context_image
stringlengths 77
77
| context_image_url
stringlengths 55
714
| image
stringlengths 77
77
| image_url
stringlengths 54
740
| sentences
list | text
stringlengths 13
4.1k
| title
stringlengths 1
117
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
train/b1/b121e4f15a03b64a93951d9979232947f8d7bb708c8dd228e4573257941433e0.png | train/1b/1b7bc2734b702963e0dc96238c716c7c2a7d1f4e34baf8b3686fa25de1e0d89c.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 57,
"text": "In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee tribe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned."
},
{
"n_tokens": 70,
"text": "Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, North Carolina, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C.\nThe Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Some Cheraw fought with South Carolina in the Tuscarora War."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nIn 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in North Carolina."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": " The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The 3rd company was of \"northern Indians\" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThe 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": " Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": " This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nHistorian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting South Carolina in the war."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": " Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as \"about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees\", whose home is described as \"on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": " This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nIn 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "They were out of the war by October of 1715."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "\nIn 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their base in present-day New York."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nWhen the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by South Carolina Governor James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "The remnants of the tribes combined."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Some of the tribe may have moved north and founded the \"Charraw Settlement\" along Drowning Creek, (present-day Robeson County) North Carolina."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nBy 1754, racially mixed families lived along the Lumber River."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Cheraw women with the surname Grooms married into this group, which later became known as the Lumbee people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\nThey were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter."
}
] | In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee tribe. The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned. Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, North Carolina, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C.
The Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712. Some Cheraw fought with South Carolina in the Tuscarora War.
In 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in North Carolina. Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors. The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina. The 3rd company was of "northern Indians" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong. They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others.
The 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker. Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others. This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion.
Historian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting South Carolina in the war. Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as "about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees", whose home is described as "on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast". This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers.
In 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory. On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace. They were out of the war by October of 1715.
In 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town. The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit. He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their base in present-day New York. The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area.
When the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis. In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba. In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by South Carolina Governor James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler. The remnants of the tribes combined. Some of the tribe may have moved north and founded the "Charraw Settlement" along Drowning Creek, (present-day Robeson County) North Carolina. The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory.
By 1754, racially mixed families lived along the Lumber River. Cheraw women with the surname Grooms married into this group, which later became known as the Lumbee people.
They were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768. During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier. Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter. | Cheraw |
||
train/b1/b121e4f15a03b64a93951d9979232947f8d7bb708c8dd228e4573257941433e0.png | train/d6/d635ba8147421afd00a3c454c8a3eb17c3fe4a219187af2807d679046295b3b3.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 57,
"text": "In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee tribe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned."
},
{
"n_tokens": 70,
"text": "Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, North Carolina, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C.\nThe Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Some Cheraw fought with South Carolina in the Tuscarora War."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nIn 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in North Carolina."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": " The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The 3rd company was of \"northern Indians\" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThe 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": " Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": " This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nHistorian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting South Carolina in the war."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": " Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as \"about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees\", whose home is described as \"on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": " This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nIn 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "They were out of the war by October of 1715."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "\nIn 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their base in present-day New York."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nWhen the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by South Carolina Governor James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "The remnants of the tribes combined."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Some of the tribe may have moved north and founded the \"Charraw Settlement\" along Drowning Creek, (present-day Robeson County) North Carolina."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nBy 1754, racially mixed families lived along the Lumber River."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Cheraw women with the surname Grooms married into this group, which later became known as the Lumbee people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\nThey were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter."
}
] | In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee tribe. The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned. Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, North Carolina, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C.
The Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712. Some Cheraw fought with South Carolina in the Tuscarora War.
In 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in North Carolina. Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors. The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina. The 3rd company was of "northern Indians" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong. They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others.
The 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker. Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others. This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion.
Historian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting South Carolina in the war. Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as "about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees", whose home is described as "on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast". This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers.
In 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory. On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace. They were out of the war by October of 1715.
In 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town. The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit. He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their base in present-day New York. The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area.
When the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis. In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba. In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by South Carolina Governor James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler. The remnants of the tribes combined. Some of the tribe may have moved north and founded the "Charraw Settlement" along Drowning Creek, (present-day Robeson County) North Carolina. The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory.
By 1754, racially mixed families lived along the Lumber River. Cheraw women with the surname Grooms married into this group, which later became known as the Lumbee people.
They were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768. During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier. Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter. | Cheraw |
||
train/14/14718ea018390cfdfccb6b4123a8af474636d84546558f94d8f58f11f10d1920.png | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Grey_francolin_distr.png | train/6c/6c105f840637616ccdda28335a165128a84158c35d31b6a32c5aa99d09101976.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "They are usually seen in small groups."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThe main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nFood includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nThey roost in groups in low thorny trees."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nSeveral species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species."
}
] | The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings. Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet. The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet. They are usually seen in small groups.
The main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground. The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock. The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted.
Food includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae). They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes.
They roost in groups in low thorny trees.
Several species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species. | Grey francolin |
|
train/14/14718ea018390cfdfccb6b4123a8af474636d84546558f94d8f58f11f10d1920.png | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Grey_francolin_distr.png | train/c5/c5d39b09ec24c50115cb6f948d23e9a1b1ec28a2b015b2507d18f1d1a0b7fa0c.png | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Grey_Francolin_Call_1_Sonogram.png | [
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "They are usually seen in small groups."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "\nThe main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "\nFood includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nThey roost in groups in low thorny trees."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nSeveral species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species."
}
] | The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings. Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet. The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet. They are usually seen in small groups.
The main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground. The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock. The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted.
Food includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae). They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes.
They roost in groups in low thorny trees.
Several species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species. | Grey francolin |
train/14/14718ea018390cfdfccb6b4123a8af474636d84546558f94d8f58f11f10d1920.png | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Grey_francolin_distr.png | train/25/25e9a5fd57b338e3c52992ae96e1d90860c51ccbf090517c80b34de38f2cf601.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "This bird is a medium-sized francolin, with males averaging 11.6–13.4 in (29–34 cm) and females averaging 10.2–11.9 in (26–30 cm)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "The males weigh 9–12 oz (260–340 g) whereas the weight of the females is 7–11 oz (200–310 g)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The only similar species is the painted francolin, which has a rufous vent."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The male can have up to two spurs on the legs while females usually lack them."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Subspecies mecranensis is palest and found in arid North-Western India, Eastern Pakistan and Southern Iran."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": " Subspecies interpositus is darker and intermediate found in northern India."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The nominate race in the southern peninsula of India has populations with a darker rufous throat, supercilium and is richer brown."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "They are weak fliers and fly short distances, escaping into undergrowth after a few spurts of flight."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "In flight it shows a chestnut tail and dark primaries."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The race in Sri Lanka is sometimes given the name ceylonensis or considered as belonging to the nominate."
}
] | This bird is a medium-sized francolin, with males averaging 11.6–13.4 in (29–34 cm) and females averaging 10.2–11.9 in (26–30 cm). The males weigh 9–12 oz (260–340 g) whereas the weight of the females is 7–11 oz (200–310 g). The francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat. The only similar species is the painted francolin, which has a rufous vent. The male can have up to two spurs on the legs while females usually lack them. Subspecies mecranensis is palest and found in arid North-Western India, Eastern Pakistan and Southern Iran. Subspecies interpositus is darker and intermediate found in northern India. The nominate race in the southern peninsula of India has populations with a darker rufous throat, supercilium and is richer brown. They are weak fliers and fly short distances, escaping into undergrowth after a few spurts of flight. In flight it shows a chestnut tail and dark primaries. The race in Sri Lanka is sometimes given the name ceylonensis or considered as belonging to the nominate. | Grey francolin |
|
train/14/14718ea018390cfdfccb6b4123a8af474636d84546558f94d8f58f11f10d1920.png | http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Grey_francolin_distr.png | train/cb/cb58a017d2948651731a41cad5f55df28ae17eafae1d1630b0dbfbd432cc95d0.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The species has long been domesticated in areas of northern Indian subcontinent where it is used for fighting."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The domesticated birds can be large at around 500-600g, compared to 250g for wild birds."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "They are usually carefully reared by hand and become as tame and confiding as a pet dog."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "\nSeveral authors have described the running of the birds as being particularly graceful:\nThey run very swiftly and gracefully; they seem to glide rather than run, and the native lover can pay no higher compliment to his mistress than to liken her gait to that of the Partridge."
},
{
"n_tokens": 60,
"text": "\n— A O Hume quoted in Ogilvie-Grant\nJohn Lockwood Kipling, Rudyard Kipling's father, wrote of this and other partridges such as the chukar partridge:\nThe creature follows its master with a rapid and pretty gait that suggests a graceful girl tripping along with a full skirt well held up."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The Indian lover can pay his sweetheart no higher compliment than to say she runs like a partridge."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "In poetry the semblance is one of best hackneyed of Indian metaphors."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "In poetry, too, the partridge is associated with the moon, and, like the lotus, is supposed to be perpetually longing for it, while the chikore is said to eat fire."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\n— Kipling, 1904"
}
] | The species has long been domesticated in areas of northern Indian subcontinent where it is used for fighting. The domesticated birds can be large at around 500-600g, compared to 250g for wild birds. They are usually carefully reared by hand and become as tame and confiding as a pet dog.
Several authors have described the running of the birds as being particularly graceful:
They run very swiftly and gracefully; they seem to glide rather than run, and the native lover can pay no higher compliment to his mistress than to liken her gait to that of the Partridge.
— A O Hume quoted in Ogilvie-Grant
John Lockwood Kipling, Rudyard Kipling's father, wrote of this and other partridges such as the chukar partridge:
The creature follows its master with a rapid and pretty gait that suggests a graceful girl tripping along with a full skirt well held up. The Indian lover can pay his sweetheart no higher compliment than to say she runs like a partridge. In poetry the semblance is one of best hackneyed of Indian metaphors. In poetry, too, the partridge is associated with the moon, and, like the lotus, is supposed to be perpetually longing for it, while the chikore is said to eat fire.
— Kipling, 1904 | Grey francolin |
|
train/1d/1db0b511e1096cedee970cd63a8890541339e5cfdca56f676fd855248236edb7.jpg | train/a3/a3e8f2b1e3989125ee6bcb78ae2137a2243d228903f203d700460c3af4c70a8b.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "This is a tower house, partially restored."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives."
}
] | This is a tower house, partially restored. It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners. Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms. Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives. | Ballymalis Castle |
||
train/1d/1db0b511e1096cedee970cd63a8890541339e5cfdca56f676fd855248236edb7.jpg | train/c8/c8f622b925dd92a8fe5fa21915bb6f1f6fa1302a4e74cf206c11bbfc7fc75133.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "This is a tower house, partially restored."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives."
}
] | This is a tower house, partially restored. It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners. Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms. Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives. | Ballymalis Castle |
||
train/1d/1db0b511e1096cedee970cd63a8890541339e5cfdca56f676fd855248236edb7.jpg | train/d8/d8326d3723314aa2cd06fc4ef9e541d2bcd36bd1d9ab403407bf03b3e487e82c.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "This is a tower house, partially restored."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives."
}
] | This is a tower house, partially restored. It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners. Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms. Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives. | Ballymalis Castle |
||
train/34/34fb6a1367ac92923080499c796cbe6b2618170104bf4a4504ebe13524ce4eb4.jpg | train/0c/0c92bdb0ed6d100c32b60e7283074b2beec3e26d7b68e21447a8d53a4374f02f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies, in a design which appeared to flow out of the Tower itself and ripple across the moat."
},
{
"n_tokens": 91,
"text": "There were a series of designed elements which added drama, height and movement to the installation: the \"Weeping Window\" flowing out of a window in Legge's Mount in the West Moat, (which became the iconic image), \"Over the Top\", a cascade of poppies down the wall on the wharf side of the moat and the \"Wave\", a free-standing twisted metal sculpture covered in poppies which curled over the main causeway into the Tower."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nThe ceramic poppies were individually hand-made at Cummins' ceramics works in Derbyshire and at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "The poppies were added to the installation progressively by volunteers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl-based Etruscan red earthenware used, as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials, were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke-on-Trent."
},
{
"n_tokens": 60,
"text": "There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers, representing one count of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I.\nThe first poppy was \"planted\" on 17 July 2014, and the work was unveiled on 5 August (the day following the centenary of Britain's entry into the war)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place, overseen by Tom Piper and Yeoman Warder Jim Duncan, making this a true public artwork."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 (Remembrance Day), by a 13-year-old cadet, Harry Hayes, from the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) of Reading Blue Coat School."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "After that day a team of about 8,000 volunteers began removing the flowers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 60,
"text": " Members of the public had been able to pre-order the ceramic poppies for £25 each, with a share of the proceeds (estimated at more than £15 million) going to six service charities: COBSEO, Combat Stress, Coming Home, Help for Heroes, the Royal British Legion and SSAFA."
},
{
"n_tokens": 56,
"text": "\nAt around sunset each day between 1 September and 10 November, the names of 180 World War I service personnel, nominated by members of the public to appear on a Roll of Honour, were read aloud by a Yeoman Warder or guest reader, followed by the Last Post bugle call."
}
] | The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies, in a design which appeared to flow out of the Tower itself and ripple across the moat. There were a series of designed elements which added drama, height and movement to the installation: the "Weeping Window" flowing out of a window in Legge's Mount in the West Moat, (which became the iconic image), "Over the Top", a cascade of poppies down the wall on the wharf side of the moat and the "Wave", a free-standing twisted metal sculpture covered in poppies which curled over the main causeway into the Tower.
The ceramic poppies were individually hand-made at Cummins' ceramics works in Derbyshire and at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. The poppies were added to the installation progressively by volunteers. The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl-based Etruscan red earthenware used, as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials, were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke-on-Trent. There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers, representing one count of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I.
The first poppy was "planted" on 17 July 2014, and the work was unveiled on 5 August (the day following the centenary of Britain's entry into the war). A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place, overseen by Tom Piper and Yeoman Warder Jim Duncan, making this a true public artwork. The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 (Remembrance Day), by a 13-year-old cadet, Harry Hayes, from the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) of Reading Blue Coat School. After that day a team of about 8,000 volunteers began removing the flowers. Members of the public had been able to pre-order the ceramic poppies for £25 each, with a share of the proceeds (estimated at more than £15 million) going to six service charities: COBSEO, Combat Stress, Coming Home, Help for Heroes, the Royal British Legion and SSAFA.
At around sunset each day between 1 September and 10 November, the names of 180 World War I service personnel, nominated by members of the public to appear on a Roll of Honour, were read aloud by a Yeoman Warder or guest reader, followed by the Last Post bugle call. | Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red |
||
train/34/34fb6a1367ac92923080499c796cbe6b2618170104bf4a4504ebe13524ce4eb4.jpg | train/c9/c9709db76e26c71ec811e45d1ba4632e52f73ef2df6e32a0eeb4404e810938a9.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "The installation was visited by the Princes William and Harry and the Duchess of Cambridge on the day of its opening, and by the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on 16 October."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The Queen later spoke about the memorial in her annual Christmas Message, broadcast on 25 December 2014."
},
{
"n_tokens": 55,
"text": "\nIn all, an estimated 5 million people saw the installation, and the huge visitor demand saw the Prime Minister David Cameron and other politicians join calls to try and extend the period for which the installation remained at the Tower so that more visitors would be able to pay their respects."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "Historic Royal Palaces and the artist Paul Cummins resisted such calls, stating that the transience of the installation was a key part of the artistic concept, and that the poppies would be removed as planned and distributed to their purchasers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "On 8 November it was announced that Wave, which rose up over the Tower's entrance, would remain in place until the end of the month and that following this, the sculptures Wave and Weeping Window would be taken on a tour of the UK, organised by 14–18 NOW."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "This tour would last until the centenary of the armistice of World War I in November of 2018 and visit 19 locations; after the tour the sculptures would enter the Imperial War Museum's collection."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "A campaign was launched in December 2014 to bring the sculptural elements to Stoke-on-Trent during the tour itinerary as the majority of materials and a large number of ceramic poppies were manufactured in the city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "In April 2016, about halfway through the tour, Weeping Window was installed at St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall, Orkney, Britain's most northerly cathedral, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, the biggest naval engagement of the First World War."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "\nIn recognition of the work, Paul Cummins and Tom Piper were both awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2015 New Year Honours."
}
] | The installation was visited by the Princes William and Harry and the Duchess of Cambridge on the day of its opening, and by the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on 16 October. The Queen later spoke about the memorial in her annual Christmas Message, broadcast on 25 December 2014.
In all, an estimated 5 million people saw the installation, and the huge visitor demand saw the Prime Minister David Cameron and other politicians join calls to try and extend the period for which the installation remained at the Tower so that more visitors would be able to pay their respects. Historic Royal Palaces and the artist Paul Cummins resisted such calls, stating that the transience of the installation was a key part of the artistic concept, and that the poppies would be removed as planned and distributed to their purchasers. On 8 November it was announced that Wave, which rose up over the Tower's entrance, would remain in place until the end of the month and that following this, the sculptures Wave and Weeping Window would be taken on a tour of the UK, organised by 14–18 NOW. This tour would last until the centenary of the armistice of World War I in November of 2018 and visit 19 locations; after the tour the sculptures would enter the Imperial War Museum's collection. A campaign was launched in December 2014 to bring the sculptural elements to Stoke-on-Trent during the tour itinerary as the majority of materials and a large number of ceramic poppies were manufactured in the city. In April 2016, about halfway through the tour, Weeping Window was installed at St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall, Orkney, Britain's most northerly cathedral, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, the biggest naval engagement of the First World War.
In recognition of the work, Paul Cummins and Tom Piper were both awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2015 New Year Honours. | Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red |
||
train/34/34fb6a1367ac92923080499c796cbe6b2618170104bf4a4504ebe13524ce4eb4.jpg | train/59/594dc51bb8d210b01ac62acfbf6c7f0e6cfac1467b6c47828c4880866fd7178d.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some critics in the press."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it \"impressive\" but \"curiously bland\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a \"false nobility\" and being a \"prettified and toothless\" memorial."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Tom Piper said in response that \"... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand.\""
}
] | Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some critics in the press. A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it "impressive" but "curiously bland". The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a "false nobility" and being a "prettified and toothless" memorial. Tom Piper said in response that "... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible. We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand." | Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red |
||
train/34/34fb6a1367ac92923080499c796cbe6b2618170104bf4a4504ebe13524ce4eb4.jpg | train/8a/8ae997e1794aa9e0f694855f9fb508cc5015efafff98e9bd591b0a3007d7ddba.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some critics in the press."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it \"impressive\" but \"curiously bland\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a \"false nobility\" and being a \"prettified and toothless\" memorial."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Tom Piper said in response that \"... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand.\""
}
] | Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some critics in the press. A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it "impressive" but "curiously bland". The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a "false nobility" and being a "prettified and toothless" memorial. Tom Piper said in response that "... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible. We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand." | Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/af/af7f22d8b897e4c61e09cf183fa16b4f6c612daff80484a04f14baa7ddd4b3b7.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 88,
"text": "The 1916 statue of General Antonio Maceo by the Italian sculptor Doménico Boni and subsequent park, La Casa de Beneficencia, the hotel Manhattan on Calle Belascoáin, by the U.S. Engineering firm of Purdy and Henderson, and the Hotel Vista Alegre also at the beginning of Calle Belascoáin, anchored a geographically important corner close to the sea of the large expanse of land known as El Barrio San Lazaro and within it and immediately to the north was the Caleta de San Lazaro."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Cayo Hueso was also a part of El Barrio de San Lazaro."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Cayo Hueso (\"bone cay\"), its name derives from its location near the Espada Cemetery."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "it was demolished in 1908."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "Among the oldest institutions in the area were the leprosy hospital (demolished in 1916), the Casa de Beneficencia orphanage (currently the Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 76,
"text": "Buildings in the Barrio San Lazaro that were important to the early development of the city were the Hospital de San Dionisio for the mentally insane, the Cementerio General known as the Campo Santo and more commonly referred to as the Espada Cemetery was the precursor to the Colon Cemetery, and a room for the treatment of the mentally ill located on the side of the Real Casa de Beneficencia on Calle Belascoáin."
},
{
"n_tokens": 44,
"text": "The monument to Antonio Maceo was located near a place previously occupied by the Batería de la Reina, (1861), located in front of the La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad, at the intersection of Belascoaín and San Lázaro."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "In 1916 the monument was placed but the park was not built, many voices were raised in a protest demanding that a greater tribute be paid to the figure of Antonio Maceo."
}
] | The 1916 statue of General Antonio Maceo by the Italian sculptor Doménico Boni and subsequent park, La Casa de Beneficencia, the hotel Manhattan on Calle Belascoáin, by the U.S. Engineering firm of Purdy and Henderson, and the Hotel Vista Alegre also at the beginning of Calle Belascoáin, anchored a geographically important corner close to the sea of the large expanse of land known as El Barrio San Lazaro and within it and immediately to the north was the Caleta de San Lazaro. Cayo Hueso was also a part of El Barrio de San Lazaro. Cayo Hueso ("bone cay"), its name derives from its location near the Espada Cemetery. it was demolished in 1908. Among the oldest institutions in the area were the leprosy hospital (demolished in 1916), the Casa de Beneficencia orphanage (currently the Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital). Buildings in the Barrio San Lazaro that were important to the early development of the city were the Hospital de San Dionisio for the mentally insane, the Cementerio General known as the Campo Santo and more commonly referred to as the Espada Cemetery was the precursor to the Colon Cemetery, and a room for the treatment of the mentally ill located on the side of the Real Casa de Beneficencia on Calle Belascoáin. The monument to Antonio Maceo was located near a place previously occupied by the Batería de la Reina, (1861), located in front of the La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad, at the intersection of Belascoaín and San Lázaro. In 1916 the monument was placed but the park was not built, many voices were raised in a protest demanding that a greater tribute be paid to the figure of Antonio Maceo. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/76/76c8f3713ef2fe99e5e3221cd7e67abe3bef474a4590223c32e020f499fabce5.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía General."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "1855."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\n\"Cayo Hueso (Centro Habana)\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-06-18."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\n\"La calle San Lázaro, crisol de revolucionarios antes y ahora\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-06."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-05."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nPlano pintoresco de La Habana \n\"Forts of Cuba\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "\nPlano de La Habana \n\"Castro Inaugurates Centro Habana Hospital\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\n\"Basque\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Britannica Online for Kids."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 16 March 2013."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\n\"Basque\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "Oxford Reference online."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nTotoricaguena, Gloria Pilar (2004)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "University of Nevada Press."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "p. 59."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "ISBN 978-0-87417-547-9."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nGünther, Torsten; et al. ("
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "2015). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "112 (38): 11917–11922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211917G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMC 4586848."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMID 26351665."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nOlalde, Iñigo; et al. ("
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "2019). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "Science."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "363 (6432): 1230–1234."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMC 6436108."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMID 30872528."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nBycroft, Clare; et al. ("
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "2019). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": "Nature Communications."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "10 (1): 551."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMC 6358624."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMID 30710075."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\nNuma, Lázaro. \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "Andar tras las huellas de Tacón\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2020-01-28."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\nSkiena, Stephen."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": " Calculated bets: computers, gambling, and mathematical modeling to win, p. 25\nLaurence Edmondson (20 July 2010). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Kidnapped in Cuba\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": "ESPN F1."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "ESPN."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\n\"Yo Secuestre a Juan Manuel Fangio\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-18."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\n\"A Grand Prix in Havana?\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "grandprix.com."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "24 November 1997."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\n\"Stirling Moss Race History: 1960 Cuban Grand Prix\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "stirlingmoss.com."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Archived from the original on 18 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\n\"Real Hospital de San Lázaro (provincia de La Habana)\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-11."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-10."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Santuario Nacional de San Lázaro\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"El Cementerio de Espada\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\n\"El Cementerio Espada: Primer cementerio de Latinoamérica fuera de una iglesia\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-14."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"Casa de San Dionisio\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-28."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-28."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Jose Marti Tour of Havana\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-13."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"The José Martí Timeline\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-01."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\n\"chronology of events in Jose Marti's life\" (PDF)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-30."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"La Llave del Golfo\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-11."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\n\"Café Vista Alegre en Habana de otros tiempos\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-29."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nBaker, Christopher P. (2015)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": "Moon Havana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "pp."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": " 105–106."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "ISBN 9781631212833."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-03."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nFranco, José L. (1975)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Antonio Maceo: apuntes para una historia de su vida, Tomo I (in Spanish)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Havana, Cuba: Ciencias Sociales."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "p. 268."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\n\"Cuba Forts\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Havana Jai Alai: 1904\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2019-03-27."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2019-03-08."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\n\"LA CASA DE BENEFICENCIA Y MATERNIDAD DE LA HABANA\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-01."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-02."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"Batería de Santa Clara\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nWikipedia contributors, \"Siege of Havana,\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/"
}
] | Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana. Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía General. 1855. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
"Cayo Hueso (Centro Habana)". Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-11-03.
"La calle San Lázaro, crisol de revolucionarios antes y ahora". Archived from the original on 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
Plano pintoresco de La Habana
"Forts of Cuba". Archived from the original on 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
Plano de La Habana
"Castro Inaugurates Centro Habana Hospital". Retrieved 2018-12-15.
"Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
"Basque". Britannica Online for Kids. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
"Basque". Oxford Reference online. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Totoricaguena, Gloria Pilar (2004). Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora. University of Nevada Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-87417-547-9. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Günther, Torsten; et al. (2015). "Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (38): 11917–11922. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211917G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112. PMC 4586848. PMID 26351665.
Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
Bycroft, Clare; et al. (2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
Numa, Lázaro. "Andar tras las huellas de Tacón". Retrieved 2020-01-28.
Skiena, Stephen. Calculated bets: computers, gambling, and mathematical modeling to win, p. 25
Laurence Edmondson (20 July 2010). "Kidnapped in Cuba". ESPN F1. ESPN. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
"Yo Secuestre a Juan Manuel Fangio". Retrieved 2018-11-18.
"A Grand Prix in Havana?". grandprix.com. 24 November 1997. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
"Stirling Moss Race History: 1960 Cuban Grand Prix". stirlingmoss.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
"Real Hospital de San Lázaro (provincia de La Habana)". Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
"Santuario Nacional de San Lázaro". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
"El Cementerio de Espada". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
"El Cementerio Espada: Primer cementerio de Latinoamérica fuera de una iglesia". Archived from the original on 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
"Casa de San Dionisio". Archived from the original on 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
"Jose Marti Tour of Havana". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
"The José Martí Timeline". Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
"chronology of events in Jose Marti's life" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
"La Llave del Golfo". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
"Café Vista Alegre en Habana de otros tiempos". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2018-11-03.
Baker, Christopher P. (2015). Moon Havana. Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781631212833. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
Franco, José L. (1975). Antonio Maceo: apuntes para una historia de su vida, Tomo I (in Spanish). Havana, Cuba: Ciencias Sociales. p. 268.
"Cuba Forts". Archived from the original on 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
"Havana Jai Alai: 1904". Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
"LA CASA DE BENEFICENCIA Y MATERNIDAD DE LA HABANA". Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
"Batería de Santa Clara". Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
Wikipedia contributors, "Siege of Havana," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/ | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/63/6373d0fd39746efad3f2c7cd7b2fc2b13b651c8887b284f770051a08378ea60a.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "Calle San Lázaro, perpendicular to Calle Belascoáin, is 25 blocks long and extends from the steps of the University of Havana in the west to almost the Castillo San Salvador de la Punta in the east."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "Since the opening of the Espada cemetery in 1806, Calle San Lazaro was used for funeral processions to the cemetery."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "The street did not become populated until 1815."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Calle San Lázaro owes the origin of its name to the Hospital de San Lázaro which was founded in 1746."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "First, it was called Calle Ancha del Norte and later, El Basurero (trash dump), later still, Antonio Maceo Avenue, and then Avenida de la República."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "In 1936 the City of Havana Council restored its original name to Calle San Lázaro."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "\nThe backs of the houses originally faced onto the sea; the boardwalk was not built until the beginning of the 20th century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "Much earlier, the famous sea baths called La Punta, del Recreo and de Beneficencia were built."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "In the 19th century, the only important building on the road was the Beneficencia, built-in 1794, and where the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital stands today."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "14 blocks of San Lázaro, facing the Malecón, are a priority area for conservation, where the Office of the City Historian is carrying out a rehabilitation program for the historically valuable buildings located in the area."
}
] | Calle San Lázaro, perpendicular to Calle Belascoáin, is 25 blocks long and extends from the steps of the University of Havana in the west to almost the Castillo San Salvador de la Punta in the east. Since the opening of the Espada cemetery in 1806, Calle San Lazaro was used for funeral processions to the cemetery. The street did not become populated until 1815. Calle San Lázaro owes the origin of its name to the Hospital de San Lázaro which was founded in 1746. First, it was called Calle Ancha del Norte and later, El Basurero (trash dump), later still, Antonio Maceo Avenue, and then Avenida de la República. In 1936 the City of Havana Council restored its original name to Calle San Lázaro.
The backs of the houses originally faced onto the sea; the boardwalk was not built until the beginning of the 20th century. Much earlier, the famous sea baths called La Punta, del Recreo and de Beneficencia were built. In the 19th century, the only important building on the road was the Beneficencia, built-in 1794, and where the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital stands today. 14 blocks of San Lázaro, facing the Malecón, are a priority area for conservation, where the Office of the City Historian is carrying out a rehabilitation program for the historically valuable buildings located in the area. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/70/707e1379020ac3732b0a411d94b7abca8390cc046ed7ef4d8f168bf2c3f72366.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 48,
"text": "The Hospital de San Lázaro dates back to the seventeenth century when it served as a headquarters for some temporary huts for those suffering from leprosy built near the Caleta de San Lázaro, a natural inlet that was located about a mile outside the city walls."
},
{
"n_tokens": 82,
"text": "The chaplain of the church, presbyter Juan Pérez de Silva, and Dr. Francisco Teneza in view of the deplorable conditions of the leprosy patients sought the help of the King of Spain Felipe V. The Real Hospital de San Lázaro was built near the Juan Guillén Cove in 1781 and the church inside a two-story courtyard which became a pilgrimage frequented by those suffering from leprosy and followers of San Lázaro or Babalú Ayé seeking spiritual solace."
}
] | The Hospital de San Lázaro dates back to the seventeenth century when it served as a headquarters for some temporary huts for those suffering from leprosy built near the Caleta de San Lázaro, a natural inlet that was located about a mile outside the city walls. The chaplain of the church, presbyter Juan Pérez de Silva, and Dr. Francisco Teneza in view of the deplorable conditions of the leprosy patients sought the help of the King of Spain Felipe V. The Real Hospital de San Lázaro was built near the Juan Guillén Cove in 1781 and the church inside a two-story courtyard which became a pilgrimage frequented by those suffering from leprosy and followers of San Lázaro or Babalú Ayé seeking spiritual solace. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/7a/7a4e3c2497bb87d913b4df2b2b3a17782cf0198410ecca197244e5f49d119673.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 51,
"text": "The battery was named after Juan Procopio Bassecourt, the Count of Santa Clara, governor of Cuba who built it between 1797 and 1799, the Santa Clara Battery is west of the Canteras de San Lázaro and was part of a system of colonial fortifications of the city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The site is shown on the map of 1900 and is today part of the gardens of the Hotel Nacional de Cuba."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nThe Battery of Santa Clara artillery had 20 pieces of large caliber, long-range Ordóñez guns some of which can still be seen today in the gardens of the Hotel Nacional."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "From this same point, many British ships were fired upon during the Siege of Havana, a military action that took place from March to August 1762."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The protected area is a long and solid parapet of 193 meters in length and about 80 meters from the sea."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "Its fire had to cross with the one of the Castillo San Salvador de la Punta, dominating the cove of Juan Guillén."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "\nIn 1890, the Battery of Santa Clara was reinforced with 1.60 metre thick walls of Portland cement concrete."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "It was the first time Portland cement had been used on the island."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The Battery of Santa Clara was declared by UNESCO in 1982, together with the historic center of Old Havana, a World Heritage Site."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "Of this defensive system, two cannons are currently exhibited in the garden: the \"Krupp\" and the \"Ordóñez\", the latter being the largest cannon in the world at the time."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "\nThe first battery on this site was built between 1797 and 1799, and was named for Juan Procopio Bassecourt y Bryas, Count of Santa Clara, the Spanish governor of Cuba from 1796 to 1799."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The battery was modernized in 1895, when it received new guns."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "It was armed with three 11\" Krupp and two 12\" Ordóñez guns, as well as two Nordenfelt 6-pounder quick firing guns for close-in defense."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "There were also some leftover older, obsolete pieces, including eight 8\" howitzers, which may have been 210mm (8.3\") sunchado howitzers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nOn 7 May 1898, during the Spanish–American War, the Spanish lured the USS Vicksburg and the US Revenue Cutter Morrill into chasing a Spanish schooner under the guns of the battery."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The battery fired too soon on the US vessels, which were able to escape without taking a hit."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Then on 13 June the Krupp gun fired on the protected (armored) cruiser USS Montgomery at a range of 9000 meters, also without effect."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "\n\nFollowing the Spanish–American War, US troops were billeted there and later a barracks was constructed, which was torn down in 1928 or 1929 to provide a site for the hotel."
}
] | The battery was named after Juan Procopio Bassecourt, the Count of Santa Clara, governor of Cuba who built it between 1797 and 1799, the Santa Clara Battery is west of the Canteras de San Lázaro and was part of a system of colonial fortifications of the city. The site is shown on the map of 1900 and is today part of the gardens of the Hotel Nacional de Cuba.
The Battery of Santa Clara artillery had 20 pieces of large caliber, long-range Ordóñez guns some of which can still be seen today in the gardens of the Hotel Nacional. From this same point, many British ships were fired upon during the Siege of Havana, a military action that took place from March to August 1762. The protected area is a long and solid parapet of 193 meters in length and about 80 meters from the sea. Its fire had to cross with the one of the Castillo San Salvador de la Punta, dominating the cove of Juan Guillén.
In 1890, the Battery of Santa Clara was reinforced with 1.60 metre thick walls of Portland cement concrete. It was the first time Portland cement had been used on the island. The Battery of Santa Clara was declared by UNESCO in 1982, together with the historic center of Old Havana, a World Heritage Site. Of this defensive system, two cannons are currently exhibited in the garden: the "Krupp" and the "Ordóñez", the latter being the largest cannon in the world at the time.
The first battery on this site was built between 1797 and 1799, and was named for Juan Procopio Bassecourt y Bryas, Count of Santa Clara, the Spanish governor of Cuba from 1796 to 1799. The battery was modernized in 1895, when it received new guns. It was armed with three 11" Krupp and two 12" Ordóñez guns, as well as two Nordenfelt 6-pounder quick firing guns for close-in defense. There were also some leftover older, obsolete pieces, including eight 8" howitzers, which may have been 210mm (8.3") sunchado howitzers.
On 7 May 1898, during the Spanish–American War, the Spanish lured the USS Vicksburg and the US Revenue Cutter Morrill into chasing a Spanish schooner under the guns of the battery. The battery fired too soon on the US vessels, which were able to escape without taking a hit. Then on 13 June the Krupp gun fired on the protected (armored) cruiser USS Montgomery at a range of 9000 meters, also without effect.
Following the Spanish–American War, US troops were billeted there and later a barracks was constructed, which was torn down in 1928 or 1929 to provide a site for the hotel. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/6c/6c022945ae2b185e42f202a9649b82f37439d2c44bd148562d68b0d6ac67b094.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "The Cuban Grand Prix was a sports car motor race held for a brief period in the late 1950s in Havana, Cuba, last raced in 1960."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "The 1958 race is best remembered as the backdrop to the kidnapping of Formula One World Champion driver Juan Manuel Fangio by anti-government rebels linked to the 26th of July Movement."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "There is an exclusive report in the newspaper Zig Zag by the man who allegedly kidnapped Fangio and a note by Fangio."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nThe race was established in 1957 as Fulgencio Batista envisioned creating an event to attract tourists, particularly from the United States."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "A street circuit was established on the Malecon."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "The first race was a success; it was won by Fangio driving a Maserati 300S, leading home Carroll Shelby driving a Ferrari 410 S and Alfonso de Portago in a Ferrari 860 Monza."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe following year the official Maserati team arrived in force with their fleet of Maserati 300S cars and Fangio and Stirling Moss as drivers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "On the eve of the race, Fangio was abducted from his hotel by an armed man."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "The Cuban government ordered the race to continue."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Moss and Masten Gregory led the race which was red-flagged after just six laps."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Armando Garcia Cifuentes had crashed his Ferrari into the crowd, killing seven."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nThe 1959 race was cancelled as Fidel Castro's revolution entered its final stages."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The race returned in 1960, at a new venue on service roads around a military airfield."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "Moss, driving a Maserati Birdcage for privateer team Camoradi, had a comfortable victory over NART run Ferrari 250 TR59 driven by Pedro Rodríguez with Masten Gregory third in a Porsche 718."
}
] | The Cuban Grand Prix was a sports car motor race held for a brief period in the late 1950s in Havana, Cuba, last raced in 1960. The 1958 race is best remembered as the backdrop to the kidnapping of Formula One World Champion driver Juan Manuel Fangio by anti-government rebels linked to the 26th of July Movement. There is an exclusive report in the newspaper Zig Zag by the man who allegedly kidnapped Fangio and a note by Fangio.
The race was established in 1957 as Fulgencio Batista envisioned creating an event to attract tourists, particularly from the United States. A street circuit was established on the Malecon. The first race was a success; it was won by Fangio driving a Maserati 300S, leading home Carroll Shelby driving a Ferrari 410 S and Alfonso de Portago in a Ferrari 860 Monza.
The following year the official Maserati team arrived in force with their fleet of Maserati 300S cars and Fangio and Stirling Moss as drivers. On the eve of the race, Fangio was abducted from his hotel by an armed man. The Cuban government ordered the race to continue. Moss and Masten Gregory led the race which was red-flagged after just six laps. Armando Garcia Cifuentes had crashed his Ferrari into the crowd, killing seven.
The 1959 race was cancelled as Fidel Castro's revolution entered its final stages. The race returned in 1960, at a new venue on service roads around a military airfield. Moss, driving a Maserati Birdcage for privateer team Camoradi, had a comfortable victory over NART run Ferrari 250 TR59 driven by Pedro Rodríguez with Masten Gregory third in a Porsche 718. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/ea/ea37c42a6d7444a4572aa62875cd2c1079514ec762575870f2a804571b089b1a.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 74,
"text": "In 1794 La Casa de Beneficencia, located on land located in front of the San Lázaro cove, an area known at that time as the Betancourt Garden, was the initiative of a group of illustrious Habaneros, including Luis de Peñalver, the Bishop of New Orleans, the Countess de Jaruco, the Marquise of Peñalver and Cárdenas, and the Captain-General, Luis de las Casas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "Initially, La Casa de Beneficencia admitted only females."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nThe financial situation of La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad was difficult, sometimes distressing."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "Towards 1824, General Francisco Dionisio Vives took it out of its financial quagmire by providing a tax on lottery tickets and another on the cockfights that took place in the trenches of the Castillo de la Fuerza."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "\nIn 1914, President Mario García Menocal converted La Casa de Beneficencia into a state institution and provided it, without forgoing donations and popular collections, with a budget for maintenance."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "In the 19th century in what is now Maceo Park the Batería de la Reina was installed."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "Along Calle Belascoaín, at the back of the building and shown on an 1866 map, was the bullring of Havana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "On Calles Virtudes and Concordia, was the jai alai frontón."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nIn the late 1950s, the Batista government bought the building and demolished it with the intention of building the headquarters of the National Bank of Cuba."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The Revolution triumphed however and it was decided to install the children in what had been the Civic Military Institute, in Ceiba del Agua."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "The new facility was named Hogar Granma."
}
] | In 1794 La Casa de Beneficencia, located on land located in front of the San Lázaro cove, an area known at that time as the Betancourt Garden, was the initiative of a group of illustrious Habaneros, including Luis de Peñalver, the Bishop of New Orleans, the Countess de Jaruco, the Marquise of Peñalver and Cárdenas, and the Captain-General, Luis de las Casas. Initially, La Casa de Beneficencia admitted only females.
The financial situation of La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad was difficult, sometimes distressing. Towards 1824, General Francisco Dionisio Vives took it out of its financial quagmire by providing a tax on lottery tickets and another on the cockfights that took place in the trenches of the Castillo de la Fuerza.
In 1914, President Mario García Menocal converted La Casa de Beneficencia into a state institution and provided it, without forgoing donations and popular collections, with a budget for maintenance. In the 19th century in what is now Maceo Park the Batería de la Reina was installed. Along Calle Belascoaín, at the back of the building and shown on an 1866 map, was the bullring of Havana. On Calles Virtudes and Concordia, was the jai alai frontón.
In the late 1950s, the Batista government bought the building and demolished it with the intention of building the headquarters of the National Bank of Cuba. The Revolution triumphed however and it was decided to install the children in what had been the Civic Military Institute, in Ceiba del Agua. The new facility was named Hogar Granma. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/5e/5e07dc049de9106370f75c7bb49fe5770e45f3a85f930b3d279226bacda64b8c.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "Arrested at the age of 16, José Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment of hard labor in the San Lazaro Quarry in the western part of the Barrio, where he was sent to cut coral rock."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "It is now a memorial called Fragua Martiana, in reference to the role it played in forging Martí's character."
},
{
"n_tokens": 55,
"text": "Since its inauguration in 1952, it's been the place that marks the end of the March of the Torches; Every year on the eve of January 28th, people from Havana, mainly university students, march from the University of Havana to the Fragua Martiana to celebrate Martí's birthday."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "The march, held for the first time in 1953 (the 100th anniversary), was first organized by the Federation of University Students and has become an important tradition in Cuban university life."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "\nOn April 5, 1870, José Martí was confined to the quarries of San Lázaro, sentenced to forced labor for multiple reasons which included crimes of infidelity."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Marti was 17 years old and shackled to the ankle of his right leg and his waist."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "A few months earlier, in October 1869, a group of Spanish volunteers had searched the home of Martí's friend, Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and found a letter addressed to an acquaintance, whom they had accused of being a traitor for entering the Spanish army."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Both claimed to be the author of the letter, both were imprisoned."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment on April 4, 1870."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "He entered the jail in Havana where he would work up to twelve hours a day under difficult conditions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nHe met Nicolás del Castillo and Lino Figueredo, and his experiences under confinement served as material for the book 'The Political Prison in Cuba'."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "In this booklet, José Martí tells in a masterly way the bitter experience lived in the quarries of San Lazaro during the period in which he was imprisoned, forced to work in subhuman conditions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "It is addressed to the Spaniards as if he were speaking to them as if presenting this horrible spectacle for scenes; continually invokes them to see and condemn."
},
{
"n_tokens": 44,
"text": "Martí was not looking for literary novelty; he conceived it as a document of indignant accusation, not only for physical abuse but for the mistreatment of morals and the human condition; but that does not stop being an artistic piece."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Faced with the terrible experience pain of presidio served as a testimony in his work:\n\"The notion of good floats above all, and is never engulfed\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\n(\"La noción del bien flota sobre todo, y no naufraga jamás\".)"
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "\nBy mid-August, due to the bad state of health, José Martí was transferred to the cigar store of the prison and then to La Cabaña."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The lime in the quarry had hurt his eyes, the pressure of the shackle had produced an ulcer on his leg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 80,
"text": "On 28 August 1870 in dedication to his mother, Leonor Perez Cabrera, written in a photo in which it appears of foot and with the shackle, and he writes:\n\"Look at me, mother, and in the name of love do not cry: if a slave of my age and my doctrines, your martyr heart filled with thorns, think that they are born among the thorns, flowers.\""
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\n Spanish Jose Marti."
}
] | Arrested at the age of 16, José Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment of hard labor in the San Lazaro Quarry in the western part of the Barrio, where he was sent to cut coral rock. It is now a memorial called Fragua Martiana, in reference to the role it played in forging Martí's character. Since its inauguration in 1952, it's been the place that marks the end of the March of the Torches; Every year on the eve of January 28th, people from Havana, mainly university students, march from the University of Havana to the Fragua Martiana to celebrate Martí's birthday. The march, held for the first time in 1953 (the 100th anniversary), was first organized by the Federation of University Students and has become an important tradition in Cuban university life.
On April 5, 1870, José Martí was confined to the quarries of San Lázaro, sentenced to forced labor for multiple reasons which included crimes of infidelity. Marti was 17 years old and shackled to the ankle of his right leg and his waist. A few months earlier, in October 1869, a group of Spanish volunteers had searched the home of Martí's friend, Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and found a letter addressed to an acquaintance, whom they had accused of being a traitor for entering the Spanish army. Both claimed to be the author of the letter, both were imprisoned. Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment on April 4, 1870. He entered the jail in Havana where he would work up to twelve hours a day under difficult conditions.
He met Nicolás del Castillo and Lino Figueredo, and his experiences under confinement served as material for the book 'The Political Prison in Cuba'. In this booklet, José Martí tells in a masterly way the bitter experience lived in the quarries of San Lazaro during the period in which he was imprisoned, forced to work in subhuman conditions. It is addressed to the Spaniards as if he were speaking to them as if presenting this horrible spectacle for scenes; continually invokes them to see and condemn. Martí was not looking for literary novelty; he conceived it as a document of indignant accusation, not only for physical abuse but for the mistreatment of morals and the human condition; but that does not stop being an artistic piece. Faced with the terrible experience pain of presidio served as a testimony in his work:
"The notion of good floats above all, and is never engulfed".
("La noción del bien flota sobre todo, y no naufraga jamás".)
By mid-August, due to the bad state of health, José Martí was transferred to the cigar store of the prison and then to La Cabaña. The lime in the quarry had hurt his eyes, the pressure of the shackle had produced an ulcer on his leg. On 28 August 1870 in dedication to his mother, Leonor Perez Cabrera, written in a photo in which it appears of foot and with the shackle, and he writes:
"Look at me, mother, and in the name of love do not cry: if a slave of my age and my doctrines, your martyr heart filled with thorns, think that they are born among the thorns, flowers."
Spanish Jose Marti. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/9c/9c391901ac9c396f4b8c5cb6f6691da72d7431d496ffc7343d016dfe686153fe.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Calle Belascoáin is shown on the map of 1853 as the last street of the city."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The southern boundary of this area were the railroad tracks that lead to the Paradero de Villanueva and what eventually became Calle Zanja."
},
{
"n_tokens": 58,
"text": "This large territory is the Barrio de San Lázaro, a no man's land where the orphans from La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana, the lepers of the Hospital de San Lazaro, the mentally ill from Casa de Dementes de San Dionisio and the deceased of the Espada Cemetery were located."
},
{
"n_tokens": 79,
"text": "EcuRed writes: \"The historical richness of the territory is incalculable through the times, dates from the sixteenth century, when the French corsair Jacques de Sores, on July 10, 1555, penetrated through the cove of Juan Guillen (today San Lázaro) between the Torreón and the Parque Maceo, who took, looted and burned Villa de San Cristobal de La Habana, which was defended by Mayor Juan de Lobera."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The Cabildo of September 26, 1664, determined to build a fortress next to the cove, one league from the Villa."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "He himself served as a lookout by placing a lit torch to warn of the presence of an enemy ship."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Today, this monument represents the Municipality of Centro Habana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "On July 26, 1912, the Cayo Hueso part of Barrio de San Lázaro was officially recognized as a neighborhood.\""
}
] | Calle Belascoáin is shown on the map of 1853 as the last street of the city. The southern boundary of this area were the railroad tracks that lead to the Paradero de Villanueva and what eventually became Calle Zanja. This large territory is the Barrio de San Lázaro, a no man's land where the orphans from La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana, the lepers of the Hospital de San Lazaro, the mentally ill from Casa de Dementes de San Dionisio and the deceased of the Espada Cemetery were located. EcuRed writes: "The historical richness of the territory is incalculable through the times, dates from the sixteenth century, when the French corsair Jacques de Sores, on July 10, 1555, penetrated through the cove of Juan Guillen (today San Lázaro) between the Torreón and the Parque Maceo, who took, looted and burned Villa de San Cristobal de La Habana, which was defended by Mayor Juan de Lobera. The Cabildo of September 26, 1664, determined to build a fortress next to the cove, one league from the Villa. He himself served as a lookout by placing a lit torch to warn of the presence of an enemy ship. Today, this monument represents the Municipality of Centro Habana. On July 26, 1912, the Cayo Hueso part of Barrio de San Lázaro was officially recognized as a neighborhood." | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/77/77ece8812159a4a1515ff51579076cbef7cb08dde387e6d59ec0f161df705496.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "The Basques (/bɑːsks/ or /bæsks/; Basque: euskaldunak [eus̺kaldunak]; Spanish: vascos [ˈbaskos]; French: basques [bask]) are a European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians."
},
{
"n_tokens": 56,
"text": "Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\nThey exported the game from ca."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "1800 to all parts of the world including the Americas."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "Jai alai (/ˈhaɪ.əlaɪ/: [ˈxai aˈlai]) is normally played with a ball that is bounced off of the floor and three walls accelerated to high speeds with a wicker hand-held device called a (Cesta)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 54,
"text": "A sport played in Spain, southwest of France and Latin American countries, it is a variation of Basque pelota, a term, coined by Serafin Baroja in 1875, is also often loosely applied to the fronton (the open-walled playing area) where the sport is played."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The game is called \"zesta-punta\" (basket tip) in Basque."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "There was a Jai alai court in the back of La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana on Calle Belascoain, the edge between the city and the countryside."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The fronton was called \"the palace of the screams \" (Spanish: palacio de los gritos)."
}
] | The Basques (/bɑːsks/ or /bæsks/; Basque: euskaldunak [eus̺kaldunak]; Spanish: vascos [ˈbaskos]; French: basques [bask]) are a European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians. Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.
They exported the game from ca. 1800 to all parts of the world including the Americas. Jai alai (/ˈhaɪ.əlaɪ/: [ˈxai aˈlai]) is normally played with a ball that is bounced off of the floor and three walls accelerated to high speeds with a wicker hand-held device called a (Cesta). A sport played in Spain, southwest of France and Latin American countries, it is a variation of Basque pelota, a term, coined by Serafin Baroja in 1875, is also often loosely applied to the fronton (the open-walled playing area) where the sport is played. The game is called "zesta-punta" (basket tip) in Basque. There was a Jai alai court in the back of La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana on Calle Belascoain, the edge between the city and the countryside. The fronton was called "the palace of the screams " (Spanish: palacio de los gritos). | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/52/52c581aea151c25e251c91716095a4b15dcaa5b8393f0a2a6077b6af42052f36.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The Casa de Beneficencia eventually reached from Calles San Lazaro and Belascoáin to Marquez Gonzalez and Virtudes where the jai alai fronton was located."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "A former orphan described the place: \"Beneficencia had two gates; the front that overlooked San Lázaro street with a large garden."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The right part of that building (facing north), corresponded to the chapel that was always open to the public."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "To the left of the main entrance were the school offices followed by the barbershop and other workshops."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The students were never in those gardens where there was only the possibility of visual contact with them."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The other gate that served as access to the vehicles only was in the back of the school; that is, on Virtudes Street between Belascoaín and Lucena."
},
{
"n_tokens": 53,
"text": "On the right (always facing north), part of the building was located dedicated to the classrooms and on its left was the hospital... This magnificent school was converted into a barracks... they took us out of there to turn it into the Antonio Maceo military school.\""
}
] | The Casa de Beneficencia eventually reached from Calles San Lazaro and Belascoáin to Marquez Gonzalez and Virtudes where the jai alai fronton was located. A former orphan described the place: "Beneficencia had two gates; the front that overlooked San Lázaro street with a large garden. The right part of that building (facing north), corresponded to the chapel that was always open to the public. To the left of the main entrance were the school offices followed by the barbershop and other workshops. The students were never in those gardens where there was only the possibility of visual contact with them. The other gate that served as access to the vehicles only was in the back of the school; that is, on Virtudes Street between Belascoaín and Lucena. On the right (always facing north), part of the building was located dedicated to the classrooms and on its left was the hospital... This magnificent school was converted into a barracks... they took us out of there to turn it into the Antonio Maceo military school." | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/17/179553db6c90a5a6d818cf13d07bd2b7491b6de2377952102b4412f10b005a94.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "A team scores a point if an opposing player:\nfails to serve the ball directly to the front wall so that upon rebound it will bounce between lines No."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "4 and 7."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "If it does not, it is an under or over serve and the other team will receive the point."
},
{
"n_tokens": 65,
"text": "\nfails to catch the ball on the fly or after one bounce\nholds or juggles the ball\nhurls the ball out of bounds\ninterferes with a player attempting to catch and hurl the ball\nThe team scoring a point remains in the court and the opposing team rotates off the court to the end of the list of opponents."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "Points usually double after the first round of play, once each team has played at least one point."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "When a game is played with points doubling after the first round, this is called \"Spectacular Seven\" scoring."
}
] | A team scores a point if an opposing player:
fails to serve the ball directly to the front wall so that upon rebound it will bounce between lines No. 4 and 7. If it does not, it is an under or over serve and the other team will receive the point.
fails to catch the ball on the fly or after one bounce
holds or juggles the ball
hurls the ball out of bounds
interferes with a player attempting to catch and hurl the ball
The team scoring a point remains in the court and the opposing team rotates off the court to the end of the list of opponents. Points usually double after the first round of play, once each team has played at least one point. When a game is played with points doubling after the first round, this is called "Spectacular Seven" scoring. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/5d/5d3125bd5c46e6d089274e2f4e0eb686ffa42257a17ded5715ea994dedee7f97.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The court for jai alai consists of walls on the front, back and left, and the floor between them."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "If the ball (called a pilota, \"ball\" in Standard Basque) touches the floor outside these walls, it is considered out of bounds."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "Similarly, there is also a border on the lower 3 feet (0.9 m) of the front wall that is also out of bounds."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The ceiling on the court is usually very high, so the ball has a more predictable path."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "The court is divided by 14 parallel lines going horizontally across the court, with line #1 closest to the front wall and line #14 the back wall."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "In doubles, each team consists of a frontcourt player and a backcourt player."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The game begins when the frontcourt player of the first team serves the ball to the second team."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The winner of each point stays on the court to meet the next team in rotation."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Losers go to the end of the line to await another turn on the court."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The first team to score 7 points (or 9 in Superfecta games) wins."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The next highest scores are awarded \"place\" (second) and \"show\" (third) positions, respectively."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Playoffs decide tied scores."
}
] | The court for jai alai consists of walls on the front, back and left, and the floor between them. If the ball (called a pilota, "ball" in Standard Basque) touches the floor outside these walls, it is considered out of bounds. Similarly, there is also a border on the lower 3 feet (0.9 m) of the front wall that is also out of bounds. The ceiling on the court is usually very high, so the ball has a more predictable path. The court is divided by 14 parallel lines going horizontally across the court, with line #1 closest to the front wall and line #14 the back wall. In doubles, each team consists of a frontcourt player and a backcourt player. The game begins when the frontcourt player of the first team serves the ball to the second team. The winner of each point stays on the court to meet the next team in rotation. Losers go to the end of the line to await another turn on the court. The first team to score 7 points (or 9 in Superfecta games) wins. The next highest scores are awarded "place" (second) and "show" (third) positions, respectively. Playoffs decide tied scores. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/ee/ee43421ab56600c6585a1908c2f53eb5a30cc774dc334949405f31b45f937cea.png | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "The Santa Clara Battery was built on top of a hill that was home to one of the most historic caves on the island."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "The hill of Taganana, located in the coastal outcrop of Punta Brava near the cove of San Lázaro took its name from a cavern in the Canary Islands where the princess Guanche Cathaysa took refuge."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "She was captured and sold by the Castilians as a slave in 1494."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "The 7-year-old Guanche girl from Taganana (in Santa Cruz de Tenerife) was taken captive along with four other youngsters (Cathayta, Inopona, Cherohisa, and Ithaisa)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Cathayta was sold as a slave with her companions in Valencia, in April 1494."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "It is believed that after this she spent the rest of her life somewhere in Spain as a Menina for some woman of the Spanish high society."
},
{
"n_tokens": 39,
"text": "\nIn Cuba, in a parallel legend that states that one of the caves under the Taganana hill served as a shelter for a Cuban Indian girl of the same name who fled from her Spanish persecutors."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "\nThe Cuban novelist Cirilo Villaverde immortalized Guanche Cathaysa in his literary work, La Cueva de Taganana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 84,
"text": "\n\nArnoldo Varona writes:\n The hill of Taganana, as it is known, is located in the coastal outcrop of Punta Brava, almost to the extreme of the cove of San Lázaro, and was a habitual place of pirate landings, that took its name of another cavern in the island Canaria of Tenerife where the princess Guanche Cathaysa took refuge when she escaped after she was captured and sold by the Castilians as a slave in 1494."
}
] | The Santa Clara Battery was built on top of a hill that was home to one of the most historic caves on the island. The hill of Taganana, located in the coastal outcrop of Punta Brava near the cove of San Lázaro took its name from a cavern in the Canary Islands where the princess Guanche Cathaysa took refuge. She was captured and sold by the Castilians as a slave in 1494. The 7-year-old Guanche girl from Taganana (in Santa Cruz de Tenerife) was taken captive along with four other youngsters (Cathayta, Inopona, Cherohisa, and Ithaisa). Cathayta was sold as a slave with her companions in Valencia, in April 1494. It is believed that after this she spent the rest of her life somewhere in Spain as a Menina for some woman of the Spanish high society.
In Cuba, in a parallel legend that states that one of the caves under the Taganana hill served as a shelter for a Cuban Indian girl of the same name who fled from her Spanish persecutors.
The Cuban novelist Cirilo Villaverde immortalized Guanche Cathaysa in his literary work, La Cueva de Taganana.
Arnoldo Varona writes:
The hill of Taganana, as it is known, is located in the coastal outcrop of Punta Brava, almost to the extreme of the cove of San Lázaro, and was a habitual place of pirate landings, that took its name of another cavern in the island Canaria of Tenerife where the princess Guanche Cathaysa took refuge when she escaped after she was captured and sold by the Castilians as a slave in 1494. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/95/9568643c9f156539259322d054253facfd02cdc5cbbaa7d5d47b91d201b5a577.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Barrio de San Lázaro is a former neighbourhood in Havana, Cuba."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "It occupied the area bounded by Calle Infanta to the west, Calle Zanja to the south, Calle Belascoáin to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the north, forming the western edge of Centro Habana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "According to the 1855 Ordenanzas Municipales of the city of Havana, Barrio San Lázaro was in the Tercer Distrito (Third District) and was Barrio No."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "8."
}
] | Barrio de San Lázaro is a former neighbourhood in Havana, Cuba. It occupied the area bounded by Calle Infanta to the west, Calle Zanja to the south, Calle Belascoáin to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the north, forming the western edge of Centro Habana. According to the 1855 Ordenanzas Municipales of the city of Havana, Barrio San Lázaro was in the Tercer Distrito (Third District) and was Barrio No. 8. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/43/433d94dcd07f58ec3f51cf7862b6037d2bce2aff8caae77ade4ebb3685ceeeb3.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Barrio de San Lázaro is a former neighbourhood in Havana, Cuba."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "It occupied the area bounded by Calle Infanta to the west, Calle Zanja to the south, Calle Belascoáin to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the north, forming the western edge of Centro Habana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "According to the 1855 Ordenanzas Municipales of the city of Havana, Barrio San Lázaro was in the Tercer Distrito (Third District) and was Barrio No."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "8."
}
] | Barrio de San Lázaro is a former neighbourhood in Havana, Cuba. It occupied the area bounded by Calle Infanta to the west, Calle Zanja to the south, Calle Belascoáin to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the north, forming the western edge of Centro Habana. According to the 1855 Ordenanzas Municipales of the city of Havana, Barrio San Lázaro was in the Tercer Distrito (Third District) and was Barrio No. 8. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/e4/e4307d6713ec3836b6d50e0e5967294851eeec9ffc7e4a1bfc09833763c407f8.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "The Cuban Grand Prix was a sports car motor race held for a brief period in the late 1950s in Havana, Cuba, last raced in 1960."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "The 1958 race is best remembered as the backdrop to the kidnapping of Formula One World Champion driver Juan Manuel Fangio by anti-government rebels linked to the 26th of July Movement."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "There is an exclusive report in the newspaper Zig Zag by the man who allegedly kidnapped Fangio and a note by Fangio."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nThe race was established in 1957 as Fulgencio Batista envisioned creating an event to attract tourists, particularly from the United States."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "A street circuit was established on the Malecon."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "The first race was a success; it was won by Fangio driving a Maserati 300S, leading home Carroll Shelby driving a Ferrari 410 S and Alfonso de Portago in a Ferrari 860 Monza."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "\nThe following year the official Maserati team arrived in force with their fleet of Maserati 300S cars and Fangio and Stirling Moss as drivers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "On the eve of the race, Fangio was abducted from his hotel by an armed man."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "The Cuban government ordered the race to continue."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Moss and Masten Gregory led the race which was red-flagged after just six laps."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Armando Garcia Cifuentes had crashed his Ferrari into the crowd, killing seven."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nThe 1959 race was cancelled as Fidel Castro's revolution entered its final stages."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The race returned in 1960, at a new venue on service roads around a military airfield."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "Moss, driving a Maserati Birdcage for privateer team Camoradi, had a comfortable victory over NART run Ferrari 250 TR59 driven by Pedro Rodríguez with Masten Gregory third in a Porsche 718."
}
] | The Cuban Grand Prix was a sports car motor race held for a brief period in the late 1950s in Havana, Cuba, last raced in 1960. The 1958 race is best remembered as the backdrop to the kidnapping of Formula One World Champion driver Juan Manuel Fangio by anti-government rebels linked to the 26th of July Movement. There is an exclusive report in the newspaper Zig Zag by the man who allegedly kidnapped Fangio and a note by Fangio.
The race was established in 1957 as Fulgencio Batista envisioned creating an event to attract tourists, particularly from the United States. A street circuit was established on the Malecon. The first race was a success; it was won by Fangio driving a Maserati 300S, leading home Carroll Shelby driving a Ferrari 410 S and Alfonso de Portago in a Ferrari 860 Monza.
The following year the official Maserati team arrived in force with their fleet of Maserati 300S cars and Fangio and Stirling Moss as drivers. On the eve of the race, Fangio was abducted from his hotel by an armed man. The Cuban government ordered the race to continue. Moss and Masten Gregory led the race which was red-flagged after just six laps. Armando Garcia Cifuentes had crashed his Ferrari into the crowd, killing seven.
The 1959 race was cancelled as Fidel Castro's revolution entered its final stages. The race returned in 1960, at a new venue on service roads around a military airfield. Moss, driving a Maserati Birdcage for privateer team Camoradi, had a comfortable victory over NART run Ferrari 250 TR59 driven by Pedro Rodríguez with Masten Gregory third in a Porsche 718. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/44/443c67465dd1c34586ca3cd6f1b4d73ecafb72d213a0146113f89ccb1775c86f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía General."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "1855."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\n\"Cayo Hueso (Centro Habana)\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-06-18."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\n\"La calle San Lázaro, crisol de revolucionarios antes y ahora\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-06."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-05."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nPlano pintoresco de La Habana \n\"Forts of Cuba\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "\nPlano de La Habana \n\"Castro Inaugurates Centro Habana Hospital\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\n\"Basque\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Britannica Online for Kids."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 16 March 2013."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\n\"Basque\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "Oxford Reference online."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nTotoricaguena, Gloria Pilar (2004)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "University of Nevada Press."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "p. 59."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "ISBN 978-0-87417-547-9."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nGünther, Torsten; et al. ("
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "2015). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "112 (38): 11917–11922."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211917G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMC 4586848."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMID 26351665."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nOlalde, Iñigo; et al. ("
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "2019). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "Science."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "363 (6432): 1230–1234."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMC 6436108."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMID 30872528."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\nBycroft, Clare; et al. ("
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "2019). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": "Nature Communications."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "10 (1): 551."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMC 6358624."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "PMID 30710075."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\nNuma, Lázaro. \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "Andar tras las huellas de Tacón\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2020-01-28."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\nSkiena, Stephen."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": " Calculated bets: computers, gambling, and mathematical modeling to win, p. 25\nLaurence Edmondson (20 July 2010). \""
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Kidnapped in Cuba\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": "ESPN F1."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "ESPN."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\n\"Yo Secuestre a Juan Manuel Fangio\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-18."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "\n\"A Grand Prix in Havana?\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "grandprix.com."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "24 November 1997."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\n\"Stirling Moss Race History: 1960 Cuban Grand Prix\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "stirlingmoss.com."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Archived from the original on 18 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\n\"Real Hospital de San Lázaro (provincia de La Habana)\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-11."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-10."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Santuario Nacional de San Lázaro\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"El Cementerio de Espada\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\n\"El Cementerio Espada: Primer cementerio de Latinoamérica fuera de una iglesia\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-14."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"Casa de San Dionisio\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-28."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-28."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Jose Marti Tour of Havana\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-13."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"The José Martí Timeline\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-01."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "\n\"chronology of events in Jose Marti's life\" (PDF)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-30."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"La Llave del Golfo\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-11."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "\n\"Café Vista Alegre en Habana de otros tiempos\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-29."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nBaker, Christopher P. (2015)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": "Moon Havana."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel."
},
{
"n_tokens": 2,
"text": "pp."
},
{
"n_tokens": 3,
"text": " 105–106."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "ISBN 9781631212833."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-03."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\nFranco, José L. (1975)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Antonio Maceo: apuntes para una historia de su vida, Tomo I (in Spanish)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Havana, Cuba: Ciencias Sociales."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "p. 268."
},
{
"n_tokens": 6,
"text": "\n\"Cuba Forts\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "\n\"Havana Jai Alai: 1904\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2019-03-27."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2019-03-08."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\n\"LA CASA DE BENEFICENCIA Y MATERNIDAD DE LA HABANA\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-01."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-02."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "\n\"Batería de Santa Clara\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-23."
},
{
"n_tokens": 7,
"text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nWikipedia contributors, \"Siege of Havana,\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/"
}
] | Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana. Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía General. 1855. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
"Cayo Hueso (Centro Habana)". Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-11-03.
"La calle San Lázaro, crisol de revolucionarios antes y ahora". Archived from the original on 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
Plano pintoresco de La Habana
"Forts of Cuba". Archived from the original on 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
Plano de La Habana
"Castro Inaugurates Centro Habana Hospital". Retrieved 2018-12-15.
"Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
"Basque". Britannica Online for Kids. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
"Basque". Oxford Reference online. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Totoricaguena, Gloria Pilar (2004). Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora. University of Nevada Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-87417-547-9. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Günther, Torsten; et al. (2015). "Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (38): 11917–11922. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211917G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112. PMC 4586848. PMID 26351665.
Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
Bycroft, Clare; et al. (2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
Numa, Lázaro. "Andar tras las huellas de Tacón". Retrieved 2020-01-28.
Skiena, Stephen. Calculated bets: computers, gambling, and mathematical modeling to win, p. 25
Laurence Edmondson (20 July 2010). "Kidnapped in Cuba". ESPN F1. ESPN. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
"Yo Secuestre a Juan Manuel Fangio". Retrieved 2018-11-18.
"A Grand Prix in Havana?". grandprix.com. 24 November 1997. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
"Stirling Moss Race History: 1960 Cuban Grand Prix". stirlingmoss.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
"Real Hospital de San Lázaro (provincia de La Habana)". Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
"Santuario Nacional de San Lázaro". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
"El Cementerio de Espada". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
"El Cementerio Espada: Primer cementerio de Latinoamérica fuera de una iglesia". Archived from the original on 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
"Casa de San Dionisio". Archived from the original on 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
"Jose Marti Tour of Havana". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
"The José Martí Timeline". Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
"chronology of events in Jose Marti's life" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
"La Llave del Golfo". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
"Café Vista Alegre en Habana de otros tiempos". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2018-11-03.
Baker, Christopher P. (2015). Moon Havana. Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781631212833. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
Franco, José L. (1975). Antonio Maceo: apuntes para una historia de su vida, Tomo I (in Spanish). Havana, Cuba: Ciencias Sociales. p. 268.
"Cuba Forts". Archived from the original on 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
"Havana Jai Alai: 1904". Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
"LA CASA DE BENEFICENCIA Y MATERNIDAD DE LA HABANA". Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
"Batería de Santa Clara". Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
Wikipedia contributors, "Siege of Havana," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/ | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/a9/a94aa3564e87497328be39d80d4ecd0a951a700d004fe9147db697790031ae44.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The Torreón is a cylinder, a round tower of masonry."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "It is approximately 4.57 metres (15.0 ft) in diameter and 9.14 metres (30.0 ft) high with embrasures along its wall at the intermediate level and a battlement parapet at the third level roof."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "It has a wooden entry door at ground level."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "With the passage of time, the San Lazaro cove was filled and the tower was included in a Republican-era park named after Major General Antonio Maceo."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "In an 1853 map of Havana it is shown as the Torreón de Vijias (lookouts)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": " \nLocated in the Parque Antonio Maceo at Malecón and Calle Marina in present-day central Havana is the Torreón de San Lázaro, a watchtower built-in 1665 by the engineer Marcos Lucio."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "From this fortification a lookout could warn military forces by way of torches of threats of attack by corsairs and pirates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "In this regard, it served as a link in the defense chain between the Batería de la Reina, La Punta, and the Santa Clara Battery located at the site of today's Hotel Nacional."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "\nThe Torreón de San Lázaro is named for the nearby leprosarium at the Hospital de San Lázaro which was near the cove formerly known as the Cove of Juan Guillén."
}
] | The Torreón is a cylinder, a round tower of masonry. It is approximately 4.57 metres (15.0 ft) in diameter and 9.14 metres (30.0 ft) high with embrasures along its wall at the intermediate level and a battlement parapet at the third level roof. It has a wooden entry door at ground level. With the passage of time, the San Lazaro cove was filled and the tower was included in a Republican-era park named after Major General Antonio Maceo. In an 1853 map of Havana it is shown as the Torreón de Vijias (lookouts).
Located in the Parque Antonio Maceo at Malecón and Calle Marina in present-day central Havana is the Torreón de San Lázaro, a watchtower built-in 1665 by the engineer Marcos Lucio. From this fortification a lookout could warn military forces by way of torches of threats of attack by corsairs and pirates. In this regard, it served as a link in the defense chain between the Batería de la Reina, La Punta, and the Santa Clara Battery located at the site of today's Hotel Nacional.
The Torreón de San Lázaro is named for the nearby leprosarium at the Hospital de San Lázaro which was near the cove formerly known as the Cove of Juan Guillén. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/aa/aa443e2f131a4978d8108d41e0c8ea4b36801b9f4a3c99aaa5dea82234511b1c.jpg | train/5d/5d054fc7157491cf500f93a4c161f059843d00e0a11ad4c8c2e30a2cfdacb434.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "Arrested at the age of 16, José Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment of hard labor in the San Lazaro Quarry in the western part of the Barrio, where he was sent to cut coral rock."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "It is now a memorial called Fragua Martiana, in reference to the role it played in forging Martí's character."
},
{
"n_tokens": 55,
"text": "Since its inauguration in 1952, it's been the place that marks the end of the March of the Torches; Every year on the eve of January 28th, people from Havana, mainly university students, march from the University of Havana to the Fragua Martiana to celebrate Martí's birthday."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "The march, held for the first time in 1953 (the 100th anniversary), was first organized by the Federation of University Students and has become an important tradition in Cuban university life."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "\nOn April 5, 1870, José Martí was confined to the quarries of San Lázaro, sentenced to forced labor for multiple reasons which included crimes of infidelity."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Marti was 17 years old and shackled to the ankle of his right leg and his waist."
},
{
"n_tokens": 50,
"text": "A few months earlier, in October 1869, a group of Spanish volunteers had searched the home of Martí's friend, Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and found a letter addressed to an acquaintance, whom they had accused of being a traitor for entering the Spanish army."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Both claimed to be the author of the letter, both were imprisoned."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment on April 4, 1870."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "He entered the jail in Havana where he would work up to twelve hours a day under difficult conditions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "\nHe met Nicolás del Castillo and Lino Figueredo, and his experiences under confinement served as material for the book 'The Political Prison in Cuba'."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "In this booklet, José Martí tells in a masterly way the bitter experience lived in the quarries of San Lazaro during the period in which he was imprisoned, forced to work in subhuman conditions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "It is addressed to the Spaniards as if he were speaking to them as if presenting this horrible spectacle for scenes; continually invokes them to see and condemn."
},
{
"n_tokens": 44,
"text": "Martí was not looking for literary novelty; he conceived it as a document of indignant accusation, not only for physical abuse but for the mistreatment of morals and the human condition; but that does not stop being an artistic piece."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Faced with the terrible experience pain of presidio served as a testimony in his work:\n\"The notion of good floats above all, and is never engulfed\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\n(\"La noción del bien flota sobre todo, y no naufraga jamás\".)"
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "\nBy mid-August, due to the bad state of health, José Martí was transferred to the cigar store of the prison and then to La Cabaña."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The lime in the quarry had hurt his eyes, the pressure of the shackle had produced an ulcer on his leg."
},
{
"n_tokens": 80,
"text": "On 28 August 1870 in dedication to his mother, Leonor Perez Cabrera, written in a photo in which it appears of foot and with the shackle, and he writes:\n\"Look at me, mother, and in the name of love do not cry: if a slave of my age and my doctrines, your martyr heart filled with thorns, think that they are born among the thorns, flowers.\""
},
{
"n_tokens": 5,
"text": "\n Spanish Jose Marti."
}
] | Arrested at the age of 16, José Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment of hard labor in the San Lazaro Quarry in the western part of the Barrio, where he was sent to cut coral rock. It is now a memorial called Fragua Martiana, in reference to the role it played in forging Martí's character. Since its inauguration in 1952, it's been the place that marks the end of the March of the Torches; Every year on the eve of January 28th, people from Havana, mainly university students, march from the University of Havana to the Fragua Martiana to celebrate Martí's birthday. The march, held for the first time in 1953 (the 100th anniversary), was first organized by the Federation of University Students and has become an important tradition in Cuban university life.
On April 5, 1870, José Martí was confined to the quarries of San Lázaro, sentenced to forced labor for multiple reasons which included crimes of infidelity. Marti was 17 years old and shackled to the ankle of his right leg and his waist. A few months earlier, in October 1869, a group of Spanish volunteers had searched the home of Martí's friend, Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and found a letter addressed to an acquaintance, whom they had accused of being a traitor for entering the Spanish army. Both claimed to be the author of the letter, both were imprisoned. Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment on April 4, 1870. He entered the jail in Havana where he would work up to twelve hours a day under difficult conditions.
He met Nicolás del Castillo and Lino Figueredo, and his experiences under confinement served as material for the book 'The Political Prison in Cuba'. In this booklet, José Martí tells in a masterly way the bitter experience lived in the quarries of San Lazaro during the period in which he was imprisoned, forced to work in subhuman conditions. It is addressed to the Spaniards as if he were speaking to them as if presenting this horrible spectacle for scenes; continually invokes them to see and condemn. Martí was not looking for literary novelty; he conceived it as a document of indignant accusation, not only for physical abuse but for the mistreatment of morals and the human condition; but that does not stop being an artistic piece. Faced with the terrible experience pain of presidio served as a testimony in his work:
"The notion of good floats above all, and is never engulfed".
("La noción del bien flota sobre todo, y no naufraga jamás".)
By mid-August, due to the bad state of health, José Martí was transferred to the cigar store of the prison and then to La Cabaña. The lime in the quarry had hurt his eyes, the pressure of the shackle had produced an ulcer on his leg. On 28 August 1870 in dedication to his mother, Leonor Perez Cabrera, written in a photo in which it appears of foot and with the shackle, and he writes:
"Look at me, mother, and in the name of love do not cry: if a slave of my age and my doctrines, your martyr heart filled with thorns, think that they are born among the thorns, flowers."
Spanish Jose Marti. | Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana |
||
train/d2/d2bd7b7f563da151a7665c96f2de4239735a03190937c948a2ef3f97ebe8d0c8.jpg | train/40/40090628f56eda1df69d9a9620ccdeb30e5c31e8ccf7db38a6291253e366d627.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The province of Soria is sparsely populated, and Numantia is mainly surrounded by land used for low intensity agriculture."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "However, the regional government of Castilla y Leon and the city of Soria have planned various construction projects which if completed would affect the landscape surrounding the site of Numantia."
},
{
"n_tokens": 63,
"text": "\nThe proposed developments in the vicinity of Numantia have met widespread opposition from a number of quarters, including the Instituto de España, the Real Academia de la Historia, the Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, the Spanish Section of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and a number of Ancient History Departments in Spain."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "In 2008 a petition organised to have Numantia declared a World Heritage Site, in the hope that this would deter the local authorities from developing the area."
}
] | The province of Soria is sparsely populated, and Numantia is mainly surrounded by land used for low intensity agriculture. However, the regional government of Castilla y Leon and the city of Soria have planned various construction projects which if completed would affect the landscape surrounding the site of Numantia.
The proposed developments in the vicinity of Numantia have met widespread opposition from a number of quarters, including the Instituto de España, the Real Academia de la Historia, the Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, the Spanish Section of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and a number of Ancient History Departments in Spain. In 2008 a petition organised to have Numantia declared a World Heritage Site, in the hope that this would deter the local authorities from developing the area. | Numantia |
||
train/d2/d2bd7b7f563da151a7665c96f2de4239735a03190937c948a2ef3f97ebe8d0c8.jpg | train/ff/ff113a9502f1e64536b9e83fa3f9a22229cae919cb5292b60b1f441aa5c40612.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Many objects from the site are on display in the Numantine Museum of Soria (Spanish: Museo Numantino)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "This museum is also responsible for in situ displays at Numantia."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "\nOther collections which have items from the site include the Romano-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\n(Some objects were taken by Adolf Schulten to Germany)."
}
] | Many objects from the site are on display in the Numantine Museum of Soria (Spanish: Museo Numantino). This museum is also responsible for in situ displays at Numantia.
Other collections which have items from the site include the Romano-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz.
(Some objects were taken by Adolf Schulten to Germany). | Numantia |
||
train/d2/d2bd7b7f563da151a7665c96f2de4239735a03190937c948a2ef3f97ebe8d0c8.jpg | train/87/876f071ddb92ee4ebfdc9d7f647485644c697ed98ef44dcdca991a6312083ca6.png | [
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "After the destruction, there are remains of occupation in the 1st century BC, with a regular street plan but without great public buildings."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "\nIts decay starts in the 3rd century, but with Roman remains still from the 4th century."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nLater remains from the 6th century hint of a Visigoth occupation."
}
] | After the destruction, there are remains of occupation in the 1st century BC, with a regular street plan but without great public buildings.
Its decay starts in the 3rd century, but with Roman remains still from the 4th century.
Later remains from the 6th century hint of a Visigoth occupation. | Numantia |
||
train/d2/d2bd7b7f563da151a7665c96f2de4239735a03190937c948a2ef3f97ebe8d0c8.jpg | train/37/37ee48817930a17a001a45e8c1297bcf6bbef666c911b87e6dea2ca811ba4be2.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Numantia was an Iron Age hill fort (in Roman terminology an \"oppidum\"), which controlled a crossing of the river Duero."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nPliny the Elder counts it as a city of the Pellendones, but other authors, like Strabo and Ptolemy place it among the Arevaci people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": " The Arevaci were a Celtiberian tribe, formed by the mingling of Iberians and migrating Celts in the 6th century BC, who inhabited an area near Numantia and Uxama."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nThe first serious conflict with Rome occurred in 153 BC when Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was consul."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Numantia took in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Belli."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The leader of the Belli, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The Romans then besieged Numantia, and deployed a small number of war elephants, but were unsuccessful."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nBefore their defeat in 133 BC, the Numantians gained a number of victories."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": " For example, in 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to the Celtiberians of Numantia (population between 4,000-8,000)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "The young Roman officer Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, an action generally reserved for a Legate."
}
] | Numantia was an Iron Age hill fort (in Roman terminology an "oppidum"), which controlled a crossing of the river Duero.
Pliny the Elder counts it as a city of the Pellendones, but other authors, like Strabo and Ptolemy place it among the Arevaci people. The Arevaci were a Celtiberian tribe, formed by the mingling of Iberians and migrating Celts in the 6th century BC, who inhabited an area near Numantia and Uxama.
The first serious conflict with Rome occurred in 153 BC when Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was consul. Numantia took in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Belli. The leader of the Belli, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army. The Romans then besieged Numantia, and deployed a small number of war elephants, but were unsuccessful.
Before their defeat in 133 BC, the Numantians gained a number of victories. For example, in 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to the Celtiberians of Numantia (population between 4,000-8,000). The young Roman officer Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, an action generally reserved for a Legate. | Numantia |
||
train/d2/d2bd7b7f563da151a7665c96f2de4239735a03190937c948a2ef3f97ebe8d0c8.jpg | train/09/09079103b22e952e620eadb3cb45b3425f3ad33919a0d3f98b73b18cb5c3788f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Numantia was an Iron Age hill fort (in Roman terminology an \"oppidum\"), which controlled a crossing of the river Duero."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nPliny the Elder counts it as a city of the Pellendones, but other authors, like Strabo and Ptolemy place it among the Arevaci people."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": " The Arevaci were a Celtiberian tribe, formed by the mingling of Iberians and migrating Celts in the 6th century BC, who inhabited an area near Numantia and Uxama."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nThe first serious conflict with Rome occurred in 153 BC when Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was consul."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Numantia took in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Belli."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The leader of the Belli, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The Romans then besieged Numantia, and deployed a small number of war elephants, but were unsuccessful."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nBefore their defeat in 133 BC, the Numantians gained a number of victories."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": " For example, in 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to the Celtiberians of Numantia (population between 4,000-8,000)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "The young Roman officer Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, an action generally reserved for a Legate."
}
] | Numantia was an Iron Age hill fort (in Roman terminology an "oppidum"), which controlled a crossing of the river Duero.
Pliny the Elder counts it as a city of the Pellendones, but other authors, like Strabo and Ptolemy place it among the Arevaci people. The Arevaci were a Celtiberian tribe, formed by the mingling of Iberians and migrating Celts in the 6th century BC, who inhabited an area near Numantia and Uxama.
The first serious conflict with Rome occurred in 153 BC when Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was consul. Numantia took in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Belli. The leader of the Belli, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army. The Romans then besieged Numantia, and deployed a small number of war elephants, but were unsuccessful.
Before their defeat in 133 BC, the Numantians gained a number of victories. For example, in 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to the Celtiberians of Numantia (population between 4,000-8,000). The young Roman officer Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, an action generally reserved for a Legate. | Numantia |
||
train/0d/0de122991cddebce1ddff6ac3a4b3cc0b7d4e9d240cb208d53e6a1bbccf437da.jpg | train/89/899e9d844d0ce5173587b05b1f304d1ed2da6b0300b87e24df37786f0de00bba.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Istinye Park has a gross area of 242,000 m² (2,600,000 sq ft)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nThere are three distinct sections present in the building:\nThe Grand Rotunda is a central entertainment space, consisting of a four level arena-like space beneath a scalloped/segmented shell."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "It is supported by a central exterior mast over 3 panoramic elevators."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "The 75-meter-diameter hard-shell canopy encloses a 9 m diameter vertically moving stage."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "The Rotunda also features kinetic water sculptures animated with lights and music."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nThe Lifestyle Center is an open-air town square incorporating a green central park and Fashion District – the glass-roofed indoor retail area."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nThe Bazaar area is distinguished from the rest of the center with its historical Turkish styling- each facade has been inspired by Turkish architecture and history."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "\nThe project design was led by US architect, Tom Kelley while working at Development Design Group Inc., based in Baltimore."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The design period -from conceptual, schematic, to development- lasted for about a year."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Ömerler Mimarlik, based in Istanbul, drafted construction drawings and handled implementation."
},
{
"n_tokens": 19,
"text": "The construction period went on for 26 months- from the first lay of foundation until the grand opening."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "From the first sketch to the completion of the project, it took (2004–2007) 3 years in total."
}
] | Istinye Park has a gross area of 242,000 m² (2,600,000 sq ft).
There are three distinct sections present in the building:
The Grand Rotunda is a central entertainment space, consisting of a four level arena-like space beneath a scalloped/segmented shell. It is supported by a central exterior mast over 3 panoramic elevators. The 75-meter-diameter hard-shell canopy encloses a 9 m diameter vertically moving stage. The Rotunda also features kinetic water sculptures animated with lights and music.
The Lifestyle Center is an open-air town square incorporating a green central park and Fashion District – the glass-roofed indoor retail area.
The Bazaar area is distinguished from the rest of the center with its historical Turkish styling- each facade has been inspired by Turkish architecture and history.
The project design was led by US architect, Tom Kelley while working at Development Design Group Inc., based in Baltimore. The design period -from conceptual, schematic, to development- lasted for about a year. Ömerler Mimarlik, based in Istanbul, drafted construction drawings and handled implementation. The construction period went on for 26 months- from the first lay of foundation until the grand opening. From the first sketch to the completion of the project, it took (2004–2007) 3 years in total. | İstinye Park |
||
train/17/173e1586d9df8b3dd5481c215c9f87dfefad9be48fce02e686ab9f38fca200e0.jpg | train/2f/2fa9a834382f58d9988dcacbc0d84ba9048969514b9141ac0ed74e71d38d67c7.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 12,
"text": "The band announced that they needed a break during March 2005."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "Lundstedt stated that the band would be back in the summer of 2007."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "In the meantime the male members launched solo careers."
},
{
"n_tokens": 43,
"text": "Lundstedt had appeared in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, as a member of six4one, a multinational band founded for the sole purpose of representing Switzerland at the contest, whilst Carlsson has twice taken part individually in the Swedish Melodifestivalen."
},
{
"n_tokens": 11,
"text": "\nLina Hedlund was announced as the replacement for Annikafiore."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The band now includes Tess Merkel and Hedlund as female vocalists, and Lundstedt as male vocalist."
}
] | The band announced that they needed a break during March 2005. Lundstedt stated that the band would be back in the summer of 2007. In the meantime the male members launched solo careers. Lundstedt had appeared in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, as a member of six4one, a multinational band founded for the sole purpose of representing Switzerland at the contest, whilst Carlsson has twice taken part individually in the Swedish Melodifestivalen.
Lina Hedlund was announced as the replacement for Annikafiore. The band now includes Tess Merkel and Hedlund as female vocalists, and Lundstedt as male vocalist. | Alcazar (group) |
||
train/17/173e1586d9df8b3dd5481c215c9f87dfefad9be48fce02e686ab9f38fca200e0.jpg | train/97/97dbe3aaf769930ae7bb59023aec04ed9439c6cec7735343a2e1e674bd336492.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Alcazar is a Swedish nu-disco group."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "Alcazar is one of Sweden's most successful music groups both nationally and internationally with a string of hits since their debut single in 1999."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Worldwide, Alcazar sold over 12 million records between 2001 and 2004."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "Alcazar also had success globally with their song \"Crying at the Discoteque\", having charted in USA, Brazil, Australia, Japan and most countries in Europe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nAlcazar disbanded in August 2011 after a concert at Stockholm Pride."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "They reunited again in 2013 ahead of Melodifestivalen 2014."
}
] | Alcazar is a Swedish nu-disco group. Alcazar is one of Sweden's most successful music groups both nationally and internationally with a string of hits since their debut single in 1999. Worldwide, Alcazar sold over 12 million records between 2001 and 2004. Alcazar also had success globally with their song "Crying at the Discoteque", having charted in USA, Brazil, Australia, Japan and most countries in Europe.
Alcazar disbanded in August 2011 after a concert at Stockholm Pride. They reunited again in 2013 ahead of Melodifestivalen 2014. | Alcazar (group) |
||
train/17/173e1586d9df8b3dd5481c215c9f87dfefad9be48fce02e686ab9f38fca200e0.jpg | train/38/38d37952b743437bca4aa094d1e0388a9e72b073cab045645324d442745e511f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "Alcazar have taken part in Melodifestivalen, the annual competition that selects Sweden's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest, on numerous occasions."
},
{
"n_tokens": 34,
"text": "In 2003, \"Not a Sinner, Nor a Saint\" initially failed to qualify for the final, but got a wildcard in the second chance round, finishing 3rd overall."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "However, the song eventually became the biggest hit of all participating songs in Melodifestivalen 2003."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was Alcazar's first number 1 single in Sweden and was certified Gold."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "\nDuring early 2005 Alcazar was offered a spot in the United Kingdom national selection for Eurovision Song Contest 2005 but refused the offer."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Instead they tried their luck in Melodifestivalen 2005 with the disco tune \"Alcastar\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "As in 2003, they originally failed to qualify for the final, but eventually made it through after the second chance semi-final."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "Once again, the group again had to settle for the 3rd place in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song \"Las Vegas\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Still, the song was a hit and became Alcazar's second number 1 single in Sweden."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "\nAlcazar participated in Melodifestivalen 2009, this time with the song \"Stay the Night\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "After performing the song during the first semifinal in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, they finished in the top 2 of a Melodifestivalen semifinal for the first time, thus qualifying directly for the final."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "In the final in Globen, having placed third with the regional juries and fourth in the televote, the song finished fifth overall."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The song managed to peak at number 2 on Swedish Singles Charts giving Alcazar another Top 10 single in Sweden."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "Alcazar also participated in Melodifestivalen 2010 with the song \"Headlines\", written and produced by Tony Nilsson and Peter Boström, they made it to the second chance round but failed to reach the final."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "\nOn 23 February 2013 they were reunited when they came out with a \"best of hits\" in the Melodifestivalen 2013 in Malmö, Swedish singer Danny Saucedo also joined the band."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "\nOn 28 November 2013, it was announced that the band would compete for a fifth time in Melodifestivalen 2014 with the song \"Blame It on the Disco\"."
},
{
"n_tokens": 22,
"text": "The band competed in the fourth semi-final and made it to the final in Friends Arena on 8 March."
},
{
"n_tokens": 8,
"text": "They once again finished in 3rd place."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "\nOn 1 May it was revealed that Alcazar would be spokespersons, presenting the voting result for Sweden in the Eurovision 2014 final on 10 May."
}
] | Alcazar have taken part in Melodifestivalen, the annual competition that selects Sweden's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest, on numerous occasions. In 2003, "Not a Sinner, Nor a Saint" initially failed to qualify for the final, but got a wildcard in the second chance round, finishing 3rd overall. However, the song eventually became the biggest hit of all participating songs in Melodifestivalen 2003. It was Alcazar's first number 1 single in Sweden and was certified Gold.
During early 2005 Alcazar was offered a spot in the United Kingdom national selection for Eurovision Song Contest 2005 but refused the offer. Instead they tried their luck in Melodifestivalen 2005 with the disco tune "Alcastar". As in 2003, they originally failed to qualify for the final, but eventually made it through after the second chance semi-final. Once again, the group again had to settle for the 3rd place in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song "Las Vegas". Still, the song was a hit and became Alcazar's second number 1 single in Sweden.
Alcazar participated in Melodifestivalen 2009, this time with the song "Stay the Night". After performing the song during the first semifinal in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, they finished in the top 2 of a Melodifestivalen semifinal for the first time, thus qualifying directly for the final. In the final in Globen, having placed third with the regional juries and fourth in the televote, the song finished fifth overall. The song managed to peak at number 2 on Swedish Singles Charts giving Alcazar another Top 10 single in Sweden. Alcazar also participated in Melodifestivalen 2010 with the song "Headlines", written and produced by Tony Nilsson and Peter Boström, they made it to the second chance round but failed to reach the final.
On 23 February 2013 they were reunited when they came out with a "best of hits" in the Melodifestivalen 2013 in Malmö, Swedish singer Danny Saucedo also joined the band.
On 28 November 2013, it was announced that the band would compete for a fifth time in Melodifestivalen 2014 with the song "Blame It on the Disco". The band competed in the fourth semi-final and made it to the final in Friends Arena on 8 March. They once again finished in 3rd place.
On 1 May it was revealed that Alcazar would be spokespersons, presenting the voting result for Sweden in the Eurovision 2014 final on 10 May. | Alcazar (group) |
||
train/c3/c3f67660be0aaf52f5e73426f6583deb758b9d82c684f7317d3186a7776c92e9.jpg | train/df/df6e6c29358caa6f14a23ec113ed91de9da033c0a8edc09eb17f444051b2013f.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Viewpoint - Located on the Santo António hill, offers a privileged view to the bay."
},
{
"n_tokens": 48,
"text": "\nLighthouse of the Santo António hill - In remote times next to a fort that defended the entrance of the bay, it is part of an orientation system for the sailors that includes two headlights located in the dunes, in front of the bar."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nTunnel - It is a pleasant walk and the contemplation of the opposite sides of the tunnel provides a sublime experience."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "On one side, the calm waters of the Bay, on the other the rough waters of the Atlantic Ocean that hit with violence in the rocks."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "\nGarden of the Engineer Frederico Ulrich Square - Green leisure space dedicated to children."
},
{
"n_tokens": 47,
"text": "\nJosé Bento da Silva School - Inaugurated in 1883 with the purpose of training primary and secondary education, today it is the seat of Town Council, Culture House José Bento da Silva, Library and Environmental Defense Association of São Martinho do Porto."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nViewpoint of the José Bento da Silva Square - Privileged view over the Bay and direct access to the Outeiro Elevator."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "\nRuins (Salir do Porto) - Ruins of the artisanal Customs where the caravels that participated in the discoveries and conquests were built, in the reigns of D. Afonso V and D. João II."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Here were also built part of the ships that took D. Sebastião to Alcácer Quibir."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "\nLittle Slop (Salir do Porto) - It is a spring of fresh water that is born near the ocean."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "It is believed to be a miraculous water for many diseases, namely to have properties beneficial to skin problems."
},
{
"n_tokens": 41,
"text": "\nDune (Salir do Porto) - Once the largest of Europe, the Dune of Salir stands out in the landscape of São Martinho Bay, with an altitude of approximately 50m and 200m in length."
},
{
"n_tokens": 20,
"text": "The core of the Dune consists in part of a red sandstone, vestige of an older fossil dune."
}
] | Viewpoint - Located on the Santo António hill, offers a privileged view to the bay.
Lighthouse of the Santo António hill - In remote times next to a fort that defended the entrance of the bay, it is part of an orientation system for the sailors that includes two headlights located in the dunes, in front of the bar.
Tunnel - It is a pleasant walk and the contemplation of the opposite sides of the tunnel provides a sublime experience. On one side, the calm waters of the Bay, on the other the rough waters of the Atlantic Ocean that hit with violence in the rocks.
Garden of the Engineer Frederico Ulrich Square - Green leisure space dedicated to children.
José Bento da Silva School - Inaugurated in 1883 with the purpose of training primary and secondary education, today it is the seat of Town Council, Culture House José Bento da Silva, Library and Environmental Defense Association of São Martinho do Porto.
Viewpoint of the José Bento da Silva Square - Privileged view over the Bay and direct access to the Outeiro Elevator.
Ruins (Salir do Porto) - Ruins of the artisanal Customs where the caravels that participated in the discoveries and conquests were built, in the reigns of D. Afonso V and D. João II. Here were also built part of the ships that took D. Sebastião to Alcácer Quibir.
Little Slop (Salir do Porto) - It is a spring of fresh water that is born near the ocean. It is believed to be a miraculous water for many diseases, namely to have properties beneficial to skin problems.
Dune (Salir do Porto) - Once the largest of Europe, the Dune of Salir stands out in the landscape of São Martinho Bay, with an altitude of approximately 50m and 200m in length. The core of the Dune consists in part of a red sandstone, vestige of an older fossil dune. | São Martinho do Porto |
||
train/c3/c3f67660be0aaf52f5e73426f6583deb758b9d82c684f7317d3186a7776c92e9.jpg | train/3d/3d649ee6844df17a5aa95c060317c79e82b09af550dffadf988be9e0210f1078.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "São Martinho do Porto is a freguesia (civil parish) in Alcobaça Municipality, in Oeste Subregion of Portugal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The population in 2011 was 2,868, in an area of 14.64 km²."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "It was a town and county seat until 1855."
}
] | São Martinho do Porto is a freguesia (civil parish) in Alcobaça Municipality, in Oeste Subregion of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,868, in an area of 14.64 km². It was a town and county seat until 1855. | São Martinho do Porto |
||
train/c3/c3f67660be0aaf52f5e73426f6583deb758b9d82c684f7317d3186a7776c92e9.jpg | train/93/93fcfea800feda9dc9efc8c71241ec0bd6a5a8da4ab8e3534b2d4fa78e7ed762.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "São Martinho do Porto is a freguesia (civil parish) in Alcobaça Municipality, in Oeste Subregion of Portugal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "The population in 2011 was 2,868, in an area of 14.64 km²."
},
{
"n_tokens": 10,
"text": "It was a town and county seat until 1855."
}
] | São Martinho do Porto is a freguesia (civil parish) in Alcobaça Municipality, in Oeste Subregion of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,868, in an area of 14.64 km². It was a town and county seat until 1855. | São Martinho do Porto |
||
train/e7/e736b871df505c25475b598181fd959b50a1f509b5717b315cd60a7d1b5bcd3a.jpg | train/a6/a62c0178badcc5785027a5edc4c54f68d43e32748e21f142a88ee6be940425d3.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "Westhay Moor supports a nationally outstanding community of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "At least 28 nationally notable invertebrate species also occur on the moor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The meadows, ditches, abandoned peat workings and hedgerows provide suitable breeding habitats for a diverse and nationally important breeding bird community."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "\nIt is part of the Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitats; joining together protected areas into a network to enable plant and animal movement."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "\nPart of the moor has been designated as a nature reserve, covering 106 hectares (261 acres), which is managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "In addition to open water and reedbeds, it contains a fragment of acid mire, the largest to have survived in the south west of England."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "The reserve provides habitat for many varieties of birds, which includes millions of starlings between November and January, along with bittern and migrating ospreys."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "Otters and banded demoiselles are among other species which have made their home on the moor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "A large bird hide, reached via a raised boardwalk, has been erected."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "Westhay Moor is also notified as part of the Somerset Levels and Moors Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive and as a Ramsar Site, and a National Nature Reserve."
}
] | Westhay Moor supports a nationally outstanding community of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. At least 28 nationally notable invertebrate species also occur on the moor. The meadows, ditches, abandoned peat workings and hedgerows provide suitable breeding habitats for a diverse and nationally important breeding bird community.
It is part of the Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project. The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitats; joining together protected areas into a network to enable plant and animal movement. It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably. It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK.
Part of the moor has been designated as a nature reserve, covering 106 hectares (261 acres), which is managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust. In addition to open water and reedbeds, it contains a fragment of acid mire, the largest to have survived in the south west of England. The reserve provides habitat for many varieties of birds, which includes millions of starlings between November and January, along with bittern and migrating ospreys. Otters and banded demoiselles are among other species which have made their home on the moor. A large bird hide, reached via a raised boardwalk, has been erected. Westhay Moor is also notified as part of the Somerset Levels and Moors Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive and as a Ramsar Site, and a National Nature Reserve. | Westhay Moor |
||
train/e7/e736b871df505c25475b598181fd959b50a1f509b5717b315cd60a7d1b5bcd3a.jpg | train/77/7793db3e13a9b63701b57b1c17c9ca6cecd25b7a9ac040a0cea11742eef0ee3c.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 61,
"text": "Although underlain by much older Triassic age formations that protrude to form what would once have been islands—such as Athelney, Brent Knoll, Burrow Mump and Glastonbury Tor, which is composed of Blue Lias, the lowland landscape was formed only during the last 10,000 years, following the end of the last ice age."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "As the sea level changed following the Pliocene era, vegetation was laid down which was later converted into peat."
},
{
"n_tokens": 27,
"text": "The peak of the peat formation took place in swamp conditions around 6,000 years ago, although in some areas it continued into medieval times."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "\nWesthay Moor forms part of the Somerset Levels and Moors which is important for its grazing and ditch system, and is crossed by the River Brue and Galton's Canal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "Over much of the moor, the water table is high throughout the year with extensive winter flooding occurring regularly."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "The level of the water tables can be artificially lowered during active working of the peat excavations, but for much of the year these are often filled with water."
}
] | Although underlain by much older Triassic age formations that protrude to form what would once have been islands—such as Athelney, Brent Knoll, Burrow Mump and Glastonbury Tor, which is composed of Blue Lias, the lowland landscape was formed only during the last 10,000 years, following the end of the last ice age. As the sea level changed following the Pliocene era, vegetation was laid down which was later converted into peat. The peak of the peat formation took place in swamp conditions around 6,000 years ago, although in some areas it continued into medieval times.
Westhay Moor forms part of the Somerset Levels and Moors which is important for its grazing and ditch system, and is crossed by the River Brue and Galton's Canal. Over much of the moor, the water table is high throughout the year with extensive winter flooding occurring regularly. The level of the water tables can be artificially lowered during active working of the peat excavations, but for much of the year these are often filled with water. | Westhay Moor |
||
train/e7/e736b871df505c25475b598181fd959b50a1f509b5717b315cd60a7d1b5bcd3a.jpg | train/d4/d4520008e0eda980e9f0b712baaacfef94b5496decd4e4e171395ae3bd48000e.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Large areas of peat were laid down on the Somerset Levels, particularly in the River Brue Valley, during the Quaternary period after the ice sheets melted."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "Peat extraction on the Somerset Levels has occurred since the area was first drained by the Romans."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "The raised bogs were extensively dug for peat for use as fuel up until the end of World War II after which the primary market was for horticulture."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "Large parts of Westhay Moor have now been dug back to the underlying clay exposing estuarine deposits dating from about 6000 BP before isolation from the sea and peat formation began."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "The introduction of plastic packaging in the 1950s allowed the peat to be packed without rotting, which led to the industrialisation of peat extraction during the 1960s as a major market in horticultural peat was developed."
},
{
"n_tokens": 38,
"text": "However, the resultant reduction in water levels that resulted put local ecosystems at risk; peat wastage in pasture fields was occurring at rates of 0.3–0.9 metres (1–3 ft) over 100 years."
},
{
"n_tokens": 37,
"text": "\nIn 1970 the Somerset Wildlife Trust bought the first part of the last 12 hectares (30 acres) of acid raised bog vegetation left on the Somerset Moors undamaged by peat digging or agriculture."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "Since then SWT have bought or been given 100-hectare (250-acre) of former peatworkings."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "These were sculpted and restored to wetland as the experimental area for the Avalon Marshes."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": " This was the term given in the late 1980s to describe the wetland restored from peat workings in the Brue Valley."
},
{
"n_tokens": 16,
"text": "The wetland on the clay is dominated by Phragmites reed, catstail and open water."
},
{
"n_tokens": 18,
"text": "The wetland restoration has been a great success and was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1995."
},
{
"n_tokens": 31,
"text": "Peat working is now beginning to draw to a close on Westhay Moor and the majority of the remaining peatworkings are now being restored to wetland as they are completed."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "In 2014 two land owners unsuccessfully appealed against changes in planning permission which removed their rights to dig peat from Westhay Moor."
}
] | Large areas of peat were laid down on the Somerset Levels, particularly in the River Brue Valley, during the Quaternary period after the ice sheets melted. Peat extraction on the Somerset Levels has occurred since the area was first drained by the Romans. The raised bogs were extensively dug for peat for use as fuel up until the end of World War II after which the primary market was for horticulture. Large parts of Westhay Moor have now been dug back to the underlying clay exposing estuarine deposits dating from about 6000 BP before isolation from the sea and peat formation began. The introduction of plastic packaging in the 1950s allowed the peat to be packed without rotting, which led to the industrialisation of peat extraction during the 1960s as a major market in horticultural peat was developed. However, the resultant reduction in water levels that resulted put local ecosystems at risk; peat wastage in pasture fields was occurring at rates of 0.3–0.9 metres (1–3 ft) over 100 years.
In 1970 the Somerset Wildlife Trust bought the first part of the last 12 hectares (30 acres) of acid raised bog vegetation left on the Somerset Moors undamaged by peat digging or agriculture. Since then SWT have bought or been given 100-hectare (250-acre) of former peatworkings. These were sculpted and restored to wetland as the experimental area for the Avalon Marshes. This was the term given in the late 1980s to describe the wetland restored from peat workings in the Brue Valley. The wetland on the clay is dominated by Phragmites reed, catstail and open water. The wetland restoration has been a great success and was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1995. Peat working is now beginning to draw to a close on Westhay Moor and the majority of the remaining peatworkings are now being restored to wetland as they are completed. In 2014 two land owners unsuccessfully appealed against changes in planning permission which removed their rights to dig peat from Westhay Moor. | Westhay Moor |
||
train/e7/e736b871df505c25475b598181fd959b50a1f509b5717b315cd60a7d1b5bcd3a.jpg | train/6e/6e2fcf3b3a3da435770cfdfea5d0b0dce8f0c03dc8dbe293da41d8387306125b.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "Westhay Moor originally lay at the centre of the most northerly of the two lowland raised bogs that formed in the lower Brue Valley."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "They reached their greatest extent at the end of the Iron Age."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The Neolithic people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "The Sweet Track, named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BCE, is the world's oldest timber trackway, once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BCE an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, close to the River Brue."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay and Nidons trackways."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The archaeology, history and geology of the Somerset Levels was displayed at the Peat Moors Centre until its closure in 2009."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The centre also included reconstructions of some of the archaeological discoveries, including a number of Iron Age round houses from Glastonbury Lake Village, and the Sweet Track."
},
{
"n_tokens": 68,
"text": "\nThe eastern part of the Moor was covered by Meare Pool which was formed by water ponding-up behind the raised peat bogs between the Wedmore and the Polden Hills, and coring has shown that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud, mainly dating from the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "In prehistoric times there were two Meare Lake Villages situated within the lake, occupied at different times between 300 BCE and 100 CE, similar to the nearby Glastonbury Lake Village."
},
{
"n_tokens": 44,
"text": "\nEarly drainage work was carried out in the later years of the 12th century, with the responsibility for maintaining all the watercourses between Glastonbury and the sea being placed on named individuals among whom were Ralph de Sancta Barbara of Brentmarsh."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Drainage of the surrounding area by monks of Glastonbury Abbey had reduced the size of the lake to 500 acres (200 ha) at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Meare Pool had disappeared from maps by 1749."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The Meare Pool originally collected the waters of the rivers Brue and Sheppey, and discharged in a northerly direction into the Lower River Axe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "In the later years of the 12th century the Abbey diverted the Brue to flow westwards, perhaps largely through natural channels, from Meare Pool to join the river Parrett."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nIn the early 17th century plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Further reclamation was carried out in stages between about 1620 and 1740, with the \"new Cutts\" (or Decoy Rhyne) being built about 1660."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The rivers Sheppey and Hartlake were canalised into the River James Wear and Division Rhyne sometime in the late 1730s."
},
{
"n_tokens": 118,
"text": "In 1795, John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes (a local name for drainage channels, pronounced \"reens\" in the east and rhyne to the west) between plots, and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that 18 square kilometres (4,400 acres) had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare, 1.4 square kilometres (350 acres) at Nyland, 3.64 square kilometres (900 acres) at Blackford, 8 square kilometres (2,000 acres) at Mark, 0.4 square kilometres (100 acres) in Shapwick, and 7 square kilometres (1,700 acres) at Westhay."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nIn the 1810s Samuel Galton, Jr. showed that bogs could be drained and dressed with clay and other soil, and built Galton's Canal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The character of the soil was also changed by the spreading of clay and silt from the digging of King's Sedgemoor Drain."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "Galton's Canal was a 2.2-kilometre (1.4 mi) canal with one lock, connecting the River Brue to the North Drain."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was operational by 1822, and ceased to be used after the 1850s."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "The land is drained by a series of rhynes, or ditches with water levels (and hence the level of the water table) being controlled by a system of sluice gates and pumps."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The water resource management operations are managed by the Somerset internal drainage board."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "\nIn the early"
}
] | Westhay Moor originally lay at the centre of the most northerly of the two lowland raised bogs that formed in the lower Brue Valley. They reached their greatest extent at the end of the Iron Age. The Neolithic people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks. The Sweet Track, named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BCE, is the world's oldest timber trackway, once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway. The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BCE an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, close to the River Brue. The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay and Nidons trackways. The archaeology, history and geology of the Somerset Levels was displayed at the Peat Moors Centre until its closure in 2009. The centre also included reconstructions of some of the archaeological discoveries, including a number of Iron Age round houses from Glastonbury Lake Village, and the Sweet Track.
The eastern part of the Moor was covered by Meare Pool which was formed by water ponding-up behind the raised peat bogs between the Wedmore and the Polden Hills, and coring has shown that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud, mainly dating from the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC). In prehistoric times there were two Meare Lake Villages situated within the lake, occupied at different times between 300 BCE and 100 CE, similar to the nearby Glastonbury Lake Village.
Early drainage work was carried out in the later years of the 12th century, with the responsibility for maintaining all the watercourses between Glastonbury and the sea being placed on named individuals among whom were Ralph de Sancta Barbara of Brentmarsh. Drainage of the surrounding area by monks of Glastonbury Abbey had reduced the size of the lake to 500 acres (200 ha) at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Meare Pool had disappeared from maps by 1749. The Meare Pool originally collected the waters of the rivers Brue and Sheppey, and discharged in a northerly direction into the Lower River Axe. In the later years of the 12th century the Abbey diverted the Brue to flow westwards, perhaps largely through natural channels, from Meare Pool to join the river Parrett.
In the early 17th century plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor. Further reclamation was carried out in stages between about 1620 and 1740, with the "new Cutts" (or Decoy Rhyne) being built about 1660. The rivers Sheppey and Hartlake were canalised into the River James Wear and Division Rhyne sometime in the late 1730s. In 1795, John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes (a local name for drainage channels, pronounced "reens" in the east and rhyne to the west) between plots, and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that 18 square kilometres (4,400 acres) had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare, 1.4 square kilometres (350 acres) at Nyland, 3.64 square kilometres (900 acres) at Blackford, 8 square kilometres (2,000 acres) at Mark, 0.4 square kilometres (100 acres) in Shapwick, and 7 square kilometres (1,700 acres) at Westhay.
In the 1810s Samuel Galton, Jr. showed that bogs could be drained and dressed with clay and other soil, and built Galton's Canal. The character of the soil was also changed by the spreading of clay and silt from the digging of King's Sedgemoor Drain. Galton's Canal was a 2.2-kilometre (1.4 mi) canal with one lock, connecting the River Brue to the North Drain. It was operational by 1822, and ceased to be used after the 1850s. The land is drained by a series of rhynes, or ditches with water levels (and hence the level of the water table) being controlled by a system of sluice gates and pumps. The water resource management operations are managed by the Somerset internal drainage board.
In the early | Westhay Moor |
||
train/e7/e736b871df505c25475b598181fd959b50a1f509b5717b315cd60a7d1b5bcd3a.jpg | train/b1/b1e54edb5d93c2d715d65963181ca9d9e70d1931aadfc878ccca62b1727870dd.jpg | [
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "Westhay Moor originally lay at the centre of the most northerly of the two lowland raised bogs that formed in the lower Brue Valley."
},
{
"n_tokens": 13,
"text": "They reached their greatest extent at the end of the Iron Age."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The Neolithic people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks."
},
{
"n_tokens": 40,
"text": "The Sweet Track, named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BCE, is the world's oldest timber trackway, once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BCE an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, close to the River Brue."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay and Nidons trackways."
},
{
"n_tokens": 23,
"text": "The archaeology, history and geology of the Somerset Levels was displayed at the Peat Moors Centre until its closure in 2009."
},
{
"n_tokens": 30,
"text": "The centre also included reconstructions of some of the archaeological discoveries, including a number of Iron Age round houses from Glastonbury Lake Village, and the Sweet Track."
},
{
"n_tokens": 68,
"text": "\nThe eastern part of the Moor was covered by Meare Pool which was formed by water ponding-up behind the raised peat bogs between the Wedmore and the Polden Hills, and coring has shown that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud, mainly dating from the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC)."
},
{
"n_tokens": 33,
"text": "In prehistoric times there were two Meare Lake Villages situated within the lake, occupied at different times between 300 BCE and 100 CE, similar to the nearby Glastonbury Lake Village."
},
{
"n_tokens": 44,
"text": "\nEarly drainage work was carried out in the later years of the 12th century, with the responsibility for maintaining all the watercourses between Glastonbury and the sea being placed on named individuals among whom were Ralph de Sancta Barbara of Brentmarsh."
},
{
"n_tokens": 35,
"text": "Drainage of the surrounding area by monks of Glastonbury Abbey had reduced the size of the lake to 500 acres (200 ha) at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries."
},
{
"n_tokens": 9,
"text": "Meare Pool had disappeared from maps by 1749."
},
{
"n_tokens": 26,
"text": "The Meare Pool originally collected the waters of the rivers Brue and Sheppey, and discharged in a northerly direction into the Lower River Axe."
},
{
"n_tokens": 32,
"text": "In the later years of the 12th century the Abbey diverted the Brue to flow westwards, perhaps largely through natural channels, from Meare Pool to join the river Parrett."
},
{
"n_tokens": 17,
"text": "\nIn the early 17th century plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor."
},
{
"n_tokens": 29,
"text": "Further reclamation was carried out in stages between about 1620 and 1740, with the \"new Cutts\" (or Decoy Rhyne) being built about 1660."
},
{
"n_tokens": 21,
"text": "The rivers Sheppey and Hartlake were canalised into the River James Wear and Division Rhyne sometime in the late 1730s."
},
{
"n_tokens": 118,
"text": "In 1795, John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes (a local name for drainage channels, pronounced \"reens\" in the east and rhyne to the west) between plots, and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that 18 square kilometres (4,400 acres) had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare, 1.4 square kilometres (350 acres) at Nyland, 3.64 square kilometres (900 acres) at Blackford, 8 square kilometres (2,000 acres) at Mark, 0.4 square kilometres (100 acres) in Shapwick, and 7 square kilometres (1,700 acres) at Westhay."
},
{
"n_tokens": 28,
"text": "\nIn the 1810s Samuel Galton, Jr. showed that bogs could be drained and dressed with clay and other soil, and built Galton's Canal."
},
{
"n_tokens": 24,
"text": "The character of the soil was also changed by the spreading of clay and silt from the digging of King's Sedgemoor Drain."
},
{
"n_tokens": 25,
"text": "Galton's Canal was a 2.2-kilometre (1.4 mi) canal with one lock, connecting the River Brue to the North Drain."
},
{
"n_tokens": 15,
"text": "It was operational by 1822, and ceased to be used after the 1850s."
},
{
"n_tokens": 36,
"text": "The land is drained by a series of rhynes, or ditches with water levels (and hence the level of the water table) being controlled by a system of sluice gates and pumps."
},
{
"n_tokens": 14,
"text": "The water resource management operations are managed by the Somerset internal drainage board."
},
{
"n_tokens": 4,
"text": "\nIn the early"
}
] | Westhay Moor originally lay at the centre of the most northerly of the two lowland raised bogs that formed in the lower Brue Valley. They reached their greatest extent at the end of the Iron Age. The Neolithic people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks. The Sweet Track, named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BCE, is the world's oldest timber trackway, once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway. The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BCE an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, close to the River Brue. The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay and Nidons trackways. The archaeology, history and geology of the Somerset Levels was displayed at the Peat Moors Centre until its closure in 2009. The centre also included reconstructions of some of the archaeological discoveries, including a number of Iron Age round houses from Glastonbury Lake Village, and the Sweet Track.
The eastern part of the Moor was covered by Meare Pool which was formed by water ponding-up behind the raised peat bogs between the Wedmore and the Polden Hills, and coring has shown that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud, mainly dating from the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC). In prehistoric times there were two Meare Lake Villages situated within the lake, occupied at different times between 300 BCE and 100 CE, similar to the nearby Glastonbury Lake Village.
Early drainage work was carried out in the later years of the 12th century, with the responsibility for maintaining all the watercourses between Glastonbury and the sea being placed on named individuals among whom were Ralph de Sancta Barbara of Brentmarsh. Drainage of the surrounding area by monks of Glastonbury Abbey had reduced the size of the lake to 500 acres (200 ha) at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Meare Pool had disappeared from maps by 1749. The Meare Pool originally collected the waters of the rivers Brue and Sheppey, and discharged in a northerly direction into the Lower River Axe. In the later years of the 12th century the Abbey diverted the Brue to flow westwards, perhaps largely through natural channels, from Meare Pool to join the river Parrett.
In the early 17th century plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor. Further reclamation was carried out in stages between about 1620 and 1740, with the "new Cutts" (or Decoy Rhyne) being built about 1660. The rivers Sheppey and Hartlake were canalised into the River James Wear and Division Rhyne sometime in the late 1730s. In 1795, John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes (a local name for drainage channels, pronounced "reens" in the east and rhyne to the west) between plots, and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that 18 square kilometres (4,400 acres) had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare, 1.4 square kilometres (350 acres) at Nyland, 3.64 square kilometres (900 acres) at Blackford, 8 square kilometres (2,000 acres) at Mark, 0.4 square kilometres (100 acres) in Shapwick, and 7 square kilometres (1,700 acres) at Westhay.
In the 1810s Samuel Galton, Jr. showed that bogs could be drained and dressed with clay and other soil, and built Galton's Canal. The character of the soil was also changed by the spreading of clay and silt from the digging of King's Sedgemoor Drain. Galton's Canal was a 2.2-kilometre (1.4 mi) canal with one lock, connecting the River Brue to the North Drain. It was operational by 1822, and ceased to be used after the 1850s. The land is drained by a series of rhynes, or ditches with water levels (and hence the level of the water table) being controlled by a system of sluice gates and pumps. The water resource management operations are managed by the Somerset internal drainage board.
In the early | Westhay Moor |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
YAML Metadata
Warning:
empty or missing yaml metadata in repo card
(https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/datasets-cards)
- Downloads last month
- 2
Size of downloaded dataset files:
1.64 GB
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
1.64 GB
Number of rows:
974,721
Data Sourcing report
powered
by
Spawning.aiSome elements in this dataset have been identified as opted-out, or opted-in, by their creator.
Opted-out
Opted-in