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[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The interior of the auditorium has regained its early 20th-century appearance following a renovation." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The historic auditorium has retained 80 percent of the original fittings and interior design: the decorative wall paintings, decorative architectural elements of the arches, laboratory tables, chairs with back supports and desks." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Stoneware laboratory sinks were also preserved along with the wooden windows – including the door handles, fittings and hinges – doors and the electrically controlled window shutters." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687) created the first world's great astronomical observatory equipped with telescopes." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Hevelius was also a physicist because he discovered centuries old changes in magnetic declination." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "He was technician too, because he constructed Poland's first pendulum clock, conceived, designed and built the first world's periscope, as well as the first micrometer screw which belongs today to the Gdańsk City Council." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736) was born in Gdańsk." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "He is mainly known for being the first to use mercury in temperature measuring devices (previously alcohol was used) and developed his own scale of 0 to 212 degrees." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nHevelius and Fahrenheit, the two distinguished physicists who are considered as representatives of Polish science, have their own places of rembrance at Gdańsk University of Technology." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "By virtue of the Resolution of the Senate, the Courtyards in the Main Building of Gdańsk University of Technology have been named after the two scientists." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Both of them have been commemorated with reliefs that have been designed by the scientists of Gdańsk University of Technology with the help of genetic algorithms and a specially designed computer application running on GUT's supercomputer." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations, including Charlotte Mason's House of Education." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade as a Brigade Vice-President and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from his friend, William Alexander Smith, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "In August 1907 he held a camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nBaden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Woodcraft Indians." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys was published in six instalments in 1908, and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nBoys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement had inadvertently started, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "A rally of Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell met some of the first Girl Scouts." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Girl Guides were subsequently formed in 1910 under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1912, Baden-Powell started a world tour with a voyage to the Caribbean." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Another passenger was Juliette Gordon Low, an American who had been running a Guide Company in Scotland, and was returning to the U.S.A. Baden-Powell encouraged her to found the Girl Scouts of the USA." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn 1920, the 1st World Scout Jamboree took place in Olympia in West Kensington, and Baden-Powell was acclaimed Chief Scout of the World." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Baden-Powell was created a Baronet in 1921 and Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell, in the County of Essex, on 17 September 1929, Gilwell Park being the International Scout Leader training centre." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "After receiving this honour, Baden-Powell mostly styled himself \"Baden-Powell of Gilwell\"." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nIn 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree, he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B-P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nBaden-Powell also had a positive impact on improvements in youth education." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Under his dedicated command the world Scouting Movement grew." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "By 1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was in excess of 3.3 million." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nSome early Scouting \"Thanks Badges\" (from 1911) and the Scouting \"Medal of Merit\" badge had a swastika symbol on them." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "This was undoubtedly influenced by the use by Rudyard Kipling of the swastika on the jacket of his published books, including Kim, which was used by Baden-Powell as a basis for the Wolf Cub branch of the Scouting Movement." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The swastika had been a symbol for luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazi Party in 1920, and when Nazi use of the swastika became more widespread, the Scouts stopped using it." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nNazi Germany banned Scouting, a competitor to the Hitler Youth, in June 1934, seeing it as \"a haven for young men opposed to the new State\"." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name was included in \"The Black Book\", a 1940 list of people to be detained following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "A drawing by Baden-Powell depicts Scouts ass" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations, including Charlotte Mason's House of Education." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade as a Brigade Vice-President and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from his friend, William Alexander Smith, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "In August 1907 he held a camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nBaden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Woodcraft Indians." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys was published in six instalments in 1908, and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nBoys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement had inadvertently started, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "A rally of Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell met some of the first Girl Scouts." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Girl Guides were subsequently formed in 1910 under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1912, Baden-Powell started a world tour with a voyage to the Caribbean." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Another passenger was Juliette Gordon Low, an American who had been running a Guide Company in Scotland, and was returning to the U.S.A. Baden-Powell encouraged her to found the Girl Scouts of the USA." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn 1920, the 1st World Scout Jamboree took place in Olympia in West Kensington, and Baden-Powell was acclaimed Chief Scout of the World." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Baden-Powell was created a Baronet in 1921 and Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell, in the County of Essex, on 17 September 1929, Gilwell Park being the International Scout Leader training centre." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "After receiving this honour, Baden-Powell mostly styled himself \"Baden-Powell of Gilwell\"." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nIn 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree, he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B-P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nBaden-Powell also had a positive impact on improvements in youth education." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Under his dedicated command the world Scouting Movement grew." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "By 1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was in excess of 3.3 million." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nSome early Scouting \"Thanks Badges\" (from 1911) and the Scouting \"Medal of Merit\" badge had a swastika symbol on them." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "This was undoubtedly influenced by the use by Rudyard Kipling of the swastika on the jacket of his published books, including Kim, which was used by Baden-Powell as a basis for the Wolf Cub branch of the Scouting Movement." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The swastika had been a symbol for luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazi Party in 1920, and when Nazi use of the swastika became more widespread, the Scouts stopped using it." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nNazi Germany banned Scouting, a competitor to the Hitler Youth, in June 1934, seeing it as \"a haven for young men opposed to the new State\"." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name was included in \"The Black Book\", a 1940 list of people to be detained following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "A drawing by Baden-Powell depicts Scouts ass" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 125, "text": "In 1937 Baden-Powell was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of the most exclusive awards in the British honours system, and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the Portuguese Order of Christ, the Grand Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer (1920), the Commander of the French Légion d'honneur (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix, and the Order of Polonia Restituta." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe Silver Wolf Award was originally worn by Robert Baden-Powell." }, { "n_tokens": 61, "text": "The Bronze Wolf Award, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the then International Committee on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf in Stockholm in 1935." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "He was also the first recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926, the highest award conferred by the Boy Scouts of America." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nIn 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree he was awarded by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund with the \"Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nIn 1931 Baden-Powell received the highest award of the First Austrian Republic (Großes Ehrenzeichen der Republik am Bande) out of the hands of President Wilhelm Miklas." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Baden-Powell was also one of the first and few recipients of the Goldene Gemse, the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nIn 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham dedicated Mount Baden-Powell in California to his old Scouting friend from forty years before." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Today, their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the adjoining peak, Mount Burnham." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nBaden-Powell was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on numerous occasions, including 10 separate nominations in 1928." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "He was awarded the Wateler Peace Prize in 1937." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In 2002, Baden-Powell was named 13th in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Peak." }, { "n_tokens": 80, "text": "\nIn June 2020, following the tearing down of Edward Colston's statue in Bristol by protesters in response to the killing of George Floyd, Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council announced that a statue of Baden-Powell on Poole Quay would be removed temporarily for its protection, on police advice amid fears it was on a \"target list for attack\" by protestors because they believed that he held homophobic and racist views." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Baden-Powell's father often sketched caricatures of those present at meetings, while his maternal grandmother was also artistic." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": " Baden-Powell painted or sketched almost every day of his life." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Most of his works have a humorous or informative character." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "His books are scattered with his pen-and-ink sketches, frequently whimsical." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": " He did a large unknown number of pen-and-ink sketches; he always travelled with a sketchpad that he used frequently for pencil sketches and \"cartoons\" for later water-colour paintings." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": " He also created a few sculptures." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "There is no catalogue of his works, many of which appear in his books, and twelve paintings hang in the British Scout Headquarters at Gilwell Park." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": " In 1911 and 1912, he had fishing holidays in Norway." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "There was an exhibition of his work at the Willmer House Museum, Farnham, Surrey, from 11 April – 12 May 1967; a text-only catalogue was produced." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 125, "text": "In 1937 Baden-Powell was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of the most exclusive awards in the British honours system, and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the Portuguese Order of Christ, the Grand Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer (1920), the Commander of the French Légion d'honneur (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix, and the Order of Polonia Restituta." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe Silver Wolf Award was originally worn by Robert Baden-Powell." }, { "n_tokens": 61, "text": "The Bronze Wolf Award, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the then International Committee on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf in Stockholm in 1935." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "He was also the first recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926, the highest award conferred by the Boy Scouts of America." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nIn 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree he was awarded by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund with the \"Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nIn 1931 Baden-Powell received the highest award of the First Austrian Republic (Großes Ehrenzeichen der Republik am Bande) out of the hands of President Wilhelm Miklas." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Baden-Powell was also one of the first and few recipients of the Goldene Gemse, the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nIn 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham dedicated Mount Baden-Powell in California to his old Scouting friend from forty years before." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Today, their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the adjoining peak, Mount Burnham." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nBaden-Powell was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on numerous occasions, including 10 separate nominations in 1928." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "He was awarded the Wateler Peace Prize in 1937." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In 2002, Baden-Powell was named 13th in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Peak." }, { "n_tokens": 80, "text": "\nIn June 2020, following the tearing down of Edward Colston's statue in Bristol by protesters in response to the killing of George Floyd, Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council announced that a statue of Baden-Powell on Poole Quay would be removed temporarily for its protection, on police advice amid fears it was on a \"target list for attack\" by protestors because they believed that he held homophobic and racist views." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Baden-Powell published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to generally educate his men." }, { "n_tokens": 98, "text": "\n1884: Reconnaissance and Scouting\n1885: Cavalry Instruction\n1889: Pigsticking or Hoghunting\n1896: The Downfall of Prempeh\n1897: The Matabele Campaign\n1899: Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men\n1900: Sport in War\n1901: Notes and Instructions for the South African Constabulary\n1907: Sketches in Mafeking and East Africa\n1910: British Discipline, Essay 32 of Essays on Duty and Discipline\n1914: Quick Training for War\nBaden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "During his whole life he told \"ripping yarns\" to audiences." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "After having published Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In his later years, he also wrote about the Scout movement and his ideas for its future." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "He spent most of the last two years of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes." }, { "n_tokens": 254, "text": "\n1908: Scouting for Boys\n1909: Yarns for Boy Scouts\n1912: The Handbook for the Girl Guides or How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire (co-authored with Agnes Baden-Powell)\n1913: Boy Scouts Beyond The Sea: My World Tour\n1915: Indian Memories (American title Memories of India)\n1915: My Adventures as a Spy\n1916: Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns\n1916: The Wolf Cub's Handbook\n1918: Girl Guiding\n1919: Aids To Scoutmastership\n1921: What Scouts Can Do: More Yarns\n1921: An Old Wolf's Favourites\n1922: Rovering to Success\n1927: Life's Snags and How to Meet Them\n1929: Scouting and Youth Movements\nest 1929: Last Message to Scouts\n1932: He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout\n1933: Lessons From the Varsity of Life\n1934: Adventures and Accidents\n1935: Scouting Round the World\n1936: Adventuring to Manhood\n1937: African Adventures\n1938: Birds and Beasts of Africa\n1939: Paddle Your Own Canoe\n1940: More Sketches Of Kenya\nMost of his books (the American editions) are available online." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nCompilations and excerpts comprised:\nB.-P.'s Outlook: Selections from the Founder's contributions to \"The Scouter\" magazine from 1909–1940." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "C. Arthur Pearson Limited." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "1955." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nAdventuring with Baden-Powell: Stories,yarns and essays." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Blandford Press." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "1956." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "ASIN B0000CJLLR." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nDr. Mario Sica, ed. (" }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "2007)." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Playing the Game: A Baden-Powell Compendium." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "MacMillan." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "ISBN 978-1-4050-8827-5." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": "\nBaden-Powell also contributed to various other books, either with an introduction or foreword, or being quoted by the author,\n1905: Ambidexterity by John Jackson\n1839: Fifty years against the stream: The story of a school in Kashmir, 1880–1930 by E.D. Tyndale-Biscoe about the Tyndale Biscoe School" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1876 Baden-Powell joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank of lieutenant." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was Mentioned in Despatches." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and in 1890 he was brevetted Major as Military Secretary and senior Aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "He was posted to Malta for three years, also working as intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He frequently travelled disguised as a butterfly collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nBaden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War, in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the Matopos Hills, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West and woodcraft (i.e. Scoutcraft), and here that he was introduced for the first time to the Montana Peaked version of a western cowboy hat, of which Stetson was a prolific manufacturer, and which also came to be known as a campaign hat and the many versatile and practical uses of a neckerchief." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nBaden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele chief Uwini, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Uwini was sentenced to be shot by firing squad by a military court, a sentence Baden-Powell confirmed." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Baden-Powell was cleared by a military court of inquiry but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Baden-Powell later claimed he was \"released without a stain on my character\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nAfter Rhodesia, Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War in Gold Coast." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the 5th Dragoon Guards in India." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nBaden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War and was engaged in further military actions against the Zulus." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer Republics, Baden-Powell amassed stores and established a garrison at Mafeking." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The subsequent Siege of Mafeking lasted 217 days." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The town had been surrounded by a Boer army, at times in excess of 8,000 men." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe siege of the small town received much attention from both the Boers and international media because Lord Edward Cecil, the son of the British Prime Minister, was besieged in the town." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions, many devised by Baden-Powell." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Baden-Powell did much reconnaissance work himself." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "In one instance, noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a successful attack." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nA contrary view expressed by historian Thomas" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Baden-Powell published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to generally educate his men." }, { "n_tokens": 98, "text": "\n1884: Reconnaissance and Scouting\n1885: Cavalry Instruction\n1889: Pigsticking or Hoghunting\n1896: The Downfall of Prempeh\n1897: The Matabele Campaign\n1899: Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men\n1900: Sport in War\n1901: Notes and Instructions for the South African Constabulary\n1907: Sketches in Mafeking and East Africa\n1910: British Discipline, Essay 32 of Essays on Duty and Discipline\n1914: Quick Training for War\nBaden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "During his whole life he told \"ripping yarns\" to audiences." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "After having published Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In his later years, he also wrote about the Scout movement and his ideas for its future." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "He spent most of the last two years of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes." }, { "n_tokens": 254, "text": "\n1908: Scouting for Boys\n1909: Yarns for Boy Scouts\n1912: The Handbook for the Girl Guides or How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire (co-authored with Agnes Baden-Powell)\n1913: Boy Scouts Beyond The Sea: My World Tour\n1915: Indian Memories (American title Memories of India)\n1915: My Adventures as a Spy\n1916: Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns\n1916: The Wolf Cub's Handbook\n1918: Girl Guiding\n1919: Aids To Scoutmastership\n1921: What Scouts Can Do: More Yarns\n1921: An Old Wolf's Favourites\n1922: Rovering to Success\n1927: Life's Snags and How to Meet Them\n1929: Scouting and Youth Movements\nest 1929: Last Message to Scouts\n1932: He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout\n1933: Lessons From the Varsity of Life\n1934: Adventures and Accidents\n1935: Scouting Round the World\n1936: Adventuring to Manhood\n1937: African Adventures\n1938: Birds and Beasts of Africa\n1939: Paddle Your Own Canoe\n1940: More Sketches Of Kenya\nMost of his books (the American editions) are available online." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nCompilations and excerpts comprised:\nB.-P.'s Outlook: Selections from the Founder's contributions to \"The Scouter\" magazine from 1909–1940." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "C. Arthur Pearson Limited." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "1955." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nAdventuring with Baden-Powell: Stories,yarns and essays." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Blandford Press." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "1956." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "ASIN B0000CJLLR." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nDr. Mario Sica, ed. (" }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "2007)." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Playing the Game: A Baden-Powell Compendium." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "MacMillan." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "ISBN 978-1-4050-8827-5." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": "\nBaden-Powell also contributed to various other books, either with an introduction or foreword, or being quoted by the author,\n1905: Ambidexterity by John Jackson\n1839: Fifty years against the stream: The story of a school in Kashmir, 1880–1930 by E.D. Tyndale-Biscoe about the Tyndale Biscoe School" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1876 Baden-Powell joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank of lieutenant." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was Mentioned in Despatches." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and in 1890 he was brevetted Major as Military Secretary and senior Aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "He was posted to Malta for three years, also working as intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He frequently travelled disguised as a butterfly collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nBaden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War, in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the Matopos Hills, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West and woodcraft (i.e. Scoutcraft), and here that he was introduced for the first time to the Montana Peaked version of a western cowboy hat, of which Stetson was a prolific manufacturer, and which also came to be known as a campaign hat and the many versatile and practical uses of a neckerchief." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nBaden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele chief Uwini, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Uwini was sentenced to be shot by firing squad by a military court, a sentence Baden-Powell confirmed." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Baden-Powell was cleared by a military court of inquiry but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Baden-Powell later claimed he was \"released without a stain on my character\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nAfter Rhodesia, Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War in Gold Coast." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the 5th Dragoon Guards in India." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nBaden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War and was engaged in further military actions against the Zulus." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer Republics, Baden-Powell amassed stores and established a garrison at Mafeking." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The subsequent Siege of Mafeking lasted 217 days." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The town had been surrounded by a Boer army, at times in excess of 8,000 men." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe siege of the small town received much attention from both the Boers and international media because Lord Edward Cecil, the son of the British Prime Minister, was besieged in the town." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions, many devised by Baden-Powell." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Baden-Powell did much reconnaissance work himself." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "In one instance, noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a successful attack." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nA contrary view expressed by historian Thomas" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1876 Baden-Powell joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank of lieutenant." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was Mentioned in Despatches." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and in 1890 he was brevetted Major as Military Secretary and senior Aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "He was posted to Malta for three years, also working as intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He frequently travelled disguised as a butterfly collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nBaden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War, in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the Matopos Hills, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West and woodcraft (i.e. Scoutcraft), and here that he was introduced for the first time to the Montana Peaked version of a western cowboy hat, of which Stetson was a prolific manufacturer, and which also came to be known as a campaign hat and the many versatile and practical uses of a neckerchief." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nBaden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele chief Uwini, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Uwini was sentenced to be shot by firing squad by a military court, a sentence Baden-Powell confirmed." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Baden-Powell was cleared by a military court of inquiry but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Baden-Powell later claimed he was \"released without a stain on my character\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nAfter Rhodesia, Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War in Gold Coast." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the 5th Dragoon Guards in India." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nBaden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War and was engaged in further military actions against the Zulus." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer Republics, Baden-Powell amassed stores and established a garrison at Mafeking." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The subsequent Siege of Mafeking lasted 217 days." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The town had been surrounded by a Boer army, at times in excess of 8,000 men." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe siege of the small town received much attention from both the Boers and international media because Lord Edward Cecil, the son of the British Prime Minister, was besieged in the town." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions, many devised by Baden-Powell." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Baden-Powell did much reconnaissance work himself." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "In one instance, noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a successful attack." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nA contrary view expressed by historian Thomas" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone which was typed on an old manual typewriter." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "A year later, she was finally given the green light (and a £1,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8,000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestlé Smarties Book Prize." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "In February, the novel won the British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, and later, the Children's Book Award." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., for US$105,000." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Rowling said that she \"nearly died\" when she heard the news." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher's Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nIts sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its first year." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all records." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a problem with the plot." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Rowling was named Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nA wait of three years occurred between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writer's block, speculations she later denied." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 16 July 2005." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was announced on 21 December 2006 as Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In February 2007, it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bu" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Rowling has received honorary degrees from St Andrews University, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Napier University, the University of Exeter (which she attended), the University of Aberdeen, and Harvard University, where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In 2009, Rowling was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In 2002, Rowling became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE) as well a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL)." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "She was furthermore recognized as Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE) in 2011 for services to Literature and Philanthropy." }, { "n_tokens": 279, "text": "\nOther awards include:\n1997: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n1998: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\n1998: British Children's Book of the Year, winner Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n1999: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\n1999: National Book Awards Children's Book of the Year, winner Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\n1999: Whitbread Children's Book of the Year, winner Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\n2000: British Book Awards, Author of the Year\n2000: Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), for services to Children's Literature\n2000: Locus Award, winner Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\n2001: Hugo Award for Best Novel, winner Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n2003: Premio Príncipe de Asturias, Concord\n2003: Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers, winner Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n2006: British Book of the Year, winner for Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince\n2007: Blue Peter Badge, Gold\n2007: Named Barbara Walters' Most Fascinating Person of the year\n2008: British Book Awards, Outstanding Achievement\n2008: The Edinburgh Award\n2010: Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award, inaugural award winner." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\n2011: British Academy Film Awards, Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Potter film series, shared with David Heyman, cast and crew." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\n2012: Freedom of the City of London\n2012: Rowling was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the Beatles' Sgt." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\n2017: Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) at the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to literature and philanthropy." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\n2018: Tony Award for Best Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child as part of the team of the Harry Potter Theatrical Productions." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "\n2019: For their first match of March 2019, the women of the United States women's national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back; Rose Lavelle chose the name of Rowling." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone which was typed on an old manual typewriter." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "A year later, she was finally given the green light (and a £1,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8,000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestlé Smarties Book Prize." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "In February, the novel won the British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, and later, the Children's Book Award." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., for US$105,000." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Rowling said that she \"nearly died\" when she heard the news." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher's Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nIts sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its first year." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all records." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a problem with the plot." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Rowling was named Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nA wait of three years occurred between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writer's block, speculations she later denied." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 16 July 2005." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was announced on 21 December 2006 as Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In February 2007, it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bu" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Rowling's sister Dianne was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The family moved to the nearby village of Winterbourne when Rowling was four." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "As a child, Rowling often wrote fantasy stories which she frequently read to her sister." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Aged nine, Rowling moved to Church Cottage in the Gloucestershire village of Tutshill, close to Chepstow, Wales." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "When she was a young teenager, her great-aunt gave her a copy of Jessica Mitford's autobiography, Hons and Rebels." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and Rowling read all of her books." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nRowling has said that her teenage years were unhappy." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Her home life was complicated by her mother's diagnosis with multiple sclerosis and a strained relationship with her father, with whom she is not on speaking terms." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Rowling later said that she based the character of Hermione Granger on herself when she was eleven." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia which she says inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "Like many teenagers, she became interested in rock music, listening to the Clash, the Smiths, and Siouxsie Sioux, adopting the look of the latter with back-combed hair and black eyeliner, a look that she would still sport when beginning university." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone which was typed on an old manual typewriter." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "A year later, she was finally given the green light (and a £1,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8,000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestlé Smarties Book Prize." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "In February, the novel won the British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, and later, the Children's Book Award." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., for US$105,000." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Rowling said that she \"nearly died\" when she heard the news." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher's Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nIts sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its first year." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all records." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a problem with the plot." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Rowling was named Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nA wait of three years occurred between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writer's block, speculations she later denied." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 16 July 2005." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was announced on 21 December 2006 as Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In February 2007, it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bu" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "An advertisement in The Guardian led Rowling to move to Porto, Portugal, to teach English as a foreign language." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "She taught at night and began writing in the day while listening to Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "After 18 months in Porto, she met Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found they shared an interest in Jane Austen." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "They married on 16 October 1992 and their child, Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford), was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Rowling had previously suffered a miscarriage." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The couple separated on 17 November 1993." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "Biographers have suggested that Rowling suffered domestic abuse during her marriage, which was later confirmed by Rowling herself, and by her first husband, who, in an article for The Sun in June 2020, said he had slapped her and did not regret it." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The United Kingdom's domestic abuse commissioner Nicole Jacobs formally advised The Sun that it was unacceptable \"to repeat and magnify the voice of someone who openly admits to violence against a partner\"." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "In December 1993, Rowling and her then infant daughter moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, to be near Rowling's sister with three chapters of what would become Harry Potter in her suitcase." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nSeven years after graduating from university, Rowling saw herself as a failure." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described her failure as liberating and allowing her to focus on writing." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "During this period, Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression and contemplated suicide." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Her illness inspired the characters known as Dementors, soul-sucking creatures introduced in the third book." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Rowling signed up for welfare benefits, describing her economic status as being \"poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nRowling was left in despair after her estranged husband arrived in Scotland, seeking both her and her daughter." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "She obtained an Order of Restraint, and Arantes returned to Portugal, with Rowling filing for divorce in August 1994." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "She began a teacher training course in August 1995 at the Moray House School of Education, at Edinburgh University, after completing her first novel while living on state benefits." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "She wrote in many cafés, especially Nicolson's Café (owned by her brother-in-law), and the Elephant House, wherever she could get Jessica to fall asleep." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "In a 2001 BBC interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, pointing out that it had heating." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Rowling stated that she wrote in cafés because coffee was available without her breaking the flow of writing, and that taking her baby out for a walk helped her to fall asleep." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the Harry Potter series." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In October 2007, she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "On 1 October 2010, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nIn 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of Harry Potter's wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material and notes." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Any profits from such a book would be given to charity." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "During a news conference at Hollywood's Kodak Theatre in 2007, Rowling, when asked how the encyclopaedia was coming along, said, \"It's not coming along, and I haven't started writing it." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "I never said it was the next thing I'd do.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "At the end of 2007, Rowling said that the encyclopaedia could take up to ten years to complete." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn June 2011, Rowling announced that future Harry Potter projects, and all electronic downloads, would be concentrated in a new website, called Pottermore." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The site includes 18,000 words of information on characters, places and objects in the Harry Potter universe." }, { "n_tokens": 69, "text": "\nIn October 2015, Rowling announced via Pottermore that a two-part play she had co-authored with playwrights Jack Thorne and John Tiffany, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, was the \"eighth Harry Potter story\" and that it would focus on the life of Harry Potter's youngest son Albus after the epilogue of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "On 28 October 2015, the first round of tickets went on sale and sold out in several hours." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Uurainen is a municipality in central Finland." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "In 2013, about 3,554 people lived there." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Nearby municipalities include Jyväskylä, Laukaa, Multia, Petäjävesi, Saarijärvi and Äänekoski." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Uurainen is a municipality in central Finland." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "In 2013, about 3,554 people lived there." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Nearby municipalities include Jyväskylä, Laukaa, Multia, Petäjävesi, Saarijärvi and Äänekoski." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Ta Kwu Ling is an area in the North District, New Territories, Hong Kong, located northeast of Sheung Shui, close to the border with mainland China." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nTa Kwu Ling is one of three new development areas currently being planned for North District, in parallel with Fanling North and Kwu Tung North." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nIts name is frequently heard in weather reports, since it often experiences the highest and lowest daily temperatures in Hong Kong, due to its inland location." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Temperatures near 0 °C (32 °F) occur once every few years, while daily minimum temperatures of 5 °C (41 °F) or less are not uncommon during winter." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nOne of the three strategic landfills in use in Hong Kong is located in Ta Kwu Ling." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nBefore 4 January 2016 parts of Ta Kwu Ling fell within the Frontier Closed Area and a Closed Area Permit was required." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "Carroll Shelby Enterprises modified Shadows into several performance-oriented vehicles such as the Shelby CSX, which was equipped with a turbocharged 2.2 L engine producing 174 hp (130 kW)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Because of the car's light weight and powerful engine in an era of government emissions choked engines, it was capable of acceleration equal or greater than that of many contemporary muscle and sports cars of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A version without the intercooler, rated at 150 hp (112 kW), was sold to Thrifty as the CSX-T." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "1989 - The Shadow/Sundance received a facelift, with the sealed-beam headlamps discarded in favor of more aerodynamic composite units." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "All-new grilles and tail lights were among the changes as well." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\n1990 - A driver's side airbag was now standard on all models and the manual transmission was modified to make shifting into reverse easier by moving from the \"left of first\" position to the \" below fifth gear\" position." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "\n1991 - A convertible version of the Shadow debuted, the same year the coupe and sedan models' \"base\" submodel was split into the entry-level \"America\" or S (S was used on Canadian market versions) version and mid-level Highline submodels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\n1992 - A Mitsubishi-built 3.0 L V6 was added to the lineup, replacing the turbocharged engines." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\n1993 - A low pressure Bendix-4 ABS was available." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "For the Sundance's first year, it was available in a single base model." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "For 1988, a higher-end RS model was available." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The RS model, which stood for Rally Sport, came with standard features that included two-tone paint, fog lights, and a leather-wrapped steering wheel." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "It was also available with a turbocharged 2.5 L inline-four engine, and other amenities like an Infinity sound system, tinted window glass, and dual power mirrors." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "For 1991, the base model split into two distinct models: entry-level America and mid-level Highline, in addition to the high-end RS." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The stripped-down America had previously been offered for the Plymouth Horizon's final year in 1990." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nFor 1992, the RS model was dropped, in favor of the revival of the Duster name for a performance version of the Sundance." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The Duster featured a 3.0 L V6, special alloy wheels, \"Duster\" graphics, a body-colored grille & trim, as well as other equipment." }, { "n_tokens": 73, "text": "Although the Sundance was criticized by some as being a poor choice to bear the \"Duster\" name, the car offered very good performance and decent handling at a low cost (only about $2,000 more than a base Sundance), which was said to be part of the reason why Chrysler used the \"Duster\" name, as those were the qualities the original car offered." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nFor the 1993 model year, the America model was replaced by a better-equipped base model." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The Highline would also be dropped for 1993." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "A mediæval church stood in St John's Street, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "This was known as All Saints in the Jewry, and previously as All Saints by the Hospital (due to its proximity to the Hospital of St John the Evangelist)." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "This was to distinguish it from the other All Saints' Church in Cambridge at the time, All Saints by the Castle, now demolished." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nBy the 13th century, the church was in the patronage of St Radegund's Nunnery, later re-established as Jesus College." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The church was rebuilt several times but by the nineteenth century was deemed too small for the growing congregation, being able to accommodate less than 400 of the 1,400 people of the parish." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Consisting of box pews, for which there was a levy, the poor were doubly excluded." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "A plot of land in Jesus Lane was donated by Jesus College and the new building was erected at its junction with Manor Road." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The old church was demolished in 1865." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The churchyard of the original church is now an open space known as All Saints' Garden and contains a memorial cross designed by Basil Champneys in 1882." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "A mediæval church stood in St John's Street, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "This was known as All Saints in the Jewry, and previously as All Saints by the Hospital (due to its proximity to the Hospital of St John the Evangelist)." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "This was to distinguish it from the other All Saints' Church in Cambridge at the time, All Saints by the Castle, now demolished." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nBy the 13th century, the church was in the patronage of St Radegund's Nunnery, later re-established as Jesus College." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The church was rebuilt several times but by the nineteenth century was deemed too small for the growing congregation, being able to accommodate less than 400 of the 1,400 people of the parish." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Consisting of box pews, for which there was a levy, the poor were doubly excluded." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "A plot of land in Jesus Lane was donated by Jesus College and the new building was erected at its junction with Manor Road." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The old church was demolished in 1865." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The churchyard of the original church is now an open space known as All Saints' Garden and contains a memorial cross designed by Basil Champneys in 1882." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The church is noted for its strikingly decorated interior, much of it to designs by Bodley." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fittings by Bodley include the alabaster font, the pulpit, south aisle screen, textiles, pews, candlesticks and tiles." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rood screen was designed in 1904 by John Morley, architect at Rattee & Kett of Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Its function was not purely liturgical as its cornice hid a large support beam which had been added to bolster the chancel arch from the massive weight of the spire." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe wall and ceiling decorations were applied by F. R. Leach & Sons and form complex, bold stencilled patterns throughout the church." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": " As well as exotic floral friezes there is much use of religious symbolism such as the Sacred Monogram and the Fleur-de-lis." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Around the upper walls are texts from the Book of Revelation (Revelation 7:9) and Psalms in the south aisle, and the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12) in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Part of the Beatitudes have been lost due to water damage to the plaster." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "One of the team of artists was David Parr who is known to have decorated his own house in similar style/designs." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "His residence is currently being restored and is due to open to the public in 2019." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe east window was designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co. It was installed in 1866 as a memorial to Lady Affleck, wife of William Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "She had lain the foundation stone of the church in 1863 and also donated £1,000 to its construction." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The twenty figures, over four rows, were individually designed by Burne-Jones (12 panes), Ford Madox Brown (4 panes) and William Morris (4 panes)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The diagonal lettering and oak leaf borders were designed by Philip Webb." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "It is most notable for its high proportion of pale, silver-tint glass, which is believed to be a rebellion against the dark, rich colours prevalent in stained glass of the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "In the north wall of the nave are three windows by Charles Eamer Kempe and one by Douglas Strachan installed in 1944 which features depictions of Elizabeth Fry, Josephine Butler, Edith Cavell and Mother Cecile Isherwood." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "There are also two south aisle windows, one by Ward & Hughes and the other by Philip Webb with possible additions by F. R. Leach." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "High is the west end window are two angels - a sun bearer and a moon bearer designed and produced by William Morris." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "There are few crossing points for the Lea Marshes." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The nearest major river crossing to the south is at Hackney Wick and to the north at Tottenham Hale." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "\nThe area contains large amounts of open space, dominated by Millfields recreation grounds, south of which is the site of the coal-fired Millfields power station, now disused except as a sub-station." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This was built in 1901, well before the creation of the National Grid in 1938, a period when power had to be generated near to the consumer." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It provided electric street lighting throughout the then Metropolitan Borough of Hackney." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nLea Bridge gives ready access to the lower reaches of the extensive Lee Valley Park, which stretches for about 42 kilometres (26.1 mi) on both banks of the river." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Next to the south side of the bridge are two public houses, the \"Princess of Wales\" and \"The Ship Aground\"." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "To the south are the Hackney Marshes, and beyond Leyton Marsh to the north are the Walthamstow Marshes and Nature Reserve." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Below the bridge, the river flows over the Middlesex Filter Beds Weir, marking the boundary with Leyton and providing the supply for the former East London Waterworks Company." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The old Middlesex Filter Beds have been converted into a nature reserve, and on the Leyton side the corresponding Essex Filter Beds are now a reserve for birds." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The Lee Navigation continues south in an artificial channel known as 'Hackney Cut', to the next lock at Old Ford (about 1.7 miles), where the natural channel rejoins the Navigation after its 2 miles (3.2 km) meander towards Leyton." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The local station for Lea Bridge is Lea Bridge railway station on the Lea Valley lines." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Lea Bridge Road is well served by buses having eight bus routes in total, two of which are night routes, and one 24-hour route." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Buses in the area include routes 48, 55, 56, 58 and W19, with the addition of night routes N38, N55 and 24-hour operated route 158." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "A field study conducted around Albany found the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus) sometimes visit Banksia coccinea, as do the New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), white-cheeked honeyeater (P. nigra), and western spinebill (Acanthorhynchus superciliosus)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Banksia coccinea flowers are visited by colletid bees Hylaeus alcyoneus and H. sanguinipictus." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The short-billed black cockatoo breaks off old cones with follicles to eat the seed, often doing so before the seed is ripe." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nB. coccinea is killed by fire and regenerates afterwards from seed released from burnt follicles." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "It has is some degree of serotiny, that is, it has an aerial seed bank in its canopy in the form of the follicles of the old flower spikes." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "However, numbers of seed are less than other co-occurring species of banksia on the southern plains and peak several years after a fire." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Unusually for banksias, B. coccinea can release seed with resulting seedlings growing in the absence of a bushfire trigger." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Plants flower and fruit three years after germination and are shorter-lived than other banksias, appearing in poor health or dying before 20 years of age." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "They hence appear to be suited to fire intervals of less than 20 years." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nManipulating growing conditions on plants in cultivation showed that longer daylight (16 hours vs 8 hours) led to development of more flower spikes, indicating that flower initiation was related to day length." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nExtremely sensitive to dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Banksia coccinea is an indicator species for the presence of the disease." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "There is no known means of eradicating dieback." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Much of the Stirling Range National Park is infested, though Fitzgerald River National Park has been largely spared." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Applying phosphite to infested areas has been shown to reduce the mortality rates to around 50%." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "B. coccinea has shown some symptoms of toxicity to application of phosphite, with some patchy necrosis of leaves, but the plant's uptake of the compound is somewhat lower compared with uptake by other shrub species." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Unusually, the symptoms do not appear to be proportional to exposure levels." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nDying stands of B. coccinea were observed in 1989, and the fungus Cryptodiaporthe melanocraspedia isolated as the cause in 1995." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The disease, a form of aerial canker, manifested initially as dead dry brown leaves and the tips of new growth." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Plants would die from the top downwards, with larger branches affected over time." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Under the outer bark, orange and brown patches of necrosis spread out from leaf nodes until they encircle the stem, which then dies." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Flower spikes may be affected during flowering season." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In humid spells during warm weather, white or pink spore tendrils are produced on dead wood." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "One affected stand monitored over three years from October 1989 to June 1992 showed a 97% mortality of plants (compared with a baseline 40%)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Investigators Bryan Shearer and colleagues isolated another virulent pathogen that they identified as a species of Zythiostroma, however it appeared to invoke an immune response in the plant." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "This immune response, coupled with the fact that it had not been observed in the wild, led them to believe it was not a major pathogen of the species." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "This species has since been reclassified and named as Luteocirrhus shearii." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nB. coccinea is a host for the gall midge Dasineura banksiae, a species of fly that attacks and lays eggs on the leaves between late October and early December." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The round white hairy galls are 5–7 mm in diameter and generally contain one larva, or up to five on severely infested plants." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The larvae moult and feed until January to March, when they reduce activity until early October." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Although these are not harmful to the plant, they disfigure the cut foliage and hence reduce its value." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "B. coccinea occurs close to the south coast of Western Australia, from the Hay River northeast of Denmark Albany in the west, east to Stokes National Park southeast of Munglinup and inland to the Stirling Range and the northern border of Fitzgerald River National Park." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Around 47% of plants are protected in conservation areas, while 13% are located on road verges." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "It prefers deep white or grey sand, among tall shrubland, heath, mallee-heath, associated with such species as Banksia baxteri, B. speciosa, B. attenuata and Lambertia inermis, or low open woodland in the Stirling Range and near Albany, where it is found with Eucalyptus marginata, Banksia attenuata and B. ilicifolia." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Most of its range has a gently undulating topography, but it also occurs on a steep rocky slope at Ellen Peak in the Stirling Ranges." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The annual rainfall is 400–800 mm (16–31 in)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The scarlet banksia grows as an erect shrub or small tree, generally around 2–4 m (6.6–13.1 ft) tall, with little lateral spread." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "However, it can reach 8 metres (26 ft) in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) thick and lacking in lenticels." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Peaking in the summer months, the pinkish-brown new growth is densely hairy." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The oblong, cordate or obcordate leaves are 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long and 2–7 cm (0.8–2.8 in) wide, with 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long petioles." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Truncate at the apex, they have dentate margins with small (1–3 mm long) teeth 3–18 mm (0.12–0.71 in) apart, separated by shallow u- or v-shaped sinuses." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The upper surface is covered in fine fur when young and becomes smooth with age, while the undersurface is covered with white fur, particularly along the midrib." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe process of flowering takes 9–12 months; the stems begin developing microscopically in spring, with no visible evidence of flower spike development for around five months before the buds actually appear." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The distinctive inflorescences arise from the ends of one-year-old branchlets." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Squat and roughly cylindrical, they are 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) high and 8–10 cm (3–4 in) wide." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The perianth is 3–3.2 cm (1.2–1.3 in) long, while the style is 4–4.8 cm (1.6–1.9 in) long and strongly recurved or looped until they are released at anthesis." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Anthesis is acropetal, that is, the flowers open from the base up the spike to the apex." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nThe flowers of all banksias arise in a spiral pattern around the flower spike axis; however in Banksia coccinea they develop into distinctive vertical columns, which are strongly accentuated by large gaps in between." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Paired in columns, the red styles contrast with the grey-white perianth making a striking flower spike." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Each follicle is 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long, 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) high, and 2–3 mm (c. 0.1 in) wide and usually opens with fire." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The 1.1–1.4 cm (0.43–0.55 in) long seed is composed of the cuneate (wedge-shaped) seed body proper, measuring 0.5–0.7 cm (0.2–0.3 in) long and 0.4–0.7 cm (0.2–0.3 in) wide, and a papery wing." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "One side, termed the outer surface, is grey-black and wrinkled and the other—the inner surface—protrudes and is black and glistening." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The seeds are separated by a dark brown seed separator that is roughly the same shape as the seeds with a depression where the seed body sits adjacent to it in the follicle." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It measures 1.1–1.4 cm (0.4–0.6 in) long and 0.7–0.8 cm (0.3–0.3 in) wide." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The dull green cotyledons of seedlings are 0.8–0.9 cm (0.3–0.4 in) long and 0.5–0.6 cm (0.2–0.2 in) wide, described by Alex George as \"cuneate to obovate\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Each cotyledon has a 1 mm (0.04 in) auricle at its base." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The thick, smooth hypocotyl is 1 cm (0.5 in) high and 1.5 mm thick." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The seedling leaves are crowded above the cotyledons and linear to spathulate in shape, with recurved and deeply serrated margins with v-shaped sinuses, almost dividing the leaves into triangular lobes." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The first pair are 0.8–1.2 cm (0.3–0.5 in) long, with the next 2–4 leaves up to 1.7 cm (0.7 in) long." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Successive leaves are more obovate in shape and up to 4 cm (2 in) long and 1.4 cm (0.6 in) wide." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The seedling stems are covered in white hair." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The first known specimens of Banksia coccinea were collected in December 1801, during the visit to King George Sound of HMS Investigator under the command of Matthew Flinders." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "On board were botanist Robert Brown, botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer, and gardener Peter Good." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "All three men gathered plant specimens, but those collected by Bauer and Good were incorporated into Brown's herbarium without attribution, so it is not possible to identify the actual collector of this species." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The surviving specimen of B. coccinea, held by the Natural History Museum in London, is annotated in Brown's hand \"King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory\"." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "No further information on the collection is available, as the species is mentioned in neither Brown's nor Good's diary." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nGood also made a separate seed collection, which included B. coccinea, and the species was drawn by Bauer." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Like nearly all of Bauer's field drawings of Proteaceae, the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "However a watercolour painting by Bauer, based on his field sketches, still survives at the Natural History Museum in London, and a hand-coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843, now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Common names include scarlet banksia, waratah banksia and Albany banksia." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nBrown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, its species name derived from the Latin coccineus, meaning \"scarlet\", and referring to the pistils." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": "He recorded 31 species of Banksia in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, and, in his taxonomic arrangement, placed the taxon in the subgenus Banksia verae, the \"true banksias\", because the inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847, into four series based on leaf properties." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "He placed B. coccinea in the series Quercinae." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nGeorge Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Bentham defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen-presenter characters." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nIn 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name Banksia L.f.," }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1775 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, republishing B. coccinea as Sirmuellera coccinea." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The challenge failed, and Banksia L.f." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "was formally conserved." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nAlex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (" }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Proteaceae)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia, and was divided into three sections." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series—Banksia series Coccineae—within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters, namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike, combined with the branched open habit, broad leaves and very small follicles." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers, but do not wholly exhibit the other characters." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nKevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus in 1996; their morphological cladistic analysis yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "They were uncertain of B. coccinea's placement as it had highly autapomorphic characteristics which made analysis of its relationships difficult." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "Hence, in t" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The scarlet banksia grows as an erect shrub or small tree, generally around 2–4 m (6.6–13.1 ft) tall, with little lateral spread." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "However, it can reach 8 metres (26 ft) in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) thick and lacking in lenticels." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Peaking in the summer months, the pinkish-brown new growth is densely hairy." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The oblong, cordate or obcordate leaves are 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long and 2–7 cm (0.8–2.8 in) wide, with 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long petioles." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Truncate at the apex, they have dentate margins with small (1–3 mm long) teeth 3–18 mm (0.12–0.71 in) apart, separated by shallow u- or v-shaped sinuses." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The upper surface is covered in fine fur when young and becomes smooth with age, while the undersurface is covered with white fur, particularly along the midrib." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe process of flowering takes 9–12 months; the stems begin developing microscopically in spring, with no visible evidence of flower spike development for around five months before the buds actually appear." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The distinctive inflorescences arise from the ends of one-year-old branchlets." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Squat and roughly cylindrical, they are 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) high and 8–10 cm (3–4 in) wide." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The perianth is 3–3.2 cm (1.2–1.3 in) long, while the style is 4–4.8 cm (1.6–1.9 in) long and strongly recurved or looped until they are released at anthesis." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Anthesis is acropetal, that is, the flowers open from the base up the spike to the apex." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nThe flowers of all banksias arise in a spiral pattern around the flower spike axis; however in Banksia coccinea they develop into distinctive vertical columns, which are strongly accentuated by large gaps in between." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Paired in columns, the red styles contrast with the grey-white perianth making a striking flower spike." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Each follicle is 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long, 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) high, and 2–3 mm (c. 0.1 in) wide and usually opens with fire." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The 1.1–1.4 cm (0.43–0.55 in) long seed is composed of the cuneate (wedge-shaped) seed body proper, measuring 0.5–0.7 cm (0.2–0.3 in) long and 0.4–0.7 cm (0.2–0.3 in) wide, and a papery wing." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "One side, termed the outer surface, is grey-black and wrinkled and the other—the inner surface—protrudes and is black and glistening." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The seeds are separated by a dark brown seed separator that is roughly the same shape as the seeds with a depression where the seed body sits adjacent to it in the follicle." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It measures 1.1–1.4 cm (0.4–0.6 in) long and 0.7–0.8 cm (0.3–0.3 in) wide." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The dull green cotyledons of seedlings are 0.8–0.9 cm (0.3–0.4 in) long and 0.5–0.6 cm (0.2–0.2 in) wide, described by Alex George as \"cuneate to obovate\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Each cotyledon has a 1 mm (0.04 in) auricle at its base." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The thick, smooth hypocotyl is 1 cm (0.5 in) high and 1.5 mm thick." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The seedling leaves are crowded above the cotyledons and linear to spathulate in shape, with recurved and deeply serrated margins with v-shaped sinuses, almost dividing the leaves into triangular lobes." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The first pair are 0.8–1.2 cm (0.3–0.5 in) long, with the next 2–4 leaves up to 1.7 cm (0.7 in) long." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Successive leaves are more obovate in shape and up to 4 cm (2 in) long and 1.4 cm (0.6 in) wide." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The seedling stems are covered in white hair." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Felix Agnus was born in Lyon, France, on 4 July 1839, to Etienne Agnus and Anne née Bernerra Agnus." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was educated at College Jolie Clair, near Paris, and, in 1852, set out on a voyage around the world for four years." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Upon returning, Agnus studied sculpting." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "He abandoned school to fight in the Franco-Austrian War." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "He served in the 3rd Regiment, and fought in the Battle of Montebello." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "When the war ended in 1859, he emigrated from France first to Newport, Rhode Island, and later New York City, where he worked for Tiffany and Company." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Vevo Certified Award honors artists with over 100 million views on Vevo and its partners (including YouTube) through special features on the Vevo website." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It was launched in June 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The first ever artist to reach 100,000,000 views was Avril Lavigne through her \"Girlfriend\" music video, though the video was not on Vevo at the time." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Shakira holds the record for the most Vevo certified videos with 37 videos at over 100 million views." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "On June 1, 1955, Japanese businessman Masaya Nakamura founded Nakamura Seisakusho in Tokyo." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Nakamura used US$3,000 to purchase two mechanical rocking horse rides and install them in the roof garden of a Yokohama department store." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Each day Nakamura cleaned up and repaired the rides if needed, and greeted the mothers of the children that visited." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Nakamura also created a \"goldfish scooping\" game for the same store, however the fish were killed during a typhoon." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Nakamura Seisakusho was renamed to Nakamura Manufacturing Company in 1959, and a few years later in the early 1960s Nakamura made a deal with the Mitsukoshi chain to install a children's ride atop their store in Nihonbashi, Tokyo." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "The ride, named the \"Roadaway Race\", was a moving mechanical train that proved to be very popular among children, leading Mitsukoshi to request that Nakamura and his company install similar rides for all their stores." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nWith business doing well, Nakamura Manufacturing began constructing different types of mechanical games." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "One such game was Periscope in 1965, which Nakamura claimed to be the first he designed himself." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "A new manufacturing plant was opened up in 1966 so that the company could construct their own mechanical rides; the same year, Nakamura struck a deal with Walt Disney Productions to produce children's rides using the likenesses of their characters." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "In 1971, Nakamura Manufacturing began releasing games under the name \"Namco\", an acronym of their name, and began production of several coin-operated electro-mechanical arcade games, such as Racer in 1970 and Formula-X in 1972." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Nakamura Manufacturing also created a robotics division, led by Shigeki Toyama, that produced robots for use in entertainment centers and other locations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Mallett Street campus: The Mallett Street campus is home of the Sydney Nursing School." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "\nCumberland campus: Formerly an independent institution (the Cumberland College of Health Sciences), the Cumberland campus in the Sydney suburb of Lidcombe was incorporated into the university as part of the higher education reforms of the late 1980s." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "It is home to the Faculty of Health Sciences, which covers various allied health disciplines, including physiotherapy, speech pathology, radiation therapy, occupational therapy, as well as exercise science and behavioural and social sciences in health." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nThe Sydney Dental Hospital located in Surry Hills and the Westmead Centre for Oral Health which is attached to Westmead Hospital." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nRozelle Campus: The Sydney College of the Arts (SCA) is based in a former sanitorium in the Sydney suburb of Rozelle, overlooking Port Jackson." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The college specialises in the fine (visual) arts." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "\nSydney Conservatorium of Music: Formerly the NSW State Conservatorium of Music, the Sydney Conservatorium of Music (SCM) is located in the Sydney CBD on the edge of Sydney's Royal Botanic Garden, a short distance from the Sydney Opera House." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "It became a faculty of the university in the 1990s and incorporates the main campus Department of Music, which was the subject of the documentary Facing the Music." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nCamden campus: Located in one of the most rapidly growing peri-urban areas in the country, Sydney's southwest." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Camden campus houses lecture theatres, research institutes, veterinary clinics and research farms for bioscience, environmental science, agriculture and veterinary science." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nSydney CBD Campus: The University of Sydney Business School CBD Campus is located on Castlereagh Street in the heart of Sydney's CBD close to Town Hall station." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The CBD Campus is a convenient, central-Sydney location primarily for participants in the business school's two highly reputed programs - Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Management (MMGT)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The CBD Campus has been purpose-designed by award-winning design studio Geyer to facilitate transformative management education." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThe university also uses a number of other facilities for its teaching activities." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nSydney Medical School has eight clinical schools at its affiliated hospitals, responsible for clinical education at the hospitals." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nOne Tree Island is an island situated within the World Heritage Site Great Barrier Reef Marine Park about 20 km east-southeast of Heron Island and about 90 km east-northeast of Gladstone on the Queensland coast, and hosts a tropical marine research station of the School of Geosciences." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe IA Watson Grains Research Centre located at Narrabri in north-central New South Wales is a research station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThe Molonglo Observatory is located in the Australian Capital Territory." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nManingrida is a base camp for scientific expeditions in the Northern Territory." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nArthursleigh is an agricultural estate located near Goulburn." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "An art studio is located in Paris, France, while the Australian Archaeology Centre is located in Athens, Greece." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nTaylors College at Waterloo in Sydney is operated by the university for its Foundation Program, catering to international students wishing to enter the university." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "When averaging the world's major rankings, The University of Sydney (56) appears to be ranked third in Australia, behind The University of Queensland (47) and The University of Melbourne (40)." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe 2021 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Sydney 40th in the world, second nationally and top-ranked university in New South Wales." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It is ranked 25th in the world by academic reputation." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "By Subject, QS ranked the University of Sydney in the top 50 across all five broad subject areas." }, { "n_tokens": 97, "text": "\n15th in Arts and Humanities\n39th in Engineering and Technology\n15th in Life Sciences and Medicine\n43rd in Natural Sciences\n14th in Social Sciences and Management\nAdditionally, Sydney is ranked 2nd in Sports-related Subjects, 10th in Anatomy & Physiology, 11th in Veterinary Science, 12th in Education, 14th in Law and Legal Studies, 15th in Nursing, 16th in Architecture, 18th in Accounting and Finance, 18th in English Language and Literature, 18th in Medicine and 18th in Pharmacy and Pharmacology." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nThe 2018 QS Graduate Employability Rankings ranked University of Sydney graduates 4th most employable in the world, 1st in Australia, and 2nd in the Asia Pacific region." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": " In 2012, a human resources consultancy in Paris conducted a survey of recruiters in 20 countries and ranked Sydney as 49th in the world for employability." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nThe Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 ranked the University of Sydney 59th in the world and 3rd in Australia, ahead of UNSW at 96th and 5th respectively." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe University of Sydney Business School has cemented its place among the world's leading providers of business education with accreditation from AMBA, a leading authority on postgraduate management studies, thereby achieving the top one percent \"triple crown\" status." }, { "n_tokens": 93, "text": "\nBy subject area, the University of Sydney is ranked: \n58th in Arts and Humanities\n37th in Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health\n76th in Engineering and Technology\n47th in Life Sciences\n97th in Physical Sciences\n68th in Social Sciences\n83rd in Business and Economics\n101-125th in Computer Science\n33rd in Law\n24th in Education\n65th in Psychology\nThe Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings 2017 ranked Sydney as 61st-70th most reputable in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nIn 2019, it ranked 33rd among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe 2020 US News & World Report's Best Global Universities ranking placed Sydney 27th in the world and 2nd in Australasia." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In the 2019 Shanghai Ranking published by the Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, the University of Sydney was ranked in the 80th and in the top 0.6% of universities in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Sydney is ranked 1st in Australia and 29th overall in the 2017 CWTS Leiden Rankings for research impact." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nIn the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities 2015 by National Taiwan University, Sydney is ranked 36th in the world, 3rd in the Asia Pacific and 2nd in Australia." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe prestigious London based Financial Times has ranked the University of Sydney Business School's flagship Master of Management as Australia's number one program of its kind for the seventh consecutive year." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The Master of Management (MMgt) program was also ranked in the world’s top 5 for “career progress” made by its graduates." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nIn terms of alumni wealth, the number of wealthy Sydney alumni was ranked fifth outside the United States, behind Oxford, Mumbai, Cambridge and LSE according to the ABC NEWS." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": " Business magazine Spear's placed the University of Sydney 44th in the world and 2nd in Australia in its table of \"World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires\"." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, and The Huffington Post, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOriginally housed in what is now Sydney Grammar School, in 1855 the government granted land in Grose Farm to the university, three kilometres from the city, which is now the main Camperdown campus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In 1854 the architect Edmund Blacket accepted a senate invitation for the first buildings to be designed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1858 the Great Hall was finished, and in 1859 the Main Building was built." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He composed the original Neo-Gothic sandstone Quadrangle and Great Tower buildings, which were completed in 1862." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The rapid expansion of the university in the mid-20th century resulted in the acquisition of land in Darlington across City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The Camperdown/Darlington campus houses the university's administrative headquarters, and the Faculties of Arts, Science, Education and Social Work, Pharmacy, Veterinary Science, Economics and Business, Architecture, and Engineering." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It is also the home base of the large Sydney Medical School, which has numerous affiliated teaching hospitals across the state." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nThe main campus is also the focus of the university's student life, with the student-run University of Sydney Union (once referred to as \"the Union\", but now known as \"the USU\") in possession of three buildings – Wentworth, Manning and Holme Buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These buildings house a large proportion of the university's catering outlets, and provide space for recreational rooms, bars and function centres." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "One of the largest activities organised by the Union is Welcome Week (formerly Orientation Week or 'O-week'), a three-day festival at the start of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Welcome Week centres on stalls set up by clubs and societies on the Front Lawns." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe main campus is home to a variety of statues, artworks, and monuments." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These include the Gilgamesh Statue and the Confucius Statue." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nSome other architects associated with the University were Walter Liberty Vernon, Walter Burley Griffin, Leslie Wilkinson, and the Government Architect's Office." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The building was designed in accordance with the university's masterplanning by the architect and founding dean of the university's architecture faculty Leslie Wilkinson, who himself was inspired by a previously unused masterplan developed for the campus by Walter Burley Griffin in 1915." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "\nThe 2002 conservation plan of the university stated that the Main Building and Quadrangle, Anderson Stuart Building, Gate Lodges, St Paul's College, St John's College and St Andrew's College \"comprise what is arguably the most important group of Gothic and Tudor Revival style architecture in Australia, and the landscape and grounds features associated with these buildings, including Victoria Park, contribute to and support the existence and appreciation of their architectural qualities and aesthetic significance.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nIn 2015 The NSW Department of Planning and Environment endorsed The University of Sydney's $1.4 billion Campus Improvement Plan which involved a number of new important structures and renovations." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nAs of 2016 the university is undertaking a large capital works program with the aim of revitalising the campus and providing more office, teaching and student space." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The program will see the amalgamation of the smaller science and technical libraries into a larger library, and the construction of a central administration and student services building along City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A new building for the School of Information Technologies opened in late 2006 and has been located on a site adjacent to the Seymour Centre." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The busy Eastern Avenue thoroughfare has been transformed into a pedestrian plaza and a new footbridge has been built over City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The new home for the Sydney Law School, located alongside Fisher Library on the site of the old Edgeworth David and Stephen Roberts buildings, has been completed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The university has opened a new building called \"Abercrombie building\" for business scho" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "When averaging the world's major rankings, The University of Sydney (56) appears to be ranked third in Australia, behind The University of Queensland (47) and The University of Melbourne (40)." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe 2021 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Sydney 40th in the world, second nationally and top-ranked university in New South Wales." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It is ranked 25th in the world by academic reputation." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "By Subject, QS ranked the University of Sydney in the top 50 across all five broad subject areas." }, { "n_tokens": 97, "text": "\n15th in Arts and Humanities\n39th in Engineering and Technology\n15th in Life Sciences and Medicine\n43rd in Natural Sciences\n14th in Social Sciences and Management\nAdditionally, Sydney is ranked 2nd in Sports-related Subjects, 10th in Anatomy & Physiology, 11th in Veterinary Science, 12th in Education, 14th in Law and Legal Studies, 15th in Nursing, 16th in Architecture, 18th in Accounting and Finance, 18th in English Language and Literature, 18th in Medicine and 18th in Pharmacy and Pharmacology." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nThe 2018 QS Graduate Employability Rankings ranked University of Sydney graduates 4th most employable in the world, 1st in Australia, and 2nd in the Asia Pacific region." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": " In 2012, a human resources consultancy in Paris conducted a survey of recruiters in 20 countries and ranked Sydney as 49th in the world for employability." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nThe Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 ranked the University of Sydney 59th in the world and 3rd in Australia, ahead of UNSW at 96th and 5th respectively." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe University of Sydney Business School has cemented its place among the world's leading providers of business education with accreditation from AMBA, a leading authority on postgraduate management studies, thereby achieving the top one percent \"triple crown\" status." }, { "n_tokens": 93, "text": "\nBy subject area, the University of Sydney is ranked: \n58th in Arts and Humanities\n37th in Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health\n76th in Engineering and Technology\n47th in Life Sciences\n97th in Physical Sciences\n68th in Social Sciences\n83rd in Business and Economics\n101-125th in Computer Science\n33rd in Law\n24th in Education\n65th in Psychology\nThe Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings 2017 ranked Sydney as 61st-70th most reputable in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nIn 2019, it ranked 33rd among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe 2020 US News & World Report's Best Global Universities ranking placed Sydney 27th in the world and 2nd in Australasia." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In the 2019 Shanghai Ranking published by the Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, the University of Sydney was ranked in the 80th and in the top 0.6% of universities in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Sydney is ranked 1st in Australia and 29th overall in the 2017 CWTS Leiden Rankings for research impact." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nIn the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities 2015 by National Taiwan University, Sydney is ranked 36th in the world, 3rd in the Asia Pacific and 2nd in Australia." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe prestigious London based Financial Times has ranked the University of Sydney Business School's flagship Master of Management as Australia's number one program of its kind for the seventh consecutive year." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The Master of Management (MMgt) program was also ranked in the world’s top 5 for “career progress” made by its graduates." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nIn terms of alumni wealth, the number of wealthy Sydney alumni was ranked fifth outside the United States, behind Oxford, Mumbai, Cambridge and LSE according to the ABC NEWS." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": " Business magazine Spear's placed the University of Sydney 44th in the world and 2nd in Australia in its table of \"World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires\"." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The University's significant art, natural history and antiquities collections are organised into a number of collections." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe Nicholson Museum of Antiquities contains the largest and most prestigious collection of antiquities in Australia." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The museum was founded in 1860 by the donation of Sir Charles Nicholson (Sydney University's second chancellor 1854-1862)." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "It is also the country's oldest university museum, and features ancient artefacts from Egypt, the Middle East, Greece, Rome, Cyprus and Mesopotamia, collected by the university over many years and added to by recent archaeological expeditions." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The museum is located in the historic Main Quadrangle at the University of Sydney and open freely to general public." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThe Macleay Museum is named after Alexander Macleay, whose collection of insects begun in the late eighteenth century was the basis upon which the museum was founded." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "It has developed into an extraordinary collection of natural history specimens, ethnographic artefacts, scientific instruments and historic photographs." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nThe University Art Collection was founded in the 1860s and contains more than 7,000 pieces, constantly growing through donation, bequests, and acquisition." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "It is housed in several different places, including the Sir Hermann Black Gallery and the War Memorial Art Gallery." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nThe University Art Gallery opened in 1959." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The Gallery hosted numerous exhibitions until 1972, when it was taken over for office space." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It reopened in 1995 and continues to present a regularly changing program." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe Rare Books Library is a part of the Fisher Library and holds 185,000 books and manuscripts which are rare, valuable or fragile, including eighty medieval manuscripts, works by Galileo, Halley and Copernicus and an extensive collection of Australiana." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The copy of the Gospel of Barnabas, and a first edition of Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Sir Isaac Newton are held here." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Regular exhibitions of rare books are held in the exhibition room." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nIn late 2020, a new museum will open and will combine the Nicholson, Macleay and University Art collections into one institution called the Chau Chak Wing Museum." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The new museum is named after Chau Chak Wing, a Chinese businessman." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "In February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St John's College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research, now the Charles Perkins Centre, the first new research building to be built on campus in over 40 years." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "As a Roman Catholic institution, in handing over the land St John's placed limitations on the type of medical research which could be conducted on the premises, seeking to preserve the essence of the college's mission." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "However, this was rejected by the university's administration because the building was not intended for this purpose and there were many other facilities in close proximity where such research could take place." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nIn 2010 the university received a rarely seen Pablo Picasso painting from the private collection of an anonymous donor." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The painting, Jeune Fille Endormie, which had never been publicly seen since 1939, depicts the artist's lover, Marie-Thérèse Walter and was donated on the strict understanding that it would be sold and the proceeds directed to medical research." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In June 2011, the painting was auctioned at Christie's in London and sold for £13.5 million ($20.6 million AUD)." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The proceeds of the sale funded the establishment of many endowed professorial chairs at the yet to be constructed Charles Perkins Centre, where a room dedicated to the painting, now exists." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nAt the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a more modern look." }, { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "There have been stylistic changes, the main one being the coat of arm's mantling, the shape of the escutcheon (shield), the removal of the motto scroll, and also others more subtle within the arms itself, such as the mane and fur of the lion, the number of lines in the open book and the colouration." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, such as on testamurs." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nConcerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal government's proposal to deregulate student fees." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "The university held a wide-ranging consultation process, which included a \"town hall meeting\" at the university's Great Hall 25 August 2014, where an audience of students, staff and alumni expressed deep concern about the government's plans and called on university leadership to lobby against the proposals." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Spence took a leading position among Australian vice-chancellors in repeatedly calling throughout 2014 for any change to funding to not undermine equitable access to university while arguing for fee deregulation to raise course costs for the majority of higher education students." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn order to further enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, and The Huffington Post, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOriginally housed in what is now Sydney Grammar School, in 1855 the government granted land in Grose Farm to the university, three kilometres from the city, which is now the main Camperdown campus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In 1854 the architect Edmund Blacket accepted a senate invitation for the first buildings to be designed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1858 the Great Hall was finished, and in 1859 the Main Building was built." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He composed the original Neo-Gothic sandstone Quadrangle and Great Tower buildings, which were completed in 1862." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The rapid expansion of the university in the mid-20th century resulted in the acquisition of land in Darlington across City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The Camperdown/Darlington campus houses the university's administrative headquarters, and the Faculties of Arts, Science, Education and Social Work, Pharmacy, Veterinary Science, Economics and Business, Architecture, and Engineering." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It is also the home base of the large Sydney Medical School, which has numerous affiliated teaching hospitals across the state." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nThe main campus is also the focus of the university's student life, with the student-run University of Sydney Union (once referred to as \"the Union\", but now known as \"the USU\") in possession of three buildings – Wentworth, Manning and Holme Buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These buildings house a large proportion of the university's catering outlets, and provide space for recreational rooms, bars and function centres." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "One of the largest activities organised by the Union is Welcome Week (formerly Orientation Week or 'O-week'), a three-day festival at the start of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Welcome Week centres on stalls set up by clubs and societies on the Front Lawns." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe main campus is home to a variety of statues, artworks, and monuments." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These include the Gilgamesh Statue and the Confucius Statue." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nSome other architects associated with the University were Walter Liberty Vernon, Walter Burley Griffin, Leslie Wilkinson, and the Government Architect's Office." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The building was designed in accordance with the university's masterplanning by the architect and founding dean of the university's architecture faculty Leslie Wilkinson, who himself was inspired by a previously unused masterplan developed for the campus by Walter Burley Griffin in 1915." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "\nThe 2002 conservation plan of the university stated that the Main Building and Quadrangle, Anderson Stuart Building, Gate Lodges, St Paul's College, St John's College and St Andrew's College \"comprise what is arguably the most important group of Gothic and Tudor Revival style architecture in Australia, and the landscape and grounds features associated with these buildings, including Victoria Park, contribute to and support the existence and appreciation of their architectural qualities and aesthetic significance.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nIn 2015 The NSW Department of Planning and Environment endorsed The University of Sydney's $1.4 billion Campus Improvement Plan which involved a number of new important structures and renovations." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nAs of 2016 the university is undertaking a large capital works program with the aim of revitalising the campus and providing more office, teaching and student space." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The program will see the amalgamation of the smaller science and technical libraries into a larger library, and the construction of a central administration and student services building along City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A new building for the School of Information Technologies opened in late 2006 and has been located on a site adjacent to the Seymour Centre." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The busy Eastern Avenue thoroughfare has been transformed into a pedestrian plaza and a new footbridge has been built over City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The new home for the Sydney Law School, located alongside Fisher Library on the site of the old Edgeworth David and Stephen Roberts buildings, has been completed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The university has opened a new building called \"Abercrombie building\" for business scho" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, and The Huffington Post, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOriginally housed in what is now Sydney Grammar School, in 1855 the government granted land in Grose Farm to the university, three kilometres from the city, which is now the main Camperdown campus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In 1854 the architect Edmund Blacket accepted a senate invitation for the first buildings to be designed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1858 the Great Hall was finished, and in 1859 the Main Building was built." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He composed the original Neo-Gothic sandstone Quadrangle and Great Tower buildings, which were completed in 1862." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The rapid expansion of the university in the mid-20th century resulted in the acquisition of land in Darlington across City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The Camperdown/Darlington campus houses the university's administrative headquarters, and the Faculties of Arts, Science, Education and Social Work, Pharmacy, Veterinary Science, Economics and Business, Architecture, and Engineering." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It is also the home base of the large Sydney Medical School, which has numerous affiliated teaching hospitals across the state." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nThe main campus is also the focus of the university's student life, with the student-run University of Sydney Union (once referred to as \"the Union\", but now known as \"the USU\") in possession of three buildings – Wentworth, Manning and Holme Buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These buildings house a large proportion of the university's catering outlets, and provide space for recreational rooms, bars and function centres." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "One of the largest activities organised by the Union is Welcome Week (formerly Orientation Week or 'O-week'), a three-day festival at the start of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Welcome Week centres on stalls set up by clubs and societies on the Front Lawns." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe main campus is home to a variety of statues, artworks, and monuments." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These include the Gilgamesh Statue and the Confucius Statue." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nSome other architects associated with the University were Walter Liberty Vernon, Walter Burley Griffin, Leslie Wilkinson, and the Government Architect's Office." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The building was designed in accordance with the university's masterplanning by the architect and founding dean of the university's architecture faculty Leslie Wilkinson, who himself was inspired by a previously unused masterplan developed for the campus by Walter Burley Griffin in 1915." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "\nThe 2002 conservation plan of the university stated that the Main Building and Quadrangle, Anderson Stuart Building, Gate Lodges, St Paul's College, St John's College and St Andrew's College \"comprise what is arguably the most important group of Gothic and Tudor Revival style architecture in Australia, and the landscape and grounds features associated with these buildings, including Victoria Park, contribute to and support the existence and appreciation of their architectural qualities and aesthetic significance.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nIn 2015 The NSW Department of Planning and Environment endorsed The University of Sydney's $1.4 billion Campus Improvement Plan which involved a number of new important structures and renovations." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nAs of 2016 the university is undertaking a large capital works program with the aim of revitalising the campus and providing more office, teaching and student space." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The program will see the amalgamation of the smaller science and technical libraries into a larger library, and the construction of a central administration and student services building along City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A new building for the School of Information Technologies opened in late 2006 and has been located on a site adjacent to the Seymour Centre." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The busy Eastern Avenue thoroughfare has been transformed into a pedestrian plaza and a new footbridge has been built over City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The new home for the Sydney Law School, located alongside Fisher Library on the site of the old Edgeworth David and Stephen Roberts buildings, has been completed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The university has opened a new building called \"Abercrombie building\" for business scho" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, and The Huffington Post, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOriginally housed in what is now Sydney Grammar School, in 1855 the government granted land in Grose Farm to the university, three kilometres from the city, which is now the main Camperdown campus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In 1854 the architect Edmund Blacket accepted a senate invitation for the first buildings to be designed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1858 the Great Hall was finished, and in 1859 the Main Building was built." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He composed the original Neo-Gothic sandstone Quadrangle and Great Tower buildings, which were completed in 1862." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The rapid expansion of the university in the mid-20th century resulted in the acquisition of land in Darlington across City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The Camperdown/Darlington campus houses the university's administrative headquarters, and the Faculties of Arts, Science, Education and Social Work, Pharmacy, Veterinary Science, Economics and Business, Architecture, and Engineering." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It is also the home base of the large Sydney Medical School, which has numerous affiliated teaching hospitals across the state." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nThe main campus is also the focus of the university's student life, with the student-run University of Sydney Union (once referred to as \"the Union\", but now known as \"the USU\") in possession of three buildings – Wentworth, Manning and Holme Buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These buildings house a large proportion of the university's catering outlets, and provide space for recreational rooms, bars and function centres." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "One of the largest activities organised by the Union is Welcome Week (formerly Orientation Week or 'O-week'), a three-day festival at the start of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Welcome Week centres on stalls set up by clubs and societies on the Front Lawns." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe main campus is home to a variety of statues, artworks, and monuments." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These include the Gilgamesh Statue and the Confucius Statue." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nSome other architects associated with the University were Walter Liberty Vernon, Walter Burley Griffin, Leslie Wilkinson, and the Government Architect's Office." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The building was designed in accordance with the university's masterplanning by the architect and founding dean of the university's architecture faculty Leslie Wilkinson, who himself was inspired by a previously unused masterplan developed for the campus by Walter Burley Griffin in 1915." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "\nThe 2002 conservation plan of the university stated that the Main Building and Quadrangle, Anderson Stuart Building, Gate Lodges, St Paul's College, St John's College and St Andrew's College \"comprise what is arguably the most important group of Gothic and Tudor Revival style architecture in Australia, and the landscape and grounds features associated with these buildings, including Victoria Park, contribute to and support the existence and appreciation of their architectural qualities and aesthetic significance.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nIn 2015 The NSW Department of Planning and Environment endorsed The University of Sydney's $1.4 billion Campus Improvement Plan which involved a number of new important structures and renovations." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nAs of 2016 the university is undertaking a large capital works program with the aim of revitalising the campus and providing more office, teaching and student space." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The program will see the amalgamation of the smaller science and technical libraries into a larger library, and the construction of a central administration and student services building along City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A new building for the School of Information Technologies opened in late 2006 and has been located on a site adjacent to the Seymour Centre." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The busy Eastern Avenue thoroughfare has been transformed into a pedestrian plaza and a new footbridge has been built over City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The new home for the Sydney Law School, located alongside Fisher Library on the site of the old Edgeworth David and Stephen Roberts buildings, has been completed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The university has opened a new building called \"Abercrombie building\" for business scho" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "In 1848, in the New South Wales Legislative Council, William Wentworth, a graduate of the University of Cambridge and Charles Nicholson, a medical graduate from the University of Edinburgh Medical School, proposed a plan to expand the existing Sydney College into a larger university." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "Wentworth argued that a state secular university was imperative for the growth of a society aspiring towards self-government, and that it would provide the opportunity for \"the child of every class, to become great and useful in the destinies of his country\"." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It would take two attempts on Wentworth's behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nThe university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, on 24 September 1850 and was assented on 1 October 1850 by Sir Charles Fitzroy." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry and experimental physics was John Smith." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "On 27 February 1858 the university received its Royal Charter from Queen Victoria, giving degrees conferred by the university rank and recognition equal to those given by universities in the United Kingdom." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "By 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\nIn 1858, the passage of the electoral act provided for the university to become a constituency for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as soon as there were 100 graduates of the university holding higher degrees eligible for candidacy." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "This seat in the Parliament of New South Wales was first filled in 1876, but was abolished in 1880 one year after its second member, Edmund Barton, who later became the first Prime Minister of Australia, was elected to the Legislative Assembly." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nMost of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university, which received a sum of £200,000 in 1889." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "This was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning (Chancellor 1878–95) who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The following year seven professorships were created: anatomy; zoology; engineering; history; law; logic and mental philosophy; and modern literature." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nA significant figure from 1927 to 1958, termed 'Sydney's best known academic', was the Professor of Philosophy at the University John Anderson." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "A native of Scotland, Anderson's controversial views as a self-proclaimed Atheist and advocate of free thought in all subjects raised the ire of many, even to the point of being censured by the state parliament in 1943." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The University of Sydney Library consists of 11 individual libraries located across the university's various campuses." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Fisher and Health sciences libraries offer disability support services." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "According to the library's publications, it is the largest academic library in the southern hemisphere; university statistics show that in 2007 the collection consisted of just under 5 million physical volumes and a further 300,000 e-books, for a total of approximately 5.3 million items." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "It is also the only university in Australia to be a state legal deposit library according to the Copyright Act 1968 which stipulates that a copy of every printed material published in NSW be sent to the University Library." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The Rare Books Library possesses several extremely rare items, including one of the two extant copies of the Gospel of Barnabas and a first edition of Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Student Representatives: Politically and academically, undergraduate students are represented by the Students' Representative Council (SRC) and postgraduate students by the Sydney University Postgraduate Representative Association (SUPRA)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nUniversity of Sydney Union: The University of Sydney Union (USU) is the oldest and largest university union in Australia." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "USU provides a range of activities, programs, services and facilities geared at giving students the university experience." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "This involves delivering a huge Clubs and Societies program, a varied entertainment program, student opportunities, a range of catering and retail services plus buildings and recreational spaces for students, staff and visitors." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe SRC and Union are both governed by student representatives, who are elected by students each year." }, { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "Elections for the USU board of directors occur in first semester; elections for the SRC President, and for members of the Students' Representative Council itself, occur in second semester, along with a separate election for the editorial board of the student newspaper Honi Soit, which is published by the SRC." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The elections are usually closely contested, and result in much of the main campus being covered with chalk messages from the various candidates." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "\nIn February 2017, individuals who wanted to serve and get on the University of Sydney student council needed to sign a statutory declaration - openly declaring that they are gay, lesbian, bi, trans* or non-binary to automatically fill hard-line \"diversity quotas\"." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "In February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St John's College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research, now the Charles Perkins Centre, the first new research building to be built on campus in over 40 years." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "As a Roman Catholic institution, in handing over the land St John's placed limitations on the type of medical research which could be conducted on the premises, seeking to preserve the essence of the college's mission." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "However, this was rejected by the university's administration because the building was not intended for this purpose and there were many other facilities in close proximity where such research could take place." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nIn 2010 the university received a rarely seen Pablo Picasso painting from the private collection of an anonymous donor." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The painting, Jeune Fille Endormie, which had never been publicly seen since 1939, depicts the artist's lover, Marie-Thérèse Walter and was donated on the strict understanding that it would be sold and the proceeds directed to medical research." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In June 2011, the painting was auctioned at Christie's in London and sold for £13.5 million ($20.6 million AUD)." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The proceeds of the sale funded the establishment of many endowed professorial chairs at the yet to be constructed Charles Perkins Centre, where a room dedicated to the painting, now exists." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nAt the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a more modern look." }, { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "There have been stylistic changes, the main one being the coat of arm's mantling, the shape of the escutcheon (shield), the removal of the motto scroll, and also others more subtle within the arms itself, such as the mane and fur of the lion, the number of lines in the open book and the colouration." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, such as on testamurs." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nConcerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal government's proposal to deregulate student fees." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "The university held a wide-ranging consultation process, which included a \"town hall meeting\" at the university's Great Hall 25 August 2014, where an audience of students, staff and alumni expressed deep concern about the government's plans and called on university leadership to lobby against the proposals." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Spence took a leading position among Australian vice-chancellors in repeatedly calling throughout 2014 for any change to funding to not undermine equitable access to university while arguing for fee deregulation to raise course costs for the majority of higher education students." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn order to further enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "When averaging the world's major rankings, The University of Sydney (56) appears to be ranked third in Australia, behind The University of Queensland (47) and The University of Melbourne (40)." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe 2021 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Sydney 40th in the world, second nationally and top-ranked university in New South Wales." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It is ranked 25th in the world by academic reputation." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "By Subject, QS ranked the University of Sydney in the top 50 across all five broad subject areas." }, { "n_tokens": 97, "text": "\n15th in Arts and Humanities\n39th in Engineering and Technology\n15th in Life Sciences and Medicine\n43rd in Natural Sciences\n14th in Social Sciences and Management\nAdditionally, Sydney is ranked 2nd in Sports-related Subjects, 10th in Anatomy & Physiology, 11th in Veterinary Science, 12th in Education, 14th in Law and Legal Studies, 15th in Nursing, 16th in Architecture, 18th in Accounting and Finance, 18th in English Language and Literature, 18th in Medicine and 18th in Pharmacy and Pharmacology." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nThe 2018 QS Graduate Employability Rankings ranked University of Sydney graduates 4th most employable in the world, 1st in Australia, and 2nd in the Asia Pacific region." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": " In 2012, a human resources consultancy in Paris conducted a survey of recruiters in 20 countries and ranked Sydney as 49th in the world for employability." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nThe Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 ranked the University of Sydney 59th in the world and 3rd in Australia, ahead of UNSW at 96th and 5th respectively." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe University of Sydney Business School has cemented its place among the world's leading providers of business education with accreditation from AMBA, a leading authority on postgraduate management studies, thereby achieving the top one percent \"triple crown\" status." }, { "n_tokens": 93, "text": "\nBy subject area, the University of Sydney is ranked: \n58th in Arts and Humanities\n37th in Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health\n76th in Engineering and Technology\n47th in Life Sciences\n97th in Physical Sciences\n68th in Social Sciences\n83rd in Business and Economics\n101-125th in Computer Science\n33rd in Law\n24th in Education\n65th in Psychology\nThe Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings 2017 ranked Sydney as 61st-70th most reputable in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nIn 2019, it ranked 33rd among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe 2020 US News & World Report's Best Global Universities ranking placed Sydney 27th in the world and 2nd in Australasia." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In the 2019 Shanghai Ranking published by the Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, the University of Sydney was ranked in the 80th and in the top 0.6% of universities in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Sydney is ranked 1st in Australia and 29th overall in the 2017 CWTS Leiden Rankings for research impact." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nIn the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities 2015 by National Taiwan University, Sydney is ranked 36th in the world, 3rd in the Asia Pacific and 2nd in Australia." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe prestigious London based Financial Times has ranked the University of Sydney Business School's flagship Master of Management as Australia's number one program of its kind for the seventh consecutive year." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The Master of Management (MMgt) program was also ranked in the world’s top 5 for “career progress” made by its graduates." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nIn terms of alumni wealth, the number of wealthy Sydney alumni was ranked fifth outside the United States, behind Oxford, Mumbai, Cambridge and LSE according to the ABC NEWS." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": " Business magazine Spear's placed the University of Sydney 44th in the world and 2nd in Australia in its table of \"World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires\"." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The University of Sydney Library consists of 11 individual libraries located across the university's various campuses." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Fisher and Health sciences libraries offer disability support services." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "According to the library's publications, it is the largest academic library in the southern hemisphere; university statistics show that in 2007 the collection consisted of just under 5 million physical volumes and a further 300,000 e-books, for a total of approximately 5.3 million items." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "It is also the only university in Australia to be a state legal deposit library according to the Copyright Act 1968 which stipulates that a copy of every printed material published in NSW be sent to the University Library." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The Rare Books Library possesses several extremely rare items, including one of the two extant copies of the Gospel of Barnabas and a first edition of Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, and The Huffington Post, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOriginally housed in what is now Sydney Grammar School, in 1855 the government granted land in Grose Farm to the university, three kilometres from the city, which is now the main Camperdown campus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In 1854 the architect Edmund Blacket accepted a senate invitation for the first buildings to be designed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1858 the Great Hall was finished, and in 1859 the Main Building was built." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He composed the original Neo-Gothic sandstone Quadrangle and Great Tower buildings, which were completed in 1862." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The rapid expansion of the university in the mid-20th century resulted in the acquisition of land in Darlington across City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The Camperdown/Darlington campus houses the university's administrative headquarters, and the Faculties of Arts, Science, Education and Social Work, Pharmacy, Veterinary Science, Economics and Business, Architecture, and Engineering." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It is also the home base of the large Sydney Medical School, which has numerous affiliated teaching hospitals across the state." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nThe main campus is also the focus of the university's student life, with the student-run University of Sydney Union (once referred to as \"the Union\", but now known as \"the USU\") in possession of three buildings – Wentworth, Manning and Holme Buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These buildings house a large proportion of the university's catering outlets, and provide space for recreational rooms, bars and function centres." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "One of the largest activities organised by the Union is Welcome Week (formerly Orientation Week or 'O-week'), a three-day festival at the start of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Welcome Week centres on stalls set up by clubs and societies on the Front Lawns." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe main campus is home to a variety of statues, artworks, and monuments." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These include the Gilgamesh Statue and the Confucius Statue." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nSome other architects associated with the University were Walter Liberty Vernon, Walter Burley Griffin, Leslie Wilkinson, and the Government Architect's Office." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The building was designed in accordance with the university's masterplanning by the architect and founding dean of the university's architecture faculty Leslie Wilkinson, who himself was inspired by a previously unused masterplan developed for the campus by Walter Burley Griffin in 1915." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "\nThe 2002 conservation plan of the university stated that the Main Building and Quadrangle, Anderson Stuart Building, Gate Lodges, St Paul's College, St John's College and St Andrew's College \"comprise what is arguably the most important group of Gothic and Tudor Revival style architecture in Australia, and the landscape and grounds features associated with these buildings, including Victoria Park, contribute to and support the existence and appreciation of their architectural qualities and aesthetic significance.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nIn 2015 The NSW Department of Planning and Environment endorsed The University of Sydney's $1.4 billion Campus Improvement Plan which involved a number of new important structures and renovations." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nAs of 2016 the university is undertaking a large capital works program with the aim of revitalising the campus and providing more office, teaching and student space." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The program will see the amalgamation of the smaller science and technical libraries into a larger library, and the construction of a central administration and student services building along City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A new building for the School of Information Technologies opened in late 2006 and has been located on a site adjacent to the Seymour Centre." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The busy Eastern Avenue thoroughfare has been transformed into a pedestrian plaza and a new footbridge has been built over City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The new home for the Sydney Law School, located alongside Fisher Library on the site of the old Edgeworth David and Stephen Roberts buildings, has been completed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The university has opened a new building called \"Abercrombie building\" for business scho" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 87, "text": "The university comprises five faculties and three university schools:\nFaculty of Arts and Social Sciences\nUniversity of Sydney Business School\nFaculty of Engineering\nFaculty of Medicine and Health\nFaculty of Science\nSydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning\nSydney Conservatorium of Music\nSydney Law School\nThe five largest faculties and schools by 2011 student enrolments were (in descending order): Arts and Social Sciences; Business; Science; Engineering; Health Sciences." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Together they constituted 64.4% of the university's students and each had a student enrolment over 4,500 (at least 9% of students)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, and The Huffington Post, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOriginally housed in what is now Sydney Grammar School, in 1855 the government granted land in Grose Farm to the university, three kilometres from the city, which is now the main Camperdown campus." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In 1854 the architect Edmund Blacket accepted a senate invitation for the first buildings to be designed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In 1858 the Great Hall was finished, and in 1859 the Main Building was built." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He composed the original Neo-Gothic sandstone Quadrangle and Great Tower buildings, which were completed in 1862." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The rapid expansion of the university in the mid-20th century resulted in the acquisition of land in Darlington across City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The Camperdown/Darlington campus houses the university's administrative headquarters, and the Faculties of Arts, Science, Education and Social Work, Pharmacy, Veterinary Science, Economics and Business, Architecture, and Engineering." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It is also the home base of the large Sydney Medical School, which has numerous affiliated teaching hospitals across the state." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nThe main campus is also the focus of the university's student life, with the student-run University of Sydney Union (once referred to as \"the Union\", but now known as \"the USU\") in possession of three buildings – Wentworth, Manning and Holme Buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These buildings house a large proportion of the university's catering outlets, and provide space for recreational rooms, bars and function centres." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "One of the largest activities organised by the Union is Welcome Week (formerly Orientation Week or 'O-week'), a three-day festival at the start of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Welcome Week centres on stalls set up by clubs and societies on the Front Lawns." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe main campus is home to a variety of statues, artworks, and monuments." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These include the Gilgamesh Statue and the Confucius Statue." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nSome other architects associated with the University were Walter Liberty Vernon, Walter Burley Griffin, Leslie Wilkinson, and the Government Architect's Office." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The building was designed in accordance with the university's masterplanning by the architect and founding dean of the university's architecture faculty Leslie Wilkinson, who himself was inspired by a previously unused masterplan developed for the campus by Walter Burley Griffin in 1915." }, { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "\nThe 2002 conservation plan of the university stated that the Main Building and Quadrangle, Anderson Stuart Building, Gate Lodges, St Paul's College, St John's College and St Andrew's College \"comprise what is arguably the most important group of Gothic and Tudor Revival style architecture in Australia, and the landscape and grounds features associated with these buildings, including Victoria Park, contribute to and support the existence and appreciation of their architectural qualities and aesthetic significance.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nIn 2015 The NSW Department of Planning and Environment endorsed The University of Sydney's $1.4 billion Campus Improvement Plan which involved a number of new important structures and renovations." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nAs of 2016 the university is undertaking a large capital works program with the aim of revitalising the campus and providing more office, teaching and student space." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The program will see the amalgamation of the smaller science and technical libraries into a larger library, and the construction of a central administration and student services building along City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A new building for the School of Information Technologies opened in late 2006 and has been located on a site adjacent to the Seymour Centre." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The busy Eastern Avenue thoroughfare has been transformed into a pedestrian plaza and a new footbridge has been built over City Road." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The new home for the Sydney Law School, located alongside Fisher Library on the site of the old Edgeworth David and Stephen Roberts buildings, has been completed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The university has opened a new building called \"Abercrombie building\" for business scho" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "In 1848, in the New South Wales Legislative Council, William Wentworth, a graduate of the University of Cambridge and Charles Nicholson, a medical graduate from the University of Edinburgh Medical School, proposed a plan to expand the existing Sydney College into a larger university." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "Wentworth argued that a state secular university was imperative for the growth of a society aspiring towards self-government, and that it would provide the opportunity for \"the child of every class, to become great and useful in the destinies of his country\"." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It would take two attempts on Wentworth's behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nThe university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, on 24 September 1850 and was assented on 1 October 1850 by Sir Charles Fitzroy." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry and experimental physics was John Smith." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "On 27 February 1858 the university received its Royal Charter from Queen Victoria, giving degrees conferred by the university rank and recognition equal to those given by universities in the United Kingdom." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "By 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\nIn 1858, the passage of the electoral act provided for the university to become a constituency for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as soon as there were 100 graduates of the university holding higher degrees eligible for candidacy." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "This seat in the Parliament of New South Wales was first filled in 1876, but was abolished in 1880 one year after its second member, Edmund Barton, who later became the first Prime Minister of Australia, was elected to the Legislative Assembly." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nMost of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university, which received a sum of £200,000 in 1889." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "This was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning (Chancellor 1878–95) who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The following year seven professorships were created: anatomy; zoology; engineering; history; law; logic and mental philosophy; and modern literature." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nA significant figure from 1927 to 1958, termed 'Sydney's best known academic', was the Professor of Philosophy at the University John Anderson." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "A native of Scotland, Anderson's controversial views as a self-proclaimed Atheist and advocate of free thought in all subjects raised the ire of many, even to the point of being censured by the state parliament in 1943." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Mallett Street campus: The Mallett Street campus is home of the Sydney Nursing School." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "\nCumberland campus: Formerly an independent institution (the Cumberland College of Health Sciences), the Cumberland campus in the Sydney suburb of Lidcombe was incorporated into the university as part of the higher education reforms of the late 1980s." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "It is home to the Faculty of Health Sciences, which covers various allied health disciplines, including physiotherapy, speech pathology, radiation therapy, occupational therapy, as well as exercise science and behavioural and social sciences in health." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nThe Sydney Dental Hospital located in Surry Hills and the Westmead Centre for Oral Health which is attached to Westmead Hospital." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nRozelle Campus: The Sydney College of the Arts (SCA) is based in a former sanitorium in the Sydney suburb of Rozelle, overlooking Port Jackson." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The college specialises in the fine (visual) arts." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "\nSydney Conservatorium of Music: Formerly the NSW State Conservatorium of Music, the Sydney Conservatorium of Music (SCM) is located in the Sydney CBD on the edge of Sydney's Royal Botanic Garden, a short distance from the Sydney Opera House." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "It became a faculty of the university in the 1990s and incorporates the main campus Department of Music, which was the subject of the documentary Facing the Music." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nCamden campus: Located in one of the most rapidly growing peri-urban areas in the country, Sydney's southwest." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Camden campus houses lecture theatres, research institutes, veterinary clinics and research farms for bioscience, environmental science, agriculture and veterinary science." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nSydney CBD Campus: The University of Sydney Business School CBD Campus is located on Castlereagh Street in the heart of Sydney's CBD close to Town Hall station." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The CBD Campus is a convenient, central-Sydney location primarily for participants in the business school's two highly reputed programs - Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Management (MMGT)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The CBD Campus has been purpose-designed by award-winning design studio Geyer to facilitate transformative management education." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThe university also uses a number of other facilities for its teaching activities." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nSydney Medical School has eight clinical schools at its affiliated hospitals, responsible for clinical education at the hospitals." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nOne Tree Island is an island situated within the World Heritage Site Great Barrier Reef Marine Park about 20 km east-southeast of Heron Island and about 90 km east-northeast of Gladstone on the Queensland coast, and hosts a tropical marine research station of the School of Geosciences." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe IA Watson Grains Research Centre located at Narrabri in north-central New South Wales is a research station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThe Molonglo Observatory is located in the Australian Capital Territory." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nManingrida is a base camp for scientific expeditions in the Northern Territory." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nArthursleigh is an agricultural estate located near Goulburn." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "An art studio is located in Paris, France, while the Australian Archaeology Centre is located in Athens, Greece." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nTaylors College at Waterloo in Sydney is operated by the university for its Foundation Program, catering to international students wishing to enter the university." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In 1854 Winchell entered the service of the University of Michigan as professor of physics and civil engineering." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Eventually he became professor of geology and paleontology at Michigan." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nIn 1859, Winchell was appointed as State Geologist of Michigan for the newly formed second geological survey of the state." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "He held the post until 1863 when the state did not appropriate funding to continue the survey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The survey was resumed in 1869, and Winchell was reappointed in April." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Owing to conflicting opinions between Winchell and his superiors, he resigned in 1871." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHe stayed at Michigan until 1872." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The district contains twenty-two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally eighty-one objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The federal monuments include the Maryino Estate of Stroganovs, currently in the village of Andrianovo, and the ensemble of the Forest School in the settlement of Lisino-Korpus." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThe only state museum in the district is the Tosnensky District Museum, located in the town of Tosno." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Originally, the area of the district was populated by Finnic peoples." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "From the 9th century, the area was changing hands between Novgorod Republic (from the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow), and Sweden." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "In 1617, according to the Treaty of Stolbovo, the area was transferred to Sweden, and in the 1700s, during the Great Northern War, it was conquered back by Russia." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The city of Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nIn the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate)." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "In 1727, Novgorod Governorate split off." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The eastern part of the area was a part of Novgorodsky Uyezd of Novgorod Governorate." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "The western part remained in Saint Petersburg Governorate and later was split between Tsarskoselsky and Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezds (renamed in 1913 Petrogradsky Uyezd and in 1924 Leningradsky Uyezd; the governorate was accordingly renamed Petrogradsky in 1913 and Leningradsky in 1924)." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "On November 20, 1918 Tsarskoye Selo was renamed Detskoye Selo, and the uyezd was renamed Detskoselsky." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "On February 14, 1923 Detskoselsky and Petergofsky Uyezds were abolished and merged into Gatchinsky Uyezd, with the administrative center located in Gatchina." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nOn August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Lyubansky District, with the administrative center in the town of Lyuban, was established." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The governorates were also abolished, and the district was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "It included parts of former Novgorodsky Uyezds." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished as well, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "On August 19, 1930 Lyubansky District was abolished, and Tosnensky District with the administrative district in Tosno was established on the areas occupied by Lubansky District and parts of Detskoselsky and Kolpinsky Districts." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "On August 20, 1935 Tosno and Krasny Bor were granted urban-type settlement status." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Between September 1941 and January 1944, during World War II, the district was occupied by German troops." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "On December 9, 1960 parts of abolished Mginsky District were transferred to Tosnensky District, and in 1977, they were split off to form Kirovsky District." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "On February 1, 1963 Tosno was granted town status." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nOn August 1, 1927 Detskoselsky District was established as well, with the administrative center in the town of Detskoye Selo." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "It was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included areas formerly belonging to Gatchinsky and Novgorodsky Uyezds." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The town of Slutsk was also a part of the district." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "On August 19, 1930 the district was abolished and split between Tosnensky, Krasnogvardeysky, and Leningradsky Prigorodny Districts." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nAnother district established on August 1, 1927 was Kolpinsky District, with the administrative center in the town of Kolpino." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "It was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included areas formerly belonging to Leningradsky and Gatchinsky Uyezds." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "On August 19, 1930 the district was abolished and split between Tosnensky and Leningradsky Prigorodny Districts." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nOn August 19, 1936 Slutsky District was established." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "It included some aread from abolished Leningradsky Prigorodny District and from Tosnensky District." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "On June 23, 1939 parts of Krasnogvardeysky District were transferred to Slutsky District." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Between September 1941 and January 1944 parts of the district were occupied by German troops." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "On April 23, 1944 Slutsk was renamed Pavlovsk, and the district was renamed Pavlovsky." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "On July 25, 1953 Pavlovsky District was abolished and split between the city of Leningrad, Gatchinsky, and Tosnensky Districts." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The Ballona Creek watershed totals about 130 square miles (340 km²)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Its land use consists of 64% residential, 8% commercial, 4% industrial, and 17% open space." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The major tributaries to the Ballona Creek and Estuary include Centinela Creek, Sepulveda Canyon Channel and Benedict Canyon Channel; most of the creek's minor tributaries have been destroyed by development or paved over and flow into Ballona Creek as a network of underground storm drains." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nAt the time of Spanish settlement, the Los Angeles River turned to the west just south of present-day Bunker Hill, joining Ballona Creek just to the west of its current channel." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": " However, during a major flood in 1825, the Los Angeles River's course changed to its present channel, and Ballona Creek became a completely distinct waterway." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Much of the above-ground section of the creek was lined with concrete as part of the flood-control project undertaken by the United States Army Corps of Engineers following the Los Angeles Flood of 1938." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nBallona Creek Watershed climate can be characterized as Mediterranean with average annual rainfall of approximately 15 inches per year over most of the developed portions of the watershed." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The flow rate in the Creek varies considerably from a trickle flow of about 14 cubic feet (0.40 m³) per second during dry weather to 71,400 cubic feet (2,020 m³) per second during a 50-year storm event." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Ballona Wetlands and Del Rey Lagoon are connected to the Ballona Estuary through tide gates." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "During the Pre-Columbian era, Tongva people existed as hunters and gatherers in small villages throughout the Ballona Creek watershed and other parts of the Los Angeles basin." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Native American culture and land management practice was disrupted by the arrival of Spanish explorers." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nIn 1769, the Tongva met their first Europeans when Portola expedition came through on its way north." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "Continuing west after crossing the Los Angeles River, diarist Fray Juan Crespi noted that the party \"came across a grove of very large alders...from which flows a stream of water...The water flowed afterwards in a deep channel towards the southwest\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Researchers identified the place as the headwaters of Ballona Creek." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " The explorers made camp nearby on August 3." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nAround 1820, a mestizo rancher named Augustine Machado began grazing his cattle on the Ballona wetlands and claimed a fourteen-thousand acre Mexican land grant that stretched from modern-day Culver City to Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Ballona Creek and Lagoon are named for the Ballona or Paseo de las Carretas land grant, dated November 27, 1839." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The Machado and Talamantes families, co-grantees of the rancho, heralded from Baiona in northern Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "After the land grant claims were lost, the area then experienced rapid growth, with open land being transformed into agricultural use." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The first competitive – and Premier League – match at the stadium was a 0–0 draw between Bolton and Everton on Monday 1 September 1997." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Bolton's Gerry Taggart had a header that crossed the line wrongly ruled out, and the points it would have won would have saved Bolton from relegation at Everton's expense." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nThe first player to score at the stadium was Alan Thompson, a penalty in the 1–1 draw against Tottenham Hotspur, on 23 September." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Chris Armstrong, who later in his career had a short spell with Wanderers, got the equaliser." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nOn 6 September 2002, it hosted its first international, a friendly between England under-21 and Yugoslavia under-21." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It ended in a 1–1 draw with 10,531 in attendance." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Visitor Danko Lazović scored the first goal and Shaun Wright-Phillips equalised." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLokomotiv Plovdiv were the visitors in the first UEFA Cup match at the stadium, on 15 September 2005." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Boban Janchevski scored first for the visitors, but late goals from El Hadji Diouf and Jared Borgetti secured a 2–1 home victory in the first competitive European match in Bolton's history." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The stadium has hosted concerts by Oasis , Pink, Elton John, Coldplay, The Killers, Little Mix and Rod Stewart." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nThe stadium also hosted the UK Open Darts Championship, boxing matches with local boxer Amir Khan and in 2011 Premiership rugby union, when Sale Sharks lost to London Irish." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It will also host group matches and the quarter-final of the Rugby League World Cup in 2021." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nThe venue's Premier Suite is home to the UK's leading amateur mixed martial arts event, Full Contact Contender." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nIn August 2019, the stadium hosted a campaign rally by Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The pancreas contains tissue with an endocrine and exocrine role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nThe majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The cells with this role form clusters (Latin: acini) around small ducts, and are arranged in lobes that have thin fibrous walls." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called zymogens into the small intercalated ducts which they surround." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the nuclei resting on the basement membrane, a large endoplasmic reticulum, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the cytoplasm." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The intercalated ducts drain into larger intralobular ducts within the lobule, and finally interlobular ducts." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The ducts are lined by a single layer of column-shaped cells." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nThe tissues with an endocrine role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans) that are distributed throughout the pancreas." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Pancreatic islets contain alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells, each of which releases a different hormone." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting glucagon) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting insulin) more numerous and found throughout the islet." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Enterochromaffin cells are also scattered throughout the islets." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the systemic circulation." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the abdomen, stretching from behind the stomach to the left upper abdomen near the spleen." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "In adults, it is about 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) long, lobulated, and salmon-coloured in appearance." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nAnatomically, the pancreas is divided into a head, neck, body, and tail." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the duodenum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels: the superior mesenteric artery, and vein." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the spleen." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nTwo ducts, the main pancreatic duct and a smaller accessory pancreatic duct, run through the body of the pancreas, joining with the common bile duct near a small ballooning called the ampulla of Vater." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Surrounded by a muscle, the sphincter of Oddi, this opens into the descending part of the duodenum." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The pancreas forms during development from two buds that arise from the duodenal part of the foregut, an embryonic tube that is a precursor to the gastrointestinal tract." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "It is of endodermal origin." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Pancreatic development begins with the formation of a dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Each joins with the foregut through a duct." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the neck, body, and tail of the developed pancreas, and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the head and uncinate process." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe definitive pancreas results from rotation of the ventral bud and the fusion of the two buds." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "During development, the duodenum rotates to the right, and the ventral bud rotates with it, moving to a position that becomes more dorsal." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud is below the larger dorsal bud, and eventually fuses with it." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the main pancreatic duct." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Usually, the duct of the dorsal bud regresses, leaving the main pancreatic duct." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The pancreas plays a vital role in the digestive system." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "It does this by secreting a fluid that contains digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine that receives food from the stomach." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "These enzymes help to break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "This role is called the \"exocrine\" role of the pancreas." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The cells that do this are arranged in clusters called acini." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Secretions into the middle of the acinus accumulate in intralobular ducts, which drain to the main pancreatic duct, which drains directly into the duodenum." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "About 1.5 - 3 liters of fluid are secreted in this manner every day." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThe cells in each acinus are filled with granules containing the digestive enzymes." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "These are secreted in an inactive form termed zymogens or proenzymes." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "When released into the duodenum, they are activated by the enzyme enterokinase present in the lining of the duodenum." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The proenzymes are cleaved, creating a cascade of activating enzymes." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nEnzymes that break down proteins begin with activation of trypsinogen to trypsin." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen, as well as chymotrypsinogen to its active form chymotrypsin." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nEnzymes secreted involved in the digestion of fats include lipase, phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nEnzymes that breakdown starch and other carbohydrates include amylase." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThese enzymes are secreted in a fluid rich in bicarbonate." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Bicarbonate helps maintain an alkaline pH for the fluid, a pH in which most of the enzymes act most efficiently, and also helps to neutralise the stomach acids that enter the duodenum." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Secretion is influenced by hormones including secretin, cholecystokinin, and VIP, as well as acetylcholine stimulation from the vagus nerve." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Secretin is released from the S cells which form part of the lining of the duodenum in response to stimulation by gastric acid." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Along with VIP, it increases the secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Cholecystokinin is released from Ito cells of the lining of the duodenum and jejunum mostly in response to long chain fatty acids, and increases the effects of secretin." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "At a cellular level, bicarbonate is secreted from the acinar cells through a sodium and bicarbonate cotransporter that acts because of membrane depolarisation caused by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Secretin and VIP act to increase the opening of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which leads to more membrane depolarisation and more secretion of bicarbonate." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nA variety of mechanisms act to ensure that the digestive action of the pancreas does not act to digest pancreatic tissue itself." }, { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "These include the secretion of inactive enzymes (zymogens), the secretion of the protective enzyme trypsin inhibitor, which inactivates trypsin, the changes in pH that occur with bicarbonate secretion that stimulate digestion only when the pancreas is stimulated, and the fact that the low calcium within cells causes inactivation of trypsin." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the abdomen, stretching from behind the stomach to the left upper abdomen near the spleen." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "In adults, it is about 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) long, lobulated, and salmon-coloured in appearance." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nAnatomically, the pancreas is divided into a head, neck, body, and tail." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the duodenum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels: the superior mesenteric artery, and vein." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the spleen." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nTwo ducts, the main pancreatic duct and a smaller accessory pancreatic duct, run through the body of the pancreas, joining with the common bile duct near a small ballooning called the ampulla of Vater." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Surrounded by a muscle, the sphincter of Oddi, this opens into the descending part of the duodenum." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The pancreas contains tissue with an endocrine and exocrine role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nThe majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The cells with this role form clusters (Latin: acini) around small ducts, and are arranged in lobes that have thin fibrous walls." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called zymogens into the small intercalated ducts which they surround." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the nuclei resting on the basement membrane, a large endoplasmic reticulum, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the cytoplasm." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The intercalated ducts drain into larger intralobular ducts within the lobule, and finally interlobular ducts." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The ducts are lined by a single layer of column-shaped cells." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nThe tissues with an endocrine role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans) that are distributed throughout the pancreas." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Pancreatic islets contain alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells, each of which releases a different hormone." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting glucagon) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting insulin) more numerous and found throughout the islet." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Enterochromaffin cells are also scattered throughout the islets." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the systemic circulation." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Pancreatic cancers, particularly the most common type, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, remain very difficult to treat, and are mostly diagnosed only at a stage that is too late for surgery, which is the only curative treatment." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": " Pancreatic cancer is rare in people younger than 40 and the median age of diagnosis is 71." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Risk factors include chronic pancreatitis, older age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and certain rare genetic conditions including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and dysplastic nevus syndrome among others." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "About 25% of cases are attributable to tobacco smoking, while 5–10% of cases are linked to inherited genes." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nPancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and is cancer arising from the exocrine digestive part of the pancreas." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Most occur in the head of the pancreas." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Symptoms tend to arise late in the course of the cancer, when it causes abdominal pain, weight loss, or yellowing of the skin (jaundice)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Jaundice occurs when the outflow of bile is blocked by the cancer." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Other less common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, diabetes or recurrent venous thrombosis." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by medical imaging in the form of an ultrasound or CT scan with contrast enhancement." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "An endoscopic ultrasound may be used if a tumour is being considered for surgical removal, and biopsy guided by ERCP or ultrasound can be used to confirm an uncertain diagnosis." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nBecause of the late development of symptoms, most cancer presents at an advanced stage." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Only 10 - 15% of tumours are suitable for surgical resection." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "As of 2018, when chemotherapy is given the FOLFIRINOX regimen containing fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin and leucovorin has been shown to extend survival beyond traditional gemcitabine regimens." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "For the most part, treatment is palliative, focus on the management of symptoms that develop." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This may include management of itch, a choledochojejunostomy or the insertion of stents with ERCP to facilitate the drainage of bile, and medications to help control pain." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the United States pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of deaths due to cancer." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The disease occurs more often in the developed world, which had 68% of new cases in 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has poor outcomes with the average percentage alive for at least one and five years after diagnosis being 25% and 5% respectively." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In localized disease where the cancer is small (< 2 cm) the number alive at five years is approximately 20%." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThere are several types of pancreatic cancer, involving both the endocrine and exocrine tissue." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The many types of pancreatic endocrine tumors are all uncommon or rare, and have varied outlooks." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": " However the incidence of these cancers has been rising sharply; it is not clear to what extent this reflects increased detection, especially through medical imaging, of tumors that would be very slow to develop." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Insulinomas (largely benign) and gastrinomas are the most common types." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive after five years is much better at 65%, varying considerably with type." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nA solid pseudopapillary tumour is a low-grade malignant tumour of the pancreas of papillary architecture that typically afflicts young women." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Eremophila flabellata is a shrub, usually growing to less than 0.5 m (2 ft) tall with branches and leaves which are sticky and shiny due to resin and densely covered with simple hairs." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The leaves are arranged alternately, mostly 8–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long, 5.5–8.5 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide, egg-shaped to almost circular and with serrated edges." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\n\nThe flowers are borne singly on a hairy stalk which is 20–40 mm (0.8–2 in) long." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "There are 5 overlapping hairy, green to purple sepals which are mostly 8–11.5 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long, egg-shaped to fan-shaped with distinctly serrated edges." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The petals are 15–25 mm (0.6–1 in) long and joined at their lower end to form a tube." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The petals are pink to mauve or purple on the outside and white inside the tube." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The outer surface of the petal tube is hairy, but the inner surface of the petal lobes is glabrous while the inside of the tube is full of woolly hairs." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "Flowering occurs from May to September and is followed by fruits which are dry, woody and hairy, a narrow oval shape to almost spherical, have a papery covering and are 7–8.5 mm (0.28–0.33 in) long." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Eremophila flabellata is a shrub, usually growing to less than 0.5 m (2 ft) tall with branches and leaves which are sticky and shiny due to resin and densely covered with simple hairs." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The leaves are arranged alternately, mostly 8–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long, 5.5–8.5 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide, egg-shaped to almost circular and with serrated edges." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\n\nThe flowers are borne singly on a hairy stalk which is 20–40 mm (0.8–2 in) long." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "There are 5 overlapping hairy, green to purple sepals which are mostly 8–11.5 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long, egg-shaped to fan-shaped with distinctly serrated edges." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The petals are 15–25 mm (0.6–1 in) long and joined at their lower end to form a tube." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The petals are pink to mauve or purple on the outside and white inside the tube." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The outer surface of the petal tube is hairy, but the inner surface of the petal lobes is glabrous while the inside of the tube is full of woolly hairs." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "Flowering occurs from May to September and is followed by fruits which are dry, woody and hairy, a narrow oval shape to almost spherical, have a papery covering and are 7–8.5 mm (0.28–0.33 in) long." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Milne ordered Gloucester to disengage, still expecting Souchon to turn west, but it was apparent to Gloucester′s captain that Goeben was fleeing." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Breslau attempted to harass Gloucester into breaking off—Souchon had a collier waiting off the coast of Greece and needed to shake his pursuer before he could rendezvous." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Gloucester finally engaged Breslau, hoping this would compel Goeben to drop back and protect the light cruiser." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "According to Souchon, Breslau was hit, but no damage was done." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The action then broke off without further hits being scored." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Finally, Milne ordered Gloucester to cease pursuit at Cape Matapan." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nShortly after midnight on 8 August Milne took his three battlecruisers and the light cruiser HMS Weymouth east." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "At 14:00 he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria; war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later, but Milne chose to guard the Adriatic rather than seek Goeben." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Finally, on 9 August, Milne was given clear orders to \"chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north-east.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles, and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean, unaware that Goeben did not intend to come out." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSouchon had replenished his coal off the Aegean island of Donoussa on 9 August, and the German warships resumed their voyage to Constantinople." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "At 17:00 on 10 August, he reached the Dardanelles and awaited permission to pass through." }, { "n_tokens": 62, "text": "Germany had for some time been courting the Committee of Union and Progress of the imperial government, and it now used its influence to pressure the Turkish Minister of War, Enver Pasha, into granting the ship′s passage, an act that would outrage Russia, which relied on the Dardanelles as its main all-season shipping route." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In addition, the Germans managed to persuade Enver to order any pursuing British ships to be fired on." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time Souchon received permission to enter the straits, his lookouts could see smoke on the horizon from approaching British ships." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nTurkey was still a neutral country bound by treaty to prevent German ships from passing the straits." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "To get around this difficulty it was agreed that the ships should become part of the Turkish navy." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "On 16 August, having reached Constantinople, Goeben and Breslau were transferred to the Turkish Navy in a small ceremony, becoming respectively Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midilli, though they retained their German crews with Souchon still in command." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The initial reaction in Britain was one of satisfaction, that a threat had been removed from the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "On 23 September, Souchon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Navy." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Dispatched in 1912, the Mittelmeerdivision of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), comprising only the Goeben and Breslau, under the command of Konteradmiral Wilhelm Souchon." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "In the event of war, the squadron′s role was to intercept French transports bringing colonial troops from Algeria to France." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nWhen war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on 28 July 1914, Souchon was at Pola in the Adriatic where Goeben was undergoing repairs to her boilers." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Not wishing to be trapped in the Adriatic, Souchon rushed to finish as much work as possible, but then took his ships out into the Mediterranean before all repairs were completed." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He reached Brindisi on 1 August, but Italian port authorities made excuses to avoid coaling the ship." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": " This was because Italy, despite being a co-signatory to the Triple Alliance, had decided to remain neutral." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Goeben was joined by Breslau at Taranto and the small squadron sailed for Messina where Souchon was able to obtain 2,000 short tons (1,800 t) of coal from German merchant ships." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": "\nMeanwhile, on 30 July Winston Churchill, then the First Lord of the Admiralty, had instructed the commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne, to cover the French transports taking the XIX Corps from North Africa across the Mediterranean to France." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The Mediterranean British Fleet—based at Malta—comprised three fast, modern battlecruisers (HMS Inflexible, Indefatigable, and Indomitable), as well as four armoured cruisers, four light cruisers and a flotilla of 14 destroyers." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMilne′s instructions were \"to aid the French in the transportation of their African Army by covering, and if possible, bringing to action individual fast German ships, particularly Goeben, who may interfere in that action." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "You will be notified by telegraph when you may consult with the French Admiral." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Do not at this stage be brought to action against superior forces, except in combination with the French, as part of a general battle." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The speed of your squadrons is sufficient to enable you to choose your moment." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "We shall hope to reinforce the Mediterranean, and you must husband your forces at the outset.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Churchill′s orders did not explicitly state what he meant by \"superior forces.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "He later claimed that he was referring to \"the Austrian Fleet against whose battleships it was not desirable that our three battle-cruisers should be engaged without battleship support.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nMilne assembled his force at Malta on 1 August." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "On 2 August, he received instructions to shadow Goeben with two battlecruisers while maintaining a watch on the Adriatic, ready for a sortie by the Austrians." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Indomitable, Indefatigable, five cruisers and eight destroyers commanded by Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge were sent to cover the Adriatic." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Goeben had already departed but was sighted that same day at Taranto by the British Consul, who informed London." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Fearing the German ships might be trying to escape to the Atlantic, the Admiralty ordered that Indomitable and Indefatigable be sent west towards Gibraltar." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Milne′s other task of protecting French ships was complicated by the lack of any direct communications with the French navy, which had meanwhile postponed the sailing of the troop ships." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The light cruiser HMS Chatham was sent to search the Straits of Messina for Goeben." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "However, by this time, on the morning of 3 August, Souchon had departed from Messina, heading west." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "The rated speed of Goeben was 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph), but her damaged boilers meant she could only manage 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph), and this was only achieved by working men and machinery to the limit; four stokers were killed by scalding steam." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Fortunately for Souchon, both British battlecruisers were also suffering from problems with their boilers and were unable to keep Goeben′s pace." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The light cruiser HMS Dublin maintained contact, while Indomitable and Indefatigable fell behind." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "In fog and fading light, Dublin lost contact off Cape San Vito on the north coast of Sicily at 19:37." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Goeben and Breslau returned to Messina the following morning, by which time Britain and Germany were at war." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "\nThe Admiralty ordered Milne to respect Italian neutrality and stay outside a 6-nautical-mile (11 km; 6.9 mi) limit from the Italian coast—which precluded entrance into the passage of the Straits of Messina." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Consequently, Milne posted guards on the exits from the Straits." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "Still expecting Souchon to head for the transports and the Atlantic, he placed two battlecruisers—Inflexible and Indefatigable—to cover the northern exit (which gave access to the western Mediterranean), while the southern exit of the Straits was covered by a single light cruiser, HMS Gloucester." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Milne sent Indomitable west to coal at Bizerte, instead of south to Malta." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nFor Souchon, Messina was no haven." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The Italian authorities insisted that he depart within 24 hours and delayed supplying coal." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Provisioning his ships required ripping up the decks of German merchant steamers in harbour and manually shovelling their coal into his bunkers." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "By the evening of 6 August, despite the help of 400 volunteers from the merchantmen, he had only taken on 1,500 short tons (1,400 t) which was insufficient to reach Constantinople." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Further messages from Tirpitz made his predicament even more dire." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "He was informed that Austria would provide no naval aid in the Mediterranean and that the Ottoman Empire was still neutral and therefore he should no longer make for Constantinople." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": "Faced with the alternative of seeking refuge at Pola, and probably remaining trapped for the rest of the war, Souchon chose to head for Constantinople anyway, his purpose being \"to force the Ottoman Empire, even against their will, to spread the war to the Black Sea against their ancient enemy, Russia.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nMilne was instructed on 5 August to continue watching the Adriatic for signs of the Austrian fleet and to prevent the German ships joining them." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "He chose to keep his battlecruisers in the west, dispatching Dublin to join Troubridge′s cruiser squadron in the Adriatic, which he believed would be able to intercept Goeben and Breslau." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Troubridge was instructed \"not to get seriously engaged with superior forces,\" once again intended as a warning against engaging the Austrian fleet." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "When Goeben and Breslau emerged into the eastern Mediterranean on 6 August, they were met by Gloucester, which, being outgunned, began to shadow the German ships." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nTroubridge′s squadron consisted of the armoured cruisers HMS Defence, Black Prince, Warrior, Duke of Edinburgh and eight destroyers armed with torpedoes." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "The cruisers had 9.2 in (230 mm) guns versus the 11 in (280 mm) guns of Goeben and had armour a maximum of 6 in (15 cm) thick compared to the battlecruiser′s 11 in (28 cm) armour belt." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "This meant that Troubridge′s squadron was not only outranged and vulnerable to Goeben′s powerful guns, but it was unlikely that his cruiser′s guns could seriously damage the German ship at all, even at short range." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "In addition, the British ships were several knots slower than Goeben, despite her damaged boilers, meaning that she could dictate the range of the battle if she spotted the British squadron in advance." }, { "n_tokens": 61, "text": "Consequently, Troubridge considered his only chance was to locate and engage Goeben in favourable light, at dawn, with Goeben east of his ships, and ideally launch a torpedo attack with his destroyers; however, at least five of the destroyers did not have enough coal to keep up with the cruisers steaming at full speed." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "By 04:00 on 7 Au" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Without specific orders, Souchon had decided to position his ships off the coast of Africa, ready to engage when hostilities commenced in order to attack French transport ships, which were headed toward Toulon." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "He planned to bombard the embarkation ports of Bône and Philippeville in French Algeria." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Goeben was heading for Philippeville, while Breslau was detached to deal with Bône." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "At 18:00 on 3 August, while still sailing west, he received word that Germany had declared war on France." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Then, early on 4 August, Souchon received orders from Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz reading: \"Alliance with government of CUP concluded 3 August." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Proceed at once to Constantinople.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "So close to his targets, Souchon ignored the order and pushed on, flying the Russian flag as he approached, in order to evade detection he carried out a shore bombardment at dawn before breaking off and heading back to Messina for more coal." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nUnder a pre-war agreement with Britain, France was able to concentrate her entire fleet in the Mediterranean, leaving the Royal Navy to ensure the security of France′s Atlantic coast." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Three squadrons of the French fleet were covering the transports." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "However, assuming that Goeben would continue west to Gibraltar, the French commander, Admiral de Lapeyrère, sent the \"Groupe A\" of his fleet to the west in order to make contact, but Souchon was heading east and so able to slip away." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nAt 09:30 on 4 August Souchon made contact with the two British battlecruisers, Indomitable and Indefatigable, which passed the German ships in the opposite direction." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Neither force engaged as, unlike France, Britain had not yet declared war with Germany (the declaration would not be made until later that day, following the start of the German invasion of neutral Belgium)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": " The British started shadowing Goeben and Breslau but were quickly outpaced by the Germans." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " Milne reported the contact and position, but neglected to inform the Admiralty that the German ships were heading east." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Churchill therefore still expecting them to threaten the French transports authorised Milne to engage the German ships if they attacked." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "However, a meeting of the British Cabinet decided that hostilities could not start before a declaration of war, and at 14:00 Churchill was obliged to cancel his attack order." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The war memorial situated at the side of the road, near the church, commemorates those lost in the First World War." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nThe only pub in the village is the Shoulder of Mutton." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "There is also a village hall and a primary school." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nOsmaston Manor was designed by Henry Isaac Stevens for Francis Wright of the Butterley Iron Company and completed in 1849." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "The house was demolished in 1964." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The estate was sold in 1888 to Sir Ian Walker's family, who had the house demolished when they moved to Okeover and adopted the Okeover name." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The Walker-Okeovers still own the land; the estate hosts popular horse trials and the Ashbourne Shire Horse Show." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The terraces of the house's gardens are still apparent today." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nOsmaston Manor was used as a Red Cross hospital during World War II." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Robert Riddell provided Burns with two attractive quarto sized volumes embossed with his armorial crest and bound in calf leather." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "They were slightly different sizes." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Work started in May 1789 on adding the poems and songs." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The 'stock and horn' of Burns's armorial bearing is placed on the frontispiece of the second volume." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nBurns went to considerable efforts to get the first volume returned after Robert Riddell's death on 20 April 1794 and added extra material once it was back in his hands." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The second volume had not been ready in time to be presented to Riddell." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Burns wrote in 1794 to Robert Riddell's unmarried sister Eleanor, asking that she and her married sister Elizabeth would either return or destroy the manuscripts, saying that \"I made a collection of all my trifles in verse which I had ever written." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "They are many of them local, some puerile and silly, and all of them unfit for the public eye." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As I have some little fame at stake ... I am uneasy now for the fate of those manuscripts. ..." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As a pledge of friendship they were bestowed; and that circumstance, indeed, was all their merit.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Burns was still working on the second volume in late 1793." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nOne of the additions he made to Volume One upon its return was the blunt and angry epigram upon Maria Riddell on page 161 \"If you rattle along like your mistress's tongue.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "\nAfter Burns's death the manuscripts were put into the hands of James Currie at Liverpool, his biographer, however they were not automatically returned to the Burns family after his biography of Burns was published and he died before he could publish an improved biography." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "After Currie's death they passed into the possession of his son William Wallace Currie." }, { "n_tokens": 61, "text": "In 1853 when William died his widow, without permission, offered them to a private gentlemen's club known as the Liverpool Athenaeum where they resided, forgotten in a box for circa twenty years, until in 1873 Mr. Henry A. Bright, uncovered them, wrote an account of them and put on display for 6 months." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The club eventually decided to sell the manuscripts in what is likely to have been an illegal transaction, despite vociferous objections and the establishment of a 'Scots Committee' under the chairmanship of Lord Rosebery who intended to take action in the courts." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Liverpool Athenaeum added 'insult to injury' by revealing that they would use the proceeds of the sale to establish a 'Currie Memorial Fund'." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nDr. James Currie had however signed a letter in 1797 that stated \"..that whatever was done as to the returning any letters, papers, etc.," }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "should be considered as the act of the widow and transacted in her name.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nMessrs. Sotheby & Co. exercised their option to purchase the manuscripts on 3 June 1913 and paid £5000." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Miss Annie Burns Burns of Cheltenham, the poet's only surviving grandchild, was appointed the Executrix Dative of Robert Burns with a strong legal case for the manuscripts return to the family, however the Liverpool Athenaeum refused." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Sotheby's agreed however to abide with any court decision." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Joseph W. Hornstein, a London bookdealer, purchased the manuscripts for £5000 by private treaty from Sotheby's and sold them to an American client, who was not however as is sometimes stated, J. Pierpoint Morgan." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Hornstein reportedly tried to have them returned however he died very soon after the sale." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nAnother reference gives J. Pierpoint Morgan being involved in a proposed purchase in 1903 that fell through due to adverse publicity, explaining the extreme secrecy of the 1913 affair." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Additionally it is said that Hornstein's agent approached several prospective purchasers in America without success due to the adverse reaction in Scotland." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "Some clarity to the confusion comes from the fact that the Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury reminded its readers that circa 10 years before the paper had taken the lead in preventing the Athenaneum from selling the manuscripts on that occasion, probably to J.P.Morgan." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nIn late 1913 the businessman and antiquarian collector John Gribbel was approached with a view to a sale to him of the Glenriddell Manuscripts." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "On 21 Novembe" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The first volume contained what at the time were fifty-three unpublished poems and twenty-two letters were in the second volume." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Egerer however records fifty-seven and twenty-seven possibly as a result of Burns's having also added extra stanzas or updates that have sometimes been counted as free standing poems." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The autobiographical letter to Dr Moore was also included in the first volume, written almost entirely in the hand of the unnamed amanuensis." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Burns added various footnotes throughout the work, such as the detailed notes where he disowns the spelling, punctuation, incorrect titles, etc." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "in the Dr Moore letter." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Burns mentions that the amanuensis was a clergyman whilst chiding him for the errors he had made." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "A few notes such as \"Printed II 247\" on \"The Whistle - A Ballad\" have been added in another hand." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThree different hands are evident in the volumes and it has been noted that Robert Heron the writer had visited Burns at Ellisland Farm in the autumn of 1789 whilst a divinity student." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Burns started work on the first volume in May of that year." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "\nBurns wrote in the manuscript that \"...If my Poems which I have transcribed into your book were equal to the grateful respect and high esteem I bear for the Gentleman to whom I present them, they would be the finest Poems in any language.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "\nThe first volume contained several significant unpublished examples of Burns's work such as the \"Lament for James, Earl of Glencairn\"; \"Epistle to John Goldie\"; \"Elegy on the Death of Sir James Hunter Blair\"; \"Tam o'Shanter\" and \"Holy Willie's Prayer\"." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nBurns also added the lines \"Let these be regarded as the genuine sentiments of a man who seldom flattered any, and never those he loved.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "\nThe pages have been numbered with the number placed in the centre of the top of the page and bracketed on the amanuenis's work and unbracketed on the top right or left of the page on those with Burns's writing, but not always on the fore-edge side." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "On page 164, in a new hand, is a contents page that lists the categories of the works, their length in pages used and the identity of the writer as 'Burns' or 'Amanuensis'." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "In Volume 2 the first six pages are blank although numbered an throughout all 103 pages Burns placed the bracketed page number at the top centre." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nThe volumes were disfigured in Liverpool for these unique works carry at least two library stamp designs, both with the wording \"ATHENAEUM LIVERPOOL\" at the start and near the finish of the first volume, etc." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The page opposite Mrs Currie's letter is covered with mainly crossed out numbers that may relate to the 'calculations' for the aforementioned 'Contents' page." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "After the cessation of hostilities John Gribbel and his family visited Scotland in the summer of 1920 and they were the honoured guests at several celebratory meals as well as being given an accompanied tour of many of the Burns related sites in Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "An addition to the story is that he visited the Kilmaurs teacher, Dr Duncan McNaught, who had been on the 'Scots Committee', was instrumental in the founding of what became the Robert Burns World Federation and was for over thirty years the editor of the 'Burns Chronicle'." }, { "n_tokens": 63, "text": "Duncan was acknowledged as one of the world's greatest experts on Robert Burns and had put together what John Gribbel regarded as being the greatest collection of Burnsiana, artifacts with over 600 publications, owning no less that two copies of the Kilmarnock Edition, an uncut example of his having alone been valued at £1000 in circa 1920." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "John said that he wouldn't leave Ayrshire without these items and made Duncan an offer that was accepted, the amount unknown, on the understanding that they would be kept together under the name The McNaught Collection." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nWhen John Gribbel died in 1936 his estate was broken up and 'The McNaught Collection' sold at auction." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "One copy of his Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect's is now held by Cornell University and the second is at the University of Delaware." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "A recent estimate is that only 86 copies survive of the 612 'Kilmarnock Editions' that were printed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "John Gribbel (29 March 1858 – 25 August 1936) was an American industrialist, businessman, antiquarian and philanthropist." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "His donation of the Glenriddell Manuscripts to the National Library of Scotland on behalf of the people of Scotland was his best known act of philanthropy." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "\nJohn Gribbel was already in possession of the first four volume of James Johnson's \"The Scots Musical Museum\" published between 1787 and 1790, interleaved however with some 140 pages of Burns's explanatory notes on the 184 songs that he contributed." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "These volumes had long been in the possession of the Riddell family." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The set eventually ran to 6 volumes, the last being printed in 1803, well after Burns's death." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In the early 20th century Vladimir Beneshevich (1874–1938) discovered parts of three more leaves of the codex in the bindings of other manuscripts in the library of Mount Sinai." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Beneshevich went on three occasions to the monastery (1907, 1908, 1911) but does not tell when or from which book these were recovered." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "These leaves were also acquired for St. Petersburg, where they remain." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nFor many decades, the Codex was preserved in the Russian National Library." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "In 1933, the Soviet Union sold the codex to the British Museum (after 1973 British Library) for £100,000 raised by public subscription (worth £7.2 million in 2020)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "After coming to Britain it was examined by Skeat and Milne using an ultra-violet lamp." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nIn May 1975, during restoration work, the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery discovered a room beneath the St. George Chapel which contained many parchment fragments." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "Kurt Aland and his team from the Institute for New Testament Textual Research were the first scholars who were invited to analyse, examine and photograph these new fragments of the New Testament in 1982." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Among these fragments were twelve complete leaves from the Sinaiticus, 11 leaves of the Pentateuch and 1 leaf of the Shepherd of Hermas." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Together with these leaves 67 Greek Manuscripts of New Testament have been found (uncials 0278 – 0296 and some minuscules)." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "\nIn June 2005, a team of experts from the UK, Europe, Egypt, Russia and USA undertook a joint project to produce a new digital edition of the manuscript (involving all four holding libraries), and a series of other studies was announced." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "This will include the use of hyperspectral imaging to photograph the manuscripts to look for hidden information such as erased or faded text." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "This is to be done in cooperation with the British Library." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nMore than one quarter of the manuscript was made publicly available at The Codex Sinaiticus Website on 24 July 2008." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "On 6 July 2009, 800 more pages of the manuscript were made available, showing over half of the entire text, although the entire text was intended to be shown by that date." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe complete document is now available online in digital form and available for scholarly study." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The online version has a fully transcribed set of digital pages, including amendments to the text, and two images of each page, with both standard lighting and raked lighting to highlight the texture of the parchment." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nPrior to 1 September 2009, the University of the Arts London PhD student, Nikolas Sarris, discovered the previously unseen fragment of the Codex in the library of Saint Catherine's Monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "It contains the text of Book of Joshua 1:10." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The codex consists of parchment, originally in double sheets, which may have measured about 40 by 70 cm." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The whole codex consists, with a few exceptions, of quires of eight leaves, a format popular throughout the Middle Ages." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Each line of the text has some twelve to fourteen Greek uncial letters, arranged in four columns (48 lines per column) with carefully chosen line breaks and slightly ragged right edges." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "When opened, the eight columns thus presented to the reader have much the same appearance as the succession of columns in a papyrus roll." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The poetical books of the Old Testament are written stichometrically, in only two columns per page." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The codex has almost 4,000,000 uncial letters." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThroughout the New Testament of Sinaiticus the words are written continuously in the style that comes to be called \"biblical uncial\" or \"biblical majuscule\"." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The parchment was prepared for writing lines, ruled with a sharp point." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The letters are written on these lines, without accents or breathings." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "A variety of types of punctuation are used: high and middle points and colon, diaeresis on initial iota and upsilon, nomina sacra, paragraphos: initial letter into margin (extent of this varies considerably). (" }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Peter M. Head)\nThe work was written in scriptio continua with neither breathings nor polytonic accents." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Occasional points and a few ligatures are used, though nomina sacra with overlines are employed throughout." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Some words usually abbreviated in other manuscripts (such as πατηρ and δαυειδ), are in this codex written in both full and abbreviated forms." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The following nomina sacra are written in abbreviated forms: ΘΣ ΚΣ ΙΣ ΧΣ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΙΚΟΣ ΥΣ ΑΝΟΣ ΟΥΟΣ ΔΑΔ ΙΛΗΜ ΙΣΡΛ ΜΗΡ ΠΗΡ ΣΩΡ." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\nAlmost regularly, a plain iota is replaced by the epsilon-iota diphthong (commonly though imprecisely known as itacism), e.g. ΔΑΥΕΙΔ instead οf ΔΑΥΙΔ, ΠΕΙΛΑΤΟΣ instead of ΠΙΛΑΤΟΣ, ΦΑΡΕΙΣΑΙΟΙ instead of ΦΑΡΙΣΑΙΟΙ, etc." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nEach rectangular page has the proportions 1.1 to 1, while the block of text has the reciprocal proportions, 0.91 (the same proportions, rotated 90°)." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "If the gutters between the columns were removed, the text block would mirror the page's proportions." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Typographer Robert Bringhurst referred to the codex as a \"subtle piece of craftsmanship\"." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe folios are made of vellum parchment primarily from calf skins, secondarily from sheep skins. (" }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Tischendorf himself thought that the parchment had been made from antelope skins, but modern microscopic examination has shown otherwise.)" }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Most of the quires or signatures contain four sheets, save two containing five." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It is estimated that the hides of about 360 animals were employed for making the folios of this codex." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "As for the cost of the material, time of scribes and binding, it equals the lifetime wages of one individual at the time." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe portion of the codex held by the British Library consists of 346½ folios, 694 pages (38.1 cm x 34.5 cm), constituting over half of the original work." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Of these folios, 199 belong to the Old Testament, including the apocrypha (deuterocanonical), and 147½ belong to the New Testament, along with two other books, the Epistle of Barnabas and part of The Shepherd of Hermas." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The apocryphal books present in the surviving part of the Septuagint are 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, 1 and 4 Maccabees, Wisdom, and Sirach." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The books of the New Testament are arranged in this order: the four Gospels, the epistles of Paul (Hebrews follows 2 Thess.)," }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "the Acts of the Apostles, the General Epistles, and the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The fact that some parts of the codex are preserved in good condition while others are in very poor condition implies they were separated and stored in several places." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Tischendorf believed that four separate scribes (whom he named A, B, C and D) copied the work and that five correctors (whom he designated a, b, c, d and e) amended portions." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "He posited that one of the correctors was contemporaneous with the original scribes, and that the others worked in the 6th and 7th centuries." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It is now agreed, after Milne and Skeat's reinvestigation, that Tischendorf was wrong, in that scribe C never existed." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "According to Tischendorf, scribe C wrote the poetic books of the Old Testament." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "These are written in a different format from the rest of the manuscript – they appear in two columns (the rest of books is in four columns), written stichometrically." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Tischendorf probably interpreted the different formatting as indicating the existence of another scribe." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The three remaining scribes are still identified by the letters that Tischendorf gave them: A, B, and D. Correctors were more, at least seven (a, b, c, ca, cb, cc, e)." }, { "n_tokens": 122, "text": "\nModern analysis identifies at least three scribes:\nScribe A wrote most of the historical and poetical books of the Old Testament, almost the whole of the New Testament, and the Epistle of Barnabas\nScribe B was responsible for the Prophets and for the Shepherd of Hermas\nScribe D wrote the whole of Tobit and Judith, the first half of 4 Maccabees, the first two-thirds of the Psalms, and the first five verses of Revelation\nScribe B was a poor speller, and scribe A was not very much better; the best scribe was D. Metzger states: \"scribe A had made some unusually serious mistakes\"." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Scribes A and B more often used nomina sacra in contracted forms (ΠΝΕΥΜΑ contracted in all occurrences, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ contracted except in 2 occurrences), scribe D more often used forms uncontracted." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "D distinguished between sacral and nonsacral using of ΚΥΡΙΟΣ." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "His errors are the substitution of ΕΙ for Ι, and Ι for ΕΙ in medial positions, both equally common." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Otherwise substitution of Ι for initial ΕΙ is unknown, and final ΕΙ is only replaced in word ΙΣΧΥΕΙ, confusing of Ε and ΑΙ is very rare." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In the Book of Psalms this scribe has 35 times ΔΑΥΕΙΔ instead of ΔΑΥΙΔ, while scribe A normally uses an abbreviated form ΔΑΔ." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Scribe A's was a \"worse type of phonetic error\"." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Confusion of Ε and ΑΙ occurs in all contexts." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Milne and Skeat characterised scribe B as \"careless and illiterate\"." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The work of the original scribe is designated by the siglum א*." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nA paleographical study at the British Museum in 1938 found that the text had undergone several corrections." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The first corrections were done by several scribes before the manuscript left the scriptorium." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "Readings which they introduced are designated by the siglum אᵃ. Milne and Skeat have observed that the superscription to 1 Maccabees was made by scribe D, while the text was written by scribe A. Scribe D corrects his own work and that of scribe A, but scribe A limits himself to correcting his own work." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "In the 6th or 7th century, many alterations were made (אᵇ) – according to a colophon at the end of the book of Esdras and Esther the source of these alterations was \"a very ancient manuscript that had been corrected by the hand of the holy martyr Pamphylus\" (martyred in 309)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "If this is so, material beginning with 1 Samuel to the end of Esther is Origen's copy of the Hexapla." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "From this colophon, the correction is concluded to have been made in Caesarea Maritima in the 6th or 7th centuries." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The pervasive iotacism, especially of the ει diphthong, remains uncorrected." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati, when he visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt." }, { "n_tokens": 79, "text": "His diary was published in 1879, in which was written:\nIn questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo, ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime, assai grandi, sottili, e quadre, scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d'oro rotondo, che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico." }, { "n_tokens": 75, "text": "\n \nIn this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century, and especially a Bible (made) of beautiful vellum, very large, thin and square parchments, written in round and very beautiful letters; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters, it should be very old." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe \"Bible on beautiful vellum\" may be the Codex Sinaiticus, and the gold evangelistarium is likely Lectionary 300 on the Gregory-Aland list." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nGerman Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf wrote about his visit to the monastery in Reise in den Orient in 1846 (translated as Travels in the East in 1847), without mentioning the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Later, in 1860, in his writings about the Sinaiticus discovery, Tischendorf wrote a narrative about the monastery and the manuscript that spanned from 1844 to 1859." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "He wrote that in 1844, during his first visit to the Saint Catherine's Monastery, he saw some leaves of parchment in a waste-basket." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They were \"rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery\", although this is firmly denied by the Monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "After examination he realized that they were part of the Septuagint, written in an early Greek uncial script." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He retrieved from the basket 129 leaves in Greek which he identified as coming from a manuscript of the Septuagint." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He asked if he might keep them, but at this point the attitude of the monks changed." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "They realized how valuable these old leaves were, and Tischendorf was permitted to take only one-third of the whole, i.e. 43 leaves." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "These leaves contained portions of 1 Chronicles, Jeremiah, Nehemiah, and Esther." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "After his return they were deposited in the Leipzig University Library, where they remain." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In 1846 Tischendorf published their contents, naming them the 'Codex Friderico-Augustanus' (in honor of Frederick Augustus and keeping secret the source of the leaves)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Other portions of the same codex remained in the monastery, containing all of Isaiah and 1 and 4 Maccabees." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nIn 1845, Archimandrite Porphyrius Uspensky (1804–1885), at that time head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and subsequently Bishop of Chigirin, visited the monastery and the codex was shown to him, together with leaves which Tischendorf had not seen." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1846, Captain C. K. MacDonald visited Mount Sinai, saw the codex, and bought two codices (495 and 496) from the monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nIn 1853, Tischendorf revisited the Saint Catherine's Monastery to get the remaining 86 folios, but without success." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Returning in 1859, this time under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, he was shown the Codex Sinaiticus." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "He would later claim to have found it discarded in a rubbish bin. (" }, { "n_tokens": 87, "text": "This story may have been a fabrication, or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to Codex Sinaiticus: Rev. J. Silvester Davies in 1863 quoted \"a monk of Sinai who... stated that according to the librarian of the monastery the whole of Codex Sinaiticus had been in the library for many years and was marked in the ancient catalogues... Is it likely... that a manuscript known in the library catalogue would have been jettisoned in the rubbish basket.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Indeed, it has been noted that the leaves were in \"suspiciously good condition\" for something found in the trash.)" }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Tischendorf had been sent to search for manuscripts by Russia's Tsar Alexander II, who was convinced there were still manuscripts to be found at the Sinai monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "The text" } ]