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Mobility 2050/Learning from Success Stories. Introduction and Methodology. The current state of mobility in the United States is an overwhelming dependence on personal vehicles. The convenience and independence that comes with personal vehicles have become ingrained in American culture. A commuter survey found that 73% of Americans drive alone. While public transportation is an option, most U.S. cities have inefficient and unreliable systems that inhibit people from using them as their primary means of transportation. In 2019, the U.S. ranked No. 48 in railroads and No. 36 in infrastructure. Micro-mobility options like biking and walking remain disfavored due to lack of infrastructure, longer commutes, and safety concerns. The same commuter study found that only 11% of Americans cycle to work. Walking was not listed as a commute option. Transportation is the largest contributor to greenhouse gasses in the U.S. contributing to 29% of total emissions. There is a need for change, but what will this change look like? When considering the future, it is important to look to the past or to other countries for examples on how sustianable mobility has progressed. Learning from success stories can give insight to how communities react to change, how quickly they progress, and how they employ change. Examples from other countries prove useful given the US mobility state is inferior to many nations, but sometimes external factors that are not replicable can be the cause of success. Many of the success stories highlighted below are from Europe. They were selected because of their ability to be transplanted in the US, given the geography and structure of our country. Success stories that rely on dissimilaries from the US, such as extremly dense cities, were not selected. Other times, the takeaway from a success story was an idea or a theme, rather than a suggestion to transplant. This methodology allows European examples to be feasible. There is an important distinction that needs to be made when predicting the future: the difference between what we want to happen versus what will likely happen. One of the most crucial factors for the success of mobility in the future is for society to develop a preference for alternate mobility (i.e. beyond cars and planes). However, it doesn’t seem likely that the U.S. will be there in 2050. In the Netherlands, a place now known as the biking capital of the world, bikes took around 100 years to catch on. The bicycle was introduced in the 1820s, but it wasn’t until the 1930s when Dutch royals took engagement photos on bikes that their popularity surged. As such, the U.S., a country which has been historically adverse to social change, will also be slow to change in the world of mobility. Given these visions are only 26 years ahead, feasibility and realism are underlying principles in all of the predictions for 2050. Ridership From Apps and Influencers. The use of technology will be an important influence on user preference of mobility in 2050. In Berlin, a holistic transportation ticketing app system is used to better convenience and support mobility. The Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) app is the official ticket-purchasing app for public transport in Berlin and allows its users to buy tickets for multiple methods of transportation including train, subway, tram, bus, bicycling, and more. One of the app's most appealing attributes is the option to pay a fixed low monthly fee of €49 to use all forms of transportation throughout Germany. Various other ticket purchase options are available, such as 24-hr, 7-day, large group, and family tickets to encourage all travelers to invoke public transportation methods instead of personal automobiles. This app demonstrates a government’s commitment to a more efficient city mobility system by making public transport convenient, accessible, and easy to navigate. Citizens can avoid waiting for ticket machines while simultaneously being recommended the most efficient transportation options by the app. Biking, riding scooters, walking, ridesharing, and taking buses and trains will become more convenient and popular through these apps, and they will help close the gap between transit company differences across cities. As it stands in 2023, there are different companies in each city in charge of lightweight electric options like bikes and scooters. If you visit more than one city, the system is difficult to utilize as it requires learning and downloading more applications. The same goes for buses and trains, which are sometimes even limited to websites or ticket counters. In Charlottesville, VA, there are three bus systems and consequently three different apps, despite having some overlapping routes. Apps such as Berlin’s BVG deter personal vehicles and encourage effective, productive, and straightforward methods of mobility for individuals to employ. The introduction of a universal app and ticketing system like Berlin’s will create a more user friendly system by 2050. Another recent development in the world of technology provides a unique opportunity for the future of transit. In 2050, influencers will be used as marketers for public transit and alternate mobility options. Influencers will create social change in a discrete way by using alternate mobility options and inspiring their followers to do this same. An example of an influencer popularizing public transport is the “Tube girl” trend of 2023 where a woman filmed herself dancing on London’s underground train or “Tube” system. Not only did the trend receive almost 300 million views, she sparked millions of recreations of her video around the world, consequently increasing the ridership of public transit systems. Although this trend happened by accident, in 2050 there will be corporations or transportation departments paying individuals to deliberately promote ridership, similar to how brand deals occur. Low-budget Techniques and Advocacy Groups. In addition to the need for societal preference, there is a need for government regulation and infrastructure changes. In 2050, most of these changes will be in the form of low-budget techniques. While regulation can be effective in the long-term, more realistic infrastructure methods can be employed in the short term in order to facilitate progress. An example of these low-budget, less intensive, yet effective techniques is Paris’ pop-up bicycle lanes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Paris introduced fifty two kilometers of pop-up bicycle lanes separated from motorized traffic. The bike lanes were quickly installed with staggered concrete blocks and plastic posts and allowed for Parisians to bike around the newly bike friendly city. While Paris had previously built bike lanes, the pop-up bike lanes were found to be more efficient in encouraging biking, as they were more likely to be bi-directional and physically separated from motor vehicle-traffic. Between 2020-2021, cycling traffic in Paris grew by a staggering 70%. This example illustrates how quick, low-budget, and little legislation mobility improvements can have desirable results. The U.S. has already seen instances of this technique in Baltimore, MD. Pop-up bike lanes and other low-budget techniques are suitable for rural environments and for urban sprawl, which is another reason these will see success in the U.S. in 2050. Unlike Paris, we see the addition of pop up bike lanes to be largely driven by advocacy groups such as the PeopleForBikes coalition or the League of American Bicyclists rather than by government officials. There will likely be some resistance at first, potentially in the form of vandalism, angry drivers removing or crashing into pop-up lanes, government removal of the bike lanes, or autonomous vehicles unable to recognize their significance. However, by 2050, there will be more acceptance of the low budget techniques, and in some places they may become permanent. The local government will recognize citizens' desire for safe infrastructure, and begin to create more regulation around biking/walking paths, including preserving temporary techniques. These low-budget, advocacy-driven techniques will be the first to be implemented, and will be most prevalent by 2050. Transit Hubs and Corporations. In addition to advocacy groups, corporations will also be pioneering change in the future. In 2050 we will see train and bus stations becoming a hub for shopping, dining, and traveling. Besides airports and major cities, the U.S. rarely capitalizes on the influence of business to attract more travelers. Bus and train stations are merely the access points to a single transit service in the U.S., but they can be redesigned to be much more. European transportation hubs are useful examples of how retail shops, restaurants, perfume/cosmetic shops, and more can be centered in mass transit stations to allow for a more enjoyable, and therefore, repeatable, public transportation experience. Individuals can use the train to go to work, but they can also enjoy a breakfast before leaving. Individuals can use the bus to visit their families for the holidays, but they can also purchase gifts before leaving. The public transportation experience must surpass that of the personal automobile experience in order to see an increase in users of public transport. While it may be a more subconscious motive, communities desire an inviting community gathering place in forms of these transportation hubs, but they also need a way to get there. A train station with no access by bus, bike, or walking is futile when a rider would need to drive anyways to arrive at the train station. For this reason, European transport centers also include other transit options, often having bus, tram, train stations, and bike parking garages in one place. By 2050, stores and restaurants will have capitalized on retail space at train and bus stations, especially with train infrastructure on the rise. Bus systems will have recognized the need to make transport hubs accessible and will add multiple stops nearby. Additional infrastructure promoting accessibility at these hubs such as bike parking garages may not be common in 2050, but will be soon to follow. Government Action. Despite the majority of change coming from non-governmental organizations, the U.S. government will be joining or forming international committees for transit goals in 2050. These committees are similar to the European Institute for Innovation and Technology’s (EIT) successful endeavor called the “City Club.”  The “City Club” is where leaders from major European cities meet to discuss past and future action to improve transit and mobility. Not only does this encourage communication and collaboration, it also fosters competitiveness, which was arguably the biggest factor to its success. Every politician wants to create the “best” city and every politician wants to be reelected. When officials from different cities are put in one room, not only will they share ideas, but they will develop a desire to be better or more advanced than each other. For mobility and sustainable transportation, a competitive environment is favorable. By 2050 the U.S. will have been involved with these committees for just a few years. Already behind other countries in their mobility efforts, the competitiveness of these environments will encourage more sustainable mobility action and allocation of resources from the U.S. government in 2050. In 2050 we still see highways expanding, although the rate of expanding and building new roads will slow. Where permanent bike lanes and walking paths are installed by 2050 will mostly be limited to affluent neighborhoods as it will take time before this infrastructure is given priority and attention elsewhere, despite the need to engage with unserved communities. With transportation emissions reductions being a huge factor in meeting climate goals set for 2030, 2035, and 2050, there will be an extension of climate goals in 2050. The U.S. will require too drastic of changes to meet these goals in time. Variables. With any predictions for the future, it is important to note the variables that can affect the outcome of a vision. The current infrastructure of the U.S. values cars over pedestrians. Large highways and sprawled suburban communities create difficulty in implementing more sustainable alternate mobility options. Further investment into a car-centric society could slow the implementation of our visions. Despite growing sustainability concerns, the US has a strong societal and cultural reluctance to break the dependence on personal vehicles. With only two extreme political parties, our visions are highly dependent upon the decisions made by the party in power and how society reacts to them. The actions of a government, the resources it can devote to transportation infrastructure, and the focus of society have the potential to be redirected if the U.S. becomes involved in war before 2050, which is a serious concern as of 2024. Despite the potential influence from external variables, the visions for 2050 are proven feasible by the success stories of the mobility pioneers of the past.

The University of 2050/The Transphysical Classroom. Introduction. Looking at the future of education, engineers must consider how technology plays into the classroom. How will advancing technology affect learning? What people can expect at some future date such as 2050? This topic relates to the “transphysical classroom”. There have been recent developments of virtual teaching platforms. The COVID-19 pandemic started a transition of education norms (occurring a few years before the writing of this piece). Predicting the upcoming period of this development is not easy. One must look at the positives and negatives of these recent experiences. They shine light onto the future shape of education’s technology use. A symbiotic relationship between virtual and traditional classrooms is being formed. This will give the best prediction of the classroom’s relationship with technology in 2050. Virtual Learning of Today. The authors of this paper all belong to the UVA undergraduate class of 2024, which means we all experienced a version of the transphysical classroom due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In August of 2020, we were informed that all of our classes would be fully virtual, with no in-person component at all. Some students chose to live on grounds, paying for a dining plan and housing, while others decided to stay home. While this allowed students who stayed home to forgo the extra costs of college on top of tuition, it also led to those students missing out on critical college experiences that even their Covid-constrained peers on grounds had some version of. We envision a future where this gap isn’t quite so wide, achieved by both high tech and low tech methods. High tech methods to address this gap in experience deal with the hardware and software used to connect students to each other and to other classroom environments. What this looked like during Covid-19 was Zoom calls and all the features that come with them, like breakout rooms and chat feeds. In the future we envision, Zoom or any other kind of video chat service, serves the students in the classroom and outside of the classroom equally. This means that students who are not present in the classroom will have a chance to interact with those who are physically present and vice versa. Low-tech methods for bridging this gap are wide-ranging. Policies that give extra credit to students who initiate transphysical collaboration is one example of a low tech method of breaking the ice and building trust between students across a transphysical space. Traditional College Experiences and Their Continuation. In person classes have their struggles. Universities can be a breeding ground for inconvenient illnesses and crazy student activists. There are those who do not enjoy college. Some students may even drop out. But incorporated with the college experience is the classroom. Receiving face-to-face interaction with some of the world’s leading researchers can be an amazing opportunity. This is coupled with the fact that experiences like labs or office hours outside of the classroom are possible. Traditional experiences shine light onto the culture associated with college – something that can be instilled down generations. This creates a sense of belonging at colleges. Many kids are prompted by their parents to attend college for the “college experience”. Educational benefits but also cultural aspects of this mode of higher education exist and cannot be ignored. In 2050 in-person college experiences will be available. Cultural aspects related to college will persist. However, the technology’s ability to encompass more learning styles may make education more inclusive. Student groups may be the entity to promote this. Students may confer the necessary balance that virtual learning has in tandem with in-person. Promoting student rights to stay home and not receive reprimand is a plausible trend by the year 2050. Pushback may be a factor, perhaps from universities and staff. These student virtual rights could relate to topics like mental health and student wellbeing – giving the student of 2050 the ability to advocate for wellbeing. The Classroom of 2050. When predicting what the college classroom of 2050 will look like it must be said that all colleges will not look the same. The way that colleges of today differ due to location and values, so will the colleges of the future. Today, this manifests in class sizes, majors offered, classes required, and distribution of funding. These factors will still be relevant in the year of 2050, but a major difference between colleges will be how readily and completely they embrace new technology and use it to transform their classrooms and the experience of their students. As stated previously, changes to classrooms featuring new technology such as virtual learning do not necessarily improve desirability. This will be important to remember as technology companies will try to sell their products and services to universities without researching what is best for the students and instead focus on their own profits. High-Tech Universities of 2050. The colleges of 2050 on the high-technology end of the spectrum will use new technological innovations to create classrooms that combine the traditional physical classroom with virtual elements or establish fully virtual learning environments. There are many ways they will go about this, one option will be with the use of holograms. Holograms will allow students who cannot physically attend class to be present in the classroom or allow speakers and lecturers to speak to a room of students without having to travel long distances. They will also provide the students with the ability to see objects in three dimensions and be a tool to improve their learning. To allow students to still physically interact with their peers and with their surroundings, another option would be robots. Students will 'call in' to a robot that is physically in the classroom and once in control, use it to move around the physical space. This will preserve the students ability to participate in labs, move around for group activities and discussions, and be a physical presence in the classroom. If universities opt for a completely remote virtual classroom, they will do so using virtual reality. Students can join from wherever they are and feel as though they are in a physical classroom with the other students. With the use of avatars in the virtual reality classroom students will have an added layer of anonymity which could improve their likelihood of participating in class especially for those students who struggle with anxiety. As AI improves we will see it incorporated into the classroom. Some universities will choose to have classes taught by an AI professor who can write lesson plans, grade students' work, and give feedback. The use of AI in grading students' work could improve the timeliness and quantity of feedback students receive on their assignments as well as eliminate any bias the professor might have while grading. Universities on the high-technology end of the spectrum will value accessibility, with students being able to study from anywhere in the world, as well as anonymity with the ability for students to use avatars in the classroom. These universities will also associate state of the art technology with prestige and quality of education. It is possible the interests of technology companies will influence education and we could see universities owned or sponsored by tech giants such as Meta or OpenAI. Low-Tech Universities of 2050. Universities on the low-technology end of the spectrum will maintain a lot of traditional aspects when it comes to their classrooms. In-person learning will still be valued among many people and physical classrooms will be their primary type of classroom. Technology will aid students who are temporarily unable to physically attend due to illness or injury and these universities will use similar methods as those on the high-technology end of the spectrum. If you saw a lecture hall from 1996 and compared it to that of 2023, they would look almost identical. The main differences are the computer monitors and modern projector at the front of the classroom in 2023. These subtle differences will follow into 2050. Instead of computers made of plastic and metal we will have hologram screens and a projector capable of both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional display. These universities will also use AI, but much more sparingly. Instead of classes taught fully by AI, some professors will utilize AI programs to quickly grade students' work. These universities will value a well-rounded college experience for their students as well as tradition in academia. Mental health will be a focus at these universities and maintaining a personal connection amongst peers will be seen as a key factor in reducing anxiety and depression. Conclusion. Universities have been considering how to improve education. The next 25 years could be a crucial developmental time in educational technology. What kind of virtual reality will colleges have? How much will these technologies be implemented? These are important questions. It may be worth noting that these questions may not be fully answered by 2050. A curious person should make predictions into unexpected circumstances. In 2019, few people predicted the immense rise of online learning in the years that followed. Will there be another big shift? What other events could spark this kind of change? The past has taught us that unexpected trends in education may become reality. The introduction of Zoom and asynchronous classes may have seemed unlikely in 2019. This relates to how ‘crazy’ developments discussed in this piece are at this time. Holograms may seem unthinkable now. It might be hard to imagine virtual reality classrooms. However, history (especially recent history) has taught us much is possible. Ideas that seem crazy may not seem so doubtful at a later point. There may be only one future but by examining different scenarios, a more logical result can unfold. Be creative in forecasting the future. Nobody can surely say what will happen.

Exercise Physiology/Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology. Overload Principle. If you habitually overload a system, it will respond accordingly by adapting to the demands of the stressor. Continuing to subject a system to progressively higher demands not only triggers adaptive responses but also fosters enhanced resilience, as the system undergoes continuous refinement to meet and even surpass the challenges imposed by the stressors. This iterative process of overloading and adaptation contributes to the system's ongoing development and capacity for handling increased loads. Individuality Principle. While the physiological response to a particular stimulus are predictable, the precise responses to varying stimuli will vary among individuals and subpopulations. Specificity Principle. Only the system or body part stressed will adapt. For example, someone will not build muscle in the arm from walking because that body part is not being stressed in that activity. Reversibility Principle. There reversibility principle, also aptly referred to as the "use it or lose it" principle states: whereas overloading will result in training adaptations, inactivity (also referred to as "detraining") will result in a return to baseline (pre-training levels) of adaptation. Training adaptations are gradually lost with inactivity over time.

Number Theory/32-bit Linear congruential generator. On 32-bit computers, pseudorandom numbers are generated using a linear congruential generator with base b = 40,014 and modulus m = 2,147,483,563 = 231 − 85. As the modulus m = 2,147,483,563 is a prime number, it follows from that for any integer x such that x is not divisible by 2,147,483,563, formula_1 It also follows that the multiplicative order of x modulo 2,147,483,563 must be either 2,147,483,562 or one of its proper divisors. The base b = 40,014 is a modulo 2,147,483,563, so this sequence has the full period length of 2,147,483,562. Modular arithmetic. For any prime number p, Fermat's little theorem guarantees that every integer x not divisible by p satisfies the following congruence: formula_2 For example, for the prime number p = 13 and base x = 2, we substitute these values into the equation: 212 = 4,096. Fermat's little theorem predicts that this number is congruent to one modulo 13. Indeed, it is: 4,096 = 13 × 315 + 1, so formula_3 In a prime modulus, any integer has at most two square roots. The congruence formula_4 has only the trivial solutions a = ± 1 modulo p. For example, the only square roots of unity modulo 13 are 1 and 12. This is not true for composite moduli; for example, there are four square roots of unity modulo 15: 1, 4, 11, and 14. Since 2,147,483,563 is a prime number, for any x not congruent to zero modulo 2,147,483,563: formula_1 Likewise, half of 2,147,483,562 is 1,073,741,781, so either formula_6 or formula_7. Since 40,014 is a primitive root, it is not a quadratic residue, so formula_8. As a result, this value marks the halfway point of the cycle. Scientific Calculator Function. The Texas Instrument calculator TI-30X IIS has a built-in pseudorandom number generator that uses the value of "rand" in the memory storage, accessible by pressing "MEMVAR." To change the value of "rand", store an integer to this variable by pressing "STO", pressing the left arrow button once, and pressing "ENTER." Once an integer is stored to this variable, it will usually stay put, changing when and only when a pseudorandom number is generated. Whenever a pseudorandom number is generated, the "rand" value will change according to the formula: (New Integer) = 40,014 × (Current Integer) modulo 2,147,483,563. To generate a pseudorandom number, press "PRB" and use "RAND" or "RANDI." Note that, here, "RAND" is in all caps, to distinguish between the integer variable in the memory storage. "RAND" is a pseudorandom decimal number between zero and one, calculated by dividing the new "rand" value by 2,147,483,563. For example, if rand = 500,000,000, then RAND = formula_9 Texas Instrument calculators round off decimals to the nearest billionth, displaying nine digits beyond the decimal; in this case, this is displayed as 0.232830653. RANDI is a function that takes two arguments: RANDI(a, b) generates a pseudorandom integer between a and b, inclusive. Table of values. Note: In this table, m = 2,147,483,563. All RAND values are rounded to nine significant figures. Although the scientific calculator truncates 9-digit decimals ending with zero, the final zeroes will be preserved in this table (i.e., "0.123456000", not "0.123456").

Number Theory/32-bit Linear congruential generator/2,147,483,561. The following table shows the sequence of pseudorandom numbers using the 32-bit linear congruential generator starting with seed value 2,147,483,561. This number is congruent to −2 modulo 2,147,483,563. In this table, m = 2,147,483,563, and s = 2,147,483,561.

LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Integral Quadratic Constraints/Frequency Domain. "The System". We will consider the following feedback interconnection formula_1: where formula_3 and formula_4 are exogeneous inputs. formula_5 and formula_6 are two casual operators. "The Problem". Let formula_7 be a measurable Hermitian-valued function, formula_8 and formula_6 be a bounded casual operator. formula_10 such that formula_11 Then the feedback interconnection of formula_5 and formula_6 is stable. "The Data". formula_5 is a linear time-invariant system with the state space realization: where formula_16 is the state. Any formula_17 can be factorized as formula_18 where formula_19 and formula_20. Denote the state space realization of formula_21 by formula_22. A state space realization for the system formula_23 is formula_24 "The LMI". If there exists a matrix formula_25 such that then the feedback interconnection formula_1 is stable. "References". A. Megretski and A. Rantzer, "System analysis via integral quadratic constraints," in IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 819-830, June 1997, doi: 10.1109/9.587335 P. Seiler, "Stability Analysis With Dissipation Inequalities and Integral Quadratic Constraints," in IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1704-1709, June 2015, doi: 10.1109/TAC.2014.2361004

LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Integral Quadratic Constraints/Quadratic Stability and IQCs. "The System". Consider the system of differential equations where formula_2 are given and formula_3 is Hurwitz. formula_4 is the set of all diagonal matrices with the norm not exceeding 1. "The Problem". The system is called quadratically stable if there exists a matrix formula_5 such that formula_6 The stability of the system above is equivalent to the stability of the feedback interconnection: formula_7 where formula_8 is the linear time-invariant operator with transfer function formula_9, and formula_10 is the operator, formula_11 "The Data". Let formula_12 where formula_13 are real matrices such that formula_14 For a fixed matrix formula_15 satisfying the inequality above, a sufficient condition of stability is given by formula_16 "The LMI". If there exists a formula_5 such that formula_18 then the system given by formula_19 is quadratically stable. "References". A. Megretski and A. Rantzer, "System analysis via integral quadratic constraints," in IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 819-830, June 1997, doi: 10.1109/9.587335 P. Seiler, "Stability Analysis With Dissipation Inequalities and Integral Quadratic Constraints," in IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1704-1709, June 2015, doi: 10.1109/TAC.2014.2361004

Antenna Television/Troubleshooting. The following is a guide for troubleshooting common issues encountered with antenna television. Interference Issues. Interference can affect digital TV signals and cause intermittent or missing reception of channels. The sources of interference include electronics, such as TVs and other devices, which emit electromagnetic signals. Metal objects like roofs, window screens, and rebar inside walls can block or reflect signals. Radiant barriers, made of reflective insulation materials, can also interfere with TV signals. To detect interference, turn off electronics and try repositioning the antenna away from interfering objects. If issues persist, consider using a roof antenna for better signal reception. Older TVs or TVs with No Tuner. Some older analog TVs and certain new TV models may lack the necessary tuner to receive OTA (over-the-air) channels. To overcome this limitation, you can purchase a digital converter box with a tuner that connects to your antenna and outputs the signal to your TV. These converter boxes often offer features like real-time recording and programmed time recording, and some provide limited EPG (Electronic Program Guide) data from broadcasters. Make sure the converter box or DVR is compatible with your TV, either through HDMI or analog RCA inputs. Examples of digital converter boxes include the Mediasonic HW-150PVR, iView 3500STII, and Ematic AT103B. Alternatively, you can consider using an OTA DVR that includes a built-in tuner for recording and playback of OTA channel. TVs with Broken Coax Connectors. For TVs without a working coax connection, such as older analog TVs or newer models without built-in tuners, the solution is the same for older TVs: use digital converter boxes or OTA DVRs. These devices are available with HDMI connections, allowing them to be connected to the TV, and have built-in tuners that enable the reception and recording of OTA channels. TVs with no HDMI, RCA, or Coaxial Connectors. If you are using an old television set, from the 1950s to the 2000s, additional equipment besides a converter box may be required. Some options include: Projection Screens. A digital converter box or an OTA DVR are required to use an antenna with a projection setup. Both are available with HDMI connections and the necessary tuner. Receiving No Channels. If you have connected your antenna but are not receiving any channels, there are several things to check: Receiving Only Some Channels. When considering antenna reception, it's important to note that VHF channels are typically weaker than UHF channels. Therefore, if your reception report indicates the presence of VHF channels, it's crucial to select an antenna that is suitable for both VHF and UHF signals. Most indoor antennas perform better at UHF frequencies than VHF. Mounting the antenna at a higher location can enhance reception since obstacles like trees, houses, and buildings can obstruct signals. The reception report will indicate whether a channel is a one or two edge channel, meaning you don't have a direct line of sight to the tower. In such cases, the likelihood of receiving those channels is significantly lower compared to channels marked as LOS (line of sight) on the report. Ensure that you aim the antenna in the correct direction using the information provided in the reception report. The first chart in the report assists in aligning the antenna toward the appropriate towers. Your location is at the center of the chart, and the red N signifies magnetic north. If you have channels in different directions, review the reports to identify which channels you want. Sometimes, if the strongest channel is in the opposite direction, you can aim the antenna toward the weaker channels and still receive the strong channel from the backside. In some cases, rabbit ear antennas may perform better indoors than flat antennas. Losing Channels. New obstructions such as new buildings recently constructed, or changes in weather or leaves on trees can all affect your ability to receive channels. Ensure your antenna is facing the right direction, then rescan for channels. If you have an outdoor antenna, inspect all connections to make sure they are undamaged. Also verify that the antenna is pointed in the correct direction.

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c6. There is not really much to say about this. The Gunderam Gambit, characterized by the move 2...c6!?, is considered a very dubious response to the King's Knight Opening as it blocks the knight on b8 from developing to its natural square, and sacrifices a center pawn for almost no compensation. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c6!? /3. Nxe5/ /3._g3/

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c6/3. Nxe5. White makes the good decision to capture an important center pawn. But White must still be careful as black may catch them off guard and turn the tables. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c6 3.Nxe5 /3...Nf6/

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Qe7/3. d4/3...d6. After 3...d6, Black may get a semi-decent position if they play accurately. They might also consider moves like 4...Nc6 or 4...Nf6. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 3.d4 d6

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Qe7/3. Nxe5. 3.Nxe5?? sacrifices a "knight" for a "pawn" for completely no reason. Yes, this move is completely useless and is only used in some bullet games to confuse the opponent. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 3.Nxe5??

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Be2. 3. Be2 - Tayler Opening. This opening is a bit passive and rare. The point of this move is to try and put Black off their comfort zone. But if Black is paying attention, they can get the upper hand. For these reasons, the Tayler Opening only gives white psychological advantage, just like in the Bongcloud or the Ware Opening. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Be2

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe5. 3...Nxe5 - Irish Gambit Accepted. Black captures the free knight and gains a big material advantage. However, they might still get caught by surprise if they do not focus or play too passively. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nxe5 Nxe5

Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5. Pepsi Countergambit. This is quite a joke, and has mostly been rarely played! 1.g4 g5 2.f4?? f5??

Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5. =Double Grob= 1...g5!? The Double Grob is a rare response to the Grob Opening (1. g4), as it copies White's moves and get a more common draw, but this opening is famous because of the Coca-Cola Gambit which comes after 2. f4. 1.g4 g5

Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...a5/2. h4/2...h5/3. Ra3/3...Ra6/4. Rhh3/4...Rhh6. 1. a4 a5 2. h4 h5 3. Ra3 Ra6 4. Rhh3 Rhh6. By this time, both sides have pushed flank pawns and 'developed' their rooks. This position can lead to a drawish game if black continues the symmetrical moves. 1.a4 a5 2.h4 h5 3.Ra3 Ra6 4.Rhh3 Rhh6

Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. e4. 2. e4 - Omega Gambit. After playing d4 and developing their queen pawn, White aims to take control of a central square with the move e4. This pawn thrust creates a strong pawn chain in the center of the board and can potentially gain space and initiative. By making this move, White is also looking to open lines of play for their pieces and gain more control of the board. In sum, e4 is a powerful move that seeks to assert White's dominance in the center of the board. However, Black can take the free pawn with 2...Nxe4!. Omega Gambit is best played as an aggressive and attacking opening. White sacrifices the pawn on e4, gaining control of the center. Black has two options: accepting the pawn or declining it. If Black takes the pawn, the game will be wild and tactical, with opportunities for both sides. If they decline, White can still develop their pieces aggressively, while Black will have a more cramped position. The key to playing this opening well is accurate calculation and precise play. Omega Gambit can be a tricky opening to face if unprepared. Black can counter it by declining the gambit with 2...d5, freeing their position and declining any risk. Alternatively, they can accept the pawn with 2...Nxe4, but must be careful not to overextend and leave their king vulnerable. If played accurately, Black can gain a solid position with chances to win. It is important to remain calm and not be intimidated by the nature of the Omega Gambit. Accurate calculation and precise play will be essential to counter this opening effectively. 1.d4 Nf6 2.e4

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. b4. 3. b4 - Pachman (Wing) Gambit. In response to Nc6, White plays b4 to develop their queen's bishop and create potential threats on the long diagonal. This move also emphasizes White's control of the center and indirectly challenges Black's knight on c6, potentially forcing it to move and creating weaknesses in Black's position. However, b4 also creates a potential weakness on the b-file that Black can exploit. By playing b4, White is taking a somewhat aggressive approach that can create opportunities for attack but also requires careful attention to the consequences of their moves. Also, Black can simply take the free pawn with Nxb4 or Bxb4. Pachman Wing Gambit starts with e4 e5 Nf3 Nc6 b4. The goal is to entice black to take the pawn and allow you to open the b-file. Aim to control the center and pressure the black king. Be mindful of defending the pawn on b4 if black declines the gambit, and avoid premature attacks. Play with precision and strategy in mind, as inexact moves can weaken your position. Pachman Wing Gambit can be tricky to counter, but certain strategies can help. Don't rush to capture the b4 pawn. Instead, aim to control the center and develop your pieces quickly. Try to anticipate your opponent's moves and have a solid defense in place. Keep an eye out for tactical opportunities and don't be afraid to counter-attack. Remember, playing accurate moves with patience and calm can often neutralize any gambit.

Perspectives in Digital Literacy/"Stuffed with Garbage". Propaganda is a monologue that is not looking for an answer, but an echo. — W. H. Auden The lowest form of popular culture—lack of information, misinformation, disinformation, and a contempt for the truth or the reality of most people’s lives—has overrun real journalism. Today, ordinary Americans are being stuffed with garbage. — Carl Bernstein. My definition of fake news is a content-like object that is a story, an article, a video, a tweet that has been fabricated, completely invented out of thin air, intentionally for the purpose of misleading. — Vivian Schiller I suppose, in the end, we journalists try - or should try - to be the first impartial witnesses of history. If we have any reason for our existence, the least must be our ability to report history as it happens so that no one can say: "We didn't know - no one told us." — Robert Fisk While we claim to live in an information age, disinformation has become the order of the day. — Farid A. Malik = Stuffed with Garbage: How Fake News, Misinformation, and Disinformation Impact the Journalists' Code of Ethics in Digital News Media  = Journalists and media practitioners face several complex ethical challenges due to the rise of digital technologies. The impact of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation on the code of ethics followed by media in digital journalism is significant. With the advent of multimedia, it has become effortless for such user-generated content to propagate quickly and extensively, posing a challenge for digital news media to ensure the integrity of their content. Collectively, misleading news has led to a growing concern about the impact of these phenomena on journalism ethics and standards in digital media. By shedding light on how false information can affect ethical journalism, this exploratory article can help digital news and social media publishers protect their audience from fallacious news and promote the open exchange of ideas based on truthful reporting.   The Effects of Fake News, Misinformation, and Disinformation in Digital News Media. In 1938, the CBS Radio Network aired a radio drama, "The War of the Worlds,” which depicted Martians' fictional invasion of Earth. The drama is famous for causing mass panic, as many listeners mistook it for an actual news broadcast. When the episode was broadcast, it was dramatic theater for some and revealed as orchestrated misinformation for others. It is increasingly difficult to differentiate between real and fake news stories. The Internet is filled with numerous examples of blatantly false news:  examples of blatantly false news: During the 2016 election, President Donald Trump began expressing concerns about the possibility of election rigging. He spoke about it repeatedly, claiming that the election was rigged and that something was going wrong on the part of Hillary Clinton. Trump's attempt to destabilize the election created a sense among his supporters that the election was being manipulated. Hence, a fake news content creator from Maryland saw an opportunity to capitalize on this sentiment and decided to create false evidence to support the idea that the election was rigged. He started with a headline claiming that thousands of fraudulent Clinton ballots were found in an Ohio warehouse.  But, in his 2017 New York Times article, "From Headline to Photograph: A Fake News Masterpiece," Scott Shane uncovered the truth behind this questionable story that would be a headliner for “a dubious art just coming into its prime”—fake news. He dives into how the 23-year-old fake news creator intentionally designed a website and Facebook pages to generate revenue from the distrust of Clinton among “six million” Trump supporters. Although the bogus story was verifiably false, Shane points out that the damage had been done. The blatantly, intentionally disseminated information sparked outrage from people who believed Clinton would cheat Trump, underscoring the effect of false information in digital news media.  "Journalism, “Fake News” and Disinformation"—a handbook designed to address the issue of disinformation that confronts societies in general, and journalism in particular—avoids legitimizing that the term “fake news” has a straightforward or commonly understood meaning because “news” implies verifiable information in the public's interest. If the information does not meet these standards, it does not deserve the “news” label. Therefore, “fake news” is an oxymoron that undermines the credibility of information that meets the threshold of verifiability and public interest—real news. In this handbook, the term "disinformation" is commonly used to describe the act of intentionally deceiving or manipulating people using false information. The term often involves a range of tactics, including disseminating misleading or dishonest information and hacking or compromising individuals. All the same, "misinformation" typically refers to unintentionally misleading information. While both are problematic, disinformation is considered more dangerous as it is often well-planned, well-funded, and supported by automated technology. Those who spread false information target people vulnerable to their messages or can amplify them for their purposes. They use the public’s tendency to share information to persuade their audience to become the carriers of their messages. The danger lies in the fact that such "fake news" is usually free and accessible to everyone, making it particularly risky for those who cannot afford quality journalism or do not have access to unbiased news media. With the help of technology and social media, fake news stories can appear in legitimate electronic news publications. Political organizations and groups may use ads that resemble news to deceive some target audience. Additionally, hackers may use bots, which are small pieces of software, to create numerous social media accounts and spread false information. This subversion of reality and twisting of facts can make a fabricated story appear genuine, as many people have shared it. Fake news is a growing problem, made worse by the ease of access and sharing on social media. Technology like generative AI and deepfakes make it challenging to differentiate between real and fake news. This can lead to misinformation and confirmation bias17, as people are likelier to believe news confirming their beliefs. Echo chambers18 further exacerbate this problem by promoting biased opinions as fact. False information is a problem in our society and can come from dissimilar sources. Some people create it to make money, while others use it to harm their competitors. Unfortunately, these articles can cause many problems, such as confusion and bad decisions. They can also make people lose trust in journalism. Gossip is another issue where people spread rumors without verifying whether they are true. Propaganda is a message that tries to convince people to support a particular political or ideological agenda. It often has misleading information, making it hard for people to make good choices. Nowadays, anyone can publish opinions without checking the facts. This manipulative use of news has led to a decrease in ethical norms in journalism, according to "Forbes" magazine.   The Importance of Ethical Journalism in Digital News Media  [edit | edit source]. Media ethicist Stephen J.A. Ward believes that “[we] are moving towards a mixed news media—a news media citizen and professional journalism across many media platforms.” This alternative media has become increasingly prevalent as the mass communication landscape evolves. Ward explains that with this shift comes the need to establish fresh hybrid media ethics that can guide amateur and professional individuals, regardless of their platform—bloggers, broadcasters, Twitterers, or traditional journalism writers. These guidelines should be comprehensive and inclusive, considering each medium's unique challenges and opportunities. They should also prioritize accuracy, fairness, and transparency while respecting the privacy and dignity of all individuals involved in the news-making process. These ethics should ensure that the public can trust the information they receive from all news media sources. Traditional journalism is losing its grip on public trust in digital news media. The cornerstone of journalism ethics is balance and fairness, striving for accuracy and conveying all sides of a story. However, there is a debate about how far media people should go to represent all perspectives. Although journalists should take their time to present all sides of a story, especially during urgent situations, they should avoid "false balance" or giving equal weight to both sides of a story when one side is false. Even if a reporter has a point of view, they must still aim for balance and fairness. Sometimes, it is impossible to achieve complete balance and fairness, as news coverage often caters to those at the extremes. David Robert Grimes, who contributes to several media outlets on questions of society, thinks that "when the evidence is clear-cut, the assumption that good journalism requires mutually opposed views to be treated as equally valid simply doesn’t hold." It is essential to recognize that not all perspectives are equally valid, primarily when one side is based on false information. In this ever-evolving digital media environment, adhering to ethical norms is a proactive measure that benefits columnists and their readership. Trust is paramount in creating an informed and responsible society. New ethical guidelines must be established and upheld with citizen journalism, blogging, and social media disrupting traditional journalism. Yet, the current measures must be revised to guide journalists in this new era that combines professionals and amateurs. Therefore, new ethical ideologies must be tailored to this new media landscape to ensure reliable information. Upholding ethical guiding principles combats misinformation, safeguards against false information, and promotes accurate reporting. Codes of ethics in media establish credibility, preserve the reputation of digital news sources, and serve the public interest. The digital age has transformed journalism, making ethics more crucial than ever. Maintaining transparency as an online reporter is necessary. This requires a demonstration of openness and accountability. To achieve this, the Ethics of Online Journalists emphasizes: “If [a journalist] make[s] a correction to an article that is already published, note the correction on the updated version. When [an online reporter is] connected personally to a story, share that information in the interest of full disclosure.” Moreover, maintaining open communication with the audience is essential. Credibility is of utmost importance for online writers, who are constantly under scrutiny. To earn credibility, it is necessary to check facts and use supporting documentation, avoid inserting subjective opinions, and provide supporting links to reliable sources. By adhering to the Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists, which includes being honest, fair, and courageous in gathering, reporting, and interpreting information, online reporters can uphold exacting standards of excellent journalism and enhance their professional reputation.   Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the precursor to justice and the cornerstone of democracy. Ethical journalism guarantees the unfettered exchange of precise, impartial, and comprehensive information. An honest journalist always upholds integrity. The Society identifies these four principles as the bedrock of ethical journalism and encourages their implementation by all individuals in all forms of media. How to Protect the Public from Fallacious Information in Digital News Media  [edit | edit source]. Digital news media must expose fake news and disinformation while avoiding giving them undue credibility. They can achieve this by relying on their internal experts and reputable fact-checkers. To educate the public about misleading news sites, well-regarded websites such as PolitiFact, Factcheck.org, and Snopes evaluate the accuracy of claims made by elected officials and publish stories that detail the truth or falsehood of specific developments. These fact-checking sources have become visible in election campaigns and candidate evaluations in the United States and elsewhere. Darrell M. West’s article, “How to Combat Fake News and Disinformation,” reports—according to research by Dartmouth College Professor Brendan Nyhan—that labeling a Facebook post as "disputed" can reduce the percentage of readers who believe the false news by ten percentage points. Additionally, West—a nonpartisan analyst for the Brookings Institution, a nonprofit organization dedicated to independent research and policy solutions—discloses that communication and media professor Melissa Zimdars of Merrimack College has compiled a list of 140 websites that use "distorted headlines and decontextualized or dubious information," which helps people find promoters of false news. In times of significant turmoil and confusion, the world requires a robust and effective news media that informs citizens about current events and long-term trends.   The Radio Television Digital News Association—the world's largest professional organization dedicated to broadcast and digital journalism—emphasizes that disseminating false information has become a significant menace to the public. Addressing this problem is vital and requires the active involvement of news professionals and newsroom managers. Journalists are the first line of defense against inaccurate and deceptive content across all mediums. Newspeople should refrain from repeating false claims, reposting manipulated images, or restating incorrect quotes to avoid generating false or misleading deceptions. Instead, they should always state the truth and accuracy before correcting erroneous information. While correcting falsehoods, it is decisive to ensure that the content is not being amplified—and has not been viewed or shared by many people. A trumped-up story should be corrected when the alternative fact reaches a critical mass and appears to be spreading. Submitting material or information to a news organization is pivotal in disseminating news. Nonetheless, it is equally essential to ensure that the authenticity of the material is verified before it is published. This verification process involves a thorough investigation to confirm the source, date, and ownership of any videos, photos, or audio recordings. Journalists should contact anyone identified in the material to ensure its accuracy and context. When confusion, diversion, and distraction are ramped up, they become a pollutant of public debate. Newspeople must get the sources to verify how the material was obtained and to seek additional evidence to support any claims. Graphics should be scrutinized for accuracy, and their sources should be disclosed to ensure transparency. In addition, news organizations should carefully examine all material for signs of manipulation, including unnatural movements and lighting. A review process involving more than one reporter should be implemented to ensure that all material is thoroughly vetted before publication.   By taking these steps, news organizations can maintain their credibility and ensure that the information they publish is accurate and reliable. It is important for news organizations to continuously educate and train journalists on how to identify and combat misinformation, using free resources such as those provided by First Draft News—a nonprofit coalition providing practical and ethical guidance on how to find, verify, and publish content sourced from the social web. Reporters are responsible for informing the public about the methods used to spread false information and how to spot it. Anyone who writes for news websites or prepares news to be broadcast can build trust with their audience by sharing their reviews and verification processes. Additionally, having a second person proofread news content across all platforms can help ensure accuracy. How to Promote an Open Exchange of Ideas in Digital News Media  [edit | edit source]. What will journalism look like in the next century? While change is inevitable, as stated in “The Rise of Digital Journalism: Past, Present, and Future”—a Maryville University blog—"[it is] clear that the Internet and digital age are here to stay, and humanity will continue to find new ways to connect and interact as the 21st century goes on.” Irrespective of the outcome, journalists and media practitioners in the digital era must adapt. With innovative technologies, platforms, and tools emerging, the best reporters must find ways to incorporate them into their skills or explore new areas in the field. As per the Poynter Institute, journalists in the next 10 to 20 years will require the same level of inquisitiveness, writing proficiency, and fact-checking abilities as today's writers, but they will also need to rely more on digital film, photo, and editing skills, as well as their capacity to "build their brand." Journalism has undergone significant changes, from its origins before the Industrial Revolution to the present era of citizen journalism and media conglomerates. To be successful in this field in the 21st century, news writers and journalism students must be adaptable to new platforms and technologies and stay attuned to the public's opinions and interests. Despite the uncertain future of journalism, there will always be opportunities for entrepreneurial individuals with a grasp of technology and human nature to tell engaging stories. Regardless of what they call themselves, that is the essence of journalism.   With the media landscape changing swiftly, today's scenario demands continuous adaptation and evolution. By introducing participatory journalism—where the audience can actively gather, report, examine, and share information—professionals and amateurs can foster a more inclusive conversation around the news by treating their audience as collaborators, advisors, advocates, partners, and contributors. Digital news media can promote access to reliable information and diverse viewpoints by encouraging open discussions, providing diverse perspectives, and offering engaging video-based content. Personalized content based on data and analytics can enhance audience engagement and encourage user-generated content, leading to an open exchange of ideas and a sense of community. With advanced technology, digital news media can create a more immersive and interactive experience for their readers, leading to a more informed and connected society.   The Fourth Estate, or the press, is influential in informing the public about current events and issues and holding those in power accountable. On the other hand, the rise of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation makes delivering accurate and reliable information increasingly difficult. Digital news media outlets must prioritize truthful reporting and fact-checking to ensure the public is well-informed and can engage in meaningful discussions. While there is a debate about how far reporters should go to represent all perspectives, promoting balanced and fair reporting is a prerequisite.   Responsible journalism involves several noteworthy components, such as fact-checking principles, source verification, transparency, diversity, and adherence to ethical guidelines. By adhering to these standards, digital news media outlets can ensure that their reporting is fair, accurate, and unbiased. By investing in the professional development of their journalists, digital news media outlets can promote responsible journalism practices and improve the quality of their reporting.   How Technological Advancements Will Shape the Future of Journalism—a blog associated with Maryville University—acknowledges that the world of journalism is undergoing a rapid transformation. Traditional desktops have been replaced by more portable and versatile laptops and notebooks. With the Internet, vast content resources are now available worldwide. Several news organizations, such as the Associated Press and the Los Angeles Times, have started utilizing artificial intelligence to generate automated content, tag digital text, and reformat articles. Regardless of these technological advancements, qualified and experienced news writers are still indispensable in covering a wide range of events like breaking news, local happenings, and forums on public policy, board of education meetings, and elections. Conclusion  [edit | edit source]. Promoting responsible journalism is foremost when ensuring accurate and credible news and information. By implementing constructive measures to encourage audience engagement, inclusivity, and critical thinking and prioritizing truthful reporting and fact-checking, journalists can overcome the challenges posed by digital media and promote a trustworthy, unbiased, and fair culture of responsible journalism. Glossary of Terms[edit | edit source]. Alternative Media. Sources of media that are distinct from conventional or dominant forms of media, such as mainstream or mass media, in their content, production, or distribution. Blogger. Someone who regularly writes for a website, usually run by an individual or small group, and uses an informal, conversational writing style. Broadcaster. A person employed to talk on radio or television shows. Citizen Journalism. Also referred to as collaborative media, participatory journalism, democratic journalism, guerrilla journalism, or street journalism, involves public members actively participating in collecting, reporting, analyzing, and distributing news and information. Code Of Ethics in Media. In 1947, the Hutchins Commission recommended the creation of a code of ethics in the media. The commission believed journalists, newspapers, and broadcasters were responsible for ensuring accurate and reliable journalism and should be held accountable for it. Confirmation Bias. When people process information that confirms their existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.   Deepfakes. A type of synthetic media created by digitally manipulating one person's likeness with another.   Digital Age. Also referred to as the Computer Age, Information Age, Silicon Age, New Media Age, or Media Age, it began in the mid-20th century and is characterized by a rapid shift toward an economy centered on information technology.   Digital Journalism. A modern form of journalism that delivers editorial content through the internet rather than print or broadcast. Digital Media. Digital media is any communication media that operates with encoded machine-readable data formats. It includes text, audio, video, and graphics transmitted over the Internet for viewing or listening. Digital Technologies. Electronic tools, systems, and devices can generate, store, or process data. Examples include social media, multimedia, and mobile phones.   Diverse Viewpoint. It is understanding that all people have unique experiences and see things differently. Echo Chambers. As seen in news and social media, an echo chamber is a closed system where individuals are exposed to beliefs that amplify or reinforce their existing beliefs through repetition and communication while insulating from opposing viewpoints. Electronic News Publication. Commonly referred to as an online newspaper, it can either exist as a standalone publication or as the digital version of a printed periodical. Ethical Norms. Standardized conduct and behavior refer to universally accepted guidelines that individuals in a society or organization follow.   Fact-checking. Fact-checking verifies the accuracy of information presented in a written work, news article, speech, or other communication piece. Fake News Websites. Fake news websites publish hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation as real news. They use social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect. False Balance. Also known as bothsidesism, it is a type of bias in media where journalists tend to present an issue as being equally balanced between opposing viewpoints, even when the evidence does not support it. Fourth Estate. It pertains to the press and news media, which possess the explicit capability of advocacy and the implicit ability to shape political discourse. Generative AI. Refers to the ability of AI to create text, images, and other media using generative models. These models learn from input training data and produce new data with similar characteristics. Gossip. Casual or unconstrained conversation or reports about other people, typically involving details not confirmed as valid. Hacker. Someone who uses technical skills to solve problems can also refer to someone who illegally accesses systems for criminal purposes. Ideological Agenda. A set of beliefs and values that form the basis of political action in a country or political system. Journalistic Ethics and Standards. Journalistic ethics are the principles of ethics and good practice applicable to journalists. It is also known as journalism's professional "code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism." Mass Communication. Refers to the transmission and exchange of information to vast segments of the population through mass media. Technological advancements have made conveying information through various media platforms more efficient. The primary examples of these platforms include journalism and advertising. Media Conglomerate. A company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises. Six major companies, including Comcast, Fox, The Walt Disney Company, Viacom, AT&T, and CBS control the US media. These companies are part of a media conglomerate and serve as significant news sources. Media. The means of communication, such as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, that reach or influence people widely. Media Practitioners. Individuals involved in producing, editing, or disseminating news and information to the public. This can include broadcasters, journalists, publishers, editors, and managers or owners of broadcasting stations or publications. Multimedia. Multimedia combines various content forms, like writing, audio, images, animations, or video, into an interactive presentation. News media. The news media comprises newspapers, TV journalism, and other forms of communication that provide current events and analysis. Participatory Journalism. Also known as citizen journalism is a modern form of journalism in which ordinary citizens who are not professional journalists participate in the news-gathering process. It expands the traditional path of journalism, created by journalists and distributed to an audience, to allow more active and potential roles for the public. This includes their involvement in gathering, analyzing, reporting, and sharing information. Political Agenda. A list of current government and public concerns.   Political Groups. Political groups such as political parties and trade unions are created to promote a shared ideology and achieve objectives in the public sphere. Political Organizations. Political parties, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and advocacy groups engaged in activities like lobbying, organizing, and advertising to achieve political goals for their members. Parties are political organizations focusing on winning elections and controlling the government. Propaganda. Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, is used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. Social Media. A type of online technology that allows people to create and share content with others in virtual communities. It involves interactive participation and is a new form of media. Traditional Journalism. Also known as legacy or mainstream media, it comprises television, radio, newspapers, news magazines, and online versions. These forms of media are regulated by media law and press ethics—and were once considered the most trustworthy sources for news. Before the internet, they were the only means of information dissemination. Twitterer. Someone who posts short messages or information on the social media platform formerly Twitter.   Wikiquotes[edit | edit source]. Propaganda is a monologue that is not looking for an answer, but an echo. — W. H. Auden The lowest form of popular culture—lack of information, misinformation, disinformation, and a contempt for the truth or the reality of most people’s lives—has overrun real journalism. Today, ordinary Americans are being stuffed with garbage. — Carl Bernstein. My definition of fake news is a content-like object that is a story, an article, a video, a tweet that has been fabricated, completely invented out of thin air, intentionally for the purpose of misleading. — Vivian Schiller I suppose, in the end, we journalists try - or should try - to be the first impartial witnesses of history. If we have any reason for our existence, the least must be our ability to report history as it happens so that no one can say: "We didn't know - no one told us." — Robert Fisk While we claim to live in an information age, disinformation has become the order of the day. — Farid A. Malik

Bikol/Past and Future When. In Bikol language, there are two words for the English word "when". The usage depends on whether the expected answer is happening in the future or it already happened in the past. 1. nuarin ("noo-ah-REEN") — if the expected answer is happening in the future. Examples:<br> 2. kasuarin ("kah-soo-ah-REEN") — if the expected answer already happened in the past. Examples:<br> Quiz:<br> Translate these English sentences to Bikol<br> 1. When was your last birthday?<br> 2. When will you take a vacation?<br> 3. When did you get married?<br> 4. When will she pay us a visit?<br> 5. When did you learn to drive a car?

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5/3. Nxe5. 3. Nxe5. In the sequence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5, the move 3.Nxe5 is a pawn capture by the white knight. This move is part of a strategy where white aims to gain material advantage early in the game. However, this move can lead to a complex situation. After 3.Nxe5, black can respond with 3...Bxf2+, a counter-attack that targets the white king¹. This move forces the white king to capture the bishop on f2 (4.Kxf2), leaving the king exposed and potentially vulnerable to further attacks¹. However, white has options to handle this situation. One way is to play 3.Nc3 instead of 3.Nxe5 if they don't want to take the pawn¹. This move protects the pawn on e4, so if black attacks the pawn and plays Qh4, the pawn on e4 is protected¹. Another way to prevent this is to keep the knight on f3 to defend the h4 square against the queen, or advancing the g-pawn to g3 (with the intention of a fianchetto)¹. It's important to note that chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. The move 3.Nxe5 can lead to interesting and complex positions, and it's up to the player's judgment to decide whether this move aligns with their overall game strategy. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5/3. Nxe5/3...Bxf2. 3...Bxf2+. In the sequence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5, the move 3...Bxf2+ is a counter-attack by black that targets the white king¹. If white responds with 4.Kxf2, the king is forced to capture the bishop on f2, leaving the king exposed and potentially vulnerable to further attacks¹. However, white can handle this situation. For example, white can play g3 to defend against a potential Qh4+ check by black, if black decides to play Nf6 instead of an instant Qh4+¹. If white decides to play 4.Ke2 instead of 4.Kxf2, it's considered a worse move because it prevents castling to protect the king, endangers the king, ignores development and the center, and blocks the queen and bishop, which are the two pieces that are free after 1. e4. Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5 Bxf2+

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6. 3...Nc6 - Chiodini Gambit. In the sequence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5, the move 3...Nc6 is a better alternative to 3...Bxf2+. This move, known as the Chiodini Gambit, is considered safer and more strategic for black¹². The move 3...Nc6 serves multiple purposes: - It defends the pawn on e5. - It controls the d4 square. - It avoids committing another pawn for the moment⁴. After 3...Nc6, the game can proceed in various ways depending on white's response. For instance, white could respond with 4.d4, leading to a very open game with a lot of space for both players⁵. Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Chiodini Gambit with 3...Nc6 offers black a solid and flexible position to develop their pieces and control the center of the board. It's considered a good choice for players who prefer a more positional and strategic style of play. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5 Nc6

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7. 4. Nxf7!? - Pusab Countergambit. The Pusab Countergambit is a variation of the Stafford Gambit, which is a line in Petrov's Defense¹². The sequence of moves is as follows: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nc6 4. Nxf7 In this sequence, white sacrifices a knight on f7 to capture the pawn, leading to an exposed black king¹². This gambit is known for its ability to generate traps, despite being disliked by computers¹². After 4.Nxf7, black's king is forced to move, and white can gain a tempo by attacking the black king. However, this also leaves white's knight vulnerable and potentially trapped behind enemy lines¹². Despite the risks, the Pusab Countergambit can lead to complex and interesting positions. It requires precise play from both sides, and a single mistake can lead to a quick defeat¹². According to lichess.org, white has a win rate of 53% in this line¹². This suggests that while the Pusab Countergambit is risky, it can be effective if played correctly¹². Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Pusab Countergambit offers an aggressive and tactical approach to the game, but it also requires careful planning and execution¹². 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7!?

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7. 4...Kxf7. In the Pusab Countergambit, after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7, black can choose to take the white knight with 4...Kxf7. This leads to an exposed black king, but also leaves white down a knight early in the game. White's main plan after 4...Kxf7 is to exploit the exposed black king and try to develop their pieces quickly to launch an attack. One common way to do this is to play 5.d4, aiming to control the center and open lines for the bishop and queen. The line 5. d4 Nxe4 6. Qh5+ Kg8 is a surprising and uncommon trap that white can set. If black blunders with 6...Kg8??, white can deliver a shocking mate with 7. Qd5#!. This is a checkmate because the black king is trapped by its own pieces and has no legal moves, while the white queen attacks it. However, it's important to note that 6...Kg8?? is a blunder and not a move that a well-prepared player would make. A better move for black would be 6...g6, blocking the check and also attacking the white queen. Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Pusab Countergambit offers an aggressive and tactical approach to the game, but it also requires careful planning and execution. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4. 5. d4 This is White's main plan in the Pusab Countergambit. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4. 5...Nxe4 Black takes a free center pawn. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5. 6. Qh5+ White takes advantage of the exposed black king. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5/6...Kg8. 6...Kg8?? This blunder loses immediately. White should now play: 7.Qd5#! 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+ Kg8??

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5/6...Kg8/7. Qd5. Pusab Countergambit Trap. In the Pusab Countergambit, after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5. d4 Nxe4 6. Qh5+ Kg8, there's a trap that white can set if black blunders with 6...Kg8??¹². The move 7.Qd5#! is a checkmate. Here's why: - The black king is trapped by its own pieces and has no legal moves. - The white queen attacks the king and no other black piece can block or capture the queen¹². This is a shocking mate because it's unexpected and it ends the game immediately. However, it's important to note that 6...Kg8?? is a blunder and not a move that a well-prepared player would make¹². A better move for black would be 6...g6, blocking the check and also attacking the white queen¹². 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7!? Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+ Kg8?? 7.Qd5#!

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Ke2/2...Ke7. 2...Ke7?! - The Double Bongcloud. The Double Bongcloud is a chess opening that involves moving the king to e2 (or e7 for black) on the second move, after playing e4 (or e5 for black) on the first move⁴. It's considered one of the worst openings in chess, as it exposes the king to danger and loses the right to castle⁴. The sequence of moves is as follows: 1. e4 e5 2. Ke2 Ke7 This opening is known as the Double Bongcloud because both players move their kings on the second move¹²³⁵. This opening is considered self-destructive as it breaks practically all of the principles you're taught about chess openings from day one: it doesn't fight for the center, it leaves the king exposed and it wastes time, all while eliminating the possibility of castling and managing to impede the development of the bishop and queen¹. Despite its reputation, the Double Bongcloud has been played by grandmasters like Magnus Carlsen and Hikaru Nakamura in a game that was intentionally drawn by threefold repetition¹³⁵. This particular sequence they used is known as the "Hotbox Variation" of the Double Bongcloud¹³⁵. Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Double Bongcloud offers an unconventional approach to the game, but it also requires careful planning and execution¹²⁴. 1.e4 e5 2.Ke2? Ke7?!

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5. 2...c5? - Jalalabad Gambit. The Jalalabad Gambit is a variation of the King's Knight Opening that begins with the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5¹³. In this opening, black sacrifices the e5 pawn for no apparent reason, which is considered a blunder¹³. The move 2...c5 is indeed unusual in this position. It doesn't contribute to controlling the center, it doesn't help with the development of black's pieces, and it leaves the e5 pawn undefended¹³. After 2...c5, white can simply capture the e5 pawn with 3.Nxe5, gaining a pawn advantage early in the game¹³. This is why 2...c5 is considered a blunder¹³. Despite this, the Jalalabad Gambit can lead to complex and interesting positions if both players are not careful. It's a risky strategy that requires precise play from both sides¹³. Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy¹³. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? /3. Nxe5/

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5. 3. Nxe5! In the sequence 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5, the move 3. Nxe5! is a good move for White. Here's why: After 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3, White is attacking the pawn on e5. If Black then plays 2...c5, this does not defend the e5 pawn. Therefore, White can capture this pawn for free with 3. Nxe5!, gaining material advantage early in the game. This is a basic principle in chess: to take advantage of your opponent's mistakes. In this case, Black's mistake was not defending the e5 pawn, and White can capitalize on this mistake by capturing the pawn with 3. Nxe5!./3...f6/ 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5!

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6. 3...f6? This natural looking move appears to eventually regain the pawn, but completely loses to 4. Qh5+!, and when black responds with 4...g6, White has 5. Nxg6!! and then, after 5...hxg6, there is 6. Qxh8, winning the rook. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5! f6?

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5. 4. Qh5+! This move will eventually win a rook with 5. Nxg6!! followed by 6. Qxh8 or wins more and more pawns and pieces. Black has two legal moves: /4...g6/ and /4...Ke7/. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5! f6? 4. Qh5+!

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6. 4...g6. Black defends the check with a pawn. White should now play /5. Nxg6/. The move 5. Nxg6!! wins a rook with 5...hxg6 then 6. Qxh8. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6/5. Nxg6. 5. Nxg6!! This move appears to lose a knight, but wins a rook instead. Black's only try is /5...hxg6/. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6 5.Nxg6!!

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6/5. Nxg6/5...hxg6. 5...hxg6. This is black's best response. White's only sane move is /6. Qxh8/. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6 5.Nxg6!! hxg6

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6/5. Nxg6/5...hxg6/6. Qxh8. 6. Qxh8. This is the only move that wins in this position. Up a rook, white has a very high chance of winning the game. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6 5.Nxg6!! hxg6 6.Qxh8

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...Ke7. 4...Ke7. Black thinks he avoided the loss of his rook, but white now has /5. Nf7/. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! Ke7

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...Ke7/5. Nf7. 5. Nf7. This move wins a rook. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! Ke7 5.Nf7

Kitchen Remodel/Schedule. In this chapter, I would like to unmethodically itemize some thoughts about the schedule of a kitchen remodel. Getting in touch with a contractor. We didn't only have a kitchen to be remodeled, but the entire house. Still, not even this put us on top of the priority list of the general contractor whom we trusted with our construction. They started half a year later than they originally promised they would do, and the work took also considerably longer than they had scheduled initially. The kitchen alone was populated with craftspeople for more than three months, despite the fact that we changed our original plans at some point and decided to do both the cabinet installation and floor tiling ourselves. One of the lessons that we learned from this experience was that you cannot get in touch with your contractor too early, and that oral pledges may show a great deal of goodwill, but can never replace a proper schedule that comes in writing and with all legal trimmings. The topic of contracts for a remodel as such, I cannot discuss in this book. Only so much: the more thoroughly you educate yourself about it before signing, the better. If you won't, it can get extremely stressful, nasty and expensive for an owner. In particular figure out if the estimate of cost that your contractor gives you with the contract is legally binding for them, and educate yourself about the significance of the term "contingencies". Request a detailed account from your contractor of how they will handle unforeseen rises in costs… In our house renovation, except for salary rising, every single one of these events applied eventually, and I strongly believe our case was only average. They bid low, possibly fully knowing that the pricing is unrealistic. If we would do such a remodel again, we would probably spend the money to have a lawyer check the contract through before we commit to it. Another nuisance that we experienced a lot was the reluctance of our project managers to take notes. Since they generally didn't, we had to explain things over and over. That your project manager takes notes, all the time, is something that you can expect. It is probably an indicator for a high level of organization, and something you may look out for when selecting your contractor. Ordering appliances. The obvious advantage of ordering appliances early is that you thereby secure them; postponing can lead to unhappy surprises, especially if your whole kitchen layout is based on the dimensions of an appliance that later turns out not to be available anymore. Another advantage is that if may be helpful for your contractor to know certain technical specifications. A disadvantage is that the product warranty may expire before you even get a chance to put the appliance in operation. Ordering cabinets. If you purchase your cabinets from Ikea and this is your first Ikea kitchen, it is probably highly advisable to request the assistance of one of their kitchen designers. Since we were nowhere near an Ikea store, we had an online conference with ours. Doing this in person would probably have facilitated an overall better and more redundant communication, but the outcome was still good for us. The goal of such a kitchen planning session is the compilation of a "shopping" list. Based on this list, there can actual orders being made, either in a store or with a specialized kitchen representative that you can call. Our communication with those telephone representatives went better than we expected, they were easy to reach, friendly, patient, and helpful. The one thing that did "not" work was speedy delivery. We had our kitchen planning session early March and put our first order in at the end of the same month. Subsequently, we put in no less than eight more orders, because there were always items on our shopping list that still were not available yet. The last items were being ordered and delivered mid-October. A reason that contributed to that problem were obviously supply chain issues caused by the Covid pandemic, but as you can tell from a look at the web site, these issues still may persist. One downside of sequential ordering – beside the anxiety if your kitchen will ever be completely delivered – is that you pay for delivery not just once but multiple times. We saved a considerable amount of money by joining Ikea's "Family" program and applying for their credit card, which supplied us with oodles of 15-Dollar coupons. Due to our choked ordering history, we had plenty of opportunity to spend those. Another advantage of purchasing our kitchen from Ikea was, beside the 25-year warranty for cabinets and 5-year warranty for appliances, that we could return items which we didn't use. They take unpacked items back for 90 days, and packed ones for a year; we didn't even have difficulties to return some very last items after 14 or 15 months. Entire room flooring vs partial flooring. While some construction companies prefer to install the flooring (tile, vinyl, hardwood, etc.) before the cabinets, others advice to install the cabinets first and the flooring later. I would like to give you some pros and cons:

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...Qe7. 3...Qe7. Black tries to do the best in the position. Black develops the queen and attacks the knight, but it also blocks in the dark squared bishop. For this reason, after the white knight moves, black's move might be something like 4...g6. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5! Qe7

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...Ke7/5. Nf7/5...Qe8. 5...Qe8. Black tries to hold on, but white can still win the rook with 6. Bc4 d6 7. Nc3 Nh6 8. Nd5+ Kd7 9. Qh3+ Kc6 10. Qd3 Kd7 11. Nxh8. if 6...g6??, White has 7. Qxc5! and after 7...d6, which is a forced move, White has 8. Qxd8#. Also, if 10...Rg8??. White can mate in one with 11. Bb5#!. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! Ke7 5.Nf7 Qe8

Effective Reasoning/Deduction and Induction. Deduction and induction are two different methods of reasoning. Inductive reasoning. Simple Definition: using observations to form a general conclusion. Deductive reasoning. Simple Definition: using logical premises to reach a logical conclusion. If represents all the premises, and represents the conclusion then formula_1. In other words, if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.

Haskell/Comonads. Let’s compare the monad with the comonad. A monad provides a way of putting a value in a container using return. It doesn’t give you access to a value or values stored inside. Of course, data structures that implement monads might provide access to their contents, but that’s considered a bonus. There is no common in- terface for extracting values from a monad. And we’ve seen the example of the IO monad that prides itself in never exposing its contents. A comonad, on the other hand, provides the means of extracting a single value from it. It does not give the means to insert values. So if you want to think of a comonad as a container, it always comes pre-filled with contents, and it lets you peek at it.

Bikol/Common phrases. Bikol is a regional language spoken in Bicol Region, Philippines. It is a member of the Austronesian language family and is one of the most spoken among indigenous languages in the Philippines.

Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Na6. 1...Na6? - Australian Defense. The dubious Australian Defense (1. d4 Na6?) is a chess opening that is not very popular or well-regarded by experts. It is a transposition of the De Bruycker's Defense (1. e4 c6 2. d4 Na6), which is a more solid and principled defense against 1. e4. However, some players may choose to play 1. d4 instead of 1. e4, hoping to surprise their opponents with an unusual move order. According to the web search results, the dubious Australian Defense has only a 29% chance of success for black, according to an analysis engine². Black can sometimes transpose to the De Bruycker's Defense or the Caro-Kann Defense (1. d4 c6 2. e4) with moves like 2...c6 or 2...e5². Moreover, most of the games played with this opening are short and uninformative, as white usually wins after a small amount of moves or after dozens of exchanges. References. - [Queen's Pawn Opening: Australian Defense - Chess Openings] - [d4 Na6 e4 only 29% Success Rate - Chess (1) d4 Na6 e4 only 29% Success Rate - Chess Forums. 'www.chess.com/forum/view/chess-openings/d4-na6-e4-only-29-success-rate.' (2) d4 Na6 e4 only 29% Success Rate - Chess Forums. 'www.chess.com/forum/view/chess-openings/d4-na6-e4-only-29-success-rate.' (3) Queen's Pawn Opening: Australian Defense - Chess Openings. 'www.chess.com/openings/Queens-Pawn-Opening-Australian-Defense.' 1. d4 Na6?

Annotated Bibliography of Jonah. This bibliography does not include most versions of or commentaries on 2 Kings 14:25, Tobit 14:3-8, Sirach 49:10, Luke 11:29-32, Matthew 12:38-42, 16:1-4. These passages also mention Jonah son of Amittai, but extensive literature exists on each. Jonah is also often mentioned with particular regard to the oracles against the city of Nineveh in Nahum and Zephaniah 2:13-15, and to the mention of the city in Genesis 10:11, 2 Kings 19:36 and Isaiah 37:37. Sometimes also in connection to the city of Tarshish (Genesis 10:4-5, 1 Kings 10:22, 22:48, 2 Chronicles 9:21, 20:36, Psalms 48:7, 72:10, Isaiah 2:16, 23:1-14, 60:9, 66:19, Jeremiah 10:9, Ezekiel 27:12, 25, 38:13). The psalm of Jonah 2:2-9 is also Canticle 6 in Eastern Orthodox and Armenian Orthodox, tradition, and formerly also within many Catholic traditions (sometimes alternating with Habakkuk), but the relevant literature has not yet been included, and a full treatment apart from works focused on these "Odes" or "Canticles" requires a Bibliography of the Psalter. His father Amittai is also strongly linked to the Book of Jonah. And Nineveh, Tarshish and Joppa are directly relevant and are rarely unaccompanied by at least a mention of Jonah; Jonah is especially frequent in literature on Tarshish, while Nineveh is especially relevant to the story. A relatively comprehensive bibliography on Nineveh would be too long. YHWH, Elohim and Dagon are likewise relevant. Although Jonah always appears in exhaustive works on those deities, a similar problem exists for YWHW and Elohim as for Nineveh. The Hebrew and Assyrian ethnicities are likewise relevant to the study of Jonah, and especially relationships between the two, but the Book of Jonah is not the only religious text in which they feature prominently even within the same collection (Nahum), with much of that literature finding a more fitting place in bibliographies focused on the historical texts (chiefly those of the Deuteronomist and the Chronicler). As it stands, this bibliography encompasses mostly Christian literature, with forays into Jewish and Islamic literature for a more panoptic effect and links for further research should the urge ever come to anyone to "complete" this venture or at least carry it out in greater detail. Script-related difficulties slow progress on those fronts. Within Jewish literature, Jonah already features extensively already in the Talmud (i.e. Eruvin, Ta'anit, Megillah, Nedarim, Sanhedrin). And Yunus is one of the most prominent figurs in Islam. Even the Christian fathers have not been thoroughly searched, let alone the appearances of Jonah in liturgical use, for example as Ode 6. The bibliography is also missing most non-English translations of the Book of Jonah itself outside of select continents. The two major bibliographies of Jonah were not incorporated into this bibliography (the "Bibliography on the Book of the Twelve Prophets" on Zotero by Schart and colleagues and "Bibliography on the Book of Jonah (1800-2014)" by David Bouillon). Nor was the more comprehensive "Index Theologicus", let alone WorldCat. Most homilies on Jonah remain in manuscript form and most printed homilies on Jonah have yet to be catalogued as such.

Kitchen Remodel/Kitchen theory. Although the name of this chapter may sound scary or unearthly, it is probably the most important one in this book, and if somebody doesn't have the time to read through the entirety of it, I would wish that they start reading here. The kitchen work triangle revisited. The theoretical concept of the kitchen work triangle was invented and developed in the United States between the 1920s and the 1940s, with Lillian Moller Gilbreth as a pioneer. To submit kitchen design to workflow considerations was a game changer at that time and brought great attention to this part of the home which until then had been rather neglected by designers and architects. But a lot has changed in kitchens, in kitchen work and in food preparation since Gilbreth and her successors did their groundbreaking research about the workflow between cook top, sink and refrigerator. In 1924, a typical housewife spent more than 50 hours a week in housework, a lot of that cooking and cleaning up after meals. Cooking meant not just meal preparation, but also preparing foods from scratch that today are mostly store-bought, like noodles, pie or cake. The famous Hoosier cabinet which graced virtually every home kitchen at that time was essentially a "baking" station. The only prepared foods that could be purchased in groceries were bread, sausages, cheese, and butter. In the 1920s, the average household still included more than 4 people. Although a small number of households could afford a domestic servant, housework still meant endless hours of work and severe physical strain for a woman – which is what inspired Gilbreth. For a good reason, she was later introduced into the Women's Hall of Fame. But the kitchen situation began to change as early as in the 1930s – not as a consequence of Gilbreth's efforts, but for sociological reasons and thanks to technical progress. Households shrank continuously, today they are less than 3 people on average. The number of domestic servants rose after the 1930s, with a peak at the time of WWII, when a fifth of all female jobs were in private households. Then the soldiers returned, female occupation sank (33.9% in 1950) and suburbanization began, with 15 million new housing units being built until 1950. At that time, kitchens were no longer what they used to be for the not so well-off majority of the population. The new kitchens had running water, electrical or gas appliances and uniform rows of cabinets rather than a random selection of individual furniture. In spite of the new conveniences, women spent more time with housework than ever: a whopping 57 hours a week. But by the 1950s, Americans ate out frequently. Home cooking was on the decline. By the 1970s, many women could afford to stop cooking entirely if they wanted to. By the turn of the millennium, half of all meals were eaten outside the home. Today, women still spend more than 30 hours a week with house work (men: less than 20 hours). In the early 2020s, the average number of meals that were prepared in American households was 8.2 per week, with only 81% of households preparing more than half of their meals at home. If cooking is done, women spend an average of 51 minutes per meal in food preparation and cleanup (men: 22 minutes). More than two thirds of American households have a dishwasher, while interestingly many owners of a dishwasher don't use it on a daily basis, mostly because they are convinced that washing by hand saves them water and energy. Since Gilbreth had first thought about kitchen workflow, kitchen work has tremendously changed. Kitchen work is much less tedious today and both the number of meals that are being prepared in a kitchen and the time spent with the cooking of an individual meal have decreased dramatically, in the U. S. more so than anywhere else in the Western world. Americans spend less time preparing meals than people in any other OECD country: 30 minutes a day on average. But according to polls, the they still spend more than 45 minutes a day doing dishes and cleaning the kitchen! And they still shop for groceries once or twice a week, spending an average of 41 minutes in the store per trip. It may be high time to reassess kitchen workflow. The work triangle between cook top, sink and refrigerator is certainly not outdated as a concept, even with microwave ovens, crock pots, toaster ovens, air fryers and other appliances competing with the traditional cook top which has become less and less important. But there is obviously much more going on in a kitchen nowadays which is not food preparation: particularly dish washing and (food) storage and organization. I read a lot about kitchen design and kitchen work flow, but I have never found these kitchen tasks mentioned there, although they obviously keep moving up in the ranking list of the most time consuming house works. So I find a distinct irony in it, that the food preparation of all kitchen works – which is more and more considered to be a recreative and enjoyable, merely optional activity – is still being submitted to grave and serious considerations of workflow and efficiency, while other types of work which are "really" boring and exasperating – most notably clearing off the table, boxing of leftovers, dish washing, and clearing out the dishwasher – have been invariably ignored by kitchen designers. A new theory of kitchen layouts. Commonly, kitchen layouts are classified by the number of rows of cabinets and appliances (one-wall kitchen, galley kitchen, L- shaped and U-shaped kitchen, kitchen with an island, etc.). Namely the kitchen cabinet industry clings to this taxonomy, because it puts the idea into the customers' mind that they should purchase as many cabinets as they can possibly squeeze into their space. I don't find this taxonomy very helpful because Finally, from a designers point of view: talking in categories of L or U or G or "island kitchens" will most likely undermine your creative thinking insofar as it will directly guide you into what everybody does. The work triangle, revised. I'd rather suggest a taxonomy that is much simpler, and at the same time applies to virtually any kitchen, no matter how complex or unusual the layout is. I believe that a kitchen – whenever this is possible – should not be designed based on a configuration of rows of cabinets, but based on a chosen configuration of the three elements of the work triangle (cook top, sink, and fridge) and under consideration of both landing spaces for those three elements and of general food preparation space. Think of one point in your kitchen as the very work station of it, where the food preparation happens, comparable to the cockpit in an airplane, where the pilot, comfortably sitting, controls the entirety of the operations of the flight. Ideally, everything that could possibly be needed should be within reach. While you work, you only want to walk away from that work station if it cannot be avoided, and you don't want to have anything in that place that is not related to what you are doing there. Span the work triangle on a configuration of axes. Now think of those three elements as being aligned to axes (see image). In most cases a kitchen will include Include work and landing space into the work triangle. In most cases, cook top, sink, and fridge should not literally touch each other. One important aspect that is not included in the traditional concept of a work triangle are work and landing areas. When Gilbreth developed the concept in the 1920s, virtually all food preparation, except for cleaning and cooking, was done at a table (and, by the way, while sitting); Gilbreth didn't have to point out that there is a need for a work space, because it was understood. But in the recent decades, tables have been vanishing out of kitchens and were replaced by countertop surfaces; in many kitchens, those are not even fully usable because they are filled with small appliances or even with clutter or "decorative" items. Makes you wonder if a table isn't the cleverer alternative. However, when the work triangle is being planned, it is mandatory to include sufficient designated work and landing areas. Depending on the type of product, all three elements – cook top, sink, and fridge – may require designated landing spaces. Ideally the landing spaces would be directly adjacent to those elements, but in many cases a surface (either a countertop surface or a mobile island or a table) that directly faces the appliance will do just as fine. If at least one of those landing spaces is wider than the length of a rolling pin, it can be used as a generalized food preparation area, too. If none of them is, a wide enough additional work space will become mandatory. It is understood that the three elements – cook top, sink, and fridge – should not be unreasonably far apart from each other and the walking paths between them should be unobstructed. In the following sections, I will give examples for all for types of work triangle arrangements: Single axis. Single-axis kitchens are often single-wall kitchens; in a small apartment this can be a space-saver. If there is no more space than for a single row of cabinets and appliances, you naturally end up with one axis. Single-axis layouts are not quite optimal for workflow: in the case of a small kitchen, because there will be a lack of work and landing areas, and in the case of a large kitchen, there will be long walking distances. But if more axes are not possible, a single axis layout can still work nicely, as long as everything else is well designed. It you have heavy traffic in a kitchen because it is also a through-way, a single axis can even be a safety feature, because nobody can accidentally run you over while you, for example, move a hot pot from the cook top to the sink. Two axes, angled. To distribute the vertices of the work triangle over two axes, is more desirable than to have only a single axis; if there are two axes you won't have to walk so much, but for many operations will only have to turn around. If there are not technical impediments that speak against it, I would always put the range in the middle for best workflow and for safety (pouring of boiling hot water). Two axes, face to face. A 2-axis kitchen may be associated with a galley kitchen and limited space. But from the workflow perspective, two parallel axes are actually ideal because they can span a equilateral triangle. A 2-axis layout works in small spaces as well as in large spaces, because you can either reduce it to the scope of a galley kitchen (two equidistant rows of cabinets and appliances) or expand it with additional rows of cabinets, a walk-in pantry, a peninsula, an island, a breakfast or dining area, etc. Three axes. Kitchen layouts with three axes do not in all cases but generally tend to span wider open spaces than 2-axis layouts do, which is beneficial for households with multiple people being involved in food preparation. Only if a 3-axis layout is forced upon too small a space, the result may feel cramped. Beyond the work triangle. Common kitchen theory with its focus on the work triangle tends to ignore that is not just food preparation and cooking going on in a kitchen, but also: In many households these operations can become actually more prominent than the mere food preparation. But on all accounts, it would be silly to plan a kitchen without those in mind. Dining and tableware management area requirements. The work processes that involve your dining area should be give the same thorough consideration as the food preparation. In my own design, I went so far as to assign an entire peninsula specifically to those functions: storage of tableware and utensils, machine dish washing, and landing. The landing area serves multiple purposes: As I will point out in the next chapter, I tend to avoid placing a dishwasher beside the kitchen sink, but would rather combine it with those cabinets where I keep my everyday tableware and utensils. This saves you tons of walking. To avoid noise in a living area during times when the area is populated, the dishwasher's timer function can be used. <br clear=all> Food storage requirements. While some groceries – like milk, cooking oils, spices or whatever you use on a daily basis – should obviously be kept within the food preparation area for best workflow, there are others that are not regularly used and therefore don't need to be stored in the immediate vicinity of the work triangle. In larger spaces, it makes a lot of sense to include a pantry in the kitchen layout, either as additional cabinet space or a walk-in pantry. Currently, even butler's pantries see a revival, although it is certainly disputable if it is a good idea to extend the walking distance that lies between a kitchen and a dining room. From a kitchen designers perspective, a full scale pantry offers many opportunities for interesting layout ideas. One example is the chance to radically downsize the refrigerator that you implement in the work triangle, even the freezing compartment can be omitted. Instead, there can be a large refrigerator and possibly even a separate freezer in the pantry. Common kitchen layout problems. Very small kitchens. There are many, many tricks how you can maximize the space in a small kitchen, it is absolutely worth to extensively read about this topic on the internet. Wall hung cabinets for example should reach all the way up to the ceiling even if you have to climb a chair to reach them; you may even consider two levels of wall cabinets, with 24" (60 cm) deep cabinets on top for extra storage (see images further up on this page). A work-station sink can provide additional work surface. In some cases, I may make sense to raise the countertop surface a few inches above the standard level; this will create additional space for example to fit a mini refrigerator under a cook top, or an extra drawer or a pull-out cutting board somewhere. My probably best suggestion would be to omit the in-sink-erator and to hire the best plumber that you can get. Challenge them to mount the waste water trap not conventionally but turned 90 degrees and flush to the wall (check out Ikea's water trap "Rännilen" for inspiration). When the trap doesn't stick out you can have heaps of shelf space and even drawers under that sink. For inspiration, I love to check out hotel room kitchenettes. Chains like Marriott hire expensive designers to develop kitchens that are both minimalist and clever: Large kitchens. Yes, large spaces are a challenge for a kitchen designer, too! An probably even more of a challenge than a small space, because there are way more layout options between which you need to make an informed decision, plus you'll probably don't want the space feeling like one big ballroom but nicely broken down into a set of subdivisions, each of which serve their own purposes. Avoiding of corner cabinets. Corner cabinets are a nuisance. As shown in the previous section, they offer astonishingly little space that is easily accessible – no matter how much money you spend on gimmicks such as Lazy Susans or blind corner pull-outs or blind corner organizers. Here are some ideas how corner cabinets can be avoided altogether:

Kitchen Remodel/Cabinet theory. In this chapter, I would like to give some general information about cabinets. There are many differences between individual products, some cater to different tastes, others have practical relevance. I will omit the material question (which is mostly a matter of budget and personal taste) and go directly into details of furniture structure. The intention of this chapter is to help you to become more aware of what you personally expect from a kitchen, which will make it easier for you to decide for or against individual products. Anatomy. Face frames. All have in common that they are built with a face frame, which is an optional element in cabinetry, but a very characteristic one in the United States until today, notably with kitchen cabinets. Although it is widely believed that a face frame makes a kitchen cabinet more sturdy, I presume that the actual reason for the perennial popularity is the specific appearance. The face frame adds a look to a cabinet that is both traditional and dapper, and homey. While most face frames today are rather minimalist, they used to be a subject to elaborate embellishment. A decoration that can still be found today, if rarely, is beading to the inner edges (second image, A; this will only go together with "inset" drawers and doors) or chamfering to the outer edges of stiles (B). Historically, there was much more going on in cabinetry, with elements like decorated end panels and base moulding among others (C, D, E). Even without any ornamentation at all, a face frame will offer an opportunity to show of precious materials like solid wood. But hand on heart: A face frame wants to be shown off. What is it worth in conjunction with full overlay drawers and doors?<br clear="all"> Framed vs. frameless cabinets. In the United States, kitchen cabinets are traditionally framed cabinets. That means they have an additional "face frame" sitting on the front of the cabinet box, with individual cutouts for drawers and doors. The framing provides those cabinets with a specific rustic, solid and homely look that many Americans prefer over the more clean, cool and modern international style. The only reported and undisputed advantage of framed cabinets is that due to their additional layer of material they endure transportation easier. Allegedly, framed cabinets also allow for an easier adjustment of doors and drawers, but I believe that is not a matter of framed or frameless, but directly depends on the quality of the hinges and drawers. Ikea's "Maximera" drawers for example, which are conceived for frameless cabinets, feature an adjustment mechanism that is quite sophisticated. With frameless cabinets, you also may need more filler pieces than with framed ones, but that depends on the product and on your layout. I will go more into detail about filler pieces in a later chapter when I'll describe cabinet installation. In the U. S., the cheapest manufacturer of framed cabinets is probably KraftMaid. For my first kitchen remodel, a decade ago, I chose KraftMaid cabinets and found the quality and the bandwidth of options quite decent. Unfortunately, KraftMaid don't make a big display of what they can do on their web site, so you'll have to find a retailer with a large showroom and get in touch with that retailer's kitchen designer. My local Home Depot for example only shows a fraction of the possibilities that this manufacturer offers. If you are either on a very tight budget or are really aiming for historic authenticity, another interesting option is to use reclaimed cabinets. The most important advantage of frameless cabinets is that they make much better use of the space within the cabinet box. Frameless cabinet boxes allow for wider and higher drawer boxes. Cabinets with shelves have neither rims nor mid-stiles and are therefore fully accessible. Some U. S. based producers offer both framed and frameless cabinets; among those are Hampton Bay and Wellborn. But the most affordable manufacturer anywhere in the world is probably Ikea. One of their top assets in my opinion is their web site which does not only show literally all of their products (with prices), down to the most ancillary filler piece, but also gives you exact dimensions and detailed instructions for assembling; the latter are extremely helpful if you want to understand the anatomy of those cabinets and their possibilities, before you commit to a purchase. Toe kicks vs. legs. High and base cabinets usually have a toe kick, that is a slightly recessed base. Toe kicks are typically 4 inches (10 cm) high and recessed 3 inches (7.5 cm). The height addition is necessary to align the cabinet's upper edge cabinet with that of other elements, like a ranges or a dishwasher. The recess provides extra space for the feet of the people who stand in front of the cabinet. If the cabinet is serves merely decorative purposes the recess can be omitted. High and base cabinets come either with or without an integrated toe kick. If they come without one, you can choose between a number of options for how you want to bring your cabinets up to standard height: with a separate toe kick, with a toe kick valance (an arch-like element) or with legs. All three of those elements are available in all sorts of different styles and designs. What customers prefer, is mostly a matter of taste and of what matches the cabinet style. At this point, I would only like to make a few remarks about legs: There a three obvious disadvantages of the use of legs: There are also advantages of legs: Types of cabinets. There are obviously base cabinets, wall cabinets, and high cabinets on the market. Another important differentiation is that between regular cabinets, corner cabinets and outside corner cabinets. Many manufacturers offer only very limited choices in corner cabinets and no outside corner cabinets at all. Sometimes there are smart ways to improvise, but if that is not possible the only option may be to pick another manufacturer. Cabinet space organization. The deeper a cabinet is (and the more fuzzy you are with not wasting space or control), the more important is cabinet space organization. Regular cabinets. One advantage of shelves over drawers is that it is easy to mount them with custom spacing. Even if the pre-drilled holes that hold the shelf-supports turn out to not be quite in the perfect height for your needs, you can drill your own holes. And the greatest advantage of all is that shelves is are cheap. But unless a cabinet has only little depth, shelves make it difficult to overlook their content. In most cases, drawers make it much easier to find stuff in a cabinet. With modern slides and soft-close feature, drawers also run so smoothly that they are suitable not only for pots and pans, but even for tableware. Consider having drawers not just up to countertop height, but up to the height of the chin of the shortest grown-up person in your household (but keep in mind that adults lose body length as they age). The only disadvantage of drawers, apart from the costs, is that it can be more difficult than with shelves to install them with custom spacing. In particular with framed cabinets, you will possibly get what you get and won't have the choice to space your drawers – I mean down to the inch or even half inch – like you really would like then. If custom spacing is important to you, you can check out either frameless cabinets (which in some cases give you much more flexibility than framed cabinets) or cabinets with drawers that lie behind a door. Drawers behind a door (like nested drawers) are a little more awkward to access than normal drawers. The immediate vicinity of work places like a cooktop or your prime cabinet for everyday utensils are certainly not the best locations for those. But since they offer flexible installation and as many subsequent changes as you may want, drawers behind doors are probably ideal for food storage, unless you have a walk-in pantry where you don't care about the appearance of your cabinet fronts and omit those doors altogether anyways. A very cool third option that also works for high cabinets or wall cabinets are pull-outs. Make sure that you put those in positions where you have full access to both sides of the apparatus (left and right) when it is pulled out. A pull-out that is installed at the end of a cabinet row – adjacent to a wall or a corner cabinet – may not be very helpful. Also make sure that you purchase a pull-out that is adjustable in terms of custom spacing of the shelves. You also may or may not want to request additional shelves. Corner cabinets. Corner cabinets are notoriously inefficient in terms of use of space. If a corner cabinet cannot be avoided, the most sensible use that can be made of it is installation of shelves for long-term storage of things that you plan virtually never to access; only what is directly behind the door can be conveniently reached. The second best option are half shelves in L-shape (see image); to reach those requires some mild gymnastics, but they have an efficiency of whopping 80 %. A full Lazy Susan uses ~65 % of the area while a 3/4 Lazy Susan has an efficiency of only ~50 %. The worst of all corner cabinet solutions are probably diagonal drawers because they only use roughly a third of the available space. By the way, corner pull-outs are even worse than Lazy Susans; I did the math for Ikea's corner base cabinet pull-out fitting ("Utrusta" series; I own one): it has a space efficiency of only 35 %. I very much doubt that any comparable product reaches a much higher figure. Cabinet front composition. Another important criteria that needs to be considered when choosing a kitchen manufacturer is their philosophy of kitchen front appearance. It is understood that most manufacturers offer large selections of different front designs. But in this section I am not referring to different door styles or materials or colors, but to different ways how those front elements (drawer fronts and doors) are combined and add up to a kitchen front view that ideally is beautiful and well composed. Are you aiming for clear, uniform fronts with all horizontal elements perfectly aligned, or do you seek something organic and cheerful and therefore don't mind irregularities? Different manufacturers offer different front schemes. Two examples:

Homeopathy/History. Invention. The practice of homeopathy was started by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), a German physician trained in medicine, science and linguistics. In 1796, he wrote his "Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Power of Drugs", followed by "The Organon of the Healing Art" in 1810—these formed the basis of homeopathy as he defined it. In particular, "The Organon of the Healing Art" explains his thoughts on the nature of disease, the way he thought homeopathic remedies would work, and how to apply them. This is the core book homeopaths study. Relevant Individuals. James Tyler Kent. James Tyler Kent (1849–1916) was a physician who turned to homeopathy later in his career. He graduated from Eclectic Medical institute in 1871 and the Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri in 1889. He turned to homeopathy after attributing to it the recovery of wife from illness, and he later published "Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica" in 1897. Notably, he did not believe in the since-proven germ theory of disease. Constantine Hering. Constantine Hering (1800–1880) was a German physician. He studied medicine and then at the request of his teacher Dr. Henrich Robbi studied Homeopathy in order to write a book against Homeopathy. He began practicing homeopathy after attributing to it the healing of a hand infection, and he published many works on the subject. Mahendralal Sarkar. Mahendralal Sarkar (1833–1904) was an Indian physician. Cyrus Maxwell Boger. Cyrus Boger (1861–1935) was an American physician.He graduated from the Philadelphia College of Medicine and the Hahnemann Homeopathic Medical College in Philadelphia.

Homeopathy/What is Homeopathy?. Homeopathy is a pseudoscience and so-called "alternative medicine", whose practitioners are called homeopaths. Some common ailments for which patients seek homeopathic care include eczema, asthma, migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, allergic disorders, arthritis, hypertension, Crohn's disease, premenstrual syndrome, rhinitis, and more. Homeopaths also see patients with serious diseases, including multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and AIDS. Basic beliefs. Homeopathy, as proposed by its founder Samuel Hahnemann, relies on two basic principles—those of similars and of potentization. Principle of Similars. The principle of similars, often simply referred to by the saying "like cures like", argues that homeopathic treatments for a disease should derive from substances that cause symptoms similar to the initial disease. Potentization. Potentization states that the substance(s) used in homeopathic treatment should be serially diluted, shaking well during each dilution, in order to transmit a supposed curative essence. High dilutions are referred to as "high potency", though this is a misleading term due to the extremely low concentration of the original "mother tincture" in the final product. Appeal. Much of the appeal of homeopathy comes from the limitations of modern medicine. Patients often come to homeopaths with long-term problems for which evidence-based medicine has not yet found successful, widely effective treatments. For example, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, anxiety and depression, some autoimmune and neurological disorders, and some cancers, do not have universally effective treatments and/or cures—as such, those suffering from these disorders may turn to homeopathy in search of relief. Homeopathy may also appeal to those who cannot afford medical treatment or those who simply do not trust medical doctors for a variety of reasons, including religion or prior negative experiences with the medical system. Lack of evidence. No generally accepted scientific study has shown homeopathy works at all. Critics also object that the number of high-quality studies that support homeopathy is small, the conclusions are not definitive, and duplication of the results, a key test of scientific validity, has proven problematic at best. The lack of convincing scientific evidence supporting its efficacy and its use of remedies without active ingredients have caused homeopathy to be regarded as pseudoscience; quackery; or, in the words of a 1998 medical review, "placebo therapy at best and quackery at worst." Chemistry and pharmacology. Common homeopathic preparations are diluted to the point where it is statistically unlikely that any molecules from the original solution are present in the final product; the claim that these treatments still have any is thus scientifically implausible and violates fundamental principles of science, including the law of mass action.

Cello Handbook/Scales and Arpeggios. A is a group of musical notes arranged by volume or pitch. There are many scales, such as G Major Scale, E Major Scale, etc. An is very similar to a scale, but it is shorter. A famous arpeggio is the opening of "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f6. The Nürnberg Variation of the Spanish Game is a chess opening that tries to stop White from playing a move that would give White more control over the center of the board. However, this opening has many problems for Black, such as: - Black makes a move that makes the king’s side weaker and easier to attack. - Black makes a move that stops the knight from moving to a good square where it can defend and attack better. - Black makes a move that makes a hole on the f7 and f6 squares and making them weaker. - Black makes a move that puts the king in danger of being attacked by White’s pieces. These are some of the reasons why the Nürnberg Variation is not a good opening for Black. White has many ways to use Black’s mistakes and get a better position. For example, one of the ways White can play is: 4.O−O Bc5 5.c3 Nge7 6.d4 exd4 7.cxd4 Bb6 8.Nc3 O−O 9.d5 Ne5 10.Nxe5 fxe5 11.d6 Ng6 12.Qd5+ Kh8 13.dxc7 Qxc7 14.Be3. In this position, White has a clear advantage, as Black’s king is not safe, White’s pieces are more active, and White has two bishops that can attack from far away. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 f6

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f6/4. O-O/4...Bc5/5. c3. Nürnberg Variation, Main Line. In this line, White castles to protect the king and prepares to play d4 to gain more space in the center. Black develops the bishop to c5, which is a natural square for the bishop and also puts pressure on the f2-pawn. White plays c3 to support the d4-pawn advance. The Main Line of the Nürnberg Variation is considered to be better for White, as White has more options and flexibility in the position. White can choose to play d4 immediately or delay it and play Re1, h3, or a4 first. White can also exchange the light-squared bishop on b5 with the knight on c6 at any time, creating a weakness in Black’s pawn structure. Black, on the other hand, has to deal with several problems in the Main Line of the Nürnberg Variation. Black has to find a good square for the knight on g8, which is blocked by the f6-pawn. Black also has to decide whether to castle kingside or queenside, as both sides have their drawbacks. Black’s king is also vulnerable to attacks by White’s pieces, such as Qf3, Qg4 or Qh5. Therefore, the Main Line of the Nürnberg Variation is not very popular among chess players, as Black has to struggle for equality. Most players prefer to play other variations of the Spanish Game, such as the Berlin Defense, the Marshall Attack, or the Open Variation. These variations do not involve the move f6 and give Black more chances for counterplay. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 f6 4. O-O Bc5 5. c3

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6. = Sicilian Defense: Kveinis Variation = This variation has its pros and cons but is generally considered to be inferior to most variations. The point of Qb6 is to put pressure on white's B2 pawn and D4 knight. However, this plan does not work because white can sacrifice the B2 pawn with Be3, then play Nd2 and attack the queen if black captures. If white just plays Nc3 or another solid move, then black can just develop and be fine. However, this opening has some pros. It is very easy to learn because the plans are simple and the theory is low. This can work at the beginner level and in blitz or bullet games.

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3. The Breyer Gambit - 3. Qf3?! The Breyer Gambit is a chess opening that involves sacrificing a pawn on the second move to gain control of the center. It is also known as the King's Gambit Accepted: Breyer Gambit, because the black player accepts the gambit and tries to counterattack with their minor pieces. The Breyer Gambit is considered a risky but aggressive opening that can lead to sharp and complex positions. The main idea behind the Breyer Gambit is to use the queen's move to f3 to support the advance of the g-pawn to g3 and create threats against the black king. The queen also prevents black from playing Nc6, which would challenge white's development, however, the move 3. Qf3 prevents that due to 4. Qxf4, winning back the pawn. White hopes to quickly develop their pieces and castle, while black has to deal with the weak f4-pawn and the exposed e-file. However, the Breyer Gambit is not without drawbacks. White's queen can be sometimes attacked by black's pieces. Black can also try to undermine white's center with moves like c5, d5, Qh4+ or even sacrifice the f4-pawn back to open lines for their pieces. Black has to be careful not to fall into traps or tactical blows, but if they survive the initial attack, they can enjoy a solid position with an extra pawn. 1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?!

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3/3...Qh4. 3...Qh4+. Black checks the white king, just how they intended. But fortunately for white, white can play 4. g3 due to the queen on f3 that supports it. 1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?! Qh4+

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3/3...Qh4/4. g3. White blocks the check with the g-pawn. 1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?! Qh4+ 4. g3

Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bg5/2...e6. 2...e6?? This move is a blunder as it loses the queen with 3. Bxd8. This move is a bit popular because some players do not notice the pin, and lose on the spot. 1. d4 d5 2. Bg5 e6??

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...h6. = 3...h6!? - Sideline = The h6 sideline in the Spanish Game. The h6 sideline in the Ruy Lopez is a rare and provocative move that aims to prevent White from playing Bg5 and pinning the black knight. It also prepares to play g5 and Bg7, creating a kingside fianchetto. However, it also has some drawbacks, such as: Another possible continuation after 3…h6 is 4.O-O g5, where Black goes all-in for a kingside attack. This is very risky and dubious, as White can exploit the weaknesses in Black’s position with moves like d4, Nc3, Nd5, c3, and Be3. For example, after 4.O-O g5 5.d4 exd4 6.Nxd4 Bg7 7.Nf5 Bf6 8.Nc3 Nge7 9.Re1 d6 10.Nd5 Nxd5 11.exd5+ Ne5 12.Nd4 O-O 13.Qh5 Bg7 14.h4 Bg4 15.Bg5 Bxh5 16.Bxd8 Raxd8 17.Nf5 Bg6 18.Ne7+ Kh7 19.hxg5 hxg5 20.Re3 Bxd3 21.Rh3+ Bh6 22.cxd3 f5 23.d4 Ng6 24.Nc6 Rde8 25.Ra3 Nf4 26.Rxa7 Rf7 27.Rb7 Nxd5 28.a4 g4 29.a5 f4 30.a6 g3 31.a7 gxf2+ 32.Kxf2 Nb6 33.Rb8 Rff8 34.Rxe8 Rxe8 35.Nb8 Na8 36.Rc1 Re7 37.Nc6 Re8 38.Rc3 Bg7 39.Rb3 Nb6 40.Rxb6 cxb6 41.Nb8 Bxd4+ 42.Kf3 b5 43.Nc6 Bxa7 44.Nxa7 b4 45.Nc6 b3 46.Nd4 Re3+ 47.Kxf4 Rd3 48.Ke4 Rd2 49.Nxb3 Rxb2 50.Nd4 Rxg2 51.Kd5 Rd2 52.Kc4 Rxd4+ 53.Kxd4 Kg6 54.Kd5 Kf5 55.Kxd6 1/2-1/2, White had a clear advantage throughout the game, but failed to convert it into a win. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 h6!?

Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Theories. =Scientific Theories= Scientific theories are overarching explanations of the world that are based on many, many lines of evidence. There are many scientific theories that are important in Biology. Here I will list some of the over arching theories that shape our modern understanding of life, and some lines of evidence for why we believe those theories are true. Some theories are primarily introduced to students by way of Natural Laws. Natural laws are theories that are best described as simple statements or equations. These are facts that under certain conditions are almost always true. Some of these natural laws include the following. We use these laws as assumptions in many of our scientific experiments, but they too are based on many experiments and lines of evidence. In fact, when a textbook lists a fact in passing, there is usually an entire body of experimentation behind it. As you get deeper into science, you will learn more about the background of these theories and natural laws and how we came to believe them. Usually as an introductory student of biology, you are told that these are facts, but remember that most theories do have limitations, and by probing the edges of those theories, we learn more about the world around us. Discrediting Theories. For a theory to be discredited, it is not enough to find one example where it does not work. Remember theories are based on several lines of evidence. Most single examples where something does not work results in modification of the theory rather than discrediting it. To discredit a theory, you must disprove the major assumption or conclusion of the theory. This usually happens by proposing a NEW theory that better explains the phenomena. Even when a New Theory is proposed, that often is not enough to discredit an older theory which may still help others to understand something in a limited case. For example NEWTON's Laws of motion were found to be less accurate than EINSTEIN's laws on the motion of Mercury, but on Earth, Newton's laws are more basic and easier to use. Therefore NEWTON's laws of Motion are not said to have been discredited by Einstein. They are "refined" by it. An example of a discredited theory is "Spontaneous Generation". Spontaneous generation suggested that living organisms such as flies came from inorganic matter such as trash. When Pasteur proved that Cells come only from preexisting cells, it showed that spontaneous generation did not accurately explain what was happening in the world, so that theory was discarded in favor of the cell theory. Discrediting theories is a necessary part of science. It is by getting rid of the old theories that we get closer to what is real, and so it is not considered a bad thing. Every disproven theory is a step toward greater understanding of the world. Biological theories in the Flux. There are many mysteries of science that are not fully understood and so theories are proposed and modified. For example, although the Theory of Organic Evolution is thought to be explained best by "Natural Selection", there are many details about how it works that are currently being researched. For example the "Assembly Theory" has been proposed to explain why complex systems can suddenly arise in novel situation. If accepted, this would likely become a refinement of Natural selection. [reference - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06600-9] Examples of theories that are not conclusively accepted as proven or disproven. Often these will be called hypotheses in order to show that evidence is still being gather to support them. Even so, they all have large lines of evidence and cannot be discounted without discussion.:

Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Intro Lab. =The Biology Lab= Biology is about studying life. We study life first and foremost by observing it. In the biology laboratory, we observe life, and use the principles of the Scientific Method to learn how life works. Tools. Your primary tools for the Biology lab, are your senses, and your mind. You must learn how to observe details about living things. Watch, listen, and document what exists, and what is happening. You will also need to describe things both qualitatively (using words about qualities and characteristics) and quantitatively (using numbers and measurements). For this reason, you should expect to document whatever you observe in this lab. The simplest way is to create a "laboratory notebook" that contains the notes for each set of experiments that you do. You can do this on paper or digitally, but be sure that the notebook is easy for you to access, and that you record the date and time of each experiment. Lab Reports and Papers. When you are ready to tell others about your experiments, you will write a "lab report" or "scientific paper" discussing your findings. Scientific reports usually follow a consistent format and have some or all of the following sections. A scientific paper is not meant to be RIGHT all of the time. It is an exploration of questions. You discuss the question that lead you to do the experiment including your HYPOTHESIS if any in the INTRODUCTION. Then you list the tools and instructions that you used to do the experiment in the MATERIALS AND METHODS section. This allows others to reproduce your experiment. Next you list any data found as descriptions, images, recordings, tables, graphs, and/or diagrams in the section marked RESULTS. At the end you discuss your conclusions, such as whether your hypothesis was supported by the data in DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS section of the report. Any outside sources that you used in your paper should be listed at the end in the REFERENCES section so that people can look up what background is needed to understand the work, and to find the context of your work among others. A scientific paper is necessary, because no matter how great the things you discover, if you never tell anyone about it, no one else can learn from it. Science is a collection of knowledge passed down from person to person from the earliest humans to you. By observing science, you are helping to greater validate scientific theories, and you are adding to the collective work of all of those who went before you, and preparing the way for those that will come after you. "Welcome to the world of Science!"

Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/CellWalls. =What is a cell wall= A cell wall is a firm structure on the outside of a cell membrane that helps maintain osmotic pressure in a cell by making a limit that prevents the cell from expanding and bursting due to osmosis. The cell wall also adds structure to multicellular organisms. It must have openings to allow nutrients to pass freely into and out of the cell. Cell Wall Materials. Cell walls are made of different materials in different kingdoms of organisms.

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bb5/2...c6/3. Ba4. = Portuguese Opening = 3. Ba4. White has retreated the bishop to a safe square, which is still not very effective. Black can now play 3...b5 to attack the bishop again. 1.e4 e5 2.Bb5 c6 3.Ba4

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bb5/2...c6/3. Ba4/3...b5. = Portuguese Opening = 3...b5. With this move, black attacks the passive bishop again with tempo. The only move that saves the bishop is 4. Bb3. 1.e4 e5 2.Bb5 c6 3.Ba4 b5

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...d6. = Vienna Game = In the Vienna Game, after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3, Black has several options to choose from. One of them is 2...d6. This move is similar to the Philidor Defense if White developed the other knight. However, against the Vienna Game, it is simply not good. Part of this is simply that the next opening moves are easy for White - take the full center with 3.d4. To elaborate further, 2...d6 is a passive move that does not challenge White's control of the center. It also blocks the f8-bishop, which is an important piece in many openings. This move can be useful in some situations, but it is generally not considered a good choice against the Vienna Game. 1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 d6

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...d6/3. f4. = Vienna Game, Omaha Gambit = 3. f4! - Omaha Gambit. The Omaha Gambit is a chess opening that arises from the Vienna Game after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 d6 3.f4!. This move is aggressive and aims to control the center of the board by attacking Black's pawn on e5. It is also known as the Breyer Variation. The idea behind this move is to gain space and put pressure on Black's position. However, it does come with some risks. If Black plays accurately, they can gain an advantage by exploiting the weaknesses in White's position. For example, Black can play 3...exf4 to capture White's pawn on f4 and gain a material advantage. The Omaha Gambit is not a popular choice at the highest levels of chess, but it can be a fun and interesting option to try out in casual games. 1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 d6 3. f4!

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f5/2. exf5. Duras Gambit Accepted. The Duras Gambit Accepted is a chess opening that arises from the Duras Gambit after the moves 1.e4 f5 2.exf5. This move is a gambit, where Black sacrifices a pawn to gain control of the center of the board. The idea behind this move is to create an unbalanced position and put pressure on White's position. However, this gambit is not considered a good choice at the highest levels of chess, as it gives White a clear advantage. After 2.exf5, White can choose to accept the gambit and capture the pawn, or decline it and play a different move ¹. If White accepts the gambit, they can gain a material advantage and put pressure on Black's position. For example, White can play 3.Qh5+ to attack Black's king and force it to move. Because if 3...g6?? - 4. fxg6! hxg6 5. Qxh8, grabbing a rook and the game. 1. e4 f5? 2. exf5

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nc3/3...Ng4. = Petrov's Defence, Vladimir Variation = This is the Vladimir Variation of the Petrov's Defence. It is considered dubious for these reasons: It wastes tempo by moving the same knight again which is considered time-consuming. It also moves the knight to an awkward square, so it can easily be attacked. Finally, the knight on g4 isn't that effective and it is in danger of getting trapped. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nc3 Ng4

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nxe5/4...Nxe5. 4...Nxe5. Black accepts the gambit and needs to play with precision, as White will launch an attack with d4, then quick development of the queen and bishop to form pressure on the Black King to overwhelm Black. For Black to succeed the most, they have to play in a way that undevelops their pieces at first, which seems very strange, but then as White develops their queen, making sure not to lose defense of the b7 pawn by moving their bishop, and pushing back White's threats possibly a turn in advance. Eventually, Black will gain back space and will be able to develop their pieces again. Theory Table. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Nxe5 Nxe5

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f6/3. Nxe5/3...fxe5. = Damiano Defence = 3...fxe5? Black is up material, at least for a while. 4. Qh5+! The move checks the king and, if Black ever blocks with 4...g6, white can play 5. Qxe5+, winning the rook. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 f6? 3. Nxe5! fxe5?

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...d6/4. Nc3. = Paris Defence = 4. Nc3. The move 4. Nc3 develops the knight and protects the pawn on e4 from any possible attack. Note that this is not the best move but still solid. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 d6 4. Nc3

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Ke2. Scandinavian Defence. This move is interesting, as it is a blunder that allows 3...Qe4#. 1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Ke2??

Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...c6. 1...c6 · Outflank Variation. The Outflank Variation in the Polish Opening refers to a specific move sequence that Black can play after the initial move 1. b4. Here's how it goes: In this line, White fianchettos their queen's bishop with 2. Bb2, while Black develops their queen to b6. The Outflank Variation is characterized by both sides trying to control the queenside and create imbalances. The queen on b6 exerts pressure on White's queenside pawns and can lead to tactical opportunities. It's worth noting that the Polish Opening is flexible, and there are various move orders and plans that can be employed by both sides. The Outflank Variation is just one of the possible ways to play against the Polish Opening. 1.b4 c6

Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6. 1...e6. Black pushes the e-pawn so they can gain control over the center. This move also allows the pawn to move without getting attacked by a bishop on b2. Secondly, this move attacks the pawn on b4. However, White can play /2. Bb2/ anyways, as Black cannot capture with 2...Bxb4??, as it hangs a rook with 3. Bxg7!.

Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6/2. Bb2. 2. Bb2. White fianchettos the bishop, knowing that Black cannot take the pawn on b4 because of 3. Bxg7.

Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6/2. Bb2/2...Bxb4. 2...Bxb4?? This natural looking move aiming to win a pawn, loses to /3. Bxg7/.

Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6/2. Bb2/2...Bxb4/3. Bxg7. 3. Bxg7. This move wins a rook and the game to Black's greediness.

History of video games/Platforms/Evercade EXP. Technology. The clockspeed of the CPU was 1.5GHz. The system featured 4GB of memory. The system included a Wi-Fi radio for firmware updates.

History of video games/Platforms/Super Pocket. History. Preorders for the console opened July 14, 2023. The initially announced release window was October 2023, though the final release date was November 14, 2023.

Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e6/2. c4/2...Bb4. = Keres Defence = The Keres Defence is a chess opening that begins with the moves 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Bb4+. It is also known as the Kangaroo Defence or Franco-Indian Defence. The opening is named after Estonian grandmaster Paul Keres. After the opening moves, White has several options to respond, including 3. Bd2, 3. Nd2, and 3. Nc3. If white plays 3. Nc3, the game might transpose into a Nimzo-Indian Defence or a Bogo-Indian Defence. The standard reply today is 3. Bd2. Black can continue with 3...Bxd2+ into a line of the Bogo-Indian, and 3...a5 will also usually transpose to a Bogo-Indian when White plays Nf3. Alternatively, Black can allow White to play e4: 3...Qe7 4.e4 d5. 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Bb4+

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Ke2/3...Qe4. Scandinavian Defence. This happened because white blundered with 3. Ke2??, which allowed a shocking mate with 3...Qe4#. 1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Ke2?? Qe4#

Pokémon/Pokédex/Ceruledge. Description. A humanoid pokémon with twin swords. Base Statistics. A ghost and fire type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Use an armor item on Charcadet. Notes. Introduced in "Pokémon Violet", where this Pokémon can be found by evolving Charcadet with an armor item

Pokémon/Pokédex/Charcadet. Description. A humanoid pokémon. Base Statistics. A fire type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Use an armor item on Charcadet. Notes. Introduced in "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Nacli. Description. A stonelike pokémon. Base Statistics. A rock type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Evolves into Naclstack. Notes. Introduced in "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmi. Description. A doglike pokémon. Base Statistics. A electric type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Evolves into Pawmo. Notes. Introduced in "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmo. Description. A doglike pokémon. Base Statistics. A electric and fighting type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Evolves from Pawmo. Evolves into Pawmot Notes. Introduced in "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Terapagos. Description. A turtle like pokémon. Base Statistics. A normal type Pokémon. Notes. Introduced in the DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Archaludon. Description. An Architecture inspired pokémon, appearing similar to a skyscraper when standing, or a bridge when laying down or attacking. Base Statistics. A Steel and Dragon type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Evolves from Duraladon when given an alloy item. Notes. Introduced in the DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Ogerpon. Description. A humanoid pokémon, typically wearing one of four masks. Base Statistics. A grass type Pokémon, it can change type based on the mask worn. How to Evolve. Ogerpon does not evolve. Notes. Introduced in the Teal Mask DLC "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet", where it plays a major role.

Pokémon/Pokédex/Fezandipiti. Description. A birdlike pokémon. Base Statistics. A Poison and Fairy type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Does not evolve Notes. Introduced in the Teal Mask DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Okidogi. Description. A humanoid dogish bearlike pokémon. Base Statistics. A Poison and Fighting type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Does not evolve Notes. Introduced in the Teal Mask DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Munkidori. Description. A bipedal apelike pokémon. Base Statistics. A Poison and Psychic type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Does not evolve Notes. Introduced in the Teal Mask DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Dipplin. Description. A pokémon that looks similar to a candy apple. Base Statistics. A Grass and Dragon type Pokémon. Notes. Introduced in the Teal Mask DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Poltchageist. Description. A matcha tea inspired pokémon. Base Statistics. A Grass and Ghost type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Evolves to Sinistcha. Notes. Introduced in the Teal Mask DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Sinistcha. Description. A matcha tea inspired pokémon. Base Statistics. A Grass and Ghost type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Evolves from Poltchageist. Notes. Introduced in the Teal Mask DLC for "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".

Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Valiant. Description. A robotlike humanoid pokémon. Base Statistics. A fairy fighting type Pokémon. How to Evolve. Does not evolve Notes. Introduced in "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet".