Datasets:

PaulLerner

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evqa_wikipedia

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[ "", "", "Male pedipalp, scale = 0.1 mm." ]

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[ "Zygoballus nervosus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the eastern United States and Canada.", "The species was first described by the arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1888 as Eris nervosus. Arachnologist James Emerton subsequently described the species in 1891 as Zygoballus terrestris. After examining the type specimen of Eris nervosus, however, Emerton concluded that they were the same species. In 1909, the Peckhams renamed the species Zygoballus nervosus and synonymized the previous names.", "In 1909, the Peckhams reported that the species had been collected from Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, and Illinois. Later records report the species from Georgia, Florida, Minnesota, eastern and central Texas, Ohio, Kansas, Louisiana, and Quebec. The range of Z. nervosus overlaps with that of two other Zygoballus species, Z. sexpunctatus and Z. rufipes.", "The male Zygoballus nervosus can be distinguished from Z. sexpunctatus by its lack of a large spot of white scales at the beginning of the thoracic slope. It also lacks the thick covering of white scales on the sides of the carapace which extend from the clypeus to beyond the posterior median eyes in Z. sexpunctatus.\nThe male Z. nervosus can be distinguished from Z. rufipes by its wider, heavier cephalothorax, its shorter chelicerae, and its longer, narrower hammer-like process on the chelicerae. In addition, the thoracic slope is not as steep as in Z. rufipes.\nThe legs and pedipalps of the male Z. nervosus are shorter and thicker than those of Z. rufipes or Z. sexpunctatus. The tibia of the anterior legs are typically 2½ times as long as wide, compared to about 4 times in Z. sexpunctatus or 4 to 6 times in Z. rufipes.\nThe female Z. nervosus can be distinguished by the distinct form of the epigyne, which has its openings towards the front and very close together.", "Adult females are 3 to 4 mm in body length, while males are 2.5 to 4.5 mm. The sides of the cephalothorax are nearly vertical in front, and more rounded in the back. The ocular area occupies nearly three-fifths of the length of the cephalothorax and is widest at the posterior lateral eyes (PLE). The anterior median eyes (AME) are twice as large as the anterior lateral eyes (ALE), while the PLE are roughly the same size as the ALE.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus nervosus (Peckham & Peckham, 1888)\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1888). \"Attidae of North America\" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 7: 56.\nCutler, Bruce; Edwards, G. B.; Richman, David (2002). \"Family Salticidae\". Spiders of North America (north of Mexico).\nEmerton, James (1891). \"New England Spiders of the Family Attidae\". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 8: 231–232.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). \"Revision of the Attidae of North America\" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 16: 580–581.\nEdwards, G. B.; Rossman, Douglas A. (December 1981). \"A preliminary checklist of Georgia Salticidae\". Peckhamia. 2 (2): 27–31.\nEdwards, G. B. (December 1982). \"The arboreal Salticidae of Florida\". Peckhamia. 2 (3): 33–36.\nCutler, Bruce (September 1977). \"A preliminary checklist of the Salticidae of Minnesota\". Peckhamia. 1 (3): 40.\nBreene, R. G.; Dean, D. A.; Nyffeler, M.; Edwards, G. B. (December 1993). Biology, Predation Ecology, and Significance of Spiders in Texas Cotton Ecosystems. Texas A&M University. p. 25.\nDean, D. Allen; Sterling, W. L.; Horner, N. V. (1982). \"Spiders in Eastern Texas Cotton Fields\". Journal of Arachnology. 10 (3): 251–260.\nOehler, Charles M. (1980). \"Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in the Cincinnati region of Ohio\". Ohio Biological Survey Biological Notes. 13: 13.\nComstock, John Henry (1920) [First published 1912]. The Spider Book. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. pp. 696–99.\nKaston, Benjamin Julian (1981). Spiders of Connecticut (Revised ed.). State of Connecticut.", "Zygoballus nervosus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus nervosus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library\nZygoballus nervosus at Bugguide.net" ]

[ "Zygoballus nervosus", "Taxonomy", "Distribution", "Diagnosis", "Description", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygoballus optatus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Panama. It was first described by the arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering in 1946. The type specimens are housed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in the United States.\nThe species has been collected from several areas of Panama including El Valle de Antón, Chilibre, Cermeño, and Barro Colorado Island (Canal Zone Biological Area).", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus optatus Chickering, 1946\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\nPrószyński, Jerzy (December 24, 2011). \"Zygoballus optatus Chickering, 1946\". Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2012-03-19.\nChickering, Arthur M. (September 1946). \"The Salticidae (Spiders) of Panama\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 97: 405–410.", "Media related to Zygoballus optatus at Wikimedia Commons\nZygoballus optatus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus optatus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus optatus", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygoballus remotus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Guatemala. It was first described by the arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1896.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus remotus Peckham & Peckham, 1896\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1896). \"Spiders of the family Attidae from Central America and Mexico\" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin. 3 (1): 89–90.", "Zygoballus remotus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus remotus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus remotus", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygoballus rufipes, commonly called the hammerjawed jumper, is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the United States, Canada, and Central America. Adult females are 4.3 to 6 mm in body length, while males are 3 to 4 mm.", "The species was first described in 1885 by George and Elizabeth Peckham from a specimen in Guatemala. The Peckhams subsequently described the northern variant as a separate species, Z. bettini, in 1888. In 1980, after examining specimens of Z. bettini and Z. rufipes from various populations, G. B. Edwards concluded that the differences mentioned by the Peckhams were not consistently distinct and that the two names represented a single species of variable appearance. The two names were therefore synonymized. The genus Zygoballus is currently classified in the subfamily Salticinae of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders).", "Zygoballus rufipes has been reported from Canada, the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. In 1929, entomologist Nathan Banks reported a female specimen from Panama. In 1946, however, arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering concluded that Banks' specimen belonged to the newly described species, Zygoballus optatus. Chickering himself found no specimens of Z. rufipes in Panama after collecting there for several years. A one-year survey of Panamanian spiders conducted by zoologist Wolfgang Nentwig also failed to yield the species.", "", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus rufipes Peckham & Peckham, 1885\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\n\"Common Names of Arachnids (2003)\" (PDF) (5th ed.). The American Arachnological Society. 2003. p. 14. Retrieved 19 October 2021.\nKaston, Benjamin Julian (1981). Spiders of Connecticut (Revised ed.). State of Connecticut. pp. 496–497.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1885). \"On some new genera and species of Attidae from the eastern part of Guatemala\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin: 62–86.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1888). \"Attidae of North America\" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 7: 89–90.\nEdwards, G. B. (December 1980). \"Jumping spiders of the United States and Canada: changes in the key and list (4)\" (PDF). Peckhamia. 2 (1): 11–14.\nMaddison, Wayne P. (1996). \"Pelegrina Franganillo and other jumping spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University. 154: 215–368.\nEmerton, James Henry (1902). The Common Spiders of the United States. p. 48. ISBN 0-486-20223-2.\nPickard-Cambridge, Frederick O. (1897–1905). Arachnida: Araneidea and Opiliones. Volume II. Biologia Centrali-Americana. p. 291.\nReimoser, E. (1939). \"Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der österreichischen biologischen Expedition nach Costa Rica: Die Spinnenfauna\". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien (in German). 50: 328–386.\nBanks, Nathan (1929). \"Spiders from Panama\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 69 (3): 51–96.\nChickering, Arthur M. (September 1946). \"The Salticidae (Spiders) of Panama\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 97: 404–414. hdl:2027/mdp.39015068348831.\nNentwig, Wolfgang (1993). Spiders of Panama. Sandhill Crane Press. p. 29. ISBN 1-877743-18-6.", "Zygoballus rufipes at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus rufipes at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library\nZygoballus rufipes at Bugguide.net" ]

[ "Zygoballus rufipes", "Taxonomy", "Distribution", "Images", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "", "", "Hentz's original figure of the male", "Mouthparts of male (ventral view): 1 = chelicerae, 2 = maxillae, 3 = labium", "Male carapace and chelicerae (lateral view)", "", "", "", "Ritualized agonistic behavior between Z. sexpunctatus males", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zygoballus sexpunctatus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the southeastern United States where it can be found in a variety of grassy habitats. Adult spiders measure between 3 and 4.5 mm in length. The cephalothorax and abdomen are bronze to black in color, with reddish brown or yellowish legs. The male has distinctive enlarged chelicerae (the mouthparts used for grasping prey) and front femora (the third, and typically largest, leg segments). Like many jumping spiders, Z. sexpunctatus males exhibit ritualized courtship and agonistic behavior.", "The specific name is derived from the Latin sex meaning \"six\" and punctum meaning \"spot\". This is a reference to the six spots typically occurring on the abdomen of the male.", "The species was first described by entomologist Nicholas Marcellus Hentz in 1845 in the Boston Journal of Natural History. Hentz named the species Attus sexpunctatus and described it as follows:\n\"Black; cephalothorax with the two posterior eyes near the base, which is wide and suddenly inclined at nearly a right angle with the upper surface, cheliceres with a strong inner tooth, and a long, curved fang; abdomen with six dots, and a line in front, white; feet, 1. 4. 2. 3., first pair with enlarged thighs and quite long.\"\nHentz classified A. sexpunctatus in the subgeneric group Pugnatoriae, which consisted of jumping spiders whose first pair of legs were the longest, followed by the fourth pair. Later entomologists abandoned this classification, which Hentz himself admitted was \"somewhat artificial\". In 1888, with the recognition of Zygoballus as an independent genus, American arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham renamed the spider Zygoballus sexpunctatus. Specimens of Z. sexpunctatus are housed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the British Museum, the Milwaukee Public Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. No type specimens are known.\nThe genus Zygoballus contains approximately twenty species distributed from the United States to Argentina. Zygoballus is classified in the subfamily Dendryphantinae of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders).", "According to arachnologist B. J. Kaston, adult females are 3.5 to 4.5 mm in body length, while males are 3 to 3.5 mm. The Peckhams' earlier description, however, gives a length of 3 mm for females and 3 to 4.5 mm for males.\nThe cephalothorax of Z. sexpunctatus is bronze to black in color. Like all Zygoballus spiders, the cephalothorax is box-like in shape, being widest at the posterior lateral eyes. Numerous white or pale blue scales cover the clypeus (\"face\") and chelicerae. This covering extends around the sides of the carapace, ending beyond the posterior median eyes. In males, the labium is two-fifths as long as the maxillae, and as wide as it is long. The chelicerae of males are greatly enlarged and obliquely oriented, with each chelicera having a prominent inner tooth and a long, curved fang.\nThe legs are reddish brown, or sometimes yellowish, with the femora of the anterior (first) pair being darker and enlarged, especially in the male. The anterior legs have three pairs of long spines on the ventral surface of the tibia and two pairs of spines on the metatarsus. The Peckhams give the following measurements for the lengths of the legs of a male specimen, starting with the anterior pair: 3.7 mm, 2.2 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm. In females, the fourth pair of legs are the longest. The pedipalp in the male has a single tibial apophysis which tapers gradually.\nThe abdomen is bronze to black with a white basal band and two white transverse bands. The transverse bands are often broken to form six spots. Some or all of these spots may be lacking, however.\nZygoballus sexpunctatus is similar in appearance to Zygoballus rufipes, with whom its range overlaps. The male can be distinguished from Z. rufipes by the large spot of white scales at the beginning of the thoracic slope (which is lacking in Z. rufipes), and by the shape of the palpal bulb. The female can best be distinguished by the form of the epigyne (the external genital structure).", "The range of the species extends from New Jersey to Florida and west to Texas, although it is most commonly found in the southern states. Hentz collected his original specimen in North Carolina. In 1909, the Peckhams reported that the species had been collected from North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. A seven-year survey of spider species in western Mississippi reported the abundance of Z. sexpunctatus as \"uncommon\". A one-year survey in Alachua County, Florida, reported the species as \"rare\".\nSpecimens have been collected from several ecosystems, including old fields, river terrace forests, flatwoods, Florida Sand Pine scrub, Slash Pine forests, Appalachian grass balds, and rice fields. Robert and Betty Barnes reported the species as occurring in broomsedge fields throughout the southeastern Piedmont. The species is typically found in the herb stratum (among grasses and other short plants) and may be collected with a sweep net.", "Male Zygoballus sexpunctatus spiders are known to exhibit elaborate courtship displays. As a male approaches a female, it will typically raise and spread its first pair of legs and vibrate its abdomen. If the female is receptive, it will often vibrate its abdomen as well. The specific patterns of courtship behavior, however, vary between individuals.\nZ. sexpunctatus males exhibit ritualized agonistic behavior when encountering other males of the same species. This behavior may include many of the same elements as courtship, such as raising and spreading the first pair of legs and vibrating the abdomen. During agonistic display, males will also extend their pedipalps and fangs. Lethal attacks between males appear to be rare, however.", "Like most spiders, Zygoballus sexpunctatus is an opportunistic feeder, feeding on a wide range of invertebrate prey. The spider's diet typically includes small insects such as aphids and young caterpillars. They have also been known to eat mosquitoes and numerous kinds of small spiders.\nMud dauber wasps, which capture and paralyze spiders as a source of food for their larvae, have been shown to prey on both male and female Z. sexpunctatus spiders.", "In a study of spider populations in western Tennessee, Zygoballus sexpunctatus spiderlings were reported to hatch from egg sacs in mid summer. The spiders hibernated through the winter in an immature form and reached sexual maturity around late April.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz, 1845)\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\nGlare, P. G. W., ed. (2000). Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1520, 1750. ISBN 0-19-864224-5.\nComstock, John Henry (1920) [First published 1912]. The Spider Book. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. pp. 696–99.\nPlatnick, Norman I. (2009). \"Salticidae Blackwall, 1841\". The World Spider Catalog, Version 10.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved December 21, 2009.\nHentz, Nicholas (1845). \"Descriptions and Figures of the Araneides of the United States\". Boston Journal of Natural History. 5: 198–202.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1888). \"Attidae of North America\" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 7: 89.\nPrószyński, Jerzy (2006). \"Zygoballus Peckham et Peckham, 1885\". Catalogue of Salticidae (Araneae). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2009-11-24.\nHedin, Marshal C.; Maddison, Wayne P. (March 2001). \"A Combined Molecular Approach to Phylogeny of the Jumping Spider Subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae)\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 18 (3): 386–403. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0883. PMID 11277632.\nKaston, B. J. (1972). How to Know the Spiders (2nd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Co. p. 266. ISBN 0-697-04899-3.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). \"Revision of the Attidae of North America\" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 16: 355–646.\nRessler, I. L. (1918). \"Spiders of the Family Attidae Collected in the Vicinity of Ames, Iowa\". Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 25: 230–231.\nHill, David Edwin (2009). \"Interactions of Male and Female Zygoballus sexpunctatus Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in Greenville County, SC, USA\". Open Source Movies. Internet Archive. Retrieved December 20, 2009.\nHill, David Edwin. \"Gallery of Salticid Behavior: A Collection of Digital Photographs that Represent Interesting, or Little-known, Aspects of Salticid Behavior\". The Peckham Society. Retrieved December 20, 2009.\nMaddison, Wayne P. (1996). \"Pelegrina Franganillo and other jumping spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University. 154: 215–368.\nHowell, W. Mike; Ronald L. Jenkins (2004). Spiders of the Eastern United States: A Photographic Guide. Boston: Pearson Education. pp. 339–340. ISBN 0-536-75853-0.\nYoung, Orrey P.; Timothy C. Lockley; G. B. Edwards (1989). \"Spiders of Washington County, Mississippi\". Journal of Arachnology. 17 (1): 27–41.\nMurrill, W. A. (April 1942). \"Spiders of Alachua County, Florida\". The Florida Entomologist. 25 (1): 7–9. doi:10.2307/3493048. JSTOR 3493048.\nBerry, James W. (1970). \"Spiders of the North Carolina Piedmont Old-Field Communities\". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 86 (3): 97–105.\nGibson, Walter William (1947). \"An Ecological Study of the Spiders of a River-Terrace Forest in Western Tennessee\". Ohio Journal of Science. 47 (1): 38–44.\nCorey, David T.; Taylor, Walter K. (1989). \"Foliage-Dwelling Spiders in Three Central Florida Plant Communities\". Journal of Arachnology. 17 (1): 97–106.\nEdwards, G. B. (December 1982). \"The Arboreal Salticidae of Florida\" (PDF). Peckhamia. 2 (3): 33–36.\nToti, Douglas S.; Frederick A. Coyle; Jeremy A. Miller (2000). \"A Structured Inventory of Appalachian Grass Bald and Heath Bald Spider Assemblages and a Test of Species Richness Estimator Performance\". Journal of Arachnology. 28 (3): 329–345. doi:10.1636/0161-8202(2000)028[0329:ASIOAG]2.0.CO;2.\nHeiss, J. S.; Meisch, M. V. (March 27, 1985). \"Spiders (Araneae) Associated with Rice in Arkansas with Notes on Species Compositions of Populations\". The Southwestern Naturalist. 30 (1): 119–127. doi:10.2307/3670665. JSTOR 3670665.\nBarnes, Robert D.; Barnes, Betty Martin (1955). \"The Spider Population of the Abstract Broomsedge Community of the Southeastern Piedmont\". Ecology. 36 (4): 658–666. doi:10.2307/1931304. JSTOR 1931304.\nDavis, John D. (1974). \"Courtship Displays as Isolating Mechanisms in Some North American Jumping Spiders of the Genus Zygoballus (Araneida, Salticidae)\". Bulletin of the Association of Southeastern Biologists. 21 (2): 50. (Abstract only).\nWarren, L. O.; W. B. Peck; M. Tadic (July 1967). \"Spiders Associated with the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)\". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 40 (3): 382–395.\nHill, David Edwin (2009). \"Behavior of Zygoballus sexpunctatus Jumping Spiders in Greenville County, SC, USA\". Open Source Movies. Internet Archive. Retrieved December 20, 2009.\nMuma, Martin H.; Jeffers, Walter F. (June 1945). \"Studies of the Spider Prey of Several Mud-Dauber Wasps\". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 38 (2): 245–255. doi:10.1093/aesa/38.2.245.", "Zygoballus sexpunctatus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus sexpunctatus at Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae)\nZygoballus sexpunctatus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library\nZygoballus sexpunctatus at Bugguide.net\nBehavior of Zygoballus sexpunctatus jumping spiders (video)\nInteractions of male and female Zygoballus sexpunctatus jumping spiders (video)" ]

[ "Zygoballus sexpunctatus", "Etymology", "History and taxonomy", "Description", "Habitat and distribution", "Behavior", "Diet and ecology", "Life cycle", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Pedipalp of the male holotype", "" ]

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[ "Zygoballus tibialis is a species of jumping spider native to Central America. It was first described by the arachnologist Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1901. The type specimens are housed at the Natural History Museum in London.\nThe species has been collected from Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Costa Rica, and possibly Panama.", "According to the arachnologist Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, males are approximately 3 mm in body length, while females are approximately 4 mm. The male can be distinguished from other Central American Zygoballus by its large tibial apophysis (or \"spur\") on the pedipalp. In the male, the first pair of legs and the pedipalps are black while the other legs are yellow. In the female, the legs are annulated with black at the apex of the segments, and the abdomen has a pattern of white spots and bands. The female can be distinguished from closely related species by the shape of the epigyne.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus tibialis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\nPickard-Cambridge, Frederick Octavius (1901). Arachnida - Volume II: Araneidea and Opiliones. In Biologia Centrali-Americana. London: Dulau & Co. p. 292.\nPrószyński, Jerzy (April 28, 2013). \"Zygoballus tibialis Pickard-Cambridge F., 1901\". Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2014-09-27.\nIbarra-Núñez, Guillermo; Maya-Morales, Julieta; Chamé-Vázquez, David (2011). \"Spiders of the cloud montane forest of the Biosphere Reserve Volcán Tacaná, Chiapas, Mexico\". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 82: 1183–1193.\nBanks, Nathan (1909). \"Arachnida from Costa Rica\". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 61 (2): 224.\nChickering, Arthur M. (September 1946). \"The Salticidae (Spiders) of Panama\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 97: 404.", "Media related to Zygoballus tibialis at Wikimedia Commons\nZygoballus tibialis at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus tibialis at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus tibialis", "Description", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361431, 5361432 ]

[ 27243610, 27243611, 27243612, 27243613, 27243614 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

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[ "Zygocarpum caeruleum is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Yemen. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.", "Common in semi-deciduous woodland and shrubland, mainly on the limestone plateaus but also occurs on granite in the Haggeher mountains (Socotra Island). Altitude of (50–)200–800 m.\nRecognized by the violet-blue flowers. Usually a slender tree or shrub but can be prostrate in windswept places on the limestone plateau. However, it is easily recognized, even when not in flower, by the distinctive purplish black line along the midrib on the undersurface of the leaflets.", "Miller, A. (2004). \"Zygocarpum caeruleum\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T44988A10959381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44988A10959381.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.\n\"Zygocarpum caeruleum (Balf.f.) Thulin & Lavin\". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved August 4, 2020." ]

[ "Zygocarpum caeruleum", "Habitat", "References" ]

[ 5361433 ]

[ 27243615, 27243616 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Zygocera_plumifera.jpg" ]

[ "Zygocera is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:\nZygocera annulata Breuning, 1939\nZygocera atrifasciculata Aurivillius, 1916\nZygocera baladica Fauvel, 1906\nZygocera canosa (Erichson, 1842)\nZygocera complexa Pascoe, 1859\nZygocera concinna Blackburn, 1901\nZygocera cuneata Pascoe, 1863\nZygocera curta Breuning, 1939\nZygocera elongata Breuning, 1939\nZygocera fasciolata Fauvel, 1906\nZygocera forrestensis (McKeown, 1948)\nZygocera luctuosa Pascoe, 1862\nZygocera lugubris Pascoe, 1863\nZygocera maculata McKeown, 1938\nZygocera mastersi Pascoe, 1871\nZygocera nigromaculata Breuning, 1970\nZygocera norfolkensis McKeown, 1938\nZygocera ovalis Breuning, 1939\nZygocera papuana Breuning, 1939\nZygocera pumila Pascoe, 1859\nZygocera similis Breuning, 1939", "Biolib.cz - Zygocera. Retrieved on 8 September 2014." ]

[ "Zygocera", "References" ]

[ 5361434 ]

[ 27243617 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Shell_Zygoceras_okutanii.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoceras okutanii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropoda mollusk in the family Haloceratidae.", "Poppe G. & Tagaro S. (2010) New species of Haloceratidae, Columbellidae, Buccinidae, Mitridae, Costellariidae, Amathinidae and Spondylidae from the Philippines. Visaya 3(1):73-93.", "Zygoceras okutanii Poppe & Tagaro, 2010. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species.", "Worms Link" ]

[ "Zygoceras okutanii", "Original description", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361435 ]

[ 27243618 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Zygocera_plumifera.jpg" ]

[ "Zygocerini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Lacordaire in 1872.", "Calezygocera Vives & Sudre, 2013\nDemonassa Thomson, 1864\nDisterna Thomson, 1864\nDisternopsis Breuning, 1939\nFalsotmesisternus Breuning, 1961\nMimozygocera Breuning, 1963\nNeozygocera Breuning, 1978\nPseudodisterna Breuning, 1953\nPseudozygocera Breuning, 1948\nScapozygocera Breuning, 1947\nScapozygoceropsis Breuning, 1973\nThyada Pascoe, 1863\nTrichozygocera Breuning, 1956\nTuberozygocera Breuning, 1974\nZygocera Erichson, 1842", "BioLib.cz - tribus Zygocerini. Retrieved on 19 Aug 2014." ]

[ "Zygocerini", "Taxonomy", "References" ]

[ 5361436 ]

[ 27243619 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Zygochloa_paradoxa_habit_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/PLoS_Mu_transposon_in_maize.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Eucalyptus_macrocarpa.jpg" ]

[ "Zygochloa is a genus of desert plants in the grass family known only from Australia. The only known species is Zygochloa paradoxa, commonly known as sandhill canegrass. It occurs in extremely arid areas such as the Simpson Desert.", "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families\nBlake, Stanley Thatcher. 1941. Papers from the Department of Biology, University of Queensland Papers 1(19): 7-8, figure 3\nTropicos, Zygochloa S.T. Blake\nAusgrass2, Grasses of Australia, Zygochloa \nWatson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world Archived November 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 28 November 2005\nThe Plant List Zygochloa paradoxa (R.Br.) S.T.Blake \nAtlas of Living Australia" ]

[ "Zygochloa", "References" ]

[ 5361437, 5361438, 5361439 ]

[ 27243620, 27243621 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Zygodon_dentatus_%28a%2C_145008-474550%29_9154.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Unidentified_species_050a_%28aka%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zygodon is a genus of moss in family Orthotrichaceae.", "", "Goffinet, B.; Buck, W. R.; Shaw, A. J. (2008). \"Morphology and Classification of the Bryophyta\". In Goffinet, B.; Shaw, J. (eds.). Bryophyte Biology (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–138. ISBN 978-0-521-87225-6.\nGoffinet, B.; Buck, W.R. (31 March 2020). \"Classification of extant moss genera\". Classification of the Bryophyta. Retrieved 1 May 2020." ]

[ "Zygodon", "Species", "References" ]

[ 5361440 ]

[ 27243622, 27243623 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Parthenium_beetle.JPG" ]

[ "Zygogramma is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, which includes approximately 100 species. 13 species occur north of Mexico.\nAdults and larvae are herbivorous on various host plants. Zygogramma exclamationis is a pest species of sunflower crops in North America. At least two species have also been used as a form of biological pest control: Zygogramma bicolorata was introduced to India as a biocontrol agent for the weed Parthenium hysterophorus, and Zygogramma suturalis was introduced to Russia as a control for Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed).", "Zygogramma arizonica Schaeffer, 1906\nZygogramma bicolorata Pallister, 1953\nZygogramma conjuncta (Rogers, 1856)\nZygogramma continua (J. L. LeConte, 1868)\nZygogramma disrupta (Rogers, 1856)\nZygogramma estriata Schaeffer, 1919\nZygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius, 1798)\nZygogramma heterothecae Linell, 1896\nZygogramma malvae (Stål, 1859)\nZygogramma opifera (Stål, 1860)\nZygogramma piceicollis (Stål, 1859)\nZygogramma signatipennis (Stål, 1859)\nZygogramma suturalis (Fabricius, 1775)\nZygogramma tortuosa (Rogers, 1856)", "\"Zygogramma Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved February 3, 2011.\n\"Genus Zygogramma\". BugGuide. 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-23.\nJanet J. Knodel; Laurence D. Charlet; Phillip A. Glogoza (2000). \"Biology and Pest Management of the Sunflower Beetle in North Dakota\". North Dakota State University. Retrieved 2017-02-17.\n\"Zygogramma bicolorata (Mexican beetle)\". Invasive Species Compendium. 2012. Retrieved 2017-02-12.\nKovalev, O.V.; Reznik, S.Ya.; Cherkashin, V.N. (1983). \"Specific features of the methods of using Zygogramma Chevr. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in biological control of ragweeds (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., A. psilostachya D.C.)\". Entomologicheskoe Obozrenije (in Russian). 62: 402–408.", "List of publications for Zygogramma at the Biodiversity Heritage Library" ]

[ "Zygogramma", "Selected Species", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361441 ]

[ 27243624, 27243625, 27243626 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Parthenium_beetle.JPG" ]

[ "Zygogramma bicolorata, variously referred to as the Parthenium beetle or Mexican beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, native to Mexico.", "Z. bicolorata is a small lead beetle with a brown head, brown and yellow graduated pronotum and yellow elytra marked with characteristic elongated brown stripes. The pattern on the elytra is greatly variable - in a study of 478 beetles, 29 variations on this pattern were identified.", "Z. bicolorata is native to Mexico, but has been introduced to parts of India and Australia. Adults and larvae are used as a form of biological pest control in India in order to control invasive Parthenium hysterophorus .", "Eggs are generally laid on the ventral surface of both young and old leaves, and occasionally on the upper surface of leaves, stems and flowers of host plants. Eggs are yellow to orange, elongate cylindrical or oblong with fine reticulations on the surface. The eggs hatch in 4–5 days. Larvae are pale yellow, turning white as they grow, feeding for 10 to 15 days on leaves whilst growing through four instar stages. On maturity the larvae enter the soil and pupate below up to 15 cm depth. The total life cycle of the beetle is just over 100 days.", "An undetermined species of fly in the genus Drino (family Tachinidae) has been recorded as parasitising Z. bicolorata in Karnataka (India). Two predatory bugs Andrallus spinidens and Eocanthecona furcellata predate the larvae of Z. bicolorata and a third species, Sycanus pyrrhomelas, predates both larvae and adults.", "\"Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister\". 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2017-02-12.\n\"Zygogramma bicolorata (Mexican beetle)\". Invasive Species Compendium. 2012. Retrieved 2017-02-12.\nM.R. Siddhapara; M.B. Patel; and H.V. Patel (2012). \"Biology of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Their Feeding Potential on Parthenium and Sunflower\". Madras Agricultural Journal. 99 (10–12): 841–844.\nJayanth, K.P.; Visalakshy, P.N.G.; Ghosh, S.K.; Chaudhary, M. (1996). \"An indigenous parasitoid on the parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata\". Insect Environment. 2: 67–68.\nGupta, R.K.; Khan, M.S.; Bali, K.; Monobrullah, M.; Bhagat, R.M. (2004). \"Predatory bugs of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister: An exotic beetle for biological suppression of Parthenium hysterophorus\". Current Science. 87 (7): 1005–1010." ]

[ "Zygogramma bicolorata", "Description", "Distribution and habitat", "Life cycle", "Predators", "References" ]

[ 5361442 ]

[ 27243627, 27243628, 27243629, 27243630, 27243631 ]

[ "", "Zygogramma conjuncta pallida" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zygogramma_conjuncta_conjuncta.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Zygogramma_conjuncta_pallida.jpg" ]

[ "Zygogramma conjuncta is a species of beetle belonging to the family Zygogramma.", "Z. conjuncta is a small leaf beetle with a brown pronotum and yellow elytra marked with elongated brown stripes. The species Z. conjuncta contains two subspecies, Zygogramma conjuncta conjuncta (Rogers, 1856) and Zygogramma conjuncta pallida (Bland, 1864).", "Z. conjuncta is native to North America.\nAdult beetles are associated generally with plants of the family Asteraceae) including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Flourensia cernua, and Helianthus annuus (common sunflower).\n They have also been associated with Brassica campestris (field mustard), Descurainia sophia (tansy mustard), and Atriplex, though not as a food source.", "\"Zygogramma conjuncta (Rogers, 1856)\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-15.\n\"Zygogramma conjuncta conjuncta\". BOLD Systems. 2014. Retrieved 2017-02-15.\n\"Zygogramma conjuncta pallida\". BOLD Systems. 2014. Retrieved 2017-02-15.\nClark, S. M.; LeDoux, D. G.; Seeno, T. N.; Riley, E. G.; Gilbert, A. J.; Sullivan, J. M. (2004). Host Plants of Leaf Beetle Species Occurring in the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae, Megalopodiae, Chrysolmelidae exclusive of Bruchinae) (PDF). Coleopterists' Society. p. 257." ]

[ "Zygogramma conjuncta", "Description", "Distribution and Habitat", "References" ]

[ 5361443, 5361444 ]

[ 27243632, 27243633, 27243634 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Zygogramma_disrupta.jpg" ]

[ "Zygogramma disrupta is a species of beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.", "Z. disrupta is a small leaf beetle with a brown pronotum and yellow elytra marked with elongated brown stripes.", "Z. disrupta can be found in North America, and was introduced to Russia in the 1980s.\nAdult beetles are associated with Ragweed (family Ambrosia), especially the species Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. psilostachya.", "\"Zygogramma disrupta\". cabi.org Invasive Species Compendium. 2008. Retrieved 2017-02-12.\nClark, S. M.; LeDoux, D. G.; Seeno, T. N.; Riley, E. G.; Gilbert, A. J.; Sullivan, J. M. (2004). Host Plants of Leaf Beetle Species Occurring in the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae, Megalopodiae, Chrysolmelidae exclusive of Bruchinae) (PDF). Coleopterists' Society. p. 258.", "" ]

[ "Zygogramma disrupta", "Description", "Distribution and Habitat", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361445 ]

[ 27243635, 27243636 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "Two adults and a larva of Zygogramma exclamationis" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Zygogramma_exclamationis_P1300568c.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Zygogramma_exclamationis_-_lateral.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Zygogramma_exclamationis_-_posterior.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Zygogramma_exclamationis_-_head_%28side%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Zygogramma_exclamationis_-_head_%28front%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Zygogramma_exclamationis_-_antenna.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Life_stages_of_Zygogramma_exclamationis%27.jpg" ]

[ "Zygogramma exclamationis, commonly known as the sunflower beetle, is a species of leaf beetle belonging to the family Zygogramma. It is regarded as a pest of sunflower crops in North America.", "Z. exclamationis is a small leaf beetle, 6–12 mm in length, 2–4 mm wide, with a brown pronotum and yellow elytra marked with three, elongated brown stripes and a single, shorter, lateral stripe ending at the middle of the wing in a small dot that resembles an exclamation point. This arrangement bears similarities to the exclamation mark from where this species gets its Latin name. Adult beetles are morphological similar to the Colorado potato beetle, a pest of potato crops.\nThe larvae are humpbacked in appearance, yellow-green in colour, and may measure 0.35 inches (8.9 mm) in length at maturity.", "Z. exclamationis is native to North America. Adult beetles are phytophagus and associated with the sunflower species Helianthus annuus (common sunflower), H. giganteus (giant sunflower), and H. petiolaris (prairie sunflower). It is a major economic pest to sunflower production in North America.", "Overwintering adults emerge in late May or early June. Shortly after emergence, the beetles begin to feed, mate and lay eggs singly on stems and undersides of leaves. Adults live for about 8 weeks and are capable of laying eggs for most of this period. Each female lays approximately 850 eggs, with a range of 200 to 2,000 eggs. Eggs hatch into larvae after about one week; the young larvae feed on the leaves at night. They hide among the bracts of the flower bud and amongst leaves during the day. The larvae feed for about two weeks but, because of the long egg laying period, larvae may be present in the field for about six weeks in June or July.\nThe larvae have four instars. When mature, the larvae enter the soil to pupate in earthen cells. The pupal stage lasts from 10 days to two weeks. Adults of the new generation emerge and feed for a short period on the sunflower head or on the uppermost leaves of the plant; they do not mate or lay eggs before re-entering the soil to overwinter.", "", "There are many predators of Z. exclamationis in its different life stages. Eggs are predated by the melyrid beetle Collops vittatus, the thirteen spotted ladybird Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, and the convergent ladybird H. convergens. Larvae of the common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea consume both eggs and larvae. The spined soldier bug Podius maculiventris predates both larvae and adults.", "Eggs of Z. exclamationis are parasitised by the pteromalid wasp Erixestus winnemana, larvae by the tachinid fly species Myiopharus macellus and M. doryphorae. The rate of parasitisation is high in some fields in Canada and the USA can be as high as 70-100%.", "The sunflower beetle is considered to be one of the most damaging defoliators of cultivated sunflowers in North America. Advice published by Kansas State University in 2016 recommends the use of insecticide treatment of sunflower crops if any of the following conditions are met: one adult beetle is present per seedling, larvae reach numbers of 10-15 per plant on upper leaves, or 25 percent defoliation occurs and pupation has not begun. Given the short larval and adult lifecycle, delayed planting of sunflower crops is effective in preventing yield reductions caused by sunflower beetle. Recommended insecticides for infested crops include: Beta-cyfluthrin, Carbaryl, Deltamethrin, Esfenvalerate, Gamma-cyhalothrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, and Zeta-cypermethrin.", "\"Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius, 1798)\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-17.\nMcCaffrey, Sarah; Walker, Ken (2012). \"Sunflower beetle (Zygogramma exclamationis)\". PaDIL. Retrieved 2017-02-23.\nJanet J. Knodel; Laurence D. Charlet; Phillip A. Glogoza (2000). \"Biology and Pest Management of the Sunflower Beetle in North Dakota\". North Dakota State University. Retrieved 2017-02-17.\n\"Sunflower-Sunflower beetle\". Pacific Northwest Pest Management Handbooks. Retrieved 2017-02-23.\n\"Sunflower Production\" (PDF). North Dakota State University. 2007. Retrieved 2017-02-17.\nClark, S. M.; LeDoux, D. G.; Seeno, T. N.; Riley, E. G.; Gilbert, A. J.; Sullivan, J. M. (2004). Host Plants of Leaf Beetle Species Occurring in the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae, Megalopodiae, Chrysolmelidae exclusive of Bruchinae) (PDF). Coleopterists' Society. p. 257.\n\"Sunflower Beetle\". Province of Manitoba. 2016. Retrieved 2017-02-18.\nG. H. Gerber; G. B. Neill; P. H. Westdal (1979). \"The reproductive cycles of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Manitoba\". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 57 (10): 1934–1943. doi:10.1139/z79-256.\nJ.P. Michaud (2013). \"Sunflower Beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)\". Kansas State University Page last. Retrieved 2017-02-18.\nBrian P. McCornack; Sarah Zukoff; J.P. Michaud; R. Jeff Whitworth; Holly N. Schwarting (2016). \"Sunflower Insect Management\" (PDF). Kansas State University Agricultural Experimentation Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved 2017-02-18.\nJanet J. Knodel; Laurence D. Charlet; John Gavloski. \"Integrated Pest Management of Sunflower Insect Pests in the Northern Great Plains\" (PDF). North Dakota State University. p. 10. Retrieved 2017-02-08.", "Multiple images of Zygogramma exclamationis\nList of publication for Zygogramma exclamationis at Biodiversity Heritage Library" ]

[ "Zygogramma exclamationis", "Description", "Distribution and Habitat", "Lifecycle", "Behaviour and ecology", "Predation", "Parasites", "As pest of sunflower crops", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361446, 5361447, 5361448, 5361449, 5361450, 5361451, 5361452 ]

[ 27243637, 27243638, 27243639, 27243640, 27243641, 27243642, 27243643, 27243644, 27243645, 27243646, 27243647, 27243648, 27243649 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Zygogramma_signatipennis_%28Chrysomelidae%29_-_H.jpg" ]

[ "Zygogramma signatipennis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.", "\"Zygogramma signatipennis Report\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-24.\n\"Zygogramma signatipennis\". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-24.\n\"Zygogramma signatipennis species Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-24.", "Flinte, V.; Abejanella, A.; Daccordi, M.; Monteiro, R. F.; et al. (2017). \"Chrysomelinae species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and new biological data from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In: Chaboo CS, Schmitt M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 7\". ZooKeys (720): 5–22. doi:10.3897/zookeys.720.13963. PMC 5784215. PMID 29391849.\nLobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6: Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26091-7." ]

[ "Zygogramma signatipennis", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361453 ]

[ 27243650, 27243651 ]

[ "", "Ragweed leaf beetle" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Ragweed_Leaf_Beetle_-_Zygogramma_suturalis%2C_Julie_Metz_Wetlands%2C_Va.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Ragweed_Leaf_Beetle_-_Zygogramma_suturalis%2C_Merrimac_Farm_Wildlife_Management_Area%2C_Virginia.jpg" ]

[ "Zygogramma suturalis, commonly known as the ragweed leaf beetle, is a species of leaf beetle belonging to the genus Zygogramma. Native to North America, it has been introduced into Russia and China for the biological pest control of ragweed.", "This leaf beetle is small with a brown head and pronotum, and yellow elytra marked with two wide margins of brown on each wing; one in the middle and one at the suture.", "Z. suturalis is native to Canada and the USA.\nIt was introduced into Russia in 1978 in an attempt to control invasive Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed). About 1500 specimens were originally released which had eliminated ragweed at the experimental control site by 1983. The success of Z. suturalis in Russia led to a population explosion with densities of up to 100,000,000 adults per square kilometre recorded subsequently.\nIt was introduced to China as a biological pest control for ragweed in 1987.", "Adults and larvae feed on Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), A. psilostachya, and A. trifida.\nOverwintering adults began feeding in late April or early May of the following year, having emerged when ragweed seedlings were only 2–5 cm tall. Larvae of the first or spring generation began feeding in mid-May or early June and most reached maturity by early July. Larvae of the second or late summer generation were evident during the first two weeks of August.\nNo complex courtship behavioural patterns have been observed in Z. suturalis; copulation most commonly takes place during the late morning or early evening and lasts from a few minutes to well over an hour. Females lay between 145-563 eggs, over a period of 22–42 days. Eggs are deposited in clusters of two or three on the underside of young ragweed leaves, usually near the leaf tip.\nInvestigations in the USA showed that Z. suturalis had 2 generations a year, but field investigations in China have shown that the beetle species could have up to 3 generations a year in that populations. At 26±1 °C, the average lifespan of the adult female and male was 82.5 and 67.8 days respectively. The mated females began laying eggs two weeks after emergence. Each female lays an average of 394 eggs.", "\"Zygogramma suturalis (Fabricius, 1775)\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-23.\nKovalev, O.V.; Reznik, S.Ya.; Cherkashin, V.N. (1983). \"Specific features of the methods of using Zygogramma Chevr. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in biological control of ragweeds (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., A. psilostachya D.C.)\". Entomologicheskoe Obozrenije (in Russian). 62: 402–408.\nReznik, S. Ya.; Spasskaya, I. A.; Dolgovskaya, M.Yu.; Volkovitsh, M.G.; Zaitzev, V. F. (2008). \"The ragweed leaf beetle Zygogramma suturalis F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Russia: current distribution, abundance and implication for biological control of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.\" (PDF). Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. pp. 614–619.\nWan, F. H.; Wang, R. (1989). \"Biology of Zygogramma suturalis (F.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae), an introduced biological control agent of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia\". Chinese Journal of Biological Control. 5 (2): 71–75.\nClark, S. M.; LeDoux, D. G.; Seeno, T. N.; Riley, E. G.; Gilbert, A. J.; Sullivan, J. M. (2004). Host Plants of Leaf Beetle Species Occurring in the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae, Megalopodiae, Chrysolmelidae exclusive of Bruchinae) (PDF). Coleopterists' Society. p. 257.\nPiper, Gary, L. (1975). \"The Biology and Immature Stages of Zygogramma Suturalis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)\". The Ohio Journal of Science. 75 (1): 19–24. hdl:1811/22261.", "Multiple images of Zygogramma suturalis" ]

[ "Zygogramma suturalis", "Description", "Distribution", "Lifecycle and habitat", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361454, 5361455 ]

[ 27243652, 27243653, 27243654, 27243655, 27243656, 27243657, 27243658, 27243659 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Glossy_leaf_tree_Lord_Howe_Island.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Asimina_triloba_-_pawpaw_-_desc-flower.jpg" ]

[ "Zygogynum is a genus of plant in the winter's bark family Winteraceae. 19 species are native to New Caledonia, and are pollinated primarily by beetles and moths. Other species are native to New Guinea (21 species), the Bismarck Archipelago (1 species), the Solomon Islands (2 species), Lord Howe Island (1 species), and Queensland (2 species).\nThis genus is interesting for having the greatest range in the number of stamens in any genus: as few as three or as many as 370; a 123 fold difference in the number of stamens. The number of carpels can range from one to as many as fifty.", "The genus includes 45 accepted species:\nZygogynum acsmithii Vink – southeastern New Caledonia\nZygogynum amplexicaule (Vieill. ex P.Parm.) Vink – northern and western New Caledonia\nZygogynum archboldianum (A.C.Sm.) Vink – western New Guinea\nZygogynum argenteum (A.C.Sm.) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum baillonii Tiegh. – southeastern New Caledonia\nZygogynum bicolor Tiegh. – central New Caledonia\nZygogynum bosavicum Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum bullatum (Diels) Vink – Mt. Stolle, New Guinea\nZygogynum calophyllum (A.C.Sm.) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum calothyrsum (Diels) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum clemensiae (A.C.Sm.) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum comptonii (Baker f.) Vink - northern New Caledonia\nZygogynum crassifolium (Baill.) Vink – New Caledonia\nZygogynum cristatum Vink – central New Caledonia\nZygogynum cruminatum Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum cyclopensis Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum fraterculus Vink – New Caledonia\nZygogynum haplopus (B.L.Burtt) Vink – Solomon Islands\nZygogynum howeanum (F.Muell.) Vink – Lord Howe Island\nZygogynum ledermannii (Diels) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum longifolium (A.C.Sm.) Vink – New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago\nZygogynum mackeei Vink – northern New Caledonia\nZygogynum megacarpum (A.C.Sm.) Vink – western New Guinea\nZygogynum montanum (Lauterb.) Vink – Papua New Guinea\nZygogynum oligocarpum (Schltr.) Vink – Papua New Guinea\nZygogynum oligostigma Vink – central New Caledonia\nZygogynum pachyanthum (A.C.Sm.) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum pancheri (Baill.) Vink – east-central and southeastern New Caledonia\nZygogynum pauciflorum (Baker f.) Vink – Mont Panié, northern New Caledonia\nZygogynum polyneurum (Diels) Vink – western New Guinea\nZygogynum pomiferum Baill. – northern and central New Caledonia\nZygogynum queenslandianum (Vink) Vink – northeastern Queensland\nZygogynum schlechteri (Guillaumin) Vink – southeastern New Caledonia\nZygogynum schramii Vink – western New Guinea\nZygogynum semecarpoides (F.Muell.) Vink – northeastern Queensland\nZygogynum sororium (Diels) Vink – Schrader Range, Papua New Guinea\nZygogynum staufferianum Vink – Papua New Guinea\nZygogynum stipitatum Baill. – northern and central New Caledonia\nZygogynum sylvestre (A.C.Sm.) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum tanyostigma Vink – Mont Panié, northern New Caledonia\nZygogynum tieghemii Vink – central and southeastern New Caledonia\nZygogynum umbellatum (Ridl.) Vink – New Guinea\nZygogynum vieillardii Baill. – central and southeastern New Caledonia\nZygogynum vinkii F.B.Sampson – central New Caledonia\nZygogynum whitmoreanum Vink – Solomon Islands", "\"Zygogynum Baill.\" Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 24 April 2022.\nVink, W. (1985). The Winteraceae of the Old World. V. Exospermum links Bubbia to Zygogynum. Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, 31(1), 39–55.\nPellmyr, O.; Thien, L. B.; Bergström, G.; Groth, I. (1990). \"Pollination of New Caledonian Winteraceae: Opportunistic shifts or parallel radiation with their pollinators?\". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 173 (3–4): 143. doi:10.1007/BF00940859. S2CID 7894633.\nKubitzki, Klaus (1993). Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 637." ]

[ "Zygogynum", "Species", "References" ]

[ 5361456, 5361457 ]

[ 27243660, 27243661, 27243662, 27243663, 27243664, 27243665, 27243666, 27243667 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Glossy_leaf_tree_Lord_Howe_Island.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Asimina_triloba_-_pawpaw_-_desc-flower.jpg" ]

[ "Zygogynum howeanum, commonly known as hotbark or hot bark, is a species of plant in the family Winteraceae. It is endemic to Australia’s subtropical Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. The specific epithet refers to the locality.", "Hotbark is a tree that grows to 13 m in height. It has a dark, smooth trunk. Its large, bluntly pointed leaves are dark green on the upper surface and paler beneath. The white flowers are 20 mm in diameter, flowering from June to December, and are insect-pollinated. The fruit is a round black berry, 8 mm across, containing 5–15 small seeds.", "Occurring mainly in moist and sheltered parts of the forests of Lord Howe's southern mountains – Mounts Gower and Lidgbird – the species forms a distinctive component of the vegetation from sea level to the peaks. Small numbers also occur elsewhere on the island. Within its restricted range it is common and locally abundant.", "\"Zygogynum howeanum (F.Muell.) Vink\". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Accessed 24 April 2022. \nAnon (2007). Appendices, Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan (PDF). Sydney: Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW). p. 228. ISBN 978-1-74122-598-3.\nGreen, P.S. \"Zygogynum howeanum (F.Muell.) Vink\". PlantNET:NSW Flora Online. National Herbarium of NSW: Sydney. Retrieved 2013-03-20." ]

[ "Zygogynum howeanum", "Description", "Distribution and habitat", "References" ]

[ 5361458, 5361459 ]

[ 27243668, 27243669, 27243670 ]

[ "", "Zygolophodon tapiroides tusks excavated in Milia (Greece)", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Zygolophodon_skull_fossil.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Xavliodontes.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Barytherium_graveDB1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/BlankMastodon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Gomphotherium_NT_small.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Mammouth.png" ]

[ "Zygolophodon is an extinct genus of African, Asian, and European mammutid that lived from the Miocene to the Late Pliocene.", "Zygolophodon belongs in the family Mammutidae, whose best known member is the American mastodon. Zygolophodon tapiroides and Z. turicensis are known from the Early-Middle Miocene of Europe, while Z. aegyptensis is known from the Early Miocene of Egypt, while Z. lufengensis, Z. chinjiensis, and Z. nemonguensis have been found in Miocene deposits in East Asia.\nMiomastodon was previously synonymized with Zygolophodon, but is apparently a distinct genus similar to Gomphotherium in having bunodont cheek teeth.", "Youping, Yuzhu, Hongxiang, Suyin, Zhang, Long, Ji, Ding (November 1999) [March 1989]. \"The Cenozoic Deposits of the Yunnnan Region (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology, Paleoanthropology Academia Sinica)\" (PDF). Professional Papers on Stratigraphy and Paleontology, No. 7 Geological Publishing House, Peking, China, Pp. 1-21.\nW. J. Sanders and E. R. Miller. 2002. New proboscideans from the early Miocene of Wadi Mogahara, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(2):388-404\nDuangkrayom, J., Wang, S., Deng, T., & Jintasakul, P. (2017). The first Neogene record of Zygolophodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in Thailand: Implications for the mammutid evolution and dispersal in Southeast Asia. Journal of Paleontology, 91(1), 179-193. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.143\n\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2020-03-14." ]

[ "Zygolophodon", "Taxonomy", "References" ]

[ 5361460, 5361461, 5361462, 5361463, 5361464, 5361465 ]

[ 27243671, 27243672, 27243673 ]

[ "Skull of an oriental giant squirrel. Note the classic sciuromorphous shape of the anterior zygomatic region.", "Skull of a nutria demonstrating the hystricognathous lower jaw and hystricomorphous zygomasseteric system.", "Gerbil skull displaying the myomorphous condition" ]

[ 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ratufa_skull.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Nutriasch%C3%A4del.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/George%27s_skull1.jpg" ]

[ "The zygomasseteric system (or zygomasseteric structure) in rodents is the anatomical arrangement of the masseter muscle of the jaw and the zygomatic arch of the skull. The anteroposterior or propalinal (front-to-back) motion of the rodent jaw is enabled by an extension of the zygomatic arch and the division of the masseter into a superficial, lateral and medial muscle. The four main types are described as protrogomorphous, sciuromorphous, hystricomorphous, and myomorphous.", "The members of this grade include nearly all of the pre-Oligocene rodents of North America and Asia and some of those of Europe. Several lineages survive into the Oligocene or early Miocene, with only one species still alive today, the mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa). The molerats (family Bathyergidae) are considered secondarily protrogomorphous since their zygomatic condition is clearly derived from a hystricomorphous ancestor. The rostrum of protrogomorph rodents is unmodified and the infraorbital foramen is small. The superficial masseter originates on the lateral surface of the anterior maxilla and inserts along the ventral margin of the angular process of the mandible. The lateral masseter inserts here as well and originates from the lateral portion of the zygomatic arch. The small medial masseter originates along the medial surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts along the dorsal portion of the mandible at the end of the tooth row.", "This condition is found in most members of the family Sciuridae (suborder Sciuromorpha), and also in members of the Castoridae, the Eomyidae, and the Geomyoidea.\nRelative to the primitive protrogomorphous condition, the superficial masseter remains unchanged. The lateral masseter has shifted forward and upward, behind and medial to the superficial masseter. Here it originates from a wide zygomatic plate developed on the anterior (maxillary) root of the zygomatic arch. This shift of origin changed the direction of pull of the anterior part of the lateral masseter from 30 to 60 degrees, greatly strengthening the forward component of the masseter contraction.", "This condition is found throughout the suborders Hystricomorpha and Anomaluromorpha. In the suborder Myomorpha, it is found in the superfamily Dipodoidea and some fossil Muroidea (such as Pappocricetodon). Hystricomorphy is also found in the African dormouse Graphiurus, which is a member of the suborder Sciuromorpha.\nIn hystricomorphs the medial masseter is enlarged and originates on the side of the rostrum (in extreme cases as far forward as the premaxilla), where it then passes through a greatly enlarged infraorbital foramen to insert on the mandible. This gives an almost horizontal resultant to the muscle contraction.", "This condition is found in the Muroidea (Myomorpha) and most Gliridae (Sciuromorpha: in the latter it is often referred to as pseudomyomorphy). suggest that the infraorbital foramen of the extinct sciurid subfamily Cedromurinae may have allowed for the passage of the masseter muscle. If true, this subfamily would represent an additional example of myomorphy in the rodent suborder Sciuromorpha.\nMyomorphs combine characteristics found in both the sciuromorphous and hystricomorphous rodents. Both the lateral and medial masseter muscles have migrated, and both a large zygomatic plate as well as a large infraorbital foramen are present. This type gives the greatest anteroposterior component of any rodent zygomasseteric system, which might explain the success of the cosmopolitan Muroidea.", "{* Bell, Sean D. (2004). Aplodontid, Scuirid, Castorid, Zapodid and Geomyoid rodents of the Rodent Hill locality, Cypress Hills Formation, Southwest Saskatchewan, Master of Science thesis, Geological Sciences. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 10 February 2017.\nWood, Albert E. (1965). \"Grades and Clades Among Rodents\". Evolution. 19: 115–130. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1965.tb01696.x.\nKorth, William W.; Emry, Robert J. (1991). \"The skull of Cedromus and a review of the Cedromurinae (Rodentia, Sciuridae)\". Journal of Paleontology. 65 (6): 984–994. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033291.\nHautier, Lionel; Michaux, Jaques; Marivaux, Laurent; Vianey-Liaud, Monique (2008). \"Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (4): 807–821. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00453.x." ]

[ "Zygomasseteric system", "Protrogomorphy", "Sciuromorphy", "Hystricomorphy", "Myomorphy", "References" ]

[ 5361466, 5361467 ]

[ 27243674, 27243675, 27243676, 27243677, 27243678, 27243679, 27243680, 27243681, 27243682 ]

[ "Side view of the skull.", "Articulation of the mandible. Lateral aspect.", "The zygomatic arch on a man", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "In anatomy, the zygomatic arch, or cheek bone, is a part of the skull formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture (the zygomaticotemporal suture); the tendon of the temporal muscle passes medial to (i.e. through the middle of) the arch, to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible (jawbone). \nThe jugal point is the point at the anterior (towards face) end of the upper border of the zygomatic arch where the masseteric and maxillary edges meet at an angle, and where it meets the process of the zygomatic bone.\nThe arch is typical of Synapsida (“fused arch”), a clade of amniotes that includes mammals and their extinct relatives, such as Moschops and Dimetrodon.", "The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots:\nan anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle.\na posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest.\nThe upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the masseter.", "High cheekbones are pronounced zygomatic arches, causing the upper part of the cheeks to jut out and form a line cut into the sides of the face. High cheekbones, forming a symmetrical face shape, are very common in fashion models and may be considered a beauty trait in both males and females within Eurocentric beauty standards.", "The term zygomatic derives from the Greek ζύγωμα zygōma, meaning \"bolt, bar\", derived from ζυγο-, \"yoke, join\". The Greek word was already used with this anatomical sense by Galen (2.437, 746) in the 2nd century AD. The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process.", "The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals.", "", "Zygoma fracture\nZygomasseteric system\nZygomatic complex fracture\nZygomaticotemporal suture", "Herring, Susan W.; Mucci, Robert J. (1991). \"In vivo strain in cranial sutures: The zygomatic arch\". Journal of Morphology. 207 (3): 225–239. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052070302. ISSN 0362-2525. PMC 2814820. PMID 1856873.\nAbul-Hassan HS, von Drasek Ascher G, Acland RD (January 1986). \"Surgical anatomy and blood supply of the fascial layers of the temporal region\". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 77 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1097/00006534-198601000-00004. PMID 3941846. S2CID 34872321.\nSex and Society. Marshall Cavendish. September 2009. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7614-7906-2. Retrieved 2 November 2012.", "Lesson1 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (latskullitems)\n\"Anatomy diagram: 34257.000-1\". Roche Lexicon – illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22." ]

[ "Zygomatic arch", "Structure", "Society and culture", "Etymology", "Other animals", "Additional images", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361468, 5361469, 5361470, 5361471, 5361472, 5361473, 5361474, 5361475, 5361476, 5361477, 5361478 ]

[ 27243683, 27243684, 27243685, 27243686, 27243687, 27243688 ]

[ "Left zygomatic bone in situ", "Side view of the teeth and jaws (zygomatic visible in center)", "", "", "This jugal bone from an Edmontosaurus is over three feet (1 meter) long", "Diagram showing homologous bones of the skulls of a Monitor lizard and a Crocodile. Jugal bone labelled Ju, in pale green, at centre left.", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 9, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13 ]

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[ "In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (from Ancient Greek: ζῠγόν, romanized: zugón, lit. 'yoke'), also called cheekbone or malar bone, is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders.", "The term zygomatic derives from the Ancient Greek Ζυγόμα, zygoma, meaning \"yoke\". The zygomatic bone is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term may also refer to the zygomatic arch.", "", "The malar surface is convex and perforated near its center by a small aperture, the zygomaticofacial foramen, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels; below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the zygomaticus muscle.\nThe temporal surface, directed posteriorly and medially, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla (articular surface), and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve.\nThe orbital surface forms the lateral part and some of the inferior part of the bony orbit. The zygomatic nerve passes through the zygomatic-orbital foramen on this surface. The lateral palpebral ligament attaches to a small protuberance called the orbital tubercle.", "Each zygomatic bone is diamond-shaped and composed of three processes with similarly named associated bony articulations: frontal, temporal, and maxillary. Each process of the zygomatic bone forms important structures of the skull.\nThe orbital surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone forms the anterior lateral orbital wall, with usually a small paired foramen, the zygomaticofacial foramen opening on its lateral surface. The temporal process of the zygomatic bone forms the zygomatic arch along with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, with a paired zygomaticotemporal foramen present on the medial deep surface of the bone. The orbital surface of the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone forms a part of the infraorbital rim and a small part of the anterior part of the lateral orbital wall.", "The orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting backward and medialward from the orbital margin. Its antero-medial surface forms, by its junction with the orbital surface of the maxilla and with the great wing of the sphenoid, part of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit. On it are seen the orifices of two canals, the zygomatico-orbital foramina; one of these canals opens into the temporal fossa, the other on the malar surface of the bone; the former transmits the zygomaticotemporal, the latter the zygomaticofacial nerve.\nIts postero-lateral surface, smooth and convex, forms parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae.\nIts anterior margin, smooth and rounded, is part of the circumference of the orbit.\nIts superior margin, rough, and directed horizontally, articulates with the frontal bone behind the zygomatic process.\nIts posterior margin is serrated for articulation, with the great wing of the sphenoid and the orbital surface of the maxilla.\nAt the angle of junction of the sphenoidal and maxillary portions, a short, concave, non-articular part is generally seen; this forms the anterior boundary of the inferior orbital fissure: occasionally, this non-articular part is absent, the fissure then being completed by the junction of the maxilla and sphenoid, or by the interposition of a small sutural bone in the angular interval between them.", "The antero-superior or orbital border is smooth, concave, and forms a considerable part of the circumference of the orbit.\nThe antero-inferior or maxillary border is rough, and bevelled at the expense of its inner table, to articulate with the maxilla; near the orbital margin it gives origin to the quadratus labii superioris.\nThe postero-superior or temporal border, curved like an italic letter f, is continuous above with the commencement of the temporal line, and below with the upper border of the zygomatic arch; the temporal fascia is attached to it.\nThe postero-inferior or zygomatic border affords attachment by its rough edge to the masseter.", "The zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and paired temporal bones, and maxillary bones.", "The zygomatic bone is generally described as ossifying from three centers—one for the malar and two for the orbital portion; these appear about the eighth week and fuse about the fifth month of fetal life.\nMall describes it as being ossified from one center which appears just beneath and to the lateral side of the orbit.\nAfter birth, the bone is sometimes divided by a horizontal suture into an upper larger, and a lower smaller division.\nIn some quadrumana the zygomatic bone consisted of two parts, an orbital and a malar.", "Zygomatic arches, also known as high cheek bones, are considered physically attractive in some cultures, in both males and females.\nAncient Chinese sculptures of goddesses typically have a \"broad forehead, raised eyebrows, high cheekbones, and large, sensuous mouth\". Similarly, many depictions of Qin warriors in the Terracotta Army are depicted with \"broad foreheads, high cheekbones, large eyes, thick eyebrows, and stiff beards.\"\nFor this reason some individuals undergo cheek augmentation, a form of cosmetic surgery.", "The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods.", "In non-mammalian vertebrates, the zygomatic bone is referred to as the jugal bone, since these animals have no zygomatic arch. It is found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species.\nThis bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, as in the case of creatures, such as dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found. In coelacanths and early tetrapods the bone is relatively large. Here, it is a plate-like bone forming the lower margin of the orbit and much of the side of the face. In ray-finned fishes it is reduced or absent, and the entire cheek region is generally small. The bone is also absent in living amphibians.\nWith the exception of turtles, the jugal bone in reptiles forms a relatively narrow bar separating the orbit from the inferior temporal fenestra, of which it may also form the lower boundary. The bone is similarly reduced in birds. In mammals, it takes on broadly the form seen in humans, with the bar between the orbit and fenestra vanishing entirely, and only the lower boundary of the fenestra remaining, as the zygomatic arch.", "", " Anatomy portal\nTreacher Collins syndrome\nZygoma fracture\nZygomatic arch\nZygomatic complex fracture\nZygomatic fossa", "Fehrenbach; Herring (2012). Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck. Elsevier. p. 54.\nSex and Society. Marshall Cavendish. September 2009. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7614-7906-2. Retrieved 2 November 2012.\nCartwright, John (24 July 2000). Evolution and Human Behavior. MIT Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-262-53170-2. Retrieved 2 November 2012.\nHoward, Angela Falco; Li, Song; Wu, Hung; Yang, Hong (28 April 2006). Chinese Sculpture. Yale University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-300-10065-5. Retrieved 2 November 2012.\nSiemionow, Maria Z. (19 March 2010). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Springer. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-84882-512-3. Retrieved 2 November 2012.\nRomer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 217–241. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.", "Facial Bone Anatomy at eMedicine" ]

[ "Zygomatic bone", "Etymology", "Structure", "Surfaces", "Processes", "Orbital process", "Borders", "Articulations", "Development", "Society and culture", "Other animals", "Non-mammalian vertebrates", "Additional images", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361479, 5361480, 5361481, 5361482, 5361483, 5361484, 5361485, 5361486, 5361487, 5361488 ]

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[ "Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves (labeled at center bottom, fifth from bottom, as \"Malar\")", "The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck (zygomatic branches labeled at center, near cheek)", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 7, 7, 7, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gray788.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Ramizygomaticinervifacialis.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Lateral_head_anatomy_detail.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Slide1BAB.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Slide1CAC.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.web.jpg" ]

[ "The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (malar branches) are nerves of the face. They run across the zygomatic bone to the lateral angle of the orbit. Here, they supply the orbicularis oculi muscle, and join with filaments from the lacrimal nerve and the zygomaticofacial branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V₂).", "The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve are branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). They run across the zygomatic bone to the lateral angle of the orbit. This is deep to zygomaticus major muscle. They send fibres to orbicularis oculi muscle.", "The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve have many nerve connections. Along their course, there may be connections with the buccal branches of the facial nerve. They join with filaments from the lacrimal nerve and the zygomaticofacial nerve from the maxillary nerve (CN V₂). They also join with the inferior palpebral nerve and the superior labial nerve, both from the infraorbital nerve.", "The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve supply part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. This is used to close the eyelid.", "", "To test the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve, a patient is asked to close their eyes tightly. This uses orbicularis oculi muscle. The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve may be recorded and stimulated with an electrode.", "Rarely, the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve may be damaged during surgery on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).", "", "Zygomatic nerve\nZygomaticus major muscle\nZygomaticus minor muscle", "Evans, T. William (2017). \"80 - Facelift\". Maxillofacial Surgery. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1195–1222. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-6056-4.00080-0. ISBN 978-0-7020-6056-4.\nNiamtu, Joe (2018). \"3 - Facelift Surgery (Cervicofacial Rhytidectomy)\". Cosmetic Facial Surgery (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 32–187. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-39393-5.00003-0. ISBN 978-0-323-39393-5.\nFillmore, Erin P.; Seifert, Mark F. (2015). \"22 - Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve\". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. Academic Press. pp. 319–350. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-410390-0.00023-8. ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0.\nKennelly, Kathleen D. (2019). \"21 - Clinical neurophysiology of cranial nerve disorders\". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 161. Elsevier. pp. 327–342. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-64142-7.00058-8. ISBN 978-0-444-64142-7. ISSN 0072-9752.\nMcCain, Joseph P.; Kim, King (2012). \"6 - Endoscopic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery\". Current Therapy In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Saunders. pp. 31–62. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-2527-6.00006-2. ISBN 978-1-4160-2527-6.", "Anatomy photo:23:06-0105 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - \"Branches of Facial Nerve (CN VII)\"\nlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (parotid3)\ncranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (VII)\nhttp://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_47/47-5.HTM" ]

[ "Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve", "Structure", "Connections", "Function", "Clinical significance", "Testing", "Surgical damage", "Additional images", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361489, 5361490, 5361491, 5361492 ]

[ 27243707, 27243708, 27243709, 27243710, 27243711, 27243712, 27243713 ]

[ "Lateral view of the nerves of the orbit. The zygomatic nerve is visible at bottom centre branching from the maxillary nerve.", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 6, 6, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Gray777.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray790.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Gray778.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.web.jpg" ]

[ "The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve, itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It travels through the orbit and divides into the zygomaticotemporal and the zygomaticofacial nerve. It provides sensory supply to skin over the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone. It also carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal gland. It may be blocked by anaesthetising the maxillary nerve.", "The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V₂), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It branches at the pterygopalatine ganglion. It travels from the pterygopalatine fossa through the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit. In the orbit, it travels anteriorly along the lateral wall.", "Soon after the zygomatic nerve enters the orbit it divides into its branches. These include:\nthe zygomaticotemporal nerve. This passes through the zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone.\nthe zygomaticofacial nerve. This passes through the zygomaticofacial foramen in the zygomatic bone.\nIt also gives off a communicating branch to the lacrimal nerve.", "Sometimes, the zygomatic nerve does not branch within the orbit. Instead, it enters a single foramen in the zygomatic bone called the zygomatico-orbital foramen. In this case, it divides within the bone into the zygomaticotemporal nerve and the zygomaticofacial nerve.", "The terminal branches of the zygomatic nerve contain sensory axons. These provide sensation to the skin over the temporal bone and the zygomatic bone. \nThe zygomatic nerve also carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons. These axons have their cell bodies in the pterygopalatine ganglion. They travel from the ganglion to the zygomatic nerve, and then to the lacrimal nerve through a communicating branch. From the lacrimal nerve, they enter the lacrimal gland and provide secretomotor supply.", "The zygomatic nerve can be blocked indirectly by anaesthetising the maxillary nerve (CN V₂). The zygomatic nerve and its branches may be damaged by a fracture to the zygomatic bone.", "", "Rea, Paul (2016). \"2 - Head\". Essential Clinically Applied Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System in the Head and Neck. Academic Press. pp. 21–130. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803633-4.00002-8. ISBN 978-0-12-803633-4.\nPai, Umeshraya T.; Nayak, Rajeshri; Molloy, Robert E. (2005). \"72 - Head and Neck Blocks\". Essentials of Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 598–606. doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-06651-1.50076-9. ISBN 978-0-443-06651-1.\nForrester, John V.; Dick, Andrew D.; McMenamin, Paul G.; Roberts, Fiona; Pearlman, Eric (2016). \"1 - Anatomy of the eye and orbit\". The Eye - Basic Sciences in Practice (4th ed.). Saunders. pp. 1–102. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-5554-6.00001-0. ISBN 978-0-7020-5554-6.\nStandring, Susan, ed. (2016). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (41 ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9. OCLC 920806541.\nAnderson, B. C.; McLoon, L. K. (2010). \"Cranial Nerves and Autonomic Innervation in the Orbit\". Encyclopedia of the Eye. Academic Press. pp. 537–548. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374203-2.00285-2. ISBN 978-0-12-374203-2.\nGellrich, Nils-Claudius Bernhard; Zimmerer, Rüdiger M. (2017). \"7 - Surgical Management of Maxillary and Zygomatic Fractures\". Maxillofacial Surgery. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 93–132. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-6056-4.00007-1. ISBN 978-0-7020-6056-4." ]

[ "Zygomatic nerve", "Structure", "Branches", "Variation", "Function", "Clinical significance", "Additional images", "References" ]

[ 5361493, 5361494, 5361495, 5361496 ]

[ 27243714, 27243715, 27243716, 27243717, 27243718, 27243719, 27243720, 27243721 ]

[ "Skull of Rattus macleari with the left zygomatic plate indicated." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Rattus_macleari_skull_zygomatic_plate.png" ]

[ "In rodent anatomy, the zygomatic plate is a bony plate derived from the flattened front part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone). At the back, it connects to the front (maxillary) root of the zygomatic arch, and at the top it is connected to the rest of the skull via the antorbital bridge. It is part of the maxillary bone, or upper jaw, which also contains the upper cheekteeth. Primitively, rodents have a nearly horizontal zygomatic plate. In association with specializations in zygomasseteric system, several distinct morphologies have developed across the order.\nThe term is also used for an analogous structure in some South American typotheres, including Pseudotypotherium and Medistylus.", "The zygomatic plate serves to resist muscular tension resulting from the contraction of the incisors by the anterior deep masseter muscle; thus, rodents which pulverize hard food with the incisors tend to have broader zygomatic plates than those that rather use their molars for this purpose.", "The members of this large and diverse suborder have a narrow, low zygomatic plate.", "The suborder Sciuromorpha includes three families. Squirrels (family Sciuridae) tend to have broad zygomatic plate that extend above the infraorbital foramen. The mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa), the only surviving member of its family, retains the primitive narrow and low plate. The dormice (Gliridae) have broad, high zygomatic plates, except for Graphiurus, which has a lower plate.", "Members of the suborder Castorimorpha, which includes the beavers, pocket gophers, and pocket mice, tend to have broad zygomatic plate that extend above the infraorbital foramen.", "Anomaluromorpha is a small suborder, containing only two families. Anomaluridae have a low and narrow zygomatic plate. Members of the subfamily Idiurinae are atypical in having the zygomatic plate extended forward nearly to the incisors. The condition in the springhaas (Pedetes) is similar.", "Myomorpha is the largest suborder of rodents. In the most numerous subgroup, the Muroidea (including all living families except Dipodidae), the zygomatic plate is generally broad and tilted upwards. Muroids may have the plate extending in front of the front (maxillary) root of the actual zygomatic arch, creating a zygomatic notch. In some, the plate extends at the front into a spinous process, the zygomatic spine.", "Members of the family Dipodidae, which have hystricomorphous zygomasseteric morphology, have nearly horizontal, narrow zygomatic plates.", "Members of the small family Platacanthomyidae have a relatively narrow zygomatic plate.", "The fossorially specialized family Spalacidae shows peculiarities in the condition of the zygomatic plate. In Tachyoryctes and the Rhizomyinae, it is tilted upward and fused to the sides of the snout (rostrum). In the Spalacinae and Myospalacinae, on the other hand, the plate is tilted downward into an almost horizontal position.", "The mouse-like hamster (Calomyscus), the only member of its family, has a straight front margin on the zygomatic plate.", "The family Nesomyidae is restricted to Africa.\nDendromus has a narrow zygomatic plate, as do Steatomys and Prionomys.\nBrachyuromys has an arvicoline-like high zygomatic plate. In Eliurus, the front border of the plate is straight. Nesomys has a low zygomatic plate. In Hypogeomys, it is broad, but rather low.", "Muridae is the order's largest family, and contains several subfamilies.\nDeomys, a member of the Deomyinae, has an unusually low zygomatic plate, as does Lophuromys, a member of the same subfamily.\nMost members of the subfamily Murinae, the Old World rats and mice, have a fairly broad zygomatic plate with a well-developed zygomatic notch. A zygomatic spine is developed in some Australian genera, including Notomys and some Pseudomys. Except for Xeromys, Hydromys and related genera (\"hydromyines\") have a narrow plate, lacking the notch, as does Hyomys, Macruromys, Crunomys, and Rhynchomys. The Philippine Batomys, Carpomys, and Crateromys have well-developed zygomatic plates, reminiscent of those in Arvicolinae. Phloeomys has a broad zygomatic plate.", "The family Cricetidae is the order's second largest, containing several subfamilies and hundreds of species.\nThe subfamily Arvicolinae, the voles and lemmings, has the zygomatic plate tilted upwards very strongly.\nIn the subfamily Tylomyinae, Nyctomys has a narrow zygomatic plate.\nAmong members of the Neotominae, Baiomys, Reithrodontomys, Onychomys, and Peromyscus has a narrow zygomatic plate.\nMembers of the subfamily Sigmodontinae, which includes a number of tribes, usually have the antorbital bridge below the upper surface of the skull. Most have a zygomatic notch. The extent of the zygomatic plate at the back is also variable within Sigmodontinae, with some having the plate extending back to the level of the first upper molar and others having shorter plates.\nMembers of the semiaquatic tribe Ichthyomyini are unique among the Sigmodontinae in lacking the zygomatic notch. In ichthyomyines, the development of the zygomatic plate is correlated with the development of the teeth: those species with large molars and small incisors, including species of Anotomys and Rheomys, have slender plates that do not extend back to the first molars, whereas those with larger incisors and smaller molars, including some Ichthyomys and Neusticomys, have broader zygomatic plates that do reach the level of the first molars.\nThe genus Sigmodon, which is classified in its own tribe, has a broad zygomatic plate and a zygomatic spine. Relative width of the zygomatic plate can distinguish some species of Sigmodon.\nMost members of the tribe Phyllotini have the antorbital bridge located higher than is usual in Sigmodontinae (Calomys and Andalgalomys show the normal sigmodontine condition). A similar condition characterizes Euneomys, Neotomys, Reithrodon, which are no longer considered phyllotines, but to an even larger extent than in most actual phyllotines; in Euneomys, the antorbital bridge is inserted on the upper surface of the skull. Most phyllotines have zygomatic spines, but the structure is more well-developed in Reithrodon. The zygomatic plate not extending backwards to the first molars is a diagnostic character of phyllotines.\nMost thomasomyines lack a well-developed zygomatic notch. The genus Rhipidomys has a narrow zygomatic plate, no zygomatic spine and only a narrow notch. Thomasomys shares a narrow zygomatic plate.\nIn the Akodontini, Oxymycterus and Lenoxus have a low zygomatic plate, similar to that of Lophuromys. Scapteromys shares a low plate. In Akodon, the plate is narrow, as in many others akodontine; this is extremely so in Blarinomys.\nThe tribe Abrotrichini is characterized by a narrow zygomatic plate, without an extension at the upper border.\nIn the tribe Oryzomyini, the configuration of the zygomatic plate is variable. Most have a well-developed zygomatic notch. In the three related genera Holochilus, Pseudoryzomys, and Lundomys, this extension has further developed into a zygomatic spine. In contrast, Microryzomys, Oreoryzomys, Oecomys, Scolomys, and Sigmodontomys aphrastus lack a well-defined notch and do not have the plate extending appreciably in front of the root of the zygomatic arch. The zygomatic plate extending back to the level of the upper first molar is a putative synapomorphy of Clade C within Oryzomyini.\nThe sigmodontine Juliomys pictipes has an almost vertical zygomatic plate.", "Voss, 1988, p. 271\nSteppan, 1995, p. 29\nWood, 1935, p. 246\nPatterson, 1934, p. 124\nReguero et al., 2007, p. 1305\nVoss, 1988, pp. 408–410\nEllerman, 1940, pp. 24–29, 33; Jenkins et al., 2005, p. 427\nCarleton and Musser, 2005\nEllerman, 1940, p. 30; Miller and Gidley, 1918, pp. 432–433\nEllerman, 1940, p. 29\nEllerman, 1940, p. 37\nEllerman, 1940, p. 36\nEllerman, 1940, p. 31; Miller and Gidley, 1918, pp. 432–433\nEllerman, 1940, p. 32\nEllerman, 1940, p. 33\nEllerman, 1940, p. 35; Ellerman, 1941, pp. 1–2\nSteppan, 1995, p. 30; Weksler, 2006, p. 32\nSteppan, 1995, p. 30; Weksler, 2006, fig. 17\nWood, 1935, p. 246; Ellerman, 1940, p. 34\nMiller and Gidley, 1918, p. 437; Ellerman, 1940, p. 37\nMiller and Gidley, 1918, p. 438; Ellerman, 1940, p. 37\nEllerman, 1941, p. 404\nMusser and Carleton, 2005\nEllerman, 1941, p. 307\nEllerman, 1941, p. 311\nEllerman, 1941, p. 315\nEllerman, 1941, p. 6\nEllerman, 1941, p. 76\nEllerman, 1941, p. 376\nEllerman, 1941, p. 481\nEllerman, 1941, p. 56\nTate, 1951, p. 210\nEllerman, 1941, p. 296\nEllerman, 1941, p. 48\nEllerman, 1941, p. 292\nEllerman, 1941, p. 375\nEllerman, 1941, pp. 378, 385, 401, 404\nWeksler, 2006, p. 32\nVoss, 1988, p. 284\nVoss, 1988, pp. 289–290\nVoss, 1992, p. 13\nVoss, 1992, p. 35\nSteppan, 1995, pp. 28–29; D'Elía et al., 2007, pp. 191–192\nSteppan, 1995, p. 30\nSteppan, 1995, p. 72\nPatton et al., 2000, p. 162\nEllerman, 1941, p. 367\nEllerman, 1941, p. 330\nEllerman, 1941, p. 426\nEllerman, 1941, p. 407\nEllerman, 1941, p. 422\nD'Elía et al., 2007, p. 188\nWeksler, 2006, pp. 31–32, fig. 17; Weksler et al., 2006, for nomenclature\nWeksler, 2006, p. 128\nOsgood, 1933, p. 12; Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1121", "Carleton, M.D.; Musser, G.G. (2005). \"Order Rodentia\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 745–752. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. 2 vols., 2142 pp.\nD'Elía, G.; Pardiñas, U.F.J.; Teta, P.; Patton, J.L (2007). \"Definition and diagnosis of a new tribe of sigmodontine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae), and a revised classification of the subfamily\". Gayana. 71 (2): 187–194. doi:10.4067/s0717-65382007000200007.\nEllerman, J.R (1940). The families and genera of living rodents. Volume I. Rodents other than Muridae. London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum. 689 pp.\nEllerman, J.R. (1941). The families and genera of living rodents. Volume II. Family Muridae. London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum. 690 pp.\nJenkins, P.D.; Kilpatrick, C.W.; Robinson, M.F; Timmins, R.J. (2005). \"Morphological and molecular investigations of a new family, genus and species of rodent (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricognatha) from Lao PDR\". Systematics and Biodiversity. 2 (4): 419–454. doi:10.1017/S1477200004001549. S2CID 86411689.\nMiller, G.S., Jr.; Gidley, J.W. (1918). \"Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents\". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 8: 431–448. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.6490.\nMusser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). \"Superfamily Muroidea\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. 2 vols., 2142 pp.\nOsgood, W.H. (1933). \"Two new rodents from Argentina\". Fieldiana Zoology. 20 (3): 11–14.\nPatterson, B. (1934). Trachytherus, a typotherid from the Deseado beds of Patagonia. Geological Series. Vol. 6. Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 91–111.\nPatton, J.L.; da Silva, M.N.F.; Malcolm, J.R. (2000). \"Mammals of the Rio Juruá and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia\". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 244: 1–306. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:motrja>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/1593. S2CID 85577629.\nReguero, M.A.; Dozo, M.T.; Cerdeño, E. (2007). \"A poorly known rodentlike mammal (Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Deseadan (Late Oligocene) of Argentina. Paleoecology, biogeography, and radiation of the rodentlike ungulates in South America\" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 81 (6): 1301–1307. doi:10.1666/05-100.1. S2CID 55259241.\nSteppan, S.J. (1995). \"Revision of the tribe Phyllotini (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae), with a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Sigmodontinae\". Fieldiana Zoology. 80: 1–112. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3336.\nTate, G.H.H. (1951). \"The rodents of Australia and New Guinea\". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 97: 187–430. hdl:2246/1060.\nVoss, R.S. (1988). \"Systematics and ecology of ichthyomyine rodents (Muroidea): patterns of morphological evolution in a small adaptive radiation\". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 188: 259–493.\nVoss, R.S. (1992). \"A revision of the South American species of Sigmodon (Mammalia: Muridae) with notes on their natural history and biogeography\". American Museum Novitates (3050): 1–56.\nWeksler, M. (2006). \"Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data\". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 296: 1–149. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)296[0001:PROORM]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5777. S2CID 86057173.\nWeksler, M.; Percequillo, A.R.; Voss, R.S. (2006). \"Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)\". American Museum Novitates (3537): 1–29. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3537[1:TNGOOR]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5815. S2CID 84088556.\nWood, A.E. (1935). \"Evolution and relationships of the heteromyid rodents with new forms from the Tertiary of western North America\". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 24: 73–262." ]

[ "Zygomatic plate", "Function", "Hystricomorpha", "Sciuromorpha", "Castorimorpha", "Anomaluromorpha", "Myomorpha", "Dipodidae", "Platacanthomyidae", "Spalacidae", "Calomyscidae", "Nesomyidae", "Muridae", "Cricetidae", "References", "Literature cited" ]

[ 5361497 ]

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[ "The Zygomatic process forms an \"L\" in this picture.", "As a comparison, this is how the skull looks with almost all of the zygomatic process removed.", "Frontal bone at birth (Zygomatic process visible at lower right)", "Zygomatic process shown in red", "Left zygomatic bone in situ (Zygomatic process of maxilla is shown in yellow.)", "Zygomatic process shown in red", "Articulation of the mandible. Lateral aspect (Zygomatic process visible at center)", "", "", "" ]

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[ "The zygomatic processes are three processes (protrusions) from other bones of the skull which each articulate with the zygomatic bone. The three processes are:\nZygomatic process of frontal bone from the frontal bone\nZygomatic process of maxilla from the maxilla (malar process)\nZygomatic process of temporal bone from the temporal bone\nThe term zygomatic derives from the Greek Ζυγόμα, zygoma, meaning \"yoke\". The zygomatic process is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic arch.", "The supraorbital margin of the frontal bone ends laterally in its zygomatic process, which is strong and prominent, and articulates with the zygomatic bone. The zygomatic process of the frontal bone extends from the frontal bone laterally and inferiorly.", "The zygomatic process of the maxilla (malar process) is a rough triangular eminence, situated at the angle of separation of the anterior, zygomatic, and orbital surfaces.\nIn front it forms part of the anterior surface.\nBehind it is concave, and forms part of the infratemporal fossa.\nAbove it is rough and serrated for articulation with the zygomatic bone.\nBelow it presents the prominent arched border which marks the division between the anterior and infratemporal surfaces.", "The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It articulates with the zygomatic bone.\nThis process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward.\nThe superior border is long, thin, and sharp, and serves for the attachment of the temporal fascia.\nThe inferior border, short, thick, and arched, has attached to it some fibers of the masseter.\nThe lateral surface is convex and subcutaneous. The medial surface is concave, and affords attachment to the masseter.\nThe anterior end is deeply serrated and articulates with the zygomatic bone. The posterior end is connected to the squama by two roots, the anterior and posterior roots: \nThe posterior root, a prolongation of the upper border, is strongly marked; it runs backward above the external auditory meatus.\nThe anterior root, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong; it is directed medialward and ends in a rounded eminence, the articular tubercle (eminentia articularis).", "The zygomatic bone itself has four processes, namely the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary and temporal processes.\nThe frontosphenoidal process is thick and serrated. The cranial suture between the frontal and zygomatic bone is found here. On its orbital surface, just within the orbital margin and about 11 mm below the zygomaticofrontal suture is a tubercle of varying size and form, but present in 95 per cent of skulls (Whitnall 43). This tubercle is not seen in the picture.\nThe orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting backward and medialward from the orbital margin. It is the gloomy area beneath the lac(rimal) and ethmoidal bones in the image.\nThe maxillary process presents a rough, triangular surface which articulates with the maxilla. It is the area below \"zygomatic\" in the image.\nThe temporal process, long, narrow, and serrated, articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal. It is the process to the right of \"zygomatic\" in the image.", "", "Zygomatic arch\nZygomatic complex fracture", "Marieb & Hoehn's (2010) Human Anatomy & Physiology\nGoogle Books: zygomatic process of the maxilla: Exercises in Oral Radiology and Interpretation – E-Book (Elsevier Health Sciences, Dec 12, 2003, by Robert P. Langlais) – Retrieved 2018-08-26\nThis article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)", "Photo – look for #6\n\"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1\". Roche Lexicon – illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.\nAnatomy photo:22:os-1904 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – \"Osteology of the Skull: The Maxilla\"" ]

[ "Zygomatic process", "Zygomatic process of frontal bone", "Zygomatic process of maxilla", "Zygomatic process of temporal bone", "Processes of the zygomatic bone", "Additional images", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361498, 5361499, 5361500, 5361501, 5361502, 5361503, 5361504, 5361505, 5361506 ]

[ 27243752, 27243753, 27243754, 27243755, 27243756, 27243757, 27243758, 27243759, 27243760 ]

[ "Left zygomatic bone. Malar surface.", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

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[ "The zygomatico-orbital foramina are two canals in the skull, that allow nerves to pass through. The orifices are seen on the orbital process of the zygomatic bone.\nOne of these canals opens into the temporal fossa, the other on the malar surface of the bone.\nThe former transmits the zygomaticotemporal, the latter the zygomaticofacial nerve.", "", "" ]

[ "Zygomatico-orbital foramina", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361507, 5361508 ]

[ 27243761 ]

[ "The skull seen from front (zygomaticofacial foramen labeled at center right)", "Left zygomatic bone. Malar surface.", "", "" ]

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[ "The zygomaticofacial foramen is a small aperture. It perforates the malar surface of the convex zygomatic bone near its center, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels. Below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the Zygomaticus.", "", "Anatomy figure: 22:01-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center" ]

[ "Zygomaticofacial foramen", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361509, 5361510, 5361511 ]

[ 27243762 ]

[ "Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion (zygomaticofacial not labeled, but region visible)", "Mandibular division of the trifacial nerve (zygomaticofacial labeled at center right)", "" ]

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[ "The zygomaticofacial nerve or zygomaticofacial branch of zygomatic nerve (malar branch) passes along the infero-lateral angle of the orbit, emerges upon the face through the zygomaticofacial foramen in the zygomatic bone, and, perforating the orbicularis oculi to reach the skin of the malar area.\nIt joins with the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve and with the inferior palpebral branches of the maxillary nerve (V2).\nThe area of skin supplied by this nerve is over the prominence of the cheek.", "Hwang K, Jin S, Park JH, Chung IH (2007). \"Cutaneous distribution of zygomaticofacial nerve\". The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 18 (3): 575–7. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e3180338584. PMID 17538320. S2CID 11549568.", "Anatomy figure: 33:05-00 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center\nMedEd at Loyola GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cnb2.htm" ]

[ "Zygomaticofacial nerve", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361512, 5361513, 5361514 ]

[ 27243763 ]

[ "Side view of the skull.", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 3, 3 ]

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[ "The zygomaticofrontal suture (or frontozygomatic suture) is the cranial suture between the zygomatic bone and the frontal bone. The suture can be palpated just lateral to the eye.", "", "", "\"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1\". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01.\n\"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-2\". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01." ]

[ "Zygomaticofrontal suture", "Additional images", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361515, 5361516, 5361517 ]

[ 27243764 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Tripod_fx_labeled.jpg" ]

[ "The zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, also known as a quadripod fracture, quadramalar fracture, and formerly referred to as a tripod fracture or trimalar fracture, has four components, three of which are directly related to connections between the zygoma and the face, and the fourth being the orbital floor. Its specific locations are the lateral orbital wall (at its superior junction with the zygomaticofrontal suture or its inferior junction with the zygomaticosphenoid suture at the sphenoid greater wing, separation of the maxilla and zygoma at the anterior maxilla (near the zygomaticomaxillary suture), the zygomatic arch, and the orbital floor near the infraorbital canal.", "On physical exam, the fracture appears as a loss of cheek projection with increased width of the face. In most cases, there is loss of sensation in the cheek and upper lip due to infraorbital nerve injury. Facial bruising, periorbital ecchymosis, soft tissue gas, swelling, trismus, altered mastication, diplopia, and ophthalmoplegia are other indirect features of the injury. The zygomatic arch usually fractures at its weakest point, 1.5 cm behind the zygomaticotemporal suture.", "The cause is usually a direct blow to the malar eminence of the cheek during assault. The paired zygomas each have two attachments to the cranium, and two attachments to the maxilla, making up the orbital floors and lateral walls. These complexes are referred to as the zygomaticomaxillary complex. The upper and transverse maxillary bone has the zygomaticomaxillary and zygomaticotemporal sutures, while the lateral and vertical maxillary bone has the zygomaticomaxillary and frontozygomatic sutures.\nThe formerly used 'tripod fracture' refers to these buttresses, but did not also incorporate the posterior relationship of the zygoma to the sphenoid bone at the zygomaticosphenoid suture.\nThere is an association of ZMC fractures with naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures (NOE) on the same side as the injury. Concomitant NOE fractures predict a higher incidence of post operative deformity.", "Non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures may be treated conservatively. Open reduction and internal fixation is reserved for cases that are severely angulated or comminuted. The purpose of fixation is to restore the normal appearance of the face. Specific attention is given to the position of the malar eminence and reduction of orbital volume by realigning the zygoma and sphenoid. Failure to correct can result in rotational deformity and increase the volume of the orbit, causing the eye to sink inwards.\nFractures with displacement require surgery consisting of fracture reduction with miniplates, microplates and screws. Gillie's approach is used for depressed zygomatic fractures. The prognosis of tripod fractures is generally good. In some cases there may be persistent post-surgical facial asymmetry, which can require further treatment.", "Fraioli, RE; Branstetter BF, 4th; Deleyiannis, FW (February 2008). \"Facial fractures: beyond Le Fort\". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 41 (1): 51–76, vi. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2007.10.003. PMID 18261526.\nWinegar, BA; Murillo, H; Tantiwongkosi, B (2013). \"Spectrum of critical imaging findings in complex facial skeletal trauma\". Radiographics. 33 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1148/rg.331125080. PMID 23322824.\nBuchanan, EP; Hopper, RA; Suver, DW; Hayes, AG; Gruss, JS; Birgfeld, CB (December 2012). \"Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures and their association with naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures: a 5-year review\". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 130 (6): 1296–304. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31826d1643. PMID 23190812. S2CID 19945049.\nSwanson, E; Vercler, C; Yaremchuk, MJ; Gordon, CR (May 2012). \"Modified Gillies approach for zygomatic arch fracture reduction in the setting of bicoronal exposure\". The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 23 (3): 859–62. doi:10.1097/scs.0b013e31824dd5c3. PMID 22565912. S2CID 33669080.\nLinnau, KF; Stanley RB, Jr; Hallam, DK; Gross, JA; Mann, FA (October 2003). \"Imaging of high-energy midfacial trauma: what the surgeon needs to know\". European Journal of Radiology. 48 (1): 17–32. doi:10.1016/s0720-048x(03)00205-5. PMID 14511857.", "" ]

[ "Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture", "Signs and symptoms", "Cause", "Treatment", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361518 ]

[ 27243765, 27243766, 27243767, 27243768, 27243769, 27243770, 27243771, 27243772 ]

[ "Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves and the submaxillary ganglion", "" ]

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[ "The zygomaticotemporal nerve (zygomaticotemporal branch, temporal branch) is a small nerve of the face. It is derived from the zygomatic nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V₂). It is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead. It communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve.", "The zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of the zygomatic nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal nerve, and passes through the zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa.\nIt ascends between the bone and the substance of the temporalis muscle. It pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm above the zygomatic arch. This is around 17 mm lateral to and 6.5 mm superior to the lateral palpebral fissure. It is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead.\nThe zygomaticotemporal nerve communicates with 2 other nerves, although the function of this is unknown. These nerves include:\nthe facial nerve (in most people). This communication is around 36 mm lateral to and 2 mm superior to the lateral canthus (corner of the eye).\nthe auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve (V₃).\nAs it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a small branch, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit.", "Totonchi, Ali; Pashmini, Nazly; Guyuron, Bahman (January 2005). \"The Zygomaticotemporal Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve: An Anatomical Study\". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 115 (1): 273–277. doi:10.1097/01.PRS.0000145639.42257.4F. ISSN 0032-1052.\nOdobescu, A.; Williams, H. B.; Gilardino, M. S. (2012-09-01). \"Description of a communication between the facial and zygomaticotemporal nerves\". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 65 (9): 1188–1192. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2012.03.033. ISSN 1748-6815.", "Anatomy figure: 33:05-00 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center\nMedEd at Loyola GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cnb2.htm\nhttp://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_47/47-2.HTM" ]

[ "Zygomaticotemporal nerve", "Structure", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361519, 5361520 ]

[ 27243773, 27243774, 27243775, 27243776 ]

[ "Zygomaticotemporal suture (red)", "Zygomaticotemporal suture (green)", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]

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[ "The zygomaticotemporal suture (or temporozygomatic suture) is the cranial suture between the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone. This is part of the zygomatic arch. Movement at the suture decreases with development during aging. It has a complex internal structure.", "", "Zygomatic arch", "Curtis, Neil; Witzel, Ulrich; Fagan, Michael J. (2014). \"Development and Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Zygomaticotemporal Suture in Primate Skulls\". Folia Primatologica. 85 (2): 77–87. doi:10.1159/000357526. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 24481002.", "\"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-2\". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2013-06-11." ]

[ "Zygomaticotemporal suture", "Additional images", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361521, 5361522, 5361523, 5361524, 5361525 ]

[ 27243777 ]

[ "Muscles of the head, face, and neck. Zygomaticus major shown in red.", "" ]

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[ "The zygomaticus major muscle is a muscle of the human body. It extends from each zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the corners of the mouth. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly to allow one to smile. Bifid zygomaticus major muscle is a notable variant, and may cause cheek dimples.", "The zygomaticus major muscle originates from the upper margin of the temporal process, part of the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone. It inserts into tissue at the corner of the mouth.", "The zygomaticus major muscle is supplied by a buccal branch and a zygomatic branch of the facial nerve (VII).", "The zygomaticus major muscle may occur in a bifid form, with two fascicles that are partially or completely separate from each other but adjacent. Usually a single unit, dimples are caused by variations in form. It is thought that cheek dimples are caused by bifid zygomaticus major muscle.", "The zygomaticus major muscle raises the corners of the mouth and draws them posteriorly when a person smiles. The average muscle can contract with a force of 200 g.", "The zygomaticus major muscle may be used in reconstructive surgery to replace lost tissue, such as with injuries to the lips.", "", "Zygomaticus minor muscle", "\"Zygomaticus major muscle bony attachment site: a Thiel-embalmed cadaver study\". Morphologie. 105 (348): 24–28. 2021-02-01. doi:10.1016/j.morpho.2020.06.009. ISSN 1286-0115.\nKim, Kyoung-Eun; Oh, Seung Ha; Lee, Shi-Uk; Chung, Sun G. (2009-10-01). \"Application of isometric load on a facial muscle – The zygomaticus major\". Clinical Biomechanics. 24 (8): 606–612. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.06.008. ISSN 0268-0033 – via ScienceDirect.\nPessa, Joel E.; Zadoo, Vikram P.; Garza, Peter A.; Adrian, Erle K.; Dewitt, Adriane I.; Garza, Jaime R. (1998). \"Double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle: Anatomy, incidence, and clinical correlation\". Clinical Anatomy. 11 (5): 310–313. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:5<310::AID-CA3>3.0.CO;2-T. PMID 9725574.\n\"Dimple Creation – Cute as a button, who pays for a deformity?\".\n\"Zygomaticus Major Muscle Function, Origin & Anatomy\".\nStel, Mariëlle; van Dijk, Eric; Olivier, Einav (2009). \"You Want to Know the Truth? Then Don't Mimic!\". Psychological Science. 20 (6): 694. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02350.x. PMID 19422628.\nLidhar, T.; Sharma, S.; Ethunandan, M. (2021-01-01). \"Split zygomaticus major muscle sling reconstruction for significant lower lip defects\". British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 59 (1): 106–108. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.06.031. ISSN 0266-4356 – via ScienceDirect.", "Zygomaticus Major\nClips of muscle action" ]

[ "Zygomaticus major muscle", "Structure", "Nerve supply", "Variation", "Function", "Clinical significance", "Image", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361526 ]

[ 27243778, 27243779, 27243780, 27243781, 27243782, 27243783 ]

[ "Muscles of the head, face, and neck." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Musculuszygomaticusminor.png" ]

[ "The zygomaticus minor muscle is a muscle of facial expression. It originates from the zygomatic bone, lateral to the rest of the levator labii superioris muscle, and inserts into the outer part of the upper lip. It draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward and is used in smiling. It is innervated by the facial nerve (VII).", "The zygomaticus minor muscle originates from the zygomatic bone. It inserts into the tissue around the upper lip, particularly blending its fibres with orbicularis oris muscle. It lies lateral to the rest of levator labii superioris muscle, and medial to its stronger synergist zygomaticus major muscle. It travels at an angle of approximately 30°. It has a mean width of around 0.5 cm.", "The zygomaticus minor muscle is supplied by the buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII).", "The zygomaticus minor muscle may have either a straight or a curved course along its length. It may attach to both the upper lip and the lateral alar region. It may be underdeveloped in some people, with its role taken over by nearby synergists. These synergists rarely change shape or position, but any difference in smile is usually imperceptible.", "The zygomaticus minor muscle draws the upper lip up, back, and out, such as during smiling.", "The zygomaticus minor muscle is sometimes referred to as the \"zygomatic head\" of the levator labii superioris muscle.", "", "Zygomaticus major muscle\nZygomatic bone", "Hur, Mi-Sun; Youn, Kwan Hyun; Kim, Hee-Jin (2018). \"New Insight Regarding the Zygomaticus Minor as Related to Cosmetic Facial Injections\". Clinical Anatomy. 31 (7): 974–980. doi:10.1002/ca.23272. ISSN 1098-2353.\nYoun, Kwan-Hyun; Park, Jong-Tae; Park, Dong Soo; Koh, Ki-Seok; Kim, Hee-Jin; Paik, Doo-Jin (March 2012). \"Morphology of the Zygomaticus Minor and Its Relationship With the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle\". Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 23 (2): 546–548. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e31824190c3. ISSN 1049-2275.\nZabojova, Jorga; Thrikutam, Nikhitha; Tolley, Philip; Perez, Justin; Rozen, Shai M.; Rodriguez-Lorenzo, Andres (August 2018). \"Relational Anatomy of the Mimetic Muscles and Its Implications on Free Functional Muscle Inset in Facial Reanimation\". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 81 (2): 203–207. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001507. ISSN 0148-7043.\nChoi, Da-Yae; Hur, Mi-Sun; Youn, Kwan-Hyun; Kim, Jisoo; Kim, Hee-Jin; Kim, Sophie Soyeon (August 2014). \"Clinical Anatomic Considerations of the Zygomaticus Minor Muscle Based on the Morphology and Insertion Pattern\". Dermatologic Surgery. 40 (8): 858–863. doi:10.1111/dsu.0000000000000063. ISSN 1076-0512. PMID 25006853.\nEliot Goldfinger Artist/Anatomist (7 November 1991). Human Anatomy for Artists : The Elements of Form: The Elements of Form. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-976310-8.", "PTCentral" ]

[ "Zygomaticus minor muscle", "Structure", "Nerve supply", "Variation", "Function", "History", "Images", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361527 ]

[ 27243784, 27243785, 27243786, 27243787, 27243788, 27243789, 27243790 ]

[ "", "Skill of Neohelos on display", "", "", "" ]

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[ "The Zygomaturinae are an extinct subfamily of marsupials. The phylogeny and taxonomy of this clade is poorly understood and problematic. Zygomaturines are currently thought to be a subfamily within Diprotodontidae, rather than a distinct family.", "Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution by John A. Long, Michael Archer, Timothy Flannery, and Suzanne Hand (page 91)\nData related to Zygomaturinae at Wikispecies" ]

[ "Zygomaturinae", "References" ]

[ 5361528, 5361529, 5361530, 5361531, 5361532 ]

[ 27243791 ]

[ "", "Skull of Zygomaturus in various views, from Owen 1859", "Restoration of Z. trilobus", "Z. trilobus jaw", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 7, 7 ]

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[ "Zygomaturus is an extinct genus of giant marsupial from Australia during the Pleistocene.", "It was a large animal, weighing 500 kg (1100 lbs) or over 700 kg (1544 lbs) and standing about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall and 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long. It rivaled several other Diprotodontidae in size such as Euryzygoma, Euowenia, Nototherium, and was smaller than Diprotodon and Palorchestes.", "It had a heavy body and thick legs and is believed to be similar to the modern pygmy hippopotamus in both size and build. The genus moved on all fours. Zygomaturus lived in the wet coastal margins of Australia and also is believed to have expanded its range toward the interior of the continent along the waterways. It is believed to have lived solitarily or possibly in small herds. Zygomaturus probably ate reeds and sedges by shovelling them up in clumps with its lower incisor teeth. However, in analysis of remains from Cuddie Springs, the carbon isotope ratios suggests that it consumed both C₃ and C₄ plants, with a dental microwear texture indicative of browsing,", "It was once thought that Zygomaturus became extinct about 45,000 years ago until a surprisingly late date between 33.3 ±3.7 Kya and 36.7 ±5.1 Kya is known from the Willandra Lakes Region in New South Wales, the latest known date for any Australian Megafauna. This is well after aboriginal arrival in Australia around 50 Kya.", "", "Literal translation \"Big cheekbones\"\nPeter F. Murray, Patricia Vickers-Rich, 2004, Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime, p.326, Indiana University Press\n\"Zygomaturus trilobus\".\nRoss D.E. MacPhee, Hans-Dieter Sues, 1999, \nExtinctions in Near Time, p.251, Springer Science & Business Media\nEllis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 101. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.\nDeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Field, Judith H.; Wroe, Stephen; Dodson, John R. (May 2017). \"Dietary responses of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea) megafauna to climate and environmental change\". Paleobiology. 43 (2): 181–195. doi:10.1017/pab.2016.50. ISSN 0094-8373.\nWestaway, Michael C.; Olley, Jon; Grün, Rainer (February 2017). \"At least 17,000 years of coexistence: Modern humans and megafauna at the Willandra Lakes, South-Eastern Australia\". Quaternary Science Reviews. 157: 206–211. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.031.", "Wildlife of Gondwana: Dinosaurs and Other Vertebrates from the Ancient Supercontinent (Life of the Past) by Pat Vickers Rich, Thomas Hewitt Rich, Francesco Coffa, and Steven Morton\nMarsupial Nutrition by Ian D. Hume\nLong, J.; Archer, M.; Flannery, T.; Hand, S. (2002). Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-8018-7223-5. OCLC 49860159.\nLife of Marsupials by Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe\nMagnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime (Life of the Past) by Peter F. Murray, Patricia Vickers-Rich, and Pat Vickers Rich\nClassification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell\nAustralia's Lost World: Prehistoric Animals of Riversleigh by Michael Archer, Suzanne J. Hand, and Henk Godthelp\nWorld Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures: The Ultimate Visual Reference To 1000 Dinosaurs And Prehistoric Creatures Of Land, Air And Sea ... And Cretaceous Eras (World Encyclopedia) by Dougal Dixon\nThe Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Prehistoric Life by Dougal Dixon", "The Diprotodontids\n3D rotatable model of the skull of Zygomaturus trilobus" ]

[ "Zygomaturus", "Description", "Palaeobiology", "Extinction", "Related genera", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5361533, 5361534, 5361535, 5361536, 5361537, 5361538 ]

[ 27243792, 27243793, 27243794, 27243795, 27243796, 27243797, 27243798, 27243799 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Zygomelon_ziodon.jpg" ]

[ "Zygomelon is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Volutidae.", "Species within the genus Zygomelon include:\nZygomelon zodion Harasewych & Marshall, 1995", "Zygomelon Harasewych & Marshall, 1995. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.\nZygomelon zodion Harasewych & Marshall, 1995. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.", "" ]

[ "Zygomelon", "Species", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361539 ]

[ 27243800 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Zygomelon_ziodon.jpg" ]

[ "Zygomelon zodion is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutidae, the volutes.", "Zygomelon zodion Harasewych & Marshall, 1995. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.", "" ]

[ "Zygomelon zodion", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361540 ]

[ 27243801 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Flower_Spider_%28Zygometis_lactea%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zygometis is a genus of spider in the family Thomisidae described by Simon in 1901, containing the sole species Zygometis xanthogaster, or the milky flower spider or white flower spider, with a distribution from Thailand to Australia (including Lord Howe Island). They are ambush predators.", "They are cream-white in colour, with brownish-red lines on the cephalothorax and abdomen. This coloration help them camouflage onto white flowers to ambush their prey. Females are 6.5 mm, while males are 3 mm.", "In Australia, they live from coastal forests to semi-arid areas. It is recorded in altitudes up to 661.5m .", "They are \"too small\" to harm humans, and prey on insects by ambush.", "\"Gen. Zygometis Simon, 1901\". World Spider Catalog. Retrieved 2016-02-25.\n\"Flower Spider (Zygometis lactea)\". www.ozanimals.com. Retrieved 2021-12-09.\n\"Zygometis xanthogaster (L. Koch, 1876) Milky Flower Spider\". arachne.org.au. Retrieved 2021-12-09.\n\"Zygometis xanthogaster sightings - Canberra Nature Map\". canberra.naturemapr.org. Retrieved 2021-12-09." ]

[ "Zygometis", "Description", "Habitat", "Diet & ecology", "References" ]

[ 5361541 ]

[ 27243802, 27243803 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Zygomitus_reticulatus%2C_Ostreobium_quekettii.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Alga_volvox.png" ]

[ "Zygomitus is a genus of green algae in the family Chaetophoraceae.", "Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2007). \"Genus: Zygomitus taxonomy browser\". AlgaeBase version 4.2 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2007-09-25.", "" ]

[ "Zygomitus", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361542, 5361543 ]

[ 27243804 ]

[ "", "Micrograph showing a zygomycetes infection." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis%2C_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Zygomycosis.jpg" ]

[ "Zygomycosis is the broadest term to refer to infections caused by bread mold fungi of the zygomycota phylum. However, because zygomycota has been identified as polyphyletic, and is not included in modern fungal classification systems, the diseases that zygomycosis can refer to are better called by their specific names: mucormycosis (after Mucorales), phycomycosis (after Phycomycetes) and basidiobolomycosis (after Basidiobolus). These rare yet serious and potentially life-threatening fungal infections usually affect the face or oropharyngeal (nose and mouth) cavity. Zygomycosis type infections are most often caused by common fungi found in soil and decaying vegetation. While most individuals are exposed to the fungi on a regular basis, those with immune disorders (immunocompromised) are more prone to fungal infection. These types of infections are also common after natural disasters, such as tornadoes or earthquakes, where people have open wounds that have become filled with soil or vegetative matter.\nThe condition may affect the gastrointestinal tract or the skin, often beginning in the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is one of the most rapidly spreading fungal infections in humans. Treatment consists of prompt and intensive antifungal drug therapy and surgery to remove the infected tissue.", "Pathogenic zygomycosis is caused by species in two orders: Mucorales or Entomophthorales, with the former causing far more disease than the latter. These diseases are known as \"mucormycosis\" and \"entomophthoramycosis\", respectively.\nOrder Mucorales (mucormycosis)\nFamily Mucoraceae\nAbsidia (Absidia corymbifera)\nApophysomyces (Apophysomyces elegans and Apophysomyces trapeziformis)\nMucor (Mucor indicus)\nRhizomucor (Rhizomucor pusillus)\nRhizopus (Rhizopus oryzae)\nFamily Cunninghamellaceae\nCunninghamella (Cunninghamella bertholletiae)\nFamily Thamnidiaceae\nCokeromyces (Cokeromyces recurvatus)\nFamily Saksenaeaceae\nSaksenaea (Saksenaea vasiformis)\nFamily Syncephalastraceae\nSyncephalastrum (Syncephalastrum racemosum)\nOrder Entomophthorales (entomophthoramycosis)\nFamily Basidiobolaceae\nBasidiobolus (Basidiobolus ranarum)\nFamily Ancylistaceae\nConidiobolus (Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus)", "Zygomycosis has been found in survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and in survivors of the 2011 Joplin, Missouri tornado.", "In the primary cutaneous form, the lesions are usually painful and necrotic, with black eschar, accompanied by a fever. Patients will usually present with a history of poorly controlled diabetes or malignancy. Myocutaneous infections may lead to amputation. Pulmonary tract infections seen with lung transplant patients, who are at high risk for fatal invasive mycoses. Rhinocerebral infection is characterized by paranasal swelling with necrotic tissues. Patient may have hemorrhagic exudates (tissue fluid from lesions tinged with blood) from the nose and eyes as the fungi penetrate through blood vessels and other anatomical structures.", "Diagnosis is done with potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation in tissue. On light microscopy, there will be broad, ribbon-like septate hyphae with 90 degree angles on branches. KOH wet mount of the black eschar will show aseptate fungal hyphae with right angle branching. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining will reveal similar broad hyphae in the dermis and cutis. Fungal culture can also confirm the organism. Diagnosis remains difficult due to the lack of laboratory tests as mortality remains high. In 2005, a multiplex PCR test was able to identify five species of Rhizopus and may prove useful as a screening method for visceral mucormycosis in the future.\nThe clinical approach to diagnosis includes radiologic, where more than ten nodules and pleural effusion are associated to pulmonary forms of the disease. In CT, a reverse halo sign is noted. Direct microscopy and histopathology, and cultures remain the gold standards for diagnoses. Zygomycophyta share close clinical and radiological features to Aspergillosis. Invasive procedures such as bronchial endoscopy and lung biopsy may be necessary to confirm pulmonary diagnosis are no validated indirect tests are available. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect serum DNA of the pathogen shows promise.", "The condition may affect the gastrointestinal tract or the skin In non-trauma cases, it usually begins in the nose and paranasal sinuses and is one of the most rapidly spreading fungal infections in humans. Common symptoms include thrombosis and tissue necrosis. \nDue to the organisms' rapid growth and invasion, zygomycosis presents with a high fatality rate. Treatment must begin immediately with debridement of the necrotic tissue plus Amphotericin B. Complete excision of the infectious tissue may be required as suspected dead tissue must be excised aggressively. Documented case of conservative surgical drainage, intravenous amphotericin B in an insulin-dependent diabetic have proven effective in sino-orbital infection. The prognosis varies vastly depending upon an individual patient's circumstances.", "The term oomycosis is used to describe oomycete infections. These are more common in animals, notably dogs and horses. These are heterokonts, not true fungi. Types include pythiosis (caused by Pythium insidiosum) and lagenidiosis.\nZygomycosis has been described in a cat, where fungal infection of the tracheobronchus led to respiratory disease requiring euthanasia.", "Toro, Carlos; del Palacio, Amalia; Álvarez, Carmen; Rodríguez-Peralto, José Luis; Carabias, Esperanza; Cuétara, Soledad; Carpintero, Yolanda; Gómez, César (1998). \"Zigomicosis cutánea por Rhizopus arrhizus en herida quirúrgica\" [Cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus in a surgical wound]. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología (in Spanish). 15 (2): 94–6. PMID 17655419.\nAuluck, Ajit (2007). \"Maxillary necrosis by mucormycosis. a case report and literature review\" (PDF). Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 12 (5): E360–4. PMID 17767099.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (1999). \"Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis — Arizona, 1994–1999\". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 48 (32): 710–3. PMID 21033182.\nNancy F Crum-Cianflone; MD MPH. \"Mucormycosis\". eMedicine. Retrieved 19 May 2008.\n\"MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Mucormycosis\". Retrieved 19 May 2008.\nEttinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.\nDraper, Bill; Suhr, Jim (11 June 2011). \"Survivors of Joplin tornado develop rare infection\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Associated Press.\nRibes, J. A.; Vanover-Sams, C. L.; Baker, D. J. (2000). \"Zygomycetes in Human Disease\". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (2): 236–301. doi:10.1128/CMR.13.2.236. PMC 100153. PMID 10756000.\nPrabhu, R. M.; Patel, R. (2004). \"Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: A review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment\". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 10: 31–47. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00843.x. PMID 14748801.\n\"Joplin toll rises to 151; some suffer from fungus\". Associated Press. 10 June 2011 – via Medical Xpress.\nRodríguez-Lobato E, Ramírez-Hobak L, Aquino-Matus JE, Ramírez-Hinojosa JP, Lozano-Fernández VH, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Hernández-Castro R, Arenas R. Primary Cutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizopus oryzae: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Mycopathologia. 2017 Apr;182(3-4):387-392. doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0084-6. Epub 2016 Nov 3. PMID 27807669.\nMattner F, Weissbrodt H, Strueber M. Two case reports: fatal Absidia corymbifera pulmonary tract infection in the first postoperative phase of a lung transplant patient receiving voriconazole prophylaxis, and transient bronchial Absidia corymbifera colonization in a lung transplant patient. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(4):312-4. doi: 10.1080/00365540410019408. PMID 15198193.\nMoscatello, Kim (2013). USMLE Step 1: Immunology and Microbiology Lecture Notes. Chicago: Kaplan Publishing. pp. 430–431. ISBN 978-1625232557.\nLi H, Hwang SK, Zhou C, Du J, Zhang J. Gangrenous cutaneous mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae: a case report and review of primary cutaneous mucormycosis in China over Past 20 years. Mycopathologia. 2013 Aug;176(1-2):123-8. doi: 10.1007/s11046-013-9654-z. Epub 2013 Apr 25. PMID 23615822.\nNagao K, Ota T, Tanikawa A, Takae Y, Mori T, Udagawa S, Nishikawa T. Genetic identification and detection of human pathogenic Rhizopus species, a major mucormycosis agent, by multiplex PCR based on internal transcribed spacer region of rRNA gene. J Dermatol Sci. 2005 Jul;39(1):23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.01.010. Epub 2005 Feb 25. PMID 15978416.\nSkiada A, Lass-Floerl C, Klimko N, Ibrahim A, Roilides E, Petrikkos G. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis. Med Mycol. 2018 Apr 1;56(suppl_1):93-101. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx101. PMID 29538730; PMCID: PMC6251532.\nDanion F, Aguilar C, Catherinot E, Alanio A, DeWolf S, Lortholary O, Lanternier F. Mucormycosis: New Developments into a Persistently Devastating Infection. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Oct;36(5):692-705. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1562896. Epub 2015 Sep 23. PMID 26398536.\nSpellberg, B.; Edwards, J.; Ibrahim, A. (2005). \"Novel Perspectives on Mucormycosis: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Management\". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18 (3): 556–69. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005. PMC 1195964. PMID 16020690.\nSpellberg, Brad; Walsh, Thomas J.; Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P.; Edwards, Jr.; Ibrahim, Ashraf S. (2009). \"Recent Advances in the Management of Mucormycosis: From Bench to Bedside\". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 48 (12): 1743–51. doi:10.1086/599105. PMC 2809216. PMID 19435437.\nGrooters, A (2003). \"Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals\". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 33 (4): 695–720. doi:10.1016/S0195-5616(03)00034-2. PMID 12910739.\nRosenberger RS, West BC, King JW. Survival from sino-orbital mucormycosis due to Rhizopus rhizopodiformis. Am J Med Sci. 1983 Nov-Dec;286(3):25-30. doi: 10.1097/00000441-198311000-00004. PMID 6356916.\n\"Merck Veterinary Manual\". Retrieved 4 April 2009.\nSnyder, Katherine D.; Spaulding, Kathy; Edwards, John (2010). \"Imaging diagnosis—tracheobronchial zygomycosis in a cat\". Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 51 (6): 617–20. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01720.x. PMID 21158233.", "" ]

[ "Zygomycosis", "Causes", "Epidemiology", "Symptoms", "Diagnosis", "Treatment", "Other animals", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361544 ]

[ 27243805, 27243806, 27243807, 27243808, 27243809, 27243810, 27243811, 27243812, 27243813, 27243814, 27243815, 27243816, 27243817, 27243818, 27243819, 27243820, 27243821, 27243822, 27243823, 27243824 ]

[ "", "An immature zygosporangium of the Rhizopus fungus forming from two fused gametangia, showing a \"yoke\" shape.", "Detail of Sporangia of a Mucorales fungi species growing on a peach.", "Sporangium.", "Typical fungal cell wall structure", "Postulated biosynthesis of trisporic acid B", "Bending angle in vertical sporangiophore", "Lipid globules and protein crystals in sporangiophore. 1. Lipid globules; 2. Protein crystals; 3. Vacuolar transepts; 4. Central vacuole", "Zygomycetes on solid media", "Zygomycetes on Sub-media, in light and non-light condition" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 14, 19, 19 ]

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[ "Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two phyla the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants. Zygomycete hyphae may be coenocytic, forming septa only where gametes are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. Zygomycota is no longer recognised as it was not believed to be truly monophyletic.", "The name Zygomycota refers to the zygosporangia characteristically formed by the members of this clade, in which resistant spherical spores are formed during sexual reproduction. Zygos is Greek for \"joining\" or \"a yoke\", referring to the fusion of two hyphal strands which produces these spores, and -mycota is a suffix referring to a division of fungi.", "The term \"spore\" is used to describe a structure related to propagation and dispersal. Zygomycete spores can be formed through both sexual and asexual means. Before germination the spore is in a dormant state. During this period, the metabolic rate is very low and it may last from a few hours to many years. There are two types of dormancy. The exogenous dormancy is controlled by environmental factors such as temperature or nutrient availability. The endogenous or constitutive dormancy depends on characteristics of the spore itself; for example, metabolic features. In this type of dormancy, germination may be prevented even if the environmental conditions favor growth.", "In zygomycetes, mitospores (sporangiospores) are formed asexually. They are formed in specialized structures, the mitosporangia (sporangia) that contain few to several thousand of spores, depending on the species. Mitosporangia are carried by specialized hyphae, the mitosporangiophores (sporangiophores). These specialized hyphae usually show negative gravitropism and positive phototropism allowing good spore dispersal. The sporangia wall is thin and is easily destroyed by mechanical stimuli (e.g. falling raindrops, passing animals), leading to the dispersal of the ripe mitospores. The walls of these spores contain sporopollenin in some species. Sporopollenin is formed out of β-carotene and is very resistant to biological and chemical degradation. \nZygomycete spores may also be classified in respect to their persistence:", "Chlamydospores are asexual spores different from sporangiospores. The primary function of chlamydospores is the persistence of the mycelium and they are released when the mycelium degrades. Chlamydospores have no mechanism for dispersal. In zygomycetes the formation of chlamydospores is usually intercalar. However, it may also be terminal. In accordance with their function chlamydospores have a thick cell wall and are pigmented.", "Zygophores are chemotropic aerial hyphae that are the sex organs of Zygomycota, except for Phycomyces in which they are not aerial but found in the substratum. They have two different mating types (+) and (-). The opposite mating types grow towards each other due to volatile pheromones given off by the opposite strand, mainly trisporic acid and its precursors. Once two opposite mating types have made initial contact, they give rise to a zygospore through multiple steps.\nZygospore formation is the result of a multiple step process beginning with compatible mating type zygophores growing towards each other. Once contact between the zygophores has been made, their walls adhere to each other, flatten and then the contact site is referred to as the fusion septum. The tips of the zygophore become distended and form what is called the progametangia. A septum develops by gradual inward extension until it separates the terminal gametangia from the progametangial base. At this point the zygophore is then called the suspensor. Vesicles accumulate at the fusion septum at which time it begins to dissolve. A little before the fusion septum completely dissolves, the primary outer wall begins to thicken. This can be seen as dark patches on the primary wall as the fusion septum dissolves. These dark patches on the wall will eventually develop into warty structures that make up the thickness of the zygospore wall. As the zygospore enlarges, so do the warty structures until there are contiguous around the entire cell. At this point, electron microscopy can no longer penetrate the wall. Eventually the warts push through the primary wall and darken which is likely caused by melanin.\nMeiosis usually occurs before zygospore germination and there are a few main types of distinguishable nuclear behavior. Type 1 is when the nuclei fuse quickly, within a few days, resulting in mature zygospore having haploid nuclei. Type 2 is when some nuclei do not pair and degenerate instead, meiosis is delayed until germination. Type 3 is when haploid nuclei continue to divide mitotically and then some associate into groups and some do not. This results in diploid and haploid nuclei being found in the germ sporangium.", "Zygomycetes exhibit a special structure of cell wall. Most fungi have chitin as structural polysaccharide, while zygomycetes synthesize chitosan, the deacetylated homopolymer of chitin. Chitin is built of β-1,4 bonded N-acetyl glucosamine. Fungal hyphae grow at the tip. Therefore, specialized vesicles, the chitosomes, bring precursors of chitin and its synthesizing enzyme, chitin synthetase, to the outside of the membrane by exocytosis. The enzyme on the membrane catalyzes glycosidic bond formations from the nucleotide sugar substrate, uridine diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The nascent polysaccharide chain is then cleaved by the enzyme chitin deacetylase. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the N-acetamido group in chitin. After this the chitosan polymer chain forms micro fibrils. These fibers are embedded in an amorphous matrix consisting of proteins, glucans (which putatively cross-link the chitosan fibers), mannoproteins, lipids and other compounds.", "Trisporic acid is a C-18 terpenoid compound that is synthesized via β-carotene and retinol pathways in the zygomycetes. It is a pheromone compound responsible for sexual differentiation in those fungal species.", "Trisporic acid was discovered in 1964 as a metabolite that caused enhanced carotene production in Blakeslea trispora. It was later shown to be the hormone that brought about zygophore production in Mucor mucedo. The American mycologist and geneticist Albert Francis Blakeslee discovered that some species of Mucorales were self-sterile (heterothallic), in which interactions of two strains, designated (+) and (-), are necessary for the initiation of sexual activity. This interaction was found by Hans Burgeff of the University of Goettingen to be due to the exchange of low molecular weight substances that diffused through the substratum and atmosphere. This work constituted the first demonstration of sex hormone activity in any fungus. The elucidation of the hormonal control of sexual interaction in the Mucorales extends over 60 years and involved mycologists and biochemists from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA.", "Recognition of compatible sexual partners in zygomycota is based on a cooperative biosynthesis pathway of trisporic acid. Early trisporoid derivatives and trisporic acid induce swelling of two potential hyphae, hence called zygophores, and a chemical gradient of these inducer molecules results in a growth towards each other. These progametangia come in contact with each other and build a strong connection. In the next stage, septae are established to limit the developing zygospore from the vegetative mycelium and in this way the zygophores become suspensor hyphae and gametangia are formed. After dissolving of the fusion wall, cytoplasm and a high number of nuclei from both gametangia are mixed. A selectional process (unstudied) results in a reduction of nuclei and meiosis takes place (also unstudied until today). Several cell wall modifications, as well as incorporation of sporopollenin (responsible for the dark colour of spores) take place resulting in a mature zygospore.\nTrisporic acid, as the endpoint of this recognition pathway, can solely be produced in presence of both compatible partners, which enzymatically produce trisporoid precursors to be further utilized by the potential sexual partner. Species specificity of these reactions is among others obtained by spatial segregation, physicochemical features of derivatives (volatility and light sensitivity), chemical modifications of trisporoids and transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation.", "Trisporoids are also used in the mediation of the recognition between parasite and host. An example is the host-parasite interaction of a parasexual nature observed between Parasitella parasitica, a facultative mycoparasite of zygomycetes, and Absidia glauca. This interaction is an example for biotrophic fusion parasitism, because genetic information is transferred into the host. Many morphological similarities in comparison to zygospore formation are seen, but the mature spore is called a sikyospore and is parasitic. During this process, gall-like structures are produced by the host Absidia glauca.\nThis, coupled with further evidence, has led to the assumption that trisporoids are not strictly species-specific, but that they might represent the general principle of mating recognition in Mucorales.", "Light regulation has been investigated in the zygomycetes Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Mucor circinelloides and Pilobolus crystallinus. For example, in Pilobolus crystallinus light is responsible for the dispersal mechanism and the sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus grow towards light. When light, particularly blue light, is involved in the regulation of fungal development, it directs the growth of fungal structures and activates metabolic pathways. For instance, the zygomycota use light as signal to promote vegetative reproduction and growth of aerial hyphae to facilitate spore dispersal.\nFungal phototropism has been investigated in detail using the fruiting body, sporangiophore, of Phycomyces as a model. Phycomyces has a complex photoreceptor system. It is able to react to different light intensities and different wavelengths. In contrast to the positive reaction to blue light, there is also a negative reaction to UV light. Reactions to red light were also observed.", "The two genes for the enzymes phytoene desaturase (carB) and the bifunctional phytoene\nsynthase/carotene cyclase (carRA in Phycomyces, carRP in Mucor) are responsible for synthesis of beta-carotene. The product of the gene crgA, which was found in Mucor suppresses the carotene formation by inhibiting the accumulation of carB and carRP mRNAs.", "The zygomycete P. blakesleeanus builds two types of sporangiophores, the macrophores and the microphores which differ in size. The formation of these sporangiophores work at different light fluences and therefore with specific photoreceptors. Light also regulates asexual sporulation. In Mucor the product of the crgA gene acts as an activator. In contrast, the sexual development of Phycomyces is inhibited by light because of a specialized photoreceptor system.", "Gravitropism is a turning or growth movement by a plant or fungus in response to gravity. It is equally widespread in both kingdoms. Statolites are required in both fungi and plants for the mechanism of gravity-sensing. The Zygomycota sporangiophores originate from specialized “basal hyphae” and pass through several distinctive developmental stages until the mature asexual spores are released. In addition to the positive phototropism, the sporangiophores are directed by a negative gravitropic response into a position suitable for spore dispersal and distribution. Both responses are growth reactions i.e. the bending is caused by differential growth on the respective opposite flanks of the sporangiophore, and influence each other. The only model for the mechanism of the gravitropic reaction of Phycomyces is based on the floatability of the vacuole within the surrounding cytoplasm. The resulting asymmetric distribution of the cytoplasm is proposed to generate increased wall growth on the lower side of horizonally placed sporangiophores as in the thicker cytoplasmic layer forming there the number of vesicles secreting cell-wall material would be higher than on the upper side. Gravitropic bending starts after approximately 15 – 30 min in horizontally placed sporangiophores and continues until after, approximately 12 – 14 hours, the sporangiophore tip has recovered its original vertical position. Usually, the gravitropic response is weaker compared to the phototrophic one. However, in certain conditions, equilibrium could be established and the responses are comparable. In plants and fungi, phototropism and gravitropism interact in a complex manner. During continuous irradiation with unilateral light, the sporangiophore (fruiting body) of the zygomycete fungus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus reach a bending angle of photogravitropic equilibrium at which the gravitropic and phototropic stimuli balance each other (Fig. 1, bending angle +α, due to light irradiation).", "In Phycomyces blakesleeanus, wild type sporangiophores contain large, easily seen octahedral paracrystalline crystals with size up to 5×5×5 μm. Generally, they are found near the main vacuole in clusters consisting of more than ten crystals. They are often associated to the vacuolar transepts. Sedimentation with speed of about 100 μm/s can be observed when the sporangiophores are tilted. Sliding along during sedimentation or pulling at the vacuolar membranes and transepts serves as an inter-cellular signal to a probable cytoskeleton response, and that activates receptors located in the cell membrane. These receptors in turn trigger a chain of events which finally leads to the asymmetrical growth of the cell wall. Studies of the bending angle of wild type and mutant strain sporangiophore growth have shown that mutant strains that do not have crystals exhibit reduced gravitropic response.", "Complex of apical lipid globules are also involved in graviperception. These lipids are clustered in cellular structures, complex of lipid globules, about 0.1mm below the very tip of the apex. (Fig. 2) The globules migrate to the columella when the sporangium is formed. In mature stage this complex is believed to act as a gravireceptor due to its floatability. Mutants that lack this lipid complex show greatly lowered gravitropic response.", "Historically, all fungi producing a zygospore were considered to be related and placed into Zygomycota. The use of molecular phylogenetics has increasingly revealed this grouping to be paraphyletic. However, the rank (i.e., phylum or subphylum) these clades is in dispute. What follows is a phylogeny of fungi with the zygomycete subphyla derived from Spatafora et al. (2016) with both possible phylum names.", "Many species of zygomycetes can be used in important industrial processes. A resume of them is presented in the table.", "The zygomycetes are able to grow in a wide range of environments. Most of them are mesophilic (growing at 10–40 °C with an optimum 20–35 °C), but some, like Mucor miehei or Mucor pusillus, are thermophilic with a minimum growth temperature of about 20 °C and maximum extending up to 60 °C. Others like Mucor hiemalis can grow at temperatures below 0 °C.\n\nSome species of the order Mucorales are able to grow under anaerobic conditions, while most of them require aerobic conditions. Furthermore, while the majority of the zygomycetes only grow at high water activities, some of them are able to grow in salt concentrations of at least 15%. Most species of Mucor grow rapidly on agar at room temperature filling the Petri dish in 2–3 days with their coarse aerial mycelium. When incubated in liquid culture under semi-anaerobic conditions, several species grow in yeast like state. Zygospore formation may be stimulated at higher temperatures of incubation (30–40 °C). \nGrowth of Zygomycota in solid agar can produce low or very high fibrous colony that rapidly fills the entire Petri dish. Its color may range from pure white to shades of gray or brown. In old cultures, dark pigmented sporangia are observed. Everything depends on the species and the media used. In liquid culture, Zygomycota usually form a bland mass and do not produce spores. This is because they cannot grow aerial hyphae.", "Zygomycetes grow well on most standard fungal culture medium such as Sabouraud dextrose agar. They can also grow on both selective and non-selective media. Minimal media, supplementary media and induction media can also be used. Most zygomycetes are sensitive to cycloheximide (actidione) and this agent should not be used in culture media.", "A common example of a zygomycete is black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer), a member of the Mucorales. It spreads over the surface of bread and other food sources, sending hyphae inward to absorb nutrients. In its asexual phase it develops bulbous black sporangia at the tips of upright hyphae, each containing hundreds of haploid spores.\nAs in most zygomycetes, asexual reproduction is the most common form of reproduction. Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus stolonifer, as in other zygomycetes, occurs when haploid hyphae of different mating types are in close proximity to each other. Growth of the gametangia commences after gametangia come in contact, and plasmogamy, or the fusion of the cytoplasm, occurs. Karyogamy, which is the fusion of the nuclei, follows closely after. The zygosporangia are then diploid. Zygosporangia are typically thick-walled, highly resilient to environmental hardships, and metabolically inert. When conditions improve, however, they germinate to produce a sporangium or vegetative hyphae. Meiosis occurs during germination of the zygosporangium so the resulting spores or hyphae are haploid. Grows in warm and damp conditions.\nSome zygomycetes disperse their spores in a more precise manner than simply allowing them to drift aimlessly on air currents. Pilobolus, a fungus which grows on animal dung, bends its sporangiophores towards light with the help of a light sensitive pigment (beta-carotene) and then \"fires\" them with an explosive squirt of high-pressure cytoplasm. Sporangia can be launched as far as 2 m, placing them far away from the dung and hopefully on vegetation which will be eaten by an herbivore, eventually to be deposited with dung elsewhere. Different mechanisms for forcible spore discharge have evolved among members of the zygomycete order Entomophthorales.", "The evolution of the conidium from the sporangiospore is the main defining difference between zygomycetes and ascomycetes. The evolution of sporangiospores typical of zygomycetes to conidia similar to those found in ascomycetes can be modeled by a series of forms seen in zygomycetes. Many zygomycetes produce multiple sporangiospores inside a single sporangium. Some have evolved multiple small sporangiola that contain few sporangiospores. In some cases, there may be a few as three spores in each sporangiolum, and a few species have sporangiola which contain just a single spore. Choanephora, a zygomycete, has a sporangiolum that contains one spore with a sporangium wall that is visible at the base of the sporangium. This structure is similar to a conidium, which has two, fused cell walls, an inner spore wall and an outer sporangium wall.", "Spatafora, Joseph W.; Chang, Ying; Benny, Gerald L.; Lazarus, Katy; Smith, Matthew E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Bonito, Gregory; Corradi, Nicolas; Grigoriev, Igor; Gryganskyi, Andrii; James, Timothy Y.; O’Donnell, Kerry; Roberson, Robert W.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Uehling, Jessie; Vilgalys, Rytas; White, Merlin M.; Stajich, Jason E. (2016). \"A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data\". Mycologia. 108 (5): 1028–1046. doi:10.3852/16-042. ISSN 0027-5514. PMC 6078412. PMID 27738200.\nKrogh, David (2010). Biology: A Guide to the Natural World. Benjamin Cummings. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-321-61655-5.\nRaven, P.H.; Evert, R.F.; Eichhorn, S.E. (2005). \"Fungi\". Biology of plants (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman. pp. 268–9. ISBN 978-0716762843.\nDavid Moore; Geoffrey D. Robson; Anthony P. J. Trinci (14 July 2011). 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-107-00676-8.\nGow, Neil A. R.; Gadd, Geoffrey M., eds. (1995). Growing Fungus. Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-46600-7.\nWatkinson, Sarah C.; Boddy, Lynne; Money, Nicholas (2015). The Fungi (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-382035-8.\nGooday, Graham W.; Carlile, Michael J. (August 1997). \"The discovery of fungal sex hormones: III. Trisporic acid and its precursors\". Mycologist. 11 (3): 126–130. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(97)80017-1.\nSchultze, Kornelia; Schimek, Christine; Wöstemeyer, Johannes; Burmester, Anke (2005). \"Sexuality and parasitism share common regulatory pathways in the fungus Parasitella parasitica\". Gene. 348: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.007. PMID 15777660.\nSchimek, Christine; Kleppe, Kathrin; Saleem, Abdel-Rahman; Voigt, Kerstin; Burmester, Anke; Wöstemeyer, Johannes (2003). \"Sexual reactions in Mortierellales are mediated by the trisporic acid system\". Mycological Research. 107 (6): 736–747. doi:10.1017/S0953756203007949. PMID 12951800.\nGrolig F, Herkenrath H, Pumm T, Gross A, Galland P (February 2004). \"Gravity susception by buoyancy: floating lipid globules in sporangiophores of phycomyces\". Planta. 218 (4): 658–667. doi:10.1007/s00425-003-1145-x. PMID 14605883. S2CID 21460919.\nSchimek C, Eibe P, Horiel T, Galland P, Ootaki T (1999). \"Protein crystals in phycomyces sporangiophores are involved in graviperception\". Advances in Space Research. 24 (6): 687–696. Bibcode:1999AdSpR..24..687S. doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00400-7. PMID 11542610.\nCain, R. F. (1972). \"Evolution of the Fungi\". Mycologia. 64 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/3758010. JSTOR 3758010.", "Zygomycota at the Tree of Life Web Project\nZygomycetes.org\nList of all Zygomycetes species from Zygomycetes database by PM Kirk in Catalogue of Life 2008\nMucorales at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)" ]

[ "Zygomycota", "Etymology", "Spores", "Mitospores", "Chlamydospores", "Zygophores", "Cell wall", "Trisporic acid", "History", "Functions of trisporic acid in Mucorales", "Parasexualism", "Phototropism", "Activation of beta-carotene biosynthesis by light", "Influence of light in sporulation and sexual development", "Gravitropism", "Protein crystals involved in graviperception", "Lipid droplets involved in graviperception", "Phylogeny", "Industrial uses", "Culture conditions", "Culture media", "Reproduction", "Evolution of conidia", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Zygomyia_humeralis%2C_Trawscoed%2C_North_Wales%2C_May_2017_2_%2838693379142%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Unidentified_species_schusch_015_20060429_509_part.jpg" ]

[ "Zygomyia is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Mycetophilidae. There are at least 80 described species in Zygomyia.", "These 84 species belong to the genus Zygomyia:\nZygomyia acuta Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia adpressa Wu & Wang, 2008 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia aguarensis Lane, 1951 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia aino Okada, 1939 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia albinotata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia angusta Plassmann, 1977 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia apicalis Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia argentina Lane, 1961 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia aurantiaca Edwards, 1934 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia bicolor Edwards, 1934 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia bifasciata Garrett, 1925 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia bifasciola Matile, 1989 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia bivittata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia brasiliana Lane, 1947 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia brunnea Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia calvusa Wu, 1999 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia chavantesi Lane, 1951 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia christata Garrett, 1925 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia christulata Garrett, 1925 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia costata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia coxalis Garrett, 1925 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia crassicauda Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia crassipyga Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia diffusa Tonnoir, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia diplocercusa Wu & Wang, 2008 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia distincta Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia egmontensis Zaitzev, 2002 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia eluta Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia filigera Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia flavicoxa Marshall, 1896 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia flaviventris Winnertz, 1863 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia freemani Lane, 1951 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia golbachi Lane, 1961 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia grisescens Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia guttata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia heros Lane, 1951 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia herteli Lane, 1951 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia humeralis (Wiedemann, 1817) ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia ignobilis Loew, 1869 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia immaculata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia insipinosa Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia interrupta Malloch, 1914 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia jakovlevi Zaitzev , 1989 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia kiddi Chandler, 1991 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia kurilensis Zaitzev , 1989 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia longicauda Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia marginata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia matilei Caspers, 1980 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia modesta Lane, 1948 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia multiseta Zaitzev, 2002 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia nigrita Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia nigriventris Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia nigrohalterata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia notata (Stannius, 1831) ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia obsoleta Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia ornata Loew, 1869 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia ornatipennis Lane, 1948 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia ovata Zaitzev, 2002 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia penicillata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia pictipennis (Staeger, 1840) ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia pilosa Garrett, 1925 ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia planitarsata Becker, 1908 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia plaumanni Lane, 1951 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia polyspina Bechev, 1994 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia pseudohumeralis Caspers, 1980 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia ruficollis Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia rufithorax Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia setosa Barendrecht, 1938 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia similis Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia simplex Strobl, 1895 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia submarginata Harrison, 1955 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia tapuiai Lane, 1951 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia taranakiensis Zaitzev, 2002 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia trifasciata Tonnoir & Edwards, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia trispinosa Zaitzev, 2002 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia truncata Tonnoir, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia unica Ostroverkhova, 1979 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia unispinosa Tonnoir, 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia valepedro Chandler, 1991 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia valeriae Chandler, 1991 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia valida Winnertz, 1863 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia vara (Staeger, 1840) ⁱ ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia varipes Tonnoir & Edwards , 1927 ᶜ ᵍ\nZygomyia zaitzevi Chandler, 1991 ᶜ ᵍ\nData sources: i=ITIS, c=Catalogue of Life, g=GBIF, b=Bugguide.net", "\"Zygomyia Report\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-04.\n\"Browse Zygomyia\". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-04.\n\"Zygomyia\". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-04.\n\"Zygomyia Genus Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-04.\n\"Zygomyia Overview\". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-04.", "Charles, H. Curran (1934). \"The families and genera of North American Diptera\". doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6825. \nKerr, P. (2014). \"The Megophthalmidia (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) of North America including eight new species\". ZooKeys (386): 29–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.386.6913. PMC 3970064. PMID 24693214.\nMcAlpine, J.F.; Petersen, B.V.; Shewell, G.E.; Teskey, H.J.; et al. (1987). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Research Branch Agriculture Canada. ISBN 978-0660121253.", "\"Diptera.info\". Retrieved 2018-04-04." ]

[ "Zygomyia", "Species", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "The Zygons are an extraterrestrial race in the long-running British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. The Zygons have shape-shifting abilities, allowing them to replicate the appearance of another being. Limited by the small size of their force, they rely on shape-shifting and their organic space craft to conceal their numbers and seize power on Earth. The Zygons were conceived by writer Robert Banks Stewart.\nTenth Doctor actor David Tennant has stated that they are his favourite monsters from the show.\nA new species of parasitic wasp, first described in 2019, was named Choeras zygon in reference to the Zygons.", "", "The Zygons first appeared in the 1975 serial Terror of the Zygons, in which they planned to conquer Earth following the destruction of the Zygon homeworld. One of their spacecraft, commanded by warlord Broton, crash-landed into Loch Ness in Antiquity. The Zygons used a Skarasen (a creature that provides milk for their sustenance and which had become known as the Loch Ness Monster by humans) to attack an energy conference in London. The plan was foiled and Broton and his crew were killed, due to the intervention of the Fourth Doctor and the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce (UNIT). The Skarasen retreated into the depths of Loch Ness.\nThe Zygons are briefly mentioned (but not seen) in the Eleventh Doctor episode \"The Pandorica Opens\" (2010) as one of the many races in an alliance against the Doctor. In the 2012 episode, \"The Power of Three\", a Zygon ship is hidden beneath the Savoy Hotel where the Doctor takes Amy Pond and Rory Williams on their wedding anniversary. All the Zygons are disguised as hotel staff.\nThe Zygons returned in 2013 in \"The Day of the Doctor\", the 50th anniversary episode of the programme. The episode hints the stellar explosion (said to have destroyed their homeworld in the 1975 serial) was an effect of the Time War. A squad places themselves in suspended animation in Elizabethan England, planning to awaken in 2013 to infiltrate the Tower of London's Black Archive disguised as UNIT members. The scheme is foiled by the intervention of the Tenth Doctor, the Eleventh Doctor and the War Doctor. When UNIT is overrun by Zygon doppelgangers, Kate Lethbridge-Stewart threatens to detonate a nuclear device to prevent Zygon access to UNIT's storehouse of alien technology. The Doctors successfully negotiate a truce between the two species.\nThe ramifications of this treaty are explored in the ninth series two-parter \"The Zygon Invasion\" / \"The Zygon Inversion\" (2015). Zygons were allowed to re-home on Earth on the condition that they disguised themselves as people and lived incognito. In the intervening time, they developed the ability to retain a person's likeness after the death of the original and shapeshift into someone based on a telepathic scan of a nearby being. Although older generations of Zygons were committed to integration with human communities, the younger generations resented being forced to live as humans and quickly radicalised. The radicals and UNIT once again enter stalemate at the Tower of London, both poised to destroy one another, but the Twelfth Doctor makes an impassioned plea and convinces the radical Zygon leader to understand the lasting peace which the treaty was written to preserve.", "Terror of The Zygons was novelized by Target in 1976, written by Terrance Dicks, under the title Doctor Who and the Loch Ness Monster. The book further expounded on the concept of the Zygon \"sting,\" poisonous barbs protruding from their hands, which explains why, in the television episode, the Zygons were able to inflict pain on other beings with a mere touch. (The original shooting script for the episode also included references to the sting but the on-screen portrayal of the concept failed to make it clear to the audience.)\nThe comic story \"Skywatch-7\", written by Alan McKenzie (under the pseudonym \"Maxwell Stockbridge\") and illustrated by Mick Austin, features a UNIT team encountering a single Zygon at a remote base. It was first published, in two parts, in Doctor Who Monthly #58 and the Doctor Who Winter Special 1981.\nThe Eighth Doctor encountered the Zygons in the spin-off novel The Bodysnatchers by Mark Morris, which also named the now-destroyed Zygon homeworld as Zygor. The novel also revealed that Zygor had been destroyed as a result of an attack by an arachnid alien race from Tau Ceti, the Xaranti. The Doctor, his companion Sam Jones, and the Fourth Doctor's old acquaintance Professor Litefoot are able to stop the Zygons by poisoning the milk supply (although the Doctor had intended to merely drug them and miscalculated the dose), the Doctor taking the survivors to another planet.\nThe Zygons appear in the New Series Adventures novel Sting of the Zygons by Stephen Cole, featuring the Tenth Doctor and Martha Jones, which is set in the Lake District in 1909. A plan to set up a royal funeral where the Zygons could replace the rulers of various nations is thwarted through the Doctor's intervention, as well as a Zygon civil war when one of their two Skarasens is killed.", "The Zygons have been featured in three audio plays produced by BBV, Homeland by Paul Dearing, Absolution (not to be confused with the Big Finish play Absolution) by Paul Ebbs and The Barnacled Baby by Anthony Keetch.\nThey made their Big Finish debut in the Eighth Doctor audio adventure The Zygon Who Fell to Earth by Paul Magrs and returned in Death in Blackpool by Alan Barnes.\nThe Zygons also feature in Zygon Hunt by Nicholas Briggs, facing the Fourth Doctor and Leela.", "The Zygons were featured in the second Doctor Who Weetabix promotional set and were card number 9 in the Typhoo tea card set. Harlequin Miniatures produced two 28 mm figures, and Fine Art Castings produced two Zygon figurines, sized 80 mm and 40 mm. In October 2016 Recent onscreen versions have now been released in 28mm, by Warlord Games.\nIn 2008, a Zygon figure was released by Character Options in the first wave of their classic Doctor Who toy line.\nOn 26 June 2014 a Zygon as featured in \"The Day of the Doctor\" was released as part of the ongoing Doctor Who figurine collection from Eaglemoss. The Zygon will be the 23rd in the regular line of releases.", "Zygon is a spin-off drama production from BBV, featuring the Zygons. Early drafts were written by Lance Parkin and later ones by Jonathan Blum, although both authors removed their names from the final version (which was heavily rewritten again). It was eventually released in 2008 as Zygon: When Being You Just Isn't Enough (with an 18 certificate due to scenes of an adult nature), after a post-production period of about 5 years.", "\"David Tennant – The Original Fansite\".\n\"New wasps named after biscuits and Doctor Who aliens\". ScienceDaily.\n\"'Doctor Who' 50th Anniversary Episode To Feature Daleks, Cyberman And Zygons\". The Huffington Post UK. 18 April 2013.. Retrieved November 2013.\nThe Doctor Who Team (21 July 2013). \"BBC Latest News – Doctor Who – The Daleks to Return in the Anniversary Special!\". Doctor Who.\nDicks, Terrance (2012). Doctor Who and the Loch Ness Monster. ISBN 978-1-4464-1773-7.\nMorris, Mark (1997). The bodysnatchers. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-40568-6.\nCole, Stephen (2007). Sting of the Zygons. London: BBC. ISBN 978-1-4090-7340-6.", "Zygon on Tardis Data Core, an external wiki" ]

[ "Zygon", "Appearances", "Television", "Print", "Audio", "Merchandise", "Zygon (BBV production)", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361557, 5361558 ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Z_fuelleborni_AManson_000937-3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Libellulidae_with_scale.jpg" ]

[ "Zygonoides is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae. There are large, spectacular species. Three species occur in continental Africa and one, F. lachesis, in Madagascar.\nThe genus contains the following species:\nZygonoides fraseri (Pinhey, 1955)\nZygonoides fuelleborni (Grünberg, 1902) - Fuelleborn's Bottle-tail, Robust Bottletail, Robust Riverking\nZygonoides lachesis (Ris, 1912)\nZygonoides occidentis (Ris, 1912)", "Suhling, Frank (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan. ISBN 978-99916-0-764-1.\nMartin Schorr; Dennis Paulson. \"World Odonata List\". University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 12 Oct 2018.\nClausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F. (2016). \"Zygonoides fuelleborni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T59941A86823853. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T59941A86823853.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.\nSamways, Michael J. (2008). The Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft. ISBN 978-954-642-330-6." ]

[ "Zygonoides", "References" ]

[ 5361559 ]

[ 27243890, 27243891 ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Z_fuelleborni_AManson_000937-3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Libellulidae_with_scale.jpg" ]

[ "Zygonoides fuelleborni is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and rivers.", "Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F. (2016). \"Zygonoides fuelleborni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T59941A86823853. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T59941A86823853.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021." ]

[ "Zygonoides fuelleborni", "References" ]

[ 5361560 ]

[ 27243892 ]

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[ "Zygonyx is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae. They are commonly known as cascaders because of their preference for living beside waterfalls and flying through the spray. They lay their eggs into the wet dangling roots of plants.", "The genus contains the following species:\nZygonyx annika Dijkstra, 2015\nZygonyx asahinai Matsuki & Saito, 1995\nZygonyx atritibiae Pinhey, 1964\nZygonyx chrysobaphes (Ris, 1915)\nZygonyx constellatus Nicolas, 2022\nZygonyx denticulatus Dijkstra & Kipping, 2015\nZygonyx dionyx Dijkstra & Mézière, 2015\nZygonyx elisabethae Lieftinck, 1963\nZygonyx eusebia (Ris, 1912)\nZygonyx flavicosta (Sjöstedt, 1900)\nZygonyx geminuncus Legrand, 1997\nZygonyx hova (Rambur, 1842)\nZygonyx ida Hagen, 1867\nZygonyx ilia Ris, 1912\nZygonyx immaculata Fraser, 1933\nZygonyx iris Selys, 1869 - Emerald Cascader\nZygonyx luctifer Selys, 1869\nZygonyx natalensis (Martin, 1900) - Blue Cascader, Powdered Cascader, Scuffed Cascader\nZygonyx ranavalonae Fraser, 1949\nZygonyx regisalberti (Schouteden, 1934)\nZygonyx speciosus (Karsch, 1891)\nZygonyx takasago Asahina, 1966\nZygonyx torridus (Kirby, 1889) - Ringed Cascader\nZygonyx viridescens (Martin, 1900)", "Silsby, Jill (2001). Dragonflies of the World. Csiro Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-643-10249-1.\nDennis Paulson; Martin Schorr; Cyrille Deliry. \"World Odonata List\". University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 15 Feb 2022.\n\"Emerald Cascader\". Hong Kong Biodiversity Online. Retrieved 11 October 2010.\nClausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). \"Zygonyx natalensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60076A86825854. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60076A86825854.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.\nSamways, Michael J. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft. ISBN 978-954-642-330-6.\nDow, R.A.; Boudot, J.-P.; Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Ferreira, S.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B.; Schneider, W.; Samraoui, B. (2016). \"Zygonyx torridus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60078A83877723. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60078A83877723.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021." ]

[ "Zygonyx", "Species", "References" ]

[ 5361561 ]

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[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Zygonyx_iris-Thattekad-2015-09-12-001.jpg" ]

[ "The emerald cascader or iridescent stream glider (Zygonyx iris) is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is widespread in many Asian countries.", "A number of subspecies of Zygonyx iris have been described, but it is not clear if these merely represent extremes of geographical variation or genuine subspecies.\nZygonyx iris ceylonicus (Kirby, 1905) \nZygonyx iris davina Fraser, 1926\nZygonyx iris errans Lieftinck, 1953 \nZygonyx iris insignis (Kirby 1900)\nZygonyx iris intermedia Lahiri 1987\nZygonyx iris iris Selys, 1869\nZygonyx iris isa Fraser, 1926\nZygonyx iris malabaricus Fraser, 1926\nZygonyx iris malayanus (Laidlaw, 1902)\nZygonyx iris metallicus Fraser, 1931\nZygonyx iris mildredae Fraser, 1926\nZygonyx iris osiris Fraser, 1936", "It is a dark metallic blue dragonfly with brown eyes. Its thorax has broad humeral stripe in yellow. Its abdomen is black with sides of segments 1 to 3 broadly yellow. There is an yellow mid-dorsal carina from segments 1 to 6. There is a big yellow spot on segment 7. Female is similar to the male.\nIt breeds in the swift rocky streams. Larva are adapted to cling on rocks. Females lay eggs in first order streams during summer. Apparently, the larva migrates to second or third order streams during their late instars from where they emerge. Males commonly found flying over brooks and streams. They tirelessly fly back and forth across a beat along a hill stream and rarely perch. Sometimes, pairs in tandem can be seen flying above torrents; the female dipping her abdomen periodically to lay eggs", "List of odonates of Sri Lanka\nList of odonates of India\nList of odonata of Kerala", "Sharma, G. (2010). \"Zygonyx iris\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167082A6297947. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167082A6297947.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.\n\"Zygonyx iris Selys, 1869\". Odonata of India, v. 1.00. Indian Foundation for Butterflies. Retrieved 2017-02-18.\n\"Zygonyx iris Selys, 1869\". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 2017-02-18.\nMartin Schorr; Dennis Paulson. \"World Odonata List\". University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 12 Oct 2018.\nOdonata: Catalogue of the Odonata of the World. Tol J. van , 2008-08-01\nK.A., Subramanian; K.G., Emiliyamma; R., Babu; C., Radhakrishnan; S.S., Talmale (2018). Atlas of Odonata (Insecta) of the Western Ghats, India. Zoological Survey of India. pp. 399–400. ISBN 9788181714954.\nC FC Lt. Fraser (1936). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Odonata Vol. III. Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 394-396.\nSubramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India (PDF).\nC FC Lt. Fraser (1924). A Survey of the Odonate (Dragonfly) Fauna of Western India and Descriptions of Thirty New Species (PDF). pp. 441–442.\niris.html World Dragonflies\nAnimal diversity web\nQuery Results\nSri Lanka Biodiversity\nResearch Gate", "Data related to Zygonyx iris at Wikispecies\n Media related to Zygonyx iris at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zygonyx iris", "Subspecies", "Description and habitat", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361562 ]

[ 27243897, 27243898, 27243899, 27243900, 27243901, 27243902, 27243903, 27243904 ]

[ "", "Male in flight", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Zygonyx_natalensis_Blue_Cascader_2013_04_07.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Zygonyx_natalensis_2018_01_20_1719.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Libellulidae_with_scale.jpg" ]

[ "Zygonyx natalensis, the blue cascader or powdered cascader is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in most of sub-saharan Africa.", "This species is found along streams and rivers; males are most frequently seen patrolling or hovering over rapids or waterfalls.", "Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). \"Zygonyx natalensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60076A86825854. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60076A86825854.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.\nTarboton, Warwick; Tarboton, Michèle (2015). A Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN 9781775841845." ]

[ "Zygonyx natalensis", "Habitat", "References" ]

[ 5361563, 5361564 ]

[ 27243905 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zygonyx torridus is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Réunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, the United Arab Emirates and possibly Burundi. Its natural habitat is rivers.", "Dow, R.A.; Boudot, J.-P.; Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Ferreira, S.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B.; Schneider, W.; Samraoui, B. (2016). \"Zygonyx torridus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60078A83877723. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60078A83877723.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021." ]

[ "Zygonyx torridus", "References" ]

[ 5361565, 5361566 ]

[ 27243906 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zygopetalum (abbreviated Z.) is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) (subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae, subtribe Zygopetalinae), consisting of fourteen currently recognized species.", "This orchid's generic name, derived from the Greek word zugón, means \"yoke\". It refers to the yoke-like growth at the base of the lip.\nThe genus name has Z. as a unique abbreviation among orchid genera.", "They occur in humid forests at low- to mid-elevation regions of South America, with most species in Brazil.", "Most species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrials with glossy, strap-like, plicate leaves, which are apical, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. These orchids have a robust growth form. Their ovoid-conical pseudobulbs are deciduous.\nThey produce an erect, 60-centimeter-long, few-flowered to several-flowered, racemose inflorescence that grows laterally and is longer than the leaves. Their prominent bracts equal the length of the ovary. They are known for their fragrant, waxy, and long-lived flowers with multiple blooms in shades of green, purple, burgundy, and raspberry with several patterns.", "They are known for their ease of culture and are much in demand as excellent cut flowers.", "Species accepted as of June 2014:", "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families\nAlphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, RHS, 2007. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf\nPridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two). Genera Orchidacearum 5: 1-585. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.", "Media related to Zygopetalum at Wikimedia Commons\n Data related to Zygopetalum at Wikispecies\nOrchidroots.org Zygopetalum Species" ]

[ "Zygopetalum", "Name", "Distribution", "Description", "Cultivation", "Species", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361567, 5361568, 5361569, 5361570, 5361571, 5361572 ]

[ 27243907, 27243908, 27243909, 27243910 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Zygopetalum_crinitum_RTBG.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Cymbidium_aloifolium.jpg" ]

[ "Zygopetalum crinitum is a species of orchid.\nIt is endemic to the Atlantic Forest ecoregion in southern and southeastern Brazil.\nIt grows at elevations of 600 to 1200 meters.", "http://www.orchidspecies.com/zygocrinitum.htm Orchid Species", "Media related to Zygopetalum crinitum at Wikimedia Commons\n Data related to Zygopetalum crinitum at Wikispecies" ]

[ "Zygopetalum crinitum", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361573, 5361574 ]

[ 27243911 ]

[ "", "Stamp of Belarus", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Zygopetalum_mackayi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/1105-s_s1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Cymbidium_aloifolium.jpg" ]

[ "Zygopetalum maculatum is a species of orchid native to Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. The plants are mainly situated in flat, very wet, moss-covered, semi-boggy areas at elevations of 1,100 to 2,500 m (3,600 to 8,200 ft).", "Zygopetalum maculatum has a 40 cm (16 in) long inflorescence with eight to twelve fragrant flowers. The flowers are 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) wide, and are green with red-brown markings with a white lip marked with violet.\nSuccessfully pollinated flowers close slightly to indicate pollination. Pollinated flowers remain healthy and colorful for up to three months, but unpollinated flowers wilt after one month.", "http://www.orchidspecies.com/zygmaculatum.htm Orchid Species\nI. F. La Croix (2008). The New Encyclopedia of Orchids: 1500 Species in Cultivation (illustrated ed.). Timber Press. p. 497. ISBN 9780881928761.\nJoe E. Meisel; Ronald S. Kaufmann; Franco Pupulin (2014). Orchids of Tropical America: An Introduction and Guide. Cornell University Press. p. 215. ISBN 9780801454929.", "Media related to Zygopetalum maculatum at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zygopetalum maculatum", "Description", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361575, 5361576, 5361577 ]

[ 27243912, 27243913 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Zygopetalum_pedicellatum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Cymbidium_aloifolium.jpg" ]

[ "Zygopetalum pedicellatum, commonly known as the Mosen's zygopetalum, is a species of orchid native to southeastern Brazil.", "\"Iospe Photos\".", "" ]

[ "Zygopetalum pedicellatum", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361578, 5361579 ]

[ 27243914 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

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[ "The Zygophyllales are an order of dicotyledonous plants, comprising the following two families:\nFamily Zygophyllaceae\nFamily Krameriaceae\nAccording to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG II) both families are unplaced to order, but nevertheless included in the Eurosids I. The APG III system of 2009, however, recognized this order. Even if the monogeneric family Krameriaceae shares few common traits with the family Zygophyllaceae, researchers see little advantage in keeping it as a separate family (e.g. Sheahan and Chase). The name Zygophyllales can be used if one finds it appropriate to place both families into an order. The order remains unchanged in the APG IV system.\nUnder the Cronquist system, the Zygophyllaceae were included within the Sapindales, and the Krameriaceae within the Polygalales.", "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). \"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.\nAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). \"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.\nAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). \"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385." ]

[ "Zygophyllales", "References" ]

[ 5361580, 5361581, 5361582 ]

[ 27243915, 27243916 ]

[ "", "Zygophyllum fabago leaflets" ]

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[ "Zygophyllum is the type genus of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek words ζυγόν (zygon), meaning \"double\", and φυλλον (phyllon), meaning \"leaf\". It refers to the leaves, each of which have two leaflets. \nThe genus is distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, central Asia and Australia.\nMolecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that as previously circumscribed, Zygophyllum was not monophyletic, and the genus was split among a number of other genera, including Augea, Fagonia, Roepera and Tetraena.", "In accordance with International Plant Names Index, genus Zygophyllum currently has 117 accepted species:\nZygophyllum acerosum (Boiss.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum aegyptium Hosny\nZygophyllum album L.f.\nZygophyllum applanatum Van Zyl\nZygophyllum arabicum (L.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum atriplicoides Fisch. & C.A.Mey.\nZygophyllum augea Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum balchaschense Boriss.\nZygophyllum betpakdalense Golosk. & Semiotr.\nZygophyllum borissovae Beier & Thulin\nZygophyllum brachypterum Kar. & Kir.\nZygophyllum bruguieri (DC.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum bucharicum B.Fedtsch.\nZygophyllum californicum (Benth.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum charoides (Chiov.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum chilense (Hook. & Arn.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum chrysopteron Retief\nZygophyllum clavatum Schltr. & Diels\nZygophyllum coccineum L.\nZygophyllum cornutum Coss.\nZygophyllum creticum (L.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum cuspidatum Boriss.\nZygophyllum cylindrifolium Schinz\nZygophyllum darvasicum Boriss.\nZygophyllum decumbens Delile\nZygophyllum densispinum (Beier & Thulin) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum densum (I.M.Johnst.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum dregeanum Sond.\nZygophyllum dumosum Boiss.\nZygophyllum eichwaldii C.A.Mey.\nZygophyllum fabago L.\nZygophyllum fabagoides Popov\nZygophyllum fontanesii Webb & Berthel.\nZygophyllum furcatum C.A.Mey.\nZygophyllum gaetulum Emb. & Maire\nZygophyllum geslinii Coss.\nZygophyllum giessii Merxm. & A.Schreib.\nZygophyllum glutinosum (Delile) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum gobicum Maxim.\nZygophyllum gontscharovii Boriss.\nZygophyllum gypsophilum (Beier & Thulin) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum hadramauticum (Beier & Thulin) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum hamiense Schweinf.\nZygophyllum harpago (Emb. & Maire) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum heterocladum Rech.f. & Patzak\nZygophyllum iliense Popov\nZygophyllum indicum (Burm.f.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum jaxarticum Popov\nZygophyllum kansuense Y.X.Liou\nZygophyllum karatavicum Boriss.\nZygophyllum kaschgaricum Boriss.\nZygophyllum kegense Boriss.\nZygophyllum kopalense Boriss.\nZygophyllum laeve (Standl.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum lahovarii (Volkens & Schweinf.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum latistipulatum (Beier & Thulin) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum lehmannianum Bunge\nZygophyllum loczyi Kanitz\nZygophyllum longicapsulare Schinz\nZygophyllum longistipulatum Schinz\nZygophyllum luntii (Baker) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum macropodum Boriss.\nZygophyllum madagascariense (Baill.) Stauffer\nZygophyllum madecassum H.Perrier\nZygophyllum mahranum (Beier) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum mandavillei Hadidi\nZygophyllum mayanum (Schltdl.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum melongena Bunge\nZygophyllum microcarpum Licht. ex Cham.\nZygophyllum migiurtinorum Chiov.\nZygophyllum miniatum Cham.\nZygophyllum minutistipulum (Engl.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum molle (Delile) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum mongolicum (Maxim.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum mucronatum Maxim.\nZygophyllum neglectum Grubov\nZygophyllum obliquum Popov\nZygophyllum olivieri (DC.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum orientale (C.Presl) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum ovigerum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Bunge\nZygophyllum oxianum Boriss.\nZygophyllum oxycarpum Popov\nZygophyllum pachyacanthum (Rydb.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum palmeri (Vasey & Rose) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum pamiricum Grubov\nZygophyllum paulayanum (J.Wagner & Vierh.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum pinnatum Cham.\nZygophyllum potaninii Maxim.\nZygophyllum prismaticum Chiov.\nZygophyllum prismatocarpum Sond.\nZygophyllum procumbens Adamson\nZygophyllum propinquum Decne.\nZygophyllum pterocarpum Bunge\nZygophyllum pterocaule Van Zyl\nZygophyllum qatarense Hadidi\nZygophyllum retrofractum Thunb.\nZygophyllum rigidum Schinz\nZygophyllum rosowii Bunge\nZygophyllum scabrum (Forssk.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum scoparium (Brandegee) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum simplex'' L.\nZygophyllum sinkiangense Y.X.Liou\nZygophyllum smithii Hadidi\nZygophyllum somalense Hadidi\nZygophyllum spinosissimum (Blatt. & Hallb.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum stapffii Schinz\nZygophyllum steropterum Schrenk\nZygophyllum subinerme (Boiss.) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum subtrijugum C.A.Mey.\nZygophyllum sulcatum Huysst.\nZygophyllum taldykurganicum Boriss.\nZygophyllum tenue R.Glover\nZygophyllum trialatum Blatt. & Hallb.\nZygophyllum turcomanicum Fisch. ex Boiss.\nZygophyllum villosum (D.M.Porter) Christenh. & Byng\nZygophyllum xanthoxylum (Bunge) Maxim.\nZygophyllum zilloides (Humbert) Christenh. & Byng", "\"Zygophyllum L.\" Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2018-01-26.\n\"Genus: Zygophyllum L.\" Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-06-18. Retrieved 2010-10-12.\nHarrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 184533731X.\nBeier, B.-A.; Chase, M. W.; Thulin, M. (2003). \"Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) based on molecular and morphological data\". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 240: 11. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0007-0.", "Media related to Zygophyllum at Wikimedia Commons\n Data related to Zygophyllum at Wikispecies" ]

[ "Zygophyllum", "Species", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Morsana1.JPG" ]

[ "Zygophyllum fabago is a species of plant known by the common name Syrian bean-caper. It is considered a noxious weed of economic importance in many of the western United States. It is native to Asia and East Europe (Russia and Ukraine) and Southeast Europe (Romania).", "The Syrian bean-caper grows long, thin stems with few oval-shaped, fleshy, waxy green leaflets each 2 to 3 centimeters in length. The flowers are small, compact bunches of five petals each with prominent stamens. The flowers have a taste and scent similar to caper. It grows in masses of individual plants, forming colonies, especially in dry, gravelly, saline, or disturbed areas where other plant life is rare.", "The plant has invasive potential due to its long taproot which, even if fragmented, can produce a new plant, as well as the hardy wax coating on its leaves that tends to protect it from herbicides.", "It contains about 0.002% harmine (entire plant).", "\"Zygophyllum fabago\". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2008-04-30.\n\"Erowid Online Books : \"Ayahuasca: alkaloids, plants, and analogs\" by Keeper of the Trout\". www.erowid.org. Retrieved 2008-04-30.", "Jepson Manual Treatment\nPhotos\nInfo Sheet" ]

[ "Zygophyllum fabago", "Growth", "Characteristics", "Chemical constituents", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361585 ]

[ 27243927, 27243928, 27243929 ]

[ "", "Digital reconstruction showing the proposed beak", "Zygophyseter skull (back) next to that of Hemisyntrachelus (front)", "Restoration of Zygophyseter hunting tuna", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zygophyseter varolai is an extinct sperm whale that lived during the Tortonian age of the Late Miocene 11.2 to 7.6 million years ago. It is known from a single specimen from the Pietra Leccese Formation in Italy. It was a member of a stem group of fossil macroraptorial sperm whales (often shortened to \"raptorial\") also including Brygmophyseter, Acrophyseter, and Livyatan. It probably grew to be around 6.5 to 7 meters (21 to 23 ft) in length and shared some characteristics with other raptorials, such as large teeth with tooth enamel that were functional in both the upper and lower jaws which the modern sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) lacks. It also had a beak, the ability to echolocate prey, and could have probably swum faster than the modern-day sperm whale which can reach 4 kilometers per hour (2.5 mph). These were probably used in the capture of large prey, such as large fish, seals, and whales. In fact, its common name, the killer sperm whale, refers to its feeding habits that would have had a resemblance to the modern-day killer whale (Orcinus orca).", "The type and only specimen, labelled MAUL 229/1, is of an almost complete skeleton discovered in southern Italy by geologist Angelo Varola in the marine lime mudstone of the Pietra Leccese Formation near the city of Lecce. It was described in 2006 by geologists Giovanni Bianucci and Walter Landini from the University of Pisa. The genus name Zygophyseter comes from the Latin word zygomaticus, which emphasizes the elongation of the zygomatic process of the only known species Z. varolai, and the term physeter refers to the modern-day sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) of the family Physeteridae. The species name honors the discoverer.\nZygophyseter is part of a fossil stem group of hyper-predatory macroraptorial sperm whales (often shortened to \"raptorial\") which also includes Brygmophyseter, Acrophyseter, and Livyatan. This group is characterized by having large, functional teeth on both the upper and lower jaw with an enamel coating; whereas the modern sperm whale lacks enamel, teeth in the upper jaws, and functionality in the teeth for catching prey. Zygophyseter is more closely related to Brygmophyseter and Acrophyseter than to Livyatan, and the enlarged teeth of this group are thought to have evolved either from a common basilosaurid-like ancestor, or independently once or twice within the group.\nSome fossil remains, mostly teeth, of the genus Scaldicetus were reassigned to these raptorials, including Z. varolai. Scaldicetus is now considered to be a grade taxon with reported specimens probably united only by similar physical characteristics rather than a shared ancestry as a clade. It has been proposed that these raptorials be placed into the extinct, possibly paraphyletic (which would make it invalid) subfamily Hoplocetinae, alongside Scaldicetus, Diaphorocetus, Idiorophus, and Hoplocetus.", "", "A characteristic of related raptorials, Zygophyseter had buccal exostoses, bony outgrowths in the alveolar ridge in the mouth, which are thought to have increased their bite force. Like other raptorials, it had large temporal fossae, probably for supporting strong temporal and masseter muscles, the strongest muscles between the skull and the jaw, meaning this adaptation allowed it to shut its jaws harder. The zygomatic bone (cheekbone) projects outward (anteriorly), indicating it had a beak, which featured an abrupt narrowing; this may have allowed it to clamp down on prey more effectively.\nThe head probably took up 21–23% of the total body size, compared to that of the modern sperm whale which takes up around one fourth to one third of the total body size. Like in other sperm whales, the blowhole was slanted towards the left side of the animal, and it may have lacked a right nasal passage. The falciform process on the squamosal bone was large and ventrally facing; as opposed to the ones in the Kogiidae (Kogia and Praekogia) which are either reduced or absent. These may have been reduced in kogiids due to adaptations to deep-sea diving.\nLike in modern sperm whales, Zygophyseter had a very large basin above the braincase, known as the supracranial basin, which probably housed the spermaceti organ and the melon. These are used in the generation and focusing of sound for biosonar in the modern sperm whale, indicating Zygophyseter had some mechanisms for biosonar; that is to say this animal could have used echolocation. The zygomatic processes of the temporal bone on the cheeks were elongated probably because they supported the spermaceti organ. The skull features a pronounced slope into the supracranial basin. It probably had an echolocation system similar to that of the modern sperm whale, and Zygophyseter may have, in comparison to the echolocative abilities of other modern toothed whales, produced smaller bandwidths and lower center frequencies. This would have made it inept at detecting anything that did not have a diameter of at least 1 meter (3 ft 3 in).", "Zygophyseter had 28 teeth in the lower jaws and 26 in the upper jaws. The curvature of the teeth increased medially, that is, the teeth in the front of the mouth were straighter than the teeth in the back of the mouth. The back teeth featured more wear than the front teeth. Like Brygmophyseter, it had a relatively small crown, making up only 18% of the tooth. Killer whales (Orcinus orca), in comparison, have crowns that make up 20–25% of the tooth. Other characteristics include the presence of the gumline below the crown-root boundary (meaning that part of the root was exposed), and longitudinal grooves on the root. In the type specimen, the teeth ranged in height from 150 to 250 millimeters (5.9 to 9.8 in) with an average height of 175.6 mm (6.91 in), and ranged in diameter from 47 to 56 mm (1.9 to 2.2 in) with an average of 52.4 mm (2.06 in). Like in other raptorials, and unlike in the modern sperm whale, Zygophyseter had tooth enamel. Like in Acrophyseter, the mandibular foramen takes up about 40% of the lower jawbone. The teeth of the upper jaw form an angle of nearly 120° between the crown and the root, which is possibly a characteristic shared by all raptorials.", "Zygophyseter could reach an estimated length of 6.5 to 7 meters (21 to 23 ft), compared to the 12.5-to-18.5-meter (41 to 61 ft) modern sperm whale. It is thought that this whale had twelve thoracic vertebrae and at least ten lumbar vertebrae. The type specimen had only 8 thoracic vertebrae preserved, and only the atlas of the neck vertebrae. Like in the modern sperm whales, the neck vertebrae were probably not fused. The centrum of the thoracic vertebrae formed a large and almost pear-shaped central canal which transports nutrients to the spinal cord. The width between the transverse processes (the diagonal projections from a vertebral centrum) of the thoracic vertebrae were 235 millimeters (9.3 in); and the neural spine, the part of the spine that projects away from the centrum, is missing in the type specimen, but it was probably short and thin. The lumbar vertebrae were elongated and may have supported large multifidus and longissimus muscles in the back, likely larger than the modern sperm whale, and so it probably swam faster than the modern sperm whale; the modern sperm whale typically travels horizontally at 4 kilometers per hour (2.5 mph), comparable to other large open-ocean animals. The type specimen had eight caudal vertebrae in the tail.\nThe animal probably had 12 ribs. The length of the ribs increased from the first to the fifth, then decreased from the fifth to the twelfth; and the width of the ribs decreased from the first to the twelfth, similar to other cetaceans.", "", "Since the teeth of Zygophyseter are large, exhibit wearing not unlike the teeth of modern-day killer whales, and had functionality in both the upper and lower jaws, it was likely a macropredator. The position of the condyloid processes between the jaw and the skull, like in the modern sperm whale, allowed it to open its jaw wider in order to grab large prey. Its apparent similarity to the feeding habits of the killer whale gave it its nickname \"killer sperm whale.\"\nA 2021 multi-author study led by Emanuele Peri reconstructed the bite force of Zygophyseter using finite element analysis of the skull. The model calculated an anterior bite force (the bite force at the front end of the jaws) of 4,812 newtons (1,082 lbf) and posterior bite force (at the back end of the jaws) of 10,823 newtons (2,433 lbf) from a bite simulated at a 35° jaw gape. This is roughly the same bite force that could be exerted by an adult great white shark that is 5.01–5.36 meters (16.4–17.6 ft) long and is stronger than that in other strong-biting animals like lions, though not as strong as in saltwater crocodiles and Basilosaurus isis. Nevertheless, the posterior bite force of Zygophyseter was strong enough to crush bone.\nThe significant disparity between the anterior and posterior bite forces and the pattern of stress distribution in the finite element analysis model suggests that Zygophyseter employed a \"grip-and-shear\" feeding strategy, in which the animal would grasp prey with its front teeth and cut them using its back teeth. This strategy is somewhat unique, being absent in modern marine macropredators such as sharks and orcas, which instead use a \"grip-and-tear\" method that dismembers prey by holding and shaking them, and was only previously present in some basilosaurids. However, it is likely that the feeding strategy evolved independently in Zygophyseter and related macroraptorial sperm whales, as it was absent in more ancestral genera like Eudelphis. Given the similar bite force between Zygophyseter and a fully-grown great white shark, it was hypothesized that the cetacean occupied a similar ecological niche that primarily fed on local large fish such as marlin and wahoos and small to medium-sized marine mammals such as seals, dugongs, and small cetaceans. However, neither stomach contents nor cut marks on the bones of prey species have been discovered, and thus its diet is speculative.", "The Z. varolai specimen from the Pietra Leccese Formation dates back to the Tortonian age of the Late Miocene epoch, around 11.6 to 7.2 million years ago (mya), and most likely inhabited the Paratethys sea. This formation has also unearthed the remains of several other large vertebrate species. Ancient sirenians of the genus Metaxytherium were apparently common throughout the ancient Mediterranean Sea. Many fish remains of teleost fish, rays, and at least twenty species of sharks have been discovered, such as the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and the extinct Otodus megalodon. Three species of turtles have been identified: Trachyaspis lardyi, Procolpochelys melii, which are both ancient marine turtles, and Psephophorus polygonus, an ancient leatherback sea turtle. Aside from Zygophyseter, two other cetacean species have been described from this formation: the oldest-known gray whale Archaeschrichtius ruggieroi, and a species of beaked whale Messapicetus longirostris.", "", "Berta, A. (2017). The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-4214-2326-5.\nBianucci, G.; Landini, W. (2006). \"Killer Sperm Whale: a New Basal Physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 148: 103–131. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00228.x.\nZygophyseter varolai at fossilworks.org (retrieved 11 November 2017)\nReumer, J. W. F.; Mens, T. H.; Post, K. (2017). \"New Finds of Giant Raptorial Sperm Whale Teeth (Cetacea, Physeteroidea) from the Westerschelde Estuary (Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands)\" (PDF). Deinsea. 17: 32–38.\nLambert, O.; Bianucci, G.; de Muizon, C. (2017). \"Macroraptorial Sperm Whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea) from the Miocene of Peru\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179: 404–474. doi:10.1111/zoj.12456.\nToscano, A.; Abad, M.; Ruiz, F.; Muñiz, F.; Álvarez, G.; García, E.; Caro, J. A. (2013). \"Nuevos Restos de Scaldicetus (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteridae) del Mioceno Superior, Sector Occidental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir (Sur de España)\" [New Remains of Scaldicetus (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteridae) from the Upper Miocene, Western Sector of the Guadalquivir Basin]. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas (in Spanish). 30 (2).\nLambert, O.; Bianucci, G.; Beaty, B. (2014). \"Bony Outgrowths on the Jaws of an Extinct Sperm Whale Support Macroraptorial Feeding in Several Stem Physeteroids\". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (6): 517–521. Bibcode:2014NW....101..517L. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1182-2. PMID 24821119.\nMarx, F. G.; Lambert, O.; Uhen, M. D. (2016). Cetacean Paleobiology. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-1-118-56155-3.\nLambert, O.; Bianucci, G.; de Muizon, C. (2008). \"A New Stem-Sperm Whale (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea) from the Latest Miocene of Peru\". Palevol. 7 (6): 361–369. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.06.002.\nLambert, O. (2008). \"Sperm whales from the Miocene of the North Sea: A Re-Appraisal\". Sciences de la Terre. 78: 277–316.\nCranford, T. W.; Amundin, M.; Norris, K. S. (1996). \"Functional Morphology and Homology in the Odontocete Nasal Complex: Implications for Sound Generation\". Journal of Morphology. 228 (3): 223–285. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199606)228:3<223::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 8622183.\nFitzgerald, E. M. G. (2011). \"A Fossil Sperm Whale (Cetacea, Physeteroidea) from the Pleistocene of Nauru, Equatorial Southwest Pacific\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 929–931. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579670. JSTOR 25835890.\nWhitehead, H. (2003). Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean. University of Chicago Press. pp. 104–110. ISBN 978-0-226-89517-8.\nPeri, E.; Falkingham, P. L.; , Collareta A.; Bianucci, G. (2021). \"Biting in the Miocene seas: estimation of the bite force of the macroraptorial sperm whale Zygophyseter varolai using finite element analysis\". Historical Biology. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1986814.\nBianucci, G.; Landini, W.; Varola, A. (2003). \"New Records of Metaxytherium (Mammalia: Sirenia) from the Late Miocene of Cisterna Quarry (Apulia, Southern Italy)\" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologic a Italiana. 42: 1–2.\nCapasso, L. (2016). \"The Fossil Fish of Salento: A History of their Discovery and their Study\". Thalassia Salentina. 38: 27–64. doi:10.1285/i15910725v38p27.\nChesi, F.; Delfino, M.; Varola, A.; Rook, L. (2007). \"Fossil sea turtles (Chelonii, Dermochelyidae and Cheloniidae) from the Miocene of Pietra Leccese (late Burdigalian-early Messinian), Southern Italy\" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 29 (2): 321–333.\nBianucci, G.; Collareta, A.; Post, K.; Lambert, O. (2016). \"A New Record of Messapicetus from the Pietra Leccese (Late Miocene, Southern Italy): Antitropical Distribution in a Fossil Beaked Whale (Cetacea, Ziphiidae)\". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 122 (1): 63–74. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/6930.", "Media related to Zygophyseter varolai at Wikimedia Commons\n Data related to Zygophyseter varolai at Wikispecies" ]

[ "Zygophyseter", "Taxonomy", "Description", "Skull", "Teeth", "Vertebrae", "Paleobiology", "Feeding and bite force", "Paleoecology", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361586, 5361587, 5361588, 5361589, 5361590, 5361591, 5361592, 5361593 ]

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[ "Zygopini is a tribe of twig and stem weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 20 genera and at least 250 described species in Zygopini. 83 species are currently known from the 11 genera occurring north of South America, 8 genera occur exclusively in South America, and 2 are recorded from Africa.", "These 22 genera belong to the tribe Zygopini:\nAcopturus Heller, 1895\nArachnomorpha Champion, 1906\nArchocopturus Heller, 1895\nColpothorax Desbrochers, 1890\nCopturosomus Heller, 1895\nCylindrocopturus Heller, 1895\n†Geratozygops Davis and Engel, 2006\nHelleriella Champion, 1906\nHemicolpus Heller, 1895\nHypoplagius Desbrochers, 1891\nIsocopturus Hustache, 1931\nLarides Champion, 1906\nLissoderes Champion, 1906\nMacrotimorus Heller, 1895\nParazygops Desbrochers, 1890\nPeltophorus Schoenherr, 1845\nPhileas Champion, 1906\nPhilenis Champion, 1906\nTimorus Schoenherr, 1838\nXeniella Hustache, 1931\nZygops Schoenherr, 1825\nZygopsella Champion, 1906", "\"Zygopini tribe Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-05-06.\nAnzaldo, S. S. (2017). \"Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean\". ZooKeys (683): 51–138. doi:10.3897/zookeys.683.12080. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 5523356. PMID 28769729.\nBouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; et al. (2011). \"Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)\". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053.", "Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; Lyal, Christopher H. C. (1999). A World Catalogue of Families and Genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (Excepting Scotylidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis. ISBN 978-84-605-9994-4.\nDouglas, H.; Bouchard, P.; Anderson, R. S.; de Tonnancour, P.; et al. (2013). \"New Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) records for Canada\". ZooKeys (681): 13–48. doi:10.3897/zookeys.681.12469. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 5523881. PMID 28769721.\nLeConte, J. L. (1861). Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 3. Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38459. ISBN 978-0665100550.\nO'Brien, Charles W.; Wibmer, Guillermo J. (1982). \"Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)\" (PDF). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute." ]

[ "Zygopini", "Genera", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361594, 5361595 ]

[ 27243965, 27243966, 27243967, 27243968, 27243969 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Zygopleuridae_-_Zygopleura_variabilis.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG" ]

[ "†Zygopleura is an extinct genus of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Zygopleuridae.", "These extinct sea snails lived from the Carboniferous to the Paleocene( Age range: 326.4 to 48.6 million years ago), The fossils were found in Turkey, Chile, Germany, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Tanzania, Tunisia, the United Kingdom, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Colombia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Oman, Peru, Slovakia, Switzerland, Tunisia and United States.", "Species within this genus include:\n† Zygopleura angulata Wanner 1922\n† Zygopleura arctecostata Münster 1841†Zygopleura benoisti Cossmann 1907\n† Zygopleura brevis M'Coy 184\n† Zygopleura brevis grossicostta Longstaff 1933\n† Zygopleura dubia Wanner 1922\n† Zygopleura dubia Gemmellaro 1911\n† Zygopleura etalensis Piette 1856\n† Zygopleura geniculata Wanner 1922\n† Zygopleura goldbergi Reiner 1968\n† Zygopleura granietzensis Ahlburg 1906\n† Zygopleura haasi Batten and Stokes 1986\n† Zygopleura hybrida Münster 1841\n† Zygopleura nitida Wanner 1922\n† Zygopleura numidis Termier and Termier 1977\n† Zygopleura porulosa Terquem 1855\n† Zygopleura simplex Wanner 1922\n† Zygopleura swalloviana Shumard 1859\n† Zygopleura tunisiensis Cox 1969\n† Zygopleura verrucosa Terquem 1855\n† Zygopleura walmstedti Klipstein 1843\n† Zygopleura variabilis (Zapfe, 1962)\n† Zygopleura yunnanensis Pan 1977", "Paleobiology Database" ]

[ "Zygopleura", "Fossil record", "Species", "References" ]

[ 5361596, 5361597 ]

[ 27243970, 27243971 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Zygopleura_corvaliana.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG" ]

[ "†Zygopleuridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Caenogastropoda.", "Genera within the family Zygopleuridae include:\nZygopleura", "Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). \"Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families\". Malacologia. 47 (1–2).\nThe Taxonomicon" ]

[ "Zygopleuridae", "Genera", "References" ]

[ 5361598, 5361599 ]

[ 27243972 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Alloiopteris_erosa.jpg" ]

[ "Zygopteridaceae is a family of ferns or fern-like plants which lived from the Frasnian to the Berriasian (possibly as far as Cenomanian). It was first thought to have gone extinct during the Permian or the Triassic, but fossil wood assigned to Yulebacaulis was found in rocks from Queensland which are at least Berriasian in age, and palynological records indicates that the family may have survived until Mid-Cretaceous.", "Zygopteridacean ferns were mostly herbaceous, with small weak stems and small fronds. Some genera, however, were up to 10 feet tall, with medium-sized trunks supported by a large mantle of roots and fronds reaching up to 5ft long.\nThey had a cosmopolitan distribution, being found both in Laurasia and Gondwana.", "Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Second Edition, Academic Press 2009, ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8, p. 408-418." ]

[ "Zygopteridaceae", "Description", "References" ]

[ 5361600 ]

[ 27243973, 27243974 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Alloiopteris_erosa.jpg" ]

[ "The Zygopteridales is an extinct order of ferns or fern-like plants which grew primarily during the Carboniferous. It comprises two families: Zygopteridaceae, which contains at least a dozen named genera, and Teledeaceae, which comprises two genera (Teledea and Senftenbergia). A few other genera are of uncertain placement and are not assigned to any family yet.", "Peter R. Bell & Alan R. Helmsly (2000). \"Chapter 7: The subkingdom Embryophyta (cont.)\". Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.\nAdolf Engler; Eberhard Fischer; Michael Stech (2009). Wolfgang Frey; Michael Stech; Eberhard Fischer (eds.). Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants. A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien [Syllabus of Plant Families]. 3 (13 ed.). Berlin/Stuttgart: Borntraeger. p. 325. ISBN 978-3-443-01063-8." ]

[ "Zygopteridales", "References" ]

[ 5361601 ]

[ 27243975, 27243976 ]

[ "", "Zygorhiza kochii skull at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences", "Restoration", "Fossil in Teylers Museum, Haarlem" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Zygorhiza_kochii_%28early_whale%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Zygorhiza_kochii.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Zygorhiza.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Zygorhiza_kochii_Teylers.JPG" ]

[ "Zygorhiza (\"Yoke-Root\") is an extinct genus of basilosaurid early whale known from the Late Eocene (Priabonian, 38–34 Ma) of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi, United States, and the Bartonian (43–37 Ma on the New Zealand geologic time scale) to the late Eocene of New Zealand (43 to 33.9 million years ago).\nSpecimens reported from Europe are considered Dorudontinae incertae sedis.\nZygorhiza kochii, along with Basilosaurus under the designation \"prehistoric whales\", is the state fossil of Mississippi. The mounted specimen in the Macon Museum of Arts and Sciences in Macon is commonly referred to as \"Ziggy\".", "Reichenbach (1847) erected Basilosaurus kochii for the posterior skull fragment MB Ma.43248, found in the Late Eocene (middle-late Priabonian) Ocala Limestone of Clarksville, Louisiana. Meanwhile, Muller (1851) erected a new subspecies of Zeuglodon brachyspondylus, Z. brachyspondylus minor, for not only MB Ma.43248 but also MB Ma.43247, TM 8501 (holotype of Zeuglodon hydrarchus Carus, 1849), and several vertebrae. In the late 19th century there was a debate whether large and small specimens attributed to Zeuglodon brachyspondylus (declared a nomen dubium by Uhen 2005) were separate species or not. Hoping to clarify things, Stromer 1903 restricted Z. brachyspondylus to the large fossils (including the Z. brachyspondylus lectotype) and created the subspecies Z. brachyspondylus minor for the small specimens which had previously been synonymized with Dorudon serratus. True 1908 proposed the genus Zygorhiza for the subspecies. Adopting True's generic name, Kellogg 1936 synonymized this subspecies with Basilosaurus kochii to form the new combination Zygorhiza kochii.\nSeeley 1876 named and described the species Zeuglodon wanklyni based on a skull collected by Dr. Arthur Wanklyn from the Barton Clays in southern England. This skull, however, was never deposited at the British Museum of Natural History and has not been since Seeley described it. Kellogg 1936, nevertheless, recombined it as Zygorhiza wanklyni and referred a posterior cervical vertebra from the same location to it. Uhen 1998 declared it nomen dubium.\nKöhler & Fordyce 1997 described an incomplete skull, four vertebrae, two teeth, and small fragments in early Bartonian sediments in New Zealand which they tentatively identified as Zygorhiza sp.. This is the oldest known Dorudontinae and the oldest known cetacean from the Southern Hemisphere\nIn the U.S., Zygorhiza is known from the Gulf Coast, whilst Dorudon is known from southeastern Atlantic Coast. Outside North America, Zygorhiza has only been reliably identified in New Zealand, whereas Dorudon only in Egypt. It is possible that these non-overlapping distributions indicate differences in habitat preferences.", "Like other dorundontines, Zygorhiza had a body similar to modern cetaceans with flipper-like forelimbs, rudimentary hind limbs, a vertebral column adapted for oscillatory swimming, and a tail fluke.\nMarino et al. 2000 estimated the adult body mass for Zygorhiza to 3,351 kg (7,388 lb) based on an estimated body length of 520 cm (200 in). Using CT scans, they estimated the brain weight to 738.2 g (26.04 oz), resulting in an EQ value of 0.26 (compared to 0.54 for a modern cetacean such as Cuvier's beaked whale.)", "The permanent dental formula for Zygorhiza is , the deciduous dental formula is . The cingula at the base of the tooth crowns on P2–4 are strongly developed but do not meet on the medial side. P², the largest upper tooth, has four accessory denticles on the anterior and posterior cutting edges. P³–M² form a closed series. P²–M² have two widely separated roots, accessory denticles on the anterior and posterior cutting edges, and anastomosing striae on the enamel.\nP₁ is caniniform with a single root. P2–4 have laterally compressed crowns and accessory denticles on the anterior and posterior cutting edges. P₄ is the largest lower tooth. M1–3 have accessory denticles on the posterior cutting edges. P2–3 are two-rooted. Outside the upper one-rooted teeth and inside the upper two-rooted teeth there are pits for reception of the lower teeth.\nZygorhiza (and Dorudon) replaced their upper and lower deciduous first premolars with permanent teeth. This is very unusual in modern mammals and contrasts to extant toothed whales that only develop a single set of teeth. It might indicate that Zygorhiza represents a stage in archaeocete evolution where skeletal maturation was delayed like in modern cetaceans.Zygorhiza differs from all other dorudontines in the presence of well-developed cuspules on the cingula of the upper premolars.", "The skull is elongated with a narrow rostrum and a flattened forehead; the premaxillae are laterally convex. The high sagittal crest is flanked by two large temporal fossae, resulting in a narrow intertemporal region.\nThe hyoid apparatus consists of a small, central, and hexagonal basihyoid bone. From this bone project a pair of thyrohyoid bones (homologous with the greater cornua in humans) that are slightly expanded anteriorly and tapper off posteriorly, and another pair of slender and elongated bones, the epihyoid and stylohyoid bones.\nThe elbow is a hinge joint without rotary movements and the forelimbs are relatively short. The humeri of Zygorhiza and Chrysocetus are more gracile than those of Dorudon.\nThe vertebral formula is 7 cervicals, 15 thoracics, probably 13 lumbars, 2 sacrals, and at least 21 caudals. The centra of the posterior thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and anterior caudal are slightly elongated. The centra of the cervicals are compressed and the flexibility in the neck is limited by the interlocked lateral processes. The atlas has a hypapophysial (ventral) process. The axis, a small odontoid (tooth-like) process, short and narrow transverse processes, and an elongated neural spine.", "", "Zygohriza in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013\nUhen 2009, p. 93\nJohnston, John E. \"Fossil Whale: State Fossil of Mississippi\" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2017.\n\"Indoor Exhibits Map: Stories in Stone\". Mississippi Museum of Natural Science. Retrieved 20 February 2017. A showcase for some of Mississippi's most important fossils, including ocean-dwelling trilobits, meat-eating dinosaurs, and Zygorhiza, the early whale known by his friends as \"Ziggy\".\nTrue 1908, p. 67\nTrue 1908, p. 78\nKellogg 1936, pp. 101–102\nKellogg 1936, pp. 174–175\nBasilosauridae: Taxonomic history in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved September 2013.\nKöhler & Fordyce 1997, Abstract\nUhen 2006\nGray et al. 2007, p. 639\nMarino et al. 2000, pp. 87, 90\nKellogg 1936, pp. 100–101\nUhen 2000, Abstract\nUhen & Gingerich 2001, p. 17", "Gray, Noel-Marie; Kainec, Kimberly; Madar, Sandra; Tomko, Lucas; Wolfe, Scott (2007). \"Sink or swim? Bone density as a mechanism for buoyancy control in early cetaceans\". The Anatomical Record. 290 (6): 638–653. doi:10.1002/ar.20533. PMID 17516430.\nKellogg, R. (1936). A review of the Archaeoceti (PDF, 46 Mb). Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 100–177. OCLC 681376. Retrieved 20 February 2017.\nKöhler, Richard; Fordyce, R. Ewan (1997). \"An archaeocete whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Eocene Waihao Greensand, New Zealand\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3): 574–583. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011004. JSTOR 4523838.\nMarino, Lori; Uhen, Mark D.; Frohlich, Bruno; Aldag, John Matthew; Blane, Caroline; Bohaska, David; Whitmore Jr., Frank C. (2000). \"Endocranial Volume of Mid-Late Eocene Archaeocetes (Order: Cetacea) Revealed by Computed Tomography: Implications for Cetacean Brain Evolution\" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 7 (2): 81–94. doi:10.1023/A:1009417831601. hdl:2027.42/44975. S2CID 3499448. Retrieved 20 February 2017.\nSeeley, H. G. (1876). \"Notice of the Occurrence of Remains of a British Fossil Zeuglodon (Z. wanklyni, Seeley) in the Barton Clay of the Hampshire Coast\". The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 32 (1–4): 428–432. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1876.032.01-04.47. S2CID 128427420. Retrieved 20 February 2017.\nStromer, E. (1903). \"Zeuglodon-Reste aus dem Oberen Mitteleocän des Fajûm\". Beiträge zur Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients. Wien, Austria: Wilhelm Braumüller. 15: 65–100. OCLC 811926631. Retrieved 20 February 2017. Plates\nTrue, F.W. (1908). \"The fossil cetacean, Dorudon serratus Gibbes\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 52 (4): 5–78. OCLC 355813868. OL 19219818M. Retrieved 20 February 2017.\nUhen, Mark D. (2000). \"Replacement of Deciduous First Premolars and Dental Eruption in Archaeocete Whales\". Journal of Mammalogy. 81 (1): 123–133. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0123:rodfpa>2.0.co;2. JSTOR 1383133.\nUhen, Mark D.; Gingerich, Philip D. (January 2001). \"New genus of dorudontine archaeocete (Cetacea) from the middle-to-late Eocene of South Carolina\". Marine Mammal Science. 17 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00979.x. hdl:2027.42/73005. OCLC 204061291.\nUhen, Mark D. (2006). \"Biogeographic Distribution of Archaeocetes in North America\". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 38 (4): 63. Retrieved 20 February 2017.\nUhen, Mark D. (2009). \"Basilosaurids\". In Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.", "\"Kellogg Illustration Gallery, including 37 illustrations of Zygorhiza from Kellogg 1936\". Smithsonian NMNH. Archived from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017." ]

[ "Zygorhiza", "Taxonomic history", "Anatomy", "Dentition", "Skeleton", "References", "Notes", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 5361602, 5361603, 5361604, 5361605 ]

[ 27243977, 27243978, 27243979, 27243980, 27243981, 27243982, 27243983, 27243984, 27243985, 27243986, 27243987, 27243988, 27243989, 27243990, 27243991, 27243992, 27243993, 27243994, 27243995, 27243996 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Zygos-kavalas-1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Zygos-kavala-panorama.jpg" ]

[ "Zygos (Greek): Ζυγός; is a village, part of the municipality of Kavala in the Kavala regional unit, Greece. Population 2,057 (2011).", "The name of the village is Zygos, the Greek word for balancing scales.", "The village is located approximately 13 km north of Kavala. Zygos after the extensive reformation of administrative structure of Greece under the plan Kallikratis belongs to Municipality of Kavala. Located at the foot-hill of a dense pine forest, at the eastern edge of the Pangaio valley.", "The village is famous for its football team, named Aris Zygou. Aris Zygou founded in 1933 and ceased to exist because of the World War II. The team refounded in 1946 and its 4th in the raw of the oldest teams in Kavala. Aris Zygou is among the most successful teams based in villages. Aris Zygou has played in the fourth national league of Greece for two periods 1990–91 and 1991–92. During these years manage to win Kavala Cup in 2006.", "List of settlements in the Kavala regional unit\nZygos Movement", "\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.\n2. ^ Kallikratis Program, Reformation of administrative structure of Greece(in Greek) https://web.archive.org/web/20110723235435/http://kallikratis.ypes.gr/" ]

[ "Zygos", "Name", "Location", "Sports", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361606, 5361607 ]

[ 27243997, 27243998, 27243999 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zygosaccharomyces_bailii_cells.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" ]

[ "Zygosaccharomyces is a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was first described under the genus Saccharomyces, but in 1983, it was reclassified to its current name in the work by Barnett et al. The yeast has a long history as a well-known spoilage yeast within the food industry, because several species in this genus are significantly resistant to many of the common food preservation methods. For example, the biochemical properties Z. bailii possesses to achieve this includes high sugar tolerance (50-60%), high ethanol tolerance (up to 18%), high acetic acid tolerance (2.0-2.5%), very high sorbic and benzoic acid tolerance (up to 800–1000 mg/l), high molecular SO₂ tolerance (greater than 3 mg/l), and high xerotolerance.", "Barnett, J.A., Payne, R.W., Yarrow, D., 1983. Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\nK.C. Fugelsang, \"Zygosaccharomyces, A Spoilage Yeast Isolated from Grape Juice\" Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine" ]

[ "Zygosaccharomyces", "References" ]

[ 5361608, 5361609 ]

[ 27244000 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zygosaccharomyces_bailii_cells.jpg" ]

[ "Zygosaccharomyces bailii is a species in the genus Zygosaccharomyces. It was initially described as Saccharomyces bailii by Lindner in 1895, but in 1983 it was reclassified as Zygosaccharomyces bailii in the work by Barnett et al.\nSpoilage resulting from growth of the yeast Zygosaccharomyces is widespread, which has caused significant economic losses to the food industry. Within this genus, Z. bailii is one of the most troublesome species due to its exceptional tolerance to various stressful conditions. A wide range of acidic and/or high-sugar products such as fruit concentrates, wine, soft drinks, syrups, ketchup, mayonnaise, pickles, salad dressing, etc., are normally considered to be shelf-stable, i.e. they readily inactivate a broad range of food-borne microorganisms. However, these products are still susceptible to spoilage by Z. bailii.", "Zygosaccharomyces bailii vegetative cells are usually ellipsoid, non-motile and reproduced asexually by multilateral budding, i.e. the buds can arise from various sites on the cells. During the budding process, a parent cell produces a bud on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parent cell's nucleus divides and one nucleus migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is filled in the gap between the bud and the parent cell; eventually the bud is separated to form a daughter cell of unequal size. Z. bailii cell size varies within a range of (3.5 - 6.5) x (4.5 - 11.5) μm and the cells exist singly or in pair, rarely in short chain. It has been observed that the doubling time of this yeast is approximately 3 hours at 23 °C in yeast nitrogen base broth containing 20% (w/v) fructose (pH 4.0). In more stressful conditions, this generation time is significantly extended.\nBesides the asexual reproduction mode, under certain conditions (e.g. nutritional stress) Z. bailii produces sexual spores (ascospores) in a sac called ascus (plural: asci). Normally, each ascus contains one to four ascospores, which are generally smooth, thin-walled, spherical or ellipsoidal. It should be mentioned that the ascospores are rarely observed as it is difficult and may take a long time to induce their formation; besides many yeast strains lose the ability to produce ascospores on repeated sub-cultures in the laboratory. On various nutrient agars, Z. bailii colonies are smooth, round, convex and white to cream coloured, with a diameter of 2 – 3 mm at 3 – 7 days. As the morphology properties of Zygosaccharomyces are identical to other yeast genera such as Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia, it is impossible to differentiate Zygosaccharomyces from other yeasts or individual species within the genus based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology observations. Therefore, the yeast identification to species level is more dependent on physiological and genetic characteristics than on morphological criteria.", "In general, any glucose-containing medium is suitable for the culture and counting of yeasts, e.g. Sabouraud medium, malt extract agar (MEA), tryptone glucose yeast extract agar (TGY), yeast glucose chloramphenicol agar (YGC). For the detection of acid-resistant yeasts like Z. bailii, acidified media are recommended, such as MEA or TGY with 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid added. \nPlating with agar media is often used for counting of yeasts, with surface spreading technique is preferable to pour plate method because the former technique gives a better recovery of cells with lower dilution errors. The common incubation conditions are aerobic atmosphere, temperature 25 °C for a period of 5 days. Nevertheless, a higher incubation temperature (30 °C) and shorter incubation time (3 days) can be applied for Z. bailii, as the yeast grows faster at this elevated temperature.", "Among the Zygosaccharomyces spoilage species, Z. bailii possesses the most pronounced and diversified resistance characteristics, enabling it to survive and proliferate in very stressful conditions. It appears that Z. bailii prefers ecological environments characterized by high osmotic conditions. The most frequently described natural habitats are dried or fermented fruits, tree exudates (in vineyards and orchards), and at various stages of sugar refining and syrup production. Besides, it is seldom to encounter Z. bailii as a major spoilage agent in unprocessed foods; usually the yeast only attains importance in processed products when the competition with bacteria and moulds is reduced by intrinsic factors such as pH, water activity (aw), preservatives, etc.", "An outstanding feature of Z. bailii is its exceptional resistance to weak acid preservatives commonly used in foods and beverages, such as acetic, lactic, propionic, benzoic, sorbic acids and sulfur dioxide. In addition, it is reported that the yeast is able to tolerate high ethanol concentrations (≥ 15% (v/v)). The ranges of pH and aw for growth are wide, 2.0 - 7.0 and 0.80 - 0.99, respectively. Besides being preservative resistant, other features that contribute to the spoilage capacity of Z. bailii are: (i) its ability to vigorously ferment hexose sugars (e.g. glucose and fructose), (ii) ability to cause spoilage from an extremely low inoculum (e.g. one viable cell per package of any size), (iii) moderate osmotolerance (in comparison to Zygosaccharomyces rouxii). Therefore, foods at particular risk to spoilage by this yeast usually have low pH (2.5 to 5.0), low aw and contain sufficient amounts of fermentable sugars.\nThe extreme acid resistance of Z. bailii has been reported by many authors. On several occasions, growth of the yeast has been observed in fruit-based alcohols (pH 2.8 - 3.0, 40 - 45% (w/v) sucrose) preserved with 0.08% (w/v) benzoic acid, and in beverages (pH 3.2) containing either 0.06% (w/v) sorbic acid, 0.07% (w/v) benzoic acid, or 2% (w/v) acetic acid. Notably, individual cells in any Z. bailii population differ considerably in their resistance to sorbic acid, with a small fraction able to grow in preservative levels double that of the average population. In some types of food, the yeast is even able to grow in the presence of benzoic and sorbic acids at concentrations higher than those legally permitted and at pH values below the pKₐ of the acids. For example, according to the European Union (EU) legislation, sorbic acid is limited to 0.03% (w/v) in soft drinks (pH 2.5 - 3.2); however Z. bailii can grow in soft drinks containing 0.05% (w/v) of this acid (pKₐ 4.8). Particularly, there is strong evidence that the resistance of Z. bailii is stimulated by the presence of multiple preservatives. Hence, the yeast can survive and defeat synergistic preservative combinations that normally provide microbiological stability to processed foods. It has been observed that the cellular acetic acid uptake was inhibited when sorbic or benzoic acid was incorporated into the culture medium. Similarly, ethanol levels up to 10% (v/v) did not adversely influence sorbic and benzoic acid resistance of the yeast at pH 4.0 - 5.0. Moreover, Sousa et al. (1996) have proved that in Z. bailii, ethanol plays a protective role against the negative effect of acetic acid by inhibiting the transport and accumulation of this acid intracellularly.\nLike other microorganisms, Z. bailii has the ability to adapt to sub-inhibitory levels of a preservative, which enables the yeast to survive and grow in much higher concentrations of the preservative than before adaptation. In addition, it seems that Z. bailii resistance to acetic, benzoic and propionic acid is strongly correlated, as the cells which were adapted to benzoic acid also showed enhanced tolerances to other the preservatives.\nSome studies have revealed the negligible effects of different sugars on preservative resistance of Z. bailii, e.g. comparable sorbic and benzoic acid resistance was observed regardless whether the cells were grown in culture medium containing glucose or fructose as fermentable substrates. However, the preservative resistance of the yeast is influenced by glucose level, with maximum resistance obtained at 10 - 20% (w/v) sugar concentrations. As Z. bailii is moderately osmotolerant, the salt and sugar levels in foods are usually insufficient to control its growth. The highest tolerance to salt has been observed at low pH values, e.g. the maximum NaCl allowing growth was 12.5% (w/v) at pH 3.0 whereas this was only 5.0% (w/v) at pH 5.0. Moreover, the presence of either salt or sugar has a positive effect on the ability of Z. bailii to initiate growth at extreme pH levels, e.g. the yeast showed no growth at pH 2.0 in the absence of NaCl and sucrose, but grew at this pH in 2.5% (w/v) NaCl or 50% (w/v) sucrose.\nMost facultatively fermentative yeast species cannot grow in the complete absence of oxygen. That means limitation of oxygen availability might be useful in controlling food spoilage caused by fermentative yeasts. However, it has been observed that Z. bailii is able to grow rapidly and ferment sugar vigorously in a complex medium under strictly anaerobic condition, indicating that the nutritional requirement for anaerobic growth was met by the complex-medium components. Therefore, restriction of oxygen entry into foods and beverages, which are rich in nutrients, is not a promising strategy to prevent the risk of spoilage by this yeast. Besides, Leyva et al. (1999) have reported that Z. bailii cells can retain their spoilage capability by producing a significant amount of gas even in non-growing conditions (i.e. presence of sugars but absence of nitrogen source).", "Different strategies have been suggested in accounting for Z. bailii resistance to weak acid preservatives, which include: (i) degradation of the acids, (ii) prevention of entry or removal of acids from the cells, (iii) alteration of the inhibitor target, or amelioration of the caused damage. Particularly, the intrinsic resistance mechanisms of Z. bailii are extremely adaptable and robust. Their functionality and effectiveness are unaffected or marginally suppressed by environmental conditions such as low pH, low aw and limited nutrients.\nFor a long time, it has been known that Z. bailii can maintain an acid gradient across the cell membrane, which indicates the induction of a system whereby the cells can reduce the intracellular acid accumulation. According to Warth (1977), Z. bailii uses an inducible, active transport pump to expel acid anions from the cells for counteracting the toxic effects of the acids. As the pump requires energy to function optimally, high sugar levels enhance Z. bailii preservative resistance. Nevertheless, this view was disputed from an observation that the concentration of acid was exactly as predicted from the intracellular, extracellular pH's and pKₐ of the acid. Besides, it is unlikely that an active acid extrusion alone would be sufficient to achieve an unequal acid distribution across the cell membrane. Instead, Z. bailii might have developed much more efficient ways of altering its cell membrane to limit the diffusional entry of acids into the cells. This, in turn, will dramatically reduce any need for active extrusion of protons and acid anions, thus saving a lot of energy. Indeed, Warth (1989) has reported that the uptake rate of propionic acid by diffusion in Z. bailii is much lower than in other acid-sensitive yeasts (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Hence, it is conceivable that Z. bailii puts more effort on limiting the influx of acids in order to enhance its acid resistance.\nAnother mechanism of Z. bailii to deal with acid challenge is that the yeast uses a plasma membrane H⁺-adenosine triphosphatase (H⁺-ATPase) to expel proton from cells, thereby preventing intracellular acidification. In addition, Cole and Keenan (1987) have suggested that Z. bailii resistance includes an ability to tolerate chronic intracellular pH drops. Besides, the fact that the yeast is able to metabolize preservatives may also contribute to its acid tolerance.\nRegarding the resistance of Z. bailii to SO₂, it has been proposed that the cells reduce the concentration of SO₂ by producing extracellular sulphite-binding compounds such as acetaldehyde.", "The fructophilic behaviour is well known in Z. bailii. Unlike most of other yeasts, Z. bailii metabolizes fructose more rapidly than glucose and grows much faster in foods containing ≥ 1% (w/w) of fructose. In addition, it has been observed that the alcoholic fermentation under aerobic conditions (the Crabtree effect) in Z. bailii is influenced by the carbon source, i.e. ethanol is produced at a higher rate and with a higher yield on fructose than on glucose. This is because in Z. bailii, fructose is transported by a specific high-capacity system, while glucose is transported by a lower-capacity system, which is partially inactivated by fructose and also accepts fructose as a substrate.\nThe slow fermentation of sucrose is directly related to fructose metabolism. According to Pitt and Hocking (1997), Z. bailii cannot grow in foods with sucrose as the sole carbon source. As it requires time to hydrolyze sucrose into glucose and fructose (in low pH conditions), there is a long delay between manufacture and spoilage of products contaminated with this yeast when sucrose is used as the primary carbohydrate ingredient. This is usually preceded by a lag of 2 – 4 weeks and apparent deterioration of product quality is only shown 2 – 3 months after manufacturing Therefore, the use of sucrose as a sweetener (instead of glucose or fructose) is highly recommended in synthetic products such as soft drinks.\nFermentation of sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose and sucrose) is a key metabolic reaction of most yeasts (including Z. bailii) when cultured under facultative anaerobic conditions. As sugars are common components of foods and beverages, fermentation is a typical feature of the spoilage process. Principally, these sugars are converted to ethanol and CO₂, causing the products to lose sweetness and acquire a distinctive alcoholic aroma along with gassiness. Besides, many secondary products are formed in small amounts, such as organic acids, esters, aldehydes, etc. Z. bailii is noted for its strong production of secondary metabolites, e.g. acetic acid, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde. In high enough concentrations, these substances can have a dominant effect on the sensorial quality of the products.\nThe higher resistance of Z. bailii to weak acids than S. cerevisiae can partly be explained by its ability to metabolize preservatives. It has been demonstrated that Z. bailii is able to consume acetic acid in the presence of fermentable sugars, whereas the acetate uptake and utilization systems of S. cerevisiae are all glucose-repressed. In addition, Z. bailii can also oxidatively degrade sorbate and benzoate (and use these compounds as a sole carbon source), while S. cerevisiae does not have this capability.", "According to Thomas and Davenport (1985), early reports of spoilage in mayonnaise and salad dressing due to Z. bailii date back to the beginning of the 20th century. More detailed investigations in the 1940s and 1950s confirmed that Z. bailii was the main spoiler in cucumber pickles, sundry pickled vegetable mixes, acidified sauces, etc. Around the same time, fermentation spoilage incidents occasionally appeared in fruit syrups and beverages preserved with moderate benzoic acid levels (0.04 - 0.05% (w/w)). Again, Z. bailii was identified as the spoilage source. Nowadays, despite great improvements in formulation control, food processing equipment and sanitation technologies (e.g. automated clean-in-place), the yeast remains highly problematic in sauces, acidified foods, pickled or brined vegetables, fruit concentrates and various non-carbonated fruit drinks. Z. bailii is also well recognized as one of the main spoilers in wines due to its high resistance to combinations of ethanol and organic acids at low pH. Furthermore, the spoilage by this yeast has been expanding into new food categories such as prepared mustards, fruit-flavoured carbonated soft drinks containing citrus, apple and grape juice concentrates. The ability of Z. bailii in spoiling a wide range of foods is a reflection of its high resistance to many stress factors. Therefore, it has been included in the list of most dangerous spoilage yeasts by several authors.\nSpoilage by Z. bailii often occurs in acidic shelf-stable foods, which rely upon the combined effects of acidity (e.g. vinegar), salt and sugar to suppress microbial growth. The spoiled foods usually display sensorial changes that can be easily recognized by consumers, thus resulting in significant economic losses due to consumers' complaints or product recalls Observable signs of spoilage include product leakage from containers, colour change, emission of unpleasant yeasty odours, emulsion separation (in mayonnaises, dressings), turbidity, flocculation or sediment formation (in wines, beverages) and visible colonies or brown film development on product surfaces. The specific off-flavour that has been attributed to Z. bailii is related to H₂S. In addition, the taste of spoiled foods can be modified by the production of acetic acid and fruity esters. It has been reported that growth of Z. bailii also results in significant gas and ethanol formation, causing a typical alcoholic taste. The excessive gas production is a direct consequence of high fermentable ability of this yeast and in more solid food, gas bubbles can appear within the product. Under extreme circumstances, the produced gas pressure inside glass jars or bottles can reach such a level that explosions may take place, creating an additional hazard of injuries from broken glass. It should be mentioned that in general, detectable spoilage by yeasts requires the presence of a high number of cells, approximately 5 - 6 log CFU/ml.\nApart from spoiling foods, as a direct consequent of growth, Z. bailii can modify the product texture and composition such that it may be more readily colonized by other spoilage microorganisms. For example, by utilizing acetic acid, the yeast can raise the pH of pickles sufficiently to allow the growth of less acid-tolerant bacteria. Besides, as with other yeasts, the concentration of fermentable sugar in a product affects the rate of spoilage by Z. bailii, e.g. the yeast grows faster in the presence of 10% (w/w) than 1% (w/w) glucose. Particularly, Z. bailii can grow and cause spoilage from extremely low inocula, as few as one viable cell in ≥ 10 liters of beverages. That means detection of low numbers of yeast cells in a product does not guarantee its stability. No sanitation or microbiological quality control program can cope with this degree of risk. Hence, the only alternatives would be reformulation of food to increase the stability and/or application of high-lethality thermal-processing parameters.", "Yeast in winemaking\nZygosaccharomyces", "Lindner P (1895). Mikroskopische Betriebskontrolle in den Gärungsgewerben mit einer Einführung in die Hefenreinkultur, Infektionslehre und Hefenkunde. Berlin: P. Parey.\nBarnett JA, Payne RW, Yarrow D (1983). Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nJames SA, Stratford M (2003). \"Spoilage yeasts with emphasis on the genus Zygosaccharomyces\". In Boekhout T, Robert V (eds.). Yeasts in food - Beneficial and detrimental aspects. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. and CRC Press. pp. 171–191.\nErickson JP, McKenna DN (1999). \"Zygosaccharomyces\". In Robinson RK, Batt CA, Patel PD (eds.). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. 3. London: Academic Press. pp. 2359–2365.\nThomas DS, Davenport RR (1985). \"Zygosaccharomyces bailii - a profile of characteristics and spoilage activities\". Food Microbiology. 2 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1016/s0740-0020(85)80008-3.\nBoekhout T, Phaff HJ (2003). \"Yeast biodiversity.\". In Boekhout T, Robert V (eds.). Yeasts in food - Beneficial and detrimental aspects. Hamburg: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. and CRC Press. pp. 1–38.\nSutton, B.C., 1999. Overview of classification of the fungi. In: Robinson, R.K., Batt, C.A., Patel, P.D. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, vol. 2. Academic Press, London, pp. 860-871.\nKetchum, P.A., 1988. Microbiology: Concepts and applications. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, pp. 379-400.\nTortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L., 1992. Microbiology - An introduction, 4th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Redwood, pp. 296-331.\nPitt, J.I., Hocking, A.D., 1997. Fungi and food spoilage, 2nd ed. Blackie Academic and Professional, Cambridge.\nCole, M.B., Keenan, M.H.J., 1987. A quantitative method for predicting shelf life of soft drinks using a model system. Journal of Industrial Microbiology 2, 59-62.\nMossel, D.A.A., Corry, J.E.L., Struijk, C.B., Baird, R.M., 1995. Essentials of the microbiology of foods - A textbook for advanced studies. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 44-47.\nBouix, M. and Leveau, J.Y., 1995. The yeasts. In: Bourgeois, C.M. and Leveau, J.Y. (Eds), Microbiological control for Foods and Agricultural products. VCH Publishers, New York, pp. 249-275.\nDeak, T., 2003. Dectection, enumeration and isolation of yeasts. In: Boekhout, T. and Robert, V. (Eds), Yeasts in food - Beneficial and detrimental aspects. Woodhead Publishing Ltd. and CRC Press, Hamburg, pp. 39-67.\nSeiler, D.A.L., 1992. Report on a collaborative study on the effect of presoaking and mixing time on the recovery of fungi from foods. In: Samson, R.A., Hocking, A.D., Pitt, J.I., King, A.D. (Eds.), Modern methods in food mycology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 79-88.\nDennis, C., Buhagiar, R.W.M., 1980. Yeast spoilage of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables. In: Skinner, F.A., Passmore, S.M., Davenport, R.R. (Eds.), Biology and activities of yeasts. The Society for Applied Bacteriology Symposium, series No. 9, Academic Press, London, pp. 123-133.\nPalma M, Guerreiro JF, Sá-Correia I (2018-02-21). \"Zygosaccharomyces bailii: A Physiological Genomics Perspective\". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 274. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00274. PMC 5826360. PMID 29515554.\nBerry, J.M., 1979. Yeast problems in the food and beverage industry. In: Rhodes, M.E. (Ed), Food mycology. G.K. Hall and Co., Boston, pp. 82-90.\nPitt, J.E., Richardson, K.C., 1973. Spoilage by preservative-resistant yeasts. CSIRO Food Research Quart 33, 80-85.\nSteels, H., James, S.A., Roberts, I.N., Stratford, M., 2000. Sorbic acid resistance: the inoculum effect. Yeast 16, 1173-1183.\nEU, 1995. European Parliament and Council Directive 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colours and sweeteners.\nNeves, L., Pampulha, M.E., Loureiro-Dias, M.C., 1994. Resistance of food spoilage yeasts to sorbic acids. Letters in Applied Microbiology 19, 8-11.\nSousa, M.J., Miranda, L., Corte-Real, M., Leao, C., 1996. Transport of acetic acid in Zygosaccharomyces bailii: Effects of ethanol and their implications on the resistance of the yeast to acidic environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62, 3152-3157.\nWarth, A.D., 1989. Relationships between the resistance of yeasts to acetic, propanoic and benzoic acids and to methyl paraben and pH. International Journal of Food Microbiology 8, 343-349.\nJenkins, P., Poulos, P.G., Cole, M.B., Vandeven, M.H., Legan, J.D., 2000. The boundary for growth of Zygosaccharomyces bailii in acidified products described by models for time to growth and probability of growth. Journal of Food Protection, vol. 63, 222-230.\nPraphailong, W., Fleet, G.H., 1997. The effect of pH, sodium chloride, sucrose, sorbate and benzoate on the growth of food spoilage yeasts. Food Microbiology 14, 459-468.\nRodrigues, F., Corte-Real, M., Leao, C., Van Dijken, J.P., Pronk, J.T., 2001. Oxygen requirements of the food spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii in synthetic and complex media. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 2123-2128.\nLeyva, J.S., Manrique, M., Prats, L., Loureiro-Dias, M.C., Peinado, J.M., 1999. Regulation of fermentative CO₂ production by the food spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 24, 270-275.\nWarth, A.D., 1977. Mechanism of resistance of Saccharomyces bailii to benzoic, sorbic and other weak acids used as food preservatives. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 43, 215-230.\nWarth, A.D., 1988. Effect of benzoic acid on growth yield of yeasts differing in their resistance to preservatives. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, 2091-2095.\nWarth, A.D., 1989. Transport of benzoic and propanoic acids by Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Journal of General Microbiology 135, 1383-1390.\nCole, M.B., Keenan, M.H.J., 1987. Effects of weak acids and external pH on the intracellular pH of Zygosaccharomyces bailii and its implications in weak acid resistance. Yeast 3, 23-32.\nPiper, P., Calderon, C. O., Hatzixanthis, K. and Mollapour, M., 2001. Weak acid adaptation: the stress response that confers yeasts with resistance to organic acid food preservatives. Microbiology 147, 2635-2642.\nMacpherson, N., Shabala, L., Rooney, H., Jarman, M.G., Davies, J.M., 2005. Plasma membrane H⁺ and K⁺ transporters are involved in the weak-acid preservative response of disparate food spoilage yeasts. Microbiology 151, 1995-2003.\nMerico, A., Capitanio, D., Vigentini, I., Ranzi, B.M., Compagno, C., 2003. Aerobic sugar metabolism in the spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii. FEMS Yeast Research 4, 277-283.\nSousa-Dias, S., Gonçalves, T., Leyva, J.S., Peinado, J.M., Loureiro-Dias, M.C., 1996. Kinetic and regulation of fructose and glucose transport systems are responsible for fructophily in Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Microbiology 142, 1733-1738.\nSilliker, J.H., 1980. Fats and oils. In: Silliker, J.H., Elliott, R.P., Baird-Darner, A.C., Bryan, F.L., Christian, J.H.B., Clark, D.S., Olson, J.C., Roberts, T.A. (Eds), Microbial ecology of foods, vol. 1. Academic Press, London.\nBerry, D.R., Brown, C., 1987. Physiology of yeast growth. In: Berry, D.R., Russell, I., Stewart, G.G. (Eds), Yeast biotechnology. Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 159.\nGancedo, C., Serrano, R., 1989. Energy-yielding metabolism. In: Rose, A.H., Harrison, J.S. (Eds), The yeasts, vol. 2, 2nd ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 205.\nFleet, G., 1992. Spoilage yeasts. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 12, 1- 44.\nSousa, M.J., Rodrigues, F., Corte-Real, M., Leao, C., 1998. Mechanisms underlying the transport and intracellular metabolism of acetic acid in the presence of glucose in the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Microbiology 144, 665-670.\nCasal, M., Cardoso, H., Leao, C., 1996. Mechanisms regulating the transport of acetic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology 142, 1385-1390.\nMollapour, M., Piper, P.W., 2001. Targeted gene deletion in Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Yeast 18, 173-186.\nKalathenos, P., Sutherland, J. P., Roberts, T. A., 1995. Resistance of some wine spoilage yeasts to combinations of ethanol and acids present in wine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78, 245-250.\nBuchta, V., Slavikova, E., Vadkartiova, R., Alt, S., Jilek, P., 1996. Zygosaccharomyces bailii as a potential spoiler of mustard. Food Microbiology 13, 133-135.\nStratford, M., 2006. Food and beverage spoilage yeasts. In: Querol, A., Fleet, G.H. (Eds), The yeast handbook - Yeasts in Foods and Beverages. Springer Publisher, Berlin, pp. 335-379.\nTudor, E.A., Board, R.G., 1993. Food spoilage yeasts. In: Rose, A.H., Harrison, J.S. (Eds), The yeasts, vol. 5. Yeast technology, 2nd ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 435-516.", "Review: Spoilage yeasts in the wine industry" ]

[ "Zygosaccharomyces bailii", "Morphology and modes of reproduction", "Culture conditions", "Physiological properties", "Resistance characteristics", "Preservative resistance mechanisms", "Metabolism", "Spoilage activities", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygosaurus is an extinct genus of dissorophid temnospondyl from the Middle-Late Permian of Russia. It was described in 1848 by Eduard Eichwald, making it the first dissorophid to be described and is known from a single species, Zygosaurus lucius. The location of the holotype, and only known specimen, is unknown, and although casts are reposited in several institutions, little is known about this taxon beyond qualitative aspects of the skull (e.g., preorbital length twice as long as postorbital length; skull width greatest at mid-length of orbits). The skull was estimated to be around 20 cm in length, making it one of the largest dissorophids, being only slightly smaller than Kamacops.", "Eichwald, Eduard (1848). \"Uber die Saurier des kupferfhrenden Zechsteins Russlands\". Bulletin de la Société Nationale de Moscou (in Russian). 21: 136–204 – via Google Books.\nSchoch, Rainer R. (2012). \"Character distribution and phylogeny of the dissorophid temnospondyls\". Fossil Record. 15 (2): 121–137. doi:10.1002/mmng.201200010.\nSchoch, Rainer, R.; Milner, Andrew R. (2014). Sues, Hans-Dieter (ed.). Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie Part 3A2. Temnospondyli. Stuttgart: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 9783931516260. OCLC 580976." ]

[ "Zygosaurus", "References" ]

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[ "Zygosepalum is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae.", "Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of 2022: \nZygosepalum angustilabium (C.Schweinf.) Garay\nZygosepalum ballii (Rolfe) Garay\nZygosepalum kegelii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.\nZygosepalum labiosum (Rich.) C.Schweinf.\nZygosepalum lindeniae (Rolfe) Garay & Dunst.\nZygosepalum marginatum Garay\nZygosepalum revolutum Garay & G.A.Romero\nZygosepalum tatei (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Garay & Dunst.", "List of Orchidaceae genera", "\"Zygosepalum\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kews. 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.\nPridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (1999). Genera Orchidacearum 1. Oxford Univ. Press.\nPridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (2001). Genera Orchidacearum 2. Oxford Univ. Press.\nPridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (2003). Genera Orchidacearum 3. Oxford Univ. Press\nBerg Pana, H. 2005. Handbuch der Orchideen-Namen. Dictionary of Orchid Names. Dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee. Ulmer, Stuttgart", "Data related to Zygosepalum at Wikispecies\n Media related to Zygosepalum at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zygosepalum", "Species", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygosepalum labiosum is an epiphytic orchid found in South America, growing in dense shade at up to 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation.", "Zygosepalum labiosum has scandent rhizomes with ovoid pseudobulbs. Its leaves are 25 cm (9.8 in) long. The orchid's inflorescence is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long with one to three flowers. The flowers are up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in width, with greenish sepals and petals with red markings at their base. The lip is white with a violet callus and violet veins.", "Peter Rivière, ed. (2006). The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835-1844: Explorations on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, 1835-1839. Hakluyt Society Series. 16 (abridged, illustrated ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 30. ISBN 9780904180862.\nI. F. La Croix (2008). The New Encyclopedia of Orchids: 1500 Species in Cultivation (illustrated ed.). Timber Press. p. 498. ISBN 9780881928761." ]

[ "Zygosepalum labiosum", "Description", "References" ]

[ 5361627 ]

[ 27244070, 27244071 ]

[ "Homozygous and heterozygous", "Heterozygosity values of 51 worldwide human populations.[8] Sub-Saharan Africans have the highest values in the world." ]

[ 0, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Heterozygous.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Box-and-whisker_plot_of_human_heterozygosity.png" ]

[ "Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek zygotos \"yoked,\" from zygon \"yoke\") (/zaɪˈɡɒsɪti/) is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence. In other words, it is the degree of similarity of the alleles in an organism.\nMost eukaryotes have two matching sets of chromosomes; that is, they are diploid. Diploid organisms have the same loci on each of their two sets of homologous chromosomes except that the sequences at these loci may differ between the two chromosomes in a matching pair and that a few chromosomes may be mismatched as part of a chromosomal sex-determination system. If both alleles of a diploid organism are the same, the organism is homozygous at that locus. If they are different, the organism is heterozygous at that locus. If one allele is missing, it is hemizygous, and, if both alleles are missing, it is nullizygous.\nThe DNA sequence of a gene often varies from one individual to another. Those variations are called alleles. While some genes have only one allele because there is low variation, others have only one allele because deviation from that allele can be harmful or fatal. But most genes have two or more alleles. The frequency of different alleles varies throughout the population. Some genes may have alleles with equal distributions. Often, the different variations in the alleles do not affect the normal functioning of the organism at all. For some genes, one allele may be common, and another allele may be rare. Sometimes, one allele is a disease-causing variation while another allele is healthy.\nIn diploid organisms, one allele is inherited from the male parent and one from the female parent. Zygosity is a description of whether those two alleles have identical or different DNA sequences. In some cases the term \"zygosity\" is used in the context of a single chromosome.", "The words homozygous, heterozygous, and hemizygous are used to describe the genotype of a diploid organism at a single locus on the DNA. Homozygous describes a genotype consisting of two identical alleles at a given locus, heterozygous describes a genotype consisting of two different alleles at a locus, hemizygous describes a genotype consisting of only a single copy of a particular gene in an otherwise diploid organism, and nullizygous refers to an otherwise-diploid organism in which both copies of the gene are missing.", "A cell is said to be homozygous for a particular gene when identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes.\nAn individual that is homozygous-dominant for a particular trait carries two copies of the allele that codes for the dominant trait. This allele, often called the \"dominant allele\", is normally represented by the uppercase form of the letter used for the corresponding recessive trait (such as \"P\" for the dominant allele producing purple flowers in pea plants). When an organism is homozygous-dominant for a particular trait, its genotype is represented by a doubling of the symbol for that trait, such as \"PP\".\nAn individual that is homozygous-recessive for a particular trait carries two copies of the allele that codes for the recessive trait. This allele, often called the \"recessive allele\", is usually represented by the lowercase form of the letter used for the corresponding dominant trait (such as, with reference to the example above, \"p\" for the recessive allele producing white flowers in pea plants). The genotype of an organism that is homozygous-recessive for a particular trait is represented by a doubling of the appropriate letter, such as \"pp\".", "A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant allele) of a gene. The cell or organism is called a heterozygote specifically for the allele in question, and therefore, heterozygosity refers to a specific genotype. Heterozygous genotypes are represented by an uppercase letter (representing the dominant/wild-type allele) and a lowercase letter (representing the recessive/mutant allele), as in \"Rr\" or \"Ss\". Alternatively, a heterozygote for gene \"R\" is assumed to be \"Rr\". The uppercase letter is usually written first.\nIf the trait in question is determined by simple (complete) dominance, a heterozygote will express only the trait coded by the dominant allele, and the trait coded by the recessive allele will not be present. In more complex dominance schemes the results of heterozygosity can be more complex.\nA heterozygous genotype can have a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype – this is called a heterozygote advantage.", "A chromosome in a diploid organism is hemizygous when only one copy is present. The cell or organism is called a hemizygote. Hemizygosity is also observed when one copy of a gene is deleted, or, in the heterogametic sex, when a gene is located on a sex chromosome. Hemizygosity is not the same as haploinsufficiency, which describes a mechanism for producing a phenotype. For organisms in which the male is heterogametic, such as humans, almost all X-linked genes are hemizygous in males with normal chromosomes, because they have only one X chromosome and few of the same genes are on the Y chromosome. Transgenic mice generated through exogenous DNA microinjection of an embryo's pronucleus are also considered to be hemizygous, because the introduced allele is expected to be incorporated into only one copy of any locus. A transgenic individual can later be bred to homozygosity and maintained as an inbred line to reduce the need to confirm the genotype of each individual.\nIn cultured mammalian cells, such as the Chinese hamster ovary cell line, a number of genetic loci are present in a functional hemizygous state, due to mutations or deletions in the other alleles.", "A nullizygous organism carries two mutant alleles for the same gene. The mutant alleles are both complete loss-of-function or 'null' alleles, so homozygous null and nullizygous are synonymous. The mutant cell or organism is called a nullizygote.", "Zygosity may also refer to the origin(s) of the alleles in a genotype. When the two alleles at a locus originate from a common ancestor by way of nonrandom mating (inbreeding), the genotype is said to be autozygous. This is also known as being \"identical by descent\", or IBD. When the two alleles come from different sources (at least to the extent that the descent can be traced), the genotype is called allozygous. This is known as being \"identical by state\", or IBS.\nBecause the alleles of autozygous genotypes come from the same source, they are always homozygous, but allozygous genotypes may be homozygous too. Heterozygous genotypes are often, but not necessarily, allozygous because different alleles may have arisen by mutation some time after a common origin. Hemizygous and nullizygous genotypes do not contain enough alleles to allow for comparison of sources, so this classification is irrelevant for them.", "As discussed above, \"zygosity\" can be used in the context of a specific genetic locus (example). The word zygosity may also be used to describe the genetic similarity or dissimilarity of twins. Identical twins are monozygotic, meaning that they develop from one zygote that splits and forms two embryos. Fraternal twins are dizygotic because they develop from two separate Oocytes (egg cells) that are fertilized by two separate sperm. Sesquizygotic twins are halfway between monozygotic and dizygotic and are believed to arise after two sperm fertilize a single oocyte which subsequently splits into two morula.", "In population genetics, the concept of heterozygosity is commonly extended to refer to the population as a whole, i.e., the fraction of individuals in a population that are heterozygous for a particular locus. It can also refer to the fraction of loci within an individual that are heterozygous.\nTypically, the observed (H_{o}) and expected (H_{e}) heterozygosities are compared, defined as follows for diploid individuals in a population:\nObserved\nH_{o}={\\frac {\\sum \\limits _{{i=1}}^{{n}}{(1\\ {\\textrm {if}}\\ a_{{i1}}\\neq a_{{i2}})}}{n}}\nwhere n is the number of individuals in the population, and a_{{i1}},a_{{i2}} are the alleles of individual i at the target locus.\nExpected\nH_{e}=1-\\sum \\limits _{{i=1}}^{{m}}{(f_{i})^{2}}\nwhere m is the number of alleles at the target locus, and f_{i} is the allele frequency of the i^{th} allele at the target locus.", "Heterosis\nHeterozygote advantage\nLoss of heterozygosity\nNucleotide diversity measures polymorphisms on the level of nucleotides rather than on level of loci.\nPseudolinkage\nRuns of Homozygosity (ROH)", "Carr, Martin; Cotton, Samuel; Rogers, David W; Pomiankowski, Andrew; Smith, Hazel; Fowler, Kevin (2006). \"Assigning sex to pre-adult stalk-eyed flies using genital disc morphology and X chromosome zygosity\". BMC Developmental Biology. Springer Nature. 6 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/1471-213x-6-29. ISSN 1471-213X. PMC 1524940. PMID 16780578.\nLawrence, Eleanor (2008). Henderson's Dictionary of Biology (14th ed.).\nLodish, Harvey; et al. (2000). \"Chapter 8: Mutations: Types and Causes\". Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716731368.\nGupta, Radhey S.; Chan, David Y.H.; Siminovitch, Louis (1978). \"Evidence for functional hemizygosity at the Emtr locus in CHO cells through segregation analysis\". Cell. Elsevier BV. 14 (4): 1007–1013. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90354-9. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 688393. S2CID 46331900.\nPujol, C.; Messer, S. A.; Pfaller, M.; Soll, D. R. (2003-04-01). \"Drug Resistance Is Not Directly Affected by Mating Type Locus Zygosity in Candida albicans\". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. 47 (4): 1207–1212. doi:10.1128/aac.47.4.1207-1212.2003. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 152535. PMID 12654648.\nStrachan, Tom; Read, Andrew P. (1999). \"Chapter 17\". Human Molecular Genetics (2nd ed.).\nGabbett MT, Laporte J, Sekar R, et al. Molecular support for heterogonesis resulting in sesquizygotic twinning. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(9):842‐849. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1701313\nLópez Herráez, David; Bauchet, Marc; Tang, Kun; Theunert, Christoph; Pugach, Irina; Li, Jing; et al. (2009-11-18). Hawks, John (ed.). \"Genetic Variation and Recent Positive Selection in Worldwide Human Populations: Evidence from Nearly 1 Million SNPs\". PLOS ONE. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 4 (11): e7888. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7888L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007888. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2775638. PMID 19924308.", "Media related to Zygosity at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zygosity", "Types", "Homozygous", "Heterozygous", "Hemizygous", "Nullizygous", "Autozygous and allozygous", "Monozygotic and dizygotic twins", "Heterozygosity in population genetics", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361628, 5361629 ]

[ 27244072, 27244073, 27244074, 27244075, 27244076, 27244077, 27244078, 27244079, 27244080, 27244081, 27244082, 27244083, 27244084, 27244085, 27244086, 27244087, 27244088, 27244089, 27244090, 27244091 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Zygostates_papillosa_lado.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Cymbidium_aloifolium.jpg" ]

[ "Zygostates is a genus of orchids widespread across much of South America from Guyana to Argentina.\nThe word is from the Greek ζυγοστάτης (zygostates, weigher, balance) and refers to the projections from the base of the column which resemble a balance.", "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families" ]

[ "Zygostates", "References" ]

[ 5361630, 5361631 ]

[ 27244092 ]

[ "Zygote formation: egg cell after fertilization with a sperm. The male and female pronuclei are converging, but the genetic material is not yet united.", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Zygote1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Egg_cell_fertilization_-_Zygote.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Chicken_egg_2009-06-04.jpg" ]

[ "A zygote (from Ancient Greek ζυγωτός (zygōtós) 'joined, yoked', from ζυγοῦν (zygoun) 'to join, to yoke') is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes. The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and contains all of the genetic information of a new individual organism. \nIn multicellular organisms, the zygote is the earliest developmental stage. In humans and most other anisogamous organisms, a zygote is formed when an egg cell and sperm cell come together to create a new unique organism. In single-celled organisms, the zygote can divide asexually by mitosis to produce identical offspring.\nGerman zoologists Oscar and Richard Hertwig made some of the first discoveries on animal zygote formation in the late 19th century.", "In fungi, the sexual fusion of haploid cells is called karyogamy. The result of karyogamy is the formation of a diploid cell called the zygote or zygospore. This cell may then enter meiosis or mitosis depending on the life cycle of the species.", "In plants, the zygote may be polyploid if fertilization occurs between meiotically unreduced gametes.\nIn land plants, the zygote is formed within a chamber called the archegonium. In seedless plants, the archegonium is usually flask-shaped, with a long hollow neck through which the sperm cell enters. As the zygote divides and grows, it does so inside the archegonium.", "In human fertilization, a released ovum (a haploid secondary oocyte with replicate chromosome copies) and a haploid sperm cell (male gamete)—combine to form a single 2n diploid cell called the zygote. Once the single sperm fuses with the oocyte, the latter completes the division of the second meiosis forming a haploid daughter with only 23 chromosomes, almost all of the cytoplasm, and the male pronucleus. The other product of meiosis is the second polar body with only chromosomes but no ability to replicate or survive. In the fertilized daughter, DNA is then replicated in the two separate pronuclei derived from the sperm and ovum, making the zygote's chromosome number temporarily 4n diploid. After approximately 30 hours from the time of fertilization, a fusion of the pronuclei and immediate mitotic division produce two 2n diploid daughter cells called blastomeres.\nBetween the stages of fertilization and implantation, the developing embryo is sometimes termed as a preimplantation-conceptus. This stage has also been referred to as the pre-embryo in legal discourses including relevance to the use of embryonic stem cells. In the US the National Institutes of Health has determined that the traditional classification of pre-implantation embryo is still correct.\nAfter fertilization, the conceptus travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus while continuing to divide without actually increasing in size, in a process called cleavage. After four divisions, the conceptus consists of 16 blastomeres, and it is known as the morula. Through the processes of compaction, cell division, and blastulation, the conceptus takes the form of the blastocyst by the fifth day of development, just as it approaches the site of implantation. When the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida, it can implant in the endometrial lining of the uterus and begin the gastrulation stage of embryonic development.\nThe human zygote has been genetically edited in experiments designed to cure inherited diseases.", "The formation of a totipotent zygote with the potential to produce a whole organism depends on epigenetic reprogramming. DNA demethylation of the paternal genome in the zygote appears to be an important part of epigenetic reprogramming. In the paternal genome of the mouse, demethylation of DNA, particularly at sites of methylated cytosines, is likely a key process in establishing totipotency. Demethylation involves the processes of base excision repair and possibly other DNA- repair- based mechanisms.", "A Chlamydomonas zygote contains chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from both parents; such cells are generally rare, since normally cpDNA is inherited uniparentally from the mt+ mating type parent. These rare biparental zygotes allowed mapping of chloroplast genes by recombination.", "In the amoeba, reproduction occurs by cell division of the parent cell: first the nucleus of the parent divides into two and then the cell membrane also cleaves, becoming two \"daughter\" Amoebae.", "Breastfeeding and fertility\nFertilization\nProembryo", "\"English etymology of zygote\". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30.\nBlastomere Encyclopædia Britannica Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 Feb. 2012.\nCondic, Maureen L. (14 April 2014). \"Totipotency: What It Is And What It Is Not\". Stem Cells and Development. 23 (8): 796–812. doi:10.1089/scd.2013.0364. PMC 3991987. PMID 24368070.\n\"Report of the Human Embryo Research Panel\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-02-17.\nO’Reilly, Deirdre. \"Fetal development Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine\". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (2007-10-19). Retrieved 2009-02-15.\nKlossner, N. Jayne and Hatfield, Nancy. Introductory Maternity & Pediatric Nursing, p. 107 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006).\nNeas, John F. \"Human Development\" Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Embryology Atlas\nBlackburn, Susan. Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology, p. 80 (Elsevier Health Sciences 2007).\n\"Editing human germline cells sparks ethics debate\". May 6, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nLadstätter S, Tachibana-Konwalski K (December 2016). \"A Surveillance Mechanism Ensures Repair of DNA Lesions during Zygotic Reprogramming\". Cell. 167 (7): 1774–1787.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.009. PMC 5161750. PMID 27916276." ]

[ "Zygote", "Fungi", "Plants", "Humans", "Reprogramming to totipotency", "In other species", "In protozoa", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361632, 5361633, 5361634 ]

[ 27244093, 27244094, 27244095, 27244096, 27244097, 27244098, 27244099, 27244100, 27244101, 27244102, 27244103 ]

[ "Map of      Cyrenaica and      Marmarica in the Roman era Showing Zygris. (Samuel Butler, 1907)" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Cyrenaica_Marmarica.jpg" ]

[ "Zygris (Greek: Ζυγρίς; the inhabitants were called Zygritae, Ζυγρῖται) was a small town in the Roman province of Marmarica, a province also known as Libya Inferior. It was in the eastern part of this region, which some geographers considered a separate area, called Libycus Nomus, distinct from both Marmarica and Aegyptus. It may have been located at Zaviet-El-Chammas in modern Egypt. Diderot's Encyclopedia gave Solonet as its modern name.\nPtolemy describes it as only a village.\nAn ancient guide for sailing, the Stadiasmus Maris Magni, says that there was at Zygris an islet at which it was possible to put in and find water on the shore.", "Although Zygris was only a village, it had its own bishop from an early date.\nThe bishopric was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Darnis, the capital of the Roman province. However, the extraprovincial authority exercised by the bishop of Alexandria over not only Egypt but also Libya (as was recognized at the First Council of Nicaea) meant that Zygris was also directly subject to the see of Alexandria.\nMarcus, bishop of Zygris, attended a synod convoked by Athanasius of Alexandria in 362 under Julian the Apostate. Lucius took part in the Robber Council of Ephesus in 349, a record of which was read at the Council of Chalcedon in 451.\nNo longer a residential bishopric, Zygris is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.", "\"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), ZYGRIS\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-12.\nAnnuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 1013\n\"ZYGRIS\". archive.is. 2014-12-29. Archived from the original on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2018-02-12.\nBook 4, chapter 5\nJames Beresford, The Ancient Sailing Season (BRILL 2012) ISBN 978-90-0422352-3, p. 193\nThomas Forrester, Causa Episcopatus Hierarchici Lucifuga: Or, A Confutation of J.S's Vindication of the (pretended) Principles of the Cyprianic Age. (heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1706) page 91\nThomas C. Oden, Early Libyan Christianity: Uncovering a North African Tradition, (InterVarsity Press, 2011). page 228.\nJoseph Bingham. Origines ecclesiasticæ; or, The antiquities of the Christian church, and other works, of the Rev. Joseph Bingham Chap. II:51.\nCharles Rollin 1760-65, Dictionnaire universel, dogmatique, canonique, historique, géographique et chronologique des sciences ecclésiastiques (Charles Louis et Giraud Richard, 1762) page 675.\nMichel Le Quien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, (Paris, 1740), vol.II, coll. 635-636.\nMichel Le Quien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 635-636\nPius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 462\nActs of the Council of Chalcedon.\nApostolische Nachfolge – Titularsitze.\nEntry at gcatholic.org].\nPius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae,(Leipzig, 1931), p. 462." ]

[ "Zygris", "Bishopric", "References" ]

[ 5361635 ]

[ 27244104, 27244105, 27244106, 27244107, 27244108, 27244109 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Zygrita_diva.jpg" ]

[ "Zygrita diva is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Zygrita. It was described by Thomson in 1860.", "Biolib.cz - Zygrita diva. Retrieved on 8 September 2014." ]

[ "Zygrita diva", "References" ]

[ 5361636 ]

[ 27244110 ]

[ "Zykaite found in the Czech Republic" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Z%C3%BDkaite.jpg" ]

[ "Zykaite or zýkaite is a grey-white mineral consisting of arsenic, hydrogen, iron, sulfur and oxygen with formula: Fe³⁺₄(AsO₄)₃(SO₄)(OH)·15(H₂O). This dull mineral is very soft with a Mohs hardness of only 2 and a specific gravity of 2.5. It is translucent and crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system.\nIts common associates include limonite, gypsum, scorodite, quartz and arsenopyrite. It is found in the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany.\nZykaite was first described in 1978 for an occurrence in the Safary mine, Kutná Hora, Bohemia, Czech Republic and named in honour of Vaclav Zyka (born 1926), a Czech geochemist.", "Webmineral data\nHandbook of Mineralogy\nMindat.org" ]

[ "Zykaite", "References" ]

[ 5361637 ]

[ 27244111 ]

[ "Zyklon during Metalmania 2007, Katowice, Poland" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Metalmania_2007_-_Zyklon_10.jpg" ]

[ "Zyklon was a Norwegian blackened death metal band formed in 1998 by Samoth and Trym of Emperor, along with members of Myrkskog. Their style has been described as modern death metal with black and industrial undertones. After more than a two-year hiatus, the band officially split up in January 2010.\nAll the band's lyrics were written by former Emperor drummer Faust, then member of Casey Chaos' side project Scum and Italian industrial black metal band Aborym.\nDespite Samoth having been in a previous Emperor side project called Zyklon-B, the two are not related; Zyklon B is the name of a lethal gas used by the Nazis during the Holocaust; \"Zyklon\" is, according to Samoth, a play on the word \"cyclone\", since the word is spelled syklon in Norwegian.", "Zyklon's debut album, World ov Worms (2001), showcased fast riffing and blast beats. However, after this release, Zyklon's line-up changed drastically, and the official line-up became Samoth, Trym Torson, Destructhor, and Secthdamon.\nThe band's second album, Aeon (2003), exposed the band to media attention, and videos were made for two tracks, \"Core Solution\" and \"Psyklon Aeon\".\nThe band's third effort was recorded from November to December 2005 at the Akkerhaugen Lydstudio in Norway; Disintegrate was released in May 2006. In October 2007, the band went on hiatus, before splitting up 15 months later.", "", "Secthdamon – vocals, bass (2001–2010)\nSamoth – guitar (2000–2010)\nDestructhor – guitar (2000–2010)\nTrym – drums (2000–2010)", "Daemon – vocals (2000–2001)\nCosmocrator – bass (2000–2001)", "World ov Worms (2001)\nAeon (2003)\nSplit with Red Harvest (CD, 2003)\nDisintegrate (2006)\nThe Storm Manifesto (compilation of all previous recorded works) (CD, 2010)", "Storm Detonation Live (2006)", "\"Psyklon Aeon\"\n\"Core Solution\"", "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - ZYKLON Calls It Quits Archived 11 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine", "Zyklon at AllMusic \nNocturnal Art Samoth's record label\nZyklon at Metal Storm\nZyklon interview with Samoth for The Lodge\nExclusive interview with Trym for The Lodge" ]

[ "Zyklon", "History", "Members", "Last line-up", "Former members", "Discography", "DVDs", "Music videos", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361638 ]

[ 27244112, 27244113, 27244114 ]

[ "Zyklon labels from Dachau concentration camp used as evidence at the Nuremberg trials; the first and third panels contain manufacturer information and the brand name, the center panel reads \"Poison Gas! Cyanide preparation to be opened and used only by trained personnel\"", "A fumigation team in New Orleans, 1939. Zyklon canisters are visible.", "Empty Zyklon B canisters found by the Allies at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1945", "Rudolf Höss at his trial in Poland, 1947", "Interior of Majdanek gas chamber, showing Prussian blue residue" ]

[ 0, 2, 4, 4, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Zyklon_B_labels.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Fumigating_and_Disinfecting_Team_New_Orleans_1939_a019946_Crop.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/GiftgasAuschwitzMuseum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Rudolf_H%C3%B6%C3%9F.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Majdanek_Komora_Gazowa.JPG" ]

[ "Zyklon B (German: [tsyˈkloːn ˈbeː] (listen); translated Cyclone B) was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consisted of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately 1.1 million people in gas chambers installed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and other extermination camps. A total of around 6 million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust.\nHydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas that interferes with cellular respiration, was first used as a pesticide in California in the 1880s. Research at Degesch of Germany led to the development of Zyklon (later known as Zyklon A), a pesticide that released hydrogen cyanide upon exposure to water and heat. It was banned after World War I, when Germany used a similar product as a chemical weapon. Degussa purchased Degesch in 1922. Their team of chemists, which included Walter Heerdt and Bruno Tesch, devised a method of packaging hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters along with a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The new product was also named Zyklon, but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version. Uses included delousing clothing and fumigating ships, warehouses, and trains.\nThe Nazis began using Zyklon B in extermination camps in early 1942 to murder prisoners during the Holocaust. Tesch was executed in 1946 for knowingly selling the product to the SS for use on humans. Hydrogen cyanide is now rarely used as a pesticide but still has industrial applications. Firms in several countries continue to produce Zyklon B under alternative brand names, including Detia-Degesch, the successor to Degesch, who renamed the product Cyanosil in 1974.", "Hydrogen cyanide is a poisonous gas that interferes with cellular respiration. Cyanide prevents the cell from producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by binding to one of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain. This protein, cytochrome c oxidase, contains several subunits and has ligands containing iron groups. The cyanide component of Zyklon B can bind at one of these iron groups, heme a3, forming a more stabilized compound through metal-to-ligand pi bonding. As a result of the formation of this new iron-cyanide complex, the electrons that would situate themselves on the heme a3 group can no longer do so. Instead, these electrons destabilize the compound; thus, the heme group no longer accepts them. Consequently, electron transport is halted, and cells can no longer produce the energy needed to synthesize ATP. Death occurs in a human being weighing 68 kilograms (150 lb) within two minutes of inhaling 70 mg of hydrogen cyanide.", "Hydrogen cyanide, discovered in the late 18th century, was used in the 1880s for the fumigation of citrus trees in California. Its use spread to other countries for the fumigation of silos, goods wagons, ships, and mills. Its light weight and rapid dispersal meant its application had to take place under tents or in enclosed areas. Research by Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry led to the founding in 1919 of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH (Degesch), a state-controlled consortium formed to investigate military use of the chemical. Chemists at Degesch added a cautionary eye irritant to a less volatile cyanide compound which reacted with water in the presence of heat to become hydrogen cyanide. The new product was marketed as the pesticide Zyklon (cyclone). As a similar formula had been used as a weapon by the Germans during World War I, Zyklon was soon banned.\nDeutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt (German Gold and Silver Refinery; Degussa) became sole owners of Degesch in 1922. There, beginning in 1922, Walter Heerdt, Bruno Tesch, and others worked on packaging hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters along with a cautionary eye irritant and adsorbent stabilizers such as diatomaceous earth. The new product was also labelled as Zyklon, but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version. Heerdt was named the inventor of Zyklon B in the Degesch patent application (number DE 438818) dated 20 June 1922. The Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt awarded the patent on 27 December 1926. Beginning in the 1920s, Zyklon B was used at U.S. Customs facilities along the Mexican border to fumigate the clothing of border crossers.", "In 1930, Degussa ceded 42.5 percent ownership of Degesch to IG Farben and 15 percent to Th. Goldschmidt AG, in exchange for the right to market pesticide products of those two companies through Degesch. Degussa retained managerial control.\nWhile Degesch owned the rights to the brand name Zyklon and the patent on the packaging system, the chemical formula was owned by Degussa. Schlempe GmbH, which was 52 percent owned by Degussa, owned the rights to a process to extract hydrogen cyanide from waste products of sugar beet processing. This process was performed under license by two companies, Dessauer Werke and Kaliwerke Kolin, who also combined the resulting hydrogen cyanide with stabilizer from IG Farben and a cautionary agent from Schering AG to form the final product, which was packaged using equipment, labels, and canisters provided by Degesch. The finished goods were sent to Degesch, who forwarded the product to two companies that acted as distributors: Heerdt-Linger GmbH (Heli) of Frankfurt and Tesch & Stabenow (Testa) of Hamburg. Their territory was split along the Elbe river, with Heli handling clients to the west and south, and Testa those to the east. Degesch owned 51 percent of the shares of Heli, and until 1942 owned 55 percent of Testa.\nPrior to World War II Degesch derived most of its Zyklon B profits from overseas sales, particularly in the United States, where it was produced under license by Roessler & Hasslacher prior to 1931 and by American Cyanamid from 1931 to 1943. From 1929, the United States Public Health Service used Zyklon B to fumigate freight trains and clothes of Mexican immigrants entering the United States. Uses in Germany included delousing clothing (often using a portable sealed chamber invented by Degesch in the 1930s) and fumigating ships, warehouses, and trains. By 1943, sales of Zyklon B accounted for 65 percent of Degesch's sales revenue and 70 percent of its gross profits.", "In early 1942, the Nazis began using Zyklon B as the preferred killing tool in extermination camps during the Holocaust. They used it to murder roughly 1.1 million people in gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and elsewhere. Most of the victims were Jews, and by far the majority of murders using this method took place at Auschwitz. Distributor Heli supplied Zyklon B to Mauthausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald, and Testa supplied it to Auschwitz and Majdanek; camps also occasionally bought it directly from the manufacturers. Some 56 tonnes of the 729 tonnes sold in Germany in 1942–44 were sold to concentration camps, amounting to about 8 percent of domestic sales. Auschwitz received 23.8 tonnes, of which 6 tonnes were used for fumigation. The remainder was used in the gas chambers or lost to spoilage (the product had a stated shelf life of only three months). Testa conducted fumigations for the Wehrmacht and supplied them with Zyklon B. They also offered courses to the SS in the safe handling and use of the material for fumigation purposes. In April 1941, the German agriculture and interior ministries designated the SS as an authorized applier of the chemical, which meant they were able to use it without any further training or governmental oversight.\nRudolf Höss, commandant of Auschwitz, said that the use of Zyklon-B to murder prisoners came about on the initiative of one of his subordinates, SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) Karl Fritzsch, who had used it to murder some Russian POWs in late August 1941 in the basement of Block 11 in the main camp. They repeated the experiment on more Russian POWs in September, with Höss watching. Block 11 proved unsuitable, as the basement was difficult to air out afterwards and the crematorium (Crematorium I, which operated until July 1942) was some distance away. The site of the murders was moved to Crematorium I, where more than 700 victims could be murdered at once. By the middle of 1942, the operation was moved to Auschwitz II–Birkenau, a nearby satellite camp that had been under construction since October 1941.\nThe first gas chamber at Auschwitz II–Birkenau was the \"red house\" (called Bunker 1 by SS staff), a brick cottage converted to a gassing facility by tearing out the inside and bricking up the windows. It was operational by March 1942. A second brick cottage, called the \"white house\" or Bunker 2, was converted some weeks later. According to Höss, Bunker 1 held 800 victims and Bunker 2 held 1,200 victims. These structures were in use for mass-murder until early 1943. At that point, the Nazis decided to greatly increase the gassing capacity of Birkenau. Crematorium II was originally designed as a mortuary with morgues in the basement and ground-level incinerators; they converted it into a killing factory by installing gas-tight doors, vents for the Zyklon B to be dropped into the chamber, and ventilation equipment to remove the gas afterwards. Crematorium III was built using the same design. Crematoria IV and V, designed from the beginning as gassing centers, were also constructed that spring. By June 1943, all four crematoria were operational. Most of the victims were murdered using these four structures.\nThe Nazis began shipping large numbers of Jews from all over Europe to Auschwitz in the middle of 1942. Those who were not selected for work crews were immediately gassed. Those selected to die generally comprised about three-quarters of the total and included almost all children, women with small children, all the elderly, and all those who appeared on brief and superficial inspection by an SS doctor not to be completely fit. The victims were told that they were to undergo delousing and a shower. They were stripped of their belongings and herded into the gas chamber.\nA special SS bureau known as the Hygienic Institute delivered the Zyklon B to the crematoria by ambulance. The actual delivery of the gas to the victims was always handled by the SS, on the order of the supervising SS doctor. After the doors were shut, SS men dropped Zyklon B pellets through vents in the roof or holes in the side of the chamber. The victims were dead within 20 minutes. Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw gassings, testified that the \"shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives\".\nSonderkommandos (special work crews forced to work at the gas chambers) wearing gas masks then dragged the bodies from the chamber. The victims' glasses, artificial limbs, jewelry, and hair were removed, and any dental work was extracted so the gold could be melted down. If the gas chamber was crowded, which they typically were, the corpses were found half-squatting, their skin discolored pink with red and green spots, with some foaming at the mouth or bleeding from their ears. The corpses were burned in the nearby incinerators, and the ashes were buried, thrown in the river, or used as fertilizer. With the Soviet Red Army approaching through Poland, the last mass gassing at Auschwitz took place on 30 October 1944. In November 1944, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, ordered gassing operations to cease throughout the Reich.", "After World War II ended in 1945, Bruno Tesch and Karl Weinbacher of Tesch & Stabenow were tried in a British military court and executed for knowingly providing Zyklon B to the SS for use on humans. Gerhard Peters, who served as principal operating officer of Degesch and Heli and also held posts in the Nazi government, served two years and eight months in prison as an accessory before being released due to amendments to the penal code.\nUse of hydrogen cyanide as a pesticide or cleaner has been banned or restricted in some countries. Most hydrogen cyanide is used in industrial processes, made by companies in Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and the US. Degesch resumed production of Zyklon B after the war. The product was sold as Cyanosil in Germany and Zyklon in other countries. It was still produced as of 2008. Degussa sold Degesch to Detia-Freyberg GmbH in 1986. The company is now called Detia-Degesch. Up until around 2015, a fumigation product similar to Zyklon B was in production by Lučební závody Draslovka of the Czech Republic, under the trade name Uragan D2. Uragan means \"hurricane\" or \"cyclone\" in Czech.\nSubsequent use of the word \"Zyklon\" in trade names has prompted angry reactions in English-speaking countries. The name \"Zyklon\" on portable roller coasters made since 1965 by Pinfari provoked protests among Jewish groups in the U.S. in 1993 and 1999. In 2002, British sportswear and football equipment supplier Umbro issued an apology and stopped using the name \"Zyklon\", which had appeared since 1999 on the box for one of its trainers, after receiving complaints from the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre. Also in 2002, Siemens withdrew its application for an American trademark of the word \"Zyklon\", which their subsidiary BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte had proposed to use for a new line of home appliances in the United States. (The firm was already using the name in Germany for one of their vacuum cleaners.) Protests were lodged by the Simon Wiesenthal Center after the trademark application was reported to BBC News Online by one of their readers. French company IPC's product names used \"Cyclone\" for degreasers and suffix \"B\" for biodegradable: \"Cyclone B\" was renamed \"Cyclone Cap Vert\" (\"green cap\") in 2013 after protests from Jewish groups. A rabbi said the name was \"horrible ignorance at best, and a Guinness record in evil and cynicism if the company did know the history of the name of its product.\"\nHolocaust deniers claim that Zyklon B gas was not used in the gas chambers, relying for evidence on the discredited research of Fred A. Leuchter, who found low levels of Prussian blue in samples of the gas chamber walls and ceilings. Leuchter attributed its presence to general delousing of the buildings. Leuchter's negative control, a sample of gasket material taken from a different camp building, had no cyanide residue. In 1999, James Roth, the chemist who had analyzed Leuchter's samples, stated that the test was flawed because the material that was sent for testing included large chunks, and the chemical would only be within 10 microns of the surface. The surface that had been exposed to the chemical was not identified, and the large size of the specimens meant that any chemical present was diluted by an undeterminable amount. In 1994, the Institute for Forensic Research in Kraków re-examined Leuchter's claim, stating that formation of Prussian blue by exposure of bricks to cyanide is not a highly probable reaction. Using microdiffusion techniques, they tested 22 samples from the gas chambers and delousing chambers (as positive controls) and living quarters (as negative controls). They found cyanide residue in both the delousing chambers and the gas chambers but none in the living quarters.", "Carbon monoxide poisoning\nCyanide poisoning\nKurt Gerstein\nMemorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe construction\nMethyl cyanoformate", "", "Cautionary eye irritants used included chloropicrin and cyanogen chloride. \nSoviet officials initially stated that over 4 million people were killed using Zyklon B at Auschwitz, but this figure was proven to be greatly exaggerated. \nThe gas chamber also had to be heated, as the Zyklon B pellets would not vaporize into hydrogen cyanide unless the temperature was 27 °C (81 °F) or above.", "Nelson & Cox 2000, pp. 668, 670–71, 676.\nInternational Cyanide Management Institute.\nHayes 2004, p. 273.\nHayes 2004, pp. 273–274.\nHayes 2004, p. 274.\nChristianson 2010, p. 95.\nHayes 2004, pp. 274–275.\nHeerdt 1926.\nBurnett 2006.\nCockburn 2007.\nHayes 2004, pp. 278–279.\nHayes 2004, p. 280.\nHayes 2004, p. 275.\nHayes 2004, pp. 275–276.\nChristianson 2010, p. 165.\nChristianson 2010, p. 166.\nHayes 2004, Chart, p.357.\nChristianson 2010, pp. 10, 92, 98.\nChristianson 2010, p. 92.\nHayes 2004, p. 281.\nLongerich 2010, pp. 281–282.\nHayes 2004, pp. 2, 272.\nPBS: Auschwitz.\nPiper 1994, p. 161.\nHayes 2004, p. 272.\nSteinbacher 2005, pp. 132–133.\nHayes 2004, pp. 288–289.\nHayes 2004, p. 296.\nHayes 2004, pp. 294–297.\nHayes 2004, p. 283.\nHayes 2004, p. 284.\nBrowning 2004, pp. 526–527.\nPressac & Pelt 1994, p. 209.\nPiper 1994, pp. 158–159.\nRees 2005, pp. 96–97, 101.\nPiper 1994, p. 162.\nSteinbacher 2005, p. 98.\nSteinbacher 2005, pp. 100–101.\nRees 2005, pp. 168–169.\nPressac & Pelt 1994, p. 214.\nLevy 2006, pp. 235–237.\nPiper 1994, p. 170.\nPiper 1994, p. 163.\nPiper 1994, p. 171.\nPiper 1994, p. 174.\nSteinbacher 2005, pp. 123–124.\nShirer 1960, p. 972.\nHayes 2004, pp. 297–298.\nUnited Nations 2002, pp. 545, 171, 438.\nDzombak et al. 2005, p. 42.\nUnited Nations 2002, p. 545.\nBFR 2008.\nHayes 2004, p. 300.\nLučební závody Draslovka.\nNew York Times 1993.\nKatz 1999.\nBBC News & August 2002.\nBBC News & September 2002.\nPiérot 2013.\nOuest-France 2013.\nThe Jewish Press 2013.\nHarmon & Stein 1994.\nMr. Death: Transcript 1999.\nBailer-Gallanda 1991.\nMarkiewicz, Gubala & Labedz 1994.", "\"Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Auschwitz 1940-1945. The Killing Evolution\". PBS. Retrieved 18 December 2019.\nBailer-Gallanda, B. (1991). Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit: NS-Verbrechen und \"revisionistische\" Geschichtsschreibung (in German). J. Bailer, F. Freund, T. Geisler, W. Lasek, N. Neugebauer, G. Spenn, W. Wegner. Wien: Bundesministerium fuer Unterricht und Kultur. ISBN 978-3-901142-07-9.\n\"Bekanntmachung der geprüften und anerkannten Mittel und Verfahren zur Bekämpfung von tierischen Schädlingen nach §18 Infektionsschutzgesetz\" [Notice of tested and approved means and procedures for combating animal pests according to §18, Infection Protection Act] (PDF). Bundesgesundheitsblatt: Bundesgesundheitsbl – Gesundheitsforsch – Gesundheitsschutz (in German). Bundesamtes für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. 51. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2018.\nBrowning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1327-1.\nBurnett, John (January 28, 2006). \"The Bath Riots: Indignity Along the Mexican Border\". NPR. Retrieved May 6, 2017.\nChristianson, Scott (2010). The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25562-3.\nCockburn, Alexander (21 June 2007). \"Zyklon B on the US Border\". The Nation. Retrieved 14 July 2021.\n\"Cyclone B. La réaction de l'entreprise brestoise IPC\". Ouest-France (in French). 4 December 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2015.\nDE patent 438818, Heerdt, Dr Walter, \"Verfahren zur Schaedlingsbekaempfung\", issued 27 December 1926, assigned to Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH.\nDzombak, David A.; Ghosh, Rajat S.; Wong-Chong, George M. (2005). Cyanide in Water and Soil: Chemistry, Risk, and Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3207-9.\n\"Environmental and Health Effects\". International Cyanide Management Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2017.\n\"French Firm's Cleaning Product Name Sounds Like Nazis' Zyklon B\". The Jewish Press. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2015.\n\"Fury over Nazi gas sports shoe name\". BBC News. 29 August 2002. Retrieved 25 September 2014.\nHarmon, Brian; Stein, Mike (August 1994). \"Prussian Blue: Why the Holocaust Deniers are Wrong\". The Nizkor Project. Retrieved 25 September 2014.\nHayes, Peter (2004). From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78227-9.\nKatz, Leslie (August 6, 1999). \"Does name of county fair ride throw Jews for a loop?\". J Weekly. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications. Retrieved 5 August 2015.\nLevy, Alan (2006) [1993]. Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File (Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7.\nLongerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.\nMarkiewicz, Jan; Gubala, Wojciech; Labedz, Jerzy (1994). \"A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz and Birkenau Concentration Camps\". Z Zagadnien Sqdowych. Institute for Forensic Research, Cracow (XXX): 17–27. Retrieved 25 September 2014.\n\"Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. (film transcript)\". Fourth Floor Productions. 1999.\nNelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.\nPiérot, Jean-Paul (5 December 2013). \"Zyklon B, pardon. Cyclone B\". L'Humanité (in French). Retrieved 7 July 2018.\nPiper, Franciszek (1994). \"Gas Chambers and Crematoria\". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 157–182. ISBN 0-253-32684-2.\nPressac, Jean-Claude; Pelt, Robert-Jan van (1994). \"The Machinery of Mass Murder at Auschwitz\". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 183–245. ISBN 0-253-32684-2.\nRees, Laurence (2005). Auschwitz: A New History. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-303-X.\nShirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.\n\"Siemens retreats over Nazi name\". BBC News. 5 September 2002. Retrieved 25 September 2014.\nSteinbacher, Sybille (2005) [2004]. Auschwitz: A History. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. ISBN 0-06-082581-2.\nUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2002). Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments: Chemicals. United Nations Publications. ISBN 978-92-1-130219-6.\n\"Uragan D2\" (in Czech). Lučební závody Draslovka a.s. Kolín. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2018.\n\"'Zyklon' Roller Coaster Sign Is Pulled After Jewish Outcry\". The New York Times. 11 August 1993. Retrieved 5 August 2015.", "Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4.\nSnyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.", "Green, Richard J.; McCarthy, Jamie (July 28, 2000). \"Chemistry is Not the Science: Rudolf, Rhetoric & Reduction\". Holocaust History Project." ]

[ "Zyklon B", "Mode of action", "History", "Corporate structure and marketing", "Use in the Holocaust", "Legacy", "See also", "References", "Explanatory notes", "Citations", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5361639, 5361640, 5361641, 5361642 ]

[ 27244115, 27244116, 27244117, 27244118, 27244119, 27244120, 27244121, 27244122, 27244123, 27244124, 27244125, 27244126, 27244127, 27244128, 27244129, 27244130, 27244131, 27244132, 27244133, 27244134, 27244135, 27244136, 27244137, 27244138, 27244139, 27244140, 27244141, 27244142, 27244143, 27244144, 27244145, 27244146, 27244147, 27244148, 27244149, 27244150, 27244151, 27244152, 27244153, 27244154, 27244155, 27244156, 27244157, 27244158, 27244159, 27244160, 27244161, 27244162, 27244163, 27244164, 27244165 ]

[ "Wolfgang Steinecke (left), who commissioned Zyklus, in conversation with the conductor Heinz Dressel (1957)" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004561-0004%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Internationaler_Kurs_f%C3%BCr_neue_Musik.jpg" ]

[ "Zyklus für einen Schlagzeuger (English: Cycle for a Percussionist) is a composition by Karlheinz Stockhausen, assigned Number 9 in the composer's catalog of works. It was composed in 1959 at the request of Wolfgang Steinecke as a test piece for a percussion competition at the Darmstadt Summer Courses, where it was premièred on 25 August 1959 by Christoph Caskel. It quickly became the most frequently played solo percussion work, and \"inspired a wave of writing for percussion\".", "The work is written for one percussionist playing a marimba, vibraphone (motor off), 4 tom-toms, snare drum, güiro (one or several, if necessary), 2 African log drums (each producing 2 pitches), 2 suspended cymbals of differing sizes, hi-hat, 4 almglocken (suspended, clappers removed), a suspended \"bunch of bells\" (preferably Indian bells or tambourine mounted on a stand), at least 2 high pitched triangles, gong (with raised boss in center) and tam-tam.", "The title of Zyklus is reflected in its form, which is circular and without a set starting point. The score is spiral-bound, and there is no \"right-side up\"—it may be read with either edge at the top. The performer is free to start at any point, and plays through the work either left to right, or right to left, stopping when the first stroke is reached again. (In this way, it is an example of what Stockhausen calls \"polyvalent\" form.) The instruments are arranged in a circle around the performer, in the order they are used in the score. The notation is only conventional in some details, and an early review of this first graphic score by Stockhausen remarked that \"The initial impression is that one is looking not at a score, but at a drawing by Paul Klee\". Zyklus contains a range of notational specificity, from exactly fixed at one extreme, to open, \"variable\" passages at the other. Stockhausen composed these elements using a nine-degree scale of statistical distribution, but states that the listener is not \"supposed to identify these nine degrees when you hear the music, nevertheless the music that results from such a method has very particular characteristics...\".\nIn principle, the percussionist decides on the starting point and direction through the score only at the moment of commencing a performance, but in practice this is almost universally worked out well in advance. Only the percussionist and composer Max Neuhaus has consistently performed spontaneous versions.", "Brandt, Brian, and Michael Hynes (prod.). 2014. Stockhausen: Complete Early Percussion Works. Steven Schick, James Avery, Red Fish Blue Fish. DVD recording, region 0, NTSC, Dolby 5.1 surround/DTS 5.1 surround, aspect ratio 16:9, color. Mode 274. New York: Mode Records.", "Kurtz 1992, p. 96.\nLewinski 1959.\nStockhausen 1989, p. 51.\nNeuhaus 2004.", "Kurtz, Michael. 1992. Stockhausen: A Biography. Translated by Richard Toop. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-14323-7.\nWolf-Eberhard von Lewinski. 1959. \"Klausur, Studio und Forum in Kranichstein.\" Melos 28:302.\nNeuhaus, Max. 2004. Liner notes to Four Realizations of Stockhausen’s Zyklus. Alga Marghen CD ALGA 054CD.\nStockhausen, Karlheinz. 1989. Stockhausen on Music: Lectures and Interviews. Edited by Robin Maconie. London and New York: Marion Boyars. ISBN 0-7145-2887-0 (cloth) ISBN 0-7145-2918-4 (pbk).", "Frisius, Rudolf. 2008. Karlheinz Stockhausen II: Die Werke 1950–1977; Gespräch mit Karlheinz Stockhausen, \"Es geht aufwärts\". Mainz, London, Berlin, Madrid, New York, Paris, Prague, Tokyo, Toronto: Schott Musik International. ISBN 978-3-7957-0249-6.\nGerber, Stuart W. 2003. \"Karlheinz Stockhausen's Solo Percussion Music: A Comprehensive Study\". DMA diss. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati.\nGill, Michael James. 1988. \"Zyklus: A Performer's Analysis\" [and] \"A Video Taped Timpani Method Utilizing Computer Assisted Instruction for Ear Training\". Ph.D. diss. Hattiesburg: The University of Southern Mississippi.\nSilberhorn, Heinz. 1977. \"Analyse von Stockhausens Zyklus für einen Schlagzeuger\". Zeitschrift für Musiktheorie 8, no. 2:29–50.\nStockhausen, Karlheinz. 1964. \"Nr. 9: Zyklus für einen Schlagzeuger (1959).\" In his Texte zur Musik, vol. 2 (Aufsätze 1952–1962 zur musikalischen Praxis), edited by Dieter Schnebel, 73–100. DuMont Dokumente. Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg.\nWilliams, B. Michael. 2001. \"Stockhausen: Nr. 9 Zyklus\". Percussive Notes 39, no. 3 (June): 60–62, 64–67." ]

[ "Zyklus", "Instrumentation", "Form", "Filmography", "References", "Cited sources", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361643 ]

[ 27244166, 27244167, 27244168, 27244169, 27244170, 27244171, 27244172, 27244173, 27244174 ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Zylan_Cheatham.jpg" ]

[ "Zylan Cheatham (born November 17, 1995) is an American professional basketball player for the Birmingham Squadron of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the San Diego State Aztecs and the Arizona State Sun Devils. He has played in the NBA for the New Orleans Pelicans and the Utah Jazz.", "Cheatham grew up in South Phoenix and initially attended St. Mary's High School. He transferred to South Mountain High School after his freshman year, playing basketball there for two seasons before transferring to Westwind Preparatory Academy. Cheatham transferred back to South Mountain after learning the school did not meet the NCAA's academic standards and retook all of his junior courses simultaneously with his senior courseload in order to graduate on time. Ranked a consensus four star and top 100 recruit, Cheatham committed to San Diego State over offers from Arizona State, New Mexico, Georgetown, Miami and Utah.", "", "Cheatham spent three seasons as a member of the San Diego State Aztecs, redshirting his freshman season after breaking the fifth metatarsal in his left foot. As a redshirt freshman, he averaged 7.9 points and 5.4 rebounds per game. In his redshirt sophomore season, Cheatham averaged 9.1 points and 6.3 rebounds and was named honorable mention All-Mountain West Conference. He was named the Most Outstanding Player of the 2016 Diamond Head Classic after averaging 15.7 points and 9.3 rebounds over four games as the Aztecs won the mid-season tournament. Following the season, Cheatham announced that he would be leaving the program.", "Cheatham transferred to Arizona State University for his final season of NCAA eligibility, citing a desire to play closer to home. He averaged 12.2 points and a Pac-12 Conference-leading 10.3 rebounds per game and was named first-team All-Pac-12 and to the conference's All-Defensive team in his redshirt senior season. He was named Pac-12 player of the week on December 3rd, 2018 following the second triple double in ASU history after recording 14 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in an 83–71 win over Texas.", "", "Cheatham participated in the NBA G League Elite Camp and worked out for several teams before the 2019 NBA Draft, but was not selected in the draft. He participated in the 2019 NBA Summer League as a member of the New Orleans Pelicans roster, averaging 5.8 points, 6.5 rebounds, and 1.2 blocks in six games. Cheatham signed a two-way contract with the Pelicans on July 24, 2019. Cheatham made his NBA debut on November 16, 2019 in a 109–94 loss against the Miami Heat, scoring two points with three rebounds and an assist in 14 minutes of play.", "Cheatham was acquired by the Oklahoma City Thunder as part of a four-team trade on November 24, 2020 and his two-way contract was converted to a standard NBA contract. However, they waived him on December 2.\nOn December 18, 2020, Cheatham signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves, but was waived at the conclusion of training camp. He played the season for the Iowa Wolves.", "On September 24, 2021, Cheatham re-signed with the New Orleans Pelicans. However, he was waived on October 9. On October 25, he signed with the Birmingham Squadron. In 13 games, he averaged 14.2 points, 10.5 rebounds, 2.1 assists, 1.15 steals and 30.6 minutes while shooting 48.7 percent from the field, 42.9 percent from three-point range and 80.6 percent from the foul line.\nOn December 21, 2021, Cheatham signed a 10-day contract with the Miami Heat using the COVID-related hardship allowance, but was placed in the COVID-19 protocols. Cheatham did not appear in any games for the Heat during his tenure.\nOn January 3, 2022, Cheatham was re-acquired by the Squadron.", "On January 12, 2022, Cheatham signed a 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz. Cheatham appeared in one game for the Jazz. With a couple of days left on his contract, he was assigned to the Jazz's G League affiliate, the Salt Lake City Stars, where he made his debut on January 21 before his contract expired.", "Cheatham was re-acquired by the Birmingham Squadron on January 24, 2022.\nOn February 4, Cheatham signed a 10-day hardship contract with the New Orleans Pelicans. However, he didn't play a game for the team. On February 14, Cheatham was reacquired by the Squadron.\nCheatham joined the Milwaukee Bucks for the 2022 NBA Summer League.", "", "", "", "", "Gardner, Michelle (November 4, 2018). \"Zylan Cheatham ready to lead hometown ASU back to prominence\". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved July 27, 2019.\nJones, Kaelen (June 19, 2019). \"Zylan Cheatham Is the NBA Draft's Hidden Gem\". The Crossover. SI.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\nBain, Andrew (January 13, 2015). \"San Diego State Basketball: 4-star freshman power forward Zylan Cheatham will redshirt this season\". MWCConnection.com. SB Nation. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\nOrtiz, Jenna (June 20, 2019). \"Undrafted, ASU's Zylan Cheatham agrees to deal with New Orleans Pelicans\". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\nRoberts, Andy (October 5, 2016). \"San Diego State basketball preview\". MWCConnection.com. Retrieved July 27, 2019.\nZeigler, Mark (April 14, 2017). \"Zylan Cheatham to transfer from SDSU\". The Morning Call. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\nGoodman, Jeff (April 24, 2017). \"San Diego State forward Zylan Cheatham transfers to Arizona State\". ESPN.com. Retrieved July 27, 2019.\n\"Cheatham, Dort lead list of ASU players on 2018–19 All-Pac-12 teams\". ArizonaSports.com. March 11, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.\n\"ASU's Zylan Cheatham named Pac-12 Player of the Week\". ArizonaSports.com. December 3, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\nSorenson, Eric (May 14, 2019). \"Cheatham Happy With Elite Camp Performance\". Sports360AZ.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\n\"Pelicans sign Cheatham and Gray to two-way contracts\". NBA.com. July 24, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2019.\nEichenhofer, Jim (November 17, 2019). \"Behind the Numbers presented by HUB International: Warriors at Pelicans (11/17/19)\". NBA.com. Retrieved November 17, 2019.\n\"Thunder Acquires George Hill, Zylan Cheatham, Josh Gray, Darius Miller, Kenrich Williams, One First and Two Second-Round Draft Picks and a Trade Exception\". NBA.com. November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.\n\"Thunder's Zylan Cheatham: Shipped to Thunder\". CBSSports.com. RotoWire. November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.\n\"Thunder Waives Zylan Cheatham\". NBA.com. December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.\n\"Timberwolves Sign Zylan Cheatham\". NBA.com. December 19, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2021.\n\"Timberwolves Waive Four Players\". NBA.com. December 19, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2021.\nBurrell, Randi (January 25, 2021). \"Wolves Announce 2021 Roster\". NBA.com. Retrieved September 25, 2021.\n\"Pelicans announce 2021 Training Camp information\". NBA.com. September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.\n\"Pelicans waive Cheatham and Harper, sign Banks and Hill\". NBA.com. October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n\"Birmingham Squadron finalize roster for team's first training camp in Birmingham\". NBA.com. October 25, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.\n\"HEAT SIGN ZYLAN CHEATHAM\". NBA.com. December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.\n\"2021–22 NBA G League transactions\". gleague.nba.com. January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.\nMiller, Ryan (January 12, 2022). \"Jazz add Zylan Cheatham on 10-day hardship deal\". KSL Sports. Retrieved January 12, 2022.\n\"Zylan Cheatham returns to the Birmingham Squadron\". NBA.com. January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.\n\"Pelicans sign Cheatham and Oni to 10-day contracts\". NBA. Retrieved February 4, 2022.\n\"2021-22 NBA G League Transactions\". gleague.nba.com. February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.\n\"Milwaukee Bucks 2022 NBA2K23 Summer League Roster\". NBA.com. Retrieved July 5, 2022.", "San Diego State Aztecs bio\nArizona State Sun Devils bio" ]

[ "Zylan Cheatham", "Early life and high school", "College career", "San Diego State Aztecs (2015–2017)", "Arizona State Sun Devils (2018–2019)", "Professional career", "New Orleans Pelicans (2019–2020)", "Iowa Wolves (2021)", "Birmingham Squadron (2021–2022)", "Utah Jazz (2022)", "Return to Birmingham (2022–present)", "Career statistics", "NBA", "Regular season", "College", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361644 ]

[ 27244175, 27244176, 27244177, 27244178, 27244179, 27244180, 27244181, 27244182, 27244183, 27244184, 27244185, 27244186, 27244187, 27244188, 27244189, 27244190, 27244191, 27244192, 27244193 ]

[ "", "Daewoo BC211M by Han-Cheng Bus", "Daewoo Bus BX212 for Sugisaki Kankō Bus, Japan", "Daewoo BF106 operated by HM Transport Inc.", "Daewoo BH117K Nan Jye bodied in Taiwan.", "Daewoo BS120CN by Capital Bus", "Daewoo BS106 by MetroBus", "Daewoo BH117H by Fuhobus Inc.", "Daewoo BC211MA", "DAEWOO BH115 (Route 73) in Bangkok, Thailand", "DAEWOO BF120S (Route 122) in Bangkok, Thailand", "Daewoo BH120-3T by Kuo-Kuang Motor Transportation", "Daewoo BC212 (Route 02) at Tràng Thi, Hanoi", "Daewoo BC312MB (Route 34) at Tràng Tiền, Hanoi, Vietnam", "Daewoo BS106 of Thelman Transit, Inc.", "Daewoo BC095 Euro IV (Route 87) and BC095 Euro III (Route 88) buses at Mỹ Đình Bus Station, Hanoi, Vietnam", "Daewoo GDW6901HGD1 (Route 65) at Long Biên Interchange, Hanoi, Vietnam", "Daewoo BC212MA (Route 26) at Hồ Tùng Mậu, Hanoi, Vietnam" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Zyle_Daewoo_Bus_logo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Han-Cheng_Bus_510-FP_20161008.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Daewoo-BX212-Sugizaki-Kanko.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/HM_Transport_Inc_-_Daewoo_BF106_SR_Cityliner_-_A-891.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Daewoo_BH117K_320KK_Front.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/CapitalBus_708FM.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Seoul_City_Bus03.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/AirbusGroup_FuheBus_2U251_Front.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/CSGB-CNBus_208_533FL_Front.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Daewoo_EURO_II_Bus_73.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Daewoo_122_122-4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/KKBus_478AC_Front.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Daewoo_BC212_3_doors.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Daewoo_BC312MB.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Daewoo_BS106.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Daewoo_BC095_buses_by_Daewoo_Vietnam_in_Hanoi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Daewoo_GDw6901HGD1_in_Hanoi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Daewoo_BC212MA.jpg" ]

[ "Zyle Daewoo Commercial Vehicle is a South Korean manufacturer of buses and is majority owned by Young-An Hat Company, based in Busan. It was established in 2002 as a successor to previous merger, Daewoo Motor Company. These buses are primarily used for public transportation. Daewoo Bus has been in a partnership in 2006 with GM Daewoo (now GM Korea).", "", "Daewoo Bus' principal subsidiaries and partners are:\nZyle Daewoo Bus Corporation (Ulsan, South Korea)\nGuilin Daewoo (Guilin, China)\nDaewoo Bus Costa Rica S.A. (San José, Costa Rica)\nDaewoo Bus Vietnam (Vĩnh Phúc, Vietnam)\nDaewoo Bus Kazakhstan (Semey, Kazakhstan)\nDaewoo Pak Motors (Pvt.) Ltd. (Karachi, Pakistan)\nColumbian Manufacturing Corporation (Santa Rosa, Laguna, Philippines)\nMaster Transportation Bus Manufacturing Ltd. (Taiwan)\nDaewoo Bus Myanmar (Yangon, Myanmar)", "Daewoo Bus Busan Plant. (1960 - ?)", "Big transportation bus (New Model)\nFX212 Super Cruiser\nFX120 Cruising Star\nFX116/115 Cruising Arrow (Some of FX116 are operating as line bus in South Korea with CNG engine)\nBH120F Royal Cruiser II\nBH116 Royal Luxury II\nBig transportation bus\nBX212M Royal Plus\nBX212H/S Royal Hi-decker\nBH120F Royal Cruiser\nBH119 Royal Special\nBH117H Royal Cruistar\nBH116 Royal Luxury\nBH115E Royal Economy\nBH115H Royal Express\nSmally medium-duty bus\nBF106 (Front Engine/Diesel)\nBH090 Royal Star\nLine bus\nBS120CN Royal Nonstep (NGV)\nBS110CN Royal Nonstep (NGV/Diesel)\nBV120MA\nBC211M Royal Hi-city (NGV/Diesel)\nBS106/106L Royal City (NGV/Diesel)\nBS090 Royal Midi\nBC095 (2016-2017: Euro III/2018: Euro IV)\nColumbian Manufacturing/Santarosa Motor Works\nBV115\nBS106\nBH117H\nBS120S\nGuilin Daewoo\nGL6127HK\nGL6128HK\nGDW6117HK\nGL6129HC\nGL6128HW\nGDW6120HG\nGDW6900\nGDW6900HGD\nGDW6901HGD1", "", "Shinjin Micro Bus (1962)\nShinjin Light Bus (1965)\nPioneer (1965)\nFB100LK (1966)\nB-FB-50 (1966)\nDB102L (1968)\nDHB400C (1970)\nDAB (1970)\nRC420TP (1971)", "DB105LC (1972)\nBD50DL (1973)\nBLD24 (1973)\nBD098 (1976)\nBD101 (1976)\nBU100/110 (1976)", "BU120 (1976)\nBL064 (1977)\nBF101 (1977)\nBR101 (1980)\nBH120 (1981)\nBV113 (1982)\nBF105 (1982)", "BV101 (1983)\nBH120S (1983)\nBH115Q (1984)\nBH120H (1985)\nBS105S (1985)\nBS105 (1986)\nBU113 (1986)\nBH115H (1986)\nBH115 (1986)\nBF120 (1987)\nBS106 (1990)\nBH120F (1992)\nBH113 (1994)", "BH117H (1995)\nBM090 (1996)\nBH116 (1997)\nBH115E (1998)", "BF106 (2001)\nBH090 (2001)\nBS090 (2002)\nBV120MA (2002)\nBS120CN (2002)", "BH119 (2003)\nBX212H/S (2004)\nBC211M (2005)\nDM 1724 urban bus\nDM 1731 suburban bus\nFX series (2007)\nBC212MA (2007)", "BF106 (2009)\nBS106 NGV (2010)\nBV115 (2010)\nBS106\nBH117 (2016)", "BH119 (2003)\nBX212H/S (2004)\nBC211M (2005)\nDM 1724 urban bus\nDM 1731 suburban bus\nFX series (2007)\nBC212MA (2007)\nLESTAR(2013)", "BX212M (2019)", "", "Daewoo Bus Global Corporation Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine\n대우버스 부산공장 (부산광역시), Busan factory Daewoo Bus (Busan)\n기업연혁: 신진자동차, Daewoo Bus Company History: Shinjin Motors\nBusan plant, relocated to Ulsan plant, Zyle Daewoo Bus\nhttp://www.youngan.co.kr/busbusiness/history YoungAn > Zyle Daewoo Bus > History\n기업연혁: 신진자동차, Daewoo Bus Company History: Shinjin Motors\n기업연혁: G.M코리아, Daewoo Bus Company History: GM Korea\n기업연혁: 새한자동차, Daewoo Bus Company History: Saehan Motors", "Zyle Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Korean Homepage\nDaewoo Bus Kazakhstan Homepage\nDaewoo Bus Costa Rica Homepage\nThe official distributor of Daewoo Bus Kazakhstan in Russia" ]

[ "Zyle Daewoo Commercial Vehicle", "Operations", "Current Production", "Former Production", "Current products", "Former products", "Shinjin Motor (1955~1971)", "GM Korea Motor Company (1972~1976)", "Saehan Motor Company (1976~1983)", "Daewoo Motor Company (1st, 1983~1994)", "Daewoo Heavy Industry (1994~1999)", "Daewoo Motor Company (2nd, 1999~2002)", "Daewoo Bus (2002~2013)", "Columbian Manufacturing/Santarosa Motor Works", "Zyle Daewoo bus", "Zyle Daewoo Commercial Vehicle", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361645, 5361646, 5361647, 5361648, 5361649, 5361650, 5361651, 5361652, 5361653, 5361654, 5361655, 5361656, 5361657, 5361658, 5361659 ]

[ 27244194, 27244195, 27244196 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Zyliss_USA_Logo.png" ]

[ "Zyliss is a Swiss manufacturer of kitchen utensils. Originally a private company, Zyliss is now a brand owned by DKSH, a Swiss holding company.", "Zyliss was founded by trained bicycle mechanic, Karl Zysset (1907-1998) in 1951. The names Zyliss is based on a combination of the founder's surname and the town of Lyss, Switzerland where the first factory was established.\nThe company launched its first product, the onion chopper, with the slogan \"Zig-Zig Zyliss\".\nIn 1982 the company was sold to two investors who in turn sold the operation in 1985 to the Diethelm Keller Holding Group, now DKSH.\nIn 2001, Zyliss partnered with the design firm, IDEO to develop a series of kitchen products that have gone on to see worldwide success.\nIn the year 2003 the company reduced its number of employees from 105 to 80 and the company's management announced that the production site of Zyliss would be relocated. After a protest in Switzerland the move was cancelled. Thirty staff of the fifty in the Swiss team moved to China during the mid-2000s. The headquarters were also moved to Zurich in December 2005.\nIn 2006, the company, Zyliss AG, was delisted and was consolidated into DKSH. Today, Zyliss is operated by DKB Household Switzerland AG, the household utensil subsidiary of DKSH. This subsidiary currently has 120 employees and in addition to Zyliss they also operate the brand Cole & Mason (salt & pepper grinders and herb and spice tools) and the appliance brands Koenig and Turmix.", "Three notable inventions have been developed by Zyliss including the “Susi” garlic press, the salad spinner, and an onion chopper. The Susi garlic press has an accompanying tool cleaner, and has been produced since the mid-20th century. The company also began creating the Zyliss vise (a home improvement tool) in the 1970s and has sold a slicing mandoline. The company has worked with IDEO on projects including the salad spinner, specifically on the aesthetic and visual components.", "\"Our Brands\". DK Brands. Diethelm Keller Group. Retrieved 2 July 2020.\n\"Handelsregister Tagebuch Nr. 9270\" (PDF). Das Schweizerische Handelsamtsblatt (SHAB). 2006-04-04. Retrieved 2012-10-29.\nWork: Karl Zysset und sein Blitzhacker; workzeitung.ch; abgerufen am 14. August 2012\nGina Bucher (2011-09-25). \"Bequemer Alltag - Zum Gebrauch ungeeignet\". Der Freitag. Retrieved 2012-10-28.\n\"IDEO Partners with Zyliss\". www.ideo.com. IDEO. Retrieved 19 June 2014.\n„Zyliss-Streik - Verbittert sind sie nicht“, Die Wochenzeitung, 27. November 2003\nhttp://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/article990TY-1.334937\n\"Zyliss: Verlagerung nach Asien\". KunststoffWeb (in German).\n\"Etikettenschwindel: Der Schwindel mit der Marke Schweiz\". Beobachter (in Swiss High German).\n\"Handelsregister Tagebuch Nr. 33374\" (PDF). Das Schweizerische Handelsamtsblatt (SHAB). 2005-12-08. Retrieved 2012-10-29.\n\"Zyliss: Verlagerung nach Asien\". www.swissguide.ch.\nEnz, Werner. \"Diethelm Keller Group: Familienunternehmen mit Top-Portfolio\". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German).\nMueller Science: 500 Schweizer Primeurs, Schweizer Erfindungen und Schweizer Entdeckungen ; abgerufen am 14. Aug. 2012\n\"Nervige Küchengeräte - Frauenzimer.de\". Frauenzimmer.de. 2008-11-28. Retrieved 2014-07-14.\n\"schweizer ideen | Land der Erfinder – Das Schweizer Magazin für Innovationen\". Land-der-erfinder.ch. 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2014-07-14.\nLinda Griffith, Fred Griffith (24 October 1998). Garlic, Garlic, Garlic: More than 200 Exceptional Recipes for the World's ... pp. 37–38. ISBN 0547346697. Retrieved 2014-07-28.\nThe Vise wants to do everything. Apr 1973. p. 26. Retrieved 2014-07-26.\nJocelyn chan (Feb 2004). Silver Platter. Orange Coast Magazine. p. 42. Retrieved 2014-07-25.\nMichael F. Ashby, Kara Johnso (19 December 2013). Materials and Design: The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product ... p. 56. ISBN 9780080982823.", "Zyliss Switzerland\nZyliss United States\nZyliss United Kingdom" ]

[ "Zyliss", "History", "Inventions", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361660 ]

[ 27244197, 27244198, 27244199, 27244200, 27244201, 27244202, 27244203, 27244204, 27244205 ]

[ "Bytyqi with Sandnes Ulf in May 2013" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Zymer_Bytyqi.JPG" ]

[ "Zymer Bytyqi (born 11 September 1996) is a footballer who plays as a winger for Konyaspor. He previously played for Sandnes Ulf and Red Bull Salzburg, and became the youngest player that has ever played in the Norwegian top league when he made his first-team debut in 2012 (the record has since been broken by Martin Ødegaard). Born in Belgium to Kosovan parents and raised in Norway, Bytyqi plays for the Kosovo national team.", "", "Bytyqi was born in Belgium to Kosovar immigrants, but moved to Norway at the age of 2. He did not play football before he was 10 years old, when he started to play for Lura IL before he moved to Sandnes Ulf ahead of the 2010 season. In 2011, he played several matches for Sandnes Ulf's reserve team in the Third Division. He also trained with the first team but was ineligible for play in the First Division because of his young age. He gave an impressive performance for Norway U15 in September 2011, partly by scoring the winning goal in one of the matches, and joined Newcastle United on a week-long trial in October 2011. His agent, Jim Solbakken, stated that despite the interest from bigger clubs, it would be best for Bytyqi's development to stay at Sandnes Ulf.\nBytyqi signed a professional one-year contract with Sandnes Ulf in January 2012, and head coach Asle Andersen said that he had never seen such a talented striker, and that he would get his chance in Tippeligaen, following Sandnes Ulf' promotion to the top league. Bytyqi played for Sandnes Ulf during their pre-season, and he also scored a goal in the 6–0 win against Randaberg. After a very solid game for Norway U16 in April 2012, Sandnes Ulf's Director Tom Rune Espedal confirmed interest from English, German and Dutch clubs, but that no club had yet made an offer for Bytyqi, and that they most likely would sell the talented player during the summer. Bytyqi stated that his big dream was to play professionally abroad, but that he wouldn't leave Norway without his family.\nWhen Sandnes Ulf's forwards Tommy Høiland, Vetle Myhre and Gilles Mbang Ondo was out with injury, Bytyqi was included in the squad for the match against Haugesund on 28 May 2012, and made his debut for Sandnes Ulf when he came on as a substitute in the 77th minute. This made him the youngest player in the top league of Norway, aged 15 years, 261 days, beating Sverre Økland's (aged 16 years and 1 day) old record from 2009. The record was broken on 13 April 2015, when Martin Ødegaard made his debut for Strømsgodset aged 15 years and 118 days.\nIn August 2012, Bytyqi was called up for the Norwegian U16-team, a decision that neither Sandnes Ulf or the player was happy about, as Bytyqi could have played the league-game against Lillestrøm and even made his first appearance in the starting line-up due to injuries.", "On 23 August 2012, Bytyqi signed a three-year precontract with Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg and this transfer would become legally effective in January 2013. Red Bull Salzburg reportedly paid a 5 million krone transfer fee. On 9 March 2013, he was sent back on loan to Tippeligaen club Sandnes Ulf for the remainder of the season. On 1 May 2013, he played the first game after the return in the 2013 Norwegian Cup second round against Flekkerøy after being named in the starting line-up.", "On 6 January 2015, Bytyqi signed a three-year contract with Tippeligaen club Viking and received squad number 27. Three months later, he made his debut in a 1–0 away defeat against Mjøndalen after coming on as a substitute at 70th minute in place of Samuel Adegbenro.", "On 8 January 2021, Bytyqi signed a two-and-half-year contract with Süper Lig club Konyaspor and received squad number 14. Two days later, he made his debut against Fatih Karagümrük after coming on as a substitute at 75th minute in place of Deni Milošević, and assists in his side's only goal during a 2–1 away defeat.", "From 2011, until 2015, Bytyqi has been part of Norway at youth international level, respectively has been part of the U15, U16, U17, U18, U19 and U21 teams and he with these teams played 44 matches and scored 7 goals. Whereas, on 2 March 2014, Bytyqi received a call-up from Kosovo for the first permitted by FIFA match against Haiti, and made his debut after coming on as a substitute at 57th minute in place of Ilir Azemi.", "", "Including continental competitions, such as UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League", "", "Viking\n1. divisjon: 2018\nNorwegian Football Cup: 2019", "\"Zymer Bytyqi\". Altomfotball (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 December 2020.\nNilssen, Stig; Fintland, Ola (24 April 2012). \"Sandnes Ulf selger stortalent\". aftenbladet.no (in Norwegian). Stavanger Aftenblad. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\nJacobsen, Øyvind (28 May 2012). \"\"Karate-kid\" ble tidenes yngste i eliteserien\". vg.no (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. Retrieved 1 June 2012.\nLarsen, Jan-Erik (26 February 2012). \"Bytyqi spås å bli en fremtidig Ulf-profil\". aftenbladet.no (in Norwegian). Stavanger Aftenblad. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\nLarsen, Morten Wiik (9 January 2012). \"Zymer Bytyqi signerte med A-laget\" (in Norwegian). Sandnes Ulf. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\nLarsen, Morten Wiik (12 October 2011). \"Norsk 15-åring jaktes av engelske storklubber\". nrk.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\nAarre, Ole (12 October 2011). \"Bytyqi (15) på prøvespill i Newcastle\" (in Norwegian). Sandnesposten. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\nIversen, Espen (25 May 2012). \"15-åring kan få sjansen\". rogalandsavis.no (in Norwegian). Rogalands Avis. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\nHugsted, Christian M. (28 May 2012). \"Her blir han tidenes yngste Tippaliga-spiller\". dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). Dagbladet. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\nBaardsen, Christer (28 May 2012). \"Her blir Zymer Bytyqi (15) historisk: – Han er det største talentet jeg har spilt med\". tv2.no (in Norwegian). TV 2 (Norway). Retrieved 28 May 2012.\n\"Tidenes yngste i Tippeligaen debuterte med målgivende\" [Youngest ever in the Tippeliga made his debut with an assist] (in Norwegian). TV2 (Norway). 13 April 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Med sine 15 år og 118 dager passerte Ødegaard Sandnes Ulfs Zymer Bytyqi (15 år og 261 dager) som tidenes yngste.\nBergh-Johnsen, Jonas (3 August 2012). \"Zymer Bytyqi tatt ut til landslagssamling – vil heller spille i Tippeligaen\". tv2.no (in Norwegian). TV 2 (Norway). Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n\"Sandnes Ulfs stortalent klar for Red Bull Salzburg\" [Sandnes Ulf's great talent ready for Red Bull Salzburg] (in Norwegian). Norwegian TV2. 23 August 2012.\n\"Tidenes yngste Tippeliga-spiller vender tilbake til Sandnes Ulf\" [The youngest ever Tippeliga player returns to Sandnes Ulf] (in Norwegian). Norwegian TV2. 9 March 2013.\n\"Flekkerøy–Sandnes Ulf\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. 1 May 2013.\n\"Zymer klar for tre år\" [Zymer ready for three years] (in Norwegian). Viking FK. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015.\n\"Mjøndalen–Viking\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. 6 April 2015.\n\"Zymer Bytyqi ile 2.5 yıllık sözleşme imzaladık\" [We signed a 2.5-year contract with Zymer Bytyqi] (in Turkish). Konyaspor. 8 January 2021.\n\"Fatih Karagümrük: 2 – İttifak Holding Konyaspor'umuz: 1\" [Fatih Karagümrük: 2 – Ittifak Holding Konyaspor: 1] (in Turkish). Konyaspor. 10 January 2021.\n\"Zymer Bytyqi debuton me asist\" [Zymer Bytyqi debuts with an assist]. TopSporti (in Albanian). 10 January 2021.\n\"Zymer Bytyqi – Landslagstatistikk\" [Zymer Bytyqi – National team statistics] (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. Retrieved 8 October 2015.\n\"Kosova shpall listën anti-Haiti\" [Kosovo announces the anti-Haiti list]. Albeu (in Albanian). 2 March 2014.\nZymer Bytyqi at Soccerway \n\"Zymer Bytyqi\". Altomfotball (in Norwegian). Retrieved 10 January 2021.\n\"Zymer Bytyqi\". eu-football.info. Retrieved 12 January 2020." ]

[ "Zymer Bytyqi", "Club career", "Early career and Sandnes Ulf", "Red Bull Salzburg and return to Sandnes Ulf as loan", "Viking", "Konyaspor", "International career", "Career statistics", "Club", "International", "Honours", "References" ]

[ 5361661 ]

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[ "Zymne Monastery", "", "Conditions of the monastery in 1988", "Beginning of restoration of the Assumption Church in 1988", "Entrance to the monastery", "Inside the monastery" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2 ]

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[ "The Assumption Monastery at the Holy Mountain (Ukrainian: Святогорський Успенський Зимненський ставропігійний монастир, Uspenskyi Svyatohorskyi Monastery) is a stauropegial Russian Orthodox cave monastery belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine). It is located at the top of the Holy Mountain rising above the Luh River near the village of Zymne. It is five kilometers south of Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast, Ukraine.", "The origin of the monastery is uncertain, but a monastic legend attributes its foundation to Vladimir the Great. He was said to have built two churches and his winter palace there, from which the village takes its name. It is also claimed that the first hegumen of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra died there on his way from Tsargrad to Kiev in the 11th century.\nThe monastery was first mentioned in documents in 1458. It was controlled by the Greek Orthodox Church until 1698, when it joined the Uniate Church in union with Catholic Church (Union of Brest). Within several decades, the monastic community ceased to exist.\nSometime after the third partition of Poland, in 1857 its cathedral was revived as a Russian Orthodox parish church. In 1893, the monastery was reestablished as a Russian Orthodox nunnery. The Soviets dissolved this sisterhood after annexing Volynia in 1939 following its invasion and occupation. The convent was revived during the period of the German occupation, but reduced to a parish church in 1945 after the area became part of Soviet Ukraine. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it reopened in 1990. It was given stauropegic status in 1996.", "The monastery has a rectangular plan, articulated by defensive walls with towers, built in the 15th and 16th centuries. Each wall is pierced by a wide arch from the 17th century. One round tower in the southern wall was built up into a belltower in 1898-99. The style of this neo-Muscovite building is out of harmony with the quaint beauty of the other towers.\nThe four-pillared Assumption Katholikon was built with funds provided by Prince Fyodor Chartoryisky. He also donated two fine bells, one of which is now on exhibit on the monastery grounds. The katholikon was completed and consecrated in 1495, when the Gothic influence in the region was still paramount. It was modernized for the first time in 1550 and since then has been renovated and reconstructed, in keeping with prevalent ideology of the period. The Uniates dismantled its flanking towers in 1724 and reshaped its facade in what was then contemporary Polish fashion. The Russians redecorated the building in the Russian Revival style, but the church was damaged during World War I. It was repaired by the Poles in the 1930s. Its roofing was again destroyed during World War II. The five golden domes were added later in the 20th century.\nThe oldest building in the complex is the miniature Trinity Church (1465–75), a stone copy of the wooden churches of Volynia. It is situated on the mountain slope to the south from the cathedral, outside the monastery walls. A 16th-century refectory has a church dedicated to Saint Juliana; it is the oldest refectory church in the country.\nBetween Trinity Church and the cathedral is the entrance to the caves occupied by the earliest monks here. The caves make up two parallel corridors joined in the middle. The cave church is consecrated to Saint Barlaam.", "Nikolsky A.V. Монастыри. Энциклопедический словарь. Moscow Patriarchate Publishers, 2000.\nLutsk Art Gallery Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", "Media related to Zymne Monastery at Wikimedia Commons\nViews of the monastery" ]

[ "Zymne Monastery", "History", "Architecture", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361662, 5361663, 5361664, 5361665 ]

[ 27244225, 27244226, 27244227, 27244228, 27244229, 27244230, 27244231 ]

[ "", "Zymogenetics headquarters, as viewed from Lake Union in Seattle, Washington" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/Logo_of_Company_ZymoGenetics.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/ZymogeneticsAsViewedFromLakeUnion.jpg" ]

[ "ZymoGenetics, Inc was one of the oldest biotechnology/pharmaceutical companies in the USA, based in Seattle, Washington. The company was involved in the development of therapeutic proteins. Located on Lake Union, the address of the ZymoGenetics headquarters was 1201 Eastlake Avenue East. It was closed in 2019 after its acquisition by Bristol Myers Squibb.\nThe company was founded in 1981 by Professors Earl W. Davie and Benjamin D. Hall of the University of Washington and 1993 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Michael Smith of the University of British Columbia. Soon after its founding, ZymoGenetics began working on recombinant proteins with Danish company Novo Nordisk, and was acquired by that company in 1988. It was spun off as a public company in 2000. Bristol-Myers Squibb acquired the company in 2010 for $885 million.\nZymoGenetics' headquarters was previously in the landmark Lake Union Steam Plant building. This structure was built from 1914 to 1921 by Seattle City Light, the municipal electric utility. At the time, the building was in poor condition with many broken windows; Bruce Carter, the chief executive at the time, described it as \"the mother of all fixer-uppers\". In December 2016, ZymoGenetics announced that they would not renew the lease to the Steam Plant building, due to expire in 2019; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center later moved into it. At the time, ZymoGenetics did not plan on closing its Bothell manufacturing site; however, it was sold to Seattle Genetics in August 2017. ZymoGenetics closed completely in 2019.", "In late 2013, the company's president, Stephen W. Zaruby, left and took up the president and chief executive officer roles at Aurinia Pharmaceuticals.", "Pollack, Andrew (23 October 2000). \"ZymoGenetics Will Become Independent of Novo Nordisk\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ZymoGenetics Inc. said it had arranged for $150 million in private financing that would allow it to become independent of its parent company, Novo Nordisk A.S. of Denmark.\n\"ZymoGenetics, a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company\". Bristol-Myers Squibb. Archived from the original on Mar 22, 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2015.\nMcGrane, Clare (November 1, 2018). \"Bristol-Myers Squibb will close its Seattle Zymogenetics operations next year\". GeekWire. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020.\nRomano, Benjamin (November 1, 2018). \"Seattle biotech stalwart ZymoGenetics prepares for year-end closure\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020.\nTimmerman, Luke (25 January 2011). \"Bristol-Myers Squibb to Stay in Seattle, Keep ZymoGenetics Workers\". Xconomy. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ZymoGenetics, the venerable biotech founded in 1981.\n\"Novo Nordisk completes divestment of ZymoGenetics, Inc\". Bionity.com. 13 October 2010. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Novo Nordisk has been a shareholder of ZymoGenetics since 1988 and at the time of the transaction, Novo Nordisk owned 22,143,320 shares, equalling close to 26% of the share capital.\nCarroll, John (8 September 2010). \"BMS forges $885M deal to buy ZymoGenetics\". FierceBiotech. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Bristol-Myers Squibb has struck a deal to buy Seattle-based ZymoGenetics for $885 million.\n\"Bristol-Myers Squibb buying ZymoGenetics\". September 7, 2010. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020.\nTimmerman, Luke (13 September 2010). \"What Will Happen to ZymoGenetics' Landmark Headquarters when Bristol Calls the Shots?\". Xconomy. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015.\nRomano, Benjamin (June 15, 2018). \"The Hutch's 30-year journey to the Lake Union steam plant\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020.\nLerman, Rachel (December 14, 2016). \"ZymoGenetics won't renew South Lake Union lease\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020.\nRomano, Benjamin (June 11, 2018). \"Hutch cancer center will put labs in Seattle's historic Lake Union steam plant\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020.\nErb, George (August 1, 2017). \"Seattle Genetics buys biotech factory in Bothell\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020.\nSlatko, Joshua (December 2013). \"BMS changes senior management team\" (PDF). People on the Move: Biopharma. Med Ad News. Vol. 32, no. 12. p. 27. ISSN 1067-733X. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2020.", "Official website\nWorldwide Patent Search in European Patent Office Database for ZymoGenetics\nList of Patents from United States Patent and Trademark Office for ZymoGenetics" ]

[ "ZymoGenetics", "Corporate governance", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361666 ]

[ 27244232, 27244233, 27244234, 27244235, 27244236, 27244237, 27244238, 27244239 ]

[ "", "", "Zymoetz (Copper) River", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

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[ "The Zymoetz River is a tributary of the Skeena River in the Canadian province of British Columbia.", "The Zymoetz River (local name \"Copper River\") originates in the Coast Mountains and flows generally south and west to join the Skeena River just east of Terrace, British Columbia.", "", "List of British Columbia rivers", "\"Zymoetz River\". BC Geographical Names." ]

[ "Zymoetz River", "Course", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361667, 5361668, 5361669 ]

[ 27244240 ]

[ "Plasmodium knowlesi hemoglobinase imprint.[1]" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Plasmodium_knowlesi_hemoglobinase_imprint.jpg" ]

[ "Zymography is an electrophoretic technique for the detection of hydrolytic enzymes, based on the substrate repertoire of the enzyme. Three types of zymography are used; in gel zymography, in situ zymography and in vivo zymography For instance, gelatin embedded in a polyacrylamide gel will be  digested by active gelatinases run through the gel. After Coomassie staining, areas of degradation are visible as clear bands against a darkly stained background.\nModern usage of the term zymography has been adapted to define the study and cataloging of fermented products, such as beer or wine, often by specific brewers or winemakers or within an identified category of fermentation such as with a particular strain of yeast or species of bacteria.\nZymography also refers to a collection of related, fermented products, considered as a body of work. For example, all of the beers produced by a particular brewery could collectively be referred to as its zymography.\nSee also Zymology or the applied science of zymography. Zymology relates to the biochemical processes of fermentation, especially the selection of fermenting yeast and bacteria in brewing, winemaking, and other fermented foods. For example, beer-making involves the application of top (ale) or bottom fermenting yeast (lager), to produce the desired variety of beer. The synthesis of the yeast can impact the flavor profile of the beer, i.e. diacetyl (taste or aroma of buttery, butterscotch).", "Samples are prepared in a standard, non-reducing loading buffer for SDS-PAGE. No reducing agent or boiling are necessary since these would interfere with refolding of the enzyme. A suitable substrate (e.g. gelatin or casein for protease detection) is embedded in the resolving gel during preparation of the acrylamide gel. Following electrophoresis, the SDS is removed from the gel (or zymogram) by incubation in unbuffered Triton X-100, followed by incubation in an appropriate digestion buffer, for an optimized length of time at 37 °C. The zymogram is subsequently stained (commonly with Amido Black or Coomassie brilliant blue), and areas of digestion appear as clear bands against a darkly stained background where the substrate has been degraded by the enzyme.", "The standard protocol may require modifications depending on the sample enzyme; for instance, D. melanogaster digestive glycosidases generally survive reducing conditions (i.e. the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or DTT), and to an extent, heating. Indeed, the separations following heating to 50 °C tend to exhibit a substantial increase in band resolution, without appreciable loss of activity.\nA common protocol used in the past for zymography of α-amylase activity was the so-called starch film protocol of W.W. Doane. Here a native PAGE gel was run to separate the proteins in a homogenate. Subsequently, a thin gel with starch dissolved (or more properly, suspended) in it was overlaid for a period of time on top of the original gel. The starch was then stained with Lugol's iodine.\nGel zymography is often used for the detection and analysis of enzymes produced by microorganisms. This has led to variations on the standard protocol e.g. mixed-substrate zymography.\nReverse zymography copolymerizes both the substrate and the enzyme with the acrylamide, and is useful for the demonstration of enzyme inhibitor activity. Following staining, areas of inhibition are visualized as dark bands against a clear (or lightly stained) background.\nIn imprint technique, the enzyme is separated by native gel electrophoresis and the gel is laid on top of a substrate treated agarose.\nZymography can also be applied to other types of enzymes, including xylanases, lipases and chitinases.", "SDS-PAGE", "Hempelmann, E.; Putfarken, B.; Rangachari, K.; Wilson, R.J.M. (1986). \"Immunoprecipitation of malarial acid endopeptidase\". Parasitology. 92 (2): 305–312. doi:10.1017/S0031182000064076. PMID 3520446.\nVandooren J, Geurts N, Martens E, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G (2013). \"Zymography methods for visualizing hydrolytic enzymes\". Nat Methods. 10 (3): 211–220. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2371. PMID 23443633. S2CID 5314901.\n\"Gelatin zymography protocol | Abcam\". www.abcam.com. Retrieved 2017-05-12.\nMartínez TF, Alarcón FJ, Díaz-López M, Moyano FJ (2000). \"Improved detection of amylase activity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with copolymerized starch\". Electrophoresis. 21 (14): 2940–2943. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(20000801)21:14<2940::AID-ELPS2940>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 11001307.\nSnoek-van Beurden PA, Von den Hoff JW (2005). \"Zymographic techniques for the analysis of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors\". BioTechniques. 38 (1): 73–83. doi:10.2144/05381RV01. PMID 15679089.\nDoane WW (1969). \"Amylase variants in Drosophila melanogaster: linkage studies and characterization of enzyme extracts\". J Exp Zool. 171 (3): 31–41. doi:10.1002/jez.1401710308. PMID 5348624.\nLantz MS, Ciborowski P (1994). \"Zymographic techniques for detection and characterization of microbial proteases\". Methods Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology. 235: 563–594. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(94)35171-6. ISBN 9780121821364. PMID 8057927." ]

[ "Zymography", "Gel zymography", "Variations on the standard protocol", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361670 ]

[ 27244241, 27244242, 27244243, 27244244, 27244245, 27244246, 27244247, 27244248, 27244249 ]

[ "Beer fermenting at a brewery" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Wye_Valley_fermenter.jpg" ]

[ "Zymology, also known as zymurgy, is an applied science that studies the biochemical process of fermentation and its practical uses. Common topics include the selection of fermenting yeast and bacteria species and their use in brewing, wine making, fermenting milk, and the making of other fermented foods.", "Fermentation can be simply defined, in this context, as the conversion of sugar molecules into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast.\n{\\displaystyle \\mathrm {C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}\\rightarrow 2CO_{2}+2C_{2}H_{5}OH} }\nFermentation practices have led to the discovery of ample microbial and antimicrobial cultures on fermented foods and products.", "French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first 'zymologist' when in 1857 he connected yeast to fermentation. Pasteur originally defined fermentation as \"respiration without air\".\nPasteur performed careful research and concluded:\n\"I am of the opinion that alcoholic fermentation never occurs without simultaneous organization, development and multiplication of cells … . If asked, in what consists the chemical act whereby the sugar is decomposed … I am completely ignorant of it.\"\nThe German Eduard Buchner, winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize in chemistry, later determined that fermentation was actually caused by a yeast secretion, which he termed 'zymase'.\nThe research efforts undertaken by the Danish Carlsberg scientists greatly accelerated understanding of yeast and brewing. The Carlsberg scientists are generally acknowledged as having jump-started the entire field of molecular biology.", "All alcoholic drinks including beer, cider, kombucha, kvass, mead, perry, tibicos, wine, pulque, hard liquors (brandy, rum, vodka, sake, schnapps), and soured by-products including vinegar and alegar\nYeast leavened breads including sourdough, salt-rising bread, and others\nCheese and some dairy products including kefir and yogurt\nChocolate\nDishes including fermented fish, such as garum, surströmming, and Worcestershire sauce\nSome vegetables such as kimchi, some types of pickles (most are not fermented though), and sauerkraut\nA wide variety of fermented edibles made from soy beans, including fermented bean paste, nattō, tempeh, and soya sauce", "From the Ancient Greek: ζύμωσις + ἔργον, \"the workings of fermentation\".", "Sreeramulu, Zhu & Knol (2000).\nDemain, Martens & Knol (2017).", "Demain, Arnold L.; Martens, Evan; Knol, Wieger (2017). \"Production of valuable compounds by molds and yeasts\". The Journal of Antibiotics. 70 (4): 347–360. doi:10.1038/ja.2016.121. ISSN 0021-8820. PMC 7094691. PMID 27731337.\nSreeramulu, Guttapadu; Zhu, Yang; Knol, Wieger (2000). \"Kombucha Fermentation and Its Antimicrobial Activity\". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (6): 2589–2594. doi:10.1021/jf991333m. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 10888589.", "Winemaking: Fundamentals of winemaking: zymology\nLife Sciences: List of life sciences" ]

[ "Zymology", "Fermentation", "History", "Products", "Notes", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 5361671 ]

[ 27244250, 27244251, 27244252, 27244253, 27244254, 27244255 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Zymosan.png" ]

[ "Zymosan is a glucan with repeating glucose units connected by β-1,3-glycosidic linkages. It binds to TLR 2 and Dectin-1 (CLEC7A). Zymosan is a ligand found on the surface of fungi, like yeast. \nZymosan is prepared from yeast cell wall and consists of protein-carbohydrate complexes. It is used to induce experimental sterile inflammation. In macrophages, zymosan-induced responses include the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, arachidonate mobilization, protein phosphorylation, and inositol phosphate formation. Zymosan A also raises cyclin D2 levels suggesting a role for the latter in macrophage activation besides proliferation. It potentiates acute liver damage after galactosamine injection suggesting that certain types of nonparenchymal cells other than Kupffer cells are involved in zymosan action.", "Sato M, Sano H, Iwaki D, et al. (2003). \"Direct binding of Toll-like receptor 2 to zymosan, and zymosan-induced NF-kappa B activation and TNF-alpha secretion are down-regulated by lung collectin surfactant protein A\". J. Immunol. 171 (1): 417–25. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.417. PMID 12817025.\nhttp://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/Z4250", "Zymosan at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)" ]

[ "Zymosan", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361672 ]

[ 27244256 ]

[ "", "Ripe pycnidia of Zymoseptoria tritici in a primary leaf of a susceptible wheat seedling. High humidity stimulates the extrusion of cyrrhi, tendril-like mucilages containing asexual pycnidiospores that are rain-splash dispersed over short distances.", "", "", "", "", "", "Simultaneous penetration of a wheat leaf stoma by three germ tubes of sexual airborne ascospores (arrows) of Zymoseptoria tritici.", "Chromosomes 1-13 are the largest and essential. Chromosomes 14-21 are smaller and dispensable.", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 6, 6, 6 ]

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[ "Zymoseptoria tritici, synonyms Septoria tritici, Mycosphaerella graminicola, is a species of filamentous fungus, an ascomycete in the family \tMycosphaerellaceae. It is a wheat plant pathogen causing septoria leaf blotch that is difficult to control due to resistance to multiple fungicides. The pathogen today causes one of the most important diseases of wheat.\nIn 2011, Quaedvlieg et al. introduced a new combination for this species: Zymoseptoria tritici (Desm.) Quaedvlieg & Crous, 2011, as they found that the type strains of both the genus Mycosphaerella (linked to the anamorph genus Ramularia) and the genus Septoria (linked to the genus Septoria, an extensive clade of very distinct septoria-like species within the Mycosphaerellaceae) clustered separately from the clade containing both Zymoseptoria tritici and Z. passerinii. Since 2011, a total of eight Zymoseptoria species have been described within the genus Zymoseptoria; Z. tritici (the type of the genus Zymoseptoria), Z. pseudotritici, Z. ardabiliae, Z. brevis, Z. passerinii, Z. halophila, Z. crescenta and Z. verkleyi (Named after Gerard J.M. Verkleij, for the contribution that he has made to further the understanding of the genus Septoria).", "This fungus causes septoria tritici blotch of wheat, a disease characterized by necrotic blotches on the foliage. These blotches contain asexual (pycnidia) and sexual (pseudothecia) fructifications.\nAsexual state (anamorph, asexual stage was previously named as Septoria tritici): Pycnidiospores are hyaline and threadlike and measure 1.7-3.4 x 39-86 μm, with 3 to 7 indistinct septations. Germiniation of pycnidiospores can be lateral or terminal. Cirrhi are milky white to buff. Sometimes in culture nonseptate, hyaline microspores, measuring 1-1.3 × 5-9 μm, occur outside pycnidia by yeastlike budding.\nSexual state (teleomorph): Pseudothecia are subepidermal, globose, dark brown, and 68-114 μm in diameter. Asci measure 11-14 × 30-40 μm. Ascospores are hyaline, elliptical, and 2.5-4 × 9-16 μm, with two cells of unequal length.", "Zymoseptoria tritici represents an intriguing model for fundamental genetic studies of plant-pathogenic fungi. It is haploid plant-pathogenic fungus. Many fungi are haploid, which greatly simplifies genetic studies.\nZymoseptoria tritici was the first species, in 2002, of the family Mycosphaerellaceae to have a linkage map created.\nThe first report of fully sequenced genome of Zymoseptoria tritici from 2011 was the first genome of a filamentous fungus to be finished according to current standards. The length of the genome is 39.7 Mb, that is similar to other filamentous ascomycetes. The genome contains 21 chromosomes, that is the highest number reported among ascomycetes. Furthermore, these chromosomes have an extraordinary size range, varying from 0.39 to 6.09 Mb.\nA striking aspect of Zymoseptoria tritici genetics is the presence of many dispensable chromosomes. Eight of chromosomes could be lost with no visible effect on the fungus and thus are dispensable. Dispensable chromosomes have been found in other fungi but they usually occur at a low frequency and typically represent single or a few chromosomes. Dispensable chromosomes have originated by ancient horizontal transfer from an unknown donor, that was followed by extensive genetic recombination, a possible mechanism of stealth pathogenicity and exciting new aspects of genome structure.\nA surprising feature of the Zymoseptoria tritici genome compared to other sequenced plant pathogens was that it contained very few genes for enzymes that break down plant cell walls, which was more similar to endophytes than to pathogens. Goodwin et al. (2011) suggested, that the stealth pathogenesis of Zymoseptoria tritici probably involves degradation of proteins rather than carbohydrates to evade host defenses during the biotrophic stage of infection and may have evolved from endophytic ancestors.", "The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici has been a pathogen of wheat since host domestication 10,000–12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent. The wheat-infecting lineage emerged from closely related Mycosphaerella pathogens infecting wild grasses. It has coevolved and spread with its host globally. Zymoseptoria tritici shows a significantly higher degree of host specificity and virulence in a detached leaf assay.\nThe emergence and \"co-domestication\" of Zymoseptoria tritici was associated with an adaptation to wheat and an agricultural environment. Endemic descendants of the progenitor of Zymoseptoria tritici are still found on wild grasses in the Middle East; however these \"wild\" pathogens show a broader host range than the \"domesticated\" wheat pathogen. The closest known relative of Zymoseptoria tritici is named Z. pseudotritici B. Zymoseptoria pseudotritici was isolated in Iran from the two grass species Agropyron repens and Dactylis glomerata growing in close proximity to fields planted to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Although Z. tritici is a frequent pathogen of wheat in Iran, no evidence of gene flow between Z. pseudotritici and Z. tritici was detected based on sequence analysis of six nuclear loci.", "Zymoseptoria tritici overwinters as fruiting bodies on crop debris, mostly as pseudothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) but sometimes also some pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). The sexual spores are quantitatively the more significant spores involved in primary inoculum of the disease, while the asexual spores are more significant in the secondary cycle. In early spring, ascospores, the sexual spores of the fungus, are released from the pseudothecia. Ascospores are wind-dispersed and eventually land on the leaves of a host plant (bread wheat or durum wheat). Unlike most other plant pathogens, Zymoseptoria tritici uses a germ tube to enter the host leaf through stomata rather than by direct penetration. There is a long latent period of up to two weeks following infection before symptoms develop. The fungus evades host defenses during the latent phase, followed by a rapid switch to necrotrophy immediately prior to symptom expression 12–20 days after penetration. The period between infection and formation of sporulating structures (latent period) was estimated to be 20.35 ± 4.15 days for Zymoseptoria tritici in Northern Germany and decreased with increasing temperature. Such a switch from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth at the end of a long latent period is an unusual characteristic shared by most fungi in the genus Mycosphaerella. Very little is known about the cause or mechanism of this lifestyle switch even though Mycosphaerella is one of the largest and most economically important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi.\nPrimary inoculum requires wet conditions and cool temperatures of 50-68 °F. Under appropriate environmental conditions, lesions are able to develop on infected leaves, and soon pycnidia begin to develop on the lesions. The pycnidia appear as small dark dots on the lesions. From the pycnidia, conidiospores, the asexual spores of the fungus, are released. These asexual spores are dispersed via rain splash and are response for the secondary inoculum of this polycyclic disease cycle. When the conidiospores are splashed onto leaves, they act similarly to ascospores and cause the development of foliar lesions. In addition to pycnidia, pseudothecia also develop within these lesions. Pycnidia and pseudothecia are the structures in which the fungus overwinters, and the cycle begins again.", "Zymoseptoria tritici is a difficult fungus to control because populations contain extremely high levels of genetic variability and it has very unusual biology for a pathogen. Z. tritici has an active sexual cycle under natural conditions, which is an important driver of septoria tritici blotch epidemics and results in high genetic diversity of populations in the field.\nThe most effective, economical, and simple method of Z. tritici management is planting resistant cultivars. Twenty-one resistant genes have been named, mapped, and published. Mikaberidze and McDonald 2020 found a fitness tradeoff between genes for Septoria tolerance and Septoria resistance in wheat. Some cultivars are resistant in one region but susceptible in another; it depends on the local pathogen population. All varieties of bread wheat and durum wheat are susceptible to the disease to some extent, but planting varieties that have at least partial resistance to the local population of Zymoseptoria tritici can greatly improve yield.\nThere are also cultural management strategies that may be effective, including regular rotation of crops, deep plowing, and late planting. More specifically, rotating a recently infected field to any non-host crop can be useful in minimizing the amount of fungus present in the field. Planting winter wheat after the first ascospore flights in September is a way to reduce primary inoculum of winter wheat.\nFungicide use often simply is not economical for Septoria Leaf Blotch. The rapid evolution of pathogen resistance to fungicides is a major barrier. Zymoseptoria tritici has resistance to multiple fungicides, because it has number of substitutions of CYP51. CYP51 substitutions include Y137F which confers resistance to triadimenol, I381V which confers resistance to tebuconazole and V136A that confers resistance to prochloraz. Chemical control of the pathogen (using fungicides) now relies on the application of SDHIs, azole fungicides which are demethylase inhibitors that inhibit lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) activity.\nThe last method of control for Zymoseptoria tritici is biological control using bacteria. Bacillus megaterium has been shown to cause about an 80% decrease in disease development in the trials done so far. Pseudomonads are also a promising bacterial control option. A benefit to using pseudomonads or bacillus is that they are not harmed by most fungicides, so they can be used in combination with chemical controls. However, resistant cultivars and cultural control methods for Zymoseptoria tritici are generally favored over chemical or biological control methods, mainly because of the high costs associated with biological control.", "The ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes septoria tritici blotch, a foliar disease of wheat that poses a significant threat to global food production. It is the primary foliar disease of winter wheat in most western European countries. Zymoseptoria tritici infects wheat crops throughout the world and is also currently a big problem in Iran, Tunisia, and Morocco. Severe epidemics of the disease have decreased wheat yields by 35-50%. In the United States, Septoria leaf blotch is a very important disease in wheat, second only to wheat rust. An estimated $275 million is lost per year in the US due to this disease. In Europe the annual losses are equivalent to over 400 million USD.\nDifferent areas of the world are currently trying different management strategies. For example, in the Nordic-Baltic region, one of the largest wheat-producing regions of the world, the use of fungicides has substantially increased wheat yields. The fungicides that have been shown to be effective include quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), which, like most fungicides, are expensive to apply in large quantities. As climate change begins to increase temperatures around the globe, Zymoseptoria tritici, along with many other fungal pathogens, is likely to show increased overwintering survival and therefore more substantial primary inocula. The need for effective management techniques will become even more important as the prevalence of Septoria leaf blotch increases with climate change.", "This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from references\nSaccardo P. A. (1884). Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 561.\nDesmazières J. B. H. J. (1842). \"Neuvième notice sur quelques plantes cryptogames, la plupart inédites, récemment découvertes en France, et que vont paraître en nature dans la collection publiée par l’auteur\". Annales Des Sciences Naturelles, Bot., sér. 2, 17: 91-118. page 107.\nBerk. & Curtis M. A. (1874). N. Amer. Fung.: no. 441 bis.\nSprague R. & Johnson A. G. (1944). In: Sprague, Ore. St. Monog., Bot. 6: 32.\nFuckel (1865). Fungi rhenani exsic.: no. 1578.\nFuckel (1870). Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 101.\nSchröter J. (1894). In: Cohn, \"Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien\" (Breslau) 3-2(9): 257-384. page 340.\nStukenbrock E.H., Jørgensen F.G., Zala M., Hansen T.T., McDonald B.A. & Schierup M.H. (2010). \"Whole-Genome and Chromosome Evolution Associated with Host Adaptation and Speciation of the Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola\". PLoS Genetics 6(12): e1001189. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001189\nQuaedvlieg, W.; Kema, G. H. J.; Groenewald, J. Z.; Verkley, G. J. M.; Seifbarghi, S.; Razavi, M.; Gohari, A. M.; Mehrabi, R.; Crous, P. W. (2011). \"Zymoseptoria gen. Nov.: A new genus to accommodate Septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous hosts\". Persoonia. 26: 57–69. doi:10.3767/003158511X571841. PMC 3160802. PMID 22025804.\nRegistry-Migration.Gbif.Org (2021). \"GBIF Backbone Taxonomy\". GBIF Secretariat. doi:10.15468/39omei. \nWittenberg A.H.J., van der Lee T.A.J., Ben M'Barek S., Ware S.B., Goodwin S.B., et al. (2009). \"Meiosis Drives Extraordinary Genome Plasticity in the Haploid Fungal Plant Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola\". PLoS ONE 4(6): e5863. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005863.\nWiese, M.V. (1987). Compendium of wheat diseases. American Phytopathological Society. p. 124.\nGoodwin S.B., Ben M'Barek S., Dhillon B., Wittenberg A.H.J., Crane C.F., et al. (2011). \"Finished Genome of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola Reveals Dispensome Structure, Chromosome Plasticity, and Stealth Pathogenesis\". PLoS Genetics 7(6): e1002070. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002070\nKema, G. H.; Goodwin, S. B.; Hamza, S.; Verstappen, E. C.; Cavaletto, J. R.; Van Der Lee, T. A.; De Weerdt, M.; Bonants, P. J.; Waalwijk, C. (2002). \"A combined amplified fragment length polymorphism and randomly amplified polymorphism DNA genetic kinkage map of Mycosphaerella graminicola, the septoria tritici leaf blotch pathogen of wheat\". Genetics. 161 (4): 1497–1505. doi:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1497. PMC 1462205. PMID 12196395.\n\"Fungal Leaf Spot Diseases of Wheat: Tan spot, Septoria/Stagonospora nodorum blotch and Septoria tritici blotch — Publications\". www.ag.ndsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-06.\nSuffert, F.; Sache, I.; Lannou, C. (April 2011). \"Early stages of septoria tritici blotch epidemics of winter wheat: build-up, overseasoning, and release of primary inoculum: Primary inoculum of Mycosphaerella graminicola\". Plant Pathology. 60 (2): 166–177. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02369.x.\n\"Septoria tritici blotch (STB) of wheat\". Septoria tritici blotch (STB) of wheat. Retrieved 2020-12-06.\nHenze M., Beyer M., Klink H. & Verreet J.-A. (2007). \"Characterizing meteorological scenarios favorable for Septoria tritici infections in wheat and estimation of latent periods\". Plant Disease 91: 1445-1449. \nMarkell, Sam (26 October 2006). \"Fungal Leaf-Spotting Diseases of Wheat: Septoria Blotch, Stagonospora Blotch and Tan Spot\". University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Retrieved 6 December 2020.\nBrown, James K.M.; Chartrain, Laëtitia; Lasserre-Zuber, Pauline; Saintenac, Cyrille (June 2015). \"Genetics of resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici and applications to wheat breeding\". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 79: 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.017. PMC 4510316. PMID 26092788.\nPagán, Israel; García-Arenal, Fernando (2020-08-25). \"Tolerance of Plants to Pathogens: A Unifying View\". Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Reviews. 58 (1): 77–96. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012749. ISSN 0066-4286. S2CID 218632778.\n\"Leaf Blotch Diseases of Wheat—Septoria tritici Blotch, Stagonospora nodorum Blotch and Tan Spot\". ohioline.osu.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-06.\nMullins J. G. L., Parker J. E., Cools H. J., Togawa R. C., Lucas J. A., et al. (2011). \"Molecular Modelling of the Emergence of Azole Resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola\". PLoS ONE 6(6): e20973. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020973.\nDownie, Rowena C.; Lin, Min; Corsi, Beatrice; Ficke, Andrea; Lillemo, Morten; Oliver, Richard P.; Phan, Huyen T. T.; Tan, Kar-Chun; Cockram, James (2021-07-27). \"Septoria Nodorum Blotch of Wheat: Disease Management and Resistance Breeding in the Face of Shifting Disease Dynamics and a Changing Environment\". Phytopathology. American Phytopathological Society. 111 (6): PHYTO–07–20–028. doi:10.1094/phyto-07-20-0280-rvw. hdl:20.500.11937/83208. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 33245254. S2CID 227181536.\nJalli, Marja; Kaseva, Janne; Andersson, Björn; Ficke, Andrea; Nistrup-Jørgensen, Lise; Ronis, Antanas; Kaukoranta, Timo; Ørum, Jens-Erik; Djurle, Annika (October 2020). \"Yield increases due to fungicide control of leaf blotch diseases in wheat and barley as a basis for IPM decision-making in the Nordic-Baltic region\". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 158 (2): 315–333. doi:10.1007/s10658-020-02075-w. ISSN 0929-1873. S2CID 220611931.\nCotuna, Otilia (2018). \"Influence of Crop Management on the Impact of Zymoseptoria tritici in Winter Wheat in the Context of Climate Change: An Overview\". Research Journal of Agricultural Science. 50: 69–76.", "USDA ARS Fungal Database\nvan Ginkel, M.; A. McNab; J. Krupinsky (1999). Septoria and stagonospora diseases of cereals: A compilation of global research (PDF). CIMMYT. p. 186pp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-10-29.\nOrton E. S., Sian Deller S. & Brown J. K. M. (2011). \"Mycosphaerella graminicola: from genomics to disease control\". Molecular Plant Pathology 12(5): 413-424. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00688.x." ]

[ "Zymoseptoria tritici", "Description", "Genetics", "Evolution", "Life cycle", "Disease Management", "Disease Importance", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361673 ]

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[ "Zymosterol is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. Disregarding some intermediate compounds (e.g. 4-4-dimethylzymosterol) lanosterol can be considered a precursor of zymosterol in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. The conversion of zymosterol into cholesterol happens in the endoplasmic reticulum. Zymosterol accumulates quickly in the plasma membrane coming from the cytosol. The movement of zymosterol across the cytosol is more than twice as fast as the movement of cholesterol itself." ]

[ "Zymosterol" ]

[ 5361674 ]

[]

[ "Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East, F. Nightingale, 1858" ]

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[ "Zymotic disease was a 19th-century medical term for acute infectious diseases, especially \"chief fevers and contagious diseases (e.g. typhus and typhoid fevers, smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, erysipelas, cholera, whooping-cough, diphtheria, etc.)\".\nZyme or microzyme was the name of the organism presumed to be the cause of the disease.\nAs originally employed by William Farr, of the British Registrar-General's department, the term included the diseases which were \"epidemic, endemic and contagious,\" and were regarded as owing their origin to the presence of a morbific principle in the system, acting in a manner analogous to, although not identical with, the process of fermentation.\nIn the late 19th century, Antoine Béchamp proposed that tiny organisms he termed microzymas, and not cells, are the fundamental building block of life. Béchamp claimed these microzymas are present in all things—animal, vegetable, and mineral—whether living or dead. Microzymas coalesce to form blood clots and bacteria. Depending upon the condition of the host, microzymas assume various forms. In a diseased body, the microzymas become pathological bacteria and viruses. In a healthy body, microzymas form healthy cells. When a plant or animal dies, the microzymas live on. His ideas did not gain acceptance.\nThe word zymotic comes from the Greek word ζυμοῦν zumoûn which means \"to ferment\". It was in British official use from 1839. This term was used extensively in the English Bills of Mortality as a cause of death from 1842. In 1877, Thomas Watson wrote in a Scientific American article \"Zymotic Disease\" describing contagion as the origin of infectious diseases.\nRobert Newstead (1859–1947) used this term in a 1908 publication in the Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, to describe the contribution of house flies (Musca domestica) towards the spread of infectious diseases. However, by the early 1900s, bacteriology \"displaced the old fermentation theory\", and so the term became obsolete.\n\nIn her Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East, Florence Nightingale depicts \nThe blue wedges measured from the centre of the circle represent area for area the deaths from Preventible or Mitigable Zymotic diseases; the red wedges measured from the centre the deaths from wounds, & the black wedges measured from the centre the deaths from all other causes.", "Kennedy, Evor (1869). Hospitalism and Zymotic Disease (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co.\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Zymotic Diseases\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nHess, David J. (1997). Can bacteria cause cancer?: alternative medicine confronts big science. NYU Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-8147-3561-4.\nMarjorie Cruickshank (1 January 1981). Children and Industry: Child Health and Welfare in the North-west Textile Towns During the Nineteenth Century. Manchester University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7190-0809-2. Retrieved 23 June 2013.\nScientific American, \"Zymotic Disease\". Munn & Company. 1877-07-07. p. 5." ]

[ "Zymotic disease", "References" ]

[ 5361675 ]

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[ "ZynAddSubFX on Linux" ]

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[ "ZynAddSubFX (also now called Zyn-Fusion) is a free and open-source software synthesizer for Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. As of version 3, the completely new user interface is being released under proprietary terms with an open-source-eventually intention while the synthesis engine remains under the original GPL terms.\nFor sound generation it has three hybrid synth engines that combine additive, subtractive, Fourier and other synthesis methods. No external samples are used to produce the sound; everything is done by synthesis.\nThe synthesizer has effects like reverberation, echo, chorus, distortion, equalization and others, and supports microtonal tunings.\nThe original author of ZynAddSubFX is Romanian programmer Nasca Octavian Paul. The project was started in March 2002 and the first public version (1.0.0) was released on September 25, 2002. Since 2009, the new maintainer is Mark McCurry.", "ZynAddSubFX combines several different methods of audio synthesis in order to create sounds: additive synthesis by the ADSynth engine, subtractive synthesis by the SUBSynth engine, and an original algorithm used to generate wavetables in the PADSynth engine.", "ZynAddSubFX was featured in the KVR One-Synth-Challenge contest.\nIn November 2013, unfa released an album that was entirely made with ZynAddSubFX.\nSlavonic pagan ambient project Svitlo albums were created using ZynAddSubFX as synthesizer.", "Yoshimi (synthesizer), Linux only, based on ZynAddSubFX 2.4.0\nFree audio software\nLinux audio software", "ZynAddSubFX license\n\"ZynAddSubFX 3.0.0 Demo\". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"About ZynAddSubFX\". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Microtuning Features Updated\". Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2013.\n\"ZynAddSubFX\". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Open Source projects - Paul Nasca\". www.paulnasca.com. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"ZynAddSubFX News\". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Contributing To ZynAddSubFX\". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"PADsynth algorithm\". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020.", "ZynAddSubFX home page" ]

[ "ZynAddSubFX", "Sound generation", "Music made with ZynAddSubFX", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "Zync Global Pvt Ltd is an Indian company that offers tablets, phablets, and GSM mobile services in India. Apart from tablet manufacturing, the company is moving into the mobile and accessories manufacturing.", "Zync launched India's first tablet, the Z-990, to come pre-loaded with Android 4.0 (ice cream sandwich). It has a 7-inch capacitive display (800x480 pixel), 1.2Ghz processor, 1GB RAM and 4GB internal storage (expandable via microSD card). Other specifications include a front VGA camera for video calls, mini-HDMI out, full size USB 2.0 port with host functionality (works with keyboards and 3G USB dongles), mini-USB for data connectivity, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and GPS. Apart from Z-990, Zync has also launched several other tablets.", "\"Zync launches Z1000 Android 4.0 tablet for Rs. 10,990 | NDTV Gadgets\". Gadgets.ndtv.com. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2013.\n- \"zync - Latest News on zync\". Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 29 September 2013.\n\"Android 4.0 Zync Cloud Z5 Phone With 5\" Screen And 3G Dual-SIM Available For Rs 9500\". TechTree.com. Retrieved 29 September 2013.\n\"Zync Global Pvt Ltd - Company Profile and News\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 21 April 2021." ]

[ "Zync Global", "Tablets", "References" ]

[ 5361677 ]

[ 27244298, 27244299, 27244300 ]

[ "Early Bronze Age fortified settlement reconstruction.", "Zyndram's Hill topography", "Archaeological site in Maszkowice (Western Carpathians) - excavation area with relics of the Early Bronze Age stone wall revealed in 2016-2018 and the eastern gate after restoration (to the left). October 2018" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Gora_Zyndrama_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Burgwall_Maszkowice_aus_der_Zeit_von_1750_bis_1690_v._Chr._%28Grundriss%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Maszkowice_strefa_badan_w_2018.jpg" ]

[ "Zyndram’s Hill (pol. Góra Zyndrama) is an archaeological site located in southern Poland, in Maszkowice village, Łącko commune. It was a prehistoric defensive settlement occupied in the Early Bronze Age (1750-1550 BC), in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age (950-400 BC) and in the La Tène Period (200-50 BC).\nThe hill itself is a part of the Beskid Wyspowy range, which belongs to the Northern Carpathians area. The site is located 410 meters above the sea level and its plateau is rising significantly (several dozen meters) above the Łącko Basin and the Dunajec river valley. In the 60's and 70's it was excavated by Maria Cabalska from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Marcin S. Przybyła (also from JU in Kraków) has undertaken new research project since 2010. The new excavations and studies brought a spectacular bunch of informations.\nAnalysis of the artifacts proves that at first (1750-1550 BC) the settlement was inhabited most probably by a population of the Ottomány culture. In this period (ca. 1750 BC) a monumental stone wall construction was built around the hillfort's plateau (the local sources of sandstone was used). This example of stone architecture is one of the oldest in Europe (excluding the Mediterranean Area and the British Isles) and it is the oldest in Poland. The stone wall of the Zyndram's Hill in terms of technical solutions has connections with Alpine and Mediterranean constructions. That suggests that some of the founders of the settlement were from the southern parts of Europe. Archaeologists discovered also the remains of dwellings from this period.\nThe plateau was inhabited afresh in the Late Bronze Age after a 500-year-long hiatus. The settlement of the second phase (950-400 BC) was most probably much bigger. According to the stratigraphic observations the remains of the earliest stone construction was reused. The wooden and earthen fortifications were also built. The population of this phase was most probably related to more local societies of the Carpathian area (i.e. the Gava culture) and the tradition of the so-called Urnfield culture.\nThe last settlement episode may be connected with the La Tène Period (200-50 BC). Zyndram's Hill was inhabited by the population of the Puchov culture. It is assumed that the occupied area shrunk significantly in this period.\nLocal tradition and legends wanted to relate Zyndram's Hill with the castle of Zyndram of Maszkowice (a Polish medieval knight and royal official). This assumption was denied by the archaeologists who proved the prehistorical origin of the hillfort and its fortifications.", "Przybyła, Marcin S.; Skoneczna, Magdalena. \"The fortified settlement from the Early and Middle Bronze Age at Maszkowice, Nowy Sącz district (Western Carpathians). Preliminary results of studies conducted in the years 2009–2012\". Recherches Archéologiques. Nouvelle Série. 3: 5–66.\n\"Archeologia UJ. Odkrycia niezwykłych kamiennych konstrukcji na Górze Zyndrama w Maszkowicach\". Retrieved 15 May 2017.\nPrzybyła, Marcin S. (2016). \"Early Bronze Age stone architecture discovered in the Polish Carpathians\". AKorrBl. 46 (3): 291–308. Retrieved 15 May 2017.\nZdziebłowski, Szymon (2016-05-12). \"Unique nearly 4 thousand years old house discovered in Maszkowice\". PAP - Science and Scholarship in Poland. Retrieved 15 May 2017.\nPrzybyła, Marcin S.; Skoneczna, Magdalena (2011). \"The fortified settlement from the Early and Middle Bronze Age at Maszkowice, Nowy Sącz district (Western Carpathians). Preliminary results of studies conducted in the years 2009–2012\". Recherches Archéologiques. Nouvelle Série. 3: 5–66. Retrieved 15 May 2017.\nMadyda-Legutko, Renata (1996). Zróżnicowanie kulturowe polskiej strefy beskidzkiej w okresie lateńskim i rzymskim. Kraków: Rozprawy Habilitacyjne UJ." ]

[ "Zyndram's Hill", "References" ]

[ 5361678 ]

[ 27244301, 27244302, 27244303 ]

[ "in a detail of Battle of Grunwald by Jan Matejko", "Słońce coat of arms of Zyndram z Maszkowic" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Grunwald_Zyndram.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Blason_ville_fr_Nerac_%28LotGaronne%29.png" ]

[ "Zyndram z Maszkowic (Zyndram of Maszkowice, c. 1355 – c. 1414) was a Polish 14th and 15th century knight. His coat of arms was Słońce.\nZyndram was first mentioned in 1388 as a mayor of Jasło. He bought the post from a certain Jakusz Trzop for 100 grzywnas. He was also the Sword-bearer of the Crown. In February 1390, Zyndram took part in the military campaign against the Teutonic Order. The following year, he was yet again called to arms and took part in several battles against the Order in Lithuania and northern Poland.\nZyndram was ordered to organize the defense of a nodal castle of Kamieniec Litewski, east of the Białowieża Forest. Probably for successfully fulfilling this task, he was promoted to the starost of Jasło. In 1409, Zyndram was called to arms by king Władysław II Jagiełło to take part in his offensive against the Teutons. During the famous Battle of Grunwald of 1410, Zyndram was the Grand Camp Leader of the Crown and commander of the Banner of Kraków, composed of elite troops and holding the banner of the whole army. According to Historiæ Polonicæ by Ioannes Longinus, it was the unit commanded by Zyndram that killed the Teutonic commander, Ulrich von Jungingen. For many years, it was also believed that he was commander of all Polish troops in the battle, but recent research proved that this was but a wrong translation of Longinus' chronicle. His part in the battle was also described by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his novel The Teutonic Knights.\nAfter the campaign, Zyndram returned to his domain. In 1413, he extended his domain by renting the village of Przesiecznica from the bishop of Przemyśl in exchange for the defense of the area against the Tartars and bandits from the Beskids. The exact date of his death is unknown, however on 5 June 1414 his wife, Anna, was mentioned as \"Widow of Zyndram\".", "Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth\nZyndram's Hill", "Media related to Zyndram z Maszkowic at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zyndram of Maszkowice", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 5361679, 5361680 ]

[ 27244304 ]