV>or = 2.00 mPa s compared with PV<or = 1.80 mPa s (OR = 10.64; 95% CI 1.28, 88.38; P = 0.029) and initial prednisolone dose>15 mg (OR = 4.53; 95% CI 1.61, 12.79; P = 0.004).'}]

yes

The prognosis of polymyalgia rheumatica can be predicted at disease onset using certain factors, such as elevated plasma viscosity, initial prednisolone dose, and certain genetic alleles, which can predict the duration of steroid therapy, relapse, and late development of giant cell arteritis.