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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1033. IBM code page 1033 (CCSID 1033) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It supports CMC-7. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Professionalism/The Developers Union. Introduction. The Developers Union was an advocacy group for app stores. The group was founded by Brent Simmons, a software developer known for iOS apps such as NetNewsWire. He currently runs a blog on inessential.com, where he speaks about the The Developers Union and apps he has made. Simmons was initially also joined by Jake Schumacher, director of "App: The Human Story"; Loren Morris, a product designer; and Roger Ogden, an iOS developer. Their goal in creating The Developers Union was to create change within the App Store through getting their voice heard. The group has been featured on many popular news sites such as The Verge, appleinsider and Wired, where their story and missions have been written on. Purpose and Mission. The goal of The Developers Union was for a fairer and more sustainable app store policy mainly for the iOS and Google App stores. In the Apple App store, Apple took a 30% revenue cut of all App store sales. One of The Developers Union's goals was to reduce this so that it is more fair and allows independent app developers make a living. Other issues they have advocated about were also the lack of free trials for smaller paid apps, user privacy protections, and transparency in app store policies. Their mission statement read as follows: Dear Apple, We believe that people who create great software should be able to make a living doing it. So we created The Developers Union to advocate for sustainability in the App Store. Today, we are asking Apple to commit to allowing free trials for all apps in the App Stores by the tenth anniversary of the App Store this July. After that, we’ll start advocating for a more reasonable revenue cut and other community-driven, developer-friendly changes. Towards their goal, they have organized petitions garnering thousands of signatures, blog posts, as well as organized events such as meetings in WWDC. Brent Simmons also has been vocal about the group on his Twitter as well as his blog. Some issues he has addressed in his blog include some press coverage stating that the group is '"angry" and "fed up"' as well as addressing dissenters. Current Activity & Redefinition. As of 2018, there has been no major activity from The Developer’s Union after the increase in support for app store free trials in the Apple App store. The Developers Union ceased its activity as an advocacy near the start of 2019, releasing the following statement on their website: "Although we failed to scale to a size that would necessitate Apple’s attention, we feel that with your help we were able to bring attention and change to the issue of trials in apps on the App Store". The web page remained in this state of inactivity for several years, before being transitioned into an educational blog in 2022 that now provides reviews and recommendations for a number of web hosting frameworks. After this transition, the Developers Union adopted a new mission statement redefining the goals of the organization, stating that: "The Developers Union is a group of developers that have come together to publish content to help aspiring coders, developers and techies alike. We are mainly focused on Apple (App Store) apps and helping people create and finish their desired coding goals". This new statement marks a clear deviation from the original intent of the Developers Union. Impacts & Achievements. Although ultimately unable to reach secondary goals such as fair revenue splits on the Apple App store, the efforts of the Developers Union were not entirely unsuccessful. By speaking out against Apple's policies and drawing attention to issues within the Apple App store, the Developers Union was able to raise awareness of the negative impacts these policies on smaller app developers. This awareness may have contributed to Apple's ultimate decision to expand free trials on the Apple App store, although this is unconfirmed as Apple has not made any public statements regarding the Developers Union. Such free trials are of particular importance to smaller or lesser-known developers, as it lowers the barriers to entry for potential new users and gives these developers a better chance at achieving traction in the market. Coalition For App Fairness. The Coalition For App Fairness (CAF) is an independent nonprofit organization founded in September 2020 by 14 large Apple app developers including Epic Games, Match Group, Tile, Blockchain.com, and Spotify. They are against Apple's 30% "App Tax" and anti-competitive policies in the Apple ecosystem. Impacts. In October 2020, Microsoft introduced a set of 10 principles for its app store policies based on the principles of the CAF . Also, in November 2020, Apple introduced the Small Business Program, where developers making $1 million or less will have their revenue cut lowered to 15% after filling out an application. Google also responded similarly, lowering cuts to 15% for the first $1 million of revenue for developers per year. It can be perceived that the CAF was able to reach the attention of Apple and major app stores and influence their policies. The CAF is still standing and operating today. Apple. Services. Throughout much of the COVID-19 pandemic, Apple has been expanding from just selling iPhones and iPads to selling software and services and focused on being a 'services' company. Their multitude of services (Apple One, Apple TV+, Apple Music, Apple Fitness+, Apple Arcade, Apple News+, Apple Podcasts, Apple Books) also helped them set a sales record in June 2020 and is the second largest division in the company . Strategies. Since the app store's introduction in 2007, Apple's commission policy has always been a 30% tech tax. This policy has led to fights and lawsuits with software companies and tech giants. In response, Apple has also lowered its cut to 15% for developers that have not exceeded $1 million USD in yearly proceeds, which has still left large tech companies unsatisfied. Fights. Fortnite, an app from the developer Epic Games, attempted to add it's own payment system to that bypassed Apple's 30% cut. This led to the game being banned from the Apple app store in August 2020 . Epic Games filed a lawsuit against Apple over this but the judge ruled in favor of Apple, forcing them to pay the 30% cut. As of April 2023, Fortnite is not available for iPhone or iPad. Spotify, Netflix, and Tinder have also banned together by asking users to sign up on their website and increasing prices for users signing up from the app. Since then, Apple has relaxed their regulations to allow them to link users to their site for signup. Antitrust Concerns. The Developers Union's struggle against Apple and its app store policies reflects the antitrust and monopoly concerns that some individuals and groups have voiced with respect to the Apple App Store. In October 2020, an investigation by the House antitrust subcommittee found that Apple has “monopoly power” over the smartphone app market. The European Commission has also issued antitrust charges against Apple over concerns about the company’s App Store practices, finding that Apple has broken European Union competition rules with its App Store policies. However, the court sided with Apple in a 2020 antitrust lawsuit brought forth by Epic Games, prompting Apple to state that, "for the second time in two years, a federal court has ruled that Apple abides by antitrust laws at the state and federal levels. The App Store continues to promote competition, drive innovation, and expand opportunity, and we’re proud of its profound contributions to both users and developers around the world". The main justification for labeling Apple's app store as monopolistic is the near complete control that Apple has over app distribution on iOS devices, as Apple has long resisted and attempted to prevent the use of third party app stores on their devices on grounds that apps not approved by them may present security risks to their users. This lack of viable alternatives allows Apple to force arguably unfair revenue splits on developers and to ignore push back from smaller groups such as the Developers Union. Comparison to Android App Stores. In contrast to the restrictive approach that Apple has traditionally taken for app distribution on its devices, Google has taken a more open and free market approach on their own Android platform. Although Google also operates its own first party app store called the Google Play Store that takes a revenue cut comparable to Apple's, Google allows for competing third party app stores to exist. This allows for users and developers who are dissatisfied with the Google Play Store other viable means by which to distribute and receive apps, and has led to a modest marketplace for alternative app stores. Some of the more notable alternative Android app stores include the , Samsung Galaxy Store, the Tencent Appstore, and Aptoide.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1037. IBM code page 1037 (CCSID 1037) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in the Korea to support the IBM 5080 Graphics System.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1039. IBM code page 1039 (CCSID 1039) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes to support GML (Generalized Markup Language).

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1068. IBM code page 1068 (CCSID 1068) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1071. IBM code page 1071 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Austria and Germany. It is an old version of code page 273. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1073. IBM code page 1073 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Brazil. It is an old version of code page 275. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1074. IBM code page 1074 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Denmark and Norway. It is an old version of code page 277. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1075. IBM code page 1075 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Finland and Sweden. It is an old version of code page 278. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1076. IBM code page 1076 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Italy. It is an old version of code page 280. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1077. IBM code page 1077 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Japan. It is an old version of code page 281. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1078. IBM code page 1078 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Portugal. It is an old version of code page 282. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1080. IBM code page 1078 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Ireland and the United Kingdom. It is an old version of code page 285. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1082. IBM code page 1082 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Israel. Not that the Hebrew letters from 0x8C to 0xEF are capital forms, not in Unicode. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1083. IBM code page 1083 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Israel. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1085. IBM code page 1085 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Iceland. It is an old version of code page 871. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1087. Code page 1087 is an EBCDIC code page with with the full Symbol font charset used in IBM mainframes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1093. IBM code page 1093 (CCSID 1093) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It supports the IBM logo, so the capital I, B, and M are in the IBM logo font.

Fractals/Mathematics/rotating. Rotation map defines dynamical systems on the circle ( maps of the circle to itself = self-maps on the circle). The theory describing it is called Rotation Theory "If a is rational, then every point is periodic. If a is irrational, then every point has a dense orbit." David Richeson rational. Rotation map formula_1 describes counterclockwise rotation of point formula_2 thru formula_3 turns on the unit circle: formula_4 It is used for computing: irrational. =References=

High School Biology/Communicating Ideas. = Scientist to Scientist Communication = Scientific Articles. Scientists often share their work by publishing an article about it in a scientific journal. Other researchers in the field read these journals to inform their own work and think of new ways to advance the field. Scientific articles have a certain format that includes the following parts (not always in the exact same order): Peer review. When scientists do research and share their findings, their conclusions must be well-thought out and logical. To ensure this, their work is reviewed by fellow scientists before being published. This process is known as peer review. Authors typically ask experts in the same area of study to assess their work. The reviewers help the authors identify flaws or mistakes and make suggestions to improve the study before it is shared with the rest of the scientific community. This makes sure that the research is reliable, accurate according the field, and useful for other researchers who may want to build off their work. However, reviewers do not have full access the authors' data, so it is assumed that the work submitted for peer review is legitimate and honest. The peer review process is not designed to detect fraud. "This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License."

Oscilloscope Design. =Preface= This book is about how an oscilloscope might be designed. I am aiming at the use of an ordinary TV for display but my design can actually be used by a PC also because data can be parallel read. I will describe all the parts needed for an oscilloscope. Actually I have designed a version of this some 30 years ago, it was my exam work which I am showing. This new version does however not use four wire-wrapped circuit boards for all the logic gates, instead it uses a Spartan FPGA. =TV-Scope Block Diagram= This picture shows a block diagram of our TV-Scope. It consists of five modules. The first module is an input interface (KOI) which takes care of the signals from three rotational encoders used to set the different two channel attenuations (Vots/DIV) and sweep-time values (Sweep-time/DIV). The second module (KOA) is the analog heart of our TV-Scope while it is an amplifier of high bandwidth. The third module is the trigger module (KOT) which makes you trig on a chosen signal level and slope. The fourth module (KOL) is the digital heart of our TV-Scope. The fifth module is only an interface for TV (KOV). KOF, Oscilloscope Front. Here you see my mechanical structure. Each unit has its own circuit board. As you can see it doesn't fit perfectly to the block diagram above but here it is more practical. If you want to sell a unit, this is more appropriate meaning that the different units are isolated from each other and kind of stands alone. Personly I think that the KOA has the highest commersial potential, next comes the KOT and perhaps even KOR is useful for others. KOL and KOV are however so specialized that noone would want or need them. I have upgraded this picture somewhat, the Auto/Norm triggering feature in KOT has been eliminated while it is now hardwired in KOL (see the new version of Ts_Enable). Critical Components. The mechanical parts (bold faced) in this list are referred to the KOF above. The electrical parts are referred to the rest of our TV Scope. All parts are rather critical. The SRAMs are critical with regard to access time (12ns). The PROMs are not critical other than memory space. The PROMs can be changed to whatever and need mainly to be of correct size. I have chosen 27C512 partly because I like that (E)PROM, partly because I can program them with my Dataman S4 programmer. While the speed of it all is important I have also chosen a fast OP-amp (LM318). The comparator (CMP01) is obsolete but I bought a couple from ebay a while ago and kind of like it (while I also used it in my original TV-Scope). The two special ICs regarding composite TV-sync generation and extraction are not necessary because Spartan can emulate them but I used them in my original TV Scope and they minimizes the design work of the Spartan. KOR, Oscilloscope Regulators. At input the regulators see some 17Vp. AVss need not 3m3 of buffer capacitance while the current drawn there is rather low but I like symmetry. AVcc does not draw so much current either but all the other regulators will so here we need a rather high capacitance. To look at the different currents we can supply we must first check what the voltages are over the different regulators. For Vcc we have 12V, for Vdd we have 14V, for Vaux we have 15V and for Vint we have same 16V. All regulators can supply around 1,5A but using no cooler a TO220 can't handle more than some 2W. For say Vint this means a maximum current of 2/16=125mA which isn't that much. I have no idea how much my Spartan will draw at 40MHz but I imagine not so small a current. The Spartan has three supplies (3,3/2,5/1,2V), which one draws current? Or do they all do? I think 1,2V is the core supply and I recon it is here it draws current and 125mA doesn't sound enough. My plan is to put a cooler on all Spartan supplies. This cooler will be a push-on cooler with a K of some 16K/W and for what I have learned the maximum allowable power dissipation is then formula_1 where K is the cooling factor of the cooler, Kiso is the thermal resistance of the isolation and Kjc is the thermal resistance of the junction to case. Using Kiso=0,3, Kjc(TO220)=2 and K=16 we get 7W. Now Vint can draw 7/16=0,44A and while all other regulators has less differential voltages over them they can deliver more. Let's say that they deliver some 0,5A maximum, are the buffer capacitors large enough? As you know a good approximation for the voltage drop from a capacitor input filter is formula_2 so for a time delay of 10ms using 50Hz mains, full wave rectification and 6,6mF we have 0,8V peak to peak rippel. If AVcc/AVss (12V) is made to function at all times the voltage drop can't be more than 17V-(12V+3V)=2V while the regulators need some 3V over them to regulate, so the overall margin isn't that high. In other words, the total current to supply the system can't be much more than some 1A. On the other hand I plan to use an AC-adaptor being able to supply 1,7Aac which means some 1,2Adc maximum. KOI, Oscilloscope Interface. This is a theoretical unit while I am a bit uncertain how to design it so I design for all rotational encoders and the attenuator circuit here. The two different rotational encoder solutions will be merged into KOA and KOL at a later stage. I am aiming at a two channel oscilloscope so there will be two 12-step rotational encoders (in KOA) and one 18-step rotational encoder (in KOL). The POR-circuit displayed will reside in all of these three modules making three separate POR-circuits. Tsw and POR Control. Here I show a drawing of a /POR circuit which goes low at the moment the supply voltage is put on. It holds its low level for a short time (~100ms) which enables all ICs being set to a known start value. I also show a circuit that generates five output datas (read addresses) from a rotational encoder, these addresses are then used to set the different Tsw/DIV sweep-times. The use of a rotational encoder is rather obligatory nowadays because multiple pole and throw rotational switches are obsolete and if they may at all be found they cost too much. The other circuit I am showing simply sniffs the address and shows what the setting is by simple LEDs (or LED Arrays in my case). I have an analogue oscilloscope bought from China that I like but I really dislike the feature that when you are out of range it beeps. Here I instead use the feature that when you turn the knob clockwise more than to the shortest Tsw (625ns) it switches to the longest Tsw (0,5s) but if you turn the knob counter clock wise more than to the longest Tsw, it stays there. My thought around this is kind of advanced because when I now also wish to use this feature for the Volts/DIV this means that you will go from 1mV to 5V if you overturn the knob clock wise (CW) but you will stay at the 5V range anti clock wise. Imagine having a signal of some 50V and you happen to turn the knob counter clock wise (CCW) at the 5V range. Would you like the input amplifier to be exposed to 50V? The input amplifier (KOA) is set for a 1mV sensitivity which is attenuated down by the attenuator for the different Volts/DIV, a sudden 50V here may not be so good. I seem to have designed so that the input can be some 22V without destroying the input protection diodes. A normal oscilloscope limit here is some 300Vp. Attenuator Control. Here I use a single HC191 counter for the chosen attenuator voltage levels (12 levels). I then decode the 4-bit address and use a priority encoder to lit a LED for each level. The HC191 will reside in KOA and not in the Spartan (or KOL) while this gives the overall design a more pedagogic feature due to separate PCBs for KOA and KOL. The OOR-feature (Out Of Range) is the same as above but here we move from 1mV to 5V (0h address) while turning the knob CW, turning the knob CCW at 5V however means that we stop at 5V. The Attenuator. The reed relays draw more than 25mA which is more than HC-MOS can supply so we need some kind of buffer, I use ULN2003. The output from the attenuator control above is then inverted so we need to invert these before driving ULN. While Cin is not zero and we wish the attenuation to be frequency independent we need to have a capacitor over both attenuating resistors. At 1mV/DIV the signal is straight into KOA so here we only see Cin but due to standard probes expecting 25pF we must add some 17pF. 1mV/DIV is thus a special case but we may see it as at any attenuation level, the probe must see 25pF. There are four governing formulas to consider:<br> formula_3 where formula_4 formula_5 while we need to consider KOA input, then we have formula_6 formula_7 which is the expected probe resistance and finally formula_8 where 25pF is the expected probe capacitance. This simplifies to formula_9 formula_10 formula_11 formula_12 Here we only need to consider the special cases above regarding the physical R3/C3 components. Att is by the way always less than one because it is a simple voltage divider and I think the formulas becomes more smooth if we use 1/Att. Attenuator Table. Here I have calculated all attenuator values for our 12 different settings. I have aimed at a tolerance of around 2% when it comes to both frequency and level. While this tolerance is rather narrow I partly need to parallel capacitors partly use special 1% resistors of the E96 series. The tolerance for the capacitors is normally rather bad (don't hope for more than 10%) so this part of the attenuator table isn't that precise. For the high sensitive levels (low attenuation) the capacitance of the input stage (KOA) has to be considered. I reason that the input capacitance of KOA will be less than 8pF while the input protection diodes (1N4148) are said to have a maximum capacitance of 8pF and while this value is measured at a reverse voltage of zero volts, the actual capacitance when they are biased -12V will be better. The input capacitance of the KOA without the diodes is estimated to be 0pF mainly because the output capacitance of the current generator is rather low while it comes in series with the very low input capacitance of the transistors. It suddenly strikes me that our KOA input resistor (limiting the protection diodes current) has a capacitance of around 0,1pF which is much smaller than our 25pF and also comes in series with the net diode capacitance of around 8pF. So for practical purposes we may neglect KOA input capacitance. I have now done that and corrected the attenuator table accordingly. My choice of input resistor is 470Ohms, this while my two analog oscilloscopes has 250Vp maximum marked at the channel inputs and 470Ohm will approximatelly limit the current of input protection diodes to 250V/470Ohm=0,5A while 1N4148 can withstand 0,5A as repetitive peak current (0,3A max DC). In real life there will not be a steady DC voltage of 250V applied to the inputs (at worst case) but just a peak voltage so my limitation suffices. Another reason for limiting the input voltage to 250V is that this is a standard voltage rating for capacitors. However, the different capacitors sees different voltages, if we look at R2 this one sees almost all at the 5V setting and none at 1mV setting so to speak but I think it is a good method if all capacitors can withstand 250V. The only problem is that my stock of capacitors are not all 250V so I plan to buy them all in a special customized order (I don't need so many as you may appreciate). KOA, Oscilloscope Amplifier. At the differential input stage (A) I use a pair of BF245A JFET transistors. This is manly because I want to be able to set the input resistance high, if you do that with bipolar transistors you would need Darlingtons to limit the input bias current and thus the offset (due to the other transistor working with lower resistors) and I don't like that. Here I also use a current generator (T3) mainly for ease of setting the bias current while it also generates lots of CMRR. The next stage (B) is a C-stage input capacitance driver while high drive impedance results in a low bandwidth. The collector resistances R3/R4 aren't that large but their resistances are much larger than the output resistance of an emitter follower. At the C-stage I use a pair of Germanium High Frequency Transistors (AF239) and I do this mainly for fun. This is the gain stage and I use differential connection of the transistors up to here because the DM gain is higher than the CM gain. You could decouple a single ended gain transistor emitter resistor to get the same gain but I don't like that, I think it is smoother to keep the signal differential. At stage (D) there is just an emitter follower to enable low output impedance. Some of this low impedance is however ruined by the output connection where I have set the Variable pot to 1k along with a 470Ohm resistor. A sloppy estimation of the maximum output impedance is 250Ohm, for a single pole you would want the pole (fp) to lay 3 times higher in frequency for -0,5dB so if we wish to measure 10MHz without problems, the pole should lay at 30MHz. Our sloppy estimation of 250Ohms then tells us that the maximum capacitance of the next stage should be 21pF. I will now describe the different stages, beginning with the input stage (A). While CM gain is rediculously low I omitt that and move on to DM gain, the DM gain is formula_13 This is a rather low gain but we use rather small drain resistors compared to the "plate resistance" (rp). At the next stage the voltage gain is almost exactly 1 due to emitter followers and I will not show that. At the C stage we then have our serius gain, the gain expression for these bipolar transistors is formula_14 Here the output resistance for stage B (Rs) is estimated to 25/Ic while gm is said to be Ic[mA]/25 for small signal transistors. In the datasheet for the AF239 I find that g11 is 2mS at 800MHz and 45mS at 200MHz, while this is an admittance hie may be evaluated as being 500Ohms as worst. So the total gain is some 6*32=192. This is however less than I need, I need 215. Interesting! At my position R3/R4 may be increased rather much, one thing then is that bias current will have to be lessened another thing is that stage B has input capacitance which isn't that critical but will worsen bandwidth while I am aiming at at a GBW of 2,15GHz. On the other hand I have used the worst g11 in my calculations. Building this "OP-amp" is very exciting, will I hit more than 215 in gain and more than 2,15GHz in bandwidth? KOT, Oscilloscope Trigger. This unit selects four different kind of trigger sources and enables a trigger pulse to start the sampling at the wanted point. The sources are CH1, CH2, EXT and LINE where the channel inputs comes directly from KOA, EXT comes from an external trigger source and LINE comes from the 50Hz AC Line. There is a Probe Cal gadget that makes it possible to trim probes. There is also a rotational switch (V-Mode) that selects what to send to the ADCs. After IC10:b there is however a misunderstanding which I am correcting below. New Version. Auto triggering will be enabled in KOL so the Ready signal is not needed. Auto triggering will always be enabled so that DC-signals can be displayed. Up to now a display of a DC signal has required the trigger source being set to LINE while the KOT only gives triggering signal for AC signals. I will explain further at the Ts_Enable unit. KOL, Oscilloscope Logic module. All digital circuits except for SRAMs, PROMs, Sync-ICs, monostable multivibrators and hazard generators will be implemented in the Spartan FPGA. I think that SRAMs, monostable multivibrators and hazard generators are impossible to implement, I do however think that ROM functions are possible to implement but do not want to mix Gate CAD (ECS) with VHDL/Verilog while I also suck at programming. The Sync-ICs can be implemented in the Spartan but I think there will be less programming work if I use available ICs instead. Ts_Enable. This unit sniffs the input trigger and is, with the use of a monostable multivibrator, set high when there has come a trigger signal from the analog part of our TV Scope. The time the multivibrator is set is slightly longer than it takes to sweep the scope with the use of maximum sweep time (10*Tsw_max) while there are 10 "squares" in the x direction, each Tsw. This unit will have to reside outside of the Spartan. New Version. This version incorporates an auto trigger which makes DC-signals being displayed. It works in such a way that the Spartan simulates a whole 10Tsw (or screen width) delay and if no samples has come before 10Tsw an auto trig is generated. A new sharp trigger signal then has <10Tsw before auto trig which means that the sitting AC-signal will take over if its trigger comes before the auto trigger which is the normal case for a screen width because we are viewing a signal that perhaps varies within one Tsw only. Ts/Tswap Generator. Here we divide a 40MHz crystal to give the different sweep-times. Actually the sweep-times (Tsw) themselves are not generated but Tsw/50 which gives the sampling time (Ts). A signal called Tswap (40MHz) is also created which is used to move the sampled data from the Sampling Memory to the Read Memory while the samples can not be moved other than during the time for the vertical sync and it is a good thing to move the samples with highest possible speed. Except for the PROM, the component type numbers are not relevant because this unit will reside in the Spartan. [I will remove this later on and just update the picture. As a note I have come to the conclusion that showing the grid on a TV screen using 500 samples means that I need a PROM of 128kB, moving down to 250 samples only requires half which means that I can use my precious 27C512-10 for both the Tsw division and the grid. This then has the advantage that the rest will be more simple when it comes to design (due to only one full byte of counters) and by halving the number of samples per division (Tsw) I can move lower when it comes to Tsw and thus view signals of higher frequency. The drawback is that I will have to redesign this picture and also the programming table below, another drawback is the resolution i.e 25 samples (instead of 50) per Tsw]. New Version. Below I have reduced the number of samples per Tsw from 50 to 25. This is because I want to use my precious 27C512 which are only 64kx8 while I originally needed 128kx8. 25 samples per Tsw does however mean that I can measure higher up in frequency while the resolution then thus is somewhat worse but I think that 25 samples per Tsw (division) is enough. The super fast SRAMs are the limitation. PROM Programming Table. The 40MHz crystal is here divided to give us the Ts and Tsw we need (where Tsw is the sweep-time per divison and the number of divisions x-wise in an oscilloscope is ten, each Tsw is here sampled 50 times). As you can see the shortest Ts is the crystal period and I think that the SRAMs need to have half of this time as access time because I have had some problems with 20ns memories. New Version. Here I have upgraded the programming table for the Tsw PROM. I have not done so much studies but only changed the above original programming table to this one. I may however have to check it but that is an easy thing. Sampling/Swap Mode Switch. This unit switches between sampling (Ts) and swap (Tswap). At sampling the Sampling-memory is filled with data and there is a LAR (Last Address Ready) when the last address has been "sampled". This first LAR switches to swap but swap can not be done other than during vertical sync (here named swap-start), also the total sampling time may exceed 20ms (half TV page time) so we have to wait until sampling has finished before we can swap. At swap-start the content of the Sampling-memory is copied to the Read-memory with a high speed (40MHz in this case) and while the speed is so high the copying will finish before the vertical part of the TV picture has finished. When all data has been swaped there is another LAR which via NTE enables a new trigger. At the chosen start-line, the samples will be displayed. There is also an area of the TV-screen that is enabled only for our 256 ADC data range (En.D-lines) where this signal also makes it possible to adjust the displayed data horizontally (X-Pos). New Version. Here I change the "Swap Start" to the verikal pulse (VO) instead while the VO is of short duration (around 200us) and hazards are not allowed inside the Spartan. By doing this I may also be able to skip the sync separating IC (LM1881) and only use the sync generator IC (MSM5258) which have the signals I need. Ts/Tswap Address. Here we generate addresses for Ts and Tswap. The counters are initiated to Fh while the first clock-pulse sets them to our first sample of address 0h and from there the counters are just stepped up. We also generate a signal LAR (Last Address Ready) which tells us that the maximum address has been reached (i.e all of our 500 samples has been stored). The LAR is generated twice, firstly after sampling and secondly after swapping and it is only when swap is finished the LAR generates a NTE (New Trig Enable) so that there can be a new sampling. While the used counters has syncronous load the clock needs to be delayed a short time (done by a small capacitor, C1) because /LD has to be low when the clock comes. I will change the counters to asyncrous ones instead. New Version. Here I eliminate one counter to reduce the number of samples from 500 to 250. This has to do with my precious 27C512 EPROM while it also simplifies a lot. In this drawing I use the HC193 instead of the HC163. This is just schematic while the counters will reside inside the Spartan. I am however aiming at a counter in the Spartan library that has asynchronous Load. In the former version I used a counter that had synchronous load which complicate things (the load pulse was had to be delayed for the clock). The benefit with the former counter is that it is faster but as I readily have told you, this doesn't matter (due to Spartan being fast). I relay an inverted version of the Ts/Tswap clock (and has called it /Ck) and this is rather important because it gives a delay of the whole clock when writing to the memory. The memory can't be written at the same time the address is generated. The LAR-signal is looked to overshoot (250 samples means 0-249) but what happens is that when the sample number is 249 the asynchronous load loads FFh so that when the first Ts/Tswap comes we have the address 0. The LAR pulse is short, it is only a spike of around tpd duration. We do however not need a full pulse here, tpd is enough to initialize the counters. This way we have a rather exact time delay of 250 Ts/Tswap. TV_Read (adr+sim.data). Here we generate read addresses for reading by the Sync-IC. It starts with the vertical output pulse (VO) which goes high at the odd field and the address is stepped forward by the D-Read signal. The signal En.D-Lines tells the system where to start reading and displaying the data on the TV screen. En.D-lines sets where on the screen we want the data to be displayed. Sim.Data is a simulated data bus which is used to be compared with the (inverted) ADC data. The data from the ADC is inverted (either analoglly or digitally) because the first line on the top of the TV screen has the line number 0 while the line numbers are increased downwards so to be able to compare the line-data with the ADC data the ADC has to be inverted. New Version. Here I also eliminate a counter to handle 250 samples instead. When D-lines is not enabled and the vertical pulse (VO) comes the simulated data (Sim.Data) and the Read-address will be set to FFh. At each line-read (D-Read) the simulated data will be stepped up at the same time the Read-Address is stepped up. So at first D-read pulse the simulated data is zero and the address is zero. Simulated data begins from the top of the TV screen so the A/D value will have to be inverted to match the line number (simulated data). When the simulated data equals the inverted A/D value, the pixel is lit. This version is more simple than the original partly because I here use up/down counters that have asynchronous Load and Clear partly because the number of addresses/samples is two nibbles long only. In practice this doesn't matter because I plan to use predefined counters in the Spartan library but right now I do not know what they are, on the other hand I can manufacture counters by using gates only, which I have done for my CPU, and that I know resides in the library. Memory Handling. The sampling is done to the Sampling Memory. When a sampling is done and the vertical pulse has come, the sampled samples are moved by the swap-clock to the the Read Memory. After this is done the Read Memory is read. This is because the samples can only be read while the TV is showing the samples and we need to see the samples all the time. Grid PROM. The pixels are lit when the simulated data equals the programmed data. The simulated data is linearly increased from the top of the screen where the first line has the value 0, inverting the data makes the data have the value 0 too. So when the line number is the same as the data the pixel is lit. The programming of the Grid PROM is however not so simple. New Version. Here I reduce the number of samples to be able to use my precious 27C512 instead. This means that the resolution per Tsw (division) will go from 50 samples per division to 25 samples per division. It however also makes me being able to measure higher frequencies. Consider 50Ts/Tsw and the shortest Ts is 25ns, then one hole division will take 25ns*50=1,25us. Now an estimation of the shortest period of a signal to be visualized is some 1,25us/5=250ns. The inversion of this makes the highest possible frequency to be seen 4MHz. Halving the resolution will instead enable the visualization of 8HHz. I do not plan to implement the standard feature of analog oscilloscopes that is a 10X Mag so we are stuck with only being able to measure frequencies around 8MHz maximum. The programing of this Grid PROM is however not that trivial. At the original situation some 30 years ago it took the fastest available computer at Chalmers some two hours! Video Out Generator. This drawing is preliminary but rather important because it fundamentally determines how to read the sampling memory. My plan is another than this original version where we have an output signal called "Swap-start". I used two SRAMs at this occasion but is now contemplating the use of only one SRAM per channel while the MSM5258 PAL Sync Generator actually has a reset which may perhaps be used to start the reading of the sampled SRAM at a controlled screen position. The original solution did have to wait for the vertical sync. New Version. Here I eliminate the sync separator IC (LM1881) to use the sync generator IC only (MSM5258) instead. The vertical output pulse (VO) is of around 200us in length and it is a pulse that goes positive at odd fields. I anticipated a problem here because if we use shortest Tsw one 10Tsw sweep (a full screen) will take 250*25ns=6,25us which also is the same as the swap-speed. So the obligatory sampling+swap will take 12,5us that is, if it takes a longer time than the sampling time which means that the swapping will have to wait for the next vertical pulse (VO). But this is always the case if we consider long Tsw where 10Tsw can take up to 5s (10*0,5s/DIV). Here we wish to see something on the screen in spite of the sampling not being ready. So this is not a problem. A problem could be the fact that I don't sniff the actual flank of the VO but is aiming at using the 200us VO pulse instead (while the Spartan can't handle hazards) which means that if 10Tsw is less than 200us we have to wait for the next VO. On the other hand, if 10Tsw is longer than VO we have to wait for VO anyway. I have come to the conclusion that the outputs of the sync-generator IC are open drain. This way it is easy to adapt the output voltage to the Spartan. The values of the resistors are kind of irrelevant but I will use 10k. Line Field Decoder. This module generates a signal that is high during all 256 lines (which is our data range). I have a hard time understanding it and will try to understand it better. It is copied as an application example for the LM1881 sync separator. I think I now understand it better and have made some corrections, the most brutal correction is the elimination of the inverter from the borrow output of Nr of Continues Lines while this is a negative going pulse when all continues lines have been counted. At that stage the latch have to be reset so that the final counting of the continues lines enables a one at the count down (CD) input to stop the counting. The continues lines is the last that happens, then a odd/even screen is generated. Here I however though that while there are capacitors involved here I need to place this part outside of the Spartan. Now I however think that this isn't necessary because both the Composite Sync (CS) and the Vertical Pulse (VO) are indeed pulses. The exact start of the lines will however probably have to be adjusted in retrospect. I reason like this, while they are pulses it doesn't really matter when they are in control because they will come in synchronization anyway. If the triggering of the internal counters with regard to CS is delayed 14us pulse or not doesn't matter much, likewise if the triggering by the VO pulse is delayed 200us. TV-Read Clock. This unit gives offset possibilities for where we horizontally wish to show our samples. It also gives independent offset possibilities for both the Grid and Data. Due to this we may horizontally adjust the grid to the center of the TV screen along with X-POS adjustment of our data. X-POS is rather important because we often wish to adjust so that the signal crosses the grid at a certain place so that we more easily can estimate its frequency. External Read. Here we try to read the sampled data externally. This is preliminary done by creating two signals (VO and D-read) in a PC. VO is a positive pulse of short duration (normally ~200us) and D-Read is a synthesized horizontal pulse that reads the data in syncronization with the read addresses. This syncronization is enabled internally so to read data without PAL syncronisation we need to take care. When there has come a NTE (sampling and swap is finished) it means that fresh data resides inside the Read memory but reading of the Read memory may take a shorter time (compared to 10Tsw) than before next NTE (e.g a new sampling and swap), in that case we just wait for NTE and sends VO until NTE comes, that is we read one time and send VO until NTE goes high then we read again (new data). KOS, Oscilloscope Spartan. This is not a separate unit while it is incorporated in KOL. I do however need to specify several steps (and Gate-programming) of the Spartan. The point being that only pure gate technologies will be used here because I do not understand so much more and have simplified (in my world) to use the Spartan as little as possible while keeping the overall size to a minimum. All signals into the Spartan will have a 100Ohm series resistor from 5V external systems while the Spartan is not 5V tolerant. Ts_Enable can however be realized using 3,3V (HC-MOS can work down to 2V). The 40MHz crystal is intended to be a 5V DIL crystal which needs a 100Ohm resistor, this is also valid for the outputs of the 5V Tsw PROM (IC3) and the rotational encoder counters (IC6-7, HC191), the rotational encoder counters can however use 3,3V along with the Schmitt triggers (IC8). While the trigger pulse for Ts_Enable comes from an "analog" 5V system I think it is more attractive to inject a 100Ohm resistor in series before Spartan. In total I have to add 10pcs of 100Ohm resistors (I have checked that 3,3V is enough for high level on 5V systems). New Version. This version will have a counter output for the auto trig function (10Tsw). It will also be incorporated with all the resistors needed for the Spartan interface. I kind of think that 100 Ohms from 5V systems is a bit too low a resistance because let's say that there are input protection diodes at Spartan, the maximum input voltage is then 4V (3,3V+0,7V). (5V-4V)/100 is then 10mA. The Spartan itself can probably withstand this current but the units supplying this current will have to be able to supply 10mA. And I am right now not so certain that they can. The PROMs can but what about the DIL Crystal and the Sync Generator IC? I have checked that the recommended minimum supply voltage for the Sync Generator IC is 4V. I have come to the conclusion that the sync-generation IC has open drain outputs which means that I can set the output to whatever I like (as long as it is lower than the 5V supply). So this IC does not need a series input resistor to the Spartan. I have upgraded this picture somewhat, my philosophy is now that all ICs outside of the Spartan will run at 5V. This voltage (Vcc) is however not noted, the supply voltage is only noted for the 3,3V (Vdd) case. The Spartan needs to accept 5V through a resistor but it's 3,3V "core" can drive 5V logic. I have revised this drawing somewhat because I suddenly decided that the counters for the rotational encoder will reside in the Spartan. The counters are actually not so special it was just that I have had a hard time realizing it. The counters are just simple up/down counters using a U/D' input and a CLK input. These gotta be available in the Spartan library and if the are not I can actually manufacture them using ordinary gates. KOV, Oscilloscope TV module. The Lines Enabled (LE) part will be generated from the Spartan (with the aid of internal counters) and is thus 3,3V, all other signals are external and of the amplitude 5V. The gates will be supplied with 5V and I have checked that 3,3V is enough for high level. Epilogue. I have designed this TV Scope with the use of discrete logic capsules. So the whole design may be built using capsules only. The only problem is that the quantity of capsules will be rather high. I thus aim at reducing the number of capsules with the use of a Spartan FPGA. I have done some preliminary calculations and this seems to mean that the number of capsules drops from some 50 to 10. Designing it discretely however means the use of HC193 (my tip) but this counter only works to a frequency of some 32MHz (typically according to datasheet) while we sometimes run 40MHz. So this counter may have to be revised. A final thing is that I strongly recommend that all the signals in the PC Read feature are buffered while this saves the Spartan and the read memory. HC541 might suit the purpose.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1097. IBM code page 1097 (CCSID 1097) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Iran to support Persian.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1136. IBM code page 1136 (CCSID 1136) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Japan.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1150. IBM code page 1150 (CCSID 1150) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is an extension of Code page 833 that includes box drawing characters. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1151. IBM code page 1151 (CCSID 1151) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is an extension of Code page 836 that includes box drawing characters. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes. =References==

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1152. IBM code page 1152 (CCSID 1152) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is an extension of CCSID 28709 (code page 1159 without the euro sign) that includes box drawing characters. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1278. IBM code page 1278 (CCSID 1278) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It covers all of the PostScript Standard Encoding (code page 1276). Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1303. IBM code page 1303 (CCSID 1303) is an EBCDIC code page with full ASCII used in IBM mainframes. It is used for bar codes. Codepage layout. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Supplementary mathematics/Integral of Fourier. In differential and integral calculus, mathematical analysis and mathematical expansions, the Fourier integral or the Fourier integral operator has become an important element in the theory of numerical differential and integral equations. The class and function of the Fourier integral is applied in mathematics and as a branch of mathematics. The class of Fourier integral operators is as a differential operator, as well as classical integral operators as special cases.

Abnormal Sexual Psychology/Masochism. Masochism refers to the tendency to derive pleasure from one's own pain or humiliation. This can manifest in a variety of ways, including sexual activities that involve pain or submission, or non-sexual behaviors such as self-injury or humiliation. Masochism is often considered a part of BDSM (bondage, discipline, dominance/submission, and sadomasochism), although not all individuals who engage in BDSM activities identify as masochists. It's important to note that masochistic activities should always be consensual, safe, and carried out with informed consent from all parties involved.

Abnormal Sexual Psychology/Frotteurism. Frotteurism is a type of paraphilia, which refers to sexual disorders that involve persistent and intense sexual arousal or fantasies involving unusual or socially unacceptable sexual behaviors or fantasies. In the case of frotteurism, the person who has this disorder achieves sexual arousal and gratification by rubbing his/her genitals against another person, usually a stranger, in a public place or a crowded area, such as a train or bus. This behavior is usually non-consensual, meaning that the other person may not be aware of or consent to the behavior. Frotteurism is considered a form of sexual misconduct and is illegal in many jurisdictions. It can cause distress and discomfort to the person who experiences it and to the person who is the target of the behavior. Treatment for frotteurism usually involves psychotherapy and medication to manage the person's sexual desires and behaviors. It may also involve addressing any underlying psychological issues, such as depression or anxiety, that may contribute to the behavior.

Hybrid Power Amplifier Design. =Preface= This book is about how to design a power amplifier for audio while using tube input and magic eye indication of both output level and push-pull MOS balance. I think that I have come to the conclusion that the nice sound from tube amplifiers actually doesn't come from the tubes but comes from the output transformer so it seems like tubes are not necessary here and I use a pair of MOS transistors (2SK135) instead which also simplifies the output transformer (OPT). =Amplifier Block Diagram= The amplifier consists of five different modules which I first wanted to reside on a single PCB but have changed my mind and I will now use five different PCBs. The reason is that the different modules may be used for other applications. The first module (KHR) is the rectifier which rectifies 18VAC and filters it, the second module (KHS) is the heater supply which also steps up DC (with the use of a transformer, observe) for input tube usage, the third module (KHB) biases the 7247 input tube and makes it amplify and split, the fourth module (KHO) only sets bias for the output MOS and receives a split input signal from KHB, the fifth module (KHM) indicates offset balance and output level with the aid of a PM84 Magic Eye. It is not shown in the block diagram but there will be a special kind of output transformer also. KHR, Hybrid Rectifier. This unit supplies the whole amplifier and it does that with a delay given by the double tube diode V1. The delay is done by the heating time of the tube which smoothly onsets the voltage. It is a well known fact that silicon amplifiers has the risk of harming the tweeters due to the onset voltage spike which happens at normal onset without delay. This could be done by using timers but I think it is more smooth to do it with a single tube. This circuit works in such a way that when SW1 goes on 2x18V is immediatelly there, their smoothed voltage is supplying the V1, EB91 however takes some 15s before it is ready and is thus our timer. During most of this time T3 and T4 is strangled which means that the power transistors T1 and T2 also are strangled. While EB91 is being heated up a voltage is being built up at the bases of T3 and T4 which makes them conduct in such a way that T1 and T2 also are able to supply current. Here the currents are not less than 4A, they are less than 5A while the output MOSs draw 7Ap each at maximum output. This 5A is however a RMS from full wave 7Ap (while each transistor draw 7Ap alternatingly building a full wave supply signal). Now this current is a RMS. Normally a capacitor filter gives some DC-current and let's say the DC voltage is stable, the the AC current through the transformer is 1,4 times higher. I'm not sure about RMS but if I suppose the same the current at the transformer may be as high as 7A. I will use 8A rectifiers. My transformer is however of 160VA only, two windings of 18V makes a maximum current of 4,44A. This is a bit from 7A but I reason like this that firstly I don't need to run the amplifier at maximum output (some 5W is enough) secondly a toroidal transformer does actually not have a fuse so for a short time 7A may actually work. For 7A, the primary fuse will have to be 1,1AT. I'm not sure how fuses work but i think it is the rms current that blows them so maybe I should use 1AT instead because we don't want our transformer to burn (for normal use the fuse should be 0,7A). For toroidal transformers I have learned the hard way that you have to set a higher fuse than normal probably because the high inrush current. KHS, Hybrid Supply. This unit supplies the high voltage supply for the input tube and the Magic Eye, it also supplies the heater voltages for all the tubes where a 4/6/12V option is built in. With paralleled sekundaries it looks like output voltage at full load (13mA, estimated only) is around 235Vdc. The PM84 works best at around 250Vdc so this voltage is okey. It is however a bit sad that the voltage is over those 200V my capacitors can withstand (in singular) but on the other hand the voltage before the tubes are heated (and current is drawn) is around 318V. Some cooler will have to be used, the formula for estimating a cooler is formula_1 where K is the thermal resistance of the cooler, Kiso is for the insulation, Kjc is for junction to case. I am keen on using a push-on cooler for TO220 of 16K/W and the Kiso is around 0,3 (if used) and the Kjc of TO220 is around 2. Here we then have the power dissipations<br> IC1: (25-4)*0,3A=6,3W<br> IC2: (25-6)*0,3A=5,7W<br> IC3: (25-12)*0,15A=2W<br> Using my formula it can be shown that a 16K/W cooler can cool 7W so my approach works. 2W is by the way the limit for a naked TO220 whatever. KHB, Hybrid Bias. Here I use a double triode to amplify the input signal to the saturation level of the output stage. This level is lower than 10Vp and a Line level is defined as 0,5Vp so if we want to saturate the output stage we need a gain of 20. A ECC82 has a my of 20 but the gain can't be so much, a practical ECC82 gain is about 15 tops. While we need to hit rather exactly 7Vp a ECC82 may actually work but then we have to bias it for a gain of 15. I however am of the opinion that while feedback is kind of magical low a feedback as possible is the best. On the other hand we here have a transformer of rather unlinear properties where we need feedback to linearlize the output transformer. So a gain of 15 will not suffice, we need another tube. A ECC83 could be used but it works poorly as splitter. This is why a 7247 is my choice because it combines ECC83 with ECC82. Here I then have some power to linearlize both the transformer and the tube with feedback. The gain for the first stage (V1:b) may be written formula_2 here 470*101 is only 47k which is less than 10% of the denominator so we could have skipped that, but this is the correct expression, on the other hand none of this is that exact. The gain of the splitter (V1:a) is very close to 1 at both ends which means that our sensitivity is around 7Vp/76 or approximatelly 0,1Vp. Line level is said to be 0,5Vp which means that we have a margin of 5 for feedback. The only thing to then consider is that the output impedance of the anode is quite high (approximatelly Ra and thus 44k) which means that we can not load this stage so much, somewhere around 470k is perfect which I also do. Actually I don't want to use R3 but it is needed for the possibility of feedback. Here we then have a curious situation because while my estimated anode current is 400uA the R3 voltage is only some 0,2V. An output of my hopeful 35W means an output voltage of 12Vrms (or 17Vp) in a 4 Ohm speaker, if feedback of 5 is supposed to be relayed back to R3 the voltage will be around 3V which overshoots 0,2V. Here one may suspect hard distorsion (which would happen in a solid state amplifier) but I have noticed that this high feedback voltage actually can be handled! The only problem is that DC-bias of the amplifying tube (V1:b) drifts somewhat which also is the reason why the splitter is capacitivelly coupled from the amplifying tube. The input impedance to V1:a is not trivial but according to Morgan Jones formula_3 here beta is formula_4 and the gain is formula_5 while Rin=R9=1M, this sums up to formula_6 Here we see that the input resistor is amplified, in other words the input resistance is not the input resistor but some 7 times higher! This is actually rather important because feedback may sound simple but it "draws" the zeroes together making the response being unstable if care is not taken. I have learned that for two zeroes it is a good approach to keep them BF apart so if we want the feedback (BF) to be 5 times, we should keep them 5 times apart. If they are the same there will be a rather large peak low in frequency. This peak may not be heard because outside of the audible spectra but to me this is rather irritating, I want a smooth response. I think this also will alter the step response, maybe to instability. I have measured the input resistance of the Edison biased V1:b tube being some 800k. KHO, Hybrid Output. Here I regulate the bias for the MOSs. I think it is important to regulate the bias especially when running Class B which is my plan. The regulator voltages used are also so much lower than the supply voltage so any spike will not interfere with the bias. Class A generates no spikes but Class B does because current is supplied one half-cycle at the time so this current jerks in the supply. Input signal is capacitivelly coupled to the trimmer and the trimmer sets bias. Depending on bias the zero will differ because the impedance the capacitor sees is different but I have set minimum zero to an acceptable frequency level. For JFET/MOS transistors and pentodes the gain formula is rather simple formula_7 this while transistors behave like current generators, triodes however behave like voltage generators where there is a not so negligable bleeding current. Here the 2SK135 gm is rather exactly 1S so the gain is Ra so to speak. I use a reflected Ra of some 2,8Ohms so the gain is 2,8. We have above calculated the driving circuit gain of some 76, total gain to the drains is thus 213. When the MOS are loaded with 2,8Ohm each, their swing capacity at 25V supply is around 20V so we have a sensitivity of 20/213=90mV for full power output. At the same time the gate doesn't have to swing more than some 7Vp and this is what we have to hit as driving voltage. Swinging 7V at the gates gives a peak drain current of some 7A (gm=1S). Running Class B means that this peak current is supplied to one of the MOS over one half of the cycle. The rms current through this MOS is then formula_8 so the rms current through this transistor is 3,5A (and of course also through the other transistor). The net full input current is 7Ap (5Ae), I then use a transformer of the turn ratio 150/250 which makes the secondary current be 250/150*7Ap=11,7Ap, rms this means (while it is full wave) 8,2Ae. So it seems like the different primary windings work with 3,5Ae while the secondary works with 8,2Ae. Below I have estimated Rp/2 to 1,7Ohm and Rs to 1,4Ohm, running these currents through them gives a copper loss of 21W and 94W respectively which is kind of rediculous. So my transformer winding resistances are too high, I need much thicker threads because here I have a copper loss of some 2x21W+94W=136W and my transformer will burn up! The primary current density is around 14A/mm^2 and the secondary current density is around 21A/mm^2 this while I know that professional transformer manufacturers run 3A/mm^2. So the different wires are too thin. I have calculated that the overall use of 1mm wire will give 4,4A/mm^2 and 10A/mm^2 respectively. This will probably lessen the copper loss from 136W to around 50W which may be acceptable(?). In any case, there is no need to run maximum output power (which including copper losses seems to be around 42W). If maximum output power of the amplifier is 42W and you normally play at 12 o'clock you play at some tenth of the maximum output power and thus some 5W. So this fantastic amplifier may work anyway. KHM, Hybrid Magic Eye. This unit sniffs MOS bias unbalance and output level and shows them with the help of a Magic Eye. The bias offset will be very low due to Class B (read almost no bias current) so in this case it only sniffs output level. This is a rather special circuit, I have designed it to be able to sniff tube power amplifiers too which mean around 500V of supply (B+). T5 needs some voltage over it, in the tube case this is not a problem while output transformers have copper losses. In my case the difference between B+ and the drain potentials are however not that much, on the other hand I have attenuated the input with the aid of for instance R1/R16 which means that the input level at Class B (which means that input voltage is the same as B+) is attenuated 2M2/(1M+2M2)=0,69. At an Class B input of 25V, the voltage at input will be 17V and this is 8V below rail so this circuit may actually work even for Class B. The DM formula for the gain in this special case is formula_9 here we see that if formula_10 and beta»1, which is the normal case, we have formula_11 so for little higher Re the gain is determined by the Rc/Re ratio only. I have set Re to 2k7 and Rc to 3k9 to give the amplifier a gain of slightly more than 1. Let's say the gain is one, then each input gives a replica at the the collector resistance Rc. D3+C3+R12 is a peak detector (with a 50ms time constant to be able to sniff changes). Into this peak detector thus comes the (varying) drain potential. The peak value controls the opening of the Magic Eye (ME). Now we have two scenarios, we wish to sniff balance (DC) as well as VU (AC). The dynamic limitation of the ME is some 11V so the input voltage has to stay within 11V. For KHP the maximum input swing is around 20V so here we would want a attenuation, what's worse is if we connect this to a tube power amplifier we will have a input swing of around 300V. This can't be handled by the ME so in the case of AC-signals I have attenuated the signal some 20dB using for instance R1 and C1. At DC we then have the sensitivity of 11V, at AC the maximum level we can detect is around 100V which is rather appropriate while we often play at 12 o'clock (-10dB i.e Pmax/10). KHT, Hybrid Output Transformer. In my book OPT Design almost everything about OPT design is explained. If high bandwidth is required it is a sport to design a good output transformer. I will here add actual dimensions of the used LL-core and the nice LL-coils which Lundahl Transformers so thankfully have sold and manufactured for me. The turn ratio is 500/300 totally. The primary is of 0,56mm diameter copper wire, the secondary is of 0,71mm. Both primary and secondary consist of two coils of half the total turns to fit on the LL C-Core as push-pull coils. Transformer Loss Model. I have the coils but have not measured their copper resistances. I have however estimated them. The full primary is 3,4Ohm (Rp), the full secondary is 1,4Ohm (Rs) and using the model we see that the attenuation is formula_12 which for a speaker (RL) of 4Ohms gives an attenuation of -4,4dB (60%). The 2SK135 MOS at my bias gives a maximum output power of some 70W, 70W-4,4dB is then 42W and around that is probably what I with a 4 Ohm speaker (RL) can get. For curiosity I did not get more than 11W with my Tube Power Amplifier (KPA) using the fantastic tube 807 in push-pull.

Professionalism/The Johnson & Johnson Baby Powder Case. Brief History of Johnson & Johnson Leading up to Baby Powder Controversy. Background. Johnson & Johnson, founded in 1886 by Robert, Edward, and James Johnson, is the world's largest producer of health-related goods, offering a diverse range of products across consumer health, medical technology, and pharmaceuticals. The company was inspired by the work of Joseph Lister on sterile surgical methods and its first products were wound care products. In 1888, the company published "Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment," which quickly became a standard text for antiseptic surgery, promoting sterile surgery globally. That same year, Johnson & Johnson also released the first commercial first aid kits. In 1894, the company expanded its product line to include maternity and infant-care products, launching its iconic Johnson & Johnson baby powder. Today, Johnson & Johnson continues to lead the health-related products industry, reporting a revenue of $93.8 billion in 2021. Timeline leading up to the Baby Powder Controversy. In the 1930s, the first recorded account of the harmful effects of talc on humans emerged. Subsequently, in 1971, a British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology study discovered talc particles in 75% of ovarian tumors, while in 1975 an internal Johnson & Johnson memo acknowledges the problematic link between genital talc use and ovarian cancer. Faced with the possibility of a federal ban on cosmetic talcum powder in 1977, Johnson & Johnson began testing baby powder with cornstarch as a replacement. In 1982, Daniel Cramer conducted the first case-control study to link genital talc use with ovarian cancer, discovering that women have 92% increased risk of ovarian cancer when using talc for feminine hygiene purposes. In 1992, an internal Johnson & Johnson memo outlined the planned targeting of Black and Hispanic women through increased marketing to counter a decline in sales of talc-containing products. Following this, the National Toxicology Program reported in 1993 that cosmetic talc could cause tumors in animals, and the condom industry removed talc from all products in 1996 due to ovarian cancer concerns. A large-scale review published by the Anticancer Research Journal in 2003 found a 33% increased risk of ovarian cancer with long-term use. In 2011, Daniel Cramer published a 10-year case-control study that found women with long-term genital talc use had a two-thirds increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. In 2013, Deanne Bergs, the first person to go to trial, won her lawsuit against Johnson & Johnson after it failed to warn consumers of the risk of developing ovarian cancer due to its talcum powder products. Johnson & Johnson's Failure to Disclose Presence of Asbestos in Talcum Products. Talcum is a mineral that is mined from the earth. In its natural form, talcum can occur in the same geological formations as asbestos. Because of this, when it is mined, some talcum will contain asbestos. The plaintiffs of the Johnson & Johnson baby powder lawsuits allege that the powder led them to develop mesothelioma or ovarian cancer. Asbestos is a known carcinogen and exposure to it is the cause of most cases of mesothelioma and the Mesothelioma Center does not recognize any "safe" level exposure to it. As for talcum, there is currently no scientific consensus on its carcinogenicity. In 2010, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that perineal use of talc-based body powders is "possibly carcinogenic to humans." While the National Cancer Institute stated that "studies of women who used talcum powder (talc) dusted on the perineum...have not found clear evidence of an increased risk of ovarian cancer." UVA professor of public health, Joellen Schildkraut, in reference to her studies showing an association between talc and ovarian cancer says "it's not proof positive... these studies are suggestive." On December 14, 2018, Reuters released a report that claimed that Johnson & Johnson knew that their baby powder products contained asbestos and did not disclose this information to consumers or regulators. Evidence from the report showed that on three occasions between 1972 and 1975, in different labs and tests, there was asbestos found in Johnson & Johnson's talc products, with one of these samples having a "rather high" level of asbestos reported. Despite this, in 1976, Johnson & Johnson told regulators at the FDA that there was no asbestos detect in any of their tested talc samples. Important Individuals. Daniel Cramer. Daniel Cramer is a obstetrics and gynecology professor at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston and Harvard Medical School professor. In 1982, he conducted the first epidemiological study on the use of talcum powder in the female genital area, publishing his findings in the journal "Cancer". After the study was published, Cramer was approached by Bruce Semple, a Johnson & Johnson executive, and advised him to include a warning on the company's talc-based body powder product. However, Semple did not heed Cramer's advice, despite the evidence presented in in his study. Undeterred, Cramer continued to advocate for greater awareness of the potential risks of talc-based products and called for companies like Johnson & Johnson to include warnings on their talcum powder products in a 1985 article. Despite the lack of action from Johnson & Johnson, Cramer has remained committed to raising awareness about the potential link between ovarian cancer and the use of talc-based products in the genital area. He has served a a paid consultant in several ovarian cancer cases against Johnson & Johnson. In a 2011 court filing, Cramer recounted his encounter with Semple, stating, "Dr. Semple spent his time trying to convince that talc use was a harmless habit, while I spent my time trying to persuade him to consider the possibility that my study could be correct and that women should be advised of this potential risk of talc. Cramer's work has been pivotal in raising awareness about the potential risks of talc-based products and advocating for greater transparency and warning labels. Gavin Hildick-Smith. Gavin Hildick-Smith was the director of medical affairs in the corporate office of science and technology at Johnson & Johnson for 37 years. A blog dedicated to the Hildick-Smith family history states that Dr. Hildick-Smith was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1919, and he later studied Pediatrics at Guy's Hospital in London. Notably, Dr. Hildick-Smith's father was a mining engineer and mine manager. In the late 1960s, scientists were starting to report the presence of asbestos in cosmetic talc products. As a result, in 1971, the FDA held a meeting with federal officials, researchers, and cosmetic companies to discuss the safety of talc and the testing of talc products for asbestos. In the following years, the FDA continued to receive reports from labs about the presence of asbestos in various talc products, while simultaneously being pressured by Johnson & Johnson to not release some of these reports as they believed that the reports were "inaccurate" and that their findings were "erroneous". A Reuters investigation revealed that in 1974, while working at Johnson & Johnson, Dr. Hildick-Smith sent money to an Italian talc exporter-physician to have him hire a team of researchers. In a letter to the lead researcher, Dr. Hildick-Smith stated that he was interested in obtaining data that "show that the incidence of cancer in these subjects (talc miners and millers) is no different from that of the Italian population," and that he wanted these data to be "published in a suitable journal." To this end, Dr. Hildick-Smith sent a draft of the results from the Italian study to a scientific ghostwriter who would rewrite it and make it meet "form and style" requirements. In 1976 Dr. Hildick-Smith also wrote a review article titled "The Biology of Talc" in which he cited unpublished research and concluded that “concern … about the possible health hazard from consumer exposure to cosmetic talc is unwarranted … no evidence that its normal use poses a hazard to health.” He cited the Italian study in this review article. Notably, in this article, he is only listed as a Rutgers University clinical assistant and does not disclose his association with Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Hildick-Smith’s actions show that he was someone who was very committed to his career and loyal to his company, but at times he failed to act in alignment with his profession in prioritizing the truth and the well-being of the people potentially affected by his work.   Alex Gorksy. Alex Gorsky served as CEO of Johnson & Johnson from 2012 to 2020, overseeing the company's growth and response to various legal and ethical challenges, including talc powder. Despite this, he faced criticism for allegedly not taking sufficient action to resolve the issue of baby powder. He was on the witness stand for more than four hours, questioned by lawyers for plaintiffs and J&J. During the trial, the lawyer representing the plaintiffs asked Mr. Gorsky with a collection of company documents dating back to the 1970s . These papers contained statements made by employees and consultants who expressed their reluctance to adopt a new laboratory testing method that could detect asbestos in talc a lower concentrations than the techniques employed by J&J at that time. The plaintiffs' attorney referred to the FDA test results and questioned Mr. Gorsky whether he could swear under oath that there were no test indicating the presence of asbestos in J&J powders. Mr. Gorksy said "That's correct". He also stated that J&J baby powder did not contain asbestos in response to allegations that the product was unsafe and potentially carcinogenic. In a video posted on J&J's website and a television interview on CNBC's "Mad Money with Jim Cramer" in December 2018, according to Mr. Gorsky, J&J had collaborated with regulatory authorities, and numerous test had confirmed the safety of its talcum powders. However, the plaintiff's attorneys argued that Mr.Gorsky's statements made him a critical witness. They contended that his statements helped to perpetuate the company's efforts to hid the potential risks associated with talcum powders. After his testimony, the US Food and Drug Administration discovered asbestos, a know carcinogen, in a bottle of Johnson's baby powder, raising concerns about the accuracy of Mr. Gorsky's statement. J&J attempted to prevent Mr. Gorsky from testifying, citing his lack of involvement in the research, development, or testing of J&J's talc-powders. In addition, they claimed that most plaintiffs had used the powders before Mr. Gorsky became the company CEO. Johnson & Johnson's Response. Texas Two Step. The " Texas two-step" is a controversial bankruptcy maneuver that Johnson & Johnson (J&J) has employed to offload its talc liability onto a subsidiary. However, an appeals court invalidated this tactic. As a result, J&J subsidiary, LTL Management, filed for bankruptcy protection for the second time with the intention of presenting a reorganization plan to a judge, The subsidiary has claimed that about 60,000 talc claimants have agreed to the proposed settlement. J&J has created new financing arrangements to avoid running afoul of the appeals court ruling. The ruling determined that LTL Management had no legitimate claim to bankruptcy since it was not in financial distress. Despite this, J&J board has approved the settlement, which involves paying a larger amount to plaintiffs with various gynecological cancers and mesothelioma. To enhance its previous proposal to talc claimants, LTL is filing for Chapter 11 with a plan support agreement that includes an $8.9 billion commitment from LTL and J&J. this commitment will be funded in a trust over 25 years to settle current and future talc-related claims. However, attorneys representing thousands of plaintiffs have issued a statement opposing the settlement. The Texas two step has been portrayed as an abuse of the bankruptcy system by a multinational conglomerate with a marked capitalization exceeding $400 billion and in little danger of running out of money to pay victims.

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Ne7. = Bishop's Opening - Sideline 2... Ne7 = The move 2...Ne7 in response to the Bishop's Opening is a less common choice for Black, but it can lead to flexible setups like the Hungarian Defense or transpositions into other openings. Also, it is a passive move to prepare d5 when the classical 2. ..., Nf6! accomplishes the same goal placing it in a better developing and natural square. It aims to avoid exchanges with a move like d3. The knight on e7 is also vulnerable to attacks from the f3 knight and/or the c4 bishop and can be a target for a future Bxf7+ sacrifice. Theory table. 1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Ne7 References. Bibliography External links

Among Us/Crewmate Gameplay and Strategy. A "Crewmate" is one of the roles in Among Us. Knowing whether you are a Crewmate or not should be easy enough, since the game shows you text that tells you your role. All of the advice in this chapter applies exclusively to crewmates. Being a Crewmate boils down to two things: voting, and doing your tasks. Doing these two things is how you win. Do these correctly, and it will increase your chances of winning substantially. Voting. If you see a body (bodies look like players lying on the ground with a bone sticking out), you can press the 'Report' button on your screen. This will trigger an emergency meeting, where you and the other players can discuss it and vote out the player you think is one of the Imposters. If you happen upon a body, report it. There is also a button in the center of the "Cafeteria" (or the office, in The Skeld map) that can trigger an emergency meeting, if you press it. You usually shouldn’t do this unless you are at least 90% sure who the imposter is. Voting is the core of Among Us, so remember this section. In an emergency meeting, remember to mention which room you found the body, and anyone who was nearby the body. People who were nearby the body could potentially be Imposters. In an emergency meeting, click on or press the box with the username of the player you believe is one of the Imposter, or 'Skip Vote' if you don't know who. The people with an X next to their name are dead, so you can't vote for them. Usually, in an emergency meeting, the players discuss and make accusations. These activities take place in the "Chat", which can be accessed by clicking the speech bubble in the upper right corner of the screen. There, you can type in whatever you want to say. After the discussion, voting will begin. If you are accused of being an imposter, try to get another player to vouch for you. If they were with you while you were doing tasks (especially "visual tasks", which will be explored later in this chapter), then this can work. (If visual tasks are disabled, sadly you cannot do this.) Remember to vouch for other players, too! If nobody can vouch for you, propose that someone follow you to see you do a visual task, to verify that you are a crewmate. If you are concerned about people thinking you are an imposter, do this "before" someone accuses you, preferably in a meeting where there isn't much evidence of any imposter. If this doesn't work, just be calm and deny the accusations. If the person who is accusing you isn't giving a good reason, state this in the chat. After a vote, the results will be tallied up. Whoever has the most votes will be ejected from the game and become a "Ghost". If this happens to you, don't fret! Continue to do your tasks, and hopefully your fellow Crewmates will win out in the end. Tasks. In the upper right corner of the screen, you will see a list of tasks you have to do. There should also be an arrow that points in the direction of the room where you have to do your task. Tasks are usually mundane, boring things like connecting wires together or swiping cards. Doing your tasks is very important, since if everyone does all of their tasks, the Crewmates win. You can see the general task progress of all crewmates by looking at the progress bar in the upper left corner of the screen. A list of tasks for each map is available in the chapter focusing on that map. There are three main categories of tasks: Visual tasks are tasks that all players can see being done (if visual effects for tasks hasn't been turned off by the game host). These tasks are very important, because they have the aforementioned use of being able to prove if someone is not the imposter.

Professionalism/Norbert Wiener and the Expert’s Responsibility for Weapons. Introduction. was born November 26, 1894 to Leo and Bertha Wiener. His father, a lecturer at , tutored Wiener privately from a young age and he graduated High School at the age of 11, considered to be a prodigy child. After graduating from Wiener completed a PHD in mathematics at Harvard, receiving his doctorate in 1913. At the start of World War I, Wiener attempted enlisting in the military but was rejected due to poor eyesight. Wiener was unable to find a teaching position at Harvard and work a variety of jobs after WW1 including teaching, writing and journalism. Eventually he found a position at , where he worked until his death in 1964. While at MIT, his early research set the foundation for stochastic processes and . During Wiener worked to develop the first automatic anti-aircraft weaponry, but became critical of the relationship between scientists and the military afterwards. His later work included the foundation of cybernetics as a field, which gained popularity in the scientific community after the release of his book "Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" in 1948. Throughout his life Wiener wrote about the ethical implications of the work of scientists and advocated for researchers and intellectuals to consider the dangers that new technologies presented alongside their potential new benefits. Ethical Views on Weaponry. Research on Weapons. Norbert Wiener was one of the first and most prominent researchers in the field of cybernetics.  refers to an integration of computing and a physical process.  In World War II, Wiener found himself working with a team of MIT scientists on auto-aiming anti-aircraft weaponry. In order to make the guns auto-aiming, they had to not only account for where the aircraft was, but also where it was going to be at any given moment.  To do this, the team applied a “”, by which they performed a stationary transformation to data points collected by the system using a Fourier transform, and could then determine where the aircraft would be when the gun is fired.  Today, Wiener filters have been replaced by FFTs (fast Fourier transforms) as a less accurate, but quicker way of processing signals .  Given the deadly nature of anti-aircraft weaponry, Wiener swore off helping any army in the , and devoted the rest of his time working to improving his cybernetic research. Books and Statements. After WWII ended, Wiener became extremely disillusioned with military research. The dropping of the on Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to a widespread moral reckoning among the scientific community. Many researchers, including Wiener, reflected on their role in the destruction from weapons of their design. This, coupled by the end of the war, caused numerous scientists to explore other fields. Wiener took it a step further, cutting ties entirely with defense contractors and becoming a critic of the military and researchers that continued to work with it. After continued requests to join a weapons project for his expertise in guided missiles, Wiener replied to a military contractor in a letter which he also sent to a magazine for publication. The article, titled “A Scientist Rebels,” was soon published by "". In it, Wiener lambasted the contractor while simultaneously challenging the preconception that knowledge should be available for all. He asserted that military actions during the war, to include the use of nuclear weapons, caused him to reconsider his role in enabling destruction, concluding that “to provide scientific information is not a necessarily innocent act, and may entail the gravest consequences.” Wiener published this article not only as a form of protest, but also as a call to action and warning for other scientists to heed. He called upon the scientific community to think critically about how available their research is as well as who they choose to share it with. He again referenced his particular distrust in the military, denouncing any future work with “irresponsible militarists.” Wiener drove the point home stating that any sharing of information or ideas must “receive certain limitations when the scientist becomes an arbiter of life and death.” Wiener continued to write on this topic, later publishing “Moral Reflections of a Mathematician” and other works about the role of ethics in scientific research. Professionals and Weaponry. Oppenheimer. was famously the lead scientist of the , where he was charged with creating the first nuclear weapon. After years of work, the showed the first successful detonation of an atomic bomb. In seeing the sheer power released in the explosion, Oppenheimer stated: “Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds,” a quote from a chapter of the outlining the end of the world. Oppenheimer was filled with regret for the weapon he helped create, and he is known to have faced severe remorse following the use of the atomic bombs on Japan. Like Wiener, Oppenheimer became a devout pacifist and advocate for nuclear disarmament. He believed that his creation would ultimately lead to a nuclear apocalypse, going so far as to request an audience with to help clear his conscience. In the meeting, Oppenheimer admitted that he felt that he had blood on his hands. President Truman replied that any guilt for the Japanese deaths was his own. Oppenheimer, however, was talking about the future blood of those to die in the case of total nuclear annihilation. Albert Einstein. never worked on the atomic bomb, however he still had a hand in its creation. After discovering that the Germans were attempting to make their own atomic bomb, Einstein endorsed the , which encouraged to increase funding towards nuclear research in order to beat the Germans to it. Einstein was never admitted into the Manhattan Project, as he was denied a security clearance due to his ties to socialism. Einstein after the war, Einstein stated in an interview that he regretted his early encouragement, saying “had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have done nothing.” Alan Turing. , a British mathematician, invented the computer, at that point called a Bombe Machine.  The machine was invented to crack German codes played over radios so the Allied troops could stay ahead of them.  For his work, Turing was granted the OBE by the British government. However, after this, Turing was arrested by the British government for homosexuality and charged with “gross indecency”.  Turing agreed to take medication, otherwise known as “chemical castration”, in order to avoid jail time.  Turing was found dead in his home 2 years later from cyanide poisoning, assumed to be suicide. Turing’s story helps us question what an engineer’s role is in war.  If his wartime inventions stayed connected to him, it would be unlikely the British government would drive him to suicide after awarding him a high honor.  Therefore, this can lead us to believe that, unlike Oppenheimer’s disdain of his connection to a device of death and destruction, Turing was separated from his invention that saved countless Allied forces’ lives. In 2013, Alan Turing received a posthumous pardon for his crime of gross indecency, and in 2017, Britain passed “”, a law deeming that other deceased individuals charged with similar crimes will be pardoned. Other Work and Ethical Advocacy. With the publishing of his book "Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine", Wiener introduced the field of Cybernetics to the world. Cybernetics is the “the science of communication and control theory that is concerned especially with the comparative study of automatic control systems.” At the recommendation of friends and colleagues, Wiener published a follow up book in 1950 titled :"The Human Use of Human Beings", which was aimed towards non-scientists and described both the field of Cybernetics and the possible effects of such systems in the future. In this book Wiener questioned the role of the scientist in society, claiming that the creators of new systems and technology must also be aware of the damage they can do to society. In regards to Cybernetics, Wiener predicted that the incentives of profit and political motives could skew this new field from opening new pathways for people to communicate and spread information, to controlling information and exasperate issues that are already plaguing the world. Wiener also saw similarities in the feedback loops and logical workings between machines and animal brains, writing “it is my thesis that the operation of the living individuals and the operation of some of the newer communication machines are precisely parallel.” Wiener’s thoughts gave rise to the field of Artificial Intelligence, and his concerns mirror debates that computer scientists are still having today. Future Work on this Page. Further work on this chapter can include more of Wiener's work on wartime research, as well as other research he has performed.  In addition to this, including philosophical ideas as to the engineer’s role in war could be explored as well, exploring questions such as whether or not the engineer is responsible for his inventions.  Since history often repeats itself, reviewing more current scientists, rather than just World War II scientists, and their ideas about this issue could provide a modern application.

Among Us/Finding Games. If you want to play Among Us, the first thing you will have to do is find a game. If you want to join a specific game being set up on local Wi-Fi, just click the Local button on the homescreen. There you will find a list of local games that can be played. If you want to join a specific game being played online, click the online button, and then click the 'Enter Code' button. There you can enter in the code of the online game, which you should get from the host. Ask the host of the game you want to join if you are unsure if the game is an online or local game. A general rule is that if the host computer is too distant for it to be on the same Wi-Fi network, then it is an online game. After you join a game, you will be sent to the "Lobby", which will be talked about in the next section. If you don't want to join a specific game and merely wish to play Among Us with random people, click the online button, then click the "Find Game" button. There you will see a list of current games going on. Try to join ones with more players in them; they will start earlier. Lobby. After joining a game, you will be in a lobby that looks something like a spaceship. In the lobby, you can chat with other players, by pressing the speech bubble in the upper right corner. You can also see the game options and what roles are available on the left side of the screen. If you want to change your outfit, you can do this in the lobby too, by going near the box with a top hat on it, and pressing the button with a hanger on it that pops up.

Professionalism/Avondale Mills, Norfolk Southern, and the E.P.A. Background. Graniteville Train Derailment. On January 6, 2005, Norfolk Southern train 192 collided with train P22 at 2:39 a.m. EST in Graniteville, South Carolina. While moving at 47 mph, a switch malfunction diverted the northbound train 192. 1 of the 16 derailed cars was breached and released chlorine gas. The release killed nine people, including the train engineer. Pre-Derailment Events. On January 5, 2005, train 192's conductor went on vacation, and the brakeman assumed their role. The train engineer also took the day off, but their replacement arrived late. After the new engineer arrived, the crew met to discuss the train's course, and the train departed from Aiken, South Carolina. The train returned to Aiken at 1:00 p.m. EST and departed at 2:10 p.m. EST. At 4:00 p.m. EST, the crew realized they were behind schedule and increased the pace of their work. No briefings were held prior to servicing the Avondale Mills, and the engineer later said the conductor and brakeman were "in a hurry". All tracks in this area required authorization to be used. The train dispatcher in Greenville, South Carolina grants such warrants. Before the day's end, all line switches must be re-lined properly. Prior to the derailment, the line switches were not properly re-lined, but the dispatcher cleared track warrants at the conductor's request. The conductor had not talked with the engineer or brakemen about the switches. January 6, 2005. The train dispatcher on duty at 11:00 p.m. EST did not give authorization for usage of the Graniteville track until after 2:00 a.m. EST on January 6, 2005. The outbound crew boarded train 192 at 12:30 a.m. EST and departed for Columbia, South Carolina. In Graniteville the train was diverted and collided with train P22. Prior to the crash, the emergency brakes activated. The engineer had noticed the target switch banner was "wrong". Post-Derailment Events. The chlorine gas cloud spanned at least 6.8 million square feet. An Avondale Mills employee called the police to report to the collision. Other callers mentioned a "yellow haze". Firefighters were called at 2:40 a.m. EST. Police arrived at 2:42 a.m. EST. Ambulances, mutual aid, and hazardous material response crews were called at 2:50 a.m. EST. About 5,400 residents living in a 1-mile radius of the collision were evacuated. Residents did not return home until January 13 through 19. At 1:00 p.m. EST on January 6, a fire broke out in the Avondale Mills plant. Clean-up efforts continued until 8:00 a.m. EST on January 14, 2005. In 2006, Avondale Mills closed plants in North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia. Millions were spent on repairs at the Graniteville plant. The company sued Norfolk Southern for damages. Some Avondale Mills employees believed the company was "pushing [the cost of settlement] more than they should". Others wanted Avondale to share the settlement money with laid off workers. Norfolk Southern attorneys argued Avondale Mills was going to shutter before the crash. The believed the company was using the crash as a cash-grab. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sued Norfolk Southern. The DOJ and EPA filed a complaint in 2009 for violations of the Clean Water Act (CWA). The lawsuit was settled in 2010, and Norfolk Southern paid $4 million in fines for the Graniteville disaster. Chemical Hazards. The crash released ninety tons of chlorine gas into the environment. Chlorine is fatal if inhaled, and toxic to marine life. It is 2.5 times denser than air, so chlorine gas travels close to the ground; making it more deadly. In the crash, chlorine and diesel fuel were released into nearby waterways, killing thousands of fish. The volunteer firefighters responding to the crash were the first to identify a hazardous materials spill occurred when one of the firefighters began to experience chlorine poisoning. Due to a lack of hazardous release training, they initially issued a shelter in place order, not an evacuation. Though the train engineers reported the crash to Norfolk Southern, they seemed unaware of the chlorine release, and failed to inform emergency responders, the EPA as required by law, or take safety precautions themselves. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found in their investigation if the chlorine tank cars had been further back on the train or if the train was going slower or carrying less weight, the probability of the chlorine release occurring decreased significantly. Norfolk Southern chose to prioritize the profitability of carrying more cars over the safety concerns of doing so. This incident is similar to the Boeing 737 Max disaster; Boeing's safety culture declined as the company focused on short term profitability, and the public ultimately was harmed. Public Response. The collision impacted Graniteville and its residents. Lifelong resident Roger Boyd said "[he] could not breathe" and the town looked "eerie." Michael Reed, an Avondale Mills worker, noticed "green stuff" in the air when fleeing to his car. Another worker, Gary Spires, could smell chlorine "coming through the ducts" of the plant and recalled "gasping for breath." Avondale Mills. Avondale Mills shut down for 18 months in an attempt to clean and repair the facility, which cost over $40 million. Due to the toxic clouds of chlorine released in the plant, the entire facility was heavily corroded. Lisa Detter-Hoskin, a Materials Scientist from the Georgia Tech Research Institute, said, "It was as if we had the Graniteville plants sitting in an acid bottle." She found the humidity in the region allowed the chlorine to settle, and the heat caused more aggressive corrosion of the plant, maximizing the impact of the corrosion. Norfolk Southern paid an undisclosed amount to Avondale Mills, estimated around $13 million based on Norfolk Southern’s quarterly earnings. This was not enough to cover the cost of repairs, and Avondale Mills went out of business; 4,000 people were unemployed as a result. Norfolk Southern. Brief History of Norfolk Southern. A. Feb. 5, 1976 - Conrail (The Consolidated Rail Corporation) is created through the Revitalization Regulatory Reform Act in Congress. B. Sept. 29, 1980- Congress deregulates railroads using the Staggers Rail Act. This legalized railroad shipping contracts and allowed the railroad industries’ financial health to recover. The act also “Relieves a carrier of liability for losses caused by the negligence of a shipper, owner, or consignee.” C. 1987 - Conrail Becomes Privatized, with the largest initial public offering at the time raising 1.9 billion dollars from investors. D. 1997 - Norfolk Southern Acquires half of Conrail through a joint stock purchase. E. Jan. 6, 2005 - Graniteville Train Collision F. Oct. 20, 2006 - New Brighton Train Derailment, just over a year later. This is another NS derailment involving hazardous chemicals. Norfolk Southern's Response to Graniteville S.C. Crash. After the Graniteville S.C. crash, Norfolk Southern's attorneys response to a class action lawsuit against them wrote: “Plaintiffs emotional evocations of ‘deadly chemicals,’ ‘mangled metal,’ or ‘deadly liquid chlorine’ forming a gas that ‘crept through Graniteville’ and ‘killed those who could not outrun it’ can have no use other than to divert this court from the issue at hand – whether certain of plaintiffs claims are preempted by federal law.” After a settlement was reached, the firm representing Norfolk Southern in their case vs. Avondale Mills proceeded to publish a press release discussing their pride in reaching a 'favorable settlement' for their client.“Hollingsworth LLP has successfully defended some of the world’s largest companies in suits involving personal injury, medical monitoring, and property damage claims arising from exposures to allegedly hazardous substances.  "When the stakes are high and the issues are complex, our experience allows us to keep a clear focus on the resolution that best serves our clients’ interests.” It's interesting to note nowhere in this release does Hollingsworth LLP express any sentiment of remorse for the lives lost or the devastation Avondale Mills suffered due to the crash. Norfolk Southern's Ethics Guidelines and Reporting System. It's imperative that Norfolk Southern have a ethics guideline. Their 2005 Investors Book references how potential investors can obtain a copy of their guidelines by contacting them. Currently, no copy of their 2005/2006 ethics guidelines have been found. In 2014, NS boasts about the major revisions their guidelines undertook, but again no online copy is to be found. The current digital copy of their guideline was published in August of 2022. Consistent of 44 total pages, the guidelines includes various segments on things like DEI, harassment, discrimination, substance abuse, and employment law resources. The "We do business the right way" section of their guidelines appears the most influential. They stress that any gifts they give as a company they do following procedures and that any monetary gifts accepted by their employees need to be reviewed by their management. Several times in this document, NS mentions how they simply always default to following required business obligations per government rules. This can be seen as shifting blame away from NS and onto the government for setting the appropriate standard. The document also mentions how antitrust laws and their compliance guide is important. This links to an external "Antitrust Compliance Guide" that is under lock and key for employees only. On the login page, NS threatens legal action against a user for 'misuse'. Norfolk Southern employees are asked to use the following "Ethical Decision-making Model": When faced with a tough decision, ask the following questions: This model actively passes responsibility onto their employees and therefore could be argued that a particular issue wasn't a company issue but more a individual issue as they didn't follow their model. This model however is vague and responses vary heavily depending on the situation and the employee. Norfolk Southern's Lobbying Practices. In the years since the Graniteville train crash, Norfolk Southern's monetary investment in lobbying has drastically changed. In 2008, three years after the crash, their total lobbying spending doubled, reaching approximately $1.5 million every fiscal quarter. They are currently lobbying against penalties for railroads that would apply stricter safety rules to trains with dangerous loads, bill S.576. Hiring lobbyists for both parties, Norfolk Southern is retaining at least 9 external lobbying firms. This bill would also give local residents and first responders information about trains carrying hazardous materials. E.P.A. Graniteville residents criticized the EPA for their initial response to the incident. Chlorine monitors placed around the crash only monitored up to 1.5 ppm, when the immediately life-threatening concentration of chlorine gas is 10 ppm. Using monitors that only measured up to 1.5 ppm made it impossible to determine the true amount of chlorine present in the environment surrounding the crash. While cleaning up the chlorine spill, the EPA only evacuated residents within a mile radius of the crash where the 10 ppm immediately life-threatening concentration of chlorine was present. However, within a 2.5 mile radius of the crash, chlorine poisoning caused severe health impacts for many residents. The EPA sued Norfolk Southern $4 million for violating the Clean Water Act when the chlorine and diesel fuel contaminated the nearby waterways. They were also fined for failing to alert the EPA immediately after the chemical spill occurred, as required by law; instead, the train crew waited over an hour to report the event. The EPA required Norfolk Southern to implement a hazardous materials training program that included the use of the hazardous spill hotline, and replace the fish killed from the chlorine release. Conclusion. Using their Code of Ethics and Ethical Decision making model, Norfolk Southern shifts blame from their company onto their employees. This can also be seen in their documented responses after the Graniteville, SC Crash and unfortunately other disasters. Lobbying against stricter regulation like S.576 combined with their hazardous accident track record indicates a larger company wide problem of unwillingness to take accountability for their actions and refusal of change. It is also interesting how many of Norfolk Southern's resources regarding their formal ethics policies are difficult to find and/or locked away with users being under threat of legal action for ‘misuse’. This attitude has had disastrous consequences for public safety, as well as for Avondale Mills, and the environment due to the release of chlorine gas in the Graniteville crash. Future Work. Future work could be done to improve this casebook. Authors may be able to communicate with Norfolk Southern themselves to obtain a 2005 and 2014 copy of the ethics guidelines to see their revisions. It would also be interesting to further research into residents lives after the crash. More research could be done into the effects of the crash on Avondale Mills and the workers there, and on the role the EPA played in remediating the chlorine release.

Professionalism/Labor Organizing at Google. Motivation. Unionization efforts in Big Tech are often met with confusion: “Why would employees at a company famous for high salaries and free lunches want a union?” While workers in retail typically unionize to improve wages and working conditions, workers in Big Tech often unionize to demand stronger policies against sexual harassment and discrimination and accountability for their company’s unethical uses of technology. The most prominent unionization efforts in Big Tech have come from Google employees. Several of these employees recall joining Google with the simple mantra and founding slogan “Don’t be evil,” which motivated them to create technology to benefit society and make the world better and more equal. As Google poorly responded to sexual harassment charges and engaged in controversial business decisions, many Google employees realized their pledge was not consistent with the decisions made by their company’s senior executives. Walkout for Real Change. In 2018, "The New York Times" reported that Google had protected several senior executives accused of sexual misconduct, including Android founder Andy Rubin, who was paid $90 million in severance after he left the company. A week later, Google employees organized a “Walkout for Real Change” in protest of sexual harassment and Google’s history of pay discrimination and systemic racism. Around 20,000 Google employees from across the globe took part in the protest and compiled a list of five demands: end Forced Arbitration in cases of harassment and discrimination, a commitment to end pay and opportunity inequity, a publicly disclosed sexual harassment transparency report, a clear, uniform, and globally inclusive process for reporting sexual misconduct safely and anonymously, and to elevate the Chief Diversity Officer to answer directly to the CEO. Claire Stapleton, then marketing manager at YouTube, lamented that Google “did not ever address, acknowledge, the list of demands, nor did they adequately provide solutions to all the five." Stapleton mentions Google “did drop forced arbitration, but for sexual harassment only, not discrimination, which was a key omission. Nothing was addressed regarding TVCs [contract workers] ... I think we didn’t see accountability in action.” Union Organization and Retaliation. The Thanksgiving Five. In late 2019, five employees were fired by Google directly after their involvement in the organization and participation in petitions or protests against the company, most notably the Walkout for Real Change. One of these employees was Katheryn Spiers. She was fired just three hours after she published a piece of code that notified employees of their organizing rights without keeping to the Google code approval process. When interviewed about why she did it, she said “I had been involved in other workplace organizing in the past, but the reason I wanted to push this change was a combination of Google hiring IRI and four of my co-workers being fired the same day... I thought a lot of my co-workers could use a reminder of their rights.” IRI Consultants. Shortly after the Walkout for Real Change, Google hired IRI Consultants, an anti-union consulting firm known for shady tactics such as "collecting data on workers' personality, motivations, and work ethic to bust unions." While it is illegal under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 for companies and managers to spy on workers' labor organizing activity, IRI consultants train managers to gather and use data to advise managers on how to best manipulate workers into harboring resentment towards unions. A Google spokesperson told reporters that “No-one at Google, nor any consultant or firm who we've ever engaged or worked with, has done what you've described." Alphabet Workers Union. History. On January 4, 2021, Alphabet Workers Union (AWU) formed as a local chapter of the Communication Workers of America Union (CWA). Standing at 1400+ members as of 2023, AWU advocates for equality among full time employees and contract workers, a welcoming environment, project transparency, democratic decision-making, and overall ensuring that Alphabet, Google's parent company, acts ethically, referencing Google's founding slogan: "Don't Be Evil." Challenges. Unlike traditional unions, minority unions cannot enroll a majority of a work force and petition a state or federal labor board like the National Labor Relations Board to hold an election. Therefore, they legally cannot bargain with their employer on a contract. Instead, the AWU can use other tactics to pressure Google into changing its policies, labor experts said. According to Kate Conger, a technology reporter at the New York Times, "Minority unions often turn to public pressure campaigns and lobby legislative or regulatory bodies to influence employers." Controversial business decisions. Google also has a history of engaging in controversial business practices. In 2015, Google hosted applications of the Saudi government, including an app called Absher that allowed men to track and control the movement of their female family members. Google received backlash from human rights activists and lawmakers for carrying the app, but it is still available on the Google app store. In 2017, Google secretly developed a censored search engine for users in China, code-named “Dragonfly,” catering to the Chinese government’s censorship demands. About 1,400 Google employees signed a letter to company executives requesting more details about the project and demanding employees get more transparency and input on future decisions. In a senate judiciary hearing in 2019, Google confirmed the project had been terminated. Google employees, enraged that their executives prioritized profits over human rights, felt the company’s slogan “Don’t be evil” was no longer a reflection of the company’s values; it had become nothing more than another corporate marketing tool. Workers looked to unionize to hold Google accountable for unethical uses of their technology. AWU Organizing Efforts. In a survey conducted of 1,853 Alphabet contractor's workers AWU discovered that Alphabet's wages and benefits standards were provided to contracted workers, unlike what Alphabet promised. As part of AWU's mission to "ensure Alphabet acts ethically" AWU has pressured Alphabet and their contracted companies to provide promised worker privileges and protections. Modis. In 2021 Shannon Wait, a worker at a Google data center, was suspended from her job after posting on Facebook about worker condtions including not receiving hazard pay and water breaks. The AWU filed cases to the National Labor Relations Board on her behalf and overturned her suspension with Alphabet confirming that employees "have the right to discuss wage rates, bonuses, and working conditions". This success allowed unionized Modis data center workers to organize an emailing campaign forcing Modis to resume paying their promised $200 bonus for each full week they worked. BOLD Internship Program. Tyrese Thomas and Jacob Ngai, interns under Google's BOLD internship program, were concerned with their ability to work remotely in their houses with Ngai "sharing a room with [his] brother" and having "constant Wi-Fi issues". They, with the advice of AWU organizer Raksha Muthukumar on how to write and convince interns to sign their petition, secured a $5,000 stipend for interns to use "however they deem best, including their WFH experience". Cognizant. Google Maps workers, concerned by the "unsafe working conditions" from Cognizant's June 6th 2022 return to office order, worked with AWU to pressure Cognizant to extend the deadline. After over 70% of workers signed a petition and threatened a strike, Cognizant extended their return to office deadline by 90 days. RaterLabs. In May 2022, RaterLabs workers, who responsible for rating Google search ads' quality, and the AWU petitioned Google's vice president to increase their pay to Alphabet's basic pay standard of $15 per hour. Through this petition and repeated meetings with RaterLabs management, the AWU was able to secure a pay raise to $14-$14.50 per hour from $10 per hour. YouTube Music. YouTube Music workers became the 2nd fully AWU unionized workplace in October 2022 preceded by 10 Google Fiber workers unionizing their workplace in March. After unionization, the AWU alleges that Cognizant tried to break the union by requiring all workers to return to their office by Febuary 2023. To resist the order, YouTube Music workers organized a strike with the AWU offering support and spreading the links to the strike's GoFundMe and fundraising album. Google's 2023 Layoffs. On January 20th, 2023, Alphabet announce that 12,000 Google employees were fired, with many of them first discovering their firing when they tried to log in. Google workers in countries with workers councils, like France and Germany, were able to prevent the firing of their employees while other European workers organized walkouts with their respective unions in response to Google's layoffs. The AWU, being a minority union, was not able to negotiate with Alphabet to prevent Google's layoffs, but they were able to increase their notoriety through public campaigns. On the same day as the layoffs, the AWU protested in front of Google's New York office, hosted good-bye card write-a-thons, and created a discord server which offers financial and work related advice. As a result of the layoffs and the increased union noteriety, Google employees in Europe and United States have increased unionization resulting in the AWU growing to over 1,400 members as of May 2023.

HTML 5 Programming and Web development/tags and attributes. Welcome to HTML5 tags and attributes. This book teach learners about HTML5 tags and attributes as well as how HTML5, is used to develop static webpages. Table of content. 1.What is HTML5? Objective : Learners will learn the meaning of HTML and it's brief history. This will allow learners to be able to explain the meaning of HTML5 as well as to summaries it's brief history to others. 2.Where is it used? Objective : Learners will learn more about real life applications where HTML5 is used. This will allow learners to pin point different applications where HTML5 is used in real life. 3.What are HTML5 tags? Objective : Learners are going to learn more about different HTML5 tags and their uses. This will allow learners to identify different HTML5 tags and their functions. 4.How to use HTML5? Objective : Learners will learn how to use HTML5 to develop real life applications(webpages). This will allow learners to gain basic skills and knowledge on how to use HTML5 in real life. What is HTML5? HTML5 is one of HTML versions starting from HTML 1,2,3 and 4. HTML is an acronym which stands for Hyper Text Mark-up Language. Tim Bernes Lee was the first computer scientist to develop HTML. He developed the first version of HTML in 1990. In short HTML5 is just a version which was developed to improve all other versions. The difference between HTML5 and other versions is through changes and addition of tags. When Tim died, someone had to take where he left of and that was the W3C. This organization is the one which is responsible for the development of other HTML versions excluding HTML1. It also issue instructions known as specifications to the public to notify them on what tags have changed and how to use HTML versions in general. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 and led by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. HTML5 was released to the public on October 2014 by W3C. Where is it used? HTML5 is used by both simple and complex websites across the internet today. Almost all websites you visit, are written using HTML5. Some mobile applications installed on your mobile device, are written using HTML. Some ebooks you download use HTML5 including almost all games you play online. Bellow is illustrations of popular websites using HTML5 to present content on their webpages. 1.Google.com Google is a website which list other websites links on its webpages. When a user click on a website listed on Google, is an HTML5 tag known as the anchor() tag to display. 2.facebook.com The most popular social media uses HTML5 to present its contents on browsers. Links, images, textboxes and input fields on Facebook, use HTML5 tags and attributes. 3.Wikipedia.org The world greatest encyclopaedia uses HTML5 as well. Wikipedia contributor's use HTML5 tags to edit Wikipedia content and they are not limited to include HTML5 tags when adding content. What are HTML5 tags? In simple terms HTML5 tags are instructions written on a .html document by web developers. These instructions instruct browsers(Google Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Operamini...) on how to display websites pages on our computer or mobile device screens. This means that HTML5 tags are a means by which developers can communicate with browsers. Browsers are software tools that interpret HTML5 tags into human readable forms such as website pages to visitors. HTML tags are lines of text which are made up of the "<" and ">" signs with the abbreviation of the tag name as shown below : <p> 1.< : the less than sign. 2.p : abbreviation of the "paragraph" tag, which allows for the display of text on webpages. 3.> : the greater than sign. Some html tags have opening and closing tags. Bellow is an opening HTML tag with a closing tag. <p>...</p> The closing tag of the paragraph tag is differentiated by the forward back-slash "/" sign before the abbreviation of the tag name "p". Almost all HTML tags have attributes. Attributes are properties of tags, like names, age, gender etc are human properties. This attributes uniquely describes tags. Bellow is an example of an HTML tag with an "id" attribute. <p id="paragraph">...</p> The id attribute allows the paragraph tag to be styled using CSS or JavaScript. Once you fully understand HTML5, you will need to learn CSS and JavaScript. Note that this book does not cover CSS and JavaScript topics to avoid confusion. Activity 1 Answer the following questions to measure your understanding. 1.What is HTML5? 2.What are HTML5 tags? 3.Name one of your favourite browsers. 4.Name one of your favourite websites. 5.Do you use a computer or mobile device to access the internet ? 6.What is a browser? 7.Write two signs that marks an HTML tag. 8.What is the full word of the abbreviation of < p >? 9.What is the difference between the opening and closing HTML tags? 10.What is an attribute ? HTML5 tags. There more than 100 HTML5 tags in use today and all have unique functions. Bellow is a list of HTML5 tags and their meaning. 1.<!DOCTYPE html> This is the first tag you will see on the .html document or file. It is called HTML declaration tag. It's function is to inform browsers that the version of html used on a certain webpage is HTML5. This helps the browser to load the page faster and in an appropriate manner by using correct ASCII standards in case of the presence of Unicode characters such as your &, $, #, @, 😃etc. It is a good coding practice to open the .html document with this tag. ⭐ A .html document it is an electronic text file which allows writing, editing and storing of HTML5 tags. To create a .html document on a computer you need a software called notepad and to create a .html document on your mobile device, you need an app called ES file explorer. 2.<html> This is the tag you will see on line number 2 on a .html document. It has a closing tag. Its main purpose is to house all other HTML tags. All other HTML tags are written between the opening and closing "html" tags. Bellow is an example of how the "html" tag house all other HTML tags. Note line 2 and 10. 1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head> 4 <title>HTML structure</title> 5 </head> 6 <body> 7 <h1>Hello World</h1> 8 <p>This is a basic HTML structure</p> 9 </body> 10 </html> HTML structure. 1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head> 4 <title>HTML structure</title> 5 </head> 6 <body> 7 <h1>Hello World</h1> 8 <p>This is a basic webpage</p> 9 </body> 10 </html> Output : <hr> Hello World This is a basic webpage <hr> Above is an example of a basic HTML structure on a .html document. An HTML structure is a combination of HTML tags working together to instruct browsers on how to display website pages on our device screens. Browsers are software or apps that allows us to read HTML structures in form of websites pages. Websites are a combination of webpages linked together by the HTML anchor tag. HTML structures act as a foundation that developers use to build a webpage on. Developers are people who write websites and other related digital applications such as computer software and mobile applications. You are reading this book because your main objective is to become a developer. The size of the structure in terms of lines, is influenced by the purpose of a website. Simple structures are made up of 10 to 50 lines of tags, while online game structures consist of 50 and upwards lines of tags. HTML structures are commonly called HTML code and html tags are commonly called HTML elements. Note that in this book we hardly use the above terms to avoid confusion.

Professionalism/Thomas le Bonniec and Siri. Siri. Siri is a voice controlled personal assistant developed by Apple originally released in 2011. It is available on all Apple devices such as the iPhone, iPad, and MacOS systems. Siri uses natural learning processing and machine learning to understand and respond to user prompts. Siri works by converting user voice commands into text using speech recognition. That text is then analyzed through natural language processing methods to understand user intent. That result is used with machine learning algorithms to generate a response from Siri. In order to improve accuracy and performance, Apple must collect a large amount of user interactions with Siri to analyze. Each interaction must be human reviewed to determine if the correct response was given and what corrections need to be made. This large amount of work requires a large workforce which led to Apple originally outsourcing the work to contractors. Thomas le Bonniec Background. Thomas le Bonniec completed a master's degree in Sociology from Paris-Sorbonne University in 2018. Post-graduation, Le Bonniec struggled to find a job, going eight months unemployed. Le Bonniec eventually received an offer through a jobs board he had subscribed to for a tech consulting GlobeTech. During the recruitment process, Le Bonniec received very little information regarding the role. He knew that the salary was decent and the job required proficiency in French and willingness to do repetitive tasks. Le Bonniec signed an non-disclosure agreement and accepted the offer. Two weeks later, he moved to Cork, Ireland to begin his training. Le Bonniec's first day on the job was May 13, 2019, and it was only then that he found out what his role would entail. Le Bonniec's role was to review Siri audio recordings and check them against Siri's transcript. Le Bonniec would correct and mistakes and was expected to review 1,300 recordings a day. The job felt wrong to Le Bonniec as he listened in on recordings of "conversations people were having about their cancer treatments, intimate conversations with family and others about sex and relationships." The Recording. Around three months on the job, Thomas Le Bonniec encountered a recording describing a sexual fantasy involving children. The recording disgusted Le Bonniec, and he flagged it to discuss with his manager. Management thanked him and directed another employee to listen to the audio in order to verify what Le Bonniec had said. Le Bonniec was upset by the recording and appalled that another employee would be subjected to hearing it. Le Bonniec was directed to a helpline due to the distressing nature of the recording but received no real help. The helpline was primarily concerned with whether he was suicidal and could not offer expert assistance. Reaction. Once Le Bonniec saw that his superiors were going to do nothing about the pedophilia recording, he started to take multiple screenshots of his work every day. At first, he was scared of taking screenshots since he thought Apple may be monitoring him after his report of the recording. However, he eventually realized how bad the security was at his current company. Additionally, he started to look at the company's Confluence pages to see what the developers thought about Siri and what the developers thought were sensitive topics. A week after the recording, he decided to quit his job by going back to France permanently. The company tried to reach out about missing work multiple times through emails and calls. However, he never responded to any of these attempts. After four days, the company fired him for not showing up to work. Whistleblowing. Reasons. At first, Le Bonniec was not going to come forward with his experience at Apple since his family and friends convinced him that Apply may sue him for breaching the NDA he signed. However, he finally decided to come forward for four different reasons: Media. He decided to send an email to Mediapart, which is a French investigative online newspaper, and met with a journalist from Mediapart to discuss the information he had on Apple. On August 30, 2019, the journalist would publish the story with the information he provided anonymously. Around November 2019, the same journalist from Mediapart would introduce Le Bonniec with a documentary filmmaker who wanted to interview him on camera. He was unsure of being interviewed but was reassured when suggested that they would film him in two different ways, one done remaining anonymous and the other showing his face. They gave him the choice to decide on which part would be released. Around January 2020, he would decide to go public with his face since he decided that this was going to be something that he would dedicate himself to trying to get addressed. On February 2020, the interview would be released with his face publicized. Government. On May 28 2020, he sent letters to the European National Data Protection Authorities, the European Data Protection Board, and the European Data Protection Supervisor. In addition, he sent multiple letters to European nations that are not a part of the European Union, such as Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Norway, and Iceland. In the letters, he stated that he was concerned with Apple “wiretapping entire populations despite European citizens being told the EU has one of the strongest data protection laws in the world”. Apple Response. As the story caught the public eye, Apple was quick to suspend their review program to afford them time to consider next steps. Apple decided on the following policy changes before resuming their review program: Additionally, users were now aware of the review program, whereas the program had been kept undisclosed prior. As of September, 2022, users are also able to delete recordings previously made of them. This is done through random identifiers associated with individual devices not user accounts. With the release of iOS 13 in September 2019, Apple introduced on-device processing which allows Apple to do some of the processing, such as speech recognition and natural language processing, on the user’s device, reducing the need for data to be transferred off the device. In iOS 14, updates to Siri allowed it to process certain requests completely on the device, improving response time and user data privacy at the same time. Data Privacy in Big Tech. Cambridge Analytica. In 2018, it was revealed that political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica had obtained the data of nearly 30 million users in 2014. The data was used to create targeted political ads during the United States 2016 presidential election. The scandal resulted in increased criticism of Meta’s data privacy practices and has been a major talking point in the conversation of the need for better data privacy regulations. Amazon. In 2019, a report by Bloomberg revealed that human review was being done on Amazon Alexa recordings similar to what Apple was doing with Siri. The recordings contained personal and sensitive information. This raised serious concerns regarding privacy as it was not made clear to users that their conversations were being recorded. As a result, Amazon updated its privacy policies to inform users that human reviewer’s may listen to user recordings and added the option to opt out of the program. Google. In 2019, the National Commission on Informatics and Liberty fined Google 50 million Euros for violating the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation for not obtaining informed consent from users before collecting their personal data. It was found that Google’s policy did not provide users with sufficient information about what the data would be used for. In response, Google modified their policy to make it more clear how they would use the data and provided users with a clearer way to access and manage their data. TikTok. Leaked audio from 2022 has shown repeated cases of ByteDance employees in China accessing private US-based TikTok data which was claimed to have been kept separate from the rest of the data. There have been many attempts to restrict the use of TikTok in the United States such as the attempt by the Trump administration in 2020 and in February 2023, the White House declared that all United States federal agencies had 30 days to delete TikTok from all government-issued devices. As a result, TikTok CEO Shou Chew appeared before Congress to discuss United States data privacy and TikTok’s ties to China in 2023. Relation to GDPR. The EU's GDPR provides a useful reference when considering the ethics of potential privacy violations. GDPR is primarily concerned with data that can identify the source user. Apple emphasizes that the data is anonymized through association with random tokens rather than user accounts. However, Apple does not address the possibility of identifiable information being in the audio. This fact, combined with the lack of public awareness, suggests an ethics problem.

Professionalism/Port of Beirut Chemical Explosion. Introduction. On August 4th, 2020, Beirut, Lebanon was shaken with a devastating explosion. The blast was caused by a large quantity of the highly explosive ammonium nitrate stored unsafely in a warehouse at the port for years. The explosion resulted in the death of 218 people and over 7,000 injuries. In addition, it caused an approximated $3.8-4.6 billion in material damages. The blast was even felt 150 miles away in the Republic of Cyprus. This event is classified as one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history and highlighted the need for an increase in safety regulations, and professional conduct when dealing with hazardous materials. Timeline. The events leading up to the Port of Beirut disaster began in 2013, over 6 years prior to the explosion. In November 2013, the "Rhosus", a ship carrying ammonium nitrate destined for Mozambique, stopped in the Port of Beirut to load cargo. There, port officials realized the vessel was not seaworthy and documented the hazardous material. A legal battle regarding what should happen to the "Rhosus" ensued, and in the confusion, port authorities were ordered to move the ammonium nitrate to land. The explosive material was stored in a hangar with inadequate safety conditions in October 2014. In the years following, customs officials attempted to have the ammonium nitrate moved, but were stopped by legal impediments. Military officials also failed to address the hazard. Documents dating back to November 2015 showed the Lebanese Army was aware of the situation, but did not have a use for the ammonium nitrate. Consequently, they took no action. It was not until early 2020 that State Security officer, Major Joseph Naddaf began an investigation. He found that the explosives posed an immense danger to the port should they detonate. Following Naddaf's report, Prime Minister Hassan Diab, the Cassation Public Prosecutor, Ghassan Oueidat, and President Michel Aoun were notified on June 3th, 2020, June 4rd, 2020, and July 21st respectively. On August 1st, 2020, under Ouiedat's direction, port authorities began maintenance on the hangar. On August 4th, 2020, reportedly, sparks from the welding maintenance ignited the ammonium nitrate causing an explosive chain reaction. In the months after, Judge Sawan, who was overseeing the legal fallout, initially charged 37 people with responsibility, most of whom were mid and low-ranking port authority officials. When he attempted to charge higher ranking officials including Diab, Sawan was removed from office by the Court of Cassation in February 2021. In January 2023, Ouiedat called for the release of all the detainees associated with the blast. Indirect Effects. The aftermath of the explosion had a considerable impact on Lebanon's economy and healthcare system. The economy of the country was already weakened by the decaying value of the currency and the effects of the , medicine supplies and housing were already expensive. After the explosion, more than 300,000 were left homeless. Housing became unaffordable. The port of Beirut was a vital economic hub for Lebanon, and after the explosion its infrastructure was completely damaged, limiting imports and exports. The healthcare system was already under strain due to COVID-19; the explosion caused damage to hospitals and healthcare facilities. The number of injured, coupled with the weakened healthcare system, made it impossible to attend everyone in need of medical attention. Furthermore, the explosion occurred in a time where there were already political issues in the country. Since October 2019, protests against the Lebanese government had been ongoing. The government was highly criticized for its handling of the aftermath of the explosion, these included many officials accused of incompetence and corruption. The Lebanese citizens called for an independent investigation, and a political reform. Professionalism. Professionalism, or lack thereof, across all levels of management and execution created the circumstances necessary for the explosion. For one, ammonium nitrate has caused many deadly explosions in the past. Had officials been aware of previous disasters, the danger could have been avoided. Failure to step up and take action was another notable shortcoming of nearly all participants. And lastly, the high ranking officials who were responsible avoided nearly all consequences. History Repeats. The Tinjing Chemical Storage Explosion in 2015, the in 2013, and the in 1994, among many others, all had been caused by ammonium nitrate. In the Port of Beirut case, guidelines and regulations were ignored. International groups such as the Ammunition Management Advisory Team (AMAT) have detailed the proper way to store ammonium nitrate. Ventilation, distance to residential zones, and chemical packing density were all disregarded in Beirut. George Santayana's quote, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" is supported by this event. Adherence to the regulations implemented would have reduced the risk significantly, if not eliminated it all together. Inaction. As early as 2014 authorities knew of the immense threat the ammonium nitrate posed. Customs official Joseph Skaf was reported to have documented the danger in February 2014. However, he died mysteriously in 2017 leading many to believe he was murdered. Customs official Nehme Brax also sent several letters to legal authorities asking for the chemicals to be disposed of, but his requests were denied by the judge on grounds that they could not authorize such actions. Notably, when the problem reached Prime Minister Diab, he said, “I then forgot about it, and nobody followed up. There are disasters every day.” In every level of authority from the lowest ranking port official to the prime minister, no one took effective action. For those who had less authority such as the port officials, it would have required a heroic and professional defiance of the legal system to remove the ammonium nitrate. Corruption and potential for extreme consequences including imprisonment and death would make this kind of bravery difficult for the participants. Those with more power, such as Diab, had the authority to fix the problem but chose not to. Blame. The explosion is attributed to the negligence of Lebanese authorities that were aware of the dangerous chemicals stored in the warehouse, but failed to take the appropriate measures. But in the Lebanese political system, high ranking officials enjoy various immunities from the law. Article 40 of the Lebanese constitution states: "No Chamber member may be prosecuted or arrested, during the session, for committing a crime, unless authorized by the Chamber, except in case he is caught in the act." On December 17 of 2020, the investigation was stopped due to the charges being press against Sawan for targeting these immune officials. Many of the initial 37 low and mid-ranking officials initially charged were merely used as . In September 2021, citizens of Lebanon protested against attempted removal of the second lead investigator, Judge Tarek Bitar. The investigation has not been active as of May 2023. Two years after the disaster, United Nations experts called on the Human Rights Council for an international investigation, but no official investigation has started as of May 2023. Laury Haytayan, Middle East and North Africa Director of the Natural Resource Governance Institute, is quoted, "[The Lebanese government] cannot be efficient. They are efficient in corruption. But not in running a country.” Her statement is supported by the fact that it took over 6 years to attempt to secure the ammonium nitrate, but less than 6 months to have Sawan removed from office. By scapegoating lower-ranked officials and attacking those who oppose them, the officials responsible for the explosion have managed to avoid all ramifications for their lack of action. Conclusion. The Beirut chemical explosion was a tragic event that had significant consequences for Lebanon and its people. The aftermath of the explosion produced anger and discontent among the Lebanese citizens who accused the government of avoiding their responsibilities and failing to provide appropriate protection. The involved participants did not act ethically or professionally because they performed their obligations to the people poorly. They tried to avoid accountability by blaming low-level officials who were present during the storage of the ammonium nitrate, rather than the high level officials that were supposed to be upholding public safety. The Lebanese government also failed to provide safety by ignoring similar chemical explosions that occurred in the past due to unprofessional behavior. The tragedy was entirely preventable if participants had strived for professionalism in their duties.

Supplementary mathematics/Fourier series. The Fourier series is a periodic expansion for functions such as f(x) in terms of the sum of the infinity of the sine and cosine functions, and the expansion is exponential. is also used in the Fourier series. The study of the Fourier series is one of the calculus of calculus and is known as the analysis of harmonics. Of course, this topic can be an arbitrary tonic function in a trigonometric set. and integral to match. In particular, since the superposition principle holds for solutions of a linear homogeneous ordinary differential equation, if such an equation can be solved for a single sinusoid, the solution of an arbitrary function is immediately available by expressing the original function in Fourier form. Is. Connect the series and then solve for each sinusoidal component. In some special cases where the Fourier series can be summed in closed form, this technique can even yield analytical solutions. Any set of functions that form a complete orthogonal system has a generalized Fourier series similar to the Fourier series. For example, using the orthogonality of the roots of a Bessel function of the first kind yields a so-called Fourier-Bessel series. Fourier series for periodic functions. For example, expressions such as sine, cosine and exponential eikx can be used to define the Fourier series. It provided square waves (1 or 0 or -1) which are good examples, along with delta functions in the derivative. In order to present a spike and a step function, and a sloping surface, etc., Bayez looked at how their expansion should be found theoretically and mathematically. You should start with sin x first. This Fourier series theory has a period of 2π of sin(x + 2π) = sin x. It is an odd function because sin(-x) = - sin x, and vanishes at x = 0 and x = π. Every sin nx function has these three properties, and Fourier looked at infinite combinations of sines formula_1 If we assume that the numbers in the Fourier series decrease quickly enough, the set S(x) will have three characteristics. In this hypothesis, the importance of the decay rate and code is predicted. Periodic S(x + 2π) = S(x) Odd S(−x) = −S(x) S(0) = S(π) = 0 200 years ago, Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician, expanded the Fourier series with an interesting suggestion. Joseph Fourier realized that the series of the function S(x) with those properties can be written as an infinite series. He expressed sine and cosine. This idea started the huge and important development and development of the Fourier series. The first step for us and you in the Fourier series is to calculate the number bk that multiplies sin kx or cos kx from S(x). If we assume that the expansion of formula_2, both sides can be multiplied by sin kx. If it is integrated from 0 to π, it is integral: formula_3 On the right, all integrals are zero except for the highlighted integral with n = k.This "perpendicular" feature will dominate the entire chapter. They make sinuses 90◦ angles in function space, when their inner products are integral from 0 to π: formula_4

Alo, Jonathan!. Alo, Jonathan! Numo by the Direct Method Storitel Un. Unme piatluna (1/5) Pir stes in sitad. Pir sribes in dagkitab. Pir optes sitad. Pir stes ma in sitad? Ja, pu stes in sitad. Pir stes ma in… pir? Nai, pu stes nai in pir. Pu stes in sitad. Pir stes ma in tren? Nai, pu stes nai in tren. Pu stes in sitad. Pir stes in sitad. Pir sribes ma dagkitab? Ja, pu sribes dagkitab. Dagkitab sribes ma pir? Nai, dagkitab sribes nai pir. Dagkitab sribes nai. Pir sribes. Pir sribes dagkitab. Sitad optes ma pir? Nai, sitad optes nai pir. Sitad optes nai. Pir optes. Pir optes ma sitad? Ja, pir optes sitad. Pir stes in wac? Pir stes in sitad. Pir sribes wat? Pir sribes dagkitab. Pir optes wat? Pir optes sitad. Pu stes in sitad, ai pu sribes in dagkitab, ai pu optes sitad. Pir stes ma in dagkitab? Nai, pu sribes in dagkitab. Pir optes ma pir? Nai, pu optes nai pir; pu optes sitad. Pir gros. Pir gud, ai pir intel. Pu soces. Pu soces de sitad. Pu soces: “Sitad es wat? Sitad gud ma? Sitad gros ma?” Pir sribes ma sitad? Nai, pu sribes nai sitad; sitad gros. Pu sribes dagkitab; dagkitab gros nai. Dagkitab soces ma de pir? Nai, dagkitab soces nai. Pir soces. Pu soces de dagkitab, ai soces de sitad. Ai pu sribes in dagkitab. Pu sribes de sitad. Pu sribes: “Sitad gud, ai sitad gros.” Pu soces: “Sitad gud”; pu soces, das sitad gud. Pu soces: “Sitad gros”; pu soces, das sitad gros. Pu soces de sitad, ai pu soces de dagkitab. Dagkitab es wat? Dagkitab es, wac pir sribes; pu sribes in dagkitab. In dagkitab, pir sribes de sitad. In dagkitab, pir sribes nai de tren; pir stes in sitad, nai in tren. Pu soces nai de tren, pu soces de sitad, sitad Miuncen. Wat es sitad? Ku es Miuncen. Miuncen in wac? Ku es, wac pir stes. Pir in wac? Pir in Miuncen. Ja, Miuncen es sitad gros, ai sitad gud. Pir soces, das Miuncen es sitad gud, ai pu soces, das ku es sitad gros. Pir intel. Pu ses: “Alo, Miuncen!” Pu es pir gud! Pir stes ai soces: “Tren in wac?” Pu optes… pu optes tren! Pu soces: “Tren!” Alan pu soces nai de dagkitab, ai pu soces nai de sitad; pu soces de tren! Storitel Duo. Duome piatluna (2/5) Alan pir in tren. Pu in Miuncen nai; pu in tren. Pu safares. Pu soces: “Alan anu safares ek Miuncen al Win. Es safar gud. Anu ames safar.” Pu soces de Miuncen. Pu soces: “Alan anu in tren, ked in fordag anu in Miuncen te. Ai alan anu sribes dagkitab in tren, ked in fordag anu sribeste dagkitab in Miuncen. Ai alan anu soces in tren, ked in fordag anu sribeste in Miuncen. In fordag anu soceste de Miuncen in Miuncen, ai alan anu soces de Win in tren. Alan anu in tren, nai in Win. Ked anu soces ai sribes de Win.” Pir soces ma alan in Miuncen? Nai, pu soces nai alan in Miuncen. Pu soces in tren. In fordag pu soceste in Miuncen. Pu ses: “Alo, tren!” Pir in tren, ai pu safares al sitad. Sitad dat es nai Miuncen; Miuncen es sitad de fordag. Sitad dat es Win; Win es sitad de aldag. Pir soces de Miuncen ai Win. Pu soces: “Miuncen es sitad de fordag, ai Miuncen gud te. Alan es aldag, ai anu in tren; tren gud. Win gud ma?” Pir soces de Miuncen: Miuncen este sitad de fordag. Pu soces in tren: Pu in tren in aldag. Ai pu soces de Win: Win es sitad de posdag. Ai pu soces: “Miuncen gros te. Tren gros. Win gros ma?” Ai pu soces: “In Miuncen anu sribeste in dagkitab. In tren anu sribes in dagkitab. In Win anu sribes ma in dagkitab? Ja, in posdag in Win anu sribes in dagkitab. Anu ames dagkitab.” Pir soces poli (pu soces poli = pu soces ai soces ai soces), ai pu sribes poli. Ja, pu es pir intel. Pir intel sribes poli, ai soces poli. Pu es Jonathan, Jonathan es pir intel. Pu sribes: “Anu es Jonathan. Anu in tren. In fordag anu steste in Miuncen; in posdag anu stes in Win.” Pu soces, ai sribes: “Tren… ku gud, ked eski. Ku neo nai; ku eski. In Miuncen tren eski ma? Ja, tren de Miuncen eski. Ked tren de Miuncen gud, ai anu ames tren de Miuncen. In fordag anu ameste tren in Miuncen, ai in aldag anu ames tren alan, ai in posdag anu ames tren in Win. Anu ames tren! Jonathan sribeste: “Miuncen es sitad gud ai sitad eski, ai Win es sitad gud ai sitad eski. Miuncen ai Win neo nai, ked gud. Miuncen ai Win es sitad eski, ked sitad gud. Anu ames sitad!” Jonathan soces, das dag duome de safar gud. Pu ses: “Aldag este dag duome de safar gud. Anu ames safaresa!” Storitel San. Sanme piatluna (3/5) Jonathan stes in Win: sitad de Win. Jonathan soces, das Win gud, ai das Win sundar. Jonathan soces nai, das Win ansundar; pu soces, das Win sundar. Pu soces: “Win es sitad sundar! Anu sribes de ku!” Ai pu sribes in dagkitab de Win. In dagkitab pu sribes: “Dag sanme anun gud muco! In dag duome anu steste in Miuncen. Ked alan anu stes in Win: Win es nai Miuncen. Miuncen ai Win es duo sitad; Miuncen es nai Win ai Win es nai Miuncen. Anu stes in Win ai sitad sundar muco. Anu ames Win; sitad nai ansundar. Win sundar wam! Ked anu awes problem.” Wat? Jonathan awes problem? Problem wat? Alan pu optes nai dagkitab; pu optes sitad ai soces. Pu soces poli de problem. Problem de Jonathan es, das pu ames Win, ked awes nai krono. Pu soces: “Hmm. Alan es septe (7) sahat. In dek (10) de sahat tren ekires. Dek (10) de sahat minus septe (7) de sahat es san (3). San de sahat es nai krono poli al sitad sundar! Anu awes nai krono. Awesa krono gud, ked anu awes nai! Sribesa dagkitab gud, ked anu awes nai krono al sribesa! Fes wat in Win? Pu soces: “Anu awes nai krono poli. Fes wat - sribesa in dagkitab, or etesa, or optesa sitad? Anu fes wat?” Pu soces mos, ai ses: “Anu awes idea gud! Un momen… anu soces. Tren anun ekires in dek (10) de sahat. Res ma tren ankuai mos, in dekun (11) de sahat, or dekduo (12), deksan (13), dekcar (14), or dekpiat (15) de sahat?” Pu optes… ja! Res tren, das ekires in dekpiat sahat. Alan Jonathan joi. Jonathan ses: “Dekpiat (15) minus septe (7) es okto (8). Alan anu awes okto de sahat de krono! Anu fes wat?” Pu ses: “Anu kes! Anu etes stek. Ai anu pijes bir. Un momen… nai, pijes duo bir, or san bir. Idea gud! Alan Jonathan pijes bir in Win, ai etes stek. Pu joi. Pu ses: “Anu joi wam! Anu ames sitad de Win. Anu ames wam safar!” Storitel Car. Jonathan in wac? Pu stes ma in Win? Nai, pu stes in sitad hetero. Pu stes in Bistrița. Bistrița es wat? Es sitad in Romani. Alan kaies safar in Romani. Jonathan sribes in dagkitab pun: “In unme piatluna anu in Miuncen te. In duome piatluna anu in Win te. Dan anu in Budapesto te. Budapesto sundar te. Ked anu aweste nai krono in Budapesto. Anu opteste jol in Budapesto. In Budapesto anu soceste: ‘in iki garbe fines, ai in iki timur kaies. Budapesto hetero.’” Pu soces mos poko de Budapesto. Pu soces: “Anu es jen, das komeste ek Engli, ek London. Anu tales Englibasa, dar jen in Engli tales Englibasa. Ked in Budapesto anu taleste nai met jen in Englibasa; anu taleste in Doicbasa. Doicbasa anun gud nai, ked jen in Budapesto tales nai Englibasa. Ani tales in Doicbasa. Interesa, das jen in Budapesto tales Doicbasa.” Alan Jonathan soces de safar pun. Pu soces: “Anu in museum in London te. In museum reste kitab de stan andar. Anu citeste kitab. In museum reste karte de stan andar. Anu opteste karte. Kitab ai karte seste, das stan andar daleko, ked interesa. In stan andar res jen poli, jen hetero poli.” Alan Jonathan soces mos de safar pun. Pu soces: “In fordag anu in Cluj-Napoca te. Anu eteste in Cluj-Napoca. Nam de et este “Paprika Hendl”. Gud muco, et in Cluj-Napoca. Hotel gud te, ked anu somneste gud nai. Ked stan sundar muco! In tren anu opteste cisitad poli ai kastel poli. Sitad gros mos poli jo cisitad, ked cisitad sundar muco. Kastel gros mos jo hotel, ai sundar mos jo hotel! Cisitad gros anmos jo sitad, ked ki sundar, ai hotel gros anmos jo kastel.” Jonathan sribes mos in dagkitab pun: “Bistrița es wici interesa. Bistrița es wici eski, eski mos jo wici andar. Aulo hotel anun in Bistrița eski, eski mos jo hotel andar. In hotel anu seste nam anun: “Anu es Jonathan Harker” ai ki seste al anu: “Welkom in hotel.” In hotel anu opteste patra al anu. Alan anu cites patra anun.” Jonathan cites patra pun. Ku ses: “Ami anun. - Welkom. Somnes tu gud. Anu in Bukovina; komes tu sai al Bukovina. Safar ek London gud te ma? Stan anun sundar muco. Welkom in stan anun. Ami tun, DRACULA.” Jonathan cites patra ai soces de ami pun, Konte Dracula. Pu es wau? Pu kes nai. Ked ami pun interesa. Aulo cisitad Bistrița interesa. Jonathan joi, ai soces de ami pun. Dan pu somnes. Storitel Piat. Carme Piatluna (4/5) In aldag Jonathan safares al Konte-Dracula. In hotel pu optes hoteljen, ai optes patra de Konte-Dracula in man de hoteljen. Pu seste al hoteljen in doicbasa: “Alo, ges tu sai patra al anu.” Hoteljen ges patra al pu. Dan pu kuestiones in doicbasa: “Patra es wat? Dracula sribeste wat in patra?” Ked hoteljen ses: “Anu tales nai doicbasa, anu tales nai doicbasa.” “Annormal! In fordag anu taleste met hoteljen in doicbasa, ked alan pu ses, das pu tales nai doicbasa! War? Pu kuestiones al hoteljen: “Tu kes ma Konte-Dracula?” ked alan hoteljen tales nai. Jonathan soces: “Annormal! Anu taleste met hoteljen in doicbasa. Pu nes tales doicbasa, ked pu ses, das pu tales nai ku! Anu nes kuestiones mos al pu, ked anu awes nai krono. Anu nes ekires.” Alan Jonathan in majal pun in hotel. Pos un de sahat, pu nes ekires. Ked optes tu! Mir eski komeste al majal pun. Mir eski: “War tu ekires? Sai ekires tu nai! Aldag es nai dag gud! Es dag mal, dag de kos mal!” Jonathan: “Anu gud, anu ires optes ami. Sai tales tu nai de kos mal.” Mir eski: “Tu kes ma nai, das aldag es dag de Sante-George? In dekduo (12) de sahat kos mal komes! Tu kes ma, tu ires al wac?” Jonathan: “Nai nai, mir eski, panwat gud. Anu gud, ai in aldag kos mal komes nai.” Mir eski: “Sai ekires tu nai! Sai ekires tu nai! Jonathan: “Nai, anu nes ekires. Sai plakes tu nai.” Mir eski: “Es krusifikse. Krusifikse al tu.” Jonathan: “Aa…Englijen ames nai krusifikse…ked abrigan. Sai plakes tu nai.” Jonathan soces: “In Engli ani ames krois, ked nai krusifikse. In Romani jen ames krusifikse, nai krois.” Alan mir eski ires ai Jonathan in majal solo. Pu soces: “Wici dat annormal! Mir eski, das ges krusifikse! Ked anu nes ekires.” Storitel Sita. Piatme Piatluna (5/5) - Kastel. In aldag Jonathan ires al kastel de ami pun, Konte Dracula. Safar al kastel kaies alan. Jonathan stes in fronte de koce ai speres kocejen. "Kocejen in wac?" pu soces. "Aa, iki es kocejen – pu tales met hoteljen. Ki tales de wat? Anu awes nai krono, ai anu nes ekires." Jonathan optes karib de koce, ai optes jen poli. Jen tales poli, ked pu komprendes nai jen dat. Jonathan soces: "War ki anjoi? Anu anjoi nai. Anu soces, das iki es wici annormal, ked anu anjoi nai." Pu optes, das jen tales, ai mobes man. Pu optes man kin...ki fes wat met man kin? Aa! Alan pu komprendes. Ki mobes man wam krusifikse. Man kin es nai krusifikse, ked wan ki mobes man, man kin es wam krusifikse. Koce komes. Alan safar kaies. Jonathan sites in koce. Aulo jen andar sites in koce. Jonathan optes stan in karib pun, ai soces, das ku sundar. Res arbor poli. In stan dat res apel poli, ai prun poli, dar res apelarbor ai prunarbor poli. Pu ses: "Mmm! Apelarbor sundar muco, ai anu wes etes apel kin." Pu optes aulo per, dar res perarbor poli in stan dat. Pu ses: "Gud muco! Perarbor sundar muco, ai anu wes etes per kin. Anu ames arbor de senlin." Ked koce mosires, ai mosires...es koce kuai muco! War koce ires kuai? Pu soces jol, wat es nai jol gud; ku eski. Ked koce ires kuai! "Koce nes ma ires kuai, li jol eski ai es jol gud nai?" pu soces. Kocejen ames ires kuai, pu soces. Alan koce in senlin. In daleko pu optes alpe. Alpe gros muco, ai aulo senlin gros muco. Jonathan soces de alpe in Engli. Pu soces, alpe in Engli ci muco, ci mos jo alpe in Romani. In karib de koce, Jonathan optes ewan jen andar. Ki es jen de stan dat-iki. Stan dat iki awes jen hetero jo jen in stan dat-dac Engli. Jen in stan dat iki liwes in senlin, ked jen in stan dat dac, Engli, liwes in sitad gros. Ai pu soces de krois ai krusifikse. Ja, jen in stan dat-iki, Romani, ames krusifikse, ked jen in stan dat-dac, Engli, ames krois. Ku es sahat wat? Es sita-sahat. Wan Jonathan siteste in koce, ku este pagi. Ankuai mos kendag komeste. Kendag es 12-sahat. Dan poskendag komeste; poskendag es krono in pos de 12-sahat. Ked alan es afen. Afen es wat? Afen es sahat, wan sol alto nai, ked analto. Alan sol analto muco. Wan Jonathan in koce te in kendag, ham te. In kendag Jonathan soceste: "Anu ham! Nes pijes!" Ked alan, wan ku es sita-sahat; anham. Alan pu soces: "Anu anham! Sol in wac?" Wan Jonathan ham, ku ham. Jonathan wes nai ham, ked pu wes nai aulo anham. Pu ames nai ham, ai pu ames nai anham. Jonathan ses neo: "Sol in wac?" ai pu ses: "Wan safar fines? Kastel de ami anun Konte Dracula in wac?"

Among Us/Running Games. If you plan to play Among Us with your friends, you need to know how to run games of Among Us. If you wish to host an online game, click the 'Online' button on the homescreen, then click the 'Create Game' button. After that, you can configure what region server you want (choose the one closest to you), and configure information like the map, number of Imposters, and maximum players. To host a local game, the process is similar; instead of clicking the 'Online' button, click the 'Local' button. Once you create a game, you will join a lobby, where, if you use the laptop in the lobby, you can customize more things, like whether visual effects for tasks is enabled. Once enough people join the game, you can start it by pressing the triangle shaped Start button. After you do all this, you should have a game of Among Us! Kicking and Banning Players. What happens if someone is misbehaving in your game, perhaps saying or doing obscene things? Well, Among Us has tools to deal with those things. While in the lobby, you can kick a player by going into the chat and clicking on the boot. From there it should be obvious what to do, but if you do not know, you should click on their name, then click 'KICK.' This player can still rejoin, though. To kick them out permanently, click 'ban.'

Among Us/Imposter Gameplay and Strategy. An "Imposter" is a role in Among Us. The Imposter is the most fun role. As an Imposter, your goal is to get rid of Crewmates, one way or another, without getting caught. There are two methods of doing this: If you successfully do one of these things, you and your fellow Imposters will win the game. Abilities. Kill. Killing is an iconic part of Among Us. When you are near a Crewmate, you can click the skull button. Once you do this, you will see that the upper half of the Crewmate's body will be gone, and the body will fall to the ground. The crewmate will become a ghost, unable to vote or communicate to Crewmates in any way. There is a cooldown, so you can't kill too many crewmates in a short time. Obviously, you should not do this in view of a Crewmate (other than the one you intend to kill, of course). Preferably, you should try to kill near a vent or other escape route. Killing in an area where many Crewmates are extremely close together also works. Alternatively, you can kill and then report your own kill, called a "self report" in Among Us parlance. This is an easy way to get out of a situation where you are likely to get caught as the Imposter, but be prepared to answer questions about where the body was, and if you saw anything. Sabotage. An Imposter can sabotage to hamper the Crewmates, or even take them out completely. Even if you have been voted out, you can still sabotage as a Ghost. Sabotages can be used strategically to help with killing, by, for example, closing the doors on an area to give you more time to escape. Sabotages can also be used to lure Crewmates away from the room where a killing happened, allowing you to escape. A list of sabotages is available for each map's individual chapter. To sabotage, click the button with a crewmate on fire. This will pull of a map, with individual systems and door you can sabotage. Click on the system or door you want to sabotage to sabotage it. If there are a small number of crewmates left, sabotages can be used to lure one near you to be killed. Remember, a report will stop the sabotage, so if you are sabotaging with the aim of killing the Crewmates via the sabotage, don't self report. Vent. Vents are a quick transportation system for your map. You can use vents to easily escape after killing people, look for lone Crewmates to kill, and simply get around the map quickly. (Admin can also be used to look for lone Crewmates.) Make sure when you're venting, nobody sees, because venting is an ability exclusive to Imposters and Engineers. If there are no engineers in the game, seeing someone vent tells you they are the Imposter, and even if there are Engineers in the game, it's not very good to be seen venting. Strategy. Imposter strategy is much more complex than Crewmate strategy, so be prepared. Ignore any and all Crewmate strategy. Remember, if you are playing with other Imposters, use them! Rat them out when you need to, use them to create an alibi, etc.

AI Art Generation Handbook/Training/DreamBooth. What is Dreambooth ? We will be focusing exclusively training for Dreambooth. So let go on with it DreamBooth is a method for customizing and personalizing TextToImage diffusion models. It can achieve excellent results with only a small amount of training data. DreamBooth is developed based on Imagen and the model can be exported as ckpt and loaded into various UIs. However, the Imagen model and pre-trained weights are not available. Therefore, DreamBooth was initially not suitable for stable diffusion. Later, the diffusers implemented the DreamBooth function and fully adapted it to Stable Diffusion. DreamBooth is easy to overfit quickly. To obtain high-quality images, we must find a "sweet spot" between the training steps and learning rate. It is recommended to use a low learning rate and gradually increase the number of steps until reaching a satisfactory state. Installing Dreambooth. To download Dreambooth extension is a very easy. First, you need go to the tab "Extension" , click on "Available" tab which is below it. Later, search for extension named: sd_dreambooth_extension and click "Install" button to install it. Click on "Installed" tab and click "Apply & Restart UI" . For better installation, close the webui.bat and re-open again to ensure proper installation. Note: The instructions here are based on last update by dev on rev 926ae20 Training In Dreambooth / Model tab. (1) Click on the Dreambooth tab. (2) For creating new models from scratch , type the Name of the model and select the list of model you already installed in Source Checkpoint. Ensure 512x Model is ticked. (3) Click Create Model (4) Wait for ~1minute for WebUI generate template folder Training In Dreambooth / Settings tab. You can click on Performance (WIP) to make the recommended settings for Dreambooth training on the PC There are checkboxes in General, namely (i) Use LORA - Recommended for training of PC with 8GB ~12GB VRAM (ii) Train imagic Only - Training with single images only Intervals. "Training Steps Per image(Epoch)" In "Intervals" section, "Training Steps Per image(Epoch)" specifies the number of steps to train per image. For the training steps , try training for 175 steps (for Train Object/Style). Note: The "Train Person" and "Train Object/Style" sections on the "Concepts" page have different optimal values. The higher it goes, the longer training will takes. For example, if there are three images uploaded and you want to train for a total of 1500 steps, then each image would be trained for 500 steps. "Pause After N Epochs" specifies how many intervals between each epochs and is set to 0. "Amount of time to pause between Epochs (s)" is of the same type as the previous setting and is also set to 0. "Save model Frequency" indicates how often to save a checkpoint. Each save is approximately 4-5 GB, so if disk space is limited, a higher value can be set. "Save Preview(s) Frequency (Epochs)" indicates how often to preview images during each epoch. It is generally set to 5 and may affect training speed. Batching. "Batch Size" is used to speed up training time, but it increases GPU memory usage. "Gradient Accumulation Steps" is the number of steps before the gradient is calculated and backpropagated. Make sure the number of images used in training is divisible by the product of these two values. For example, if both values are set to 2, the overall speed is increased by 4 times, and it is important to ensure that the number of images used in training is divisible by 4. "Setting Gradients to None When Zeroing" uses more GPU memory. "Gradient Checkpointing" reduces GPU memory usage. Learning Rate. The learning rate is a value typically between 0.0 and 1.0 used during the neural network training process. The goal of the model is to minimize loss, which represents the difference between the predicted output for an input and the true label for that input. Recommended to use any values between 0.000001 to 0.00000175 for good results. Depending on the complexity of models , learning rate for simpler object might requires only 0.001 However, the higher number may produce models that not quite looked what is envisioned with your expectations (wild card) meanwhile too low number meaning model output may produce very similar to what your model looked like (overfitting). "Learning rate Scheduler" These scheduler are tested and confirmed to work with "Train Object/Style" and explained as these Constant with Warmup: Imagine you're trying to climb a mountain, but your legs are stiff. You need to warm up first by doing some stretches and light exercises to get your blood flowing before you can start hiking. Similarly, with this learning rate scheduler, we start with a low learning rate and gradually increase it over a certain number of warmup steps, so that the model can gradually adjust to the training data before we start increasing the learning rate. Linear with Warmup: Imagine same case as constant warmup , you need to warmup before hiking up the mountain. Once you've warmed up, you start with a slow pace and gradually increase your speed as you get closer to the summit. This is similar to how the linear with warmup learning rate scheduler works. We start with a low learning rate and gradually increase it linearly over a certain number of warmup steps, and then we keep it constant for the remaining training steps. Polynomial Learning Rate: Imagine you are climbing mountain on an area with very unpredictable weather. You want to adjust your speed so that you can safely navigate the hike and avoid fall off the mountain. If you go too fast during rains/strong winds, you risk losing control and fall off , and if you go too slow, you won't make it to your destination on time. This is similar to how the polynomial learning rate scheduler works. We start with a high learning rate and gradually decrease it over time using a polynomial function. The degree of the polynomial determines how quickly the learning rate decreases, and we can adjust this to find the optimal speed for training the model. Tuning. Use EMA: This option is generally not selected. EMA (Exponential Moving Average) is used for gradient descent and is not important for fine-tuning. It uses exponential moving average weights to avoid overfitting in the final iteration. It can improve the quality of the model, but uses more VRAM during training. Use 8-bit Adam: Select this option to use 8-bit Adam from Bitsandbytes. It reduces memory usage. Choose fp16 or bf16 in mixed precision, but it is recommended to choose bf16 for better performance. Memory Attention: Choose Xformers (if use Torch 1.x) to speed up the training process. There is not much difference in memory usage between Xformers and Flash_attention (a type of attention mechanism that can reduce memory usage). Default is the fastest but uses more VRAM, Xformers has average speed and VRAM usage, and Flash_attention is the slowest but uses the least VRAM.| "P.S: Note that there are unconfirmed rumours that Torch 2.0 removed the needs for Memory Attention" Cache Latents : This options is like having a storage space where the model can save the intermediate results it gets when processing data during training. This way, when it needs to process the same data again, it can use the cached results instead of recalculating everything from scratch. This can speed up the training process, but it also requires more VRAM to store the cached results. Train U-NET : This option is enabled to let the U-NET network is trained concurrently with the diffusion model to improve the quality of the image generation. The U-NET network is trained to take the output of the diffusion model and further refine it to produce a higher quality image. This option is *may* improve the overall quality of the generated images (depending on case by case basis), but it may require additional GPU memory and increase the training time. Set Ratio of Text Encoder Training: The best value for face images is 0.7, and for style images it is 0.2. If there is not enough GPU memory, set it to 0. Generally, training U-Net may yield better results. Offset Noise: If the value is set to 0, the effect is disabled and the model will not learn to adjust the brightness and contrast. If enabled, Dreambooth will add some random noise to the brightness and contrast of the input images, which allows the model to learn to adjust these parameters in order to create more realistic and varied output images. A positive value will increase the brightness/contrast of the generated images, while a negative value will decrease the brightness / contrast. However, it is highly recommended to use the input images taken at different lighting condition to simulate realistic looking images. Freeze CLIP Normalization Layers: When enabled , this options may help to prevent overfitting, which is when the model becomes too specialized to the training data and does not generalize well to new data. By freezing these layers, the model is forced to learn more meaningful and robust representations of the input data, which can improve its ability to generalize to new data. It does not increase VRAM usage but it may increase training time since the model is not able to learn from the normalization layers during training. Clip Skip: If Clip Skip is set to a high value (> 1) , the model training is essentially skipping amount of training layers thus generating images based on a more limited understanding of the input text, which can lead to less coherent and less relevant outputs. Training in Dreambooth / Generate tab. (1) For Image Generation Library select Diffuser (2) For Image Generation Scheduler, try with PNDM or LMSDISCRETE scheduler first for better result. If the training are overfitting very quickly, DDIM is usually much better than PNDM and LMSDISCRETE when the model is overfitting. References. Zuxier Github Dreambooth Learning rate U-NET

AI Art Generation Handbook/Training/Dataset. Type of training. Before start on training, consider first the concept you want to use As far as per limited studies goes, it seems like Dreambooth able to perform four types of training (i) Introduce totally new concepts to models As per current existing version of Stable Diffusion ,although SD model able to generate a variety types of images but however there are quite few things unable to be generated by SD model such as eyeballs. (ii) Adding dataset to existing concepts but create a separate "token" This is more usual route of existing concept of "male" / "woman" but you want to add dataset of faces of yourself to create a a look that more resembled of yourself into dataset images. (iii) Finetuning the existing concept A concept that already existed but due to limitations of CLIP / limited dataset of images, it may not be able to generate properly. Such as new concepts of centaur (which is basically a half men and half centaur) (iv) Force the existing concepts to learn different concepts For examples, you may force the existing keyword ""bank" that is strongly related to the bank as in depositing your money in to the "bank"" but refers to the river bank. This practices is strongly discouraged as many concepts that is related to that keyword is related and may cause "model collapse" Source of Images. There are wide range of free photos to choose from when you want to train a model of images you found. Here is the list of free stock photo site that you can use Wikimedia Commons ( Unsplash (https://unsplash.com/) Pexels (https://www.pexels.com/) Pixabay (https://pixabay.com/) Flickr Creative Commons ( https://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/ ) FreeImages ( https://www.freeimages.com/ ) Public Domain Picture (https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/) Game Art for Glitch ( https://www.glitchthegame.com/public-domain-game-art/) Josh Game Asset ( https://gameassets.joshmoody.org/) Quality of Images. You may heard a lot from lots of Dreambooth tutorial mentioning dataset must have quality. The quality of the output image produced by the AI Art generative model is directly related to the quality of the input image used to train the model. If the input images used to train the model are of low quality, contain noise or artifacts, or are poorly composed, the resulting output images will also have similar issues. Image should have following attributes: (a) Diverse but consistent - This is an example to make a diverse dataset to train for object/style but make sure the subject (in this case rhino) is always the center of the training subject. <Note this is for references only, your specific use case may be different from what is stated here:> Framing: Activity: Lighting: Type of medium: Note: Whenever possible, try not to include images for training if they have following characteristic: (i) Have more than 1 subject (although same subjects) in same picture (ii) Have distinct but common features (If you trained with 1 horns, ensure all images dataset ideally have 1 horn) (b) Noisy or compression artefacts and such (c) Blurred or not enough resolution

Supplementary mathematics/Laplace's equation. In mathematical calculations and analysis, Laplace's equation or Laplace's finite differential equation is a second-order partial differential equation that is denoted by the divergence symbol ▽ and is used in mathematics, physics, vantage point calculus, geometry, engineering, etc. This is a useful approach and function to determine an energy or electrical potential in free space or area, which is used in energy and high degrees compared to its structure, and for mathematics for sine and cosine signal waves, etc. in spherical coordinates. and cylindrical and Cartesian are used. Laplace's equation was derived to simplify calculations in physics and is named after the physicist Pierre Simon Laplace.

Supplementary mathematics/Laplace transform. In mathematics and calculus, the Laplace transform, named after its French discoverer, Pierre-Simon Laplace, is a transformation for calculus that transforms a function of a real variable (usually in the time domain) into a function of a The complex variable (in the complex frequency domain, also known as s-domain or s-plane) transforms. The Laplace transform has one of its many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving Doing differential equations in calculus is differential and integral. Also, Laplace transformation can convert all ordinary differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication. For suitable functions f, the Laplace transform is integral.

Analytic Combinatorics/Saddle-point Method. Theorem. Theorem due to Flajolet and Sedgewick. If formula_1 is an admissible function then where formula_4 is such that formula_5 and formula_6. Proof. Proof due to Flajolet and Sedgewick. By Cauchy's coefficient formula: We can visualise this as a 3D graph whose formula_8 and formula_9 axes are the real and imaginary parts of formula_10 respectively and the formula_10 axis is the real part of formula_12. For the generating functions we are interested in, formula_12 has a saddle-point on the positive real axis. This is the highest altitude of the green path in the above graph. Call this formula_4. Being an analytic function (except at formula_15), we can deform the contour to go through the saddle-point. The biggest contributor to the integral is made by the part of the contour near the saddle-point (call this formula_16, which is the red part of the path in the graph below). The rest of the contour (call this formula_17, the green part of the path) contributes relatively little. In the below, we set formula_6 We can deform the contour even more to make the part of the contour near the saddle-point a straight line (in the complex plane). formula_16 is deformed to a straight, vertical line, perpendicular to the real axis, crossing the saddle-point, starting from formula_22 to formula_23. formula_24 is chosen such that formula_25 and formula_26 as formula_3. This is so that the Taylor series expansion around formula_4 can be reduced to just formula_30. formula_31 is real-valued because formula_4 is real and formula_1, being a generating function, has real coefficients. formula_34, so formula_35 is real. Therefore, formula_36 is real-valued. So, any imaginary part of formula_37 can be moved outside the integral, leaving just a real-valued integrand: This also means that the real-valued surface we discussed in the beginning is a valid estimate of the potentially complex-valued formula_12. formula_40 We change variables to remove the imaginary part of the interval and turn it into a real-valued integrand over the real line. Setting formula_41: Because formula_44 is very small for large formula_8: Due to our choice of formula_24 before, as formula_3, formula_49. Therefore, the integral can be estimated by a Gaussian integral which we know how to calculate: Putting it all together: Admissibility. This formalises the conditions under which we can apply the saddle-point method. Definition from Flajolet and Sedgewick and Wilf. Also known as Hayman-admissibility. The function formula_1 is admissible if: Intuitive explanation. To find the coefficients of a function, we can use the Cauchy coefficient formula. This requires us to find the integral of a path in the complex plane. Imagine trying to estimate this integral, displayed as the red and green line below. The biggest contribution to the integral comes from around the saddle-point (displayed in red) and the tail's contribution (displayed in green) is negligible (by H3). Therefore, to estimate the integral of the entire path you can estimate the integral of just the red part of the path. This is the asymptotic relation described in H2. Example. Example from Wilf and Flajolet and Sedgewick. Say we want to estimate the coefficients of formula_68: Saddle-points of higher order. Theorem from Flajolet and Sedgewick. The above assumes formula_87 and formula_88. In the case where all derivatives up to the formula_89th are zero but formula_90, we call it a saddle-point of order or multiplicity formula_89. If formula_1 has a saddle-point of order formula_93: where formula_95.

Meteorology/Definition. An air mass is a large volume of air in the atmosphere that is mostly uniform in temperature and moisture. They can extend thousands of miles across the surface and can go from the ground level to the stratosphere 16 kilometers (10 miles) into the atmosphere. Air masses can be classified as either as Arctic Air masses, Tropical Air masses, Polar Air masses, and Equatorial Air Masses.

History of video games/Platforms/Leapster. History. The Leapster was released on October 7, 2003. Games. There are more than 40 games for the Leapster.

Supplementary mathematics/Cube. A cube is a three-dimensional closed volume that consists of 6 equal squares. In such a way that each side of each square is shared with only one other square and three squares are connected to each other at the vertices. The cube can be called a regular hexagon and is one of the five Platonic solids. If we change all or some of the faces of a cube from a square to a rectangle, the resulting hexagon is called a rectangular cube, and if we change its faces to rhombuses and parallelograms, it becomes a parallelogram. Sometimes, to distinguish it from a rectangular cube, a cube (with square faces) may also be called a square cube.In total, the cube has 2 bases, 4 sides, 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges.

Supplementary mathematics/Volume element. In mathematics and calculus and geometry, a volume element generally provides a means to integrate a function according to its position in the volume of different coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates and cylindrical coordinates. Therefore, a volume element is an expression of the form: where the formula_2 are the coordinates, so that the volume of any set formula_3 can be computed by:formula_4For example, in spherical coordinates formula_5, and so formula_6. The concept and rule of the volume element is not limited to the spatial coordinate system or three dimensions: in two dimensions, it is also known as a topic called the area element, and in this setting it is useful for performing tasks such as surface integrals. Under the change of coordinates, the volume element is changed by the absolute value of the Jacobian determinant of the coordinate transformation (by the change of variables formula). This fact allows volume elements to be defined as a type of measure in a manifold. In an orientable differentiable manifold, a volume element usually arises from a volume form: the higher-order differential form. In a non-orientable manifold, the volume element is usually the absolute value of the (locally defined) volume form: it defines a density of a (locally defined) volume form: it defines a 1-density.

Mirad Lexicon. Welcome to a bilingual lexicon of Mirad. Formerly known as Unilingua, Mirad is an artificially constructed auxiliary language (conlang) developed originally by Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as a "serious" medium for easy, regular, expressive, and logical international communication. This lexicon is a revision of the Agapoff's lexicon with over 80,000 word/expression pairings. It is a companion to the Mirad Grammar Wikibook. </noinclude>

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-A. = a. -- aajoda = = aajodat -- ab ha dezyem = = ab ha domep -- abaxler = = abaxlun -- abdoutyan = = abdoutyana -- abektuna = = abektunay -- abilbwa = = abilbyea -- abmilpuxer = = abmilpuxwa -- absun = = absunaya -- abuper = = abuxen -- abzyim = = abzyin -- adopirwa = = adopiryan -- aflawa = = aflen -- agala dom = = agala doyov -- agdomep yonxar = = agdomep zyenod -- agilyopen = = agilyoper -- agna dyangon = = agna dyezun -- agratoj = = agratyena -- agvunak = = agvunakan -- ajaba = = ajabat -- ajgexut = = ajgexwa -- ajtaxun = = ajtaxwa -- aken = = aker eknod -- akutufa = = akutufan -- Aleda = = Aledaler -- alodoba = = alodobat -- alpubun = = alpubun job -- alyupit = = alyuvos -- amalyenapat = = amalyendar -- amaruka = = amarumxwa -- amiflen = = amifler -- amonaya = = amonika -- amuryena = = amuryop -- anaxwa = = anay -- anlaxea = = anlaxen -- anotdaler = = anotdalut -- antadin = = antadina -- anyana dyuen = = anyana -- aomuf = = aomufa -- aotnyanogxwa = = aotnyanser -- apad = = apaden -- apedazer = = apeden -- apetag = = apetam -- apetyem = = apetyen -- apyeituil = = apyet -- Aradrawa = = Aradrer -- asalo = = a-san tam = = asonjaga -- At utdide ven it upo. = = At uvtose van... = = atooyzea -- aunxen = = aunxer -- av van = = av von -- Avedaler = = Avedalut -- awa gat = = awa hyus -- axleaxen = = axleaxer -- aybabwa = = aybaea -- aybnapxen = = aybneg -- aybzyegxen = = aydun -- ayn- = = ayn -- aynxyafwa = = aynxyea -- azabaxrawa = = azabaxren -- azdiler = = azdilut -- azfuyevdut = = azfuyevdwa -- azonika = = azonikan -- azra zyaxen = = azran -- azuluyea = = azutyan -- azyuvxyafwan =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-B. = b. -- bakbik = = bakbuk -- baloduzar = = baloduzarut -- baoser = = baoslen -- baslen = = basler -- bay taobil = = bay taol -- bayswer = = baysyafwa -- be hajub bi = = be hajub van -- be kunig bi = = be kyebuk av -- be ujponem = = be uvnad bi -- be yuzmep bi = = be yuznad bi -- bekilien = = bekiliut -- beler hes bu het = = beler tef -- ber = = ber yebbu zyus -- bexlut = = bexlutyan -- bey tyoyab = = bey ux bi -- bi vetexuyea afuen = = bi vetexwa fin -- bifeb ditdab = = bifeb yombiel yansaxun -- bikser = = bikua -- bilyigyena = = bilyigz -- bixlawa = = bixlen -- blokuwat = = blokuwat bi doyov -- bokogruntuna = = bokogruntut -- bokxwa = = bokxyea -- bookay = = bookoya -- boy jwox = = boy level -- brokuyeay = = brokxen -- budatom = = budel -- buixarpexar = = buixaryena -- bukxea = = bukxea maal -- Burgonya = = Burgonya vafil -- buylenay = = buyler -- byeem = = byeema -- byexrer = = byexsag -- byokayan = = byokea -- byoxut = = byoxwa faof -- byunxwa = = byunxwa av -- byuyofwa =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-C. = ca -- Cahider = = Cahidrer -- Caroder = = carolk -- cekerekdrof = = cekerekdrofen -- Cuwuma =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-D. = da -- dabtyenay = = dabtyenut -- daliga = = daligan -- dalyigzay = = dalyik -- datibamyog = = datibea -- daztilam = = daztuyabnaad -- defeb = = defeba -- detxenm yanpen = = detxer -- deyl = = deylea -- dezifra = = dezifut -- diday = = didaya -- diittuna = = diittut -- dirwa = = diryea -- diybeb = = diyben -- dizeudazen = = dizeudazer -- doaxlyen = = dob izbex -- doboyvax = = doboyvaxea -- dodidea = = dodideay -- dodyuen = = dodyuer -- doemwat = = doemweb -- dofunkadwa = = dofunuxyea -- dokebidyiv = = dokebidyiva -- dolyofa = = dolyofat -- domeuminut = = domexut -- donapuyt = = donas -- doofbelut = = doofes -- doparoya = = doparpot -- dopekxer = = dopekyafxer -- doputyanbix = = dopuyr -- dota napden = = dota neg -- dotnuxuen = = dotnuxuer -- dotyenxen = = dotyenxer -- dovakdibuyt = = dovakdob -- dovyabxeutyan = = dovyabxolen -- doyanupen = = doyanuper -- doyevyeker = = doyevyekwa -- doyovtodut = = doyovtodutyan -- drasin = = drasin drof -- dref mek = = dref mug movuf -- dresim = = dresimsyunam -- dreunxwa = = dreunyan -- dreztun = = dreztuna -- dropek teyp = = dropek yifrat -- drurxam = = druryafwa -- duden = = duder -- duhogla job = = Duhogla job efxe puer hum? = = duhoti -- dundyestuna = = dundyestunay -- duregea = = duregen -- duz saxut = = duz seuz -- duznodeb = = duznodib -- dyanesyan = = dyangon -- dyesanxer = = dyesanxut -- dyeyofwa = = dyeyofwan -- dyofyel gos umleovol = = dyofyel gyalevabil -- dyuntun = = dyuntuna -- dyuzwut =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-E. = -e -- ebdalekut = = ebdalekwa -- ebdrasyanam = = ebdrawa -- ebexyofway = = ebfuxen -- ebmefxer = = ebmem -- ebnooga = = ebnuna -- ebtabifeken = = ebtabifeker -- ebtexdalyafwa = = ebtexdalyafway -- ebuper = = ebupin -- ebyagun = = ebyana -- ebyuxa = = ebyuxan -- edeybyena = = ediepat -- efra = = efra nyun -- egonxer = = egonxwa -- ejesea = = ejesean -- ejobina = = ejobinut -- ekdraf = = ekdrafnyan -- elavos = = ele -- embexwa = = embexwan -- emuipena = = emuiper -- engona = = engona milyep tiuyf -- enmos tomaun = = enmufa mimofpar -- entadumyank = = entadumyanka -- enzyukparut = = enzyukpir -- eopeden = = eopeder -- eotifkyoxwa = = eotifkyoxway -- epeytyanut = = epiapea -- Ese... = = esea -- etabij = = etabija -- evos = = evtaabifa -- exdren ublawat = = exdren ublawatyan -- exujber = = exujbwa -- eybxwadwa = = eybxwat -- eynfudizeud = = eynfudizeuder -- eynmonay = = eynmonxen -- eyntujpea = = eyntujpen -- eynyuper = = eynzoymon -- ezyenan =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-F. = fa -- faduzarut = = Fafayeb Juyeb -- faofyan = = faofyeg -- faoz = = faozyigos -- fayebijer = = fayebika -- febyan = = febyanmul -- feelktyoyab = = feelktyoyaf -- Fesomima = = Fesomimat -- fibexwa = = fibuen xob -- fidopekwa = = fidotsen -- fijeba = = fijebay -- fil = = fil efkyox -- finagsea = = finagsean -- finoyxwa = = finsiyn -- fipeay = = fipekwa -- fisyobwa = = fit -- fitepbak = = fitepbaka -- fitoseay = = fitosen -- fixuyt = = Fixwa! = = fiyuxwa -- fizkexean = = fizkexeay -- fliza = = flizan -- fobam = = fobdem -- fridyeay = = fridyefwa -- frutipuen = = frutipuer -- fubekwat = = fubekxea -- fudobyena = = fudobyenan -- fufinay = = fufinyevden -- fuivteudwa = = fuivteudyafwa -- fukyexajaya = = fukyexajika -- funkadea = = funkaden -- fursyea = = fursyean -- futayebarwa = = futayosea -- futipay = = futipayt -- futuyaxwa = = futuyxen -- fuvyotuer = = fux -- fuyeveay = = fuyevut -- fuzayan = = fuzayt -- fyaantinay = = fyaantineb -- fyadil zyuk = = fyadil zyunes -- fyaifrut = = fyaifryefwa -- fyasem zomays = = fyasim -- fyatezen = = fyatezer -- fyavyadwan = = fyavyan -- fyaxinxer = = fyaxinyen -- fyeagemul = = fyeapetob -- fyemiryena = = fyemiryenan -- fyiduzarut = = fyidwa -- fyizuer = = fyizun -- fyosinay = = fyosinut -- fyoxyea = = fyoxyean -- fyunaya = = fyunayan -- fyuxfa = = fyuxfan -- fyuzuyeay =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-G. = ga- = = gabsinxer -- gafyinxer = = gafyinxwa -- gapiatud = = gapiayt -- Garolider = = garowa -- gawas = = gawasanxer -- gawembuer = = gawemiper -- gawnunuer = = gawnyafxer -- gawtyodxer = = gawubduer -- gaxuna = = gaxunay -- Gebaroma Dobmemyan = = Gebaroma ebeyepet -- gejoeba = = gejoeban -- geldyunbelut = = gelenxer -- gelteasea = = gelteasen -- gelzena = = gem -- Gerocadaler = = Gerocader -- geveel = = gevib -- Geyudan = = Geyuma nasmug -- gikunad = = gikunada -- gintomsana = = gintoym -- givobil = = givobila -- gla jodi hyajub = = gla jwa -- gladuyna = = gladuznada -- glakunid = = glakunida -- glanigan = = glanigay -- glasinuara = = glasnost -- glatipika = = glatipikan -- glayixuta = = glayixwa -- glonaxa tosaga yagdin = = glonaxan -- glutamiyn = = GND -- goflarog = = goflarut -- golyofwan = = golyofway -- gonnuxwa = = gonoben -- goon = = gopelapen -- goryutyenartun = = gos -- goxen = = goxena -- gra gyua = = gra ifxyikwa -- gradilut = = gradilyea -- grafut = = grafwa -- grailuyeay = = graim -- granikiyea = = granikiyean -- grapaxen = = grapaxer -- gratipazla = = gratipdal -- gravyayuvsyeay = = gravyia -- grefia = = grefian -- grobal = = grobekuluwa -- gropyuxwa = = gros -- gugobler = = gugoblun -- gupoder = = gupot -- gwafinxer = = gwafinxus -- gwanogxwa = = gwaobna -- gwe za = = gwe zay -- gwonoga eon = = gwonoga -- gyanafut = = gyanafwa -- gyiaxwa = = gyiay -- gyogoblerm gyogoblawa = = gyogoflawa -- gyosuemxwa = = gyosuemyan -- gyuyay =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-H. = ha aa sun ho -- ha = = ha tob ho -- has = = hasa -- hayden = = haydena -- hehyusauna = = hehyut -- hesana = = hesauna -- hi- = = hia jubi -- hihisinxer = = hihisinxwa -- Hinduina fam = = Hinduina toptuxut -- hoglati = = hoj -- huglati = = huglayti -- Hus byoke. = = Hus glotese. = = huyenasi -- hwoyd = = hwoyden -- hyaha pati = = hyahyua -- hyamzyaper = = hyamzyapya -- hyattojben = = hyattrawaden -- hyeewa = = hyeewasi -- hyetooda = = hyetoodat -- hyimemut = = hyimep ho -- hyoawa = = hyoawas -- hyotesea = = hyoti -- hyuitas = = hyuitasi -- hyuowas = = hyuowat -- hyutoyb = = hyuttejwa -- hyuytas =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-I. = i. -- ibeser = = ibexen -- ibtelun = = ibtelunaya -- idiprat = = idipyat -- ifbixwa = = ifbiyafa -- ifek ebjob = = ifek saryan -- ifkeibwa = = ifkexea -- ifoniea = = ifonien -- ifpon tamog = = ifpon tamoyg -- iftaxdres = = iftaxdwa -- ifuen = = ifuer bay vafil -- iga zyun = = igadoparen -- igbyexun = = igbyexwa -- igiloker = = igilp -- igmimofpar = = igmip -- igpux = = igpuxen -- igtiibilbok = = igtiler -- igyapen = = igyaper -- igzaybasea = = igzaybasen -- ijduna = = ijduner -- ijpem = = ijpen -- ijtyuna = = ijuer -- ikdyan = = ikdyana -- iknaser = = iknaxen -- iktilien = = iktilier -- ikyoba = = ikyokxer -- ilbyexwa = = ilbyexyea -- ilokea = = ilokebar -- ilpusea = = ilpusen -- iluja = = ilujea -- ilyijbwa = = ilyijea -- ilzyepyofwan = = ilzyepyofway -- imkunnad = = imkyia -- ingunsana = = ingunsaxen -- involza = = invyad -- ipetyenan = = ipetyenay -- Irolima muf = = Irolima nogdaz -- Itaat = = itabij -- ivdeuzut = = ivdez -- ivran = = ivranoya -- ivteudog = = ivteudogen -- ivxwa = = ivxwwa -- iymay = = iymoza -- iz zye = = iza -- izbuer = = izbuf -- izduyt = = izdwa -- iznaga = = iznagser -- izteaxun = = izteaxwa -- izyanifxwa = = izyapapen -- izzapyexwa =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-J. = ja -- jabikier = = jabikuen -- jadyeay = = jadyeen -- jagsyat = = jagteabbok -- jana = = janabxen -- jasanxer = = jasaun -- jatexdrawa = = jatexdren -- jaupea = = jaupean -- jayaken = = jayakena -- jeabyim = = jeb obdren drurunes -- jeneralisimo = = jep -- Jeub Olimpifeki = = jeub tapifek -- jiga = = jigan -- jobgonbexwas = = jobij -- jobyixdras = = jobyixen -- jogtobet = = jogtoyb -- jokyes = = jokyesa -- jos = = josea -- jovabib = = jovenson -- jubdinaya = = jubdindodras -- Judinab = = Judinat -- jwadrawa = = jwadren -- jwasazul = = jwasazula -- jwean = = jweay -- jwobar = = jwobarsaxen -- jwonuxer = = jwonuxwa -- jwoxut =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-K. = kaaa -- kajea = = kajen -- kapotika = = kapotpexar -- kaxonyafwan = = kaxonyik -- kebuwa = = ked -- kexer xab = = kexer yafon -- kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa = = Kigezum -- kipyoxyea = = kipyoxyean -- koapyextojbwa = = koapyexut -- kodinag = = kodinog -- koexen = = koexen saryan -- kokader = = kokadut -- kopixlawa = = kopixlen -- koteaxlut = = koteaxut -- kotyuna = = kotyunay -- koxofober = = koxofobwa -- kozuyeay = = kozuyt -- kubixer = = kubixwa -- kumanxwa = = kumap -- kunix = = kunkaxen -- kuteliut = = kuteliyea -- kyadyan = = kyadyanxen -- kyapyofwa = = kyapyofxen -- kyatoobasea = = kyatoobasen -- kyayxar = = kyayxaren zen -- kyefonay = = kyefondab -- kyeojber = = kyeojbwa av -- kyesem = = kyesen -- kyezyabwa = = kyezyapea -- kyigoblawa = = kyigoblen -- kyinzebar = = kyinzyubelar -- kyisuen = = kyisuer -- kyizuta = = kyizutan -- kyoembwa = = kyoembyem -- kyoser = = kyoson -- kyoyix = = kyoyixuyea -- kyuparfaofer = = kyuparfaofut -- kyutujea = = kyutujen -- kyuzyunxer =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-L. = la -- leovolyigz = = lepton -- Libayum = = Libayuma -- livulk = = lixunak -- lobeler = = lobelunxer -- lodabier = = lodabtunxen -- lodropekxer = = lodropekxwa -- lofinzzuwa = = lofisyena -- logelaxwa = = logelay -- loikxer = = loikxwa -- lokosonen = = lokosoner -- lomolxer = = lomugyanaren -- lonazvyabxer = = lonazvyabxwa -- losaxer = = losaxwa -- lotobaxen = = lotobaxer -- lovadwa = = lovadyafwa -- lovyidxen = = lovyidxena -- loyangonxer = = loyangounxen -- loyivxer = = loyix -- loyuzyuper = = lozeb -- luvobyena = = luvoikan -- lyuvol =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-A. = a. -- a short way through = = a short way up -- ability to smell = = ability to speak -- about to erupt = = about to explode -- abstemious = = abstemiously -- accentuation = = acceptability -- accurate = = accurately -- acreage = = acrid -- acute angle = = acute -- adherence = = adherent -- admittedly = = admitter -- advantageously = = advantageousness -- aerotrain = = aery -- afraid = = A-frame house = = agency head -- agricultural science = = agricultural scientist -- air pressure chamber = = air pressure -- airwaves = = airway -- Algerian = = Algerian dinar -- Allah = = allayed -- almighty = = almond milk -- altimeter = = altitude -- ambrosial = = ambulance -- amorally = = amorist -- analog = = analogical -- androgyny = = android -- animal offspring = = animal park -- annunciating = = annunciation -- ante-meridian = = antenatal -- antihegemonic = = antihero -- anti-social = = antisocial person -- any way = = any which way -- apogeic = = apograph -- application of oil = = application of salve -- apt to lose = = apt to -- arch = = arch enemy -- areola = = arf -- army private 2 = = army private -- arriving and leaving = = arriving before -- artisanal = = artisanship -- as well as one can = = as x as y -- aspirant = = aspirated -- associative = = associatively -- asymmetrically = = asymmetry -- at the cost of = = at the crest of -- atmosphere = = atmospheric -- attenuating = = attenuation -- auditioner = = auditioning -- autism = = autistic -- average earner = = average -- awhile = = awkward -- azure =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-M. = ma- = = maegbelar -- mafveebut = = mafveebwa -- magijbyafwa = = magijen -- magtoluus = = magujbar -- magyeleuxyea = = magyelika -- majuj = = majuja -- makijbar = = makijben -- makvakxen = = makvakxer -- malgoxer = = malgoxwa -- malxar = = malxea -- malzaxul = = malzaxwa -- mamaker = = mamakovar -- mamiltef = = mamiltif -- mampurnad = = mampuroper -- manaozar = = manar abaunar -- manigikxwa = = manigmugber -- mansinar ifyexut = = mansinarut -- manumugyeb = = manur -- maozuti = = map pyaon -- mapilvaka = = mapilvakxer -- mapzyaber = = mapzyabwa -- mas ibzyeg = = mas jwobir -- matzo = = maufab -- maylzasea = = maylzaser -- meama = = meama vafil -- mefgon = = mefikxus -- megulob = = megut -- meima deuzen = = meima deuzun -- mekkof = = mekkyina azon -- melnak = = melnakyan -- melyexam = = melyexar -- melzyegarer = = melzyegarik -- mempien afdras = = mempien -- memyuvdeb = = memyuvin -- mepyan = = mepyeit -- mes teatzyeg = = mes tuyabar -- meyagdrof = = meyagdrun -- meza = = mezasen -- miamzam = = mianak -- mieper = = miepkum -- mikumper = = mil- = = milfobyex -- milmyekber = = milmyekbwa -- milpastun = = milpat -- milyafon = = milyafxwa myekam -- milyugxul = = milyuijar -- mimegag = = mimep -- mimof = = mimof yobgun -- mimparbyokuer = = mimpareb -- mimpurizbut = = mimpurizbutam -- mimyazpen = = mimyazper -- mipijem = = mipijema -- mirdotsuyt = = mirdropek -- Miwima = = Miwimat -- mogteizber = = mogteizbut -- molizbux = = molizbuxa -- mompurposam = = mompurut -- morsaxut = = morted -- movuea = = movuen -- moyxyean = = Mozum -- mufyegpyexen = = mufyegpyexer -- mugoyebixer = = mugoyebixir -- mukyugmek = = mukzoybesun -- mulyonxea mays = = mulyonxen -- mupur pop = = mupyubnod -- muyfbyaxar = = muyfbyaxut -- myekbwa = = myeknyem -- myufdazer =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-N. = -n = = nab bi ekdrafi -- nadper = = nadrawa -- nagwas = = nagxen -- nammis = = namog -- napuen = = napuer -- nasbolwa = = nasbuen -- nasgonuut = = nasgonuwa -- nastut = = nasuka -- nasyembut = = nasyembwa -- nauduibun = = naudxea -- naxter = = naxtwa -- nazay = = nazaya -- nazukan = = nazukay -- nedaber = = nedabyexen -- nefzyun ifek = = neg bi tiibil level -- neunser = = neunxen -- niday = = nidaya -- nifaruen = = nifaruer -- nigyanxer = = nigyanxwa -- nivar suaym = = nivarabnod -- nixwa = = nixwatdyunyan -- nofeb yonbyexar = = nofebaol -- nogxwat = = nogxyafwa -- noxufa = = noxufan -- nufxwa = = nufzyeg -- nunebden = = nunebder -- nunuineput = = nunuinof -- nuxbixyafwa = = nuxdref -- nuywas = = nuyxen -- nyanaga = = nyanagan -- nyaunxen = = nyaunxer -- nyebagxen = = nyebagxer -- nyextoym = = nyexuen -- nyifun = = nyifuwa -- nyoxun = = nyoxut -- nyuvben = = nyuvber -- nyuyean =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-O. = -o -- oaxleay = = oaxlen -- obbokseay = = obdab -- obexwa = = obexwas -- obkyiben = = obkyiber -- obosika = = obosnod -- obukan = = obukay -- obyexyea mas = = obyexyea nuxyef -- Ocaidaler = = Ocaidalut -- odoma = = odoma tyod -- odropekyena = = odrun -- oegxwa = = oegxyena -- ofdren = = ofdrer -- ofiz = = ofizaben -- ofuynxwa = = ofuyokxwa -- ofyidwa = = ofyidwan -- ogala vyon = = ogala yexog -- ogeneday = = ogenega -- oglapyaon naudxen = = oglapyaon ummagelur -- ogonbiea = = ogonbien -- ogteupixut = = ogteupixwa -- oikna = = oiksana -- oja tudxeyn = = oja yekun -- ojbuwat = = ojbuyafwa -- ojfyunier = = ojfyunuer -- ojoseay = = ojoupea -- ojvada = = ojvadebkyaxam -- okbuer = = okbuut -- okosagxwa = = okosan -- okyibyan = = okyibyana -- olefwan = = olefway -- olikxen = = olikxwa -- olojbewer = = olojdea -- oloypyasen = = oloyujbwa -- omega = = omegyelbwa mep -- omxen = = omxer -- onaztyafwa = = onazvyaba -- onyapas = = onyapay -- oper = = oper tolvyayab -- opyexovarwa = = opyexoya -- osiynwa = = osiynxwa -- otapifekyena = = otas -- oteboxinut = = oteboxuka -- otepfyeay = = otepiea -- oteudan = = oteudser -- otojua = = otojuan -- otujea vos = = otujeazwa -- oujokea = = oujteptija -- ovabiyafwa = = ovabiyafwan -- ovarer = = ovarwa -- ovbox = = ovbukmas -- ovder = = ovdeup -- ovebdalea = = ovebdalen -- ovifbun = = ovifdiner -- ovmasber = = ovmasbier -- ovol zyug = = ovol zyuk -- ovpobokul = = ovpoos -- ovujnod = = ovujnoda -- ovyaka = = ovyakan -- ovyatexea = = ovyatexin -- ovyesonan = = ovyesonay -- ovyunbea = = ovyunxen -- oxlawa = = oxler byun -- oyanmulxwa = = oyannoogxwa -- oybdezer = = oybdezwa -- oybilper = = oybilpya -- oybnaga = = oybnanxyea -- oybtimnyexen nayx = = oybtityan -- oybzeymep = = oybzobiler -- oyebeadwa = = oyebeaser -- oyebix = = oyebixar -- oyebnapsanay = = oyebnaxen -- oyebtyoper = = oyebuben -- oyebyujbyean = = oyebyujbyeay -- oyepuxun syeb = = oyepuxun yignyef -- oyifay = = oyifut -- oyoneatwan = = oyoneatway -- oyteyupet = = oytofa -- oyukomxer = = oyukomxwa -- oyvaxyafwan = = oyvaxyafway -- ozasean = = ozaser -- ozgonoben = = ozil -- ozyetejwat = = ozyifa -- ozyuka =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-P. = p. = = pansiniar -- papegea = = papegen -- pasyofbokul = = pasyofbokxer -- patij- ilz = = patij ilza -- patulober = = patulobwa -- pekwa = = pelat -- peputyanog = = pepuun -- perite = = periyuijara -- petifbek = = petifbekam -- pibaryablir = = -pibika = = piryea -- pittun = = pittuna -- piyezyena = = piypea -- Polider = = polilk -- ponyef = = ponyefyan -- popjob = = popmep -- potayez buiut = = potayez -- Potodalut = = Potoder -- poxwa = = poxwa gon -- puix tuyaf = = puixek -- Purkyoemben ofxwe. = = purkyoemben -- puxgoblarer = = puxgoblarut -- puysegyean = = puysegyul -- pyaosyeay = = pyaoxen -- pyexegar = = pyexegaren -- pyiser = = pyit -- pyum = = pyumser -- pyuxyofwa =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-Q. = qaaa -- Quedalut =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-R. = raaa -- Rohedaler = = Rohedalut -- Rusodalut = = Rusoder -- ryufabyena =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-S. = s. = = sagtuna kyasiun -- san = = -san = = sankyaxyafwa -- sarnyanuwa = = sarnyem -- saunser = = sauntun -- sazulnyef = = sazulnyuv -- Semidatovat = = Seminolat -- seusaren = = seusarer -- seuxgelxwa = = seuxgelxwas -- seuzteefyofan = = seuzteefyofser -- sezer = = sezesiut -- simobwa = = simoker -- sinneyefxen = = sinneyefxut -- sirexena yikson = = sirgon -- siyndrer = = siyndryeyfwa -- Sodad = = Sodada -- Somidalut = = Somider -- sopyet teupixun = = sopyeta -- Sowedad = = Sowedadaler -- subakader = = subaktil -- sumtum = = sumuzyuf -- suut = = suvob -- syagdrayef = = syagdrayefen -- syebwa = = syeen -- syoba yex = = syobaxen -- syunxer = = syunxwa -- syupapen =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-T. = t. = = taampen pyex -- tabnunxer = = tabnunxut -- tabzyoxwa = = tad -- taeb zyobix = = taeba -- taibog = = taibok -- tajea = = tajem -- takibnyanuka = = takibnyanukat -- tambiwa = = tambuen -- tamoyeba tyal = = tamoyebifa -- tamwebwa = = tamyan -- taol = = taol uzglal -- tapflanaya = = tapflanayan -- tapifonuwa = = tapifriyea -- tatemper = = tateyd -- taxmegay = = taxmuf -- tayam = = tayd -- tayebobunober = = tayebog -- tayegoblen = = tayegobler -- tayib boxen = = tayib buk -- tayibtiibilufa = = tayibtun -- tayobtuna = = tayobtunay -- tayotiyafa = = tayotiyafan -- tayozyunika = = tayozyunsea -- teabilzyunuar = = teabiwa -- teaden = = teader -- teaskovyoxun = = teaskovyoxwa -- teatyafwas = = teatyafwaxen -- teaxuer = = teaxut -- teb = = teb neyef -- tebostuja = = tebostujat -- tedbikuut = = tedbikuwa -- teedrut = = teedrutyan -- teetyofan = = teetyofat -- teibbok = = teibdaler -- teituer = = teityaf -- tejea boy efkyoxyean = = tejea duz -- tejsiun = = tejsuanyanxer -- telef = = telef byoyk -- telkexut = = telmuf -- tepabaxren = = tepabaxruer -- tepbos = = tepboser -- tepkis = = tepkixea -- teponapa = = teponapan -- tepsinuut = = tepsinuwa -- tepuzra = = tepuzram -- tepyoder = = tepyof -- tesagat = = tesagay -- tesiyafwan = = tesiyea -- testuyikwa = = testuyofwa -- teswasukan = = tesway -- teubebbok = = teubebyaz -- teubnyeb = = teubov -- teupibaosen = = teupibaoser -- teusuka = = teusukan -- teuzun = = teuzuna dreyen -- texkyaa = = texkyaan -- teydoma = = teydoya -- teyov = = teyovoya -- teztut = = tezuen -- tibujyog = = tibupea -- tiebukxen = = tiebukxer -- tiibil okyibyan = = tiibil pox -- tiibilukan = = tiibilukay -- tikabien = = tikabiena -- tikyebujay = = tikyebul -- tilayv = = tilbiel -- tilsyebsanika = = tilsyebsanxen -- tipaga = = tipagan -- tipivxea = = tipivxer -- tipyena = = tipyenay -- tistam dabutyan = = tistam det -- titudinut = = titutuyd -- tiydif = = tiydoyat -- tobag = = toban -- tobkex = = tobkexen -- tobyan = = tobyen -- tofbwa = = tofbyoxar -- Togomat = = Tohad -- tojbyexer = = tojbyexlawa -- tojpyexlen = = tojpyexlun -- tolarvyilxir vyusobil = = tolarvyilxut -- tolnuunyan = = tolnuut -- tomsanokya = = tomsanokya pur -- toodtejtun = = toodtejtuna -- topteasa = = topuka -- tospanoyan = = tospanoyma -- totava = = totay -- totion = = Totion -- toxyafway = = toxyea -- toydxen = = toydxer -- truwan = = truwat -- tudbekut = = tudbikuuyt -- tudxut = = tudxwa -- tuj til = = tuj yagsim -- tujefer = = tujefser -- tujyemmis = = tujyemwa -- tuloxwa = = tuloxyea -- tunkexwa = = tunkexyuxut -- tuunebkyax = = tuunexlir -- tuxyofwa = = tuyab adopar -- tuyabyexen = = tuyabyexer -- tuyatuzut = = tuyav -- tuyjpea = = tuyjpen -- tuyugiber = = tuyugibwa -- twasdelwa = = twasden -- twiyub = = twiyub ekar -- tyafxer = = tyafxwa -- tyenarovinut = = tyenartun -- tyepagay = = tyepagra -- tyobyex zyun = = tyobyexaya -- tyodin = = tyodina -- tyoipasen = = tyoipasen tyoipasea -- tyouf = = tyouv -- tyoyafmanx = = tyoyafmanxut -- tyoyibaibi = = tyoyiv -- tyunxyafwan = = tyunxyafway -- tyuyofwa =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-U. = -u -- ublawatyan = = ublawer -- ufdut = = ufeb -- ufser = = ufseux -- ufyaxeb = = ufyaxeban -- ugiluwa = = ugjagat -- ugzyelper = = ugzyelpun -- uizbas = = uizbasea -- ujakzeyni = = ujakzeynika -- ujikan = = ujix -- ujoan = = ujoay -- ujukjexen = = ujukjexer -- ukmal = = ukmala -- uljawas = = ulk pyuxrar -- ummagelar = = ummagelen -- umxwa feb = = umyom -- unvayeba = = unvomakmul -- upetayob = = upetayodref -- Usoma tyoyduz = = Usomat -- utegarway = = utejber -- utfyinavekut = = utfyinavekutyan -- utmilyeben = = utnapyen -- utsiynxwa = = utsiynxyafwa -- utvyizan = = utvyizat -- uvanlan = = uvanlat -- uvluxer = = uvluxika -- uvteuden = = uvteuder -- uxlazonuwa = = uxlea -- uyfwas = = uyfwat -- uzbun = = uzbut -- uzmep = = uzmep siun -- uzraxwat = = uzray -- uzyaz = = uzyena -- uzyuvuv nuf = = uzyuxea -- uzyuzyea =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-V. = va -- vabijbwa = = vabijea -- vabyena = = vabyog -- vafayb = = vafaybem -- vafwan = = vafwas -- vakembuwa = = vakembwa -- vamakmis = = vamakmisa -- vapotud = = vapoyt -- vatexuyean = = vatexuyeay -- vayanikan = = vayavden -- veebibarika = = veebika -- vekan = = vekaya -- venden = = vender -- vetexwa = = vetexyukay -- vibuka = = vibun -- vifat = = vifay -- vipotayob = = vipotif -- viteisuer = = viteizuwa -- viuni = = viunika -- viza = = vizir -- vlatwa = = vlatwan -- vobemog = = vobemogbexut -- vodoteuzuea = = vodoteuzuer -- voldeym = = volem -- volznaid = = volznaidaya -- vosmelyex = = vosmuf -- vovaden = = vovader -- vriyex = = vrua -- vudyun = = vuemules -- vusan = = vusana -- vutyanxen = = vutyanxer -- vyabeaxwa = = vyaben -- vyaden = = vyader -- vyakxambesut = = vyakxambwa -- vyamin = = vyaminut -- vyandidwat = = vyandidyea -- vyaodinut = = vyaodinyena -- vyatden = = vyatden vyatxen -- vyatuer = = vyatut -- vyayekena = = vyayeker ha ovson -- vyegelea = = vyegelean -- vyesagwa = = vyesea bu -- vyidroer = = vyidrowa -- vyiovpyosut = = vyiovuka -- vyizat = = vyizatin -- vyobiun = = vyobiunyan -- vyoduer = = vyodut -- vyofyaa = = vyofyaan -- vyokdelyafwan = = vyokdelyofwa -- vyomepen = = vyomeper -- vyonden = = vyonder -- vyosan = = vyosanxea -- vyotepsinxea = = vyotepsinxul -- vyotuyaxen = = vyotuyaxer -- vyoyevden = = vyoyevder -- vyudinay = = vyudinut -- vyunoyan = = vyunser -- vyuzan =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-W. = w. =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-X. = x. = = xaldibut -- xeaser = = xeaxer -- xenwa = = xeoj -- xeunikxer = = xeuniyea -- xiunikan = = xiunikay -- xul = = xulea -- xwadun = = xwadut -- xyofwa =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-Y. = y. -- yabdoublawatyan = = yabdouta tabifnuut -- yablarer = = yablarwa -- yabnazaxwa = = yabned -- yabtom = = yabtomea -- yabzyim = = yabzyined -- yafluen = = yafluer -- yafonur = = yafonuwa bey amar -- yagbesen = = yagbeser -- yagigpekut = = yagilamxen -- yagtejea = = yagtejean -- yagyekea = = yagyeken -- yakzaser = = yakzay -- yanav gonut = = yanav kyaxut -- yanbexer = = yanbexneyef -- yandeuza = = yandeuzen -- yanglalaya = = yanglalika -- yaniklaxer = = yaniklaxwa -- yankojadrut = = yankoyovyexen -- yanmulxen pyuxrar = = yanmulxer -- yanotyana fyaantinut = = yanotyanan -- yansauna fisen = = yansauna niv -- yantaxyea = = yanteatien -- yantos = = yantosa -- yanuvanuka = = yanuvanukan -- yanxyafwa = = yanxyea -- yanzexen tomofem = = yanzexer -- yaop- = = yaopasea -- yaozgoblirmek = = yaozgoblun -- yapit = = yaplawa -- yavankexen = = yavankexer -- yavob = = yavobaya -- yayfay = = yayfer -- yazmelkim = = yazmelkum -- yeb bu hum = = yeb bu hus -- yebdras = = yebdrawa -- yebier = = yebigper -- yebmelbwa = = yebmem dubam -- yebren = = yebrer -- yebuzber = = yebuzbwa -- yebzoytiibufa = = yebzoytiibufay -- yefwer = = yefxea -- yekrut = = yekteex -- yelveeb = = yelxem -- yembuxen = = yembuxer -- yep- = = yep mes -- yeprer = = yeprun -- yeva = = yeva kyeuj -- yevsonuyea = = yevsonuyean -- yexlapet = = yexlawa -- yexpoxyonxut = = yexren -- yexyuj = = yexyuyfa -- yeza = = yezan -- yibajtun = = yibajtuna -- yibemben = = yibember -- yibmep = = yibmer -- yibsinier = = yibsiniwa -- yibyabem = = yibyaga -- yifan = = yifat -- yifuka = = yifukan -- yigfayef = = yigfayefaya -- yigrxut = = yigryena -- yigyexer = = yigyexut -- yijdyea = = yijdyean -- yijtup = = yijtuyaba -- yikonuea = = yikonuen -- yimsyea = = yimsyean -- yipren = = yiprer -- yivben = = yivber -- yivjub ivxelen = = yivkyuber -- yivwer = = yivxa -- yixrut = = yixryafwa -- yizasagtuna = = yizasaunxut -- yizimera = = yizimerat -- yiznogay = = yiznogin -- yiztejeay = = yiztejen -- yoavdutyaneb = = yoay -- yober ha dezof = = yober ha misof -- yobkyoteaxer = = yobkyotyan -- yobnogber = = yobnogpea -- yobuben = = yobuber -- yobzomera = = yobzona sim -- yog jo hus = = yoga -- yogjesean = = yogjeseay -- yohelkayn = = yoiga -- yoker = = yokfutipxen -- yokrer = = yokrun buk -- yokyufxwa = = yokyufyea -- yommef = = yommefag -- yonapxyea = = yonapxyeay -- yonbyesea = = yonbyeser -- yoneatyofwan = = yoneatyofway -- yonkuben = = yonkuber -- yonotmempur = = yonotnyanxen -- yonrarwa = = yonrawa -- yonteuzikan = = yontex -- yonuvser = = yonuzben -- yoon- = = yoon -- yopoper = = yopot -- yotbyenxen = = yotbyenxer -- yovbyokam = = yovbyokamben -- yovkaden = = yovkader -- yovtat teyubi = = yovtata -- Yoyanmela = = Yoyanmelat -- yoznad = = yoznadxwa -- yubesen = = yubeser -- yubser = = yubsumpea -- yufatyen = = yufatyena -- yufraxen = = yufraxer -- yuga dyes = = yuga mil -- yugfyeler = = yugfyeluen -- yugryena = = yugsa -- yuibteaber = = yuibteaxen -- yujfaser = = yujfaxen -- yukan = = yukas -- yukyenika = = yukyenin -- yupuyxen = = yupwet -- yuvrat = = yuvrat ebkyax -- yuxlen job = = yuxlen jwobi -- yuyfa = = yuyfan -- yuzbaxlawa biel = = yuzbaxlawa -- yuzkason = = yuzkasona -- yuznadrun = = yuznadruna -- yuzpasea = = yuzpasen -- yuztuben = = yuztuber -- yvandideay =

Mirad Lexicon/Mirad-English-Z. = za - zajub maj = = zajub moj -- zanogut = = zanoya -- zaokyaxer = = zaokyaxwa -- zaper = = zapuen -- zavabdeym = = zavol -- zaynabxwa = = zaynog -- zayubut = = zayubwa -- zedoma = = zedomper -- zemeput = = zemernad -- zenxer = = zenxut -- zetif = = zetif mugnyaf -- zeybuwa = = zeybuxer -- zeynadxer = = zeynag -- ziigper = = ziin -- zoa mesabaun = = zoa sum -- zoizper = = zojab -- zonan = = zonapa -- zotiubaxler = = zotiubaxlut -- zoy-apyexer = = zoyasanxen -- zoybaea = = zoybaen -- zoybixaren = = zoybixarer -- zoydomgonxer = = zoydomgonxwa -- zoyexuer = = zoyexuwa -- zoyifbuler = = zoyifbulwa -- zoykyasler = = zoykyaxlen -- zoymyekxer = = zoynaaben -- zoynuxbier = = zoynuxbiun -- zoypuser = = zoyput -- zoysinen = = zoysiner -- zoyteexer = = zoytejaxea -- zoytulxwa = = zoytuun -- zoyvolzber = = zoyvolzilber -- zoyyefdyuun = = zoyyefdyuwa -- zoyzyabuen = = zoyzyabuer -- zuimernaday = = zuina -- zuomermap = = zup -- zyabuea = = zyabuen -- zyag = = zyag ota tej -- zyailarzyeb = = zyailser -- zyanuxer = = zyanuxun -- zyateatuen = = zyateatuer -- zyaxoa puxrun = = zyaxun -- zyefnak = = zyefnid -- zyegren = = zyegrer -- zyepen = = zyepena -- zyevmaipxen = = zyevmaipxut -- zyida = = zyidan -- zyimxwa = = zyin -- zyoafxyeay = = zyoan -- zyogobler = = zyogoblun -- zyosaunxwa = = zyosaunxyafwa -- zyoyuztubwa = = zyozanmis -- zyuesber = = zyuesbwa -- zyulsun = = zyulxen -- zyunsana = = zyunser -- zyusebmuvbwa =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-B. = b -- back story = = back street -- backup artist = = backup -- badinage = = badlands -- bald eagle = = bald -- Baluchi = = baluster -- bankruptcy = = bankrupted -- barelegged = = barely ajar -- barter = = bartered -- bass saxophone = = bass -- battle wound = = battle-ax = = beaker -- becalmed = = becalming -- bedazzlement = = bedazzling -- beer tap = = beer -- behind-the-scenes = = beholden -- being thankful = = being the product of -- belt = = belted -- Berber language = = bereaved -- beveled = = beveling -- bid = = biddable -- bilingualism = = bilingually -- biology = = biomass -- birthday celebration = = birthday party -- black current = = black eye -- blank line = = blank mind -- blindingly = = blindly -- blood money = = blood plasma -- blowpipe = = blowtorch -- boardwalk = = boaster -- bogeyman = = bogged -- bone marrow = = bone structure -- bookmaker = = bookmaking -- boron trifluoride = = boronic -- boulder = = boulevard -- bowling over = = bowling -- brain fart = = brain injury -- brave = = brave-hearted = = break-through = = brick-making = = brimless -- broadness = = broadsheet -- brought close = = brought down -- bubble wrap = = bubblegum -- bugler = = bug-like = = bumper -- burglarproof = = burglarproofed -- bushel = = bushes -- butterfingered = = butterfly -- bygone era = = by-law =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-C. = c. = = caesura -- calibrator = = calibre -- camel hump = = camel toe -- canine tooth = = canine -- capacitated = = capacitation -- car seat = = caracol -- care = = care facility -- carpenters' guild = = carpenter's shop = = carver -- casting director = = casting off -- caterer = = catering -- cautioning = = cautious -- cell tower = = cell -- Central America = = Central American -- certified = = certifier -- chamoix = = chamomile -- charabanc = = character -- chaste woman = = chastely -- cheerfully = = cheerfulness -- chest of drawers = = chestnut -- chill = = chilled -- chlorinated = = chlorination -- choreographer = = choreographic -- chucklehead = = chuckling -- cinemascope = = cinematheque -- circumscribed = = circumscription -- civil law = = civil libertarian -- clapping = = claptrap -- cleaned up = = cleaned -- cleverness = = clew -- clockwise = = clockwork -- clothes hanger = = clothes peg -- cluttering = = Cm -- cochlea = = cochlear -- coercion = = coercive -- coin toss = = coinage -- collectively = = collectivism -- colorfulness = = colorimeter -- come-and-go = = comeback -- comma = = command -- committing a petty crime = = committing a sin -- companionship = = companionway -- complex = = complexion -- computably = = computation -- concerto = = concession -- condolent = = condom -- confines = = confining -- congresswoman = = congruence -- conscription = = consecrated -- conspiracy = = conspirator -- contagiousness = = contained -- continuum = = contorted -- contused = = contusion -- cooing = = cooing sound -- copper-mining = = copperplate -- cornering = = cornerstone -- corroding = = corrosion -- costumer = = costumier -- counterfeit note = = counterfeited -- couple = = coupled -- cow = = cow path -- craftswoman = = craftwork -- creaking = = creaky -- cremator = = crematorium -- criss-crossing = = criterion -- cross-country trip = = crosscountry -- crude = = crude person -- cryptogram = = cryptographer -- cultivating = = cultivation -- curled = = curler -- cuss word = = custard -- cyan = = cyanide -- Czechia =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-D. = d -- dance floor = = dance hall -- dark yellowishness = = darkened -- daydreamer = = day-dreamer = = death camp -- debunking demystification = = debunking -- decision = = decision point -- decorative urn = = decorative -- deep-frying = = deeply -- defied = = defile -- degree Kelvin = = degree of angularity -- delightful = = delightfully -- demijohn = = demilitarization -- dendrochronological = = dendrochronologist -- Department of Agriculture = = Department of Commerce -- deposit box = = deposit -- derision = = derisive -- designee = = designer -- desultory = = desynchronization -- developed = = developer -- diabetes = = diabetic -- diastole = = diastolic -- difficult matter = = difficult moment -- diluting = = dilution -- dipped = = dipped in chocolate -- disadvantaged person = = disadvantagement -- discheveled = = disciple -- discreteness = = discretion -- disharmonious = = disharmony -- dislodged = = dislodgement -- displaced = = displacement -- dissection = = dissemblance -- distinguishable = = distinguishably -- diversion = = diversion of attention -- Do you speak Mirad? = = doable -- doghouse = = dogie -- domiciliary = = dominance -- doorstep salesman = = doorstop -- double-masted = = doubler -- downhill climb = = downhill -- draftswoman = = drafty -- drawn in = = drawn near -- driftwood = = drill -- drooping = = droopy -- dry season = = dry -- duke = = dukedom -- during that year = = during the time when -- dying out = = dying person -- Dzongkha =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-E. = eaaa -- earring = = earshot -- easy to distinguish = = easy to explain -- economic growth = = economic refugee -- effectual = = effectuality -- Egypt = = Egyptian blue -- elders = = eldest -- electrification = = electrified -- elephant trunk = = elephant tusk -- emasculated = = emasculation -- emergency vehicle = = emergency worker -- empty-hearted = = empty-heartedly = = encroachment -- endpoint = = endurability -- enjoyed = = enjoying a second course -- entering and exiting = = entering -- enviably = = envied -- epithelium = = epithet -- equivalently = = equivocal -- escalated = = escalating -- et al. = = et alia -- etiological = = etiology -- evasively = = evasiveness -- every year = = everybody else -- exalting = = exam -- excremental = = excrescence -- exhaust pipe = = exhausted -- expansiveness = = expatiation -- explicably = = explicated -- expression of displeasure = = expression of doubt -- externalized = = externally -- extreme unction = = extremely -- eyewash = = eyewitness account -- eyewitness =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-F. = F clef -- fadeout = = fader -- fall = = fallacious -- family fued = = family line -- far from = = far in back of -- fashioned = = fashioning -- fatuousness = = fatwa -- feasible = = feasibly -- feeling neutral = = feeling nostalgia -- female in-law = = female Jew -- ferocity = = ferret -- fewer things = = fewest -- fifth grade = = fifth -- fill-in-the-blanks questionaire = = fill-in-the-blanks test = = fine difference -- fire fighter = = fire hazard -- first grade in school = = first husband -- fish-eating = = fisher -- fixed notion = = fixed point -- flanking = = flannel -- flavorsome = = flaw -- flipped = = flipper -- floss = = flossing -- flunky = = fluorescence -- focusing = = fodder -- fonrint = = font character -- foothold = = footing -- for whom = = forager -- foreigner = = foreignness -- forgetfully = = forgetfulness -- forseeing = = forsooth -- foulness = = foul-tasting = = fraidy-cat = = free-born = = frenziedly -- frisked = = friskily -- from San Marino = = from São Tomé and Príncipe = = frontage -- fruitiness = = fruition -- full of secrets = = full of sores -- fund-raising = = funeral director -- furtive = = furtively -- fuzzy =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-G. = G clef -- galosh = = galoshes -- gaping = = gap-toothed = = gasoline pump -- gear wheel = = gearbox -- geneticist = = genetics -- Georgian = = Georgian script -- getting bright = = getting cash -- get-together = = get-up = = gingersnap -- glaciological = = glaciologist -- glibly = = glibness -- glover = = gloving -- go sober = = go straight -- goer = = gofer -- going under = = going underground -- good form = = good fortune -- goose flesh = = goose -- grabbing = = grabbling -- grandiloquence = = grandiloquent -- grasped = = grasper -- gray fox = = graybeard -- Greek language = = Greek script -- grille = = grilled -- groped = = groper -- growing accustomed = = growing -- guardianship = = guarding -- gullibility = = gullible person -- gushingly = = gushy -- gyroscopic =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-H. = h. = = hair salon -- half-hearted = = halfheartedly -- hamster = = hamstring -- handset = = handshake -- harboring = = harbormaster -- hardly = = hard-minded = = harsh -- haughtily = = haughtiness -- hayrick = = hayride -- headless = = headlight -- heard = = Heard Island and McDonald Islands -- heavily-taxed = = heaviness -- heirdom = = heiress -- helplessly = = helplessness -- herbicidal = = herbicide -- herringbone = = hers -- hiding place = = hieoglyphics -- high-class person = = high-class = = hilt -- historical = = historical scholar -- hoer = = hog leg -- holo- = = holocaust -- home-like = = homeliness -- honest truth = = honestly -- hoped = = hoped-for = = horse-and-buggy = = hotbed -- housemaid = = houseman -- huffily = = huffiness -- -humored = = humoring -- hurrying = = hurrying this way -- hydrogenation = = hydrogeology -- hymn = = hymn of praise -- hypothermia = = hypothesis -- hysterics =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-I. = I am certain that... = = Icelander -- ideologist = = ideologue -- ilex = = ilium -- illustration = = illustrative -- immigrating = = immigration -- impasto = = impatience -- impetuously = = impetuousness -- imposing = = imposition -- impromptu = = improper -- in a straight line = = in a straight line to -- in exchange for = = in fact -- in pieces = = in place of -- in the line of duty = = in the manner that -- inability to learn = = inability to move -- in-between meal = = inboard -- inclining upward = = included -- incontinence = = incontinent -- indecisive = = indecisively -- indifferent = = indifferently -- indoors = = indubitable -- inestimable = = inestimably -- inferential = = inferentially -- inflow = = inflowing -- ingression = = in-group = = inhabitant of Falkland Islands -- inhabitant of Nepal = = inhabitant of Netherlands Antilles -- inhabitant of Turkey = = inhabitant of Turkmenistan -- initiating = = initiation -- innocence = = innocent person -- insecure = = insecurely -- inspector = = inspectorate -- instrumentality = = instrumentally -- intelligent person = = intelligently -- interconversion = = intercostal -- intermediate = = intermediate phalange -- interracial = = interracial marriage -- intimation = = intimidated -- introducer = = introducing -- investigated = = investigating -- ionospheric = = iota -- irreality = = irreclaimable -- irritated = = irritating -- It is none of your business = = It is one o'clock. =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-J. = j. = = jarred -- jet skiing = = jetliner -- joe = = jogging -- joyriding = = joystick -- jumping forward = = jumping in -- just married = = just now -- juxtaposing =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-K. = k. = = keeping score -- kibitzer = = kick -- kindly = = kindness -- kneaded = = kneader -- knowingly = = knowledge -- Kyrgyzstan =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-L. = la -- laconically = = laconicity -- lame = = lamebrain -- language of the earthlings = = languid -- lasso = = lasso wrangler -- latitude = = latitudinal -- law office = = law officer -- lead actor in a film = = lead article -- leased = = leasehold -- left quote = = left side -- leisure time = = leisure travel -- lesson plan = = lesson -- leveling = = leveling out -- librarianship = = library -- life-sized = = lifespan -- lightly = = lightness -- limited = = limiting -- lining up = = link -- lite = = liter -- live music = = live -- local person = = local train -- login name = = login password -- longitude = = longitudinal wave -- lopsidedly = = lopsidedness -- louse = = lousily -- low-capacity = = low-class = = loyal person -- luminous energy = = luminous -- lux = = luxe -- lysergic =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-M. = m. = = made common -- made visible = = made wealthy -- mahi-mahi = = mahjong -- major command = = major damage -- making insane = = making it difficult -- male angel = = male ballet dancer -- mallard = = malleability -- maneuver = = maneuverability -- manners = = mannikin -- marching song = = marchioness -- market stall = = market value -- mascot = = masculine -- masterstroke = = masterwork -- mattress retailer = = mattress seller -- mead = = meadow -- mechanics = = mechanism -- meeting venue = = meeting -- member of the public = = member of the untouchable class -- mental block = = mental burden -- mentrual = = meow -- mesmerizing = = mesne -- metaphysically = = metaphysics -- mezzanine = = mezzo soprano -- microprogrammer = = microprogramming -- midsummer = = midterm -- military unit = = military vessel -- mind block = = mind game -- Minister of Finance = = Minister of Foreign Affairs -- Miradish = = Mirad-like = = misdealt -- misprint = = misprinted -- misusage = = misuse -- mock-up = = modal -- moistening = = moistly -- Monday evening = = Monday -- monobath = = monocation -- monument = = monumental -- morbidly = = morbidness -- mossy = = most assuredly no -- motorcycle = = motorcycle gang -- movable = = move backward -- mu = = mucal -- mujahedin = = mujik -- multimillionaire = = multinational -- mung bean = = municipal -- musical creator = = musical disk -- muteness = = mutilated -- mythologist = = mythologized -- mythology =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-N. = n. = = nano- = = nasty person -- nautical = = nautically -- nearly = = nearness -- negative exponent = = negative -- neoplasm = = neoplastic -- neuralgia = = neuralgic -- never-discussed = = never-dreamed-of = = ng -- nightshirt = = nightspot -- no kind of people = = no kind of person -- noiseless = = noiselessly -- nonbelligerent = = non-binary = = nondepartmental -- non-identity = = non-implementation = = non-orthogonal = = nonscientific -- non-violence = = nonviolent crime -- north-south = = northward -- not everyone = = not everyone's = = note of apology -- nub = = nubbin -- numerologist = = numerology -- nymphomaniac =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-O. = O! -- Obliged! = = obliging -- obstruction = = obstructionism -- Oceanian = = oceanic -- of a university = = of all types -- of the following frequency = = of the frequency -- offered as an excuse = = offered -- ogling = = ogre -- olive grove = = olive oil -- on full headlights = = on future Mondays -- on the outer fringes of = = on the outside -- one by one = = one cheated out of life -- online = = onlooker -- opening the path = = opening wide -- oppressively = = oppressiveness -- orc = = orca -- original specimen = = original spouse -- osselet = = osseous -- out of service = = out of shape -- outlet = = outline -- ovation = = oven -- over-fertilization = = over-fertilized = = over-poured = = overtime work -- ozone depletion = = ozone hole -- ozone =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-P. = p. = = paid early -- paleo- = = paleo-anthropological = = panda bear -- paper cut = = paper cutter -- parakeet = = paralegal -- parental couple = = parental -- parroting = = parsec -- party person = = party-goer = = pastry board -- patriotism = = patrol car -- paying attention to = = paying back -- pearly-white = = peasant -- peer = = peerage -- peninsula = = peninsular -- people's own = = peoples own things -- perfecting = = perfection -- perishing = = peristalsis -- perseverant = = persevered -- person of the following age = = person of the same age -- peruke = = perusal -- petter = = petticoat -- Phi = = phi -- phonological = = phonologically -- phrased = = phraseological -- piccolo player = = pick -- pieced together = = piecemeal -- piling = = piling up -- pinpointed = = pinpointing -- pistol = = pistol ammo -- placation = = placative -- planetologist = = planetology -- platonic = = platoon -- pleasant surprise = = pleasantly conversing -- plot = = plotted -- plutocrat = = plutocratic -- point of divergence = = point of embarkation -- police dog = = police force -- polychromaticity = = polychromy -- pontification = = pontoon bridge -- poppa = = popped corn -- portiere = = portion -- post- = = post meridiem -- postpubescent = = post-recorded = = pounding with the fist -- powwow = = pox -- preachy = = pre-adolescence = = precocity -- preening = = preexistence -- premier = = premiere -- pre-schooler = = prescience -- pressing apart = = pressing -- preventing = = prevention -- prime cut of meat = = prime importance -- prison uniform = = prison ward -- probational = = probationary -- productive force = = productive -- progressivism = = progressivist -- promulgated = = promulgating -- prophetically = = prophylactic -- prospectively = = prospector -- proton number = = proton -- provisionally = = provisioned -- Psi = = psi -- public funds = = public house -- pugnaciousness = = pugnacity -- pulse = = pulse rate -- pupil = = pupilage -- purpose = = purpose in life -- pushing hard = = pushing in -- putting at ease = = putting at risk -- pythonic =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-Q. = Q -- quantizing = = quantum computer -- quelling = = quenchable -- quietly = = quietness -- quotient = = quoting -- quoting =

Mirad Lexicon/English-Mirad-R. = R & B = = radiator -- raglan = = ragman -- raiser = = raisin bran -- ranger = = ranginess -- raspberry = = rasped -- ravel = = raven -- reading = = reading glasses -- rear line = = rear position -- recalled = = recalling -- reciting = = recititude -- reconnecting = = reconnection -- recumbant = = recumbency -- redistribution = = redistricted -- reexamined = = reexamining -- refreshing = = refreshingly -- reglet = = regnant -- reinstituted = = reinstitution -- relenting = = relentless -- remarked = = remarking -- removing an accent = = removing -- repair shop = = repairable -- reportorial = = report-worthy = = repudiated -- reselected = = reseller -- resonance = = resonant -- restive = = restively -- reticence = = reticent -- return ticket = = return trip -- revitalization = = revitalized -- rhino- = = rhinoceros -- rider = = riderless -- right to = = right to life -- rioter = = rioting -- river crossing = = river cruise boat -- rock quarry = = rock salt -- Romanization = = romanization -- ropy = = rosary bead -- round- = = roundabout -- rubberiness = = rubberized -- rumba = = rumble -- runny = = runny nose -- rye =