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[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Gothic elements, often called \"The French style\"." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "soon appeared in English cathedrals and abbeys." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "While English cathedrals tended to follow the French style, they had a few special charactersics of their own, Unlike French cathedrals, they tended to great length rather than great height." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "They also made extensive of Purbeck Marble for columns, floors and wall panels, which added colour and reflection to the interiors." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The early English style lasted from the late 12th century to the mid-14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nCanterbury Cathedral (Early Gothic portion - 1174-85) One of the earliest to use Gothic features in the French way was Canterbury Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Following a fire in 1174 which destroyed much of the choir, a French master builder, William of Sens, who probably had participated in the construction of Sens Cathedral, was selected to conduct the reconstruction." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "It was rebuilt between 1174 and 1184." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "William of Sens himself fell fifty feet from the scaffolding and was seriously injured, and had to return to France, where he died in 1180." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was completed by an English builder, William the Englishman." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "While the choir is not as high some French cathedrals, it makes up for the difference by its dramatic length." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The choir is 180 ft (55 m) long and 71 ft (22 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe nave and much of the rest of the cathedral were rebuilt into the perpendicular style beginning in the late 14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The new transepts and aisles were given the more decorative Lierne vault, where ribs were connected to each other for decorative rather than structural effect." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The crossing tower was begun in 1433, and is 237 ft (72 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Alterations to the Cathedral continued until 1834." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral (1192-1400) took on a Gothic form when it was rebuilt after a disastrous earthquake in 1185." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The builders made use of the Gothic rib vault in constructing the new nave and choir." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " Two rose windows, called the Bishops's Eye and the Dean's Eye, were added at about there same time." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The original cathedral had two towers on the wsst facade, and then a central tower was built in the 14th century, topped by a wooden spire, which made it the tallest structure in the world for two hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The other two towers were also given spires and raised in height." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The great spire fell during a windstorm and was not replaced." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nSalisbury Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Its chief patron was William Longsword, the 3rd Earl of Salisbury, who was recognized as a son by Henry II of France." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was sent by the King on missions to France, and was prisoner there for a time, and was familiar with the new French style." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The king provided timber for the Cathedral from Ireland and from his estates." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Longsword was buried in the cathedral in 1226." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The body of the cathedral was completed by September 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The west front, cloisters and chapter house were complete by about 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe most famous feature of Salisbury Cathedral was added later, between 1300 and 1320, when it was given the tallest spire in England; 123 m (404 ft)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Cathedral received another innovation in 1386: the first clock in England that struck the hours." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Gothic style first appeared in France in the mid-12th century in an Abbey, St Denis Basilica, built by Abbot Suger (1081-1151)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The old Basilica was the traditional burial place of Saint Denis, and of the Kings of France, and was also a very popular pilgrimage destination, so much so that pilgrims were sometimes crushed by the crowds." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Suger became the abbot of Saint Denis in 1122." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He became the friend and confident of two French Kings Louis VI and Louis VII, and He served the Regent for Louis VII during the absence of the King for the Second Crusade (1147–49)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nSuger, with the full support of the King, decided to enlarge the church and reconstruct it on a new model." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "His first modification was a new west facade, inspired in part by new churches in Normandy, with two towers and three deep portals." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Each of the portals had a tympanum of sculpture, telling a Biblical or inspiring story." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The tympana installed by Sugar depicted the Last Judgement over the main door and the martyrdom of Saint Denis over the other door." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The tympana over the east portals became a characteristic feature of later Gothic cathedrals." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "When the new facade was complete, Suger turned his attention to the choir and the ambulatory in the west of the church." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSuger was also a scholar of the philosophy of Plato, and he believed that light was a way through which the faithful could be elevated from the material to the immaterial and the divine." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The ambulatory of the old church was very dark, since Romanesque architecture, with barrel vaults, required thick walls and supporting walls between the small chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Suger decided to use a new form of vault, the rib vault, with pointed arches, which was higher and stronger." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This allowed him to remove the walls between the chapels, and opened the space for seventy stained glass windows in the choir, filling the church with light." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The choir and west front of the Abbey of Saint-Denis both became the prototypes for other buildings in the royal domain of northern France and in the Duchy of Normandy." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty, the new style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and Sicily." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The combination of innovations made Saint-Denis the first important example of Gothic architecture; The church was heavily modified over the following centuries, but the ambulatory and some other original elements remain." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe new features of Saint-Denis were quickly adapted in the construction of new cathedrals in the Ile-de-France." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "These included Noyon cathedral (begun 1150), Senlis Cathedral begun (1153); Sens Cathedral (begun 1160); and Laon Cathedral (begun 1160)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Two were built by Suger's personal friends, the bishops of Noyon and Senlis." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "The spread of the style was not limited to cathedrals; it also soon appeared in Abbey churches, at St. Leu d'Esserent in Braine, and, in the province of Champagne, at St. Remy in Rheims and Notre-Dame in Chalons-sur-Marne." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "It also appeared in simple churches, such as the Gothic church of Saint Quiriace in Provins Though each church employed the new style, each had a distinctly different appearance and personality." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nNoyon Cathedral replaced a Romanesque cathedral which burned in 1131." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Bishop of Noyon, Baudouin, used the choir of Saint Denis as his direct model." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He used the same masons as Suger, and much of the ornamentation is identical with Saint-Denis." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Like many early Gothic churches, the interior has both round and pointed arches, and it has some peculiar Germanic features, such as transepts with rounded ends." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSens Cathedral, begun in 1133, had a special place among cathedrals in France as the primate of Gaul, ranking of higher than Paris, a title it held through the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "It attracted important medieval religious figures, including Saint Bernard, Abelard and Thomas Becket, who came there in 1164 to appeal the Pope for support against Henry II of England." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was begun as a Romanesque cathedral, but as the walls were" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Strasbourg Cathedral (1176-1459) in Alsace, then separate from France and part of the Holy Roman Empire, was begun after a fire destroyed the earlier Romanesque cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The rebuilding began in the original Romanesque style, but when the builders saw the new French style at Chartres, they changed their plans and began anew." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south transept was completed first, then the nave, completed in 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They built on top of the original Romanesque foundations, which accounts for the unusual wide spacing of the pillars of the grand arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The facade was begun in 1277, using the reddish sandstone of the Vosges mountains." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "A spire was added to the north tower, completed in 1439." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "At 142 meters, it is the highest still existing medieval spire." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nCologne Cathedral was begun in 1248 as a pilgrimage site whose attraction was a reliquary of the Bibical Three Kings." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "An earlier Cathedral on the same site since 1176 had been destroyed by fire in 1248." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The choir was completed in 1320 and the cathedral was conscrated in 1322." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Work continued until 1560, but then construction ceased, leaving it unfinished until 1842, when work recommenced." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It was finally completed in 1880." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The structure was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II, but was back in service by 1948 and restoration was complete by 1956." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The Cathedral is best known for its gigantic size and height; it is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The nave and choir are 144.5 m (474 ft) long and 86.25 m (283 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The two towers are 157 m (515 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nPrague Cathedral or St. Vitus's Cathedral, was originally begun in the French style 1344 by the French master builder Matthieu d'Arras." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "After his death in 1353, the King of Bohemia, Charles IV, selected a young Bohemian builder, Petr Parler, twenty-three years old, to continue the work." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south tower and spire followed the model of the cathedrals of the Rhineland." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The great originality was in the interior, where Parler made imaginative use of more decorative vaults, in fan shapees, with their ribs rising through space, and decorative bosses hanging down the from the ceiling." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, Saint Stephen Harding, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They were known as the \"white monks\" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the \"black monks\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the pointed arch, and the flying buttress appeared on some of the churches." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nCiteaux Abbey (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in forest south of Dijon." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the scriptorium, where the monks copied books and religious texts." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It is now a Trappist monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nClairvaux Abbey (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "They were found nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nFontenay Abbey in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Much of the original Abbey still stands." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nRievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was built in 1132 by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOther examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These include Alcobaça Monastery in Portugal, Poblet Abbey in Spain, and Maulbronn Abbey in Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the \"Paradise\", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine abbeys, notably Whitby Abbey All the English monasteries, including Westminister Abbey, were closed by Henry VIII in 1538, as part of his dissolution of monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In France, the last part of the long reign of King Philippe Auguste (1179-1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was also a great builder, constructing the Louvre Palace and the first wall around Paris, and founding the University of Paris (1215)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " He was succeeded by Louis IX of France, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, Sainte-Chapelle." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called High Gothic.. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The great monuments of the style included Amiens Cathedral, the modified Notre Dame de Paris, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, Sainte-Chapelle (consecrated 1248)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\n Chartres Cathedral was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Chartres has a number of innovative features." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite rib vault instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. {" }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "As of 2020, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the processs of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nNotre Dame de Paris during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The old sexpartite rib vaults vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Dramatic new Rayonnant rose windows were added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to clerestory." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The two towers were completed in 1245." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nSainte-Chapelle (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by Louis IX of France at his palace on the Île de la Cité in Paris to shelter the relics of the Passion of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the r" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "A Gothic cathedral or church was a house of worship and also a theater for ceremony, with a fixed ritual every day." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The most numerous participants in these ceremonies were the canons, or members of the Cathedral chapter." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The number of canons in a chapter varied from twelve in a small cathedral to fifty at Notre Dame de Paris and more than eighty at Laon Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In addition to celebrating Mass, every day, they were expected to celebrate the Liturgy of the Hours four times a day, with four additional offices on Sundays." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "To this very regular schedule were attached numerous additional duties and ceremonies." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nMost of these ceremonies took place in the choir (sometimes spelled 'quire') of the cathedral, toward the eastern end, between the nave to the west and the sanctuary to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The choir was like a church within the church; it was divided from the rest of the cathedral by an ornamental screen composed of bas-reliefs illustrating stories from the life of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It also featured a richly decorated tribune, used for reading the appropriate texts from the bible." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The main altar was also found within the choir, turned toward the east." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The canons were seated in two rows of carved wooden seats, facing each other, at right angles to the seats in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "There is just one remaining original medieval rood screen in a Gothic cathedral, at Albi Cathedral in the south of France." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stained glass windows were a prominent feature of the Gothic church and cathedral from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Abbot Suger, who considered that light was a manifestation of the divine, installed colorful windows in the ambulatory of Basilica of Saint Denis, and they were featured in all the major cathedrals in France, England and the rest of Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 13th and 14th century they became larger and larger, until they filled entirely walls." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "However, they lost some of the original simplicity and richness of color, as the artists competed with painters and fresco artists in making huge windows crowded with naturalistic figures." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nIn the Middle Ages, glass makers and stained glass artists were separate professions." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Glass makers worked near forests, where there was abundant firewood for melting and forming glass, while the artists worked closer to the building sites." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In the earlier cathedrals and churches, the range of colors was limited, and the color was added when the glass was manufactured." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "with the use of metallic oxides; cobalt for blue, copper for a ruby red, manganese for purple, and antimony for yellow." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The glass was melted with the colors, blown, shaped into cylinders, rolled flat, and then cut into sheets of about 10-12 inches (25-30 centimetres)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The pieces of glass of early windows varied considerably in thickness, which gave more richness and variation than in later windows." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe colored glass was delivered to the workshop of the artist, where the window was made." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "A large whitewashed table was painted with the full-size drawing of the window, with colors indicated." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "the artisans used a hot iron to crack off pieces of colored glass to fit the pattern, \"grazed\" or smoothed the edges, then fit them into long strips of lead." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The strips of lead with glass were then assembled and soldered together." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Details such as faces, ornament and inscriptions were painted on the glass in vitreous enamel, then heated to fuse the enamel with the glass." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The window was then waterproofed with putty along the lead strips, and then, since the lead was flexible, cited into a larger iron frame." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nAs windows continued to grow in size, they needed further support against the wind, This was provided by tracery and mullions, thin stone ribs into which the sections of the windows were fit." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As the windows grew larger, the tracery became more and more intricate, taking on Rayonnant and flamboyant designs." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "In this way the architecture and windows gradually became blended together and inseparable." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In France, the last part of the long reign of King Philippe Auguste (1179-1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was also a great builder, constructing the Louvre Palace and the first wall around Paris, and founding the University of Paris (1215)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " He was succeeded by Louis IX of France, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, Sainte-Chapelle." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called High Gothic.. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The great monuments of the style included Amiens Cathedral, the modified Notre Dame de Paris, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, Sainte-Chapelle (consecrated 1248)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\n Chartres Cathedral was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Chartres has a number of innovative features." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite rib vault instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. {" }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "As of 2020, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the processs of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nNotre Dame de Paris during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The old sexpartite rib vaults vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Dramatic new Rayonnant rose windows were added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to clerestory." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The two towers were completed in 1245." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nSainte-Chapelle (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by Louis IX of France at his palace on the Île de la Cité in Paris to shelter the relics of the Passion of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the r" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In France, the last part of the long reign of King Philippe Auguste (1179-1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was also a great builder, constructing the Louvre Palace and the first wall around Paris, and founding the University of Paris (1215)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " He was succeeded by Louis IX of France, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, Sainte-Chapelle." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called High Gothic.. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The great monuments of the style included Amiens Cathedral, the modified Notre Dame de Paris, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, Sainte-Chapelle (consecrated 1248)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\n Chartres Cathedral was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Chartres has a number of innovative features." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite rib vault instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. {" }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "As of 2020, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the processs of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nNotre Dame de Paris during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The old sexpartite rib vaults vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Dramatic new Rayonnant rose windows were added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to clerestory." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The two towers were completed in 1245." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nSainte-Chapelle (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by Louis IX of France at his palace on the Île de la Cité in Paris to shelter the relics of the Passion of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the r" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The particular attractions of Gothic cathedrals and churches began to be rediscovered in early 19th century." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "One major reason was the enormous success of the novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame(1831) by Victor Hugo." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The French writer Prosper Merimée was designed by King Louis Philippe I to classify and, where possible, restore Gothic cathedrals and churches." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "He commissioned Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, and began with the restoration of Vezelay Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Even larger projects launched for the restoration of Sainte-Chapelle, the Basilica of Saint-Denis and Notre Dame de Paris." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": "Some of the restoration was made more on the basis of imagination than historical accuracy; so many cumulative modifications had been made over the centuries, that it was impossible to recreate any church exactly as it was at any one particular time, as Viollet-Duc acknowledged." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "He was criticized in particular for designing a taller and more ornate spire to the Notre Dame Cathedral to replace the original 13th century spire, which had been removed in 1786." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "He was also criticized for replacing the sculpture of gargoyles, chimeras and other mythical creatures, which had been removed int eh 18th century, with new versions." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nIn the mid-19th century, several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches were constructed in Europe and beyond." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "These included the Basilica of St. Clotilde (1846–57) in Paris, by the architect Leon Vautrin." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "This church served as a model for the facade of another new church, Sacred Heart Cathedral, built in Guangzhou, China between 1863–68, financed in part by contributions from French Emperor Napoleon III." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nIn the 20th century, Neo-Gothic cathedrals were constructed, particularly by the Eiscopal Church in the United States, taking advantage of the new technologies of iron and steel construction and reinforced concrete." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "combined with traditional forms." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Examples include the National Cathedral in Washington D.C. (begun 1907) and Grace Cathedral in San Francisco (1928-1964)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Construction of the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. in 1907, but was still underway at the beginning of the 21st century." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rose window (1977) was dedicated by President Jimmy Carter and Queen Elizabeth II of England." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Strasbourg Cathedral (1176-1459) in Alsace, then separate from France and part of the Holy Roman Empire, was begun after a fire destroyed the earlier Romanesque cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The rebuilding began in the original Romanesque style, but when the builders saw the new French style at Chartres, they changed their plans and began anew." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south transept was completed first, then the nave, completed in 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They built on top of the original Romanesque foundations, which accounts for the unusual wide spacing of the pillars of the grand arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The facade was begun in 1277, using the reddish sandstone of the Vosges mountains." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "A spire was added to the north tower, completed in 1439." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "At 142 meters, it is the highest still existing medieval spire." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nCologne Cathedral was begun in 1248 as a pilgrimage site whose attraction was a reliquary of the Bibical Three Kings." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "An earlier Cathedral on the same site since 1176 had been destroyed by fire in 1248." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The choir was completed in 1320 and the cathedral was conscrated in 1322." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Work continued until 1560, but then construction ceased, leaving it unfinished until 1842, when work recommenced." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It was finally completed in 1880." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The structure was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II, but was back in service by 1948 and restoration was complete by 1956." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The Cathedral is best known for its gigantic size and height; it is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The nave and choir are 144.5 m (474 ft) long and 86.25 m (283 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The two towers are 157 m (515 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nPrague Cathedral or St. Vitus's Cathedral, was originally begun in the French style 1344 by the French master builder Matthieu d'Arras." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "After his death in 1353, the King of Bohemia, Charles IV, selected a young Bohemian builder, Petr Parler, twenty-three years old, to continue the work." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south tower and spire followed the model of the cathedrals of the Rhineland." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The great originality was in the interior, where Parler made imaginative use of more decorative vaults, in fan shapees, with their ribs rising through space, and decorative bosses hanging down the from the ceiling." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Gothic elements, often called \"The French style\"." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "soon appeared in English cathedrals and abbeys." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "While English cathedrals tended to follow the French style, they had a few special charactersics of their own, Unlike French cathedrals, they tended to great length rather than great height." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "They also made extensive of Purbeck Marble for columns, floors and wall panels, which added colour and reflection to the interiors." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The early English style lasted from the late 12th century to the mid-14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nCanterbury Cathedral (Early Gothic portion - 1174-85) One of the earliest to use Gothic features in the French way was Canterbury Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Following a fire in 1174 which destroyed much of the choir, a French master builder, William of Sens, who probably had participated in the construction of Sens Cathedral, was selected to conduct the reconstruction." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "It was rebuilt between 1174 and 1184." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "William of Sens himself fell fifty feet from the scaffolding and was seriously injured, and had to return to France, where he died in 1180." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was completed by an English builder, William the Englishman." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "While the choir is not as high some French cathedrals, it makes up for the difference by its dramatic length." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The choir is 180 ft (55 m) long and 71 ft (22 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe nave and much of the rest of the cathedral were rebuilt into the perpendicular style beginning in the late 14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The new transepts and aisles were given the more decorative Lierne vault, where ribs were connected to each other for decorative rather than structural effect." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The crossing tower was begun in 1433, and is 237 ft (72 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Alterations to the Cathedral continued until 1834." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral (1192-1400) took on a Gothic form when it was rebuilt after a disastrous earthquake in 1185." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The builders made use of the Gothic rib vault in constructing the new nave and choir." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " Two rose windows, called the Bishops's Eye and the Dean's Eye, were added at about there same time." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The original cathedral had two towers on the wsst facade, and then a central tower was built in the 14th century, topped by a wooden spire, which made it the tallest structure in the world for two hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The other two towers were also given spires and raised in height." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The great spire fell during a windstorm and was not replaced." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nSalisbury Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Its chief patron was William Longsword, the 3rd Earl of Salisbury, who was recognized as a son by Henry II of France." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was sent by the King on missions to France, and was prisoner there for a time, and was familiar with the new French style." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The king provided timber for the Cathedral from Ireland and from his estates." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Longsword was buried in the cathedral in 1226." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The body of the cathedral was completed by September 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The west front, cloisters and chapter house were complete by about 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe most famous feature of Salisbury Cathedral was added later, between 1300 and 1320, when it was given the tallest spire in England; 123 m (404 ft)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Cathedral received another innovation in 1386: the first clock in England that struck the hours." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Albi Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In the southwest of France, Albi Cathedral (begun 1282) is an example of Southern French Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It is built entirely of brick, due to the shortage of suitable stone." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In place of flying buttresses, it uses semicircular tower-like supports the height of the building." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It is austere in form, with no transept, There is a tower, but a minimum of other decoration." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It is massive in size, 113 meters long, 35 meters wide and 30 meters high." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The interior is filled with carved stalls and works of polychrome sculpture, largely in their original state." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Italy resisted the Gothic style, using the Romanesque style longer than in Northern Europe, and unlike Northern Europe, it only rarely imitated the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Also, building available building materials were different; Italian cathedrals were usually built of brick, not stone, and marble was abundant." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Italian architects did adapt the some aspects of the northern style, including the rib vault and columns attached to the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Early examples were the Pisa Baptistry (1259-60) and the facade of Siena Cathedral (1265-68)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Some builders modified some aspects of northern Gothic; Florence Cathedral (1294) used very large arcades to create greater interior space." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Notable examples of Italian Rayoannant include the facade of Orvieto Cathedral , the facade of Sienna Cathedral and the bell tower of Florence Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "begun by Giotto in 1334." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Milan Cathedral was the Italian cathedral most influenced by Northern Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "However, its distinctive flamboyant exterior, begun in 1386, was not completed until 1805 for the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as King of Italy." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "During the Middle Ages, many of the Gothic cathedrals and churches were brightly painted, both inside and out." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Traces of the paint have been found on the walls and sculpture." }, { "n_tokens": 66, "text": "A few cathedrals, like Albi Cathedral in the south of France, still have some of their original color, and others, notably Chartres Cathedral and the Church of Saint-Germain-des-Pres in Paris, have been restoring or recreating the earlier designs, or, in the case of Chartres, cleaning the walls and painting them white." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "This practice has been criticized by some, who prefer the walls covered with centuries of soot." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, Saint Stephen Harding, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They were known as the \"white monks\" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the \"black monks\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the pointed arch, and the flying buttress appeared on some of the churches." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nCiteaux Abbey (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in forest south of Dijon." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the scriptorium, where the monks copied books and religious texts." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It is now a Trappist monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nClairvaux Abbey (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "They were found nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nFontenay Abbey in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Much of the original Abbey still stands." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nRievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was built in 1132 by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOther examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These include Alcobaça Monastery in Portugal, Poblet Abbey in Spain, and Maulbronn Abbey in Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the \"Paradise\", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine abbeys, notably Whitby Abbey All the English monasteries, including Westminister Abbey, were closed by Henry VIII in 1538, as part of his dissolution of monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The Russian sturgeon can grow to 210 cm (83 in) but a more normal size is 110 to 140 cm (43 to 55 in)." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It has a relatively short and rounded snout with three pairs of unfringed barbels closer to the tip of the snout that to the mouth." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The dorsal fin has 27 to 48 soft rays and the anal fin has 16 to 35." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The number of scales along the lateral line varies from 21 to 50." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "This fish can be distinguish from the otherwise similar starry sturgeon by the shape of its snout, its barbels and scale arrangement." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The upper surface is greyish-green, the lateral scales are pale and the belly white." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The world's largest producer and market supplier of the Chinook salmon is New Zealand." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Marketed as King salmon, in 2009, New Zealand exported 5,088 tonnes of salmon equating to a value of NZ$61 million in export earnings." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "For the year ended March 2011, this amount had increased to NZ$85 million." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the Pacific Rim, including Australia." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nFarming of the species in New Zealand began in the 1970s, when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks with the first commercial operations initiating in 1976." }, { "n_tokens": 78, "text": "After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in Stewart Island by British Petroleum NZ Ltd.\nToday, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to harvestable size of 3–4 kilograms (6.6–8.8 lb)." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The broodstock for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Eggs and milt are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (around 10–12 °C (50–54 °F))." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "After hatching, the baby salmon are typically grown to smolt stage (around six-months of age) before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Most sea cage farming occurs in the Marlborough Sounds, Stewart Island, and Akaroa Harbour, while freshwater operations in Canterbury, Otago, and Tasman use ponds, raceways, and hydrocanals for growout operations." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": "\nLow stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m3 and around 25 kg/m3 (depending on the life stage of the salmon) and the absence of disease in the fish means New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines to maintain the health of their salmon stocks." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "The salmon are fed food pellets of fish meal specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) and contain no steroids or other growth enhancers." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nRegulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in a sustainable manner." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and social effects." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British Humane Slaughter Association." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nChile is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In Canada, most commercial salmon production ceased by 2009." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The total North Pacific fisheries harvest of the Chinook salmon in 2010 was some 1.4 million fish, corresponding to 7,000 tonnes; 1.1 million of the fish were captured in the United States, others were divided by Canada and Russia." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The share of Chinook salmon from the total commercial Pacific salmon harvest was less than 1% by weight, and only some 0.3% of the number of fish." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The trend has been down in the captures from the pre-1990 times, when the total harvest was around 25,000 tonnes." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Global production has, however, remained at a stable level because of increased aquaculture." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The Chinook is blue-green, red, or purple on the back and top of the head, with silvery sides and white ventral surfaces." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It has black spots on its tail and the upper half of its body." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Although spots are seen on the tail in pink salmon, and silver on the tail in silver and dog salmon, Chinook are unique among the Pacific salmon in combining black spots and silver on the tail." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Another distinctive feature is a black gum line that is present in both salt and freshwater." }, { "n_tokens": 62, "text": "Adult fish range in size from 24 to 36 in (61 to 91 cm), but may be up to 58 in (150 cm) in length; they average 10 to 50 lb (4.5 to 22.7 kg), but may reach 130 lb (59 kg)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The meat can be either pink or white in color, depending on what the salmon have been feeding on." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nChinook salmon are the largest of the Pacific salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In the Kenai River of Alaska, mature Chinook averaged 16.8 kg (37 lb)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The current sport-caught world record, 97.25 lb (44.11 kg), was caught on May 17, 1985, in the Kenai River." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The commercial catch world record is 126 lb (57 kg) caught near Rivers Inlet, British Columbia, in the late 1970s." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Chinook may spend one to eight years in the ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Salmon are sexually dimorphic, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth and their jaws develop a pronounced curve or hook, called a \"kype\"." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nChinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within a redd." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries, where they remain as smolts for several months." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Some Chinooks return to the fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as \"jack\" salmon. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Jack\" salmon are typically less than 24 inches (61 cm) long but are sexually mature." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nThe Yukon River has the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "However, the high cost of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The highest in elevation Chinook migrate to spawn is in the Upper Salmon River and Middle Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "These fish travel over 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in elevation, and over 900 miles (1,400 km), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nChinook eat insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily other fish when older." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out into the ocean and acquire more food." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their original streambeds to mate." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Chinook can have extended lifespans, where some fish spend one to five years in the ocean, reaching age eight." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "More northerly populations tend to have longer lives." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nSalmon need adequate spawning habitat." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nChinook also need healthy ocean habitats." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain the energy for migration." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In his book King of Fish, David Montgomery writes, \"The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Thus, it is vitally important for the" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Chinook may spend one to eight years in the ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Salmon are sexually dimorphic, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth and their jaws develop a pronounced curve or hook, called a \"kype\"." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nChinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within a redd." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries, where they remain as smolts for several months." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Some Chinooks return to the fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as \"jack\" salmon. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Jack\" salmon are typically less than 24 inches (61 cm) long but are sexually mature." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nThe Yukon River has the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "However, the high cost of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The highest in elevation Chinook migrate to spawn is in the Upper Salmon River and Middle Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "These fish travel over 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in elevation, and over 900 miles (1,400 km), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nChinook eat insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily other fish when older." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out into the ocean and acquire more food." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their original streambeds to mate." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Chinook can have extended lifespans, where some fish spend one to five years in the ocean, reaching age eight." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "More northerly populations tend to have longer lives." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nSalmon need adequate spawning habitat." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nChinook also need healthy ocean habitats." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain the energy for migration." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In his book King of Fish, David Montgomery writes, \"The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Thus, it is vitally important for the" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The Chinook is blue-green, red, or purple on the back and top of the head, with silvery sides and white ventral surfaces." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It has black spots on its tail and the upper half of its body." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Although spots are seen on the tail in pink salmon, and silver on the tail in silver and dog salmon, Chinook are unique among the Pacific salmon in combining black spots and silver on the tail." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Another distinctive feature is a black gum line that is present in both salt and freshwater." }, { "n_tokens": 62, "text": "Adult fish range in size from 24 to 36 in (61 to 91 cm), but may be up to 58 in (150 cm) in length; they average 10 to 50 lb (4.5 to 22.7 kg), but may reach 130 lb (59 kg)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The meat can be either pink or white in color, depending on what the salmon have been feeding on." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nChinook salmon are the largest of the Pacific salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In the Kenai River of Alaska, mature Chinook averaged 16.8 kg (37 lb)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The current sport-caught world record, 97.25 lb (44.11 kg), was caught on May 17, 1985, in the Kenai River." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The commercial catch world record is 126 lb (57 kg) caught near Rivers Inlet, British Columbia, in the late 1970s." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Chinook may spend one to eight years in the ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Salmon are sexually dimorphic, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth and their jaws develop a pronounced curve or hook, called a \"kype\"." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nChinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within a redd." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries, where they remain as smolts for several months." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Some Chinooks return to the fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as \"jack\" salmon. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Jack\" salmon are typically less than 24 inches (61 cm) long but are sexually mature." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nThe Yukon River has the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "However, the high cost of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The highest in elevation Chinook migrate to spawn is in the Upper Salmon River and Middle Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "These fish travel over 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in elevation, and over 900 miles (1,400 km), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nChinook eat insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily other fish when older." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out into the ocean and acquire more food." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their original streambeds to mate." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Chinook can have extended lifespans, where some fish spend one to five years in the ocean, reaching age eight." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "More northerly populations tend to have longer lives." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nSalmon need adequate spawning habitat." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nChinook also need healthy ocean habitats." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain the energy for migration." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In his book King of Fish, David Montgomery writes, \"The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Thus, it is vitally important for the" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The total North Pacific fisheries harvest of the Chinook salmon in 2010 was some 1.4 million fish, corresponding to 7,000 tonnes; 1.1 million of the fish were captured in the United States, others were divided by Canada and Russia." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The share of Chinook salmon from the total commercial Pacific salmon harvest was less than 1% by weight, and only some 0.3% of the number of fish." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The trend has been down in the captures from the pre-1990 times, when the total harvest was around 25,000 tonnes." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Global production has, however, remained at a stable level because of increased aquaculture." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The world's largest producer and market supplier of the Chinook salmon is New Zealand." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Marketed as King salmon, in 2009, New Zealand exported 5,088 tonnes of salmon equating to a value of NZ$61 million in export earnings." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "For the year ended March 2011, this amount had increased to NZ$85 million." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the Pacific Rim, including Australia." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nFarming of the species in New Zealand began in the 1970s, when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks with the first commercial operations initiating in 1976." }, { "n_tokens": 78, "text": "After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in Stewart Island by British Petroleum NZ Ltd.\nToday, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to harvestable size of 3–4 kilograms (6.6–8.8 lb)." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The broodstock for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Eggs and milt are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (around 10–12 °C (50–54 °F))." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "After hatching, the baby salmon are typically grown to smolt stage (around six-months of age) before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Most sea cage farming occurs in the Marlborough Sounds, Stewart Island, and Akaroa Harbour, while freshwater operations in Canterbury, Otago, and Tasman use ponds, raceways, and hydrocanals for growout operations." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": "\nLow stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m3 and around 25 kg/m3 (depending on the life stage of the salmon) and the absence of disease in the fish means New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines to maintain the health of their salmon stocks." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "The salmon are fed food pellets of fish meal specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) and contain no steroids or other growth enhancers." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nRegulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in a sustainable manner." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and social effects." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British Humane Slaughter Association." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nChile is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In Canada, most commercial salmon production ceased by 2009." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Chinook may spend one to eight years in the ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Salmon are sexually dimorphic, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth and their jaws develop a pronounced curve or hook, called a \"kype\"." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nChinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within a redd." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries, where they remain as smolts for several months." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Some Chinooks return to the fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as \"jack\" salmon. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Jack\" salmon are typically less than 24 inches (61 cm) long but are sexually mature." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nThe Yukon River has the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "However, the high cost of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The highest in elevation Chinook migrate to spawn is in the Upper Salmon River and Middle Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "These fish travel over 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in elevation, and over 900 miles (1,400 km), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nChinook eat insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily other fish when older." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out into the ocean and acquire more food." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their original streambeds to mate." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Chinook can have extended lifespans, where some fish spend one to five years in the ocean, reaching age eight." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "More northerly populations tend to have longer lives." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nSalmon need adequate spawning habitat." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nChinook also need healthy ocean habitats." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain the energy for migration." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In his book King of Fish, David Montgomery writes, \"The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Thus, it is vitally important for the" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Chinook may spend one to eight years in the ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Salmon are sexually dimorphic, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth and their jaws develop a pronounced curve or hook, called a \"kype\"." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nChinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within a redd." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries, where they remain as smolts for several months." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Some Chinooks return to the fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as \"jack\" salmon. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Jack\" salmon are typically less than 24 inches (61 cm) long but are sexually mature." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nThe Yukon River has the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "However, the high cost of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The highest in elevation Chinook migrate to spawn is in the Upper Salmon River and Middle Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "These fish travel over 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in elevation, and over 900 miles (1,400 km), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nChinook eat insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily other fish when older." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out into the ocean and acquire more food." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their original streambeds to mate." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Chinook can have extended lifespans, where some fish spend one to five years in the ocean, reaching age eight." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "More northerly populations tend to have longer lives." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nSalmon need adequate spawning habitat." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nChinook also need healthy ocean habitats." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain the energy for migration." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In his book King of Fish, David Montgomery writes, \"The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Thus, it is vitally important for the" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "Originally discovered by Royal Saskatchewan Museum research team in Saskatchewan's Frenchman River Valley on August 16, 1991, the fossilized remains of specimen [RSM P2523.8], nicknamed Scotty, were painstakingly removed – almost completely by hand – over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "When the preparation was complete in 2011, a 65% complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton was revealed." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\n\"Scotty\" the T. rex was found on August 16, 1991 by local high school principal Robert Gebhardt." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Gebhardt had joined palaeontologists Tim Tokaryk and John Storer from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSM) on a prospecting expedition alongside the Frenchman River Valley." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Gebhardt stumbled across a tail vertebra of the T. rex on a cattle trail he was walking along." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "They later found a piece of the jaw with teeth still attached sticking out of the side of a hill." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Today, about 65% of Scotty's bones have been recovered." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nA cast of Scotty was first to go on display at the T.rex Discovery Centre on March 15, 2013, followed by a second in an exhibit developed by the Australian Museum in November 2013." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nOn March 21, 2019 Scotty was described to be the largest and oldest T. rex in the world, with an estimated weight of 8870 kg, length of 13 m and age of over 28 years." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nOn May 17, 2019 a cast of Scotty was unveiled at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Some species of mammals, birds and fish survived the K-Pg extinction event." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Ravenscrag Formation is where these fossils were deposited and the gallery examines these creatures from Saskatchewan's prehistoric landscape." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "On display are reptiles such Borealosuchus and Champsosaurus as well as a life-size cast of the mammal Brontothere." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The village can trace its history back to the Norman Conquest." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Moletune is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as being among the estates of Baron Richard de Vernon of Shipbrook." }, { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "George Ormerod described the village in 1882 thus: 'Moulton occupies a high ridge of ground, running parallel with the general course of the Weaver, and commanding a most extensive view over the vales of that river, and of the Mersey, in the several directions of Delamere Forest and Lancashire.'" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nDuring the 19th century the character of the village changed from purely agricultural to a more mixed economy." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Many workers in the salt mining industry, which lined the banks of the River Weaver, made their homes in Moulton." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The factory owners built the terraced housing in Church Street and Regent Street for their employees, and in 1884 they opened the Verdin Institute complete with reading room, library, and billiard tables and gave it to the community." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nDuring the Second World War, Moulton was bombed several times." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "On one occasion, German bombers fire-bombed down the backs of the Regent Street houses, thereby missing all dwellings and resulting in no casualties." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nAfter the Second World War this industry quickly declined as new methods of abstracting salt by solution mining replaced the old fashioned pumping of wild brine and its attendant subsidence." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The village quickly became a residential area with most folk working in nearby Northwich or Winsford." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "New housing development in the mid-1960s increased the population by over 60%." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nMoulton is now a thriving community of about 3,000 people." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "The local hall is run by St Stephen's Church and is host to a range of organisations including the excellent Moulton Drama Group, live music put on by innovative community music group, Malt'n'Music while the Moulton Adventure Group provides a wealth of activities for young people." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nMoulton School provides primary education to the children of the village." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The school has strong links with the local secondary school, the County High School Leftwich, which is a Converter Academy." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nMoulton is home to the Moulton Verdin F.C., which plays in the Mid Cheshire Sunday League." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Wahlwiller is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It is located in the municipality of Gulpen-Wittem." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " The village is located south of the Selzerbeek." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe name of the village is derived from villare, what means \"belonging to a villa\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In the 14th century the village is mentioned under names as Waelwilre, Wailwilre and Walwilre." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The prefix \"wael\" indicates that the inhabitants were speaking a Walloon language." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nOn the northern side of the village lies the Kruisberg, of Amstel Gold Race fame." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Wahlwiller is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It is located in the municipality of Gulpen-Wittem." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " The village is located south of the Selzerbeek." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe name of the village is derived from villare, what means \"belonging to a villa\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In the 14th century the village is mentioned under names as Waelwilre, Wailwilre and Walwilre." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The prefix \"wael\" indicates that the inhabitants were speaking a Walloon language." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nOn the northern side of the village lies the Kruisberg, of Amstel Gold Race fame." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Wahlwiller is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It is located in the municipality of Gulpen-Wittem." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " The village is located south of the Selzerbeek." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe name of the village is derived from villare, what means \"belonging to a villa\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In the 14th century the village is mentioned under names as Waelwilre, Wailwilre and Walwilre." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The prefix \"wael\" indicates that the inhabitants were speaking a Walloon language." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nOn the northern side of the village lies the Kruisberg, of Amstel Gold Race fame." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Pinguicula orchidioides was first described by French-Swiss botanist Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle in 1844 based on collections by G. Andrieux (130)." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": " De Candolle, in subdividing the genus Pinguicula, included the species in the newly created section Orcheosanthus along with other species with purple, deeply bilabiate corollas with 5 sub-equal lobes, a short floral tube, and a large spur not protruding past this tube." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nTwo years later, Hooker described a plant he saw growing at Kew Botanical Gardens and, thinking it to be similar to Candolle's P. orchidioides, applied that name." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": " Unfortunately, this specimen was actually a P. moranensis var." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "neovolcanica, causing great confusion for taxonomists who thereafter treated P. orchidioides as a synonym of P. caudata or P. macrophylla." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nRecognition of the species was only maintained by Sprague (1928), who contended that De Candolle's species was discrete from the plant described by Hooker." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " Casper, while omitting the species from his revision of the genus in 1966, noted that P. orchidioides auct." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "non A.DC.:" }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "Hook." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "was probably a nomen dubium vel ambiguum." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " However, the identification of P. orchidioides A.DC." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "was left unaddressed and was forgotten, so that when Hans Luhrs described stoloniferous Pinguicula specimens in 1995, he did so under a new name: P. stolonifera." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nIt wasn't until 1998 that the species was re-described under the name P. orchidioides by Mexican Pinguicula specialist Sergio Zamudio." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " He noted its distinction from other species based on leaf shape, stolon production, flower morphology and geographical isolation (from P. oblongiloba)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Pinguicula orchidioides was first described by French-Swiss botanist Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle in 1844 based on collections by G. Andrieux (130)." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": " De Candolle, in subdividing the genus Pinguicula, included the species in the newly created section Orcheosanthus along with other species with purple, deeply bilabiate corollas with 5 sub-equal lobes, a short floral tube, and a large spur not protruding past this tube." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nTwo years later, Hooker described a plant he saw growing at Kew Botanical Gardens and, thinking it to be similar to Candolle's P. orchidioides, applied that name." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": " Unfortunately, this specimen was actually a P. moranensis var." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "neovolcanica, causing great confusion for taxonomists who thereafter treated P. orchidioides as a synonym of P. caudata or P. macrophylla." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nRecognition of the species was only maintained by Sprague (1928), who contended that De Candolle's species was discrete from the plant described by Hooker." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " Casper, while omitting the species from his revision of the genus in 1966, noted that P. orchidioides auct." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "non A.DC.:" }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "Hook." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "was probably a nomen dubium vel ambiguum." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " However, the identification of P. orchidioides A.DC." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "was left unaddressed and was forgotten, so that when Hans Luhrs described stoloniferous Pinguicula specimens in 1995, he did so under a new name: P. stolonifera." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nIt wasn't until 1998 that the species was re-described under the name P. orchidioides by Mexican Pinguicula specialist Sergio Zamudio." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " He noted its distinction from other species based on leaf shape, stolon production, flower morphology and geographical isolation (from P. oblongiloba)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Pinguicula orchidioides produces one to three flowers during each flowering period." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " These are borne singly on upright flower stalks which are 7 to 22 centimeters (3–9 in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "long, cherry red in color, and glabrous except near the calyx." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nThe flowers themselves are composed of five petals which are fused at one end." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The throat, the portion of the flower near the attachment point which holds the reproductive organs, is funnel shaped, and the petals flare out from there into a five-lobed zygomorphic corolla." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": " Below the attachment point to the stem the petals are fused into an 18–26 millimeter long spur which protrudes backwards roughly perpendicular to the rest of the flower." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe violet-purple flowers are 30 to 48 millimeters (1 ¼–2 in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "long, and have a deeply bilabiate corolla, with a 2-lobed upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": " The upper lobes are 10–14 millimeters (⅜–⅝ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "long by 5–9 millimeters (​³⁄₁₆–⅜ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "wide and generally oblong-obovate." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The outer lower lobes are oblong-lanceolate, 11–16 millimeters (¼–¾ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "long by 4–7 millimeters (​⁵⁄₃₂–​⁷⁄₃₂ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "wide, narrowing at the tip." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The central lower lobe is slightly longer than its neighbors, 15–19 millimeters (⅝–¾ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "long by 4–5 millimeters (​⁵⁄₃₂–​³⁄₁₆ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "wide, and is marked with a white stripe at its base." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The floral tube that houses the reproductive organs and is visible at the base of corolla lobes is short 3–4 millimeters (⅛–​⁵⁄₃₂ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "long and lacks a palate." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nThe ovary and attached pistil protrude from the top of the floral tube near its opening, with the receptive stigma surface toward the front." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " Anthers hang from recurved filaments behind the pistil." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": " Pollinators exiting after collecting nectar from the spur brush against the anther, transferring pollen to the stigma of the next flower they visit." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The flowers can last up to 10 days but will wilt once they are pollinated." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Pollinated ovaries ripen into 4–5 millimeter (​⁵⁄₃₂–​³⁄₁₆ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "dehiscent seed capsules containing numerous 1 millimeter long seeds." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The leaf blades of the summer rosettes of P. orchidioides are smooth, rigid, and succulent, and generally green in color." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The laminae are generally ovate to lanceolate, between 20 and 46 millimeters (2–5 in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "long and 6–18 millimeters wide, and have deeply involute margins." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "These are supported by 10–30 millimeter petioles with ciliate margins." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nThe \"winter\" or \"resting\" rosette of P. orchidioides is 6–13 millimeters (¼–½ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "in diameter and consists of 25 to 36 small, compact, fleshy, non-glandular leaves." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": " These are each 5 to 11 millimeters (​³⁄₁₆–1 ¼ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "long and one to three millimeters (​¹⁄₂₅–⅛ in.)" }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "wide, acuminate, acute, and densely covered with fine hairs." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nIn a feature unique among Mexican Pinguicula, P. orchidioides produces stolons throughout the summer growing period." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": " These start out as gemma-like buds in the winter rosette and elongate into whip-like stolons up to 8 centimeters (3 in) long during the summer." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": " These stolons, which have small non-glandular leaves interspersed along their length, can take root to form new plantlets upon contact with a suitable growing substrate." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "This trait allows the species to form clumps of plants, many of which are genetically identical." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nAs is typical in the genus, the upper lamina surface of the summer leaves is densely covered by peduncular (stalked) mucilagenous glands and sessile (flat) digestive glands." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The peduncular glands consist of a few secretory cells on top of a single-celled stalk." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water; a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The droplets secrete only limited enzymes and serve mainly to entrap insects." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The insect struggles, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The sessile glands, which lie flat on the leaf surface, serve to digest the insect prey." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 77, "text": "In Korean tea terminology wherein domestic tea is categorized mainly as either green tea (nokcha; 녹차) or fermented tea (balhyocha; 발효차) – \"fermented\" practically meaning \"oxidized\" with this term – \"yellow tea\" (hwangcha) is used to denote lightly oxidized balhyocha without implications of processing methods or a result that would qualify the tea as \"yellow tea\" in the Chinese definition." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Unlike Chinese huángchá, Korean hwangcha is made similarly to oolong tea or lightly oxidized black tea, depending on who makes it – the key feature is a noticeable but otherwise relatively low level of oxidation which leaves the resulting tea liquor yellow in color." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 77, "text": "In Korean tea terminology wherein domestic tea is categorized mainly as either green tea (nokcha; 녹차) or fermented tea (balhyocha; 발효차) – \"fermented\" practically meaning \"oxidized\" with this term – \"yellow tea\" (hwangcha) is used to denote lightly oxidized balhyocha without implications of processing methods or a result that would qualify the tea as \"yellow tea\" in the Chinese definition." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Unlike Chinese huángchá, Korean hwangcha is made similarly to oolong tea or lightly oxidized black tea, depending on who makes it – the key feature is a noticeable but otherwise relatively low level of oxidation which leaves the resulting tea liquor yellow in color." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 77, "text": "In Korean tea terminology wherein domestic tea is categorized mainly as either green tea (nokcha; 녹차) or fermented tea (balhyocha; 발효차) – \"fermented\" practically meaning \"oxidized\" with this term – \"yellow tea\" (hwangcha) is used to denote lightly oxidized balhyocha without implications of processing methods or a result that would qualify the tea as \"yellow tea\" in the Chinese definition." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Unlike Chinese huángchá, Korean hwangcha is made similarly to oolong tea or lightly oxidized black tea, depending on who makes it – the key feature is a noticeable but otherwise relatively low level of oxidation which leaves the resulting tea liquor yellow in color." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 77, "text": "In Korean tea terminology wherein domestic tea is categorized mainly as either green tea (nokcha; 녹차) or fermented tea (balhyocha; 발효차) – \"fermented\" practically meaning \"oxidized\" with this term – \"yellow tea\" (hwangcha) is used to denote lightly oxidized balhyocha without implications of processing methods or a result that would qualify the tea as \"yellow tea\" in the Chinese definition." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Unlike Chinese huángchá, Korean hwangcha is made similarly to oolong tea or lightly oxidized black tea, depending on who makes it – the key feature is a noticeable but otherwise relatively low level of oxidation which leaves the resulting tea liquor yellow in color." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The building known as the birthplace of 40th U.S. President, Ronald Reagan, was constructed in 1896 for G.W. Stauffer by Fred Harvey Seymour and later became known as the Graham Building." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It was built in 1896 and housed a tavern from that time until 1915." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "On February 6, 1911 the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, was born in the apartment above the bakery/restaurant [which later became the site of the First National Bank." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The Reagans would move out of the apartment and into a house on Glassburn Street in Tampico a few months after Ronald was born." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nArchitecturally, the two-story brick building is similar to its neighboring buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It is brick, two stories tall, has three second-story windows and a cornice." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Only the area's oldest buildings differ from the Reagan Birthplace's metal cornices and flat-headed windows." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The building's first-floor interior has been restored as the First National Bank, which occupied the property from 1919–1931." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "On the second floor the apartment has been restored to the period when Reagan was born." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The site offers tours to the public and is listed as a \"significant\" contributing property to the historic district." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The contributing properties in the Main Street Historic District are classified into two categories, \"significant\" and \"contributing\"." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Significant structures are those with architectural or historical distinction, 10 of the 14 buildings remaining within the district are classified as significant." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The significant structures are grouped into two sets, one consists of the buildings from 107–119 Main Street (along the east side of the street) and the second of buildings from 122–126 Main Street (west side of street)." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe first group of significant structures are along the east side of Main Street and addressed from 107–119." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "107 S. Main Street was constructed for Susie Slippell in 1903 and once housed a harness shop." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The next building, 109 Main, was built in 1898 by J.J Blietz, it held the Elmdorf Grocery and Meat Market." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The building adjacent the former meat market is the Ronald Reagan Birthplace." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "113 and 115 Main were built simultaneously in 1900, and share a wall." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "113 Main is the current home to the Ronald Reagan Gift Shop and was originally constructed by Fred Seymour for use as the Seymour Grocery Store." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The building at 115 was built for M.R. Lyon and has been in use as a funeral home since 1903." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nThe structures at 117 and 119 are the oldest brick buildings in the historic district and were built in 1877 following the last major fire." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "117 Main, built for J.C. Paice, has housed a grocery store, meat market, and variety store, and retains its original cast iron storefront." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The building at 119 Main was erected for Ruben Davis." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was damaged by fire in 1980 but has since been repaired." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe second group of significant structures are found on the west side of Main Street from 122–126." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The two storefronts at 122 and 124 Main are the H.C. Pitney Variety Store." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The adjacent structure was built in 1899 for A.J. Glassburn, son of town founder John Glassburn." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The building housed the Tampico State Bank from 1899–1931 with A.J. Glassburn as its president." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Glassburn also served as mayor of Tampico during three periods, 1882–1885, 1887–1893, and 1901–1902." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "After 1931 the building housed another bank and a lumber and hardware store." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The contributing properties in the Main Street Historic District are classified into two categories, \"significant\" and \"contributing\"." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Significant structures are those with architectural or historical distinction, 10 of the 14 buildings remaining within the district are classified as significant." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The significant structures are grouped into two sets, one consists of the buildings from 107–119 Main Street (along the east side of the street) and the second of buildings from 122–126 Main Street (west side of street)." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe first group of significant structures are along the east side of Main Street and addressed from 107–119." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "107 S. Main Street was constructed for Susie Slippell in 1903 and once housed a harness shop." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The next building, 109 Main, was built in 1898 by J.J Blietz, it held the Elmdorf Grocery and Meat Market." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The building adjacent the former meat market is the Ronald Reagan Birthplace." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "113 and 115 Main were built simultaneously in 1900, and share a wall." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "113 Main is the current home to the Ronald Reagan Gift Shop and was originally constructed by Fred Seymour for use as the Seymour Grocery Store." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The building at 115 was built for M.R. Lyon and has been in use as a funeral home since 1903." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nThe structures at 117 and 119 are the oldest brick buildings in the historic district and were built in 1877 following the last major fire." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "117 Main, built for J.C. Paice, has housed a grocery store, meat market, and variety store, and retains its original cast iron storefront." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The building at 119 Main was erected for Ruben Davis." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was damaged by fire in 1980 but has since been repaired." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe second group of significant structures are found on the west side of Main Street from 122–126." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The two storefronts at 122 and 124 Main are the H.C. Pitney Variety Store." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The adjacent structure was built in 1899 for A.J. Glassburn, son of town founder John Glassburn." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The building housed the Tampico State Bank from 1899–1931 with A.J. Glassburn as its president." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Glassburn also served as mayor of Tampico during three periods, 1882–1885, 1887–1893, and 1901–1902." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "After 1931 the building housed another bank and a lumber and hardware store." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The three buildings considered contributing structures, while dating from the period of historical significance for the district, have been extensively altered." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In addition, all three buildings are free-standing structures and thus, not integrated into the whole of the visual harmony found in the significant structures." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The three altered buildings are located at 106, 110 and 131 South Main Street." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nThe building at 131 Main, on the east side of the street, was originally constructed in 1873 and formerly owned by the Glassburn Lumber and Feed company." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The west facade of the building has been altered by the addition of a new storefront and a pseudo-Mansard roof." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The structures at 106 and 110 Main are connected by a single story structure between them." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "106 S. Main Street was constructed in 1873 and features a false-front with a parapet that hides its gable roof." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The building formerly housed a millinery and a beauty shop and its front (east) facade has been significantly altered." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "At 110 S. Main Street is a 1905 two-story brick building originally used as a grocery store." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The building, which has been used by the Masonic Lodge, has had part of its cornice removed and replaced by a shingled canopy." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "She died on September 26, 2007, aged 47, peacefully at her home, surrounded by her family, from breast cancer." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "She had been with COPE since May 2001." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Her battle with breast cancer enabled her to write her own obituary a week before she died." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was published in the Arizona Daily Star." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nIn addition to her husband, Dr. Martin Edward Weinand (born October 19, 1958) and their three children physical therapist Michael Alexander Weinand, Lauren Marie Weinand, and Jamie Weinand." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She was survived by her parents and her mother-in-law, Martha E. Bean-Weinand." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The Papel people live traditionally around the city of Bissau, in the Biombo Region." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "They are linguistically and culturally close to mankagnes and Manjack or Manjacas." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "They are traditionally farmers." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "So, they have one of the most suitable land for rice cultivation." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Like the Manjacks, their names are Portuguese because of the Portuguese occupation of the country from the late 15th century until 1973." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Surnames characteristic of this ethnic group are: Pereira, Lopes, Vieira, Correia, Monteiro, Ca, etc." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nTheir language is the Papel, which is one of the Niger–Congo languages." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The estimated number of speakers was 136,000 in Guinea Bissau in 2006." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Following Zeppelin's dissolution, the first significant project for the members was the Honeydrippers, which Plant initially formed in 1981, and which released its only album in 1984." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The group featured Page on lead guitar, along with studio musicians and friends of the pair, including Jeff Beck, Paul Shaffer, and Nile Rodgers." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Plant focused on a different direction from Zeppelin, playing standards and in a more R&B style, highlighted by a cover of \"Sea of Love\" that peaked at number three on the Billboard chart in early 1985." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nCoda – a collection of Zeppelin outtakes and unused tracks – was issued in November 1982." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It included two tracks from the Royal Albert Hall in 1970, one each from the Led Zeppelin III and Houses of the Holy sessions, and three from the In Through the Out Door sessions." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It also featured a 1976 Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Page, called \"Bonzo's Montreux\"." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nOn 13 July 1985, Page, Plant, and Jones reunited for the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, playing a short set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins, and bassist Paul Martinez." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Collins had contributed to Plant's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant's solo band." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": " The performance was marred by a lack of rehearsal with the two drummers, Page's struggles with an out-of-tune guitar, poorly functioning monitors, and Plant's hoarse voice." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Page described the performance as \"pretty shambolic\", while Plant characterised it as an \"atrocity\"." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nThe three members reunited again on 14 May 1988, for the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert, with Bonham's son Jason on drums." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The result was again disjointed: Plant and Page had argued immediately prior to taking the stage about whether to play \"Stairway to Heaven\", and Jones' keyboards were absent from the live television feed." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Page described the performance as \"one big disappointment\" and Plant said \"the gig was foul\"." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Led Zeppelin have collected many honours and awards throughout the course of their career." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2006." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Among the band's awards are an American Music Award in 2005, and the Polar Music Prize in 2006." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Led Zeppelin were the recipient of a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005, and four of their recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "They have been awarded five Diamond albums, as well as fourteen Multi-Platinum, four Platinum and one Gold album in the United States, while in the UK they have five Multi-Platinum, six Platinum, one Gold and four Silver albums." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "In addition to listing five of their albums among \"the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\", Rolling Stone named Led Zeppelin the 14th-greatest artist of all time in 2004." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "\nIn 2005, Page was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of his charity work, and in 2009 Plant was honoured as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to popular music." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The band are ranked number one on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock and Classic Rock's \"50 best live acts of all time\"." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "They were named as the best Rock band in a poll by BBC Radio 2." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "They were awarded an Ivor Novello Award for \"Outstanding Contribution to British Music\" in 1977, as well as a \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" at the 42nd Annual Ivor Novello awards ceremony in 1997." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The band were honoured at the 2008 MOJO Awards with the \"Best Live Act\" prize for their one-off reunion, and were described as the \"greatest rock and roll band of all time\"." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Led Zeppelin were named as 2012 recipients of the Kennedy Center Honors." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The first Led Zeppelin box set, featuring tracks remastered under Page's supervision, was released in 1990 and bolstered the band's reputation, leading to abortive discussions among members about a reunion." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "This set included four previously unreleased tracks, including a version of Robert Johnson's \"Travelling Riverside Blues\"." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2 was released in 1993; the two box sets together contained all known studio recordings, as well as some rare live tracks." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nIn 1994, Page and Plant reunited for a 90-minute \"UnLedded\" MTV project." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "They later released an album called No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded, which featured some reworked Led Zeppelin songs, and embarked on a world tour the following year." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "This is said to be the beginning of a rift between the band members, as Jones was not even told of the reunion." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the United States Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Steven Tyler and Joe Perry of Aerosmith." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Jason and Zoë Bonham also attended, representing their late father." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "At the induction ceremony, the band's inner rift became apparent when Jones joked upon accepting his award, \"Thank you, my friends, for finally remembering my phone number\", causing consternation and awkward looks from Page and Plant." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Afterwards, they played one brief set with Tyler and Perry, with Jason Bonham on drums, and then a second with Neil Young, this time with Michael Lee playing the drums." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nIn 1997, Atlantic released a single edit of \"Whole Lotta Love\" in the US and the UK, the only single the band released in their homeland, where it peaked at number 21." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "November 1997 saw the release of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions, a two-disc set largely recorded in 1969 and 1971." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Page and Plant released another album called Walking into Clarksdale in 1998, featuring all new material, but after disappointing sales, the partnership dissolved before a planned Australian tour." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "A film of the O2 performance, Celebration Day, premiered on 17 October 2012 and was released on DVD on 19 November." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The film grossed $2 million in one night, and the live album peaked at number 4 and 9 in the UK and US, respectively." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Following the film's premiere, Page revealed that he had been remastering the band's discography." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The first wave of albums, Led Zeppelin, Led Zeppelin II, and Led Zeppelin III, were released on 2 June 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The second wave of albums, Led Zeppelin IV and Houses of the Holy, were released on 27 October 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Physical Graffiti was released on 23 February 2015, almost exactly forty years to the day after the original release." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The fourth and final wave of studio album reissues, Presence, In Through the Out Door, and Coda, were released on 31 July 2015." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThrough this remastering project, each studio album was reissued on CD and vinyl and was also available in a Deluxe Edition, which contained a bonus disc of previously unheard material (Coda's Deluxe Edition would include two bonus discs)." }, { "n_tokens": 69, "text": "Each album was also available in a Super Deluxe Edition Box Set, which included the remastered album and bonus disc on both CD and 180-gram vinyl, a high-definition audio download card of all content at 96 kHz/24 bit, a hard bound book filled with rare and previously unseen photos and memorabilia, and a high quality print of the original album cover." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOn 6 November 2015, the Mothership compilation was reissued using the band's newly remastered audio tracks." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The reissuing campaign continued the next year with the re-release of BBC Sessions on 16 September 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The reissue contained a bonus disc with nine unreleased BBC recordings, including the heavily bootlegged but never officially released \"Sunshine Woman\"." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nTo commemorate the band's 50th anniversary, Page, Plant and Jones announced an official illustrated book celebrating 50 years since the formation of the band." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Also released for the celebration was a reissue of How the West Was Won on 23 March 2018, which includes the album's first pressing on vinyl." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "For Record Store Day on 21 April 2018, Led Zeppelin released a 7\" single \"Rock and Roll\" (Sunset Sound Mix)/\"Friends\" (Olympic Studio Mix), their first single in 21 years." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Following their triumphant Earls Court appearances, Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned an autumn tour in America, scheduled to open with two outdoor dates in San Francisco." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In August 1975, however, Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious car crash while on holiday in Rhodes, Greece." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Plant suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured; a blood transfusion saved her life." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Unable to tour, he headed to the Channel Island of Jersey to spend August and September recuperating, with Bonham and Page in tow." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The band then reconvened in Malibu, California." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "During this forced hiatus much of the material for their next album, Presence, was written." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nBy this time, Led Zeppelin were the world's number one rock attraction, having outsold most bands of the time, including the Rolling Stones." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Presence, released in March 1976, marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams, departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Though it was a platinum seller, Presence received a mixed reaction among fans and the music press, with some critics suggesting that the band's excesses may have caught up with them." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Page had begun using heroin during recording sessions for the album, a habit which may have affected the band's later live shows and studio recordings, although he has since denied this." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nBecause of Plant's injuries, Led Zeppelin did not tour in 1976." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Instead, the band completed the concert film The Song Remains the Same and the accompanying soundtrack album." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The film premiered in New York City on 20 October 1976, but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK, where, unwilling to tour since 1975 because of their tax exile status, Led Zeppelin faced an uphill battle to recapture the public's affection." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nIn 1977, Led Zeppelin embarked on another major concert tour of North America." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The band set another attendance record, with an audience of 76,229 at their Silverdome concert on 30 April." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It was, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest attendance to that date for a single act show." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Although the tour was financially profitable, it was beset by off-stage problems." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "On 19 April, over 70 people were arrested as about 1,000 fans tried to gatecrash Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold-out concerts, while others tried to gain entry by throwing rocks and bottles through glass doors." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "On 3 June, a concert at Tampa Stadium was cut short because of a severe thunderstorm, despite tickets indicating \"Rain or Shine\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "A riot broke out, resulting in arrests and injuries." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "\nAfter 23 July show at the Day on the Green festival at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California, Bonham and members of Led Zeppelin's support staff were arrested after a member of promoter Bill Graham's staff was badly beaten during the band's performance." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The following day's second Oakland concert was the group's final live appearance in the United States." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Two days later, as they checked in at a French Quarter hotel for their 30 July performance at the Louisiana Superdome, Plant received news that his five-year-old son, Karac, had died from a stomach virus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled, prompting widespread speculation about Led Zeppelin's future." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "During the 1970s, Led Zeppelin reached new heights of commercial and critical success that made them one of the most influential groups of the era, eclipsing their earlier achievements." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The band's image also changed as the members began to wear elaborate, flamboyant clothing, with Page taking the lead on the flamboyant appearance by wearing a glittering moon-and-stars outfit." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Led Zeppelin changed their show by using things such as lasers, professional light shows and mirror balls." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "They began travelling in a private jet airliner, a Boeing 720 (nicknamed the Starship), rented out entire sections of hotels (including the Continental Hyatt House in Los Angeles, known colloquially as the \"Riot House\"), and became the subject of frequently repeated stories of debauchery." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "One involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House, while another involved the destruction of a room in the Tokyo Hilton, leading to the group being banned from that establishment for life." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing television sets out of the windows, some suggest that these tales have been exaggerated." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "According to music journalist Chris Welch, \"[Led Zeppelin's] travels spawned many stories, but it was a myth that [they] were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behaviour\"." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nLed Zeppelin released their fourth album on 8 November 1971." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": " It is variously referred to as Led Zeppelin IV, Untitled, IV, or, due to the four symbols appearing on the record label, as Four Symbols, Zoso or Runes." }, { "n_tokens": 69, "text": "The band had wanted to release the fourth album with no title or information, in response to the music press \"going on about Zeppelin being a hype\", but the record company wanted something on the cover, so in discussions it was agreed to have four symbols to represent both the four members of the band, and that it was the fourth album." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "With 37 million copies sold, Led Zeppelin IV is one of the best-selling albums in history, and its massive popularity cemented Led Zeppelin's status as superstars in the 1970s." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "By 2006, it had sold 23 million copies in the United States alone." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The track \"Stairway to Heaven\", never released as a single, was the most requested and most played song on American rock radio in the 1970s." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The group followed up the album's release with tours of the UK, Australasia, North America, Japan, and the UK again from late 1971 through early 1973." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nLed Zeppelin's next album, Houses of the Holy, was released in March 1973." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It featured further experimentation by the band, who expanded their use of synthesisers and mellotron orchestration." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The predominantly orange album cover, designed by the London-based design group Hipgnosis, depicts images of nude children climbing the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Although the children are not shown from the front, the cover was controversial at the time of the album's release." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As with the band's fourth album, neither their name nor the album title was printed on the sleeve." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nHouses of the Holy topped charts worldwide, and the band's subsequent concert tour of North America in 1973 broke records for attendance, as they consistently filled large auditoriums and stadiums." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "At Tampa Stadium in Florida, they played to 56,800 fans, breaking the record set by the Beatles' 1965 Shea Stadium concert and grossing $309,000." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a motion picture, but the theatrical release of this project (The Song Remains the Same) was delayed until 1976." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Before the final night's performance, $180,000 ($1,037,000 today) of the band's money from gate receipts was stolen from a safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn 1974, Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label, Swan Song, named after an unreleased song." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The record label's logo is based on a drawing called Evening: Fall of Day (1869) by William Rimmer." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The drawing features a figure of a winged human-like being interpreted as either Apollo or Icarus." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "The logo can be found on Le" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Led Zeppelin's music was rooted in the blues." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The influence of American blues artists such as Muddy Waters and Skip James was particularly apparent on their first two albums, as was the distinct country blues style of Howlin' Wolf." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Tracks were structured around the twelve-bar blues on every studio album except for one, and the blues directly and indirectly influenced other songs both musically and lyrically." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The band were also strongly influenced by the music of the British, Celtic, and American folk revivals." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Scottish folk guitarist Bert Jansch helped inspire Page, and from him he adapted open tunings and aggressive strokes into his playing." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The band also drew on a wide variety of genres, including world music, and elements of early rock and roll, jazz, country, funk, soul, and reggae, particularly on Houses of the Holy and the albums that followed." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe material on the first two albums was largely constructed out of extended jams of blues standards and folk songs." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "This method led to the mixing of musical and lyrical elements of different songs and versions, as well as improvised passages, to create new material, but would lead to later accusations of plagiarism and legal disputes over copyright." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": " Usually the music was developed first, sometimes with improvised lyrics that might then be rewritten for the final version of the song." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "From the visit to Bron-Yr-Aur in 1970, the songwriting partnership between Page and Plant became predominant, with Page supplying the music, largely via his acoustic guitar, and Plant emerging as the band's chief lyricist." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Jones and Bonham then added to the material, in rehearsal or in the studio, as a song was developed." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In the later stages of the band's career, Page took a back seat in composition and Jones became increasingly important in producing music, often composed on the keyboard." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Plant would then add lyrics before Page and Bonham developed their parts." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nEarly lyrics drew on the band's blues and folk roots, often mixing lyrical fragments from different songs." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Many of the band's songs dealt with themes of romance, unrequited love and sexual conquest, which were common in rock, pop and blues music." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Some of their lyrics, especially those derived from the blues, have been interpreted as misogynistic." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Particularly on Led Zeppelin III, they incorporated elements of mythology and mysticism into their music, which largely grew out of Plant's interest in legends and history." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "These elements were often taken to reflect Page's interest in the occult, which resulted in accusations that the recordings contained subliminal satanic messages, some of which were said to be contained in backmasking; these claims were generally dismissed by the band and music critics." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The pastoral fantasies in Plant's songwriting were inspired by the landscape of the Black Country region and J. R. R. Tolkien high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Susan Fast argues that as Plant emerged as the band's main lyricist, the songs more obviously reflected his alignment with the West Coast counterculture of the 1960s." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the later part of the band's career Plant's lyrics became more autobiographical, and less optimistic, drawing on his own experiences and circumstances." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nAccording to musicologist Robert Walser, \"Led Zeppelin's sound was marked by speed and power, unusual rhythmic patterns, contrasting terraced dynamics, singer Robert Plant's wailing vocals, and guitarist Jimmy Page's heavily distorted crunch\"." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "These elements mean that they are often cited as one of the originators of hard rock and heavy metal and they have been described as the \"definitive heavy metal band\", although the band members have often eschewed the label." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Part of this reputation depends on the band's use of distorted guitar riffs on songs like \"Whole Lotta Love\" and \"The Wanton Song\"." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Often riffs were not doubled by guitar, bass and drums exactly, but instead there were melodic or rhythmic variations; as in \"Black Dog\", where three different time signatures are used." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Page's guitar playing incorporated elements of the blues scale with those of eastern mu" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "In 1966, London-based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues-influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell-Smith." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Page soon switched from bass to lead guitar, creating a dual lead guitar line-up with Jeff Beck." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Following Beck's departure in October 1966, the Yardbirds, tired from constant touring and recording, began to wind down." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Page wanted to form a supergroup with him and Beck on guitars, and the Who's Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass, respectively." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The group never formed, although Page, Beck, and Moon did record a song together in 1966, \"Beck's Bolero\", in a session that also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe Yardbirds played their final gig in July 1968 at Luton College of Technology in Bedfordshire." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "They were still committed to several concerts in Scandinavia, so drummer Jim McCarty and vocalist Keith Relf authorised Page and bassist Chris Dreja to use the Yardbirds' name to fulfill the band's obligations." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Page's first choice for the lead singer was Terry Reid, but Reid declined the offer and suggested Robert Plant, a singer for the Band of Joy and Hobbstweedle." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending former Band of Joy drummer John Bonham." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "John Paul Jones inquired about the vacant position of bass guitarist, at the suggestion of his wife, after Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Page had known Jones since they were both session musicians, and agreed to let him join as the final member." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nIn August 1968, the four played together for the first time in a room below a record store on Gerrard Street in London." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Page suggested that they attempt \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\", originally a jump blues song popularised in a rockabilly version by Johnny Burnette, which had been covered by the Yardbirds. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "As soon as I heard John Bonham play\", Jones recalled, \"I knew this was going to be great ... We locked together as a team immediately\"." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Before leaving for Scandinavia, the group took part in a recording session for the P. J. Proby album Three Week Hero." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The album's track \"Jim's Blues\", with Plant on harmonica, was the first studio track to feature all four future members of Led Zeppelin." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nThe band completed the Scandinavian tour as the New Yardbirds, playing together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Clubs in Gladsaxe, Denmark, on 7 September 1968." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Later that month, they began recording their first album, which was based on their live set." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The album was recorded and mixed in nine days, and Page covered the costs." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "After the album's completion, the band were forced to change their name after Dreja issued a cease and desist letter, stating that Page was allowed to use the New Yardbirds moniker for the Scandinavian dates only." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "One account of how the new band's name was chosen held that Moon and Entwistle had suggested that a supergroup with Page and Beck would go down like a \"lead balloon\", an idiom for disastrous results." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The group dropped the 'a' in lead at the suggestion of their manager, Peter Grant, so that those unfamiliar with the term would not pronounce it \"leed\"." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The word \"balloon\" was replaced by \"zeppelin\", a word which, according to music journalist Keith Shadwick, brought \"the perfect combination of heavy and light, combustibility and grace\" to Page's mind." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nGrant secured a $143,000 advance contract ($1,051,000 today) from Atlantic Records in November 1968—at the time, the biggest deal of its kind for a new band." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Atlantic was a label with a catalogue of mainly blues, soul, and jazz artists, but in the late 1960s it began to take an interest in British progressive rock acts." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Record executives signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Under the terms of their contract, the band had autonomy in deciding when they would release albums and tour, and had the final say over the contents and design of each album." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "They would also decide how to promote each release and wh" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "2003 saw the release of the triple live album How the West Was Won, and Led Zeppelin DVD, a six-hour chronological set of live footage that became the best-selling music DVD in history." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "In July 2007, Atlantic/Rhino and Warner Home Video announced three Zeppelin titles to be released that November: Mothership, a 24-track best-of spanning the band's career; a reissue of the soundtrack The Song Remains the Same, including previously unreleased material; and a new DVD." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Zeppelin also made their catalogue legally available for download, becoming one of the last major rock bands to do so." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nOn 10 December 2007, Zeppelin reunited for the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at the O₂ Arena in London, with Jason Bonham again taking his father's place on drums." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "According to Guinness World Records 2009, the show set a record for the \"Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert\" as 20 million requests were submitted online." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Critics praised the performance and there was widespread speculation about a full reunion." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Page, Jones and Jason Bonham were reported to be willing to tour, and to be working on material for a new Zeppelin project." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Plant continued his touring commitments with Alison Krauss, stating in September 2008 that he would not record or tour with the band. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "I told them I was busy and they'd simply have to wait,\" he recalled in 2014. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "I would come around eventually, which they were fine with – at least to my knowledge." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "But it turns out they weren't." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "And what's even more disheartening, Jimmy used it against me.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nJones and Page reportedly looked for a replacement for Plant; candidates including Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, and Myles Kennedy of Alter Bridge." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "However, in January 2009, it was confirmed that the project had been abandoned. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Getting the opportunity to play with Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones and Jason Bonham was pretty special,\" Kennedy recalled. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "That is pretty much the zenith right there." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "That was a crazy, good experience." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "It's something I still think of often ... It's so precious to me.\"" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The band began their first tour of the UK on 4 October 1968, still billed as the New Yardbirds; they played their first show as Led Zeppelin at the University of Surrey in Battersea on 25 October." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Tour manager Richard Cole, who would become a major figure in the touring life of the group, organised their first North American tour at the end of the year." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Their debut album, Led Zeppelin, was released in the US during the tour on 12 January 1969 and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard chart; it was released in the UK, where it peaked at number 6, on 31 March." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "According to Steve Erlewine, the album's memorable guitar riffs, lumbering rhythms, psychedelic blues, groovy, bluesy shuffles and hints of English folk music made it \"a significant turning point in the evolution of hard rock and heavy metal\"." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn their first year Led Zeppelin completed four US and four UK concert tours, and also released their second album, Led Zeppelin II." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Recorded mostly on the road at various North American studios, it was an even greater commercial success than their first album, and reached the number one chart position in the US and the UK." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The album further developed the mostly blues-rock musical style established on their debut release, creating a sound that was \"heavy and hard, brutal and direct\", and which would be highly influential and frequently imitated." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Steve Waksman has suggested that Led Zeppelin II was \"the musical starting point for heavy metal\"." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nThe band saw their albums as indivisible, complete listening experiences, disliking the re-editing of existing tracks for release as singles." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Grant maintained an aggressive pro-album stance, particularly in the UK, where there were few radio and TV outlets for rock music." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Without the band's consent, however, some songs were released as singles, particularly in the US." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1969 an edited version of \"Whole Lotta Love\", a track from their second album, was released as a single in the US." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It reached number four in the Billboard chart in January 1970, selling over one million copies and helping to cement the band's popularity." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The group also increasingly shunned television appearances, citing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nFollowing the release of their second album, Led Zeppelin completed several more US tours." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They played initially in clubs and ballrooms, and then in larger auditoriums as their popularity grew." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Some early Led Zeppelin concerts lasted more than four hours, with expanded and improvised live versions of their repertoire." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Many of these shows have been preserved as bootleg recordings." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "It was during this period of intensive concert touring that the band developed a reputation for off-stage excess." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\n\nIn 1970, Page and Plant retired to Bron-Yr-Aur, a remote cottage in Wales, to commence work on their third album, Led Zeppelin III." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The result was a more acoustic style that was strongly influenced by folk and Celtic music, and showcased the band's versatility." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "The album's rich acoustic sound initially received mixed reactions, with critics and fans surprised at the turn from the primarily electric arrangements of the first two albums, further fuelling the band's hostility to the musical press." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It reached number one in the UK and US charts, but its stay would be the shortest of their first five albums." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The album's opening track, \"Immigrant Song\", was released as a US single in November 1970 against the band's wishes, reaching the top twenty on the Billboard chart." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Many have considered Led Zeppelin to be one of the most successful, innovative, and influential bands in the history of rock music." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "Rock critic Mikal Gilmore said, \"Led Zeppelin—talented, complex, grasping, beautiful and dangerous—made one of the most enduring bodies of composition and performance in twentieth-century music, despite everything they had to overpower, including themselves\"." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "\nLed Zeppelin have influenced hard rock and heavy metal bands such as Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Rush, Queen, Aerosmith, the Black Crowes, and Megadeth as well as progressive metal bands like Tool and Dream Theater." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "They influenced some early punk and post-punk bands, among them the Ramones, Joy Division and the Cult." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "They were also an important influence on the development of alternative rock, as bands adapted elements from the \"Zeppelin sound\" of the mid-1970s, including the Smashing Pumpkins, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and Soundgarden." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " Bands and artists from diverse genres have acknowledged the influence of Led Zeppelin, such as Madonna, Shakira, Lady Gaga, Kesha, and Katie Melua." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nLed Zeppelin have been credited with a major impact on the nature of the music business, particularly in the development of album-orientated rock (AOR) and stadium rock." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In 1988 John Kalodner, then-A&R executive of Geffen Records, remarked that \"In my opinion, next to the Beatles they're the most influential band in history." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "They influence the way music is on records, AOR radio, concerts." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "They set the standards for the AOR-radio format with 'Stairway to Heaven,' having AOR hits without necessarily having Top 40 hits." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "They're the ones who did the first real big arena concert shows, consistently selling out and playing stadiums without support." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "People can do as well as them, but nobody surpasses them\"." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Andrew Loog Oldham, the former producer and manager of the Rolling Stones, commented on how Led Zeppelin had a major influence on the record business, and the way rock concerts were managed and presented to huge audiences." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "In 2007, they were a featured artist in the stadium rock episode of the BBC/VH1 series Seven Ages of Rock." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\nThe band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide according to some sources, while others state that they have sold in excess of 300 million records, including 111.5 million certified units in the United States." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "According to the Recording Industry Association of America, Led Zeppelin are the third-highest-selling band, the fifth highest selling music act in the US, and one of only three acts to earn five or more Diamond albums." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "They achieved eight consecutive number-ones on the UK Albums Chart, a record for most consecutive UK number-one albums shared with ABBA." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Led Zeppelin remain one of the most bootlegged artists in the history of rock music." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nLed Zeppelin also made a significant cultural impact." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "Jim Miller, editor of Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, argues that \"on one level, Led Zeppelin represents the final flowering of the sixties' psychedelic ethic, which casts rock as passive sensory involvement\"." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Led Zeppelin have also been described as \"the quintessential purveyors\" of masculine and aggressive \"cock rock\", although this assertion has been challenged." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "The band's fashion-sense has been seminal; Simeon Lipman, head of pop culture at Christie's auction house, has commented that \"Led Zeppelin have had a big influence on fashion because the whole aura surrounding them is so cool, and people want a piece of that\"." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Led Zeppelin laid the foundation for the big hair of 1980s glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe and Skid Row." }, { "n_tokens": 69, "text": "Other musicians have also adapted elements from Led Zeppelin's attitude to clothes, jewellery and hair, such as the hipster flares and tight band T-shirts of Kings of Leon, shaggy hair, clingy T-shirts and bluesman hair of Jack White of the White Stripes, and Kasabian guitarist Sergio Pizzorno's silk scarves, trilbies and side-laced tight jeans." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "In November 1978, the group recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The resulting album, In Through the Out Door, featured sonic experimentation that again drew mixed reactions from critics." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Nevertheless, the album reached number one in the UK and the US in just its second week of release." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "With this album's release, Led Zeppelin's entire catalogue returned to the Billboard Top 200 in the weeks of 27 October and 3 November 1979." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nIn August 1979, after two warm-up shows in Copenhagen, Led Zeppelin headlined two concerts at the Knebworth Music Festival, playing to a crowd of approximately 104,000 on the first night." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "A brief, low-key European tour was undertaken in June and July 1980, featuring a stripped-down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "On 27 June, at a show in Nuremberg, Germany, the concert came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the third song, when Bonham collapsed onstage and was rushed to hospital." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Speculation in the press suggested that his collapse had been the result of excessive alcohol and drug use, but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nA North American tour, the band's first since 1977, was scheduled to commence on 17 October 1980." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "On 24 September, Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at Bray Studios." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "During the journey, Bonham asked to stop for breakfast, where he downed four quadruple vodkas (from 16 to 24 US fl oz (470 to 710 ml)), with a ham roll." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "After taking a bite of the ham roll he said to his assistant, \"breakfast\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "He continued to drink heavily after arriving at the studio." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The rehearsals were halted late that evening and the band retired to Page's house—the Old Mill House in Clewer, Windsor." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nAfter midnight, Bonham, who had fallen asleep, was taken to bed and placed on his side." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "At 1:45 pm the next day, Benji LeFevre (Led Zeppelin's new tour manager) and John Paul Jones found Bonham dead." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The cause of death was asphyxiation from vomit; the finding was accidental death." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "An autopsy found no other recreational drugs in Bonham's body." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Although he had recently begun to take Motival (a cocktail of the antipsychotic fluphenazine and the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline) to combat his anxiety, it is unclear if these substances interacted with the alcohol in his system." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Bonham's remains were cremated and his ashes interred on 12 October 1980, at Rushock parish church, Worcestershire." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "\nThe planned North American tour was cancelled, and despite rumours that Cozy Powell, Carmine Appice, Barriemore Barlow, Simon Kirke, or Bev Bevan would join the group as his replacement, the remaining members decided to disband." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "A 4 December 1980 press statement stated that, \"We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend, and the deep sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager, have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The statement was signed simply \"Led Zeppelin\"." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Following their triumphant Earls Court appearances, Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned an autumn tour in America, scheduled to open with two outdoor dates in San Francisco." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In August 1975, however, Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious car crash while on holiday in Rhodes, Greece." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Plant suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured; a blood transfusion saved her life." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Unable to tour, he headed to the Channel Island of Jersey to spend August and September recuperating, with Bonham and Page in tow." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The band then reconvened in Malibu, California." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "During this forced hiatus much of the material for their next album, Presence, was written." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nBy this time, Led Zeppelin were the world's number one rock attraction, having outsold most bands of the time, including the Rolling Stones." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Presence, released in March 1976, marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams, departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Though it was a platinum seller, Presence received a mixed reaction among fans and the music press, with some critics suggesting that the band's excesses may have caught up with them." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Page had begun using heroin during recording sessions for the album, a habit which may have affected the band's later live shows and studio recordings, although he has since denied this." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nBecause of Plant's injuries, Led Zeppelin did not tour in 1976." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Instead, the band completed the concert film The Song Remains the Same and the accompanying soundtrack album." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The film premiered in New York City on 20 October 1976, but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK, where, unwilling to tour since 1975 because of their tax exile status, Led Zeppelin faced an uphill battle to recapture the public's affection." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nIn 1977, Led Zeppelin embarked on another major concert tour of North America." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The band set another attendance record, with an audience of 76,229 at their Silverdome concert on 30 April." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It was, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest attendance to that date for a single act show." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Although the tour was financially profitable, it was beset by off-stage problems." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "On 19 April, over 70 people were arrested as about 1,000 fans tried to gatecrash Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold-out concerts, while others tried to gain entry by throwing rocks and bottles through glass doors." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "On 3 June, a concert at Tampa Stadium was cut short because of a severe thunderstorm, despite tickets indicating \"Rain or Shine\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "A riot broke out, resulting in arrests and injuries." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "\nAfter 23 July show at the Day on the Green festival at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California, Bonham and members of Led Zeppelin's support staff were arrested after a member of promoter Bill Graham's staff was badly beaten during the band's performance." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The following day's second Oakland concert was the group's final live appearance in the United States." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Two days later, as they checked in at a French Quarter hotel for their 30 July performance at the Louisiana Superdome, Plant received news that his five-year-old son, Karac, had died from a stomach virus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled, prompting widespread speculation about Led Zeppelin's future." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Led Zeppelin's music was rooted in the blues." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The influence of American blues artists such as Muddy Waters and Skip James was particularly apparent on their first two albums, as was the distinct country blues style of Howlin' Wolf." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Tracks were structured around the twelve-bar blues on every studio album except for one, and the blues directly and indirectly influenced other songs both musically and lyrically." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The band were also strongly influenced by the music of the British, Celtic, and American folk revivals." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Scottish folk guitarist Bert Jansch helped inspire Page, and from him he adapted open tunings and aggressive strokes into his playing." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The band also drew on a wide variety of genres, including world music, and elements of early rock and roll, jazz, country, funk, soul, and reggae, particularly on Houses of the Holy and the albums that followed." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe material on the first two albums was largely constructed out of extended jams of blues standards and folk songs." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "This method led to the mixing of musical and lyrical elements of different songs and versions, as well as improvised passages, to create new material, but would lead to later accusations of plagiarism and legal disputes over copyright." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": " Usually the music was developed first, sometimes with improvised lyrics that might then be rewritten for the final version of the song." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "From the visit to Bron-Yr-Aur in 1970, the songwriting partnership between Page and Plant became predominant, with Page supplying the music, largely via his acoustic guitar, and Plant emerging as the band's chief lyricist." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Jones and Bonham then added to the material, in rehearsal or in the studio, as a song was developed." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In the later stages of the band's career, Page took a back seat in composition and Jones became increasingly important in producing music, often composed on the keyboard." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Plant would then add lyrics before Page and Bonham developed their parts." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nEarly lyrics drew on the band's blues and folk roots, often mixing lyrical fragments from different songs." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Many of the band's songs dealt with themes of romance, unrequited love and sexual conquest, which were common in rock, pop and blues music." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Some of their lyrics, especially those derived from the blues, have been interpreted as misogynistic." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Particularly on Led Zeppelin III, they incorporated elements of mythology and mysticism into their music, which largely grew out of Plant's interest in legends and history." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "These elements were often taken to reflect Page's interest in the occult, which resulted in accusations that the recordings contained subliminal satanic messages, some of which were said to be contained in backmasking; these claims were generally dismissed by the band and music critics." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The pastoral fantasies in Plant's songwriting were inspired by the landscape of the Black Country region and J. R. R. Tolkien high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Susan Fast argues that as Plant emerged as the band's main lyricist, the songs more obviously reflected his alignment with the West Coast counterculture of the 1960s." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the later part of the band's career Plant's lyrics became more autobiographical, and less optimistic, drawing on his own experiences and circumstances." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nAccording to musicologist Robert Walser, \"Led Zeppelin's sound was marked by speed and power, unusual rhythmic patterns, contrasting terraced dynamics, singer Robert Plant's wailing vocals, and guitarist Jimmy Page's heavily distorted crunch\"." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "These elements mean that they are often cited as one of the originators of hard rock and heavy metal and they have been described as the \"definitive heavy metal band\", although the band members have often eschewed the label." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Part of this reputation depends on the band's use of distorted guitar riffs on songs like \"Whole Lotta Love\" and \"The Wanton Song\"." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Often riffs were not doubled by guitar, bass and drums exactly, but instead there were melodic or rhythmic variations; as in \"Black Dog\", where three different time signatures are used." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Page's guitar playing incorporated elements of the blues scale with those of eastern mu" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "The mountain is a large extinct volcano, in the form of a ring mountain (a so-called tuff ring) with a diameter of about 4 km and has been formed by an explosion when rising magma met groundwater and superheated it." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "It is formed of an indistinctly bedded red-brown microbreccia, composed of finely fragmented rocks of the Nama System that were blown out of a volcanic vent about 80 million years ago." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The breccia layers slope inwards (unlike the slope around a volcanic crater), and removal of the softer upper layers by erosion has created the central hollow." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The hollow is drained by a stream which runs southwards through the ring mountain in a narrow valley." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The route into the interior of the mountain is along this valley." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "At its head is a dry waterfall, over which the stream plunges down some 45 m after rain, and the river bed directly below the fall is the principal source of water." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nQuiver trees grow extensively on the crater floor." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Due to the absence of drinking water and mobile phone service and difficult road access, travel to Brukkaros is difficult." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "The mountain is a large extinct volcano, in the form of a ring mountain (a so-called tuff ring) with a diameter of about 4 km and has been formed by an explosion when rising magma met groundwater and superheated it." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "It is formed of an indistinctly bedded red-brown microbreccia, composed of finely fragmented rocks of the Nama System that were blown out of a volcanic vent about 80 million years ago." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The breccia layers slope inwards (unlike the slope around a volcanic crater), and removal of the softer upper layers by erosion has created the central hollow." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The hollow is drained by a stream which runs southwards through the ring mountain in a narrow valley." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The route into the interior of the mountain is along this valley." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "At its head is a dry waterfall, over which the stream plunges down some 45 m after rain, and the river bed directly below the fall is the principal source of water." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nQuiver trees grow extensively on the crater floor." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Due to the absence of drinking water and mobile phone service and difficult road access, travel to Brukkaros is difficult." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "Izhar Ashdot - 1992\nIzhar Ashdot II - 1994\nLive at the Hard Rock Cafe - 1995\nZman Kesem - 1999\nLech Im HaLev - 2000\nBeMerhak Negi'a MiCan (A Touch Away) - 2005\nHaLeilot Shelanu (Our Nights) - 2007\nLive! -" }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Rikud Katan - Hasivuv Ha'iri (Live - The \"Irish\" Tour) - 2008\nInian Shel Hergel (A Matter of Habit) - 2012\nSolo." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Live! -" }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "2013\nKach Holech Ha'Rooach (So Goes the Wind) - 2018" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "After the successful T-Slam reunion shows in 1990, Ashdot started to work on his first solo album, released in 1992 and eventually reaching \"gold\" status." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The album included \"Ish HaShokolad\" (Chocolate Man), \"HaLelilot Shelanu\" (Our Nights), \"Ma Tomri\" (What Will You Say) and \"No'a Shel HaYam\" (The Sea's No'a)." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Two years later he recorded his second album, which included \"Hiroshima Sheli\" (My Hiroshima) and \"Tzilo Shel Yom Kaitz\" (Summer Day's Shadow)." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nThe album \"Hofa'a Haya BeHard Rock Cafe\" (Live at the Hard Rock Cafe) that was released in 1995 included many of his songs in new live performances, and two new songs." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nWhile producing albums for other artists, Ashdot continued to work on his own work and released his fourth album, \"Zman Kesem\" (Magic Time)." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In 2000, after the release of the first Israeli music downloads internet site, Izhar released a compilation album only through the internet, called \"Lech Im HaLev\" (Go With The Heart)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The album included performances from live shows and previously unreleased recordings." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Between 2003 and 2005 he recorded his 5th album, \"BeMerhak Negi'a MiKan\"." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nIn 2007 Ashdot released another compilation album, \"Our Nights\"." }, { "n_tokens": 77, "text": "In addition to Izhar's greatest hits, the album included three new songs - Kvish LeKivun Ehad (\"One Way Road\"), which he composed to his and Filosof's lyrics; Le'an Paneinu Achshav (Free Translation: \"Where Are We Headed Now\") and Mata'ei HaDuvdevan Shel Ukraina (\" The Cherry Orchards of Ukraine\"), in which he cooperated with Israeli singer and rapper Muki." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nIn January 2008, Izhar expanded his band and went on a new tour, celebrating his love for Irish music." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "On \"Rikud Katan - The Irish Tour\", Izhar invited multi instrumentalist Ehud Nathan, who fronts the Celtic-Irish instrumental band \"Ktifa Sh'hora\" (Black Velvet), and violinist Dina Lurie to join his band." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The successful tour yielded the live album Rikud Katan, which included the eponymous hit song." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nIn September 2012, Izhar released his fifth studio album, Inian Shel Hergel(A Matter of Habit)." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The album included three hit singles, \"Erev Bli Telephone\" on YouTube, \"Yesh Lach Mazal She'at Blondinit\" on YouTube and El Esh Behira (with Efrat Gosh) on YouTube." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The title track \"Inian Shel Hergel\" on YouTube created a large impact in October 2012 due to its criticism of the Israeli army." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The controversy surrounding the song led to its ban on Israel Defense Forces Radio." }, { "n_tokens": 83, "text": "\nIn 2016 and 2017 Izhar released three new singles:\nAt Vehageshem (You and the Rain) on YouTube\nKfar Zarfati (A French Village) on YouTube\nZe Lo Hazman (It's not the Time), A duet with Doron Talmon of Jane Bordeau on YouTube\nIn July 2018, Izhar released his 6th studio album, Kach Holech Ha'Rooach (So Goes the Wind), co-produced with Moshe Levi." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThe album included six songs co-written with Yali Sobol and six instrumental tracks which Izhar composed and performed with a Eurorack Modular synthesizer rig." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "At a press conference, on April 29, 2016, the Mayor of Louisville Greg Fischer and University President James R. Ramsey explained their intention to immediately remove the monument and place it into storage where it would receive cleaning." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "They stated the monument would be reconstructed at a new location but the location had not yet been determined." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nOn May 2, 2016, a Jefferson County Circuit Court Judge signed a temporary restraining order filed by the Kentucky Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans along with several private individuals." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The next day, the Jefferson County Attorney, representing the Mayor, asked for more time to prepare a defense for the intended monument removal." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Court granted an extension to May 25, 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nThe plaintiffs contended that Mayor Fischer, by attempting removal of the monument, was violating state and federal preservation law." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "On Thursday May 5, 2016, the attorney for the plaintiffs amended the complaint arguing the monument does not belong to the City of Louisville nor the university." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The revised complaint contended the monument belongs to the State of Kentucky as it is a part of the transportation right of way." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nAt a hearing on May 25, 2016, citing lack of evidence to issue an injunction, the Circuit Court Judge dissolved the temporary restraining order." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The City of Louisville agreed to hold the removal until the Judge completed her written ruling." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Judge Judith McDonald-Burkman dismissed the lawsuit on June 20, 2016, allowing the city to remove the monument." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In her ruling, the Judge agreed there was no title or other document establishing legal ownership of the monument, but that the plaintiff's arguments were not sufficient." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nThese monuments, as well as other symbols of the Confederacy, are now viewed as a romanticism of the past, pride in 'Southern Heritage,' history to be acknowledged and lessons learned, reminders of slavery or indicative of present racist sentiment." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The court recognizes, even if it does not agree with, these often-times competing emotional elements." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "However the court must remain objectively focused on the legal aspects...emotional and political aspects will be left for others to debate." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\n— Judge Judith McDonald-Burkman, 2016 Ruling\nSubsequently, Mayor Fischer stated no work would proceed until the city art commission had met and chosen a new site." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "In July 2016, the Louisville Commission on Public Art met with the public to discuss options of where to move the monument." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Suggestions to the commission included a river front park in Brandenburg, Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site, and a site in Paducah owned by the Sons of Confederate Veterans." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "On November 15, 2016, Mayor Fischer announced the monument would be moved to Brandenburg, located 44 miles west of Louisville along the Ohio River in Meade County, Kentucky." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Sarah Lindgren, the public art administrator for Louisville, said the time capsule, thought located within the monument, would be loaned to the Filson Historical Society for an exhibit if it was found." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Dismantlement of the monument began November 19, 2016, and the time capsule was located two days later, and found to be in a poor state of preservation." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The monument was scheduled to be moved to Brandenburg the week of November 28, 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe University of Louisville Foundation estimated the cost of moving the monument at roughly $400,000." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "$350,000 was estimated as contributed by the Foundation, with $50,000 from the City of Louisville, and with the town of Brandenburg contributing an initial $10,000 for the new foundation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Messer Construction was tasked with the construction effort." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The Mayor of Brandenburg, Ronnie Joyner, said the patina on the statues would not be removed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "This decision was estimated to save about $7,400 in cost to the Foundation." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe work to relocate the monument to Brandenburg was completed on December 12, 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "A monument rededication ceremony was performed on May 29, 2017, with approximately 400 in attendance." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe new location for the Confederate Monument is immediately west of the Riverfront Park at the terminus of Main Street in Brandenburg." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "According to the Kentucky Geologic Map Information Service, the foundation is resting on St. Louis Limestone." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "East of the monument is a state historical marker where Gen John Hunt Morgan and his men crossed into Indiana in July 1863." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The state marker is an entry for a historical walking trail along the Ohio River." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Figures commemorating Native American settlement of the region, the Underground Railroad and additional information panels regarding Morgan's crossing are located along the trail." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The park is the site for a biennial Civil War reenactment of the Great Raid of 1863." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nMeade County was also the recruitment center for the Boone Rangers, led by Capt." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Frank Overton, who joined the command of Nathan Bedford Forrest in the summer of 1861." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "These men, in addition with teenage men recruited by Forrest from the greater Louisville area, became Forrest's first Company A of his 3rd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Between 1935-45 Feng Yuxiang supported the KMT and held various positions in the Nationalist army and government." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " In October 1935 Chiang invited him to Nanjing to serve as the vice-president of the National Military Council." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " He held the nominal position until 1938 and remained a member of the Council until 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "During the Xi'an Incident, when Chiang Kai-Shek was held prisoner by rebellious warlords, Feng immediately called for Chiang's release." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " After the Second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937 he was Commander-in-Chief of the 3rd War Area." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nAfter World War II he traveled to the United States, where he was an outspoken critic of the Chiang regime and of the Truman administration's support for it." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "While there he went to Gen. Joseph Stilwell's house in California, as he admired Stilwell." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Barbara Tuchman tells the story: \"a few days after her husband's death, Mrs. Stilwell was upstairs at her home in Carmel, California when a visitor was announced with some confusion as 'the Christian.'" }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Mystified, she went down to find in the hall the huge figure and cannonball head of [Feng Yuxiang], who said, 'I have come to mourn with you for Shih Ti-wei, my friend.'\"" }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nAlthough he was never a Communist, he was close to them in his final years." }, { "n_tokens": 63, "text": "\nAccording to descendants whose father was raised as a young boy by Feng Yuxiang in his household, and was inspired by the elder Feng's example of service to country and countrymen to join and serve in the military, Feng Yuxiang also visited and lived for several months in Berkeley, California, during his stay as visiting scholar." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nHe died in a shipboard fire on the Black Sea while en route to the Soviet Union in 1948, along with one of his daughters." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Some believe he was murdered; others deny it." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "\nThe same descendants also learned from their father that many believed Feng was murdered by political adversaries; and that those who knew details of the shipboard fire and its circumstances had reported that Feng and his daughter perished in the middle of night behind their cabin door(s) that had been locked from the outside." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nThe Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong classified Feng as a \"good warlord\", and his remains were buried with honors in 1953 at the sacred Mount Tai in Shandong." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "His tomb is located immediately to the east of Tianwai Village square (36°12′25.86″N 117°6′7.95″E)." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His widow Li Dequan served as Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 1920s Feng rose to prominence in the Zhili clique of warlords, named so because their base of power was centred around Zhili Province." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "This Zhili clique defeated the Fengtian clique, headed by Zhang Zuolin, father of Zhang Xueliang, in the First Zhili–Fengtian War in 1922." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "It was at this time that Feng also began to move closer to the Soviet Union." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nWithin the Zhili clique Feng was demoted by Wu Peifu and sent to guard the southern suburbs of Beijing." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In 1923 Feng was inspired by Sun Yat-sen and secretly plotted with Hu Jingyi and Xue Yue to overthrow Wu Peifu and Cao Kun, who controlled the Beiyang government." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "When the Second Zhili–Fengtian War began in 1924, Feng was in charge of defending Rehe against the Fengtian clique." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "However, he switched sides and seized the capital in the Beijing Coup on 23 October 1924." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "This turnabout prompted Shandong warlord Zhang Zongchang to join the Fengtian and led to a decisive defeat of the Zhili forces." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Hence, Feng's coup brought far-reaching political changes in China." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Feng imprisoned Zhili-leader and president Cao Kun, installed the more liberal Huang Fu, evicted the last Emperor Puyi from the Forbidden City and invited Sun Yat-sen to Beijing to resurrect the Republican government and reunify the country." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Despite being severely ill already, Sun came to Beijing and died there in April 1925." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nFeng renamed his army the Guominjun or the National People's Army." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "To counter pressure from the Zhili and Fengtian factions, he invited Duan Qirui to take on the presidency." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Nevertheless, Feng was defeated by a Zhili–Fengtian alliance in the Anti-Fengtian War in January 1926." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He lost control of Beijing and retreated to Zhangjiakou, where his army became known as the Northwest Army." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn April 1926 Sun Yat-sen's successor, Chiang Kai-shek, launched the Northern Expedition from Guangzhou against the northern warlords." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Feng threw his support behind the Nationalists in the Northern Expedition and merged his Guominjun with the National Revolutionary Army." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Nationalists vanquished the Zhili faction in the south and Feng asserted control over much of north-central China." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Zhang Zuolin was forced to withdraw the Fengtian forces back to Manchuria." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In August Feng went to the Soviet Union and returned in September." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nIn October 1928 Feng Yuxiang was appointed as Vice President of the Executive Yuan and War Minister of the Republic of China by President Chiang Kai-shek." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Feng's patriotism was a basic motivation." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Because of atrocities he saw Japanese soldiers commit during the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, Feng promised that he would fight the Japanese to death if he ever became a soldier." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Every year on the anniversary of Japan's 21 Demands in 1915 he and his officers wore belts on which was written \"In Memory of the National Humiliation of May 7th.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nBy early 1929 Feng grew dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government in Nanjing." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "He joined Yan Xishan and Li Zongren to challenge Chiang's supremacy, but was defeated by Chiang in the Central Plains War." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Chiang then incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among the Chinese Muslims and Mongols, encouraging them to topple their rule." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Between 1935-45 Feng Yuxiang supported the KMT and held various positions in the Nationalist army and government." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " In October 1935 Chiang invited him to Nanjing to serve as the vice-president of the National Military Council." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " He held the nominal position until 1938 and remained a member of the Council until 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "During the Xi'an Incident, when Chiang Kai-Shek was held prisoner by rebellious warlords, Feng immediately called for Chiang's release." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " After the Second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937 he was Commander-in-Chief of the 3rd War Area." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nAfter World War II he traveled to the United States, where he was an outspoken critic of the Chiang regime and of the Truman administration's support for it." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "While there he went to Gen. Joseph Stilwell's house in California, as he admired Stilwell." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Barbara Tuchman tells the story: \"a few days after her husband's death, Mrs. Stilwell was upstairs at her home in Carmel, California when a visitor was announced with some confusion as 'the Christian.'" }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Mystified, she went down to find in the hall the huge figure and cannonball head of [Feng Yuxiang], who said, 'I have come to mourn with you for Shih Ti-wei, my friend.'\"" }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nAlthough he was never a Communist, he was close to them in his final years." }, { "n_tokens": 63, "text": "\nAccording to descendants whose father was raised as a young boy by Feng Yuxiang in his household, and was inspired by the elder Feng's example of service to country and countrymen to join and serve in the military, Feng Yuxiang also visited and lived for several months in Berkeley, California, during his stay as visiting scholar." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nHe died in a shipboard fire on the Black Sea while en route to the Soviet Union in 1948, along with one of his daughters." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Some believe he was murdered; others deny it." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "\nThe same descendants also learned from their father that many believed Feng was murdered by political adversaries; and that those who knew details of the shipboard fire and its circumstances had reported that Feng and his daughter perished in the middle of night behind their cabin door(s) that had been locked from the outside." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nThe Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong classified Feng as a \"good warlord\", and his remains were buried with honors in 1953 at the sacred Mount Tai in Shandong." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "His tomb is located immediately to the east of Tianwai Village square (36°12′25.86″N 117°6′7.95″E)." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His widow Li Dequan served as Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As the son of an officer in the Qing Imperial Army, Feng spent his youth immersed in military life." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "He joined the Huai Army when he was 11 as a deputy soldier (Fu Bing, 副兵), the lowest rank in the army, he received a uniform and food, but no salary, unlike regular soldiers." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "By the age of 16 he had proved himself and became a regular." }, { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "Unlike other soldiers who gambled away their pay, Feng saved his salary and used a portion of it to help out other soldiers in need, especially those deputy soldiers (Fu Bing, 副兵), like he had once been, and so he was popular among his comrades-in-arms." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Feng was hard-working and motivated, and in 1902 he was reassigned to Yuan Shikai's newly established Beiyang Army." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nDuring the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 Feng joined the Luanzhou Uprising against the Qing Court and supported the revolutionaries in the South." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The uprising was suppressed by the Beiyang Army and Feng was imprisoned by Yuan Shikai." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1914 he regained military rank and spent the next four years defending Yuan's regime." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "In July 1914, as a brigade commander, he participated in the suppression of the Bailang Peasant Uprising in Henan and Shaanxi." }, { "n_tokens": 62, "text": " During the National Protection War of 1915-16 he was sent to Sichuan to fight the Anti-Yuan National Protection Army, but secretly communicated with revolution leader Cai E. In April 1917 he was stripped of his military rank but still led his old troops in the campaign against Zhang Xun and was restored to his rank." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "In February 1918 he was ordered to suppress the Constitutional Protection Movement, but proclaimed his support for peace talks in Hubei and was stripped of titles but permitted to stay in command of his forces." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The capture of Changde in June earned him back his titles." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "By August 1921 he was promoted to command a division and was based in Shaanxi." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 1920s Feng rose to prominence in the Zhili clique of warlords, named so because their base of power was centred around Zhili Province." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "This Zhili clique defeated the Fengtian clique, headed by Zhang Zuolin, father of Zhang Xueliang, in the First Zhili–Fengtian War in 1922." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "It was at this time that Feng also began to move closer to the Soviet Union." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nWithin the Zhili clique Feng was demoted by Wu Peifu and sent to guard the southern suburbs of Beijing." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In 1923 Feng was inspired by Sun Yat-sen and secretly plotted with Hu Jingyi and Xue Yue to overthrow Wu Peifu and Cao Kun, who controlled the Beiyang government." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "When the Second Zhili–Fengtian War began in 1924, Feng was in charge of defending Rehe against the Fengtian clique." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "However, he switched sides and seized the capital in the Beijing Coup on 23 October 1924." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "This turnabout prompted Shandong warlord Zhang Zongchang to join the Fengtian and led to a decisive defeat of the Zhili forces." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Hence, Feng's coup brought far-reaching political changes in China." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Feng imprisoned Zhili-leader and president Cao Kun, installed the more liberal Huang Fu, evicted the last Emperor Puyi from the Forbidden City and invited Sun Yat-sen to Beijing to resurrect the Republican government and reunify the country." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Despite being severely ill already, Sun came to Beijing and died there in April 1925." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nFeng renamed his army the Guominjun or the National People's Army." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "To counter pressure from the Zhili and Fengtian factions, he invited Duan Qirui to take on the presidency." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Nevertheless, Feng was defeated by a Zhili–Fengtian alliance in the Anti-Fengtian War in January 1926." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He lost control of Beijing and retreated to Zhangjiakou, where his army became known as the Northwest Army." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn April 1926 Sun Yat-sen's successor, Chiang Kai-shek, launched the Northern Expedition from Guangzhou against the northern warlords." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Feng threw his support behind the Nationalists in the Northern Expedition and merged his Guominjun with the National Revolutionary Army." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Nationalists vanquished the Zhili faction in the south and Feng asserted control over much of north-central China." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Zhang Zuolin was forced to withdraw the Fengtian forces back to Manchuria." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In August Feng went to the Soviet Union and returned in September." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nIn October 1928 Feng Yuxiang was appointed as Vice President of the Executive Yuan and War Minister of the Republic of China by President Chiang Kai-shek." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Feng's patriotism was a basic motivation." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Because of atrocities he saw Japanese soldiers commit during the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, Feng promised that he would fight the Japanese to death if he ever became a soldier." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Every year on the anniversary of Japan's 21 Demands in 1915 he and his officers wore belts on which was written \"In Memory of the National Humiliation of May 7th.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nBy early 1929 Feng grew dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government in Nanjing." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "He joined Yan Xishan and Li Zongren to challenge Chiang's supremacy, but was defeated by Chiang in the Central Plains War." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Chiang then incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among the Chinese Muslims and Mongols, encouraging them to topple their rule." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Karkala has large number of picturesque lakes." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Some of them are\nRamasamudra Lake\nKamala Kere\nNagarBavi\nAnekere\nSigadi Kere\nMatadha Kere\nShivathi Kere\nJogina Kere" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The Alupas were the first to rule Karkala." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Their rule was followed by the Santaras, who were the feudatories of Alupas for many years." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Karkala, or ancient Pandya Nagari, attained political and cultural importance from the time of the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom that was established by King Bhairava between 13th and 16th centuries." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "They appear to be the descendants of the Santara chiefs, who ruled the Western Ghats region around the 11th century AD." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe royal family of Karkala rose to prominence right from the time of the Hoysalas." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "During the Vijayanagara period this family reached new heights of glory." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Their kingdom extended over a wider area comprising Sringeri, Koppa, Balehonnur and Mudigere in Chikamagalur and most of the Karkala taluk." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "They were rich and maintained a large army." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Despite engaging in wars, peace prevailed in the kingdom and this led to increased cultural activity and development." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe first important King was Veera Bhairava, who constructed basadis at Karkala and endowed land and money to numerous temples and basadis." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Ramanatha and Veerapandya were his two sons." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Ramanatha died during his father's time." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "In his memory, a scenic lake called Ramasamudra was created, which still survives." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nKing Veera Pandya, at the insistence of his Guru Lalitakeerti, the pontiff of Karkala Jaina Math, installed a large statue of Bahubali on the rocky hill of Karkala." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The date of the installation has been ascertained as 13 February 1432." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Veera Pandya also installed the Brahmadeva Pillar in front of the statue in 1436." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nAbinava Pandya ascended the throne next and it was he who installed a carving of manastambha in front of the Neminatha Basadis in Hiriyangadi in 1457 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "An intricately carved 54-foot-high (16 m) pillar stands in front of the Basadis." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The Neminatha Basadis was renovated in 1946." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "An oriental school with free boarding and lodging facilities is being run here by the Bhujabali Brahmacharya Ashrama." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nAbhinava Pandya's successor was Pandya VI." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "He built the Kere Basadis in the middle of a lake called Anekere in 1545 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "It is in this lake that the king's elephants used to bath." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The Basadis and the lake still exist." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nThe next important king was Immadi Bhairava (Bhairava II)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "He constructed the Chaturmukha Basadi on top of a small rocky hill in 1586 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Basadis has four identical entrances from the four quarters leading to the Garbagriha and hence is popularly known as Chaturmukha Basadis." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "It is referred to as Tribhuvana Tilaka Jina Chaityalaya and Ratnaraya Dhama in some inscriptions." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The Chaturmukha Basadi is built in the form of a square mandapa or hall with a lofty doorway and pillared portico on each of its four sides and a pillared verandah." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The roof is flat and is made of massive granite slabs." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It has life size statues of three theerthankaras on each side and small images of 24 Tirthankara." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It took 30 years to construct this temple." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In all, there are 108 pillars inside and outside the temple." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThis place also came under the rule of Tippu Sultan." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It was under him that some of the untold and disappearing landmarks of Karkala (ಕಾರ್ಕಲ್) were made." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "One of the most imminent of the time was the Kotay kani moat made in front of the Karkal Kotay castle, which was used during his war against the East India Company." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "In this war against East India Company, few of Indian Kingdom of Mysore's elite soldiers with huge contribution and service towards the land and kingdom were granted Title and Land in the township of Karkalla." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "One such title is Karkala Patayath(K.P)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Second such marvel of the same regime is to discover the usage of a Gavi (or cave) route to travel to various surrounding location unseen through the mountains located near Shivati Kere (Lord Shivas lake)." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThere are 18 Basadis of antiquity, including Mahaveera Basadi, Chandranathaswamy Basadi, Adinathaswamy Basadi, Ananthanatha Basadi, Guru BasadiBasadi, and Padmavati Basadi." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "However, the rulers of Karkala were tolerant towards other religions." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Therefore, temples of other religions exist, including the temples of Anantashayana and Venkataramana, Mahamaya Mukhyaprana, and" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Karkala is a pilgrimage location for Jains and it attracts tourists." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": " There are several Hindu temples, Jain Basadis, mosques, churches, and lakes in Karkala." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nKarkala has famous educational institutions like NITTE College, Shri Bhuvenendra College, Christ king Educational institutions, Jnanasuda Educational College." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The Alupas were the first to rule Karkala." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Their rule was followed by the Santaras, who were the feudatories of Alupas for many years." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Karkala, or ancient Pandya Nagari, attained political and cultural importance from the time of the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom that was established by King Bhairava between 13th and 16th centuries." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "They appear to be the descendants of the Santara chiefs, who ruled the Western Ghats region around the 11th century AD." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe royal family of Karkala rose to prominence right from the time of the Hoysalas." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "During the Vijayanagara period this family reached new heights of glory." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Their kingdom extended over a wider area comprising Sringeri, Koppa, Balehonnur and Mudigere in Chikamagalur and most of the Karkala taluk." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "They were rich and maintained a large army." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Despite engaging in wars, peace prevailed in the kingdom and this led to increased cultural activity and development." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe first important King was Veera Bhairava, who constructed basadis at Karkala and endowed land and money to numerous temples and basadis." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Ramanatha and Veerapandya were his two sons." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Ramanatha died during his father's time." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "In his memory, a scenic lake called Ramasamudra was created, which still survives." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nKing Veera Pandya, at the insistence of his Guru Lalitakeerti, the pontiff of Karkala Jaina Math, installed a large statue of Bahubali on the rocky hill of Karkala." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The date of the installation has been ascertained as 13 February 1432." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Veera Pandya also installed the Brahmadeva Pillar in front of the statue in 1436." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nAbinava Pandya ascended the throne next and it was he who installed a carving of manastambha in front of the Neminatha Basadis in Hiriyangadi in 1457 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "An intricately carved 54-foot-high (16 m) pillar stands in front of the Basadis." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The Neminatha Basadis was renovated in 1946." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "An oriental school with free boarding and lodging facilities is being run here by the Bhujabali Brahmacharya Ashrama." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nAbhinava Pandya's successor was Pandya VI." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "He built the Kere Basadis in the middle of a lake called Anekere in 1545 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "It is in this lake that the king's elephants used to bath." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The Basadis and the lake still exist." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nThe next important king was Immadi Bhairava (Bhairava II)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "He constructed the Chaturmukha Basadi on top of a small rocky hill in 1586 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Basadis has four identical entrances from the four quarters leading to the Garbagriha and hence is popularly known as Chaturmukha Basadis." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "It is referred to as Tribhuvana Tilaka Jina Chaityalaya and Ratnaraya Dhama in some inscriptions." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The Chaturmukha Basadi is built in the form of a square mandapa or hall with a lofty doorway and pillared portico on each of its four sides and a pillared verandah." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The roof is flat and is made of massive granite slabs." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It has life size statues of three theerthankaras on each side and small images of 24 Tirthankara." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It took 30 years to construct this temple." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In all, there are 108 pillars inside and outside the temple." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThis place also came under the rule of Tippu Sultan." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It was under him that some of the untold and disappearing landmarks of Karkala (ಕಾರ್ಕಲ್) were made." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "One of the most imminent of the time was the Kotay kani moat made in front of the Karkal Kotay castle, which was used during his war against the East India Company." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "In this war against East India Company, few of Indian Kingdom of Mysore's elite soldiers with huge contribution and service towards the land and kingdom were granted Title and Land in the township of Karkalla." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "One such title is Karkala Patayath(K.P)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Second such marvel of the same regime is to discover the usage of a Gavi (or cave) route to travel to various surrounding location unseen through the mountains located near Shivati Kere (Lord Shivas lake)." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThere are 18 Basadis of antiquity, including Mahaveera Basadi, Chandranathaswamy Basadi, Adinathaswamy Basadi, Ananthanatha Basadi, Guru BasadiBasadi, and Padmavati Basadi." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "However, the rulers of Karkala were tolerant towards other religions." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Therefore, temples of other religions exist, including the temples of Anantashayana and Venkataramana, Mahamaya Mukhyaprana, and" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Karkala is a pilgrimage location for Jains and it attracts tourists." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": " There are several Hindu temples, Jain Basadis, mosques, churches, and lakes in Karkala." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nKarkala has famous educational institutions like NITTE College, Shri Bhuvenendra College, Christ king Educational institutions, Jnanasuda Educational College." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "SQ: Introduced August 1980 as replacement and successor to Bronica's classic and increasingly bulky Nikkor-lens based cameras, production discontinued September 1984." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Modular 6x6 cm traditional \"square film\" medium-format SLR camera system with leaf shutter lenses." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nSQ-A: Introduced January 1982, production discontinued December 1991." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The SQ-A was a refinement of the SQ." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The contact pin array for the viewfinder was increased from six to ten gold contacts, allowing for auto metering capability with the AE finder S. Also, a mirror lock-up lever was added." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The film-backs were modified slightly, with the ISO dial for the original film-backs having white and orange numerals, and the new with silver." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The darkslide was changed to the locking style; to lock required both the new grey handle slide and the new silver numeral ISO dial back." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "All accessories for SQ cameras fit the SQ-A, however the AE finder cannot physically mount on the SQ; a safety defeat pin prevents attachment." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nSQ-Am: Introduced August 1982, production discontinued March 1991." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Motorized film-advance only version of SQ-A body." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "Uses six additional AA batteries." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nSQ-Ai: Introduced December 1990, production discontinued December 2003." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Added the following functionality to the SQ-A. Ability to add the motor drive SQ-i and off the film (TTL-OTF) metering with select flash guns." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "These changes required the addition of a circuit board which also required the battery compartment to be \"flattened.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The single 6v cell was replaced with four 1.5 volt \"button\" cells." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "A bulb 'B' setting was added to the shutter speed selector." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The film-back was also modified again with the introduction of the SQ-Ai, relocating the ISO dial to the rear of the film-back (rather than on top) to allow the speed setting to be seen better with a prism attached." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Exposure compensation control was also added to the new SQ-Ai film-back, with the ISO range extended to 6400." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nSQ-B (Basic): Introduced April 1996, production discontinued December 2003." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "The SQ-B was a manually operating SLR evolved from the SQ-Ai, built to primarily satisfy the needs of professional \"studio\" photographers who work with hand-held light meters, studio or portable flash equipment and various other accessories." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Thus, motorized film-advance and through-the-lens metering (TTL) functionality were not present, as well as B (bulb exposure) and T (time exposure), as found on other SQ-series models." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "T (time exposure), however, was available when utilizing the appropriate SQ-series Zenzanon-S/PS lenses which incorporated the time (T) exposure lever function; by default the Zenzanon-PS/B 80mm f/2.8 lens which accompanied the SQ-B model did not include this feature." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "All SQ-series accessories and lenses were interchangeable with the SQ-B with few exceptions." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "ETR: Introduced March 1976, production discontinued March 1980." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Advanced, compact, modular electronic 6x4.5 cm medium-format SLR camera system with a vast array of finders, film-backs, and other accessories." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "ETR was an acronym for Electronic, TTL-metering, Reflex." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In 1977 the ETR received Japan's Good Design Award." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Seventeen lenses with leaf shutters were made for the ETR-system from a fisheye, to four different zooms, to a 500mm super telephoto, to a unique 55mm tilt shift lens." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nETR-C: Introduced November 1977, production discontinued December 1980." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Identical to the ETR model except film magazine cannot be removed from film-back." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nETRS: Introduced October 1978." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Improved version of the ETR with an extra contact to support auto-exposure mode with the metered prism finder AE-II and later AE-III." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nETRS: A modification introduced July 1982, ETRS production discontinued September 1989." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Unnamed change to original ETRS model." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Lens release sliding lever latch located to left side of camera side panel, film-backs released using two independent tabs." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This version is reputedly referred to as the \"plastic\" body ETRS and film-back, for the change in the side panels of the body and film-backs to polycarbonate." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nETRC: Introduced October 1978 (ETRC), production discontinued October 1980 (ETRC) Identical to the ETRS model except film magazine cannot be removed from film-back." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nETRSi: Introduced December 1988, production discontinued December 2004." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Improved version of the ETRS with mirror lock-up capability." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Capable of through-the-lens off-the-filmplane (TTL-OTF) flash exposure." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Significantly improved film-back design (Si) with locking darkslide." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "From its start, Bronica introduced a number of 6x6 cm medium-format SLR cameras with focal plane shutter, which used Nikkor lenses from Nikon, until this line was discontinued with the introduction of the successor Bronica SQ-series." }, { "n_tokens": 188, "text": "These models included:\nBronica Z (Zen-za), debuted March 1959 at the Philadelphia Camera Show and renamed Bronica D (Deluxe) in December 1959 with slight modifications; production discontinued March 1961\nBronica S (Standard), introduced April 1961; production discontinued April 1965\nBronica C (Compact), introduced December 1964; production discontinued May 1965\nBronica C2, introduced May 1965; production discontinued September 1972\nBronica S2, introduced July 1965, S2A (introduced 1969), S2A type 2 (introduced 1972); production discontinued September 1977\nBronica EC (Electrical Control), introduced April 1972; production discontinued December 1978\nBronica EC-TL (Electrical Control with Through-the-Lens aperture priority automatic exposure), introduced June 1975, EC-TL II (introduced October 1978); production discontinued March 1980\nNotably, the Bronica EC was the first medium-format SLR camera with an electrically operated focal plane shutter (Japan Patent No.:" }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "43/94431 24 December 1968; US Patent No." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "US3696727), while the EC-TL was the first medium-format camera with Aperture priority automatic exposure (AE)." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nThe range of Nikkor lenses for these remarkable cameras reached from 30mm (fisheye) to 1200mm and comprised about 30 lenses." }, { "n_tokens": 70, "text": "Lens optics supplied by Carl Zeiss in Jena, Tokyo Optical Co., Ltd., Norita optics, Komura-Komuranon (Sankyo Kohki), Schneider Kreuznach, as well as lens optics later manufactured by Bronica itself based on designs by Zeiss and Japanese lens manufacturers were available, as well as a wide range of accessories, including different film magazines, bellows, and viewfinders." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "SQ: Introduced August 1980 as replacement and successor to Bronica's classic and increasingly bulky Nikkor-lens based cameras, production discontinued September 1984." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Modular 6x6 cm traditional \"square film\" medium-format SLR camera system with leaf shutter lenses." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nSQ-A: Introduced January 1982, production discontinued December 1991." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The SQ-A was a refinement of the SQ." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The contact pin array for the viewfinder was increased from six to ten gold contacts, allowing for auto metering capability with the AE finder S. Also, a mirror lock-up lever was added." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The film-backs were modified slightly, with the ISO dial for the original film-backs having white and orange numerals, and the new with silver." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The darkslide was changed to the locking style; to lock required both the new grey handle slide and the new silver numeral ISO dial back." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "All accessories for SQ cameras fit the SQ-A, however the AE finder cannot physically mount on the SQ; a safety defeat pin prevents attachment." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nSQ-Am: Introduced August 1982, production discontinued March 1991." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Motorized film-advance only version of SQ-A body." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "Uses six additional AA batteries." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nSQ-Ai: Introduced December 1990, production discontinued December 2003." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Added the following functionality to the SQ-A. Ability to add the motor drive SQ-i and off the film (TTL-OTF) metering with select flash guns." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "These changes required the addition of a circuit board which also required the battery compartment to be \"flattened.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The single 6v cell was replaced with four 1.5 volt \"button\" cells." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "A bulb 'B' setting was added to the shutter speed selector." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The film-back was also modified again with the introduction of the SQ-Ai, relocating the ISO dial to the rear of the film-back (rather than on top) to allow the speed setting to be seen better with a prism attached." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Exposure compensation control was also added to the new SQ-Ai film-back, with the ISO range extended to 6400." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nSQ-B (Basic): Introduced April 1996, production discontinued December 2003." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "The SQ-B was a manually operating SLR evolved from the SQ-Ai, built to primarily satisfy the needs of professional \"studio\" photographers who work with hand-held light meters, studio or portable flash equipment and various other accessories." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Thus, motorized film-advance and through-the-lens metering (TTL) functionality were not present, as well as B (bulb exposure) and T (time exposure), as found on other SQ-series models." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "T (time exposure), however, was available when utilizing the appropriate SQ-series Zenzanon-S/PS lenses which incorporated the time (T) exposure lever function; by default the Zenzanon-PS/B 80mm f/2.8 lens which accompanied the SQ-B model did not include this feature." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "All SQ-series accessories and lenses were interchangeable with the SQ-B with few exceptions." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "ETR: Introduced March 1976, production discontinued March 1980." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Advanced, compact, modular electronic 6x4.5 cm medium-format SLR camera system with a vast array of finders, film-backs, and other accessories." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "ETR was an acronym for Electronic, TTL-metering, Reflex." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In 1977 the ETR received Japan's Good Design Award." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Seventeen lenses with leaf shutters were made for the ETR-system from a fisheye, to four different zooms, to a 500mm super telephoto, to a unique 55mm tilt shift lens." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nETR-C: Introduced November 1977, production discontinued December 1980." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Identical to the ETR model except film magazine cannot be removed from film-back." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nETRS: Introduced October 1978." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Improved version of the ETR with an extra contact to support auto-exposure mode with the metered prism finder AE-II and later AE-III." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nETRS: A modification introduced July 1982, ETRS production discontinued September 1989." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Unnamed change to original ETRS model." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Lens release sliding lever latch located to left side of camera side panel, film-backs released using two independent tabs." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This version is reputedly referred to as the \"plastic\" body ETRS and film-back, for the change in the side panels of the body and film-backs to polycarbonate." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nETRC: Introduced October 1978 (ETRC), production discontinued October 1980 (ETRC) Identical to the ETRS model except film magazine cannot be removed from film-back." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nETRSi: Introduced December 1988, production discontinued December 2004." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Improved version of the ETRS with mirror lock-up capability." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Capable of through-the-lens off-the-filmplane (TTL-OTF) flash exposure." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Significantly improved film-back design (Si) with locking darkslide." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Following the end of organised resistance the surviving Japanese on Tarakan split into small parties which headed to the north and east of the island." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The 26th Brigade Group's main combat units were allocated sections of Tarakan which they swept for Japanese." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Many Japanese attempted to cross the strait separating Tarakan from the mainland but were intercepted by Allied naval patrols." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Allied troops also searched for Japanese on Bunyu Island, fifteen miles north-east of Tarakan." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nFrom the first week of July the surviving Japanese became short of food and attempted to return to their old positions in the centre of the island and raid Australian positions in search of food." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "As their hunger increased more Japanese surrendered." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The Australian units continued to patrol in search of Japanese until the end of the war, with several Japanese being killed or surrendering each day." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These operations cost the 26th Brigade Group a further 36 casualties between June 21 and August 15." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Approximately 300 Japanese soldiers evaded the Allied patrols, and surrendered at the end of the war in mid-August." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "In order to secure the island and protect the airstrip from attack, the 26th Brigade Group was forced to clear the Japanese from Tarakan's heavily forested hills." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Approximately 1,700 Japanese troops were dug into positions in the north and centre of the island." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These positions were protected by booby traps and mines." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "While attacking these positions necessarily entailed costly infantry fighting, the Australian troops made heavy use of their available artillery and air support to minimise casualties." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The Australian tanks could only provide limited support to the infantry as Tarakan's thick jungle, swamps and steep hills often confined their movement to tracks and roads." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "As a result, tanks generally could not be used to spearhead attacks, and their role was limited to providing supporting fire for infantry assaults, with artillery being the preferred source of direct support." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion and the NEI company were assigned responsibility for securing the south-eastern portion of Tarakan." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The pioneers began advancing east of Tarakan Town on 7 May but encountered unexpectedly strong Japanese resistance." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "From 10 May, the battalion was halted at the 'Helen' feature, which was defended by about 200 Japanese troops." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "On 12 May Corporal John Mackey was killed after capturing three Japanese machine gun posts." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Mackey was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for this act." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "During the fighting at 'Helen' B-24 Liberator heavy bombers were used for close air support for the first time, with P-38 Lightning fighters dropping napalm immediately after the bombing." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "This combination proved particularly effective, and became the standard form of air support requested by the Australians." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The Japanese force withdrew from 'Helen' on 14 May after suffering approximately 100 casualties, and the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion reached Tarakan's eastern shore on 16 May. The battalion suffered 20 killed and 46 wounded in this operation." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "During this period the NEI company secured the remainder of southern Tarakan, and encountered little resistance during its advance." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe United States and Australian navies continued to support the invasion once the landing was complete." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "USN PT boats sank at least a dozen small craft off Tarakan and in rivers on the coast of Borneo between 1 and 10 May. The PT boats carried Netherlands Indies Civil Administration interpreters on most patrols who interrogated natives to gather information on Japanese movements." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The Japanese battery at Cape Djoeata on Tarakan's north coast was also knocked out by USS Douglas A. Munro on 23 May.\nThe Japanese garrison was gradually destroyed, with the survivors abandoning their remaining positions in the hills and withdrawing to the north of the island on 14 June." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "On this day 112 Chinese and Indonesian labourers left the Japanese-held area with a note from a senior Japanese officer asking that they be well treated." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "While Radio Tokyo announced that Tarakan had fallen on 15 June, the last organised Japanese resistance was encountered on 19 June and Whitehead did not declare the island secure until 21 June." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The Japanese force on Tarakan was warned of the impending invasion in April, before the Allies began their pre-invasion bombardment of the island." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The island's commander received a radio signal warning him of imminent attack, and the commander of Tarakan's oil depot was ordered to destroy the oil wells on 15 April." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "It is possible that this warning may have been issued as a result of a security leak from either the Chinese Republican Army's representative to Australia or MacArthur's headquarters." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "This did not have any effect on the subsequent battle, however, as the Japanese had been preparing defences to resist invasion for several months and the Japanese were aware of the large Allied force which was being assembled at Morotai to attack Borneo." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nPrior to the arrival of the invasion force the Japanese garrison on Tarakan and Borneo was subjected to intensive air and naval attacks from 12 April to 29 April." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The RAAF and USAAF also mounted air attacks against Japanese bases in China, French Indochina and the NEI to suppress Japanese air units throughout the region." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These attacks destroyed all Japanese aircraft in the Tarakan area." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The aerial bombing of Tarakan increased in intensity five days before the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These attacks were focused on the areas adjoining the planned landing beaches at Lingkas and sought to neutralise the Japanese defences in these areas." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The oil storage tanks at Lingkas were a key objective as it was feared that the oil in these tanks could be ignited and used against Allied troops." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "These bombardments forced much of Tarakan's civilian population to flee inland." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "At least 100 civilians were killed or wounded." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThe Tarakan attack force was assembled at Morotai during March and April 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The 26th Brigade Group was transported from Australia to Morotai by United States Army transports and arrived in mid-April and began to prepare their equipment for an amphibious landing." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Due to a shortage of shipping all units were ordered to leave non-essential vehicles at Morotai when they began to embark onto assault transports on 20 April." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The commander of the 1st Tactical Air Force attempted to resist this order, but was over-ridden by his superior officer Air Vice Marshal William Bostock." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Most units were embarked by 22 April and the assault troops practiced landing operations for several days." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "A small convoy of ships carrying a force ordered to capture Sadau Island off the coast of Tarakan left Morotai on 26 April, and the main invasion convoy of 150 ships sailed the next day." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nDue to the need to clear both the large number of naval mines which had been laid around Tarakan and the extensive beach obstacles at Lingkas, the Allies did not attempt a surprise landing." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "A group of United States Navy minesweepers and destroyers arrived off Tarakan on 27 April and began clearing mines, most of which had been originally laid by Allied aircraft." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "This operation was completed by 1 May at a cost of two small minesweepers damaged." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "USN PT boats also arrived off Tarakan on 28 April and illuminated and strafed the invasion beaches at night to prevent the Japanese from repairing their beach defences." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The PT boats also attacked seven small Japanese freighters and luggers which were found anchored at Lingkas, sinking or damaging all but one of them." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nOn 30 April, the 2/4th Commando Squadron and the 57th Battery of the 2/7th Field Regiment were landed on the nearby Sadau Island in order to support the engineers tasked with clearing the obstacles off the invasion beaches." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "This force rapidly secured the undefended island." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The landing on Sadau Island was the first time Australian soldiers had landed on non-Australian territory in the Pacific since late 1941 (Australian participation in the New Guinea Campaign from 1942 onwards was limited to the Australian portion of New Guinea)." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The only Allied losses in this operation were aboard USS Jenkins, which was damaged when she struck a mine while supporting the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe task of clearing the beach obstacles at Lingkas was assigned to the 2/13th Field Company." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "These defences comprised rows of" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The Japanese force on Tarakan was warned of the impending invasion in April, before the Allies began their pre-invasion bombardment of the island." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The island's commander received a radio signal warning him of imminent attack, and the commander of Tarakan's oil depot was ordered to destroy the oil wells on 15 April." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "It is possible that this warning may have been issued as a result of a security leak from either the Chinese Republican Army's representative to Australia or MacArthur's headquarters." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "This did not have any effect on the subsequent battle, however, as the Japanese had been preparing defences to resist invasion for several months and the Japanese were aware of the large Allied force which was being assembled at Morotai to attack Borneo." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nPrior to the arrival of the invasion force the Japanese garrison on Tarakan and Borneo was subjected to intensive air and naval attacks from 12 April to 29 April." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The RAAF and USAAF also mounted air attacks against Japanese bases in China, French Indochina and the NEI to suppress Japanese air units throughout the region." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These attacks destroyed all Japanese aircraft in the Tarakan area." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The aerial bombing of Tarakan increased in intensity five days before the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These attacks were focused on the areas adjoining the planned landing beaches at Lingkas and sought to neutralise the Japanese defences in these areas." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The oil storage tanks at Lingkas were a key objective as it was feared that the oil in these tanks could be ignited and used against Allied troops." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "These bombardments forced much of Tarakan's civilian population to flee inland." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "At least 100 civilians were killed or wounded." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThe Tarakan attack force was assembled at Morotai during March and April 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The 26th Brigade Group was transported from Australia to Morotai by United States Army transports and arrived in mid-April and began to prepare their equipment for an amphibious landing." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Due to a shortage of shipping all units were ordered to leave non-essential vehicles at Morotai when they began to embark onto assault transports on 20 April." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The commander of the 1st Tactical Air Force attempted to resist this order, but was over-ridden by his superior officer Air Vice Marshal William Bostock." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Most units were embarked by 22 April and the assault troops practiced landing operations for several days." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "A small convoy of ships carrying a force ordered to capture Sadau Island off the coast of Tarakan left Morotai on 26 April, and the main invasion convoy of 150 ships sailed the next day." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nDue to the need to clear both the large number of naval mines which had been laid around Tarakan and the extensive beach obstacles at Lingkas, the Allies did not attempt a surprise landing." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "A group of United States Navy minesweepers and destroyers arrived off Tarakan on 27 April and began clearing mines, most of which had been originally laid by Allied aircraft." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "This operation was completed by 1 May at a cost of two small minesweepers damaged." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "USN PT boats also arrived off Tarakan on 28 April and illuminated and strafed the invasion beaches at night to prevent the Japanese from repairing their beach defences." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The PT boats also attacked seven small Japanese freighters and luggers which were found anchored at Lingkas, sinking or damaging all but one of them." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nOn 30 April, the 2/4th Commando Squadron and the 57th Battery of the 2/7th Field Regiment were landed on the nearby Sadau Island in order to support the engineers tasked with clearing the obstacles off the invasion beaches." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "This force rapidly secured the undefended island." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The landing on Sadau Island was the first time Australian soldiers had landed on non-Australian territory in the Pacific since late 1941 (Australian participation in the New Guinea Campaign from 1942 onwards was limited to the Australian portion of New Guinea)." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The only Allied losses in this operation were aboard USS Jenkins, which was damaged when she struck a mine while supporting the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe task of clearing the beach obstacles at Lingkas was assigned to the 2/13th Field Company." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "These defences comprised rows of" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "The primary objective for the Allied attack on Tarakan (code-named \"Oboe One\") was to secure and develop the island's airstrip so that it could be used to provide air cover for subsequent landings in Brunei, Labuan and Balikpapan." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The secondary objective for the operation was to secure Tarakan's oilfields and bring them into operation as a source of oil for the Allied forces in the theatre." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The 3rd Company, Technical Battalion, KNIL was responsible for this." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe 9th Division and 26th Brigade headquarters were responsible for planning the invasion of Tarakan." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "This work began in early March when both units had arrived at Morotai, and the final plans were completed on 24 April." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The planners' work was hampered by poor working conditions and difficulties in communicating with General MacArthur's General Headquarters at Leyte." }, { "n_tokens": 70, "text": "As part of the planning process each of Tarakan's hills was assigned a code name (for instance \"Margy\" and \"Sykes\"); during the Australian Army's campaigns in New Guinea geographic features had been named on an ad-hoc basis, and it was hoped that selecting names prior to the battle would improve the precision of subsequent planning and communications." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThe Allied plans anticipated that Tarakan would be secured quickly." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It was expected that the operation would involve a short fight for the airfield followed by a 'consolidation' phase during which the island's airfield and port would be developed to support Allied operations." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The planners did not foresee significant fighting in Tarakan's interior, and no plans were developed for operations in areas other than the landing beaches, Tarakan Town and airfield." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The planners did, however, correctly anticipate that the Japanese would make their main stand in an area other than the invasion beach and would not be capable of mounting a large counterattack." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe Allied plans also expected that Tarakan would be transformed into a major base within days of the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "Under the pre-invasion planning it was intended that a wing of fighter aircraft would be based at Tarakan six days after the landing and this force would be expanded to include an attack wing nine days later and staging facilities for a further four squadrons of aircraft within 21 days of the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "It was also expected that the 26th Brigade Group and its supporting beach group would be ready to leave Tarakan by 21 May and the RAAF units could be redeployed in mid-June after providing support for the landing at Balikpapan." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nThe Allied planners possessed detailed intelligence on Tarakan and its defenders." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This intelligence had been gathered from a variety of sources which included signals intelligence, photographic reconnaissance flights and Dutch colonial officials." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Tarakan was the Australian Services Reconnaissance Department's (SRD) first priority from November 1944." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Prior to the invasion, I Corps requested that the SRD provide intelligence on Japanese positions in northern and central Tarakan." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "A five-man strong party landed on the island on the night of 25/26 April and successfully reconnoitered the defences on Tarakan's north coast, though the operative who was assigned to the centre of the island became lost and did not reach this area." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The SRD operatives withdrew from Tarakan on the night of 29/30 April and landed on the mainland of Borneo." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "They were unable to transmit the intelligence they had collected, however, as their radio set malfunctioned." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Members of the party eventually landed within the Allied beachhead on Tarakan on 3 May to report to the 26th Brigade, but Whitehead was disappointed with the results of this operation and made no further use of SRD during the battle." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The 26th Brigade Group remained on Tarakan as an occupation force until 27 December 1945, though most of its units were disbanded in October." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The Brigade's headquarters returned to Australia in early 1946 and was formally disbanded at Brisbane in January 1946." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nTarakan's oilfields were swiftly repaired and brought back into production." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Engineers and technicians arrived shortly after the Allied landing and the first oil pump was restored on 27 June." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "By October the island's oilfields were producing 8,000 barrels per day and providing employment for many Tarakanese civilians." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe Allied units committed to the battle carried out their tasks with \"skill and professionalism\"." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In summing up the operation Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that \"altogether this was a very well conducted amphibious operation which attained its objectives with minimum loss\"." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The Battle of Tarakan emphasised the importance of combined arms warfare, and especially the need for infantry to cooperate with and be supported by tanks, artillery and engineers during jungle warfare." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nDespite Morison's judgement, the 26th Brigade Group's casualties were high in comparison to the other landings in the Borneo campaign." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The Brigade suffered more than twice the casualties the 9th Division's other two Brigades suffered during their operations in North Borneo and 23 more fatalities than the 7th Division incurred at Balikpapan." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The 26th Brigade Group's higher losses may be attributable to Tarakan's garrison not being able to withdraw as the garrisons in North Borneo and Balikpapan did." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nThe landing force's achievements were nullified by the fact that the island's airfield could not be brought into action." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The faulty intelligence assessment which led the RAAF planners to believe that the airfield could be repaired represented a major failing." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Moreover, the RAAF's performance at Tarakan was often poor." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "This performance may have resulted from the low morale prevalent in many units and the 'Morotai Mutiny' disrupting 1 TAF's leadership." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nAs with the rest of the Borneo campaign, the Australian operations on Tarakan remain controversial." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "Debate continues over whether the campaign was a meaningless \"sideshow\", or whether it was justified in the context of the planned operations to both invade Japan and liberate the rest of the Netherlands East Indies, which were both scheduled to begin in 1946." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The Australian official historian Gavin Long's judgement that \"the results achieved did not justify the cost of the Tarakan operation\" is in accordance with the generally held view on the battle." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The main invasion force arrived by sea off Tarakan in the early hours of 1 May. Supported by a heavy air and naval bombardment, the 2/23rd Battalion and the 2/48th Battalion made an amphibious landing at about 08:00." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The 2/23rd Battalion disembarked from American LVTs into deep mud at \"Green Beach\" on the southern flank of the beachhead, and overcame several small Japanese positions in the hills around Lingkas." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "At nightfall it dug in along the main road to Tarakan Town (which had been designated the \"Glenelg Highway\" by the Australian planners)." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The 2/48th Battalion had a much easier landing at \"Red Beach\" on the northern end of the beachhead with most troops disembarking from their LVTs near dry land." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The battalion pushed north along the \"Anzac Highway\" and nearby hills, and rapidly secured a number of pillboxes behind the beach as well as the oil storage tanks." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "By the end of the day the 2/48th held positions in the hills to the west of Tarakan Town." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The 2/24th Battalion also began landing on Red Beach from 9.20 am, and spent most of the day in reserve." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The unit received orders to advance north along the Anzac Highway late in the afternoon, but did not encounter any opposition." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "By nightfall the Australian beachhead extended for 2,800 yards (2,600 m) along the shore and up to 2,000 yards (1,800 m) inland." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "However, Japanese snipers were active within this perimeter during the night of 1/2 May, and the 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (which formed the main unit of the 2nd Beach Group) fought several small battles with isolated Japanese forces." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Allied casualties were lighter than expected, with 11 men killed and 35 wounded." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The light Japanese resistance was attributed to the heavy pre-landing bombardment forcing Tarakan's defenders to abandon the formidable defences at Lingkas." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nWhile the infantry were successful in securing a beachhead, the landing was hampered by the poor beach conditions." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Many Australian vehicles became bogged in Lingkas Beach's soft mud, and seven LSTs were stranded after their commanders misjudged the ships' beachings." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The small amount of solid ground within the beachhead lead to severe congestion and resulted in none of 2/7th Field Regiment's guns being brought into action until the afternoon of the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The congestion was made worse by much of the RAAF ground force being landed on 1 May with large numbers of vehicles." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The seven LSTs were not refloated until 13 May.\nAfter securing the beachhead, the 26th Brigade Group advanced east into Tarakan Town and north towards the airstrip." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The Australians encountered increasingly determined Japanese resistance as they moved inland." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The task of capturing Tarakan's airstrip was assigned to the 2/24th Battalion." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "The Battalion's initial attack on the airstrip on the night of 2 May was delayed when the Japanese set off large explosive charges, and the airstrip was not secured until 5 May. While the capture of the airfield achieved the 26th Brigade Group's main task, the Japanese still held Tarakan's rugged interior." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nDuring the first week of the invasion, 7,000 Indonesian refugees passed into the advancing Australian lines." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "This was a larger number than had been expected, and the refugees, many of whom were in poor health, overwhelmed the Dutch civil affairs unit." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Despite the devastation caused by the Allied bombardment and invasion, most of the civilians welcomed the Australians as liberators." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Hundreds of Indonesian civilians later worked as labourers and porters for the Allied force." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "\nGeneral Thomas Blamey, the commander of the Australian Military Forces, made an inspection tour of Tarakan on 8 May. During a meeting with Whitehead, Blamey directed that the 26th Brigade Group should \"proceed in a deliberate manner\" in clearing the rest of the island now that the main objectives of the invasion had been completed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "The primary objective for the Allied attack on Tarakan (code-named \"Oboe One\") was to secure and develop the island's airstrip so that it could be used to provide air cover for subsequent landings in Brunei, Labuan and Balikpapan." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The secondary objective for the operation was to secure Tarakan's oilfields and bring them into operation as a source of oil for the Allied forces in the theatre." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The 3rd Company, Technical Battalion, KNIL was responsible for this." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe 9th Division and 26th Brigade headquarters were responsible for planning the invasion of Tarakan." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "This work began in early March when both units had arrived at Morotai, and the final plans were completed on 24 April." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The planners' work was hampered by poor working conditions and difficulties in communicating with General MacArthur's General Headquarters at Leyte." }, { "n_tokens": 70, "text": "As part of the planning process each of Tarakan's hills was assigned a code name (for instance \"Margy\" and \"Sykes\"); during the Australian Army's campaigns in New Guinea geographic features had been named on an ad-hoc basis, and it was hoped that selecting names prior to the battle would improve the precision of subsequent planning and communications." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThe Allied plans anticipated that Tarakan would be secured quickly." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It was expected that the operation would involve a short fight for the airfield followed by a 'consolidation' phase during which the island's airfield and port would be developed to support Allied operations." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The planners did not foresee significant fighting in Tarakan's interior, and no plans were developed for operations in areas other than the landing beaches, Tarakan Town and airfield." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The planners did, however, correctly anticipate that the Japanese would make their main stand in an area other than the invasion beach and would not be capable of mounting a large counterattack." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe Allied plans also expected that Tarakan would be transformed into a major base within days of the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "Under the pre-invasion planning it was intended that a wing of fighter aircraft would be based at Tarakan six days after the landing and this force would be expanded to include an attack wing nine days later and staging facilities for a further four squadrons of aircraft within 21 days of the landing." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "It was also expected that the 26th Brigade Group and its supporting beach group would be ready to leave Tarakan by 21 May and the RAAF units could be redeployed in mid-June after providing support for the landing at Balikpapan." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nThe Allied planners possessed detailed intelligence on Tarakan and its defenders." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This intelligence had been gathered from a variety of sources which included signals intelligence, photographic reconnaissance flights and Dutch colonial officials." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Tarakan was the Australian Services Reconnaissance Department's (SRD) first priority from November 1944." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Prior to the invasion, I Corps requested that the SRD provide intelligence on Japanese positions in northern and central Tarakan." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "A five-man strong party landed on the island on the night of 25/26 April and successfully reconnoitered the defences on Tarakan's north coast, though the operative who was assigned to the centre of the island became lost and did not reach this area." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The SRD operatives withdrew from Tarakan on the night of 29/30 April and landed on the mainland of Borneo." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "They were unable to transmit the intelligence they had collected, however, as their radio set malfunctioned." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Members of the party eventually landed within the Allied beachhead on Tarakan on 3 May to report to the 26th Brigade, but Whitehead was disappointed with the results of this operation and made no further use of SRD during the battle." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "While the infantry of the 26th Brigade Group fought the Japanese in the hills, the RAAF engineers of No." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "61 Airfield Construction Wing were engaged in a desperate effort to bring Tarakan's airstrip into operation." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "As the airstrip had been heavily damaged by pre-invasion bombing and lay in marshy terrain it proved much more difficult to repair than had been expected, and it took eight weeks and not the expected single week to restore the strip to a usable state." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Extensive use was made of Marston Mat, interlocking steel plates laid down like matting." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Remnants of the plates still exist in the car park at Tarakan airport." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "\nWhile the airstrip was finally opened on 28 June, this was too late for it to play any role in supporting the landings in Brunei or Labuan (10 June), or the landings at Balikpapan." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "However No." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "78 Wing RAAF was based on Tarakan from 28 June and flew in support of the Balikpapan operation until the end of the war." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nEfforts to restart production at Tarakan's oilfields were delayed by serious damage to the facilities and Japanese holdouts, and they did not become operational until after the war." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The Stadium has been approved as a ground for international cricket and has hosted Twenty20 Internationals." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe Stadium was home to the Sydney Thunder franchise of the Big Bash League from 2011 to 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In June 2015, the Thunder announced they would leave ANZ Stadium and play all home games at Sydney Showground Stadium until the 2024-25 BBL season." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nIt hosted its first ever International Cricket match when Australia took on India in a Twenty20 night game on 1 February 2012 and hosted its last T20 International in 2014." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "All home Australian Football League finals hosted by the Sydney Swans were played at this ground between 2003 and 2016, except for one in 2005 due to the stadium being unavailable." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The first three Sydney Derbies were also played at the venue, however, the Swans home game moved to the Sydney Cricket Ground in 2013 and the Giants home game moved to Sydney Showground Stadium in 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nThe Sydney Swans played up to three \"blockbuster\" games at the venue each season between 2002 and 2015, with their remaining eight home games played at the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG)." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Beginning in 2016, the Swans no longer play at Stadium Australia, with all of their home games moving back to the Sydney Cricket Ground on a full-time basis." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe Greater Western Sydney Giants has ANZ Stadium as an option for home games when the Sydney Showground Stadium, their primary home ground, is unavailable." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Swans shifted all home games in 2016 to the SCG, including its three scheduled games at ANZ Stadium." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "However, the stadium did host a qualifying final derby between the Sydney Swans and Greater Western Sydney Giants on 10 September 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "A crowd of 60,222 attended the match, the highest attendance for an Australian rules football match in New South Wales since 2007." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "The Sydney Swans v Collingwood Australian Football League (AFL) match at the Stadium on Saturday, 23 August 2003 set an attendance record for the largest crowd to watch an Australian rules football match outside Victoria with 72,393 spectators (87.7% capacity) attending and was the largest home-and-away AFL crowd at any Australian stadium for 2003." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "The attendance broke the record of 66,897 set at Football Park in Adelaide, South Australia on 28 September 1976 for the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) grand final between the Sturt and Port Adelaide Football Clubs." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\n2 October 2005 saw 82,453 attend the NRL grand final in which the Wests Tigers defeated the North Queensland Cowboys 30–16." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\n16 November 2005 saw 82,698 attend the second leg of the Oceania-South America Qualification Playoff game for qualification to the 2006 FIFA World Cup." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Australia defeated Uruguay 1–0, which led to a penalty shootout as Uruguay had won the first leg of the playoff 1–0." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Australia won the shootout 4–2 and secured a spot in the World Cup for the first time since 1974." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The penalty spot where John Aloisi's spot kick secured victory has been permanently preserved and is on public display at the stadium." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nOn 1 October 2006, the stadium hosted the 2006 NRL Grand Final between the Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was the first time since the competition began in 1908 that two teams from outside of Sydney had contested the grand final." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "79,609 fans saw the Broncos defeat the Storm 15–8." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "As of the 2018 NRL Grand Final, this is one of three times that no Sydney based team has contested the premiership decider and also the only time an NRL grand final at the Olympic Stadium has failed to attract at least 80,000 fans." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nOn 5 October 2008, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles defeated the Melbourne Storm 40–0 in the 2008 NRL Grand Final in front of 80,388 fans." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "This is the record winning margin for a grand final, breaking the previous record of 38-0 when Eastern Suburbs defeated St George in the 1975 Grand Final played at the Sydney Cricket Ground." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "2008 was the centenary year of the competition." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "It was also the first time a team had been held scoreless in a grand final since Manly had defeated Cronulla-Sutherland 16–0 in the 1978 Grand Final Replay at the SCG (the original Grand Final that year had been drawn 11-11)." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "\nIn February 2009, the stadium replaced its existing two television screens with new Panasonic HD LED video screens that measure 23x10m – 70% larger than the original screens, and 50% larger than the screens in the Beijing National Stadium, whilst consuming less power than the old screens." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Additionally, an LED perimeter screen showcasing ANZ advertising has been installed on the second level from the 30m line to the 30m line." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\n25 September 2009 saw the largest ever NRL finals attendance (non-grand final) in competition history when 74,549 fans saw the Parramatta Eels defeat the Bulldogs RLFC 22–12 in the preliminary final of the 2009 NRL season." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This beat the previous finals record of 57,973 set at the Sydney Cricket Ground for the preliminary final of the 1963 NSWRFL season which St George defeat Parramatta 12–7." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nIt hosted its first ever International Cricket match when Australia took on India in a Twenty20 night game on 1 February 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The match attracted a crowd of 59,569 which remains the largest crowd ever for a cricket match in New South Wales." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\n30 September 2012 saw the largest ever NRL Grand Final crowd since reconfiguration up until 2014 when 82,976 attended the 2012 NRL Grand Final to see the Melbourne Storm defeat the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 14–4." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "This number was nearly reached in the 2009 NRL Grand Final between the Storm and the Parramatta Eels, with 82,538 in attendance." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "On 13 and 14 December 2010, a U2 concert, one of the biggest in history, was held at the ANZ Stadium." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nOn 6 July 2013 a new rectangle configuration record attendance of 83,702 watched the British and Irish Lions defeat The Wallabies 41-16 to win the Tom Richards Cup series by 2–1." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe record set by the Wallabies test was broken just 10 days later" } ]