Datasets:

PaulLerner

/

evqa_wikipedia

like 1

[ "Crater Zwicky (big eroded crater in the bottom and center of the image) as seen by a mapping camera attached to the Service Module of Apollo 17", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Zwicky_crater_AS17-M-0837.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Zwicky_N_crater_AS17-P-1931.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Zwicky_N_crater_AS17-154-23687.jpg" ]

[ "Zwicky is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the west of the crater Aitken, and is attached to the western rim of Vertregt. Attached to the northern end of Zwicky is Heaviside. Zwicky is a considerably eroded formation with an irregular rim and interior. Portions of the southern rim still survive, but the remainder has been almost completely eradicated.\nThe satellite crater Zwicky N, located in the midst of the interior of Zwicky, has a relatively dark floor by comparison with the surrounding terrain. This smaller crater has a polygonal outline with relatively smooth inner walls. The interior floor is a lower albedo material that has a cracked surface. It is thought that this is caused by the cooling of molten material, or possibly tectonic movement. This is referred to informally as a \"turtleback crater floor\".\nThe crater is named after astronomer Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974), a professor at Caltech, Pasadena and pioneer in the study of supernovae and of galaxy clusters. The minor planet 1803 Zwicky is also named in his honour.", "By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Zwicky. Zwicky N crater had the proposed name of Ibn Hayyan, but this was not approved by the IAU.", "Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). \"(1803) Zwicky\". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1803) Zwicky. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 144. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1804. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.\n\nAndersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.\nBlue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). \"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\". USGS. Retrieved 2017-06-03.\nBussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.\nCocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.\nMcDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). \"Lunar Nomenclature\". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.\nMoore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.\nWhitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.", "LTO-85C3, Ibn Hayyan, Lunar Topographic Orthophotomap (LTO) Series, Defense Mapping Agency, Scale: 1:250,000" ]

[ "Zwicky (crater)", "Satellite craters", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360945, 5360946, 5360947 ]

[ 27241908, 27241909, 27241910, 27241911 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Zwieback-1.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Pretzel.jpg" ]

[ "Zwieback is a form of rusk eaten in Germany, Poland, Scandinavia, Austria, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. It is a type of crisp, sweetened bread, made with eggs and baked twice. It originated in East Prussia. According to Fabian Scheidler, Albrecht von Wallenstein invented zwieback to feed his mercenary army during the Thirty Years' War. The Mennonites brought Zwieback to the Russian Empire; before the Russian Revolution, when many emigrated to the west, they brought Zwieback to Canada, the United States and other parts of the world.\nThere are two types of zwieback. One type is made by pinching round pieces of dough, placing one piece on top of another, pressing them together by pushing a finger down through both pieces. It is then baked and served as warm soft rolls. This type is identified with Mennonites.\nThe other type is a bread sliced before it is baked a second time, which produces crisp, brittle slices that closely resemble melba toast. Zwieback is commonly used to feed teething babies and as the first solid food for patients with an upset stomach.\nThe name comes from German zwei (\"two\") or zwie (\"twi-\"), and backen, meaning \"to bake\". Zwieback hence literally translates to \"twice-baked\". The French and Italian names, respectively, biscotte and fette biscottate have the same origin, biscotto (biscuit), which also means twice (\"bis-\") baked (-\"cotto\"). The Slovene name is prepečenec which would imply baked over ordinary or overbaked. The Serbo-Croatian name is dvopek which, again, is literally twice (dvo) baked (pek).", "Biscotti\nBrandt (company)\nRussian Mennonite zwieback (Tweebak)\nToast", "Fabian Scheidler, The End of the Megamachine: A Brief History of a Failing Civilization, Washington: Zero Books, 2020, p. 103. Scheidler references Robert Rebitsch, Wallenstein: Biographie eines Machtmenschen, Vienna, 2010, p. 132.\nZwieback - Medical Dictionary Definition\nzwieback - Health Information About zwieback | Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary Of Food and Nutrition" ]

[ "Zwieback", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360948, 5360949 ]

[ 27241912 ]

[ "Zwiebelkuchen in a sheet pan", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Zwiebelkuchen_1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Iridaceae_-_Allium_neapolitanum_%288303567329%29.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Pretzel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Swiss_fondue_2.jpg" ]

[ "Zwiebelkuchen (German for \"onion cake\") is a savory German onion cake made of steamed onions, diced bacon, cream, and caraway seeds on either a yeast or leavened dough.", "Flammkuchen Similar Alsatian and South-Western German dish\nList of onion dishes.", "Kimberly @ The Daring Gourmet. \"Zwiebelkuchen (German Onion Pie)\". The Daring Gourmet. Retrieved 29 January 2015.", "Recipe for a Mainzer Zwiebelkuchen (German)\nRecipe for a Quiche-like Zwiebelkuchen (German)\n Media related to Zwiebelkuchen at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zwiebelkuchen", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360950, 5360951, 5360952, 5360953 ]

[ 27241913 ]

[ "", "Zwiefalten (View towards East)", "Zwiefalter Ach south of Wimsener Höhle", "Gauingen fountain", "Zwiefalten 1890", "Town hall Zwiefalten", "Zwiefalten Abbey", "Zwiefalten" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 3, 4, 13, 17, 17 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Zwiefalten_Abbey_02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Zwiefalten%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Zwiefalter_Ach_s%C3%BCdlich_der_Wimsener_Hoehle_DSC_8690.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Gauingen_Brunnen_1.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Zwiefalten_1890.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rathaus_Zwiefalten%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Zwiefalten5.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Zwiefalten3.jpeg" ]

[ "Zwiefalten is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany located halfway between Stuttgart and Lake Constance. The former Zwiefalten Abbey dominates the town. The former monastery is considered one of the finest examples of late Baroque art.", "The name derives from its location in the valleys of Zwiefalter Aach and the Kessel-Aach and was mentioned first as Zwivaltum in 904.", "The following cities and towns are bordering to the municipality of Zwiefalten (listed clockwise from the north) and belong to the district of Reutlingen and the Alb-Donau-district¹ and district Biberach²:\nHayingen, Emeringen¹, Riedlingen², Langenenslingen² and Pfronstetten.", "The municipality Zwiefalten with the municipality parts Baach, Gauingen, Gossenzungen, Hochberg, Mörsingen, Sonderbuch, and Upflamör Zwiefalten include a total of seven villages, one hamlet (Attenhöfen) and three yards (Loretto, Bühlhof, Straubinger).", "Zwiefalten owes its former value the Benedictine Zwiefalten Abbey, founded in 1089 by monks from Hirsau. Until the 15th century the convent succeeded to buy a large territory on the Swabian Jura. However, the peasants looted during the German Peasants' War 1525 the monastery.\nFor area of the monastery Zwiefalten were the places\nAichelau (today Pfronstetten)\nAichstetten (today Pfronstetten)\nDaugendorf (today Riedlingen)\nDürrenwaldstetten (today Langenenslingen)\nGeisingen (today Pfronstetten)\nMörsingen (today Zwiefalten)\nNeuhausen an der Erms (1750, today Metzingen)\nOberstetten (today Hohenstein)\nÖdenwaldstetten (1750, today Hohenstein)\nPfronstetten\nTigerfeld (today Pfronstetten)\nUnlingen\nUpflamör (today Zwiefalten)\nWilsingen (today Trochtelfingen)\nCeiling painting in Münster\nAt the secularisation of 1803 the monastery was forcibly dissolved. 1812 the royal Württemberg sanatorium was established in the monastery buildings.\nAs part of the Nazi euthanasia killings of Action T4, the State Hospital and Sanatorium Zwiefalten was an intermediate storage for the killing center Grafeneck Castle. At least 1 673 mentally ill women, men, teenagers and children were \"relocated\" 1939/40 on Zwiefalten in other public institutions or to Grafeneck. The so-called \"gray buses\" of the Gemeinnützige Krankentransport GmbH (Gekrat) were always in town in this period. The laid between patients and residents came from Ellwangen, Fußbach, Heggbach, Kaufbeuren, Konstanz, Kork, Krautheim, Liebenau, Maria Berg, Rastatt, Sinsheim and Stetten im Remstal. As part of the \"euthanasia\" -killing action T4, the first transport of 50 women left Zwiefalten on 2 April 1940. Until December 9, 1940 more than 1,000 patients were deported and killed in 22 transports from Zwiefalten to Grafeneck. However, the killing of patients in Zwiefalten was continued with morphine or trional syringe. In 1949 the former director Martha Fauser (Director 1940-1945) was sentenced to a prison term of only one year and six months for the \"crime of manslaughter\". A memorial stone in the cemetery commemorates this event.\nToday the former monastery is the center of Psychiatry Clinic Münster Zwiefalten.", "Incorporated 1938, (535 m above sea level; 260 inhabitants)\nBaach is on the road from Riedlingen to Aachtal. Attenhöfen is a hamlet of four farms on a hill above the right bank of Aach and the southernmost city in the district of Reutlingen.", "Incorporated 1938, (545 m above sea level; 120 inhabitants)\nGossenzugen is located northwest of Zwiefalten in the valley of Zwiefalter Aach.", "Incorporated on 1 January 1975 (738 m above sea level; 140 inhabitants)\nGauingen is on Hochalb on the road to Reutlingen (B 312). A street village that goes down from high surface in a side valley of Zwiefalter Aach.", "Incorporated On 1 January 1975. (685 m above sea level; 80 inhabitants)\nHochberg is five kilometers above Zwiefaltens westwards on the edge of the Tobeltal.", "Incorporated on February 1, 1972 (661 m above sea level; 100 inhabitants)\nMörsingen lies in a valley in the Swabian Jura, about 5 km southwest of Zwiefalten.", "Incorporated on January 1, 1975 (674 m above sea level; 190 inhabitants)\nSonderbuch is lying on the slope of a side valley northeast of Zwiefalten.", "Incorporated on 1 January 1974 (740 m above sea level; 90 inhabitants)\nUpflamör is the highest hamlet and is located west of Zwiefalten.\nSee also: Conquest Mountain", "The population figures are census results (¹) or official updates the State Statistical Office (only primary residences).\nDate Population\nDecember 1, 1871 ¹ 2045\nDecember 1, 1900 ¹ 2414\nMay 17, 1939 ¹ 2559\nSeptember 13, 1950 ¹ 2879\n6 June 1961 ¹ 3037\nMay 27, 1970 ¹ 3000\nMay 25, 1987 ¹ 2334\nDecember 31, 1995 2273\nDecember 31, 2000 2180\nSeptember 30, 2003 2166\nDecember 31, 2005 2133\nDecember 31, 2010 2067", "The council of Zwiefalten has after the last election 15 members (2009: 14). The municipal election held on 25 May 2014 led to the following official results. The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.\nCDU / Civil constituency association 72.7% 11 seats (2009: 73.3%, 11 seats)\nFree Voters Zwiefalten / SPD 27.3% 4 seats (2009: 26.7%, 3 seats)", "The mayor is elected for a term of eight years.\n1962-1990: Karl Ragg (CDU)\n1990-2014: Hubertus-Jörg Riedlinger (SPD)\n2014–2020: Matthias Henne (CDU)\nsince 2020: Alexandra Hepp (CDU)", "Blazon: \"In Blue superimposed two interlocking silver rings that form three circle segments, in which seven (3: 1: 3). six-pointed golden stars appear\"\nThe colors of the emblem have been established with advice from the Archives Directorate Stuttgart in the council meeting on December 15, 1933. The Landratsamt Reutlingen has awarded the flag on March 9, 1982.\nOn a blue background there are two interlocking rings that symbolize the confluence of Zwiefalter-Aach and the Kessel-Aach. The seven golden stars are from the arms of the former counts of Achalm.", "Zwiefalten is twinned with La Tessoualle, France, since August 12, 1973", "Abbey Zwiefalten\nZwiefalten is located on the Upper Swabian Baroque Route.", "Württembergian Psychiatry Museum\nPeterstormuseum: Local museum in the former school building", "Founded at the confluence of two rivers, Zwivaltum was mentioned for the first time in a document by King Ludwig IV dated 15 June 904, but the town's claim to fame is its former Benedictine monastery, the Zwiefalten Abbey, which was founded in 1089 by monks from Hirsau. Counts Luitold von Achalm and Kuno von Wülflingen gave extensive donations the monastery. There was also at one time a convent on the spot, but by the 14th century it was no longer there. Until the 15th century, the monastery was influential, but in 1525 the German Peasants' War resulted in the monastery being plundered.\nIn 1750 the abbey was granted the status of Reichsabtei, which meant that it had the status of an independent power subject only to the Imperial Crown and was free of the rule of Württemberg. By 1802, however, the monastery was dissolved as part of the German mediatization. Today it is part of the psychiatric hospital.\nas Notre-Dame Cathedral, the church in 1806 secularized [8] abbey, considered a masterpiece of the German late Baroque. Construction was started in 1739 by brothers Joseph and Martin Schneider and completed by 1765 by Johann Michael Fischer. The rich interior of the church contains a late Gothic miraculous image of 1430 and baroque frescoed ceilings and an altarpiece by Franz Joseph Spiegler, frescoes by Andreas Meinrad von Au, stucco work by Johann Michael Feuchtmayer d. J., also sculptures and a choir of Johann Joseph Christian.", "Wimsener Höhle (Wimsen cave), a since 1447 well-known sea cave accessible with a boat. The total length is 723 meters, but only 263 m are measured.\nZwiefaltendorfer Tropfsteinhöhle (Zwiefaltendorf stalactite cave), with a length of 27 meters the smallest show cave in Germany. Zwiefaltendorf is subsite of Riedlingen.\nAachtopf (Kesselbach) springs in the valley of Dobel valley, similar to the Blautopf in Blaubeuren.\nHeuneburg (Upflamör) is a Celtic rampart in the forest near Upflamör. The 4.5 hectare site was settled not later than the 7th century BC.\nSchlossberg Sonderbuch with Burgstall Sonderbuch.", "The Narrenzunft Raelle e. V. operates the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht in place.", "", "Zwiefalten is located on the main road B 312. This connects the town to the north with Reutlingen and to the south with Riedlingen.\nThe Public transport is ensured by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 227.", "Zwiefalten has the Münster Hospital Zwiefalten as a psychiatric center.\nThe town was also the seat of the deanery Zwiefalten of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart, which now belongs to the deanery Reutlingen-Zwiefalten headquartered in Reutlingen.", "Münster School Zwiefalten\nHealth and nursing school", "Henry (I.) of Zwiefalten (* in the 13th century; † in the 13th century), Benedictine prior of the monastery Ochsenhausen 1238-1263\nCarl von Sallwürk (1802-?), Hohenzollern official\nGustav Werner (1809-1887), a Protestant pastor and founder of the still existing Gustav-Werner-Foundation", "Ernest Weinrauch (1730-1793), composer and Benedictine Father in the monastery Zwiefalten\nConradin Kreutzer (1780-1849), composer and conductor, visited the Benedictine Abbey Zwiefalten school", "Zwiefalter Klosterbrauerei\nLandschulheim Upflamör", "Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse, Staatsanzeiger, accessed 14 September 2021.\n\"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2020\" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2020] (CSV). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg (in German). June 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021. \nGedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation, Band 1. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0, S. 106\nKreis- und Gemeindewappen in Baden-Württemberg Band 4, Seite 113; Herausgeber: Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg 1987 ISBN 3-8062-0804-2\nFerienstraßen. In: Schwäbische Alb! hin-reisend natürlich the nature place to go. hrsg. von Schwäbische Alb Tourismusverband. Bad Urach 2010; S. 10 f.\nEckart Roloff und Karin Henke-Wendt: Ein Benediktinerkloster als \"Staatsirrenanstalt\". (Württembergisches Psychiatriemuseum) In: Visit your doctor or pharmacist. A tour through German museums of medicine and psychiatry. Band 2, Süddeutschland. Verlag S. Hirzel, Stuttgart 2015, S. 82-84, ISBN 978-3-7776-2511-9", "" ]

[ "Zwiefalten", "Geographical location", "Neighboring communities", "Municipality arrangement", "History", "Baach with Attenhöfen", "Gossenzugen", "Gauingen", "Hochberg", "Mörsingen", "Sonderbuch", "Upflamör", "Population Development", "Council", "Mayor", "Crest", "Twinning", "Things", "Museums", "History", "Natural monuments", "Regular events", "Economy and infrastructure", "Transport", "Facilities", "Education", "Sons and daughters of the town", "Personalities who have worked on site", "Others", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360954, 5360955, 5360956, 5360957, 5360958, 5360959, 5360960 ]

[ 27241914, 27241915, 27241916, 27241917, 27241918, 27241919, 27241920, 27241921, 27241922, 27241923, 27241924, 27241925, 27241926, 27241927, 27241928, 27241929, 27241930, 27241931, 27241932, 27241933, 27241934, 27241935, 27241936, 27241937 ]

[ "Interior of the abbey", "Minster of Our Lady, Zwiefalten", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Zwiefalten_Muenster.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/M%C3%BCnster_Unserer_Lieben_Frau%2C_Zwiefalten_%28Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Zwiefalten_1826.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_High_Altar.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Zwiefalten_Abtei.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Germany_Zwiefalten_M%C3%BCnster_Nebuchadnezzer_and_Zedekiah.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Zwiefalten_Muenster_Deckengemaelde.jpg" ]

[ "Zwiefalten Abbey (German: Kloster Zwiefalten, Abtei Zwiefalten or after 1750, Reichsabtei Zwiefalten) is a former Benedictine monastery situated at Zwiefalten near Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.", "The monastery was founded in 1089 at the time of the Investiture Controversy by Counts Gero and Kuno of Achalm, advised by Bishop Adalbero of Würzburg and Abbot William of Hirsau. The first monks were also from Hirsau Abbey, home of the Hirsau Reforms (under the influence of the Cluniac reforms), which strongly influenced the new foundation. Noker von Zwiefalten was the first abbot and led from 1065–90.\nThe monk Ortlieb wrote a history of the monastery in the early 12th century. Berthold continued it to 1137–38. He served as abbot in 1139–1141, 1146/7–1152/6 and 1158–1169.\nDuring the 12th century Saint Ernest (died 1148) was abbot. Between 1145 and 1149 he participated in the Second Crusade to regain the Holy Lands including Jerusalem.\nAlthough Pope Urban VI granted special privileges to it, Zwiefalten Abbey was nevertheless the private monastery of the Counts of Achalm, later succeeded by the Counts of Württemberg.\nThe abbey was plundered in 1525 during the German Peasants' War.\nChristoph Rassler was abbot from 1658–75 and Augustin Stegmüller was abbot in the 18th century.\nIn 1750 the abbey was granted the status of Reichsabtei, which meant that it had the status of an independent power subject only to the Imperial Crown and was free of the rule of Württemberg.\nOn 25 November 1802, however, it was secularised and dissolved and became a lunatic asylum and later psychiatric hospital, which it is today, as well as the site of the Württemberg Psychiatry Museum.", "The present buildings were constructed in German Baroque style from 1739–47 under the direction of Johann Michael Fischer (1692–1766) of Munich, who began overseeing the work in 1741. The interior, considered a model of Baroque design, is filled with ornate chapels and gilded balustrades, dominated by the high altar, which combines a Gothic statue of the Virgin Mary dating from 1430 with Baroque additions (dating from about 1750) by Johann Joseph Christian (1706–77). The elaborate frescoes are by Franz Joseph Spiegler (1691–1757).", "", "\"ST. ERNEST (d. 1148 A.D.)\". Cathedral of St. Patrick Young Adults © 2010.\n\"Saint Ernest (1148)\". Saint Benedict Center, Richmond, New Hampshire.\nGermany: A Phaidon Cultural Guide, pp. 775-6. Oxford: Phaidon, 1985. ISBN 0-7148-2354-6" ]

[ "Zwiefalten Abbey", "History", "Buildings", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360961, 5360962, 5360963, 5360964, 5360965, 5360966, 5360967 ]

[ 27241938, 27241939, 27241940, 27241941, 27241942 ]

[ "Church of Saint John", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/MOs810_WG_2017_2_%28Notec_Polder%29_%28Church_of_Saint_John_in_Zwierzyn%29_%284%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/POL_gmina_Zwierzyn_COA.png" ]

[ "Zwierzyn [ˈzvjɛʐɨn] (formerly German Neu Mecklenburg) is a village in Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It is the head of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zwierzyn. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Strzelce Krajeńskie and 25 km (16 mi) north-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.\nAccording to Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa (governmental institution responsible for the objects considered most important to the nation's cultural heritage) there is one monument in Zwierzyn, John the Baptist Roman-Catholic Church, which was built in 1767.\nIn 2015 a new railway station was erected in Zwierzyn.\nThe village has a population of 1,300.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zwierzyn, Lubusz Voivodeship", "References" ]

[ 5360968, 5360969 ]

[ 27241943 ]

[ "Church of Saint John of Nepomuk on an island", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Zwierzyniec_-_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%22na_wyspie%22.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Zwierzyniec_browar02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Zwierzyniec1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/PL_Stawy_Echo.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Zwierzyniec_-_budynek_Zarz%C4%85du_Ordynacji_Zamojskich_%2802%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zwierzyniec (Polish: [zvjɛˈʐɨɲɛt͡s]; Ukrainian: Звежинець, romanized: Zvezhynetsʹ) is a town on the Wieprz river in the Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. It has 3,324 inhabitants (2004).\nZwierzyniec is the northernmost town of the Roztocze National Park. The park comprises some of the last remaining sections of the primordial forest of Central Europe, especially spectacular stand of ancient beech trees (Bukowa Gora). It also is a rail junction, located along the Rejowiec Fabryczny - Hrebenne - Munina connection, with a branch line going westwards, to Stalowa Wola, via Biłgoraj.", "The Zwierzyniec settlement was established in the 16th century by the Zamoyski family. \nOne of the features here is an artificial lake with a number of small islands - one of them contains monuments of the hounds belonging to the Polish Queen Marysieńka Sobieska (primo voto Zamoyska).\nOn another island the Zamoyskis built a baroque chapel, which became later the main church of the local Catholic parish. It is now known as the St John Nepomucene's parish church - renovated and expanded in the early 1960s by father Dutkowski. The access to the chapel island is now via a bridge.", "During the occupation of Poland in World War Two, Nazi Germans set up a transit camp in Zwierzyniec for the province-wide Action Zamość. The camp processed 20,000-24,000 Poles, with many victims sent to death camps at Auschwitz and Majdanek.\n\nRace selections based on forcible abduction of children were conducted at Zwierzyniec. The term \"Children of Zamojszczyzna\" originates from this programme.\nThe town also had a Jewish population of between 1,000 and 1,500 Jews. The first transport of Jews during the Holocaust, numbering approximately 52 Jews from Zwierzyniec, Rudka and other surrounding villages, was sent to a death camp in Bełżec in September 1942. A mass extermination of the Jewish population from Zwierzyniec started on October 21, 1942. Some of the Jews were shot dead on the spot; the remaining residents were sent to the railway station at Szczebrzeszyn, from where, together with the Szczebrzeszyn Jews, were sent to a death camp in Bełżec.", "", "Zwierzyniec Brewery\nRoztocze", "Agnieszka Jaczyńska (2012). Aktion Zamosc (PDF). Pamięć.pl Nr 8/2012. OBEP IPN, Lublin: Institute of National Remembrance. 30-35 (1-5 in PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.\nBolesław Szymanik, Zarząd Stowarzyszenia Dzieci Zamojszczyzny w Biłgoraju (2015-08-17). \"72. rocznica likwidacji obozu przesiedleńczego w Zwierzyńcu\". Dzieci zamojszczyzny. Bilgoraj.com. Retrieved 21 August 2015.\nH Matławska. Virtual Sztetl. Lublin: Virtual Sztetl. Retrieved 21 July 2018." ]

[ "Zwierzyniec", "History", "World War II", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360970, 5360971, 5360972 ]

[ 27241944, 27241945, 27241946, 27241947, 27241948 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Zwierzyniec_1.jpg" ]

[ "Zwierzyniec ([zvjɛˈʐɨɲɛt͡s]) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Białowieża, within Hajnówka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Białowieża, 12 km (7 mi) east of Hajnówka, and 60 km (37 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zwierzyniec, Podlaskie Voivodeship", "References" ]

[ 5360973 ]

[ 27241949 ]

[ "Piłsudski's Mound" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/KopiecJ%C3%B3zefaPi%C5%82sudskiego-POL%2C_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" ]

[ "Zwierzyniec is one of 18 districts of Kraków, located in the western part of the city. The name Zwierzyniec comes from a village of same name that is now a part of the district. \nAccording to the Central Statistical Office data, the district's area is 28.73 square kilometres (11.09 square miles) and 20 454 people inhabit Zwierzyniec.", "Zwierzyniec is divided into smaller subdivisions (osiedles). Here's a list of them.\nBielany\nChełm\nOlszanica\nPółwsie Zwierzynieckie\nPrzegorzały\nSalwator\nWola Justowska\nZwierzyniec\nZakamycze", "", "\"Information about Zwierzyniec district\". Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. Retrieved 30 August 2017.", "Official website of Rada Dzielnicy Zwierzyniec\nBiuletyn Informacji Publicznej\nOfficial website of Zwierzyniec" ]

[ "Zwierzyniec (Kraków)", "Subdivisions of Zwierzyniec", "Population", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360974 ]

[ 27241950 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Zwierzyniec%28%C5%82%C3%B3dzkie%29.JPG" ]

[ "Zwierzyniec Duży ([zvjɛˈʐɨɲɛd͡z ˈduʐɨ]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Drużbice, within Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zwierzyniec Duży", "References" ]

[ 5360975 ]

[ 27241951 ]

[ "Zwierzyniecki bridge", "Lateral view" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/WroclawMostZwierzyniecki.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Puente_Zwierzyniecki%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-21%2C_DD_06.jpg" ]

[ "Zwierzyniecki Bridge is located in the eastern part of Wrocław, Poland. The bridge spans the Oder River and is in the immediate vicinity of Wrocław Zoo and the exhibition grounds about Centennial Hall.\nThe bridge was built around 1655 and was originally wooden.\nBetween 1895 and 1897, Karl Klimm designed a new bridge under the supervision of the city architect, Richard Plüddemann and with the help of engineer A. Fruhwirth. The new truss bridge is a single-span steel structure, supported by granite abutments and consists of two parallel-braced rib steel arches placed 12.5 metres apart.\nThe characteristic features of the bridge are four decorative Art Nouveau obelisks made of red sandstone. The bridge is also illuminated at night by bespoke period street lamps.\nDuring the siege of Festung Breslau in 1945, German soldiers, who wanted to prevent an expected attack from the east of the city, prepared to blow the bridge up by planting explosives. The Red Army troops, however, launched an assault from the South, saving Zwierzyniecki bridge from being destroyed\nA marina (Przystań Zwierzyniecka), from which tourist excursion boats launch, is located only a stone's throw from Zwierzyniecki bridge and Wroclaw Zoo.", "Maciej Łagiewski, Mosty Wrocławia. Ossolineum Release, p. 61, 1989 ISBN 83-04-02937-5.\nPhoto of a wooden bridge before demolition in 1895", "Most Zwierzyniecki -Passbrücke, Pass - Brücke, Scheitnig Brücke na portalu polska-org.pl" ]

[ "Zwierzyniecki Bridge", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360976, 5360977 ]

[ 27241952 ]

[ "The town of Zwiesel with the Church of Saint Nicholas", "", "Town hall of Zwiesel", "Zwiesel, former district court", "School for glassmakers", "Evangelic church, Zwiesel" ]

[ 0, 0, 13, 13, 13, 13 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Zwiesel_003.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Wappen_von_Zwiesel.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Rathaus_von_Zwiesel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Zwiesel%2C_ehemaliges_Landgericht.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Glasfachschule_Zwiesel.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Evangelische_Pfarrkirche%2C_Zwiesel.jpg" ]

[ "Zwiesel, Czech: Svízel, is a town located in the lower-Bavarian district of Regen, and since 1972 is a Luftkurort with particularly good air. The name of the town was derived from the Bavarian word stem \"zwisl\" which refers to the form of a fork. The fork of the rivers Großer Regen and Kleiner Regen and the land that lies between these two rivers were called Zwiesel.", "The town of Zwiesel is situated in an extensive valley basin at the foot of the mountain range formed by the peaks of the Großer Arber (1,456 m), Großer Falkenstein (1,315 m) and Kiesruck (1,265 m), exactly at the spot where the two rivers, the Großer Regen and the Kleiner Regen join and form the Black Regen. It is located 10 km to the north-east of the district town of Regen, 35 km from the town of Deggendorf, 30 km from the town of Grafenau and 15 km from the border crossing point at Bayerisch Eisenstein, entry point to the Czech Republic. In addition to be accessed by the federal road B11, the town of Zwiesel has a main railway station run by the Bavarian Forest Railway, where trains depart for Plattling, Bayerisch Eisenstein or Bodenmais at hourly intervals, and for Grafenau at two-hour intervals.", "Zwiesel consists of 11 districts:\nAbleg\nBärnzell\nGlasberg\nGriesbach\nInnenried\nKlautzenbach\nLichtenthal\nRabenstein\nTheresienthal\nZwiesel\nZwieselberg", "In the area of Zwiesel a great diversity of mineralogical compositions can be found and especially the glass manufacturing companies benefited from the outstanding amount of quartz. The most famous mining site is probably the quartz quarry at the mountain \"Hennenkobel\" (the name translates as chicken coop) where many rare and popular minerals were found. The mineral Zwieselite, which can be found there, was named after the glass town of Zwiesel.", "According to the legend, the first settlers were gold diggers. It was in 1255 that Zwiesel was first mentioned as a village with a wooden chapel. In 1280 the area was an important trading centre for goods to and from Bohemia. From the year 1313 on, Zwiesel was already designated to as a market municipality. On 11 September 1560, the municipality of Zwiesel was granted the coat of arms by the Duke of Bavaria, Albrecht V., which is valid still today. Philipp Apian indicated the place on his map of 1568 calling it \"Zwisel\".\nThe development of Zwiesel was frequently hampered by wars and epidemic plagues. I.e. the area was destroyed in 1431 by the Hussites, in 1468 during the \"Böckler\" war and in 1633 by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. In 1741 it was invaded by the Pandurs and in 1809 there was a great battle at the \"Landwehrbergl\" against a horde of Bohemian plunderers.\nIt was as early as in the 16th century that mining started in Zwiesel at the Rotkot mine.\nIn 1767 another church was built, known as \"Bergkirche\", and in 1838 the present town hall was constructed. Serious fires were raging in the municipality in the years 1825, 1832, 1846, 1849 and 1870. With the latter fire, on 19 August 1876, the parish church burst into flames too. Water pipes were laid in 1888, electricity was available from 1896. In the years between 1891 and 1896 the main parish church Staint Nicholas was built. In 1904 Zwiesel was raised to the status of a town and quickly became the economic and cultural centre of the middle part of the Bavarian Forest.\nFrom the very beginning development was driven by glass and timber. The regional glass industry around Zwiesel dates back to the 15th century (the glass hut of Rabenstein was founded in 1421). In 1836 the glass factory of Theresienthal was founded and in 1872 the master glass maker, Anton Müller, started to build the glass works Annathal, which later became the Schott-Werke. Today this factory operates under the name of Zwiesel Kristallglas plc. and is an important producer of goblets in Germany. In 1904 the technical school for glass manufacturing and decorating professions was founded, which continuously developed into a national training centre for glass related professions.\nAt the end of World War II, at noon on 20 April 1945, the bombing of the railway bridges destroyed several houses, 15 civilians lost their lives. On 22 April 1945 Zwiesel was handed over to the American army without any further bloodshed.\nAn outstanding event in recent town history was the Bavarian State Exhibition Bavaria - Bohemia: 1500 years of neighbourhood. Many visitors of the exhibition also came from the neighbouring Czech Republic.", "The name of the town was mentioned in 1254 as \"Zwisel\", soon after in 1301 as \"Zwiseln\", in 1738 as \"Zwisl\" and in 1832 as \"Zwiesel\" or \"Zwisel\". The Middle High German word \"zwisel\" means \"fork\" and refers to the merging of the rivers Großer Regen and Kleiner Regen as well as to a junction of streets.", "In the course of regional reforms the community of Klautzenbach was incorporated on 1 October 1971. On 1 January 1978 the larger part of the community of Rabenstein was added, too. The community of Bärnzell spanning over 1250 hectares with 652 inhabitants living there, was incorporated on 1 May 1978.", "The Protestant church \"Kreuzkirche\"\nRoman Catholic church\nAs early as in the year 1356, the place had an own pastoral worker who was subordinated as vicar to the priest of the town of Regen. In 1558 the branch was raised to the status of a parish. From 1962 there is also the Augustinian monastery Maria Trost (OSA) which was founded by monks of the Sudetenland and which belongs to the Vicariate of Vienna.\nProtestant church\nAs a consequence of the Bavarian Edict of Religion of the year 1803 issued by Elector Maximilian, Protestant Christians started settling in Zwiesel. In 1885 the Evangelic Association Zwiesel was founded and achieved that in 1889 a location for a traveling priest was established in Zwiesel. On 29 May 1895 the neo-Gothic church in the Bahnhofstraße (today renamed in Dr.-Schott-Straße) was inaugurated. In 1922 the Protestant church in Zwiesel was raised to the status of parish. \nNew Apostolic Church\nA New Apostolic Community with its own church house was also established in Zwiesel.", "In the year of 1800 Zwiesel had 803 inhabitants living in 140 houses. As early as in 1810 the one thousandth inhabitant could be counted. In 1867 the market municipality of Zwiesel had 2,303 inhabitants living in 243 houses. By 1900 the number of inhabitants had increased to 3,760 with 333 houses. After World War II the number increased to 5885 inhabitants. The highest level was reached in the year 1984 with 10,670 people registered. Currently 9,257 people live in the town of Zwiesel and its surrounding neighbourhoods.", "", "Since the latest local election on 16 March 2014 the Town Council of Zwiesel is formed as follows:\nCSU: 7 seats\nSPD: 5 seats\nFreie Wähler (Free voters community) FW: 5 seats\nParteifreie Wählergemeinschaft (Independent voters' association) PWG: 4 seats\nThe Greens: 3 seats", "Since the 13 February 2011 Franz Xaver Steininger has been the First Mayor (independent). He was elected the new mayor in the second ballot with 60,57 % of the votes. He was reelected in December 2016 with 55,4 % of the votes.", "Since May 2006 the Glass town of Zwiesel has maintained an official town twinning with the port town of Brake (Lower Saxony) at the river Weser. Brake is approximately 800 km from Zwiesel.", "", "Glass making, brewing, and tourism are the most important industries in the town.", "Michael Adam (born 1984), local politician (SPD), District Administrator of district Regen\nFranz Bernreiter (born 1954), biathlete and bronze medal winner at the 1980 Olympic Games, silver at the 1981 World Cup\nTessa Ganserer (born 1977), politician\nKlaus Gattermann (born 1961), ski racer\nPhilipp Grimm (1909-1984), working leader in several concentration camps\nSusanne Kiermayer (born 1968), sportswoman and silver medalist at the Olympic Games 1996\nLukas Mühl (born 1997), football player\nLutz Pfannenstiel (born 1973), football goalkeeper\nJosef Wenzl (born 1984), cross-country skier and world cup winner\nDragan Holcer (1945-2015), Yugoslavian football player", "Walter Demel (born 1935), cross-country skier\nKlaus Fischer (born 1949), former national football player\nHeinz Wittmann (born 1943), former football league player and two-time German champion (started his career at SC Zwiesel)\nJoseph \"Harry\" Zitzelberger (born 1969), famous software engineer", "Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, accessed 19 July 2021.\n\"Tabellenblatt \"Daten 2\", Statistischer Bericht A1200C 202041 Einwohnerzahlen der Gemeinden, Kreise und Regierungsbezirke\". Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik (in German). June 2021.", "Official site (in German)\nZwiesel tourist office (in German)\nSchott glassmakers" ]

[ "Zwiesel", "Geography", "Division of the town", "Mineralogy", "History", "Etymology", "Incorporations", "Religions", "Demographic development", "Politics", "Town Council", "Mayor", "Twin towns", "Pictures", "Economy", "Sons and daughters of the town", "Other personalities associated with the city", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360978, 5360979, 5360980, 5360981, 5360982, 5360983 ]

[ 27241953, 27241954, 27241955, 27241956, 27241957, 27241958, 27241959, 27241960, 27241961, 27241962, 27241963, 27241964, 27241965, 27241966, 27241967, 27241968, 27241969, 27241970, 27241971 ]

[ "Zwiesel–Bodenmais railway", "Zwiesel station", "The railway viaduct at Reisachmühle", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 4 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/HGG-Bodenmais2xVT.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Zwiesel_Bf.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Eisenbahnviadukt_Reisachm%C3%BChle.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Wappen_Bayer.Staatsbahn.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwiesel–Bodenmais railway was the last railway line to be built in Lower Bavaria, a province of the state of Bavaria in southeast Germany. Nowadays it is route number 907 in the timetable. Construction started in 1921 as part of a move to support this depressed area and it was taken into service on 3 September 1928. The 14.3 km long stub line connects to the Bavarian Forest railway from Plattling to Eisenstein opened on 16 September 1877 and also to the line to Grafenau, Bavaria (KBS 906), opened on 1 September 1890.", "On 9 August 1928 the first test run on the line took place. At the official opening on 3 September 1928 people massed at the stations and halts and the newly opened railway carried about 2,500 passengers to Bodenmais that day. All the reports expressed hopes that the line would soon be extended through the Zeller Valley (Zellertal).\nThe planned extension from Bodenmais through the Zeller Valley to Kötzting did not come to fruition however, because in 1927 the privately run Regentalbahn had opened a railway from Gotteszell to Blaibach just a few kilometres away and, as a result, a connexion between the Forest Railway and the railway network via Cham already existed. There were also important opponents of the extension, und so the construction of the line from Bodenmais to Kötzting was cancelled in the early 1930s on the grounds that the local communities were unable to agree on it.\nSoon after the opening of the route its low profitability became clear. As early as the 1960s there were rumours of its approaching closure. In the 1970s and 80s this topic was repeatedly taken up in the media. In January 1984 there was a major television debate over the continued existence of the line. On 27 September 1984 the Nuremberg railway division admitted that it had been trying for 15 years to reach a decision over the future over the very poorly utilised Zwiesel–Bodenmais route. Despite all fears, the line remained open.", "The line from Zwiesel to Bodenmais has three request stops: at Aussenried, Langdorf and Böhmhof. Only Zwiesel station is still staffed. In 1987 the station property in Bodenmais was bought by Bodenmais market in order to erect a new building there, that serves as a town hall and tourist information centre.\nIn the second half of the 20th century the line was worked by Uerdingen railbuses. From 1993 the Regentalbahn ran this route under contract from the DB with their old Esslingen railbuses, since 1996 these run every hour. The operation has been continued since 1997 by the Regentalbahn with Regio-Shuttles, the journey time being just 19 minutes. The fare deals have been popular with locals and tourists alike.", "de:Bahnstrecke Zwiesel–Bodenmais", "Bavarian branch lines" ]

[ "Zwiesel–Bodenmais railway", "History", "Present-day", "Sources", "See also" ]

[ 5360984, 5360985, 5360986, 5360987 ]

[ 27241972, 27241973, 27241974, 27241975, 27241976 ]

[ "HGG-Waldbahn-Spiegelau-Ohebrücke", "Zwiesel station", "The station at Spiegelau", "Grafenau station in June 2008", "Location of the new platform and bus station in the background. October 2007", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/HGG-Waldbahn-Spiegelau-Ohebr%C3%BCcke.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Zwiesel_Bf.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Bahnhof_Spiegelau.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Bahnhof_von_Grafenau%2C_2008.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Busbahnhof_Grafenau.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Wappen_Bayer.Staatsbahn.jpg" ]

[ "The building of the Zwiesel–Grafenau railway, today route number 906 in the timetable, was begun in 1884 by the Royal Bavarian State Railways and taken into service on 1 September 1890. With a total length of 32 km it linked the towns of Zwiesel and Grafenau in the Bavarian Forest. At Zwiesel railway station it connects to the Bavarian Forest railway (Bayerische Waldbahn) from Plattling to Bayerisch Eisenstein, built by the Bavarian Ostbahn and opened on 16 September 1877, as well as the line to Bodenmais opened on 3 September 1928.\nOn the line are three stations - Zwiesel, Frauenau and Spiegelau, of which only Zwiesel station is manned - and five small request stops as well as the terminus of Grafenau.", "An early plan to extend the line as far as Freyung and the Ilztalbahn with its connexion to Passau was stopped by opposition by the town of Grafenau for a railway route via Riedlhütte and St. Oswald with a station on the Schwaimberg. This promised a higher return as a result of having a station in the vicinity of the town centre. So the line was routed via the town of Grafenau with two halts at Grossarmschlag and Rosenau to the terminus. Subsequent plans to extend the line to Fürstenstein, in order to achieve a connexion to Passau that way, were also dropped.\nIn the beginning two Bavarian D X tank locomotives worked the line. Only two days after the line opened, however, one of these two engines fell down the embankment just before Grafenau; fortunately no-one was injured.\nFrom 1930 to 1960 the privately run Zwieselau Forest Railway terminated in Zwieselau station. This large network of 600-mm narrow gauge track was worked by steam and diesel locomotives that transported logs to the standard railway network. Its loading tracks have long since been lifted by the DB. The former log loading station at Klingenbrunn with its extensive trackage and a connexion to the 600 mm Spiegelau Forest Railway (Spiegelauer Waldbahn) has been reduced today to just one track and classified as a halt (Haltepunkt).\nIn 1953 a connexion was temporarily established (until 1956) to Freyung with a road-rail omnibus. In the second half of the 20th century passenger services were provided by Uerdingen railbuses; initially the VT 95 and later the VT 98. In the 1980s discussions again took place about closing the route. Around 1990 the successors to the railbuses, the DB Class V 100s pushed or pulled one or two branch line coaches with driving cars.\nOn 24 May 1993 the Regentalbahn took over timetabled services on the route with their Esslingen railbuses under contract from DB-Regio Bayern. For a short time rebuilt VT 09 and VT 10 diesel railcars (formerly DB Class ETA 150), were used here. Since the beginning of 1997 the link has been worked by modern Regio-Shuttle rakes. Goods traffic came to an end on 1 October 1994.", "After the line had been thoroughly refurbished in 2002 at a cost of 9.6 million euros, a two-hourly timetable was introduced in 2003 with a journey time of 50 minutes. In summer 2007 the 4.7 km long section of the route between Zwiesel and Zwieselau was completely replaced for 2.3 million euros. In October and November 2008 a further 2.9 km between the stations of Frauenau and Spiegelau was renewed.\nCurrently Grafenau station is being worked on. The track layout is being shortened as part of a redesign of the station site. The bus station on the station forecourt is being completely rebuilt and the storage sheds in the immediate vicinity of the station are being torn down. These are no longer required since the cessation of goods services in 1994. On these areas a shopping centre and car park is being built. The town of Grafenau and the rural county of Freyung-Grafenau have invested a total of 1.3 million euros in this conversion, which also includes re-routing the roads. In summer 2008 the construction of a new platform was begun, which is east of the present one at the end of the line opposite the bus stop. This will enable a shorter connexion between bus and railway and a barrier-free access to public transport facilities.\nEfforts are being made to increase the frequency of rail services to once an hour. Today you can only travel between the times when the train runs on certain buses, in which railway tickets are accepted. In order to enable hourly rail services, however, significant work would be required. The route would have to be upgraded to take faster trains, safety equipment would have to be installed and a crossing point established. The owner of the line, DB Netz AG, has said it is only prepared to do this if the route has permanent safety measures and an order has been secured through the Bayerische Eisenbahngesellschaft. The idea is to enable trains to cross at Spiegelau station, so that, unlike a crossing at the centre of the line in Klingenbrunn, the journey time can be speeded up by several minutes without extending waiting times for connexions at the hub in Zwiesel.", "de:Bahnstrecke Zwiesel–Grafenau", "Zwiesel–Grafenau – Information and photographs of the line" ]

[ "Zwiesel–Grafenau railway", "History", "Current Situation", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 5360988, 5360989, 5360990, 5360991, 5360992, 5360993 ]

[ 27241977, 27241978, 27241979, 27241980, 27241981, 27241982, 27241983, 27241984, 27241985, 27241986, 27241987 ]

[ "Zwiesel station from the street side (2012)", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Bahnhof_Zwiesel_2012_06_14.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Zwiesel_Bf.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Bahnhof_Zwiesel_%28Bay%29_2016.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Rbg-vt26-01.jpg" ]

[ "Zwiesel station is the most important railway hub in the Bavarian Forest. It is the only station of the Lower Bavarian town of Zwiesel. Apart from this station, the town also contains Lichtenthal station in the Zwiesel district of Lichtenthal. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station and has four platform tracks. Zwiesel is located on the railway between Plattling and Bayerisch Eisenstein/Železná Ruda-Alžbětín, also called the Bavarian Forest Railway (Bayerische Waldbahn). In Zwiesel station the lines to Grafenau and to Bodenmais branch off the Bavarian Forest Railway. The lines are maintained by DB Regio and the services are operated by Regentalbahn.", "The station of the glass-making town of Zwiesel was opened on 15 November 1877 along with the Bavarian Forest Railway. Since 1 September 1890, the station has been the starting point of the Zwiesel–Grafenau line. The Zwiesel–Bodenmais branch line was opened on 3 September 1928. Based on the four railway lines that run in all directions, the network around the station is also known as the Zwiesel spider (Zwieseler Spinne).\nStation was strafed by 14th FG P-38s on 16 February 1945 along with a locomotive and 2 x box cars.", "A new island platform was created between September 2006 and July 2007. The platform has three platform edges, numbered 2, 4 (a bay platform) and 5. The height of the platform was raised to 55 cm to allow level access to the trains. During the renovation of the island platform, a style of platform roofing type was used for the first time, which is now known as \"Zwiesel\" roofing and has since been installed at several other stations. The “home” platform has a platform height of 22 cm. €600,000 has been made available to allow it to be raised to 55 cm by the summer of 2013. The rebuilt platform will be 90 metres long. This will give level access to trains from all parts of the station.\nA loading dock is still available to the north of the station building, although the freight station has been closed. The interior of the station building was also renovated during the modernisation of the platforms. Deutsche Bahn operated a DB Service Store until the spring of 2008. This is next to a cafe and a ticket office.\nIn front of the station, there are several bus stops. The station is a central transfer node for the city, so the station is served by the town bus services operated by Regionalbus Ostbayern and Falkenstein buses.", "Until 1987 the Deutsche Bahn VT 601 trains known as the Alpen-See Express (Alpine Lake Express) even brought tourists to Zwiesel and into the Bavarian Forest. Through coaches on the InterCitytrains, IC Arber and IC Bayerwald, ran to Zwiesel until 2000.\nToday railway operations, apart from occasional specials, are only run in regular timetabled service using the yellow-green Regio-Shuttles of the Regentalbahn under the operating name of Waldbahn. Trains from the long-distance stop at Plattling, from Bodenmais station and from the border station of Bayerisch Eisenstein (including trains that are run to and from the Czech station at Špičák) meet every hour just before the hour. On every odd-numbered hour, trains from Grafenau also meet at the station.\nNo regular goods trains call here any more. However, the station's proximity to the Schott glass factory and the availability of its goods sheds mean that it still sees a large amount of goods traffic. There was also a rail connection to Zwiesel Kristallglas.", "", "\"Stationspreisliste 2021\" [Station price list 2021] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.\nEisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.\nWalther Zeitler (1991). Die Bayerische Waldbahn (in German). Passau: Neue Presse. ISBN 3-924484-38-4.\nChristoph Riedel (2012). \"Die Zwieseler Spinne\". Eisenbahn-Magazin (in German) (4): 30–32." ]

[ "Zwiesel (Bay) station", "History", "Infrastructure", "Services", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360994, 5360995, 5360996, 5360997 ]

[ 27241988, 27241989, 27241990, 27241991, 27241992, 27241993, 27241994, 27241995 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Staufen_mountain_germany.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwiesel is a mountain, 1,782 metres high, in the Chiemgau Alps in Bavaria, Germany." ]

[ "Zwiesel (mountain)" ]

[ 5360998 ]

[]

[ "The forest museum in Zwiesel" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Waldmuseum_Zwiesel_-_Fassade.JPG" ]

[ "The Zwiesel Forest Museum (German: Waldmuseum Zwiesel) in the town of Zwiesel on Kirchplatz 3 is a cultural and natural history museum in the Lower Bavarian county of Regen. It is housed in a building formerly part of a girls' school run by an English sister. The exhibition is elaborated in German and Czech. The building also serves as the cultural centre for the town of Zwiesel.", "In the late 19th century a wave of museums were founded in Bavaria, which also affected Zwiesel. From 1904, documents and artefacts from the history of Zwiesel were collected and, one year later, a municipal museum was established, which was housed on the upper floor of the local mortuary. The collection grew steadily and the existing premises became too small. In 1924, the museum found a new home in the former community brewery and later in the fire brigade equipment house on the town square.\nIn the 1960s, its thematic focus changed. Oberforstrat Konrad Klotz (1905-1994), head of the Zwiesel forestry office, and Georg Priehäußer (1894-1974) worked towards a new concept for the museum. In 1966 they succeeded in establishing the first German forest museum in Zwiesel. The flora and fauna of the forest, as well as the subject of \"wood\", became the central features. These areas were supplemented by municipal and regional history as well as by the theme of \"glass\" for Zwiesel, which was indispensable given the centrality of glassmaking in the town.\nUnusual exhibits such as the trunk details of a 400-year-old fir tree or a jungle diorama were integrated into the concept.\nIn 2014, the contents and design of the Forest Museum were revised once again and moved to the former girls' school on Kirchplatz, which is located right next to the neo-Gothic church of St. Nicholas.", "Waldmuseum Zwiesel, Ein Führer durch das Museum, Herausgeber Waldmuseum der Stadt Zwiesel", "Waldmuseum Zwiesel" ]

[ "Zwiesel Forest Museum", "General", "Literature", "External links" ]

[ 5360999 ]

[ 27241996, 27241997, 27241998, 27241999 ]

[ "The crystal glass pyramid", "Share of the Vereinigte Zwieseler und Pirnaer Farbenglaswerke AG, issued January 1923", "A logo of Zwiesel Kristallglas" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Zwiesel_Crystal_Glass_Pyramid.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Vereinigte_Zwieseler_%26_Pirnaer_Farbenglaswerke_1923.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Logo_ZwieselKristallglas.jpg" ]

[ "Zwiesel Kristallglas AG is a manufacturer of crystal glass located in Zwiesel, Germany.", "", "On 25 November 1872 sheet glass was manufactured for the first time in a new glassworks, whose designer was the Zwiesel carter, Anton Mueller. In 1878 a storage hall, a house and stables were added for the factory manager; in 1883 the factory pub was opened.", "On 7 November 1884, Mueller sold the factory with the buildings and a surface area of altogether 3.045 hectares for 36,000 Goldmarks to the brothers Theodor and Gustav Tasche of Cologne. The Zwieseler Farbenglashütte Gebrüder Tasche, generally only called Tasche Glassworks, was converted into a corporation on 21 June 1898. The share capital of the Zwieseler Farbenglashütten, vorm. Gebrüder Tasche, Aktiengesellschaft amounted to 525,000 marks.", "On 1 September 1899, a glass plant in Pirna was acquired for 675,000 marks and the company was renamed the Vereinigte Zwieseler und Pirnaer Farbenglaswerke AG. The share capital was increased to 1,200,000 marks. The Zwieseler plant supplied antique glass, so-called \"Pirna Kathedralglas\".\nThe enterprise was constantly extended and equipped with new technical equipment. The years 1914 to 1918 during World War I, as well as the postwar years, brought significant difficulties. In 1924 the production range was extended, as container glass was produced for the first time for drinking glasses.", "In 1927, increasing automation and sharp competition led to a majority share of the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen, which was finally acquired in 1929. The manufacturing of sheet glass in Zwiesel was abandoned in 1931 in favour of bottle glass production. At that time the plant employed about 450 persons in Zwiesel. During the 1930s glass production stagnated. Due to the scarcity of raw materials in World War II, bottle glass production was stopped altogether on 22 April 1944 and only war-important optical glass was produced.\nSince the Vereinigten Farbenglaswerke AG, as the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen. was called after 1940, lost its main facilities in Jena due to the war, production of optical glass was continued in Zwiesel, until on 10 May 1952 the new main plant in Mainz was opened.", "In Zwiesel a colour glass plant started manufacturing crystal glass in 1953. In 1961 the machine production of cup glasses began, which were quite successful on the glass market. In 1972 the Zwieseler company took over sales of the well-known heat-proof and chemically resistant \"Jena glass\". On 17 August 1972 the company was renamed Schott Zwiesel Glaswerke AG.\nIn the 1970s considerable expansion took place. In 1973 an area of about 100,000 m² was purchased in Zwiesel, on which a new plant was built. The annual turnover increased from 46 million DM in 1971 to 120 million DM in 1978. In 1979 the Schott Zwiesel Glaswerke AG employed about 1,900 workers and was one of Europe's largest cup glass manufacturers.\nAfter further developments in the 1980s a steady decline in the number of jobs took place. In 2001 this number had fallen to 569, while turnover was still approximately 100 million DM.", "After a management buyout in 2001, the two managers Robert Hartel and Andreas Buske acquired the enterprise. This led to a radical reorganization with reduction of the assortment, the selling of stocks and properties, as well as a further reduction in the number of employees to approximately 400 workers. Renaming took place at the same time to \"Zwiesel Kristallglas AG\". Higher price segment catering and hotels were new areas of concentration. On 1 January 2006 the trademark rights for the traditional brand 'Jenaer Glas' were acquired.\nIn 2006 the enterprise was awarded the title \"Turnaround of the Year\" by restaurant magazine impulse and the BDO Deutsche Warentreuhand AG. In 2007 the Zwiesel Kristallglas AG was among the hundred winners of a competition for innovation, the \"Top 100\". Today the enterprise employs over 700 workers, approximately 500 in Zwiesel, and a turnover of over 70 million euro is expected.\nIn the grounds of Zwiesel Kristalglass, the highest crystal glass pyramid of the world (approx. 26 feet high), made from over 93,000 glasses, was unveiled on 25 May 2007.", "\"Schott-Zwiesel. Die Geschichte einer Glashütte im Bayerischen Wald\" Passavia, Passau, 1979", "Official homepage" ]

[ "Zwiesel Kristallglas", "History", "Founding", "Sale", "Renaming and expansion", "Part of Schott AG", "Colour glass plant", "Today", "Literature", "External links" ]

[ 5361000, 5361001 ]

[ 27242000, 27242001, 27242002, 27242003, 27242004, 27242005, 27242006, 27242007, 27242008, 27242009 ]

[ "The Zwieselbacher Rosskogel from the Gleirscher Rosskogel to the south. To the right of the main summit is the north top which bears a summit cross.", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/ZwieselbacherRosskogelFromS.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Austria_relief_location_map.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwieselbacher Rosskogel (3,081 m (AA) or 3,082 m (AA)) is a double peak in the northern Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Its summit offers a sweeping panorama to the north because no other higher mountains impede the view. To the south, by contrast, the view is restricted by higher summits in the Stubai Alps. The first well known ascent took place on 23 August 1881 by Ludwig Purtscheller accompanied by chamois hunter Franz Schnaiter from Zirl.", "The Zwieselbacher Rosskogel is situated in the area of three high valleys: north of the summit is the Kraspes valley (Kraspestal) and, to the east, is the Gleirsch valley (Gleischtal), both side valleys of the Sellrain. To the west of the mountain lies the Zwiselbach valley (Zwiselbachtal), a side valley of the Horlach valley (Horlachtal), which, in turn, opens at Niederthai into the Ötztal valley. From the crest that runs from north to south separating the Zwieselbach and Gleirsch valleys, a side ridge branches off at the Zwieselbacher Rosskogel in a northeasterly direction on which another three-thousander rises just under one kilometre away, the Rotgrubenspitze (3,040 m). On the ridge north of the summit are the peaks of the Weitkarspitzen (up to 2,947 m) and the Kraspesspitze (2,954 m). On the prominent arête to the south at a distance of about 750 metres is another striking peak, the Gleirscher Rosskogel (2,994 m).\nNestling between the ridges that head north and northeast is the small glacier, the Kraspesferner, which had an area of 0.69 km² in 1969, but which has been badly affected by glacial retreat.", "A waymarked mountain path runs over the plateau-like col immediately north of the summit between the Zwieselbacher Rosskogel and Weitkarspitzen. This path serves as a crossing from the Schweinfurter Hut in the west and the New Pforzheim Hut in the east. From this saddle the somewhat lower north top (about 3,070 m), which bears the summit cross, may be reached in just a few minutes. The equally very short crossing from the north summit to the slightly higher south top requires some easy climbing. From either hut one needs about 3 hours in order to gain the summit.\nAnother varied option is an ascent along the southern arête from the col of Gleirscher Jöchl (2,750 m) via the Gleirscher Rosskogel. It was on this route that the first climbers, Purtscheller and Schnaiter, reached the top. The most difficult section of the ridge, especially the steep step immediately south of the main peak was made safer in 2010 by members of the Pforzheim Branch of the Alpine Club by the installation of appropriate climbing aids. In addition, th route is marked as the Via Mandani throughout. In spite of the climbing aids the arête, which is rather exposed in places, requires grade II climbing on the UIAA scale.\nThe Zwieselbacher Rosskogel is very popular as a ski tour and there are numerous routes. It is usually approached from the north, from Haggen through the Krapses valley.", "Georg Jäger: Alpingeschichte kurz und bündig. Region Sellraintal. Österreichischer Alpenverein, Innsbruck 2015, pp. 38 and 48f (online)\nBundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen: ÖK50\nKlier: Alpenvereinsführer Stubaier Alpen. 2006, pp. 203f, see Literature\nNational Snow and Ice Data Center: World Glacier Inventory. Boulder (Colorado, USA) 1999, aktualisiert 2012, doi:10.7265/N5/NSIDC-WGI-2012-02\nMark Zahel: Ötztal: Ötztaler Alpen - Stubaier Alpen. Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 2015, ISBN 3-7633-4461-6, pp. 72f (Google books)\nalmrausch.at: Gleirscher Rosskogel (Pforzheimer Hütte), 2994 m\nMarkus Stadler: Münchner Skitourenberge: 92 traumhafte Skitourenziele. Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 2012, ISBN 3-7633-3065-8, pp. 300ff (Google books)", "Walter Klier: Alpine Club Guide Stubaier Alpen. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 2006, ISBN 3-7633-1271-4\nAlpine Club map Sheet 31/2, 1:25,000, Stubaier Alpen; Sellrain. ISBN 3-928777-73-4" ]

[ "Zwieselbacher Rosskogel", "Location and surrounding area", "Ascent options", "References", "Literature and maps" ]

[ 5361002, 5361003 ]

[ 27242010, 27242011, 27242012, 27242013, 27242014, 27242015, 27242016, 27242017 ]

[ "Company logo" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Zwift_logo.png" ]

[ "Zwift is a massively multiplayer online cycling and running physical training program that enables users to interact, train, and compete in a virtual world.\nZwift was developed by Zwift Inc., which was co-founded by Jon Mayfield, Eric Min, Scott Barger, and Alarik Myrin, in California, United States, North America, in 2014.\nThe Zwift game was released in its beta version in September 2014 and became a paid product with a fee of US$10 per month in October 2015 (equivalent to $11 in 2021). They raised their monthly membership to US$14.99 in November 2017 (equivalent to $17 in 2021).", "In 2012/13 Eric Min had recently sold his previous company, Sakonnet Technology. Min, a lifelong cyclist, found himself confined to riding indoors, and dissatisfied with current interactive options, he believed he could improve on them by \"making cycling social\". Around this time, Min saw an online post by programmer Jon Mayfield describing a \"3D trainer program\" he was developing as a hobby project. Min promptly contacted Mayfield, making arrangements to fly to Los Angeles to speak to him; the two agreed to co-found a company around the project.", "The first virtual world, Jarvis Island, was released as an invite-only beta product on September 30, 2014. The product proved unexpectedly popular, and more than 13,000 applications were received for 1,000 beta places. The launch took place simultaneously in Rapha Clubhouses in London, New York City and San Francisco. By May 2015 Zwift had moved into open beta. A virtual version of the Richmond (Virginia) 2015 UCI Road World Championships Course was introduced on September 3, 2015.\nOn October 30, 2015, Zwift launched as a fully fledged product with a $10 monthly subscription fee.", "Zwift allows players to ride their bicycles on stationary trainers while navigating through virtual worlds. Players may cycle freely around the game world and join organized group rides, races, or workouts with other users. Zwift uses ANT+ or Bluetooth Low Energy technologies to transmit data that, in combination with athlete weight and equipment choices, is used to convert the athlete's efforts as speed and power. \"Smart\" trainers, which include a built-in power meter, permit accuracy in the measurement of watts as well as enabling an immersive technology experience, where resistance is applied or lessened to simulate the gradient encountered on the virtual course. Zwift estimates the power of users on conventional trainers via the user's cadence and the power curve of a wide range of specified trainers.\nZwift was originally available only for users with personal computers. In December 2016 Zwift launched on iOS, and in November 2017, the application became available via Apple TV. Zwift also includes a mobile app which allows users to change direction, take screenshots, communicate via messaging, use power-ups and follow other athletes. As of January 2018, there were over 550,000 accounts.", "In December 2018, Zwift raised a Series B investment of $120 million: the investment round was led by Highland Europe, an English investment company. The CEO Eric Min announced the money would be spent on categories expansion, including eSports tournaments and further development of Zwift Run. Zwift ranked fifth in Fast Company's 2019 Most Innovative Companies (Sports Sector).\nIn September 2020, Zwift raised a $450 million minority investment led by investment firm KKR. The funds will be used to push the development of Zwift's core software platform and bring Zwift-designed hardware to market.", "There are eleven worlds, or maps, in Zwift. Only one is always available: Watopia, a fictitious island, which has seen some of its expansions lean into fantasy, including dinosaurs and riding into an active volcano. This world also includes a recreation of the famous Alpe d'Huez climb. Eight worlds are rotated according to a predetermined schedule. They are: \nRichmond, a realistic depiction of the course used by professional riders in the 2015 UCI Road World Championships in Richmond, Virginia, United States. The course is urban and the first \"real world\" map Zwift attempted;\nLondon, inspired by sections of the 2016 Prudential RideLondon course;\nNew York, a futuristic version of Central Park, with flying cars and elevated glass roads;\nInnsbruck, which recreates parts of the 2018 UCI Road World Championships course;\nYorkshire, a recreation of the finishing circuit of the 2019 UCI Road World Championships course in Harrogate;\nFrance, inspired by the varied scenery of the Tour de France, including a recreation of the famous Mont Ventoux climb;\nParis, a recreation of the traditional finishing circuit of the Tour de France on the Champs-Élysées;\nMakuri Islands, a fantasy landscape inspired by Japanese culture (released on June 1, 2021)\nThe last two worlds can only be accessed as part of a scheduled event:\nBologna, which recreates the opening time trial of the 2019 Giro d'Italia;\nCrit City, which is available for short, criterium-style races.", "As of June 2021, Zwift had more than 334,000 fans on the social media site Facebook. Facebook chief executive Mark Zuckerberg used the platform to help continue training after suffering a broken arm. An article in La Velocita called the game's fans \"Zwifters\". An early partnership between Zwift and ride-sharing site Strava has led to integration with Zwift rides being automatically uploaded to Strava if users enable the function. The first documented Zwift race was held March 3, 2015 organized through Facebook and modeled after weeknight race-riding, a common community event in the road racing subculture of cycling. One of the earliest groups to offer established racing on Zwift was KISS, which started races in late 2015 and had grown by 2018 to become one of the largest organizers on the platform.", "", "In early 2016 Zwift launched the Zwift Academy program, which utilises the platform to test would-be riders for their suitability for professional bicycle racing. In the inaugural competition, 1,200 cyclists entered, with former marathon runner Leah Thorvilson being crowned the winner and securing a contract with the Canyon–SRAM team for 2017. The Academy expanded for 2017, adding a men's competition: that year the women's competition was won by ex-triathlete Tanja Erath, who finished first in a field of 2,100 entrants and won a contract with Canyon-SRAM for 2018, whilst the first men's competition was won by former speed skater Ollie Jones, who beat 9,200 other cyclists to secure a place with the Dimension Data for Qhubeka team. The Academy initially centers on an eight-week training program incorporating 16 events, with interval training and virtual group rides and races, before ten riders are selected for the semi-final stage and then a final three are chosen to compete against each other in real life.", "In 2018, the Zwift Academy talent identification concept was expanded to include the sport of triathlon. Four athletes were selected to the Specialized Zwift Academy Triathlon Team; Rachael Norfleet (USA), Geert Janssens (Belgium), Golo Philippe Röhrken (Germany), Bex Rimmington (United Kingdom).", "In 2019, Zwift appointed Craig Edmondson as CEO at Zwift Esports, and has produced two e-race series events, participants were professional athletes competing on the platform.\nThe 2019 debut of a professional cycling eSports League (KISS Super League) which was announced back in late 2018, with the participation of four UCI Continental men's professional cycling teams confirmed: Team Wiggins Le Col, Canyon–SRAM, Hagens Berman Axeon and Team Dimension Data for Qhubeka U23.\nIn 2020 due to the Tour de France being postponed because of COVID-19 pandemic Zwift was used to host a virtual Tour consisting of six stages.\nIn December 2020 the first ever UCI Cycling Esports World Championship was held on Zwift.", "Tilin, Andrew (19 September 2016). \"Boredom Is Indoor Cycling's Biggest Enemy. Can Zwift Defeat It?\". Outside Online.\nBailey, Mark (3 November 2017). \"Zwift: the story behind the indoor cycling phenomenon\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.\nPetri, Jon (24 February 2017). \"This Technology Makes Riding a Bike Indoors a Lot Less Awful\". Bloomberg.com.\n\"Zwift launches multiplayer online training videogame\". BikeRadar. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Strava and Zwift take the edge off winter training\". BikeRadar. Retrieved 2018-01-04.\n\"Zwift announces subscription price increase\". Zwift Insider. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2021-03-02.\n\"Sakonnet Technology, LLC: Private Company Information - Bloomberg\". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Zwift | News - CEO Eric Min shares his story\". Zwift. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Zwiftcast - Episode One - How to listen - Zwiftcast\". Zwiftcast. 2015-11-29. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Software startup blends gaming and riding\". Bicycle Retailer and Industry News. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Zwift beta receives 13,000 sign-ups - have you made the list? - Cycling Weekly\". Cycling Weekly. 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Zwift launches multiplayer online training video game\". BikeRadar. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Zwift online training game now open to all | Cyclingnews.com\". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Ride the World Championship course without leaving home\". road.cc. 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Monthly Subscriptions and Structured Training Coming to Zwift\". Bicycling. 2015-10-15. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Zwift for iOS available now\". Zwift Insider. 2016-12-10. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Zwift Releases Apple TV App: Everything you need to know | DC Rainmaker\". www.dcrainmaker.com. 2017-11-20. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\nAtkinson, Dave (27 November 2017). \"Video: how to use your phone as a Zwift controller\". Retrieved 30 December 2017.\nBonnington, Christina (2018-01-01). \"Indoor Cycling Is No Longer Excruciatingly Boring\". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2018-01-17.\nReid, Carlton. \"Cycling's World Governing Body To Host Zwift-Themed Esport Version Of World Championships In 2020\". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-10-06.\n\"Zwift, which turns indoor cycling workouts into multiplayer games, raises $120M\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2018-12-19.\nOgus, Simon (21 Dec 2018). \"Zwift Raises $120M To Expand Its Virtual Cycling Technology To Esports\". Forbes. Retrieved 6 Jan 2019.\n\"2019: The most innovative companies - honorees by sector\". fastcompany.com. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. 2019. Retrieved 23 Feb 2019.\n\"Zwift: Most Innovative Companies\". fastcompany.com. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. 2019. Retrieved 23 Feb 2019.\n\"Zwift, maker of a popular indoor training app, just landed a whopping $450 million in funding led by KKR\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2020-09-17.\n\"Zwift Worlds and Cycling Routes\". support.zwift.com. Retrieved June 8, 2021.\n\"Zwift rolls out first real-world course: UCI 2015 Road World Championships in Richmond | DC Rainmaker\". DC Rainmaker. September 2, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2018.\nCroxton, Josh (May 20, 2021). \"Zwift launches a new world called Makuri Islands\". CyclingNews. Retrieved June 8, 2021.\nShivakumar, Felicia. \"Zwift merges indoor fitness with massive multi-player online gaming\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2018-01-04.\n\"What type of Zwifter are you?\". LA VELOCITA. Retrieved 2018-01-03.\n\"Tuesday Night Worlds! (Cash Payout!)\". www.facebook.com.\n\"Indoor cycling apps compared: which is best for you? - Cycling Weekly\". Cycling Weekly. 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2018-01-18.\nGlass, Aoife (1 August 2017). \"Zwift Academy transforms a rider from amateur to pro with Canyon//SRAM\". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n\"Zwift Academy winner Tanja Erath earns Canyon-SRAM contract\". cyclingnews.com. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n\"Kiwi Jones selected as Zwift Academy winner\". sbs.com.au. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\nBonnington, Christina (18 August 2018). \"The Unusual Contest That Gives Everyday Cyclists a Chance at Going Pro\". Slate. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n\"Zwift and Specialized join forces to launch Triathlon Academy\". Triathlon Magazine Canada. 1 Mar 2018. Retrieved 6 Jan 2019.\n\"Specialized Zwift Academy Triathlon Team announced\". endurancebusiness.com. endurancebusiness.com. 24 Apr 2018. Retrieved 6 Jan 2019.\n\"Zwift and UCI announce first e-world championships for 2020\". 2019-09-27.\nCohen, Andrew (17 Dec 2018). \"Virtual Fitness Platform Zwift Launches First Esports League for Pro Cycling\". Retrieved 6 Jan 2019.\nDawson, Andrew (14 Dec 2018). \"Zwift Creates Professional E-Sports Cycling League: THE FOUR TEAMS AND COUNTING WILL COMPETE FOR THE FIRST TIME LIVE IN JANUARY\". Bicycling. Retrieved 6 Jan 2019.\n\"Tour de France set to be postponed amid coronavirus pandemic\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 April 2020.\n\"Virtual Tour de France\". www.letour.fr.\n\"2020 UCI Cycling eSports World Championships\". Zwift. Retrieved 2021-01-19.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zwift", "Early history", "Beta", "Technology", "Investment", "Worlds", "Community", "Zwift Academy", "Cycling", "Triathlon", "eSports Professional Cycling League", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361004 ]

[ 27242018, 27242019, 27242020, 27242021, 27242022, 27242023, 27242024, 27242025, 27242026, 27242027, 27242028, 27242029, 27242030, 27242031, 27242032, 27242033, 27242034, 27242035, 27242036, 27242037, 27242038, 27242039, 27242040, 27242041, 27242042, 27242043, 27242044, 27242045, 27242046 ]

[ "EELAB", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/EELAB_Zwijnaarde.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Logo_UGent_NL_RGB_2400_kleur-op-wit.png" ]

[ "The Zwijnaarde science park is a science park of Ghent University, located in Zwijnaarde near Ghent (Belgium). The science park has an area of 52 hectare (ha) and comprises the Ardoyen campus (30 ha) of the University of Ghent and the Ardoyen science park (22 ha). The Ardoyen campus comprises several institutes of the engineering and science faculty of the university. The science park comprises a business incubator and about 40 companies employing about 1500 scientists. Most of the companies are biotech and ICT companies, which are spin-offs of the university or the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB).", "Technologiepark Zwijnaarde\nTechTransfer UGent\nTechlane\nUniversiteit Gent:\nFaculty of Engineering and Architecture:\nDepartment of Architecture and urban planning\nDepartment of Flow, heat and combustion mechanics\nDepartment of Information technology\nDepartment of Electronics and information systems\nDepartment of Telecommunications and information processing\nDepartment of Electrical energy, metals, mechanical constructions and systems\nDepartment of Materials, textiles and chemical engineering\nDepartment of Structural engineering\nDepartment of Civil engineering\nDepartment of Mathematical analysis\nDepartment of Applied physics\nDepartment of Industrial systems engineering and product design\nIGent: Faculty of Engineering and Architecture:\nDepartment of Electronics and information systems\nDepartment of Information technology\nScience and technology in Flanders\nGreenbridge science park\nInnogenetics\nDevGen\nCropDesign", "Technologiepark Zwijnaarde" ]

[ "Zwijnaarde science park", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 5361005, 5361006 ]

[ 27242047 ]

[ "", "", "Heilig Kruiskerk, Zwijndrecht, Belgium. The earliest part of the church dates from the 12th Century.", "Old Town Hall, Zwijndrecht, Belgium. Built between 1931 and 1935, designed by architect Ernest Nagels", "Fort of Kruibeke in Burcht, built in 1870 as part of the national redoubt of Belgium.", "Olympic champion Paul Anspach", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 5, 6, 8, 11 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Burcht_vanaf_Hoboken_2_%28cropped%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Zwijndrecht-B-Locatie.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Heilig_Kruiskerk%2C_Zwijndrecht%2C_BE.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gemeentehuis_Zwijndrecht.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Fort_van_Kruibeke_in_Zwijndrecht-Burcht%2C_Belgi%C3%AB.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/1912_Paul_Anspach.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Belgieapen.png" ]

[ "Zwijndrecht ([ˈzʋɛindrɛxt] (listen)) is both a village and a municipality located in the Flemish province of Antwerp, in Belgium. As well as Zwijndrecht proper, the municipality includes the village of Burcht. In 2021, Zwijndrecht had a total population of 19,263.", "", "The name Zwijndrecht is derived from the old Germanic words “swina drifti.” The words “swina” and “drifti” are synonyms and both mean creek. “Drifti” evolved from dhreghi>drigti>dricht to drecht; the suffix –drecht appears frequently in place-names north of the river Scheldt, where streams and creeks are abundant.", "While very little archaeological excavation has been done in the municipality of Zwijndrecht itself, numerous findings have been documented in the surrounding region, which is referred to as the Waasland. These have indicated occupation in the area from as early as the end of the Neolithic Period (c. 2200-1800 B.C.). Numerous indications of Roman occupation have also been uncovered in the Waasland area.\nIn the early Middle Ages, Zwijndrecht-Burcht was sparsely populated, its landscape consisting mainly of wet woodland and small settlements separated by forests. This situation remained until the latter half of the 11th century, when an increase in population necessitated changes in land use: the forests between settlements were cleared and fields were formed into communal agricultural spaces, using a three-course crop rotation system. These were referred to as “kouters” or ploughshares. Raised paths through the wetlands evolved into dikes, and by the 14th century, polders were in use.", "On April 15, 1281, the Count of Flanders, Gwijde van Dampierre, granted manorial rights to Nikolaas van Kets, making him Lord of Zwijndrecht. The seat of the Lords of Zwijndrecht was a manor house called the Kraaienhof (the ruins of which were demolished in the mid-20th century), which was located in what is now the village of Burcht. The van Kets held the manorial rights until 1445, when Wouter van Kets sold them to Jan Vilain. They passed by inheritance to the van Montmorency family. Due to financial pressures, the heir Filips II de Montmorency, Count of Horne (1524-1568) was forced to sell the title, property and rights to a conglomeration of four cities, Brugge, Gent, Ieper and the Brugse Vrije, known as the “Vier Leden” (four members). After rebelling against Spanish rule during the Eighty Years War, the Vier Leden were forced to forfeit the property to the Spanish crown in 1585, but it was later returned to them. The dikes and infrastructure were so badly damaged and neglected during the Eighty Years War, that the Vier Leden were forced to loan money for repairs and restoration from Jan van Hove. When the Vier Leden defaulted on the loan, the property, rights and title defaulted to Jan van Hove, making him the new Lord of Zwijndrecht-Burcht. Van Hove held the property until 1621, when the Staten van Vlaanderen (formerly the Vier Leden) was able to pay its debts and reacquire it. After regaining the property, the Staten van Vlaanderen promptly auctioned it off to the highest bidder, an Italian businessman named Jacomo Antonio Carenna, who then became Lord of Zwijndrecht and Burcht. In 1666, he divided the property between his two sons, Jan Francisco Carenna (Zwijndrecht) and Ignacius Carenna (Burcht). Burcht and Zwijndrecht became separate villages and remained so until they were reunited as the municipality of Zwijndrecht in 1977.\nFor the further history specifically of Burcht, see the article on Burcht.\nPaulo Carenna, Lord of Zwijndrecht and grandson of Jacomo Carenna, auctioned off the property and title on Antwerp's historical Vrijdagmarkt in 1699. It was purchased by Jacques de Lannoy. It passed by inheritance through his daughter Anne Marie de Lannoy to his son-in-law, Daniel Gerardo Melijn in 1732. Daniel Malijn's heir was also a daughter, Anna Marie Isabella Melijn, and therefore her husband Louis Balthasar de Heuvel became Lord of Zwijndrecht. Louis Balthasar de Heuvel's son, Louis Charles Joseph de Heuvel, fought for his mother's inheritance in court as his father did not want to give it up to him. However, before the case could be resolved, the French Revolution and the resultant dissolution of feudal rights and titles made their legal conflict moot. At this point Louis Charles Joseph, who had become broken and paranoid of his father's wrath, became a vagabond. He died in a French prison in 1800.", "Geographically and historically, Zwijndrecht and Burcht were originally part of the province of East Flanders, which fell under the jurisdiction of the Count of Flanders. However, in 1923, the two villages were transferred to the Province of Antwerp. The villages were primarily agrarian, but by the middle of the nineteenth century, Burcht had become the site of heavy industry. The fertile land in Borgerweert (part of Burcht) was filled in with dredged slurry from the river Scheldt to accommodate the building of factories. Among the industries established there at the time were a guano factory, a linoleum factory, a cement factory, a pots and pans factory, and a lard processing plant. It is currently the seat of the Ytong plant, which manufactures building blocks. The Lt. Thoumsin military base, which houses the 11th Battalion of Engineers of the Belgian army, is also located in Burcht.\nIn the nineteenth century, Zwijndrecht became a bedroom community for Antwerp, while mostly maintaining its agrarian character. It became heavily industrialized in the twentieth century, becoming the location for numerous industries, most of which are clustered around harbors on the Scheldt.", "During World War I, Zwijndrecht and Burcht and its two forts were part of the Belgian defensive line. By 1914, the two villages were full of Belgian soldiers, and orders were issued to reinforce the Fort of Zwijndrecht and the Fort of Kruibeke. Local civilian residents were recruited for the reinforcement work, soldiers were quartered in private homes and factories, farmers were required to loan their horses and carts for military use, and food and goods were confiscated for the military. In spite of all efforts, Belgium fell to the Germans in October 1914 and Burcht and Zwijndrecht, like all the German-occupied communities in Belgium, suffered greatly for the next four years from food shortages. By the end of the war, 80 young people from Zwijndrecht and Burcht had perished on the front. 82 civilian unemployed civilians from Burcht as well as 99 non-unemployed citizens had been deported to Germany as forced labor. In addition, 5 civilians were deported to Germany for political reasons. A total of 8 citizens from Burcht lost their lives as a result of these deportations. Zwijndrecht counted 155 forced laborers and civilian prisoners deported to Germany, of which 5 did not survive. Three of these, Jan Baptist Wathy and Jozef and Frans Van Gaever lost their lives when the ship transporting them was torpedoed.\nBy 1939, Zwindrecht and Burcht were once again preparing for war with Germany. On May 18, 1940, the Swastika flag had already been raised on the Antwerp Cathedral. Although retreating Belgian troops attempted to blow up the two tunnels leading to the left bank of the Scheldt to prevent the Germans from crossing easily, the explosives in the pedestrian tunnel failed to detonate completely, allowing the German troops to cross the river. During the resulting battle on the streets of Zwijndrecht, 16 German and 29 Belgian soldiers lost their lives, in addition to 32 civilians.\nAfter years of Nazi occupation, the British army liberated Antwerp in September 1944. In an attempt to prevent the Allies from being able to use the Port of Antwerp, the Germans bombarded the harbor with V-1 and V-2 rockets. However, most of the rockets missed their intended target (the port) and fell instead in the surrounding areas, including Burcht and Zwijndrecht. A total of 76 V-bombs fell on Zwijndrecht-Burcht between October 25, 1944, and March 28, 1945. In Zwindrecht, a total of 19 civilians were killed and 48 were wounded by the V-rockets and 85 houses were rendered uninhabitable. In Burcht, 14 citizens were killed. 50 houses were destroyed completely, and more than 250 houses were badly damaged.", "The 3M factory located in Zwijndrecht has caused toxic levels of PFOS pollution that is expected to impact agriculture in a 15 kilometers radius.", "Paul Anspach (1882–1991), épée and foil fencer, two-time Olympic champion\nGia Baldi (stage name of Maria Lea Joos), b. 1936 in Burcht. Opera singer.\nFred Bervoets, b. 1942 in Burcht. Painter and graphic artist.\nPastor Michiel Cop, 1755–1799. Pastor of the church in Zwijndrecht, he resisted the French occupation under the Sanculottes, and died while escaping a prison camp in French Guiana.\nEmiel Van Hemeldonck, 1897–1881. Author.\nKobe Ilsen b. 1981. T.V. reporter and announcer.\nGino De Keersmaeker, b. 1970 in Zwijndrecht. Paralympic athlete.\nAlfred Ost, (1884 Zwijndrecht-1945). Painter and graphic artist.\nJean Baptist Tassijns, 1751–1799. Boerenkrijger (resistance fighter) against the French occupation under the Sansculottes, he was executed in Haasdonck in 1799.\nLeo Tindemans, b. 1922 in Zwijndrecht. Politician, former Prime Minister of Belgium.", "Zwijndrecht (BE) is twinned with:\n Idstein, Germany\n Zwijndrecht, Netherlands", "\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.\n\"Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 11056\". Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 10 May 2022.\nVerelst, Dirk (1990). Geschiedenis van Zwijndrecht en Burcht, Vol. 1. Zwijndrecht, Belgium: Gemeentebestuur van Zwijndrecht. p. 59. ISBN 90-800481-1-9.\nVerelst 1990, p. 64.\nVerelst 1990, p. 67.\nGemeente Zwijndrecht. \"Geschiedenis van Zwijndrecht en Burcht in een notendop\". Retrieved 2 January 2013.\nRaeymaekers, Gerda (2004). Geschiedenis van Zwijndrecht en Burcht, Vol. 3. Zwijndrecht, Belgium: Gemeentebestuur van Zwijndrecht. pp. 110–123. ISBN 90-800481-1-9.\nRaeymaekers 2004, p. 162.\nRaeymaekers 2004, p. 177.\nvan den Buijs, Dennis. \"Schepen leefmilieu Zwijndrecht: \"Verbod op het eten van eieren van eigen kippen staat zo goed als vast\"\". VRT. Retrieved 10 June 2021.\n\"Gia Baldi\". Retrieved 21 April 2013.\nArtnet Worldwide Corporation. \"Fred Bervoets\". Retrieved 21 April 2013.\nVerelst, Dirk (1993). Geschiedenis van Zwijndrecht en Burcht, Vol. 2. Zwijndrecht, Belgium: Gemeentebestuur van Zwijndrecht. pp. 141–144. ISBN 90-800481-2-7.\nDigitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren. \"Emiel van Hemeldonck\". Retrieved 21 April 2013.\n\"Het cv van Kobe Ilsen\". Retrieved 21 April 2013.\nVerelst, Dirk (1993). Geschiedenis van Zwijndrecht en Burcht, Vol. 2. Zwijndrecht, Belgium: Gemeentebestuur van Zwijndrecht. pp. 149–151. ISBN 90-800481-2-7.", "Media related to Zwijndrecht, Belgium at Wikimedia Commons\n(in Dutch) Official website of the municipality\n(in Dutch) Website of the folklore and historical society of Zwijndrecht-Burcht" ]

[ "Zwijndrecht, Belgium", "History", "Origin of the name", "Early history", "Feudal Period", "Industrialization: the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries", "World Wars", "Contemporary", "Notable residents", "Twin towns — sister cities", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361007, 5361008, 5361009, 5361010, 5361011 ]

[ 27242048, 27242049, 27242050, 27242051, 27242052, 27242053, 27242054, 27242055, 27242056, 27242057, 27242058, 27242059, 27242060, 27242061, 27242062, 27242063, 27242064, 27242065, 27242066, 27242067, 27242068, 27242069, 27242070, 27242071, 27242072 ]

[ "Zwijndrecht across the Oude Maas", "Dutch Topographic map of Zwijndrecht, Sept. 2014", "Martijn Lakemeier, 2009", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Zwijndrecht2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gem-Zwijndrecht-OpenTopo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Martijn-lakemeier.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Zwijndrecht_vanaf_Grote_Kerk_1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Zwijndrecht_kunstwerk_drie_koningen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Someone_watching_Zwijndrecht%2C_Holland_%2813780524954%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Bethelkerk_-_Zwijndrecht_-_20376593_-_RCE.jpg" ]

[ "Zwijndrecht ([ˈzʋɛindrɛxt] (listen)) is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands. It is located in the province of South Holland, at the southern tip of the island of IJsselmonde, and at the confluence of the rivers Oude Maas, Beneden-Merwede, and Noord.", "The town of Zwijndrecht is one of the \"Drecht\" cities. Part of the suburban zone south of Rotterdam, it has grown from around 6,000 inhabitants in 1960, to about 45,000 today.\nSince 2003, the municipality of Zwijndrecht also includes the villages of Heerjansdam and Kleine-Lindt. It had a population of 44,639 in 2019.\nZwijndrecht has the highest concentration of Estonians in the Netherlands.\nThe Evangelical Theological Academy is located here.", "The town is served by a railway station of the same name (Station Zwijndrecht).\nBy train you go north to Rotterdam and The Hague, and south it takes you to either Breda or Roosendaal.\nWater bus routes 21 and 24 both stop at (Zwijndrecht Veerplein), connecting it with the following:\nDordrecht Merwekade\nDordrecht Hooikade\nThe road buses are operated by Qbuzz. Routes connect to Dordrecht, Rotterdam and other places in the Drechtsteden.\nAlso Zwijndrecht is an important town for cargo transportation. It connects highways together with highway A16 and it connects rivers together with river De Oude Maas. Even for train cargo they have an important connection. For train cargo there is a classification yard that's called Kijfhoek, It's one of the most important and biggest classification yards in Europe.", "Zwijndrecht is currently twinned with:", "Peter van Dalen (born 1958) politician and Member of the European Parliament\nMohammed Benzakour (born 1972) a Moroccan-Dutch columnist, essayist, poet, writer and politician\nNicolay (born Matthijs Rook in 1974) electronica, R&B and hip hop record producer\nRalph Barendse (born 1977) a DJ and producer of electronic dance music\nMartijn Lakemeier (born 1993) actor", "Michel Valke (born 1959) retired Dutch footballer\nJeroen Sluijter (born 1975) baseball player\nPercy Isenia (born 1976) baseball player\nKevin Vermeulen (born 1990) professional footballer\nMarten de Roon (born 1991) professional footballer\nNikki de Roest (born 1993) educator and formerly a female association football player\nJordy van Deelen (born 1993) footballer", "", "Meerdervoort", "\"Samenstelling college: Collegeperiode 2010–2014\" [Members of the board: 2010–2014] (in Dutch). Gemeente Zwijndrecht. Retrieved 31 August 2013.\n\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"Postcodetool for 3331BT\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 31 August 2013.\n\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.\n\"Welkom bij het Meertens Instituut\". Meertens.knaw.nl. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2014-05-26.\nStichting Internationale Contacten Zwijndrecht(Foundation for International Contacts Zwijndrecht) (in Dutch).\nIMDb Database retrieved 30 April 2019", "Media related to Zwijndrecht, Netherlands at Wikimedia Commons\n(in Dutch) Official website" ]

[ "Zwijndrecht, Netherlands", "Population", "Transportation", "Twin cities", "Notable people", "Sport", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361012, 5361013, 5361014, 5361015, 5361016, 5361017 ]

[ 27242073, 27242074, 27242075, 27242076, 27242077, 27242078 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Station_Zwijndrecht_3.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Randstad_ZW.png" ]

[ "Zwijndrecht is a railway station in Zwijndrecht, Netherlands, located on the Breda–Rotterdam railway between Rotterdam and Dordrecht.\nZwijndrecht's first railway station was opened on 1 November 1872. In 1895 the station was relocated to the southeast, because the old location was not very convenient. The current railway building was constructed in 1965.", "The following services call at Zwijndrecht:\n4x per hour local service (sprinter) The Hague - Rotterdam - Dordrecht", "11\n12\n88\n92\n188\n717" ]

[ "Zwijndrecht railway station", "Train services", "Bus Services" ]

[ 5361018, 5361019 ]

[ 27242079 ]

[ "J. A. Henckels International logo", "J. A. Henckels Twin Brand Razors and Shears promotional postcard, around 1930–1945", "Zwilling J. A. Henckels Four Star knife set", "TWIN Cuisine Tournant knife" ]

[ 1, 1, 5, 6 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/44/Henckels_intl_logo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Thousands_of_barbers_know_that_it_pays_to_use_J._A._Henckles_Twin_Brand_Razors_and_Shears_and_have_the_satisfaction_of_owning_the_very_best%21.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/HenckelsFourStar.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/JA_Henckels_Twin_Cuisine_line_peeling_knife_2.JPG" ]

[ "Zwilling J. A. Henckels AG is a German knife-maker based in Solingen, Germany. It is one of the largest and oldest manufacturers of kitchen knives for domestic and professional use, having been founded in June 1731 by Peter Henckels. The brand's namesake was Johann Abraham Henckels (1771–1850), who renamed the brand after himself under his leadership. J.A. Henckels is one of the leading manufacturers of chef's knives.", "\"Zwilling\" (German for 'twin') was founded on 13 June 1731 by the German knife-maker Peter Henckels. The logo was registered with the Cutlers’ Guild of Solingen, making Zwilling one of the earliest examples of a trademarked company. In 1771, Peter's son Johann Abraham Henckels (1771–1850) – the later namesake of the company – was born. The Henckels logo has been in the current shape with a red background since 1969.\nJ. A. Henckels opened the first trading outlet in 1818 in Berlin, opening a shop in New York City in 1883 and followed a year later by Vienna. The company exhibited its products at the 1851 Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in Great Britain, being awarded an international knifesmithing medal.\nJ. A. Henckels was awarded the Grand Prix prize in Paris in 1900 and the Grand Prix of St. Louis in 1904. It was also awarded with the Prussian State Golden Medal. Henckels was also given a royal warrant of appointment as purveyors of knives to the Imperial and Royal Court of Austria-Hungary (see K.u.k. Hoflieferant (in German)).", "The company operates several brands, including Zwilling J. A. Henckels, J. A. Henckels International, Miyabi, Staub, Demeyere, Ballarini, and BSF. Through these activities, the company also operates its own retail shops both in Germany and internationally, among them about 200 sub-stores in China. Since 1970 the company has been owned by the Werhahn Group, with a staff of 3,200 worldwide. Profits amounted to €282 million in 2007, with 80% of its profits generated outside Germany. In 2004, Henckels acquired the Japanese knife manufacturer Nippa, and renamed it Miyabi, and the U.S. beauty specialist Tweezerman, which is operated independently from Zwilling.", "Since 1988, J. A. Henckels has partnered with Solingen-based professional hairdressing equipment manufacturer Jaguar, which became part of the Zwilling group in 2004 to make product for the hairdressing industry, also owning a selection of hairdressing equipment brands.", "With the 2008 acquisitions of the Belgian manufacturer Demeyere (stainless steel cookware) and the French group Staub, which produces enameled cast iron cookware, Zwilling moved to expand the cookware segment of its business.", "In 1976 Henckels introduced The Four Star line, which is a fully forged knife with a molded handle made of polypropylene and a tang extending into the handle. The majority of Zwilling knives have blades constructed from high-carbon stainless steel, which is ice-hardened for sharpness and stain resistance, along with a partnership allowing some products constructed using a microcarbide powder steel with clad layers, which are manufactured in Japan. In 2011 Zwilling partnered with Master Bladesmith and Designer Bob Kramer to launch a series of co-branded knives, stating with a Carbon Steel line.", "Henckels knives are manufactured in several ways. A large selection of the knife range are forged from a single piece of high-carbon stainless steel, which is cold-hardened to improve stain resistance. This hardening process consists of cryogenic tempering and involves immersing the finished knife blades in liquid nitrogen. This process is required to get full hardness from most stainless knife steels, as it completes the conversion of austenite to martensite. The process of forging is intended to produce improved cutting-edge retention, weight, balance, and reduced opportunity for metal fatigue. Most of Zwilling's knives are manufactured in Solingen, Germany, while some, including Henckels branded knives are made in Spain and China.", "In 1909 Henckels set up its first subsidiary in the U.S., followed by Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Japan, Italy, France, Spain, China. In 2008, subsidiaries were set up in Great Britain and Brazil.", "A Henckels shop front can be seen in a whole scene in Fritz Lang's M (approximately 51 minutes into the movie). In 2010 Jeffrey Elliot and Michael DeWan wrote The Zwilling J.A. Henckels Complete Guide to Knife Skills: The Essential Guide to Use, Techniques and Care which is available in English, Dutch, and French", "The Saturday Evening Post. Curtis Publishing Company. November 1950.\nSpecial Consular Reports. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904.\nCongressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904.\nStatistics, United States Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of (1905). Industrial Education and Industrial Conditions in Germany : Special Consular Reports Vol. Xxxiii. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 183.\nKelleter, Heinrich (1924). Geschichte der Familie J. A. Henckels in Verbindung mit einer Geschichte der solinger Industrie (in German). J. A. Henckels.\nSchwärzel, Renate (1994). Deutsche Wirtschafts Archive: Nachweis historischer Quellen in Unternehmen, Körperschaften des Öffentlichen Rechts (Kammern) und Verbänden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-06211-4.\nDE Magazin Deutschland. Frankfurter Societäts-Medien GmbH. 2013.\nKelleter, Heinrich (1924). Geschichte der Familie J. A. Henckels in Verbindung mit einer Geschichte der solinger Industrie (in German). J. A. Henckels.\nSchwärzel, Renate (1994). Deutsche Wirtschafts Archive: Nachweis historischer Quellen in Unternehmen, Körperschaften des Öffentlichen Rechts (Kammern) und Verbänden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-06211-4.\nRobuck, Mike (2014-08-05). Gun Trader's Guide to Collectible Knives: A Comprehensive, Fully Illustrated Reference with Current Market Values. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-62914-320-0.\nHome Furnishing Review. Andrew J. Haire. 1909.\nPacketfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft, Hamburg-Amerikanische (1908). Guide Through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, &c: Souvenir of the Hamburg-American Line. J. H. Herz.\nGermany Reichskommission, Weltausstellung in St. Louis (1904). International Exposition St. Louis 1904: Official Catalogue. Exhibition of the German Empire. Georg Stilke.\nÖsterreich-Ungarn (1918). Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie: für das Jahr ... nach amtlichen Quellen zusammengestellt (in German). Hof- und Staatsdr.\nHof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (in German).\nFabrikverkauf in Deutschland- 2005/2006: Der grosse JET Einkaufsführer (in German). Zeppelin Verlag. September 2004. ISBN 978-3-933411-34-1.\nEconomic Bulletin. Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce. 1972.\n\"J. A. Henckels Acquires Tweezerman and Japanese Cutlery Manufacturer\". HomeWorld Business. 2004-12-28. Retrieved 2020-05-01.\n\"Company history\". Jaguar Solingen. Jaguar. Retrieved 18 April 2012.\nBTC. Gale Research. 1993. ISBN 9780810381681.\n\"Henckels Acquires Staub\". HomeWorld Business. 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2020-05-01.\nKling, Rob (1996-02-28). Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-050263-2.\nDwell. Dwell, LLC. February 2008.\n://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bladesmith-bob-kramer-partners-with-zwilling-ja-henckels-to-create-custom-knives-105442498.html\n\"This Kitchen Knife Is Both Functional and Frameworthy\". Bloomberg.com. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2020-09-07.\nForbes, Paula (2011-09-29). \"Inside the Henckels Knife Factory\". Eater. Retrieved 2020-05-01.\n\"Shanghai Zwilling JA Henckels Ltd - Company Profile and News\". Bloomberg News.\nhttps://www.zwilling.com/us/about-us/our-factories/article-about-factories.html?fdid=manufacturing\n\"Solingen: Jubiläumsmesser aus echtem Brückenstahl\". RP ONLINE (in German). 8 June 2016. Retrieved 2020-05-01.\nElliot, Jeffrey; Dewan, James P. (2010). Zwilling J.A. Henckels Complete Book of Knife Skills: The Essential Guide to Use, Techniques & Care. ISBN 978-0778802563.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zwilling J. A. Henckels", "Early history & expansion", "Brands & current state", "Hairdressing", "Cookware", "Knife lines", "Manufacturing process", "Modern expansion", "In popular culture", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361020 ]

[ 27242080, 27242081, 27242082, 27242083, 27242084, 27242085, 27242086, 27242087, 27242088, 27242089, 27242090, 27242091, 27242092, 27242093, 27242094, 27242095, 27242096, 27242097, 27242098 ]

[ "Zwin at high tide seen from the Dutch to the Belgian side", "Sea lavender blossoms in August–September" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Zwin.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Sea_lavender.JPG" ]

[ "The Zwin is a nature reserve at the North Sea coast, on the Belgian-Dutch border. It consists of the entrance area of a former tidal inlet which during the Middle Ages connected the North Sea with the ports of Sluis and Bruges inland.\nThe Zwin inlet was formed originally by a storm that broke through the Flemish coast in 1134, creating a tidal channel that reached some 15 km inland and was also connected, through another channel, to the mouth of the Scheldt further north-east. The new waterway offered access to the sea to the inland city of Bruges, which consequently rose to become one of the foremost medieval port cities of Europe. The towns of Damme, Sluis and Sint Anna ter Muiden were also located on the Zwin. However, from the late 13th century onwards, the channel was affected by progressive silting, which ultimately caused the waterway to become unusable and cut off the harbour of Bruges from the sea.\nThe present-day nature reserve was founded in 1952. It has an area of 1.25 square kilometres in Knokke-Heist, Belgium and 0.33 square kilometres in Sluis, Netherlands. It is famous for its large variety in salt-resistant flora, such as sea lavender. It is also popular with bird watchers. There is a small zoo with some major domestic birds and it is one of the few places in Belgium with a population of white storks.\nIn March 1986 it was declared a Wetland of International Importance.", "The Battle of Damme was fought on 30 May and 31 May 1213. The success of the English raids ended a threat of French invasion of England.\nThe Battle of Sluys was a sea battle fought on 24 June 1340 as one of the opening conflicts of the Hundred Years' War between England and France.\nDuring the Eighty Years' War between the Dutch Republic and Spain, the Battle of Sluys on 26 May 1603 was a naval battle in which a Spanish squadron tried to break through a blockade of the Zwin by Dutch ships.", "\"Zwin\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.\nCharlier, Roger H. (2011). \"The Zwin: From Golden Inlet to Nature Reserve\". Journal of Coastal Research. 27 (4): 746–756. doi:10.2112/10a-00003.1. S2CID 131619959.\n\"The List of Wetlands of International Importance\" (PDF). Ramsar Convention. Retrieved 5 September 2015.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zwin", "Sea battles", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361021 ]

[ 27242099, 27242100, 27242101 ]

[ "Bridge at Zwinderen", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/20200427_Zwinderensebrug_Verlengde_Hoogeveensche_Vaart.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/2010-NL-P03-Drenthe-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg" ]

[ "Zwinderen is a village in the Netherlands and it is part of the Coevorden municipality in Drenthe, about 8.7 km from the city Coevorden.\nZwinderen is an esdorp without a church which developed in the early Middle Ages. It was first mentioned in 1217 as \"in Suinre\". The etymology is unclear. In 1840, it was home to 134 people.", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 13 March 2022. two entries\n\"Postcodetool for 7864PK\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 13 March 2022.\nRonald Stenvert (2001). Echten (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. p. 221. ISBN 90 400 9454 3. Retrieved 13 March 2022.\n\"Zwinderen - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 March 2022.\n\"Zwinderen\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 March 2022." ]

[ "Zwinderen", "References" ]

[ 5361022 ]

[ 27242102, 27242103 ]

[ "The ruins of Zwing-Uri" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Silenen-Zwing-Uri.jpg" ]

[ "Zwing Uri is a ruined medieval castle north of Amsteg, today in the territory of the municipality of Silenen in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.\nThe castle is notable for its role in Swiss historiography as the first fortress destroyed in the Burgenbruch at the beginning of the Swiss Confederacy. The slighting of Zwing Uri (Twing Üren) is mentioned in the White Book of Sarnen, a Swiss chronicle of 1470. The event is placed in the year 1307 by the Chronicon Helveticum (1570).\nThe site had been occupied since the Bronze Age. By 1150, there had been a farmstead with three buildings. By the early 13th century, the dwelling was replaced by a defensive tower. During the period of 1310 to 1320, the tower was still standing, and there are traces of a planned expansion into a full castle with a ring wall and a moat. This expansion was interrupted at about six weeks into the construction work, and the castle was abandoned in ca. 1320, i.e. 13 years after the traditional date of the Burgenbruch.\nThe site remained unoccupied until 1868, when a restaurant was built, using stones from the ruin. The remains were secured in 1928, when the ruin was acquired by the Schweizerischer Burgenverein. Archaeological excavations of the ruin were performed in 1978.", "List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland", "\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\nW. Meyer et al., Die bösen Türnli: Archäologische Beiträge zur Burgenforschung in der Urschweiz,Schweizer Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, vol. 11, Olten / Freiburg i.Br., 1984. W. Meyer (ed), Burgen der Schweiz, vol. 1, Zürich, 1981." ]

[ "Zwing Uri Castle", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361023 ]

[ 27242104 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Wappen_Zwinge.png" ]

[ "Zwinge is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 December 2011, it is part of the municipality Sonnenstein.", "" ]

[ "Zwinge", "References" ]

[ 5361024 ]

[]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Zwingen-Bergfried-Kapelle-Holzbruecke.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Reliefkarte_Basel-Landschaft_blank.png" ]

[ "Zwingen is a municipality in the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland.", "Zwingen has an area, as of 2009, of 4.62 square kilometers (1.78 sq mi). Of this area, 1.54 km² (0.59 sq mi) or 33.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.76 km² (0.68 sq mi) or 38.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.18 km² (0.46 sq mi) or 25.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.12 km² (30 acres) or 2.6% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km² (2.5 acres) or 0.2% is unproductive land.\nOf the built up area, industrial buildings made up 4.8% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.9%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.0% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.9%. Out of the forested land, 34.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 19.9% is used for growing crops and 12.8% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Sable, two Battons fleury Argent in saltire.", "Zwingen has a population (as of March 2020) of 2,463. As of 2008, 15.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 9.3%.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (1,781 or 88.3%), with Italian language being second most common (43 or 2.1%) and Turkish being third (40 or 2.0%). There are 39 people who speak French and 1 person who speaks Romansh.\nAs of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 50.6% male and 49.4% female. The population was made up of 1,779 Swiss citizens (83.1% of the population), and 361 non-Swiss residents (16.9%) Of the population in the municipality 595 or about 29.5% were born in Zwingen and lived there in 2000. There were 427 or 21.2% who were born in the same canton, while 590 or 29.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 331 or 16.4% were born outside of Switzerland.\nIn 2008 there were 14 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 13 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population increased by 2. There were 3 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 4 non-Swiss men and 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 15 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.8%.\nThe age distribution, as of 2010, in Zwingen is; 129 children or 6.0% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 347 teenagers or 16.2% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 277 people or 12.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 287 people or 13.4% are between 30 and 39, 423 people or 19.8% are between 40 and 49, and 406 people or 19.0% are between 50 and 64. The senior population distribution is 205 people or 9.6% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 66 people or 3.1% who are over 80.\nAs of 2000, there were 842 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 998 married individuals, 79 widows or widowers and 98 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000, there were 826 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 223 households that consist of only one person and 60 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 840 households that answered this question, 26.5% were households made up of just one person and 10 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 274 married couples without children, 266 married couples with children There were 42 single parents with a child or children. There were 11 households that were made up unrelated people and 14 households that were made some sort of institution or another collective housing.\nIn 2000 there were 279 single family homes (or 61.7% of the total) out of a total of 452 inhabited buildings. There were 100 multi-family buildings (22.1%), along with 45 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (10.0%) and 28 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.2%). Of the single family homes 16 were built before 1919, while 85 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (46) were built between 1991 and 1995.\nIn 2000 there were 892 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 306. There were 18 single room apartments and 237 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 809 apartments (90.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 49 apartments (5.5%) were seasonally occupied and 34 apartments (3.8%) were empty. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 0.9 new units per 1000 residents. As of 2000 the average price to rent a two-room apartment was about 992.00 CHF (US$790, £450, €630), a three-room apartment was about 1121.00 CHF (US$900, £500, €720) and a four-room apartment cost an average of 1285.00 CHF (US$1030, £580, €820). The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 1.33%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "The entire village of Zwingen is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.", "In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 32.17% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (20.7%), the CVP (18.19%) and the FDP (15.06%). In the federal election, a total of 561 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 40.2%.", "As of  2007, Zwingen had an unemployment rate of 2.44%. As of 2005, there were 28 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 365 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 37 businesses in this sector. 482 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 94 businesses in this sector. There were 1,098 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.8% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 705. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 340, of which 201 or (59.1%) were in manufacturing and 133 (39.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 355. In the tertiary sector; 198 or 55.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 34 or 9.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 10 or 2.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 1.4% were in the information industry, 5 or 1.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 40 or 11.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 23 or 6.5% were in education and 2 or 0.6% were in health care.\nIn 2000, there were 766 workers who commuted into the municipality and 838 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 12.7% of the workforce coming into Zwingen are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 18.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.7% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 1,161 or 57.6% were Roman Catholic, while 301 or 14.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 28 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.39% of the population), there were 7 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 46 individuals (or about 2.28% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 112 (or about 5.55% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 8 individuals who were Buddhist, 10 individuals who were Hindu and 5 individuals who belonged to another church. 264 (or about 13.09% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 75 individuals (or about 3.72% of the population) did not answer the question.", "Zwingen sits on the Basel–Biel/Bienne line and is served by local trains at Zwingen.", "In Zwingen about 830 or (41.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 179 or (8.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 179 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.1% were Swiss men, 19.0% were Swiss women, 12.8% were non-Swiss men and 5.0% were non-Swiss women. As of 2000, there were 110 students in Zwingen who came from another municipality, while 70 residents attended schools outside the municipality.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010\nFlags of the World.com accessed 2 March 2011\nCanton of Basel-Land Statistics, Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität und Konfession per 31. März 2020 (in German) accessed 28 July 2020\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 Archived 28 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 19 June 2010\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 2 March 2011\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011\nCanton of Basel-Land Statistics, Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität und Konfession per 30. September 2010 (in German) accessed 16 February 2011\nFederal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 21 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nCanton of Basel-Land Statistics Archived 7 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Mieter- und Genossenschafterwohnungen1 nach Zimmerzahl und Mietpreis 2000 (in German) accessed 20 February 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 Archived 30 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011\n\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte:Basel-Landschaft\" (PDF). KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton Archived 14 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 May 2010\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010", "Official website (in German)" ]

[ "Zwingen", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Sights", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Transport", "Education", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361025 ]

[ 27242105, 27242106, 27242107, 27242108, 27242109, 27242110, 27242111, 27242112, 27242113, 27242114, 27242115, 27242116, 27242117, 27242118, 27242119, 27242120, 27242121, 27242122, 27242123, 27242124, 27242125, 27242126, 27242127, 27242128, 27242129, 27242130, 27242131, 27242132, 27242133 ]

[ "The station building in 2019" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Zwingen_railway_station.jpg" ]

[ "Zwingen railway station (German: Bahnhof Zwingen) is a railway station in the municipality of Zwingen, in the Swiss canton of Basel-Landschaft. It is an intermediate stop on the Basel–Biel/Bienne line and is served by local trains only.", "Zwingen is served by the S3 of the Basel S-Bahn:\nS3: half-hourly service from Porrentruy or Laufen to Olten.", "\"Biel/Bienne - Moutier - Delémont - Laufen - Basel\" (PDF). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.", "Media related to Zwingen railway station at Wikimedia Commons\nZwingen railway station – SBB" ]

[ "Zwingen railway station", "Services", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361026 ]

[ 27242134 ]

[ "", "", "Zwingenberg about 1810 (painting by Wilhelm Merck)", "Zwingenberg's Old Town with the Marketplace", "Zwingenberg's town hall", "Zwingenberg railway station", "Bergkirche", "The Aul", "Timber-frame houses on Scheuergasse", "Theodor Loos around 1920", "Heinrich von Gagern 1848" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 7, 14, 17, 17, 17, 23, 24 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Zwingenberg01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Wappen_Zwingenberg_%28Bergstra%C3%9Fe%29.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Wilhem_Merck_Zwingenberg_Bergstrasse_1810.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Zwingenberg_06.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Zwingenberg_Rathaus_20070905.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Bahnhof_Zwingenberg_01.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Bergkirche.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Zwingenberg_Aul_01.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Zwingenberg_Bergstrasse_Scheuergasse_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Theodor_Loos_1920_by_Alexander_Binder.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bilderrevolution0395.jpg" ]

[ "Zwingenberg lies in the Bergstraße district in southern Hessen, Germany, south of Frankfurt and Darmstadt, and with the granting of town rights coming in 1274 it is the oldest town on the Hessen Bergstraße.", "", "Zwingenberg lies on the western edge of the Odenwald at the foot of the Melibokus, at 517.4 m above sea level the Bergstraße's highest mountain. The municipal area's elevation varies between roughly 90 m above sea level in the outlying centre of Rodau and just under 300 m on the slope of the Melibokus. Zwingenberg's highest elevation is no one single mountain. Rather, it runs along the Melibokus's slope into the area of Auerbach, an outlying centre of Bensheim. The 100-metre marker at Zwingenberg railway station is taken to be the standard. In the west, Zwingenberg abuts the Hessisches Ried, and thereby the Rhine rift.\nIn Zwingenberg's west, towards Rodau and in Rodau itself, cropraising and meadows prevail. Only a small patch of woodland belongs to the municipal area near the Niederwaldsee (lake). In Zwingenberg there still exist remnants of, and even new fruit farming (mainly apples). On the outlying hills of the Orbishöhe (heights) and towards Luciberg is found winegrowing. Moreover, almond trees grow in the region. A narrower line of woodland in the municipal area can still be found in the area of the Morgenruhe foundry and running by way of Blockhütte towards Comoder Weg. Remains of granite quarrying can also still be made out.\nUnder the windbreak afforded by the Melibokus, a microclimate holds sway, which can in places near the slope lead to less precipitation than is found, for example, on the plain.", "Zwingenberg lies between the community of Alsbach-Hähnlein in Darmstadt-Dieburg in the north and the town of Bensheim in Bergstraße district in the south. In the west Bensheim's outlying centres of Fehlheim and Langwaden border on the outlying centre of Rodau. In the east Zwingenberg borders on the Melibokus, whose peak lies in the area of Auerbach, an outlying centre of Bensheim.", "Zwingenberg is made up of the two centres of Zwingenberg with an area of 346 hectares, and Rodau with an area of 215 hectares.", "As of 31 December 1971, the population figures include Rodau.", "“About when or by whom this town was built there is no information. That it is an ancient town can be gathered from all facts.” The earliest mention of locum getwinc is a document from 1015 in which Emperor Heinrich II donated hunting rights to the Lorsch Abbey. The placename Zwingenberg refers to how travellers on the Bergstraße were forced (in German gezwungen; infinitive zwingen) to pass through the town's gates by the wetland and lowland forest that lay west of town.\nThrough his marriage to Hildegard von Henneberg, Henry II of Katzenelnbogen, whom King Konrad III raised to Count in 1138, had parts of the Bergstraße pass to him about 1135. Zwingenberg now belonged to the County of Katzenelnbogen with its seat at the like-named town. The county was divided into upper and lower halves, with the former lying on the Rhine around Sankt Goar and the latter in southern Hessen.\nTo guard his southern holdings on the Bergstraße and his toll income, Count Diether IV built a lower castle in Zwingenberg and a high castle, the Auerbacher Schloss, above Auerbach.\nIn 1258, Diether V received the right to build a church in Zwingenberg:\nCathedral Provost Werner, Cathedral Deacon Johann and the Chapter at Mainz as well as Provost Ludwig of St. Viktor thereat evince that the inhabitants of Zwingenberg can only reach their mother church in Bensheim to hear God’s word and receive the Sacraments with difficulty owing to the great distance and danger to life. They allow therefore with the Archbishop’s approval at the request of the worldly lord in Zwingenberg, Count Diether of Katzenelnbogen, a church with graveyard to be built in Zwingenberg and a priest of its own to be appointed.\nIn 1260, the county was partitioned between Diether V and his brother Eberhard I, with Diether taking Zwingenberg and Eberhard Auerbach.\nZwingenberg was granted town and market rights under Count Diether V and King Rudolf of Habsburg, thereby becoming the oldest town on the Bergstraße.\nIn 1301, Zwingenberg was destroyed and went up in flames. Count Wilhelm I of Katzenelnbogen, Diether V's son, had allied himself with four Rhenish electors and raised tolls on the Rhine, the upshot to which was damage to free trade and a declaration of war from King Albrecht I. The Lower Castle was destroyed, too.\nIn 1330, Emperor Louis the Bavarian confirmed to Count Wilhelm I Zwingenberg's town rights:\nEmperor Louis confirms to the Count Wilhelm of Katzenelnbogen for faithful services the freedom that King Rudolf granted him for Zwingenberg, and the freedom that he granted him for Reichenberg, as well as the Rhine upstream toll at Sankt Goar that Count Wilhelm and his forefathers have held in fief from the Empire. Whoever undertakes anything against it shall pay with 100 Marks of gold, half of which shall fall to the Chamber of the Empire and half to the Count.\nIn 1355, Wilhelm II took wedding vows with Elisabeth of Hanau. This involved providing for her in her widowhood with, among other things, a widow's seat for her in Darmstadt.\nIn 1401, the town's name was catalogued as Twinginburg.\nIn 1403, Count Johann IV Katzenelnbogen an Henne Weißkreis von Lindenfels pledged the castle and town of Zwingenberg with the villages of Eschollbrücken – which the Count owned – Pfungstadt and Nieder-Ramstadt with all rights and appurtenances for 6,000 Gulden, which the Count later redeemed.\nIn 1454, Count Philipp I of Katzenlenbogen agreed that Hans IV of Wallbrunn (whose seat was Wallbrunn) should provide a widowhood estate for his wife Lucie von Reifenberg consisting of, among other things, the house and a number of gardens at Zwingenberg, which Hans held from the Count as a fief, although without the military service obligation.\nUntil 1479, Zwingenberg belonged to the County of Katzenelnbogen, thereafter to the Landgraviate of Hessen, and as of 1567 to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt, which in 1806 was raised to the Grand Duchy of Hessen.\nOwing to the abandonments during the Thirty Years' War and shortly thereafter the Plague, the town was for decades almost uninhabited, and eventually, a fire set by French troops in 1693 destroyed most of the houses. Only after the French Revolution did the town recover.\nIn 1832, Zwingenberg was grouped into the Bensheim district, and as of 1938 it belonged to Bergstraße district. In the time of National Socialism, Jews and the Nazis’ political foes were driven out and deported. By chance, the synagogue was not destroyed. It is nowadays used as a house. There is a club that has made it its business to revive the synagogue. In 1941, a prisoner-of-war camp was set up at the youth hostel.\nOn 31 December 1971, Rodau was amalgamated with Zwingenberg.", "", "The composition of the town council after the four latest municipal elections:", "From 2001 to 2007, Dieter Kullak (independent) held office. At the election on 25 March 2007, in which Kullak was not a candidate, Holger Habich (FDP, but also supported by the CDU) was victorious. He was re-elected in 2013 and 2019.", "The town's arms might be described thus: Party per fess Or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure and azure three waterlily leaves argent.\nThe red lion rampant is from the arms borne by the old Counts of Katzenelnbogen. This same charge can also be seen in Darmstadt’s, Pfungstadt’s and Auerbach’s arms, and they are all parted per pale (that is, horizontally across the middle), just as Zwingenberg’s arms are.", "Pierrefonds, Oise, France since 1968\n Brisighella, Emilia-Romagna, Italy\n Tetbury, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom since 1981\n Eckartsberga, Saxony-Anhalt", "Although the economy was formerly largely based on agriculture and winegrowing, as well as gastronomy, since then, besides a great number of commercial enterprises, a series of smaller and midsize technology businesses has arisen.", "BRAIN Biotechnology Research and Information Network GmbH (biotechnological and genetic-technological research)\nPreussag Wasser und Rohrtechnik GmbH (water and pipe technology – environmental technology branch)\nPWT Wasser- und Abwassertechnik GmbH (water and sewage)\nResin Express GmbH (plastic granulate distribution)\nSurTec Deutschland GmbH (chemical products and processes for surfacing technology)", "Zwingenberg is linked to the A 5 (Frankfurt-Basel) by interchange 29, and Zwingenberg is also signposted on the A 67 at the Gernsheim interchange (8). Frankfurt Airport is 45 km away, and the riverport at Gernsheim on the Rhine is 12 km away.\nParallel to the Odenwald runs the Bergstraße (federal highway B 3), which in Zwingenberg splits into the “New” and “Old” Bergstraße, which come back together again near Darmstadt-Eberstadt.\nThe relief road originally planned for the B 3, called the Berliner Ring, is open in parts. The road, running parallel to the B 3, comes from Bensheim and leads back to the B 3 in Zwingenberg. Original plans to relieve the (very low – about 2.95 m) railway bridge by building another bridge farther north failed in the face of protests from residents and the neighbouring community through whose municipal area parts of the road would have run.\nOne of Germany's most heavily travelled railways, the Main-Neckar Railway (Frankfurt-Darmstadt-Heidelberg/Mannheim), runs through Zwingenberg. Zwingenberg station is served hourly by Regionalbahn trains. These are reinforced by other trains in rush hours.\nModern bus links of busline 669 run by Darmstadt's HEAG mobilo link the town with Jugenheim and Heppenheim.", "Zwingenberg has at its disposal a small sporting ground with grass and a complete athletics facility, a paved ground and a field. Moreover, there are several tennis courts and two sport halls. Rodau likewise has a grass playing field.\nFor 2015, there are plans to build a modern sport park in which all locally played sports will be represented.", "Zwingenberg lies on the edge of the Odenwald on the heights of the Melibokus on a relatively steep slope. The surrounding town wall is to a great extent still visible.\nThe Obergasse (“Upper Lane”) is the old getwinc, the thoroughfare that led through the town's lower and upper gates. The street's alignment was only slightly changed after the fire of 1693 and still more or less shows the position of the old Bergstraße.\nThe “New Pass” was until the 15th century still wetland. Today the B 3 runs here along the historic town wall through town. Between Schlößchen and Neugasse the remains of the town wall form the back walls of the houses and barns on Untergasse (“Lower Lane”)\nIncluding the outlying centre of Rodau, Zwingenberg has 81 cultural monuments under monumental protection.", "The town has a touristically attractive Old Town with timber-frame houses that are interesting both as buildings and as the history that they represent, a mountain church (Bergkirche) and a former castle seat, enfeoffed by Johann von Katzenelnbogen to Hans von Wallbrunn the Elder in 1420.\nAt Zwingenberg's highest spot stands today's youth hostel, a former tithe barn built on a bastion’s foundation. Of the round corner towers of the upper town wall, only the Aul has been preserved. It is the northeast tower, a two-floor tower made of undressed quarrystones.\nThe remains of the moated castle may well be Zwingenberg’s oldest building. Outwards from this about 1250, the town fortifications took shape. The “New Marketplace” arose at the beginning of the 17th century on the former moated castle's lands and the moat itself.\nThe old Amtsgericht (“Amt court”) was built between 1561 and 1563 and restored in 1989. It originally served the Hessian landgraves as a hunting palace.\nThe Schlößchen (“Little Palace”), built about 1520, has served the town since 1969 as the Town Hall. Next to it stands the former guesthouse Zum Löwen (“To the Lion”). It was built in 1595 and is the oldest building in existence outside the old town wall. Across the street from it lies the Scheuergasse (lane) formed by two rows of side-gabled barns. These were built outside the old town wall owing to the danger from fire, and today are used mainly as dwellings, offices and guesthouses.\nThe vaulted cellar under the Alte Apotheke (“Old Apothecary’s Shop”), which stands on the marketplace, seems to go back to the time when the town wall was built. Later, the Alte Apotheke was known as großherzogliche Apotheke von Katzenellenbogen (the first word meaning “Grand-Ducal”), and was built in 1783.", "Zwingenberg is part of the small winegrowing region of Hessische Bergstraße which is known for herb wines. On the slopes of the Melibokus lie, within the Auerbacher Rott growing region, the locations of Zwingenberger Steingeröll and Zwingenberger Alte Burg. Abutting them to the north is the location of Alsbacher Schöntal. White grape varieties grown here include Sylvaner, Riesling, Müller-Thurgau and Morio Muscat. Asparagus and strawberry farming characterize the flatter areas towards Rodau. Typical for Zwingenberg, therefore, are a robust dry Riesling and mellow asparagus dishes.", "In the vaulted cellar under the former Amtsgericht is found the Theater Mobile, which puts on its own and others’ productions mainly in the fields of music, reading, children's theatre, dance and cabaret.", "The Heimatmuseum (local history) on historic Scheuergasse shows old handicrafts and historically decorated rooms.\nIn June 2005, the information centre Blüten, Stein & Wein (“Blossoms, Stone and Wine”) of the UNESCO Geopark Bergstraße-Odenwald opened at the community centre Bunter Löwe (“Colourful Lion”). The information centre, which is open at weekends and after notification, also houses the tourist information centre.", "", "The town's first honorary citizen was the Reverend Adam Höfle (1900–1999).", "Theodor Loos (1883–1954), actor", "Heinrich von Gagern (1799–1880) politician, in the preliminary convention (Vorparlament) of Frankfurt for the electoral district of Zwingenberg.\nHenry Kissinger, (born 1923), who acted as an agent in the U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Corps in Bensheim, lived for a few months at the Arthur-Sauer-Villa in Zwingenberg, which was requisitioned for him.\nArthur Sauer (1887-1946), (chemist), joined the Deutsche Milchwerke pharmaceutical plant founded by Worms apothecary Rudolf Pizzala in 1897, and took the business over in 1898. Out of this grew the later Fissan-Werke (1924). By 1934, the firm already had 160 workers and employees, as well as 50 others employed in sales. His vehicle is today on display at the Technikmuseum Speyer", "Direkt gewählte (Ober-) Bürgermeister/-innen der hessischen Städte und Gemeinden, accessed 7 July 2021.\n\"Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2020 nach Gemeinden\". Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt (in German). June 2021. \nWebsite Stadt Zwingenberg as at: 05 May 2008\nWinkelmann JJ, Geschichte des Hessenlands\nWebSite Karte der Grafschaft Katzenelnbogen\nWebsite Burgeninventar Hessen: Unterburg-Untere Burg Zwingenberg Stand: 05 Mai 2008\nWebsite Burgeninventar Hessen: Burgsitz von Wallbrunn Zwingenberg, Stand: 09 Mai 2008\n\"Ergebnis der Gemeindewahl am 14. März 2021\". Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. Retrieved 7 July 2021.\nWebsite Wappen von Zwingenberg, Stand: 05. Mai 2008\nLandesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen\nDietmar Scherf (2006). Deutschland- Landpartien: Landpartien zum genießen. Mair Dumont Dumont. ISBN 3-7701-7150-0.", "Matthias Markert: Zwingenberg an der Bergstraße und Umland, ISBN 3-932199-00-6\nRudolf Kunz: Die Bergstraße: Der Nördliche Teil. Seeheim, Jugenheim, Bickenbach, Alsbach, Hähnlein, Zwingenberg (image file)\nFritz Kilthau: Mitten unter uns: Zwingenberg an der Bergstraße von 1933 bis 1945, ISBN 3-922781-85-3\nKarl Wilfried Hamel: Auerbacher Schloß - Feste Urberg - die bedeutendste Burganlage der Obergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen. AAA-Verlag, Bensheim-Auerbach 1997, ISBN 3-9803139-0-5\nLudwig März: Zwingenberg (privately published picture book)", "Town’s official webpage (in German)\nZwingenberg at Curlie (in German)" ]

[ "Zwingenberg, Hesse", "Geography", "Location", "Neighbouring communities", "Constituent communities", "Population development", "History", "Politics", "Town council", "Mayors", "Coat of arms", "Town partnerships", "Economy and infrastructure", "Established businesses", "Transport", "Leisure and sport facilities", "Culture and sightseeing", "Buildings", "Wine and culinary specialities", "Theatre", "Museums", "Famous people", "Honorary citizens", "Sons and daughters of the town", "Famous people with ties to the town", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5361027, 5361028, 5361029, 5361030, 5361031, 5361032, 5361033, 5361034, 5361035, 5361036 ]

[ 27242135, 27242136, 27242137, 27242138, 27242139, 27242140, 27242141, 27242142, 27242143, 27242144, 27242145, 27242146, 27242147, 27242148, 27242149, 27242150, 27242151, 27242152, 27242153, 27242154, 27242155, 27242156, 27242157, 27242158, 27242159, 27242160, 27242161, 27242162, 27242163, 27242164, 27242165, 27242166, 27242167, 27242168, 27242169, 27242170, 27242171, 27242172 ]

[ "Zwingenberg, May 2008" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Zwingenberg_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Zwingenberg is a village in the Neckar-Odenwald district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.", "Zwingenberg developed in the valley of the Neckar, below Zwingenberg Castle, as a possession of the Electoral Palatinate ruled via Oberamt Mosbach. In 1803, Zwingenberg became a possession of the Principality of Leiningen, which was mediatized to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806. Zwingenberg was assigned to the district of Eberbach in 1813.", "The municipality (Gemeinde) of Zwingenberg covers 4.7 square kilometers (1.8 sq mi) of the Neckar-Odenwald district of Baden-Württemberg, one of the 16 States of the Federal Republic of Germany. Zwingenberg is physically located in the valley of the Neckar, which has cut itself deep into the local sandstone. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area varies wildly, from a high of 424 meters (1,391 ft) Normalnull (NN) to a low of 128 meters (420 ft) NN where the Neckar flows out of the municipality.\nThe Federally protected Zwerrenberg nature reserve lies within the municipal areas of Zwingenberg and Neuenkirchen.", "Zwingenberg has one borough (Ortseil), Zwingenberg, and two villages, Burg Zwingenberg and Zwingenberger Hof.", "Zwingenberg's coat of arms displays three swan's heads, in white with yellow bills, upon a field of blue. This was the coat of arms of the House of Zwingenberg, which began to see local official use again in 19th century town seals. The Karlsruhe General State Archives redesigned these seals into a coat of arms for Zwingenberg in 1913 and it was subsequently adopted by the municipal council.", "\"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2020\" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2020] (CSV). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg (in German). June 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021. \n\"Zwingenberg\". LEO-BW (in German). Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 31 July 2020.", "Official website (in German)" ]

[ "Zwingenberg (Baden)", "History", "Geography", "Politics", "Coat of arms", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361037 ]

[ 27242173, 27242174, 27242175, 27242176, 27242177 ]

[ "", "The platforms of Zwingenberg", "War locomotive of DRB Class 52 on the Main-Neckar Railway on its way to Frankfurt" ]

[ 0, 2, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Bahnhof_Zwingenberg_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Zwingenberger_%28Bergstra%C3%9Fe%29_Bahnhof-_auf_Bahnsteig_zu_Gleis_1-_Richtung_Frankfurt_am_Main_23.6.2012.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Zwingenberger_%28Bergstra%C3%9Fe%29_Bahnhof-_auf_Bahnsteig_zu_Gleis_1-_Richtung_Heidelberg_%28DR-Baureihe_52_4867%29_23.6.2012.JPG" ]

[ "Zwingenberg (Bergstr) station is a station on the Main-Neckar Railway in the town of Zwingenberg on the Mountain Road in the German state of Hesse. It has a heritage-listed entrance building. The station is classified by Deutsche Bahn (DB) as a category 5 station.", "The station was opened in 1845/46 along with the Main-Neckar Railway between Frankfurt and Heidelberg.\nThe plans for the entrance building were probably drawn up by the Darmstadt court architect Georg Moller. Originally the station was built as a two-storey building with a roof turret. Years later, an extra storey was added. Similarly, two smaller buildings were added. The main building is built in yellow sandstone and has three floors. The division between the floors is marked by red sandstone. The windows are also framed in red sandstone. North of the building is the old walled garden of the former station master.", "The station is classified as a category 5 station. 44 Regionalbahn services stop in Zwingenberg each day.\nIn December 2007, Deutsche Bahn announced that it intended to sell the station building and shortly later that it had sold it to an investor.\nA ticket machine is located only at the station building. Since the station is equipped with external platforms on the double-track line that are not directly connected by a pedestrian underpass, passengers heading south towards Bensheim or Heidelberg and who need to purchase a ticket must take into account the time needed to use the ticket machine and cross the tracks (about 8 minutes).", "The trains is served by the RB 68 Regionalbahn (stopping) service on the Heidelberg Hbf–Weinheim (Bergstr)–Zwingenberg–Bensheim–Darmstadt Hbf–Frankfurt (Main) Hbf route.", "\"Stationspreisliste 2022\" [Station price list 2022] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.\nEisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.\n\"Wabenplan\" (PDF). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar. February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.\n\"Tarifinformationen 2021\" (PDF). Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund. 1 January 2021. p. 157. Retrieved 8 April 2021.\n\"Bahnhof Zwingenberg\". Cultural monuments in Hesse (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2012." ]

[ "Zwingenberg (Bergstraße) station", "History", "Infrastructure", "Operations", "Notes" ]

[ 5361038, 5361039 ]

[ 27242178, 27242179, 27242180, 27242181, 27242182 ]

[ "Zwingenberg Castle in 2009", "Zwingenberg around 1850", "Zwingenberg Castle from the south (2015)" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Burg_Zwingenberg_2009.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Zwingenberg_1850.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Burg_Zwingenberg_2015-10-02.jpeg" ]

[ "Zwingenberg Castle (German: Burg Zwingenberg), also called Zwingenberg or Schloss Zwingenberg, stands on the right bank of the River Neckar where it cuts through the Odenwald hills in central Germany. The castle is located in the municipality of Zwingenberg in the state of Baden-Württemberg.", "The spur castle was built on a hill spur in the triangle formed by the confluence of the steep Wolfschlucht gorge with the Neckar valley and lies about 50 metres above the river.", "The castle was probably built in the 13th century by the Hohenstaufen ministerialis, William of Wimpfen. The first record of it dates to the year 1326. A nephew of William of Wimpfen called himself von Zwingenberg. Because the Zwingenbergs were robber knights, in 1363 they were driven from the castle and it was slighted in the name of the emperor. In 1403, the Lord of Hirschhorn was enfeoffed with the Zwingenberg and had it rebuilt. After his line had died out, ownership switched between the Electorate of Mainz, Electorate of the Palatinate and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The lord of the castle today is Louis (Ludwig), Prince of Baden (born 1937), a descendant of Grand Duke Charles Frederick of Baden.\nAbove Zwingenberg Castle are the remains of Fürstenstein Castle.", "Jochen Pressler: Burgen und Schlösser im Rhein-Neckar-Dreieck. Alles Wissenswerte über 126 Burg- und Schloßanlagen in Nordbaden, Südhessen und der Vorderen Pfalz. 3rd expanded and revised edition. Schimper, Schwetzingen, 1996, ISBN 3-87742-097-4. pp. 98f\nJochen Goetze (text) and Werner Richner (photography): Burgen im Neckartal. Braus, Heidelberg, 1989, ISBN 3-925835-52-0. pp. 44ff\nHeinrich Niester: Die Instandsetzungsarbeiten auf der Burg Zwingenberg am Neckar, Rhein-Neckar-Kreis. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg, 2nd annual, 1973, Issue 2, p. 18–27. (pdf; 9.2 MB)", "Official website of the Zwingenberg Schloss\nOfficial website of the Schloss Festival, Zwingenberg\nZwingenberg Castle at burgenwelt.de\nSchloss Zwingenberg on a private website\nEntry at Krieger\nZwingenberg Castle at Schlösser und Burgen in Baden-Württemberg" ]

[ "Zwingenberg Castle", "Location", "History", "Literature", "External links" ]

[ 5361040, 5361041 ]

[ 27242183, 27242184, 27242185, 27242186 ]

[ "Gateway leading into the Zwinger in Carcassonne. Right: the lower Zwinger wall.", "The Zwinger around Coburg Fortress reinforced by early modern era bastions", "Part view of the Theodosian Wall of the former city of Constantinople. In the foreground: the double Zwinger.", "The Krak des Chevaliers with its extensive Zwinger system around the inner ward (artist's reconstruction from 1871)", "Castle site in Beaumaris", "Inner ward and Zwinger of Löwenstein Castle (Württemberg)" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 4, 5, 7 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Fortezza_di_Carcassonne_-_interno-1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Theodosianische_Landmauer_in_Istanbul.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Krak_des_chevaliers_-_artist_rendering.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Beaumaris_aerial.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Skizze_Burg_Loewenstein_Rekonstruktion.png" ]

[ "\"Zwinger\" ([ˈt͡svɪŋɐ]) is a German word for outer ward or outer bailey. It represents an open kill zone area between two defensive walls that is used for defensive purposes. Zwingers were built in the post-classical and early modern periods to improve the defence of castles and town walls. The term is usually left untranslated, but is sometimes rendered as \"outer courtyard\", presumably referring to the subsequent role of a Zwinger as a castle's defences became redundant and it was converted into a palace or schloss; however, this belies its original purpose as a form of killing ground for the defence. The word is linked with zwingen, \"to force\", perhaps because the Zwinger forced an enemy to negotiate it before assaulting the main defensive line. Essenwein states that the \"main purpose of this feature was so that the besieging force could not reach the actual castle wall very easily with battering rams or belfries, but had to stop at the lower, outer wall; also that two ranks of archers, behind and above one another, could fire upon the approaching enemy\".", "The Zwinger of a castle is sited in front of the main curtain wall and is enclosed on the outer side by a second, lower wall, known as the Zwinger wall (Zwingermauer). If attackers succeed in getting past the Zwinger wall, they would be trapped in the Zwinger and were an easy target for the defenders on the main wall (Hauptmauer). Further progress was thus seriously impeded.\nIn central Europe most Zwingers were built in front of older castle walls as a later addition and reinforcement of the defences.", "The Zwinger in front of a town gate is a fortified area between the main gate and the outer gate of a medieval town gateway system. Town gates were often built in the shape of a gate tower, with a second, and sometimes even a third, gate in front of it (so-called double or triple gate systems). In front of the town walls in the area of the town gates there was usually a second wall in which the outer gate was located. An enemy who had breached the outer gate and penetrated the Zwinger would find himself in an enclosed area with very little scope to exploit his initial success. By contrast, the defenders retreating behind the main town walls could easily engage the enemy below them in the killing ground of the Zwinger.\nThe barbican is based on a similar concept to the gateway Zwinger and is found in front of the main wall but separated from it by an additional moat.\nIn the Hussite period (around 1420/30) impressive examples were built that were mainly intended as protection against early firearms.\nThe open area of the Zwinger was mainly used in peacetime to keep animals or as a garden. As their defensive function became superfluous, in many cases barns, stables and storage buildings were erected in Zwingers.\nThe Zwinger at Dresden inherited its name from the old Zwinger in front of the Crown Gate (Kronentor) on the outer wall of the fortress. It was never intended as a fortification, however, but was conceived as the outer courtyard of a new palace.", "The development of the Zwinger has not been well researched to date. By the fifth century A.D. a fully developed Zwinger had been built in front of the Byzantine walls of Constantinople.\nIn early medieval fortifications, too, a succession of defensive walls can be seen. Especially during the time of the Hungarian invasions, defensive castles were protected by berms and outer ramparts to guard against the cavalry attacks of the Magyars. These were not Zwingers in the true sense of the word; often an intermediate moat separated the lines of defence. Such a moat is also frequently part of late medieval Zwingers.\nOccasionally the narrow outworks of the Habsburg (Aargau) or of Alt-Bolanden (Rhineland-Palatinate), which date to the late 10th and early 11th centuries, are seen as early Zwingers. These fortification elements do not have any direct successors, however.\nIn central Europe Zwingers first reappeared in the first half of the 13th century in front of the ring-walls of small fortifications. Towards the end of that century, the defensive capability of castles was being enhanced in this way far more frequently, for example at Gnandstein Castle in Saxony; Château du Landsberg and Château d'Andlau in Alsace. In southern France the heavily restored Zwinger in the town fortifications of Carcassonne appears to have been built. Initially Zwinger walls were very close to the main wall.\nIn the 14th century, the first firearms caused a further growth in the number of Zwingers. Countless examples were built, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries. In Franconia the fortification of late medieval city has largely survived. In Nuremberg a low Zwinger was built in front of the older ring-wall. In the early 15th century, Munich was fitted with a new double ring of town walls, as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle. By connecting the inner and the outer ring – to be more exactly, the respective inner and outer (= lower) watch towers – with numerous party walls, a succession of zwinger segments soon encircled the place as a whole.\nThe first Zwinger walls of the High Middle Ages were usually not protected by towers. The artillery fortifications of the Late Middle Ages, by contrast, were defended by numerous flanking and, sometimes also, battery towers or roundels.\nThe Zwingers of a small group of castles in the Franconian Haßberge date to the Hussite period. As elsewhere the territorial lords were reacting to the serious threat of rebels from nearby Bohemia. These Zwingers at the castles of Altenstein, Rauheneck and Schmachtenberg have been well preserved. At Rauheneck Castle the defences are further strengthened by two bretèches. These features and hoardings (Kampfhäuser) may also be seen as part of other Zwingers.\nThe Hussite period additions of many castles in the endangered regions often went back to innovations that had been developed by the Hussites themselves. A prime example is the town fortification of the south Bohemian Hussite town of Tábor. Parts of the Zwinger in front of the main gate have survived even today.\nIn general the Zwinger walls were markedly lower and less thick that the actual ring walls. Often only a parapet wall was erected around the intended killing ground of the Zwinger. Occasionally a covered or open wall walk was built on the inside of the wall, as at Trausnitz Castle in Landshut. Even underground wall walks with embrasures for hand guns may be seen, for example, at Hochhaus Castle near Nördlingen.\nZwinger walls could fully surround a fortification or just a particularly vulnerable section. There is often a moat in front of them, the Zwinger wall also acting as the revetment of the moat. On hillside castles the Zwinger wall was a supporting wall and often very high to provide static stability of the whole site.\nFrequently, small, hidden sally ports or posterns enabled direct combat with an enemy in the moat area. The actual Zwinger area was also often accessible through sally ports.", "The Krak des Chevaliers of the Knights of St. John is generally classified as a crusader castle. Just before 1170 the first small Zwinger was built here around the inner ward. This surprisingly early Zwinger was replaced in the mid-13th century by the present outer fortification. This Zwinger is also one of the oldest examples of its type. A building inscription records that the castle governor, Nicolas Lorgne, had a barbacane built – almost certainly a reference to the Zwinger. This source enables the second Zwinger of the Crac to be dated to around 1250. The Zwinger of the Krak des Chevaliers was extended in around 1270. Despite this reinforcement, the Muslims under Sultan Baibars I succeeded in capturing the fort in 1271, after just a four-week siege.\nOther large crusader castles were also surrounded by great Zwinger systems. The outer ring wall of the castle of Tartus (Syria) could have been built at the same time as the Zwinger at Krak, i.e. in the middle of the 13th century. By shortly before 1168 the Knights of St. John began remodelling Belvoir Castle in present-day Israel. The outer fortification with its corner towers acts like \"a large Zwinger to the structure\" (U. Großmann).", "The Welsh castles of Harlech and Beaumaris (started 1295 but never completed) have a double defensive wall, the outer wing surrounding the inner one concentrically at a short distance from it. The outer fortification in Beaumaris, with its round wall towers, is particularly massive and comparable to the Krak des Chevaliers.", "", "Amberg\nAschersleben\nCarcassonne\nDelitzsch\nDinkelsbühl\nIngelheim\nJihlava\nJüterbog\nNeubrandenburg\nNördlingen\nNuremberg\nTemplin\nWarsaw\nWolframs-Eschenbach", "Altenstein Castle (Hassberge)\nBurghausen Castle (Burghausen/Salzach, Upper Bavaria)\nGiechburg (Upper Franconia)\nGuttenberg Castle on the Neckar (Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis)\nHohenurach Castle (Swabian Jura)\nHornberg Castle on the Neckar (Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis)\nLöwenstein Castle (Swabian-Franconian Hills)\nMinneburg (Odenwald)\nNürburg Castle (Eifel)\nOtzberg Fortress (Otzberg)\nRauheneck Castle (Ebern)\nTuraida Castle (Turaida)\nTower of London (London)", "Zingel", "As a German noun it is capitalized, but can be written lower case when used as an English common noun.", "Piper, Otto (1995). Burgenkunde. Bauwesen und Geschichte der Burgen. Würzburg, 1995, p. 684.\nEttel et al. (2002), p. 282.\nvon Essenwein, \"Kriegsbauk\", p. 192, in Otto Piper, Burgenkunde: Bauwesen und Geschichte der Burgen innerhalb des deutschen Sprachgebiets, Hamburg: Severus (2014), reprint of 1905 edition, p. 11, ISBN 978-3-95801-028-4.", "Ettel, Peter, Anne-Marie Flambard Héricher and T. E. McNeill, eds. (2002). \"Actes du Colloque International: de Maynooth (Irland), 23 - 30 août 2002\" in Chateau Gaillard 21. Caen: Crahm.\nThomas Biller. Die Adelsburg in Deutschland. Entstehung, Form und Bedeutung. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich, 1993, ISBN 3-422-06093-6.\nHorst Wolfgang Böhme (ed.): Burgen in Mitteleuropa. Ein Handbuch. Vol. 1: \"Bauformen und Entwicklung.\" Deutschen Castlesvereinigung e.V. Theiss, Stuttgart, 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1355-0.\nHorst Wolfgang Böhme, Reinhard Friedrich, Barbara Schock-Werner (ed.). Wörterbuch der Burgen, Schlösser und Festungen. Reclam, Stuttgart, 2004, ISBN 3-15-010547-1.\nGeorg Ulrich Großmann. Burgen in Europa. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg, 2005, ISBN 3-7954-1686-8.\nMichael Losse. Kleine Castleskunde. Regionalia, Euskirchen, 2011, ISBN 978-3-939722-39-7." ]

[ "Zwinger", "Castles", "Town fortifications", "Development", "Early high medieval Zwinger in the Holy Land", "13th-century double concentric walls in Wales", "Examples of surviving medieval Zwingers", "Town and city fortifications", "Castles", "See also", "Footnotes", "References", "Literature" ]

[ 5361042, 5361043, 5361044 ]

[ 27242187, 27242188, 27242189, 27242190, 27242191, 27242192, 27242193, 27242194, 27242195, 27242196, 27242197, 27242198, 27242199, 27242200, 27242201, 27242202, 27242203, 27242204, 27242205, 27242206, 27242207, 27242208 ]

[ "", "Zwinger park and memorial photochrome print around 1895", "The crown gate with the long galleries adjoining on both sides", "Dresden before 1519 with the course of the nearby Weißeritz river (top left)", "Adolph Menzel, Atlases on the Wallpavillon of the Dresden Zwinger, 1880, NGA 139216, National Gallery of Art", "Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on the Wallpavillon", "Ruins of the wall pavilion in 1945.", "Wall pavilion in 2013" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 3, 5, 5, 6, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/2006-07-30_Zwinger_dresden2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Dresden._Zwinger_%26_Sophienkirche._-_Detroit_Publishing_Co.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/ZwingerCrown.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Dresden_1521.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Adolph_Menzel%2C_Atlases_on_the_Wallpavillon_of_the_Dresden_Zwinger%2C_1880%2C_NGA_139216.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Dresden_Zwinger_Wappen_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Fotothek_df_ps_0000115_002_Zwinger._Ruine_des_Wallpavillons_und_der_n%C3%B6rdlichen_B.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Drezno%2C_Zwinger%2C_Pawilon_Wa%C5%82owy%284%29.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwinger (German: Dresdner Zwinger, IPA: [ˈdʁeːzdnɐ ˈt͡svɪŋɐ]) is a palatial complex with gardens in Dresden, Germany. Designed by architect Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, it is one of the most important buildings of the Baroque period in Germany. Along with the Frauenkirche, the Zwinger is the most famous architectural monument of Dresden. \nThe name \"Zwinger\" goes back to the name used in the Middle Ages for a fortress part between the outer and inner fortress walls, even though the Zwinger no longer had a function corresponding to the name at the start of construction.\nThe Zwinger was built in 1709 as an orangery and garden as well as a representative festival area. Its richly decorated pavilions and the galleries lined with balustrades, figures and vases testify to the splendor during the reign of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and elected King of Poland. In the original conception of the elector, the Zwinger was the forecourt of a new castle that would take up the area between it and the Elbe; therefore, the Zwinger remained undeveloped on the Elbe side (provisionally closed with a wall). The plans for a new castle were abandoned after the death of Augustus the Strong, and with the departure from the Baroque period, the Zwinger initially lost importance. It was only over a century later that the architect Gottfried Semper completed it with the Semper Gallery towards the Elbe.\nThe Sempergalerie, opened in 1855, was one of the most important German museum projects of the 19th century and made it possible to expand the use of the Zwinger as a museum complex, which had grown under the influence of time since the 18th century. The Bombing of Dresden on February 13 and 14, 1945 hit the Zwinger extensively and led to extensive destruction. Since the reconstruction in the 1950s and 1960s, the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (Old Masters Picture Gallery), the Dresden Porcelain Collection (Dresdener Porzellansammlung) and the Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon (Royal Cabinet of Mathematical and Physical Instruments) have opened to the public. The original intended use as an orangery, garden and as a representative festival area has taken a back seat; the latter continues to be cultivated with the performance of music and theater events.", "The Zwinger covers an area on the northwestern edge of the Innere Altstadt (\"inner old town\") that is part of the historic heart of Dresden. It is located in the immediate vicinity of other famous sights, including Dresden Castle and the Semperoper. The Zwinger is bounded by Sophienstraße in the southeast, Postplatz in the south, Ostra-Allee in the southwest, the Am Zwingerteich road in the northwest and Theatre Square (Theaterplatz) in the east. Nearby buildings include the Dresden State Theatre to the southwest, the Haus am Zwinger to the south, the Taschenbergpalais hotel to the southeast, the west wing of the palace with its Green Vault to the east, the Altstädtische Hauptwache to the northeast, the Semper Opera to the north and the former royal stables to the northwest. Within view lie the Catholic Court Church and the Italian Village in Theatre Square, the Wilsdruffer Kubus on Postplatz and the Duchess Garden with the remnants of the former orangery building in the west. The terraced banks of the Elbe river are located 200 metres northeast of the Zwinger.", "", "The name Zwinger goes back to the common medieval German term for that part of a fortification between the outer and inner defensive walls, or \"outer ward\". Archaeological evidence indicates that the construction of the first city wall took place in the last quarter of the 12th century. A documentary entry as civitas in 1216 points to the existence of an enclosed Dresden Fortification at that time.\nIn 1427, during the Hussite Wars, work began on strengthening the city's defences and they were enhanced by a second – outer – wall. These improvements began near the Wilsdruffer Tor gate. Step by step the old moat had to be filled in and moved. The area between the two walls was generally referred to as the Zwinger and, in the vicinity of the castle, was utilised by the royal court at Dresden for garden purposes. The location of the so-called Zwingergarten from that period is only imprecisely known to be between the fortifications on the western side of the city. Its extent varied in places as a result of subsequent improvements to the fortifications and is depicted differently on the various maps.\nThis royal Zwingergarten, a garden used to supply the court, still fulfilled one of its functions, as indicated by the name, as a narrow defensive area between the outer and inner defensive walls. This was no longer the case when work on the present-day Zwinger palace began in the early 18th century, nevertheless the name was transferred to the new building. Admittedly the southwestern parts of the building of the baroque Dresden Zwinger including the Kronentor gate stand on parts of the outer curtain wall that are still visible today; but there is no longer any trace of the inner wall.", "Until well into the 16th century, the area of the present-day Zwinger complex was still outside the city fortifications. Close by ran an old stretch of the Weißeritz river that no longer exists, which emptied into the Elbe by the Old Castle. In 1569, major work began on redevelopment and new buildings by the fortifications west of the castle based on plans by master builder, Rochus Quirin, Count of Lynar, who came from Florence. The embankments needed in the area of the river confluence proved to be a major challenge. In spring 1570 the Weißeritz caused severe flood damage at an embankment, which hampered the building project for a short time. Then, in 1572, the rebuilding work by the fortifications came to a temporary halt.", "Augustus the Strong returned from a grand tour through France and Italy in 1687–89, just at the moment that Louis XIV moved his court to Versailles. On his return to Dresden, having arranged his election as King of Poland (1697), he wanted something similarly spectacular for himself. The fortifications were no longer needed and provided readily available space for his plans. The original plans, as developed by his court architect Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann before 1711, covered the space of the present complex of palace and garden, and also included as gardens the space down to the Elbe river, upon which the Semperoper and its square were built in the nineteenth century.\nThe Zwinger was designed by Pöppelmann and constructed in stages from 1710 to 1728. Sculpture was provided by Balthasar Permoser. The Zwinger was formally inaugurated in 1719, on the occasion of the electoral prince Frederick August’s marriage to the daughter of the Habsburg emperor, the Archduchess Maria Josepha. At the time, the outer shells of the buildings had already been erected and, with their pavilions and arcaded galleries, formed a striking backdrop to the event. It was not until the completion of their interiors in 1728, however, that they could serve their intended functions as exhibition galleries and library halls.\nThe death of Augustus in 1733 put a halt to the construction because the funds were needed elsewhere. The palace area was left open towards the Semperoper square (Theatre Square) and the river. Later the plans were changed to a smaller scale, and in 1847–1855 the area was closed by the construction of the gallery wing now separating the Zwinger from the Theatre Square. The architect of this building, later named Semper Gallery, was Gottfried Semper.", "The building was mostly destroyed by the carpet bombing raids of 13–15 February 1945. The art collection had been previously evacuated, however. Reconstruction, supported by the Soviet military administration, began in 1945; parts of the restored complex were opened to the public in 1951. By 1963 the Zwinger had largely been restored to its pre-war state.", "Pillnitz Castle – Summer residence of the electors and kings of Saxony\nMoritzburg Castle – Hunting lodge of the electors and kings of Saxony\nList of castles in Saxony\nList of Baroque residences", "Gurlitt: Kunstdenkmäler Dresdens, H. 2, p. 313\nOtto Richter: Verfassungsgeschichte der Stadt Dresden. Volume One. Dresden 1885, p. 8–9\nDehio, Dresden, 2005. p. 52\nGurlitt: Kunstdenkmäler Dresdens, H. 2, p. 327–328\n\"Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann\". Technische Universität Dresden. Retrieved 3 September 2021.\n\"Semper Building and Zwinger\". Museums of the World. Retrieved 3 September 2021.", "Map of the Zwinger\nZwinger and its Museums at Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden\nHomepage of Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden\nSchlösser und Gärten Dresden" ]

[ "Zwinger (Dresden)", "Current inner city location", "History", "Origin of the name", "Early development of the city in the area of the Zwinger", "Early history", "Destruction and rebuilding", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361045, 5361046, 5361047, 5361048, 5361049, 5361050, 5361051 ]

[ 27242209, 27242210, 27242211, 27242212, 27242213, 27242214, 27242215, 27242216, 27242217, 27242218, 27242219, 27242220, 27242221, 27242222 ]

[ "The Zwinger in Goslar" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Zwinger_Goslar_Harz.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwinger in Goslar is a battery tower that is part of the fortifications of the old imperial city of Goslar, Germany. It is located on the Thomaswall in the south of the town and was built in 1517. On this side Goslar was strongly dominated by the nearby hill of Rammelsberg, which would have made a good location for positioning enemy guns in the event of an attack on the town; the town fortifications therefore needed the extra protection of a strong battery tower at this point.\nThe stonework of Goslar's Zwinger was predominantly made of sandstone quarried from the Sudmerberg northeast of Goslar and mortared with burnt lime. Because lime burning was still in not fully developed, the builders mixed the mortar with horsehair, quark, goat's milk and ox blood to harden it fully.\nImmediately under the corbelling are two sandstone tablets in the wall bearing the coats of arms of the German Empire and the town of Goslar and the inscription \"Anno dm M D X V II\". The original conical roof was dismantled in 1857.\nWith a wall thickness at the base of 6.5 metres, a diameter of 26 metres and a height of 20 metres, the Zwinger is one of the strongest surviving and utilised defensive towers in Europe. \nThe Goslar Zwinger has been privately owned since 1 August 1936. Today it houses a restaurant on the ground floor, three holiday apartments on the middle floor and a small museum of medieval weapons, armour and torture implements on the top floor.", "Internet site of the Goslar Zwinger" ]

[ "Zwinger (Goslar)", "External links" ]

[ 5361052 ]

[ 27242223 ]

[ "The Zwinger on the present day Promenade." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/MuensterZwinger24.JPG" ]

[ "The Zwinger in the Westphalian city of Münster is part of the old city fortifications from the Early Modern Period. In the Nazi era it was both a gaol and a Gestapo place of execution and was heavily damaged by allied air raids. Since its conversion to a memorial the Zwinger has belonged to the Münster City Museum (Stadtmuseum Münster) and is home to the sculpture Das gegenläufige Konzert.", "Rebecca Horn: Der Zwinger in Münster. W. König Verlag, ISBN 3883756474\nMax Geisberg: Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler von Westfalen, Vol. 41: Die Stadt Münster Teil 1: Die Ansichten und Pläne, Grundlage und Entwicklung, die Befestigungen, die Residenzen der Bischöfe. Aschendorff, Münster, 1976, ISBN 3-402-05090-0\nBarbara Rommé (ed.): Der Zwinger : Bollwerk, Kunstwerk, Mahnmal. Aschendorff, Münster, 2007, ISBN 978-3-402-12732-2", "Panorama (with sound of the metal hammers)\nHistory and photographs of the Zwinger" ]

[ "Zwinger (Münster)", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361053 ]

[ 27242224, 27242225 ]

[ "Gondo church", "", "Smuggler statue in Gondo", "Valley of Zwischbergen", "Gondo village" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 3, 5 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Picswiss_VS-81-01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Reliefkarte_Wallis_blank.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Picswiss_VS-81-02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Zwischbergental0001.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gondo.jpg" ]

[ "Zwischbergen is a municipality in the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.", "", "The village of Gondo, which is part of Zwischbergen, is located at the southern foot of the Simplon Pass on the Italian border. Although the majority language has been German for a long time, the population is partly of Italian descent. Gondo belonged to the dominion of Novara, until Boniface de Challant, the Bishop of Sion, bought the rights to the village in 1291 from Count de Castello. However, the parish of Gondo first belonged to the diocese of Sion in 1822. For much of the history of the village a school was held in the rectory, but in 1958 a schoolhouse was built.\nA new church was built in 1495 in the village. Disagreements over appointing the administrators of the new church in the middle of the 15th Century led to the creation of a municipal corporation and municipal statutes.\nSome of the families in Simplon and Gondo became wealthy through freight transport and smuggling over the pass. With their wealth, they became an important part in the political landscape of Valais. Between 1550 and 1897 there were gold mines in the valley. Starting in 1640 a postal riders between Lyon and Milan stopped in Gondo.\nIn the 18th and 19th Centuries the village was hit by devastating avalanches. On 14 October 2000, a third of the village was destroyed by a landslide that claimed 13 lives and destroyed eight buildings, including the western part of the Stockalper tower, which was built in 1650.", "Zwischbergen has an area, as of 2011, of 86.1 square kilometers (33.2 sq mi). Of this area, 13.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 24.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and 62.1% is unproductive land.\nThe village of Gondo, on the Simplon Pass road, is located in the municipality.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Argent, between two Peaks Vert in chief a Sun Or, and Vert a Path Argent. Since zwischenbergen means between mountains, the two mountains on the coat of arms are an example of canting arms.", "Zwischbergen has a population (as of December 2020) of 71. As of 2008, 12.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -35.4%. It has changed at a rate of -24.1% due to migration and at a rate of -11.4% due to births and deaths.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (69 or 88.5%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (4 or 5.1%) and Spanish is the third (3 or 3.8%). There is 1 person who speaks French.\nAs of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 58.8% male and 41.2% female. The population was made up of 54 Swiss men (52.9% of the population) and 6 (5.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 40 Swiss women (39.2%) and 2 (2.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 48 or about 61.5% were born in Zwischbergen and lived there in 2000. There were 14 or 17.9% who were born in the same canton, while 7 or 9.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 8 or 10.3% were born outside of Switzerland.\nThe age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.4%. As of 2000, there were 31 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 36 married individuals, 7 widows or widowers and 4 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000, there were 31 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 9 households that consist of only one person and 3 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 33 households that answered this question, 27.3% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 8 married couples without children, 8 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 2 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.\nIn 2000 there were 10 single family homes (or 25.6% of the total) out of a total of 39 inhabited buildings. There were 16 multi-family buildings (41.0%), along with 10 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (25.6%) and 3 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.7%).\nIn 2000, a total of 31 apartments (41.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 28 apartments (37.8%) were seasonally occupied and 15 apartments (20.3%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 2.41%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "The Ruin of the Gold Mine at Gondo is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.", "In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 70.2% of the votes. The next three most popular parties were the CVP with 28.6%, the PES with 1.0% and the SP with 0.3%. In the federal election, a total of 40 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 64.5%.\nIn the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 48 votes were cast, of which 0 were invalid. The voter participation was 68.6%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 52 votes was cast, of which 0 were invalid. The voter participation was 74.3%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%.", "As of  2010, Zwischbergen had an unemployment rate of 0%. As of 2008, there were 3 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 1 business involved in this sector. 15 people were employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 52 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 11 businesses in this sector. There were 32 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 21.9% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 60. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 2, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15 of which or (0.0%) were in manufacturing The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 43. In the tertiary sector; 8 or 18.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 10 or 23.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 9 or 20.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry.\nIn 2000, there were 64 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 4.0 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 34.4% of the workforce coming into Zwischbergen are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 25% used public transportation to get to work, and 40.6% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 73 or 93.6% were Roman Catholic, while 1 or 1.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.", "In Zwischbergen about 31 or (39.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and two or (2.6%) have completed traditional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of these two, one was a Swiss man, the other was a Swiss woman.\nAs of 2000, there were 3 students from Zwischbergen who attended schools outside the municipality.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Bilanz der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Staatsangehörigkeit (Kategorie), Geschlecht und demographischen Komponenten\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\nGondo in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed 05-September-2011\nFlags of the World.com accessed 05-September-2011\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 19 June 2010\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 Archived April 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011\nStändige Wohnbevolkerung nach Geschlecht und Heimat am 31.12.2009.xls (in German and French) accessed 24 August 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived September 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 Archived September 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011\n\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\nNationalratswahlen 2015: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung nach Gemeinden Archived August 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 April 2015\nStaatsratswahlen vom 1. März 2009 (in German) accessed 24 August 2011\nStänderatswahl 2007 (in German) accessed 24 August 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Archived December 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010", "Gondo in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nMunicipality of Gondo-Zwischenbergen (in German)\nGoldminen Gondo (in German)" ]

[ "Zwischbergen", "History", "Gondo", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Heritage sites of national significance", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Education", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361054, 5361055, 5361056, 5361057, 5361058 ]

[ 27242226, 27242227, 27242228, 27242229, 27242230, 27242231, 27242232, 27242233, 27242234, 27242235, 27242236, 27242237, 27242238, 27242239, 27242240, 27242241, 27242242, 27242243, 27242244, 27242245, 27242246, 27242247, 27242248, 27242249 ]

[ "Beaker made using the ‘Zwischengoldglas’ technique, mid 18th century V&A Museum no. 1271-1872" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Beakerbohemia.jpg" ]

[ "Zwischengoldglas, (German \"gold between glass\", plural Zwischengoldgläser) is a type of decorated glassware in which a design in gold leaf is created on a glass vessel, then sealed under another precisely-fitting glass vessel, which is then bonded to the first piece with cement. The use of adhesive rather than fusing by heat the two layers of glass is what distinguishes the process in English from the gold glass technique, which was popular in the late Roman Empire, although in German \"zwischengoldglas\" is often used for both.\nThe technique dates from the third century BC, and was used in the Roman Empire, although fused gold glass was more common. Zwischengoldglas was revived in Bohemia and Austria in the 18th century and pieces from this period onwards are most common. Other forms of gold-decorated glassware are sometimes called verre églomisé, though this also covers glass which is simply gilded (or coated with other types of metal leaf) on the back, as used in 19th century shop signs and the like.", "The Stained Glass Association of America Website\nThe Corning Museum of Glass\nGlass techniques glossary (in German)" ]

[ "Zwischengoldglas", "External links" ]

[ 5361059 ]

[ 27242250 ]

[ "", "", "Location within Feldkirch district" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/GemZwischenwasser.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Wappen_at_zwischenwasser.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Zwischenwasser_im_Bezirk_FK.png" ]

[ "Zwischenwasser is a municipality in the district of Feldkirch in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.\nZwischenwasser has three districts: Muntlix (the largest), Batschuns and Dafins.", "", "\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019." ]

[ "Zwischenwasser", "Population", "References" ]

[ 5361060, 5361061 ]

[ 27242251 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 2, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/EDTA-xtal-2D-skeletal.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Cocamidopropyl_betaine2.png" ]

[ "In chemistry, a zwitterion (/ˈtsvɪtəˌraɪən/ TSVIT-ə-rye-ən; from German Zwitter [ˈtsvɪtɐ] 'hermaphrodite'), also called an inner salt or dipolar ion, is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively- and negatively-charged functional groups. With amino acids, for example, in solution a chemical equilibrium will be established between the \"parent\" molecule and the zwitterion.\nBetaines are zwitterions that cannot isomerize to an all-neutral form, such as when the positive charge is located on a quaternary ammonium group. Similarly, a molecule containing a phosphonium group and a carboxylate group cannot isomerize.", "The equilibrium is established in two stages. In one stage, a proton is transferred from the carboxyl group to a water molecule. \nH₂N(R)CO₂H + H₂O ⇌ H₂N(R)CO−2 + H₃O⁺\nIn the other stage a proton is transferred from the hydronium ion to the amine group\nH₂N(R)CO−2 + H₃O⁺ ⇌ H₃N⁺(R)CO−2 + H₂O\nOverall, the reaction is an isomerization reaction\nH₂N(R)CO₂H ⇌ H₃N⁺(R)CO−2\nThe ratio of the concentrations of the two species in solution is independent of pH as it is equal to the value of the equilibrium constant K for the isomerization reaction. \n{\\displaystyle K=\\mathrm {\\frac {[H_{3}N^{+}(R)CO_{2}^{-}]}{[H_{2}N(R)CO_{2}H]}} }\n[X] signifies the concentration of the chemical species X at equilibrium. It is generally assumed that K > 1, that is, that the zwitterion is the predominant amino acid isomer in aqueous solution. It has been suggested, on the basis of theoretical analysis, that the zwitterion is stabilized in aqueous solution by hydrogen bonding with solvent water molecules. Analysis of neutron diffraction data for glycine showed that it was in the zwitterionic form in the solid state and confirmed the presence of hydrogen bonds. Theoretical calculations have been used to show that zwitterions may also be present in the gas phase for some cases different from the simple carboxylic acid-to-amine transfer.\nThe pKₐ values for deprotonation of the common amino acids span the approximate range 2.15±0.2. This is also consistent with the zwitterion being the predominant isomer that is present in an aqueous solution. For comparison, the simple carboxylic acid propionic acid (CH₃CH₂CO₂H) has a pKₐ value of 4.88.", "Sulfamic acid crystallizes in the zwitterion form.\nIn crystals of anthranilic acid there are two molecules in the unit cell. One molecule is in the zwitterion form, the other is not.\nIn the solid state, H₄EDTA is a zwitterion with two protons having been transferred from carboxylic acid groups to the nitrogen atoms.\nIn Psilocybin the proton on the dimethyl amino group is labile and may jump to the phosphate group to form a compound which is not a zwitterion.", "Insight to the equilibrium in solution may be gained from the results of theoretical calculations. For example, pyridoxal phosphate, a form of vitamin B₆, in aqueous solution is predicted to have an equilibrium favoring a tautomeric form in which a proton is transferred from the phenolic -OH group to the nitrogen atom.\nBecause tautomers are different compounds, they sometimes have different enough structures that they can be detected independently in their mixture. This allows experimental analysis of the equilibrium.", "The compound trimethylglycine, which was isolated from sugar beet, was named as \"betaine\". Later, other compounds were discovered that contain the same structural motif, a quaternary nitrogen atom with a carboxylate group attached to it via a –CH₂– link. At the present time, all compounds whose structure includes this motif are known as betaines. Betaines do not isomerize because the chemical groups attached to the nitrogen atom are not labile. These compounds may be classed as permanent zwitterions, as isomerisation to a molecule with no electrical charges does not occur, or is very slow.\nOther examples of permanent zwitterions include phosphatidylcholines, which also contain a quaternary nitrogen atom, but with a negatively-charged phosphate group in place of a carboxylate group; sulfobetaines, which contain a quaternary nitrogen atom and a negatively charged sulfonate group; and pulmonary surfactants such as dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Lauramidopropyl betaine is the major component of cocamidopropyl betaine.", "Strongly polarized conjugated compounds (conjugated zwitterions) are typically very reactive, share diradical character, activate strong bonds and small molecules, and serve as transient intermediates in catalysis. Donor-acceptor entities are of vast use in photochemistry (photoinduced electron transfer), organic electronics, switching and sensing.", "Amphoterism\nAzomethine ylide", "\"Zwitterion\". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2022-02-11.\nSkoog, Douglas, A.; West, Donald M.; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley R. (2004). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (8th ed.). Thomson/Brooks/Cole. pp. 231, 385, 419, 460. ISBN 0-03-035523-0.\n— (2013). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (9th ed.). pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-1-285-60719-1.\nJensen, Jan H.; Gordon, Mark S. (1995). \"On the Number of Water Molecules Necessary to Stabilize the Glycine Zwitterion\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 117 (31): 8159–8170. doi:10.1021/ja00136a013.\nJönsson, P.-G.; Kvick, Å. (1972). \"Precision neutron diffraction structure determination of protein and nucleic acid components. III. The crystal and molecular structure of the amino acid α-glycine\" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B. 28 (6): 1827–1833. doi:10.1107/S0567740872005096.\nPrice, William D.; Jockusch, Rebecca A.; Williams, Evan R. (1997). \"Is Arginine a Zwitterion in the Gas Phase?\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 119 (49): 11988–11989. doi:10.1021/ja9711627. PMC 1364450. PMID 16479267.\nSass, R. L. (1960). \"A neutron diffraction study on the crystal structure of sulfamic acid\". Acta Crystallographica. 13 (4): 320–324. doi:10.1107/S0365110X60000789.\nBrown, C. J.; Ehrenberg, M. (1985). \"Anthranilic acid, C₇H₇NO₂, by neutron diffraction\". Acta Crystallographica C. 41 (3): 441–443. doi:10.1107/S0108270185004206.\nCotrait, Par Michel (1972). \"La structure cristalline de l'acide éthylènediamine tétraacétique, EDTA\" [The crystalline structure of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA]. Acta Crystallographica B. 28 (3): 781–785. doi:10.1107/S056774087200319X.\nKiruba, G. S. M.; Ming, Wah Wong (2003). \"Tautomeric Equilibria of Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and 3-Hydroxypyridine Derivatives: A Theoretical Study of Solvation Effects\". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 68 (7): 2874–2881. doi:10.1021/jo0266792. PMID 12662064.\nNagy, Peter I.; Takács-Novák, Krisztina (1997). \"Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Zwitterion ⇌ Neutral Form Equilibrium of Ampholytes in Pure Solvents and Mixtures\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (21): 4999–5006. doi:10.1021/ja963512f.\nNelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. (2000). Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishing. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.\nGonenne, Amnon; Ernst, Robert (1978-06-15). \"Solubilization of membrane proteins by sulfobetaines, novel zwitterionic surfactants\". Analytical Biochemistry. 87 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(78)90565-1. ISSN 0003-2697.\nMunz, Dominik; Karsten, Meyer (2021). \"Charge frustration in ligand design and functional group transfer\". Nat. Rev. Chem. 5: 422–439. doi:10.1038/s41570-021-00276-3." ]

[ "Zwitterion", "Amino acids", "Other compounds", "Theoretical studies", "Betaines and similar compounds", "Conjugated Zwitterions", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361062, 5361063 ]

[ 27242252, 27242253, 27242254, 27242255, 27242256, 27242257, 27242258, 27242259, 27242260, 27242261, 27242262, 27242263, 27242264, 27242265, 27242266, 27242267 ]

[ "Zwochauer Bockwindmühle", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Zwochau%2C_neue_Bockwindm%C3%BChle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Wappen_zwochau.png" ]

[ "Zwochau is a village and a former municipality in the district (Landkreis) of North Saxony, in the administrative region (Direktionsbezirk) of Leipzig, in Saxony. Since 1 January 2013, it is part of the municipality Wiedemar.", "The village lies approximately 30 km east of Halle (Saale), ca. 20 km northwest of Leipzig, and 10 km southwest of Delitzsch. The national autobahn no. 9 runs west of the corporate boundary and can be accessed via the Wiedemar entrance ramp (ca. 4 km). The community is marked with the vestiges of the defunct middle German Brown coal industry. Lakes are currently forming in the vast open pits of the former mines (the Werbeliner See, Grabschützer See, and Zwochauer See) as a part of the new \"Saxon Sealand.\" The Leipzig/Halle Airport is immediately south of Zwochau in the Schkeuditz district.", "The existence of the village of Zwochau is first documented in a charter from 1158. Since 1 April 1936 the villages of Flemsdorf and Schladitz have been amalgamated with Zwochau.", "The \"Saxon Sealand\" (Sächsisches Seenland)\nThe Zwochau Church\nThe Zwochau Post Windmill (Neue Bockwindmühle)", "Gemeinde Zwochau", "Verwaltungsgeschichte Delitzsch" ]

[ "Zwochau", "Location", "History", "Sights", "External links", "References" ]

[ 5361064 ]

[ 27242268, 27242269, 27242270 ]

[ "15th-century church in Zwoleń", "Renaissance epitaph of poet Jan Kochanowski in the Holy Cross church", "Memorial to Poles murdered by the Germans in mass executions in April 1944", "Regional museum" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 5 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Church_in_Zwole%C5%84_1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/42-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_p.w._Podwy%C5%BCszenia_Krzy%C5%BCa_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_w_Zwoleniu.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Zwole%C5%84%2C_Pomnik_ofiar_faszyzmu_-_fotopolska.eu_%28226868%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Muzeum_Regionalne_Zwole%C5%84.jpg" ]

[ "Zwoleń [ˈzvɔlɛɲ] (Yiddish: זוואלין‎ Zvolin) is a town in eastern Poland, in Masovian Voivodeship, about 30 kilometres (19 miles) east of Radom. It is the capital of Zwoleń County. Population is 8,048 (2009). Zwoleń belongs to Sandomierz Land of the historic province of Lesser Poland, and is located on the Zwoleńka river.", "The history of the town dates back to the early 15th century, when Zwoleń was founded on a privilege issued by King Władysław II Jagiełło. The first wójt was Jan Cielątko. Zwoleń was a royal town of Poland, administratively located in the Radom County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. In the 16th century, it already was a center of local trade, located along the road from Lublin to Radom and Greater Poland. In 1566–1575, Polish Renaissance poet and writer Jan Kochanowski worked at a local Roman Catholic parish. Kochanowski, who died in Lublin, was buried in the local Holy Cross church.\nDuring the Swedish invasion known as the Deluge (1655-1660), Zwoleń was destroyed to such a degree that it never recovered its regional significance. In late 18th century, during Partitions of Poland, Zwoleń was annexed by the Austrian Empire. Between 1807 and 1815, it was part of the French-controlled Polish Duchy of Warsaw, established by Napoleon. In 1815 it became part of Congress Poland, a protectorate of the Russian Empire. After the January Uprising, in 1869, Russian authorities deprived Zwoleń of its town rights, as a punishment for residents' support of the insurgents. The village of Zwoleń stagnated for years, and did not regain its town rights until 1925, after Poland regained sovereignty in 1918. In 1921 Zwoleń had 8,544 residents, of which 3,787 were Jews.", "The Nazi German invasion of Poland in 1939 was a disastrous period for the town. Almost 80% of buildings were destroyed in air attacks and artillery bombardments. Houses around the market square and the local synagogue were burned. German occupiers carried out numerous mass executions of underground resistance fighters (from Home Army to Bataliony Chłopskie). At the beginning of 1941, the Nazi German administration established a ghetto in the southern part of Zwoleń for local Jews as well as all transports from neighbouring villages. In March 1941, Jews from Przytyk were transferred to Zwoleń (fact disputed by some scholars claiming that by then Jews of Przytyk were already removed). On December 22, 1941 the Jüdischer Wohnbezirk was formally registered. By April 1942, the unfenced, open ghetto had some 4,500 inhabitants living in 239 houses (7 per room on average). Hundreds were homeless. On August 19–20, 1942 approximately 5,000 Jews were shipped in from Gniewoszów ghetto nearby. The Germans also brought to the ghetto Jews from other locations (Janowice, Pionki, Jedlnia, Garbatka), further increasing their numbers. It is estimated that prior to mass deportations there were 6,500–10,000 Jews living there (top estimate by historian Adam Rutkowski has also been disputed). The Zwoleń ghetto was liquidated on 29 September 1942. All inmates (about 8,000 according to Daniel Blatman) were made to walk 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the railway station in Garbatka. A few hundred prisoners unable to walk were shot along the way. From there, all Jews were transported in freight trains to Treblinka extermination camp where they were immediately gassed.\nAround 70 Jewish Holocaust survivors returned to Zwoleń after the war but soon moved on because of the hostility in post-war Poland.\nOn April 7 and 19, 1944, the Germans carried out mass public executions of Poles. Nevertheless, the Polish resistance movement was active in the town.", "In 1954, a new Zwoleń County of Kielce Voivodeship was created, which was a great boost to the town economy. Factories and new schools were opened including a meat plant and a branch of Radom's Łucznik Arms Factory. In 1975, after administrative reform of the communist Poland, all counties were abolished and Zwoleń became part of Radom Voivodeship. It regained its county capital status in 1999.", "The town is located in southeastern corner of Mazovian Voivodeship, at the crossroads of two national roads: the 79th (Warsaw - Sandomierz - Kraków - Bytom), and the 12th (Łęknica - Dorohusk). Zwoleń does not have a rail station, but maintains bus connections with several towns and cities. The nearest airport is the Radom Airport, located about 40 km west of the town.", "Every year in late June, the \"Name day of Pan Jan\" (\"Imieniny Pana Jana\") Festival takes place there, in memory of Jan Kochanowski. The poet himself is buried at the local Catholic church of the Holy Cross.", "Zwoleń County is one of the main areas of strawberry cultivation in Poland, which is one of the main strawberry producers in Europe. Zwoleń strawberries and konfitura truskawkowa (a type of traditional Polish strawberry jam) are officially protected traditional foods of Zwoleń, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.", "The town has a sports club Zwolenianka and other sports associations.", "Stanisław Chomętowski (1673–1728), military commander\nJan Kochanowski (1530–1584), a Renaissance poet\nJan Karol Tarło (c. 1593–1645), nobleman\nStanisław Tarło (?–1601), nobleman", "", "Zwoleń is twinned with:\n Zvolen in Slovakia", "\"Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r\". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2009.\n\"Pomnik partyzantów\". Szlaki turystyczne Mazowsza (in Polish). Retrieved 29 November 2020.\nWojewództwo sandomierskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 1993. p. 3.\nGeoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). \"Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer\". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 355–356. ISBN 978-0253355997. Retrieved April 9, 2012.\nDaniel Blatman. Translated from the Hebrew by Judy Montel (Summer 2003). Zwolen. Pinkas HaKehillot, Polen, Volume VII (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), pages 187-189. Kielce-Radom SIG Journal Volume 7, Number 3. pp. 8–9.\n\"The Zwolen Ghetto\". Jewish Ghettos. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.\nMegargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II 354-356. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.\nDobroszycki, Lucjan (1994). Survivors of the Holocaust. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 78, 71. ISBN 1-56324-463-2.\n\"World's top Strawberry Producing Countries\". Retrieved 3 July 2021.\n\"Truskawka zwoleńska\". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 July 2021.\n\"Konfitura truskawkowa\". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 July 2021.", "Official town webpage\nJewish Community in Zwoleń on Virtual Shtetl" ]

[ "Zwoleń", "History", "World War II", "Postwar development", "Transport", "Culture", "Cuisine", "Sports", "People", "International relations", "Twin towns — Sister cities", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361065, 5361066, 5361067 ]

[ 27242271, 27242272, 27242273, 27242274, 27242275, 27242276, 27242277, 27242278, 27242279, 27242280, 27242281, 27242282, 27242283, 27242284, 27242285 ]

[ "Location within the voivodeship" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Mazowsze_Zwole%C5%84ski.png" ]

[ "Zwoleń County (Polish: powiat zwoleński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Zwoleń, which lies 104 kilometres (65 mi) south-east of Warsaw.\nThe county covers an area of 571.24 square kilometres (220.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 36,222, out of which the population of Zwoleń is 7,698, and the rural population is 28,524.", "Zwoleń County is bordered by Kozienice County to the north, Puławy County to the east, Opole Lubelskie County to the south-east, Lipsko County to the south and Radom County to the west.", "The county is subdivided into five gminas (one urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.", "Zwoleń County is one of the main areas of strawberry cultivation in Poland, which is one of the main strawberry producers in Europe. Zwoleń strawberries and konfitura truskawkowa (a type of traditional Polish strawberry jam) are officially protected traditional foods of the area, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.", "The National roads 12 and 79, and Voivodeship roads 733 and 787 pass through the county.", "GUS. \"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\". stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-09-14.\n\"World's top Strawberry Producing Countries\". Retrieved 3 July 2021.\n\"Truskawka zwoleńska\". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 July 2021.\n\"Konfitura truskawkowa\". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 July 2021." ]

[ "Zwoleń County", "Neighbouring counties", "Administrative division", "Agriculture and cuisine", "Transport", "References" ]

[ 5361068 ]

[ 27242286, 27242287, 27242288 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "Map of Zwolle by Joan Blaeu in Blaeu's \"Toonneel der Steden\", 1652", "De Librije", "Dutch Topographic map of the city of Zwolle, September 2014", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Zwolle railway station with ICMm train", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 7, 16, 16 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Sassenstraat_1-15%2C_Zwolle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt%2C_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Luttekestraat_12-16%2C_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/City_Centre%2C_8011_Zwolle%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Front_of_De_Librije.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Zwolle-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Peperbus%2C_Eekwal.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Zwolle%2C_Praubstraat.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Zwolle%2C_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Organ_in_Broerenkerk%2C_Zwolle%2C_2013.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Zwolle%2C_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" ]

[ "Zwolle (Dutch: [ˈzʋɔlə] (listen)) is a city and municipality in the Northeastern Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Overijssel. Zwolle is located on the border with Gelderland, which follows the river IJssel, not far from Flevoland to the northwest and Drenthe to the northeast. With a population of 130,592 as of 1 December 2021, it is the second-largest municipality in Overijssel after Enschede.", "Archaeological findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A woodhenge that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the Bronze Age period. During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by Salian Franks.\nThe modern city was founded around 800 CE by Frisian merchants and troops of Charlemagne. Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced Suolle, which means \"hill\" (cf. the English cognate verb \"to swell\"). This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, IJssel, Vecht, Aa and Zwarte Water. The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline.\n\nA document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to St Michael. That church, the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), was renovated in the first half of the 15th century and exists to this day. The church contains a richly carved pulpit, the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch (about 1620), some good carving and an exquisite organ (1721).\nOn 31 August 1230, the bishop of Utrecht granted Zwolle city rights. Zwolle became a member of the Hanseatic league in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and Valdemar IV of Denmark. In the 1370 Treaty of Stralsund that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a vitte, a trade colony, in Scania, then part of Denmark. Zwolle's golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the city's Gross Regional Product multiplied by about six.\nIn July 1324 and October 1361, regional noblemen set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames.\nZwolle was also, with Deventer, one of the centers of the Brethren of the Common Life, a monastic movement. 5 km (3 mi) from Zwolle, on a slight eminence called the Agnietenberg, (hill of St Agnes), once stood the Augustinian convent in which Thomas à Kempis spent the greatest part of his life and died (in 1471).\nAt least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a considerable trade by river, a large fish market, and the most important cattle market in the Netherlands after Rotterdam. The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, and salt-making.\nIn World War II, Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by French-Canadian soldier Léo Major. He was made an honorary citizen of Zwolle in 2005 and a street is named after him, Leo Majorlaan.\nIn 2004, Zwolle's De Librije restaurant was honored with 3 stars by Michelin Guide; as of 2018, it is one of only three restaurants so honored in the entire country.", "Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as Blauwvingers (Bluefingers). This dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the church bells to neighbouring city Kampen. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four duiten (the equivalent of two-and-a-half cents). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.", "Besides the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), the latter which houses a majestic Baroque organ built by Arp Schnitger, there are several other historic monuments in Zwolle. The Roman Catholic Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming-basilica (Our Lady of the Assumption) dates back to 1399. The church tower, called Peperbus (pepperpot), is one of the tallest and most famous church towers in the Netherlands. The modernized town hall was originally built in 1448.\nMention should also be made of the Sassenpoort (one of the old city gates), the city walls, the Mosterdmakerstoren (mustard makers' tower)(the complex where local mustard used to be made), a guild-house (1571), the former provincial government offices, a Dominican monastery, and on the Melkmarkt, two museums; the Stedelijk Museum Zwolle of antiquities and natural history, and the Vrouwenhuis. Museum de Fundatie, the fine art museum of the province of Overijssel, is hosted in the former Justice Hall on Blijmarkt Square.\nIn the western part of the city, west of the railway station, there is a quarter of Art Nouveau buildings, concentrated mostly on Koningin Wilhelminastraat, Prinses Julianastraat, and Prins Hendrikstraat. These three-store living houses were built in 1900s by various Dutch architects. Eleven of the buildings are protected by the Dutch government (rijksmonumenten).\nThe Broerenkerk church was part of the Dominican monastery founded in 1465. The monastery was closed in 1580 and the monks were expelled. From 1640 until 1982 the church was used for Protestant services. After a restoration in 1983–1988 it has been used for cultural events and it is now a bookstore.", "", "Arts, culture, entertainment and the media\nHein Boele (born 1939), actor, Dutch voice of Elmo\nJonnie Boer (born 1965), chef with three Michelin stars\nGerard ter Borch (1617–1681), painter\nTooske Breugem (born 1974), television host actress\nHerman Brood (1946–2001), painter/rock star\nMarnix Kappers (1943–2016), actor\nMaster I. A. M. of Zwolle (c. 1440–1490), engraver\nTon Koopman (born 1944), a conductor, organist, and harpsichordist\nYuri Landman (born 1973), experimental musical instrument builder, comic book artist\nMichael Minsky (1918–1988), singer and conductor\nLeonard van Munster (born 1972), artist\nOpgezwolle, (since 2001) rap crew\nJan Vayne (Jan Veenje) (born 1966), pianist\nCharlotte Wessels (born 1987), former singer for Delain\nFunda Eryiğit (born 1984), Turkish actress\nAuthors\nEef Brouwers (born 1939), journalist and former head of the Netherlands Government Information Service\nA. den Doolaard (1901–1994), author\nRhijnvis Feith (1753–1824), author\nEverhardus Johannes Potgieter (1808–1875), author\nBusiness\nWillem Jan van Dedem (1776–1851), landowner and founder of the canal and town of Dedemsvaart\nReligion\nJohannes Busch (1399-ca.1480), church reformer and provost of the Augustinian monastic order\nAndreas Ignatius Schaepman (1815–1882), Archbishop of Utrecht\nAlanus de Rupe (1428–1475), Roman Catholic theologian and Dominican promotor of the rosary\nPolitics\nLaurens Jan Brinkhorst (born 1937), former Minister of Economic Affairs\nJoan van der Capellen tot den Pol (1741–1784), role in the Batavian Republic\nJohannes van Heerdt tot Eversberg (1829–1893), former governor of Suriname and Curaçao\nPiet Kasteel (1901–2003), ambassador and former governor of Curaçao\nWillem Johan Lucas Grobbée (1822–1907), Minister of Finance from 1883 to 1885\nJohan Rudolf Thorbecke (1798–1872), Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1849/1853, 1862/1866, 1871/1872)\nSports\nJeroen Dubbeldam (born 1973), 2000 Olympic Equestrian champion\nMarten Eikelboom (born 1973), hockey player\nMartin Haar (born 1952), former football defender and current trainer\nRon Jans (born 1958), former football player and current coach\nEric Pierik (born 1959), field hockey player\nJohannes Smeekens (born 1987), Olympic speedskater\nPeter Wessels (born 1978), tennis player.\nScience\nChristianus Carolus Henricus van der Aa (1718–1793) Secretary of the Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities\nThomas Joannes Stieltjes (1856–1894), mathematician, civil engineer and politician\nDerk-Jan Dijk (Born 1958), Researcher of sleep and circadian rhythms", "Zwolle is home to several universities and colleges:\nArtez\nChristelijke Hogeschool Windesheim\nDeltion College Zwolle\nHogeschool Zwolle\nLandstede Zwolle\nCibap Zwolle\nGroene Welle Zwolle\nHogeschool viaa\nThorbecke Scholengemeenschap\nWindesheim Honours College", "", "Zwolle is a hub in the national highway network, and gateway to northern Netherlands. This is reflected in the high traffic volumes in and around the city. The A28 serves Zwolle with 4 exits, and runs from Utrecht to Groningen. It is being widened to 8 lanes across the IJssel River and 6 lanes from Zwolle to Meppel in 2010 and 2011. The motorway initially opened between 1964 and 1970. Another motorway, the A50, interchanges with A28 just west of the city, offering a route for southbound traffic to Apeldoorn and Eindhoven.\nThe N35 highway starts in Zwolle, where it forms the eastern section of the ring road of Zwolle, it runs as a non-motorway to Almelo and continues to Enschede as A35 motorway. The ringroad is mainly a 4-lane road, with numerous traffic lights. It forms a full ring, and also exists out of the N337 highway that runs to Deventer. Other sections of the ring road are not numbered. Parts of the ring road were widened to six lanes in 2010. Other numbered highways running from Zwolle are N331 to Hasselt, N758 to Nieuwleusen, N340 to Ommen and N764 to Kampen.", "Due to nearby rivers, there are several major bridges in and around Zwolle. The most important bridge is the IJssel Bridge where the A28 motorway runs across. It was completed in 1970 and carries over 125.000 vehicles per day. Adjacent to this bridge is the older IJssel Bridge, which opened in 1930 and was destroyed twice during World War II. A third IJssel Bridge is the railway bridge (called Hanze boog) which carries the railway line from Zwolle to Amersfoort, and from 2012, to Lelystad. There are several bridges across the Zwarte Water River, including two 4-lane bridges, a 2-lane bridge, and a bus/bicycle bridge. There is also a bridge across the Vecht, which carries A28 motorway. Another local bridge is adjacent to this bridge. A third bridge carries rail traffic to Leeuwarden and Groningen. Numerous local bridges exist around the historic city center.", "Zwolle railway station\nThe first train in Zwolle arrived on 6 June 1864. Today the city has rail connections in eight directions (viz. Kampen, Leeuwarden, Groningen, Emmen, Enschede, Arnhem/Nijmegen, Lelystad/Amsterdam, and Amersfoort).\nThe rail connection with Amsterdam via Lelystad – the Hanzelijn – is operational since December 2012.\nThe second station, Zwolle Stadshagen, was opened on 15 December 2019.", "Zwolle is located on or near three rivers (Zwarte Water, Vecht, and IJssel), several canals (the now disused Willemsvaart, Nieuwe Vecht and Overijssels Kanaal and the modern Zwolle-IJssel Kanaal). There are some water-related industries in Zwolle, mainly in the Voorst industrial area.", "", "Zwolle is currently twinned with:\n Lünen, Germany\nIn the past, Zwolle had partnerships with:\n Érsekhalma, Hungary\n Rutobwe, Rwanda\n Vologda, Russia\n Kaliningrad, Russia", "\"Portefeuille burgemeester Peter Snijders\" [Tasks of mayor Peter Snijders] (in Dutch). Gemeente Zwolle. Retrieved 6 October 2019.\n\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"Postcodetool for 8011PK\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 25 March 2014.\n\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.\n\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland\" [Regional core figures Netherlands]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.\nTheo Holleman (1996), Een verleden op de schop, University Press, Amsterdam, ISBN 90-5356-189-7\nHove, ten J. (2005). Geschiedenis van Zwolle Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90-400-9050-5\nF.C. Berkenvelder (1980). \"Het begin\". Zwolle 750 jaar stad (in Dutch). Waanders. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2007.\nF.C. Berkenvelder (1980). \"De handel en de Hanze\". Zwolle 750 jaar stad (in Dutch). Waanders. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2007. De stedelijke geldmiddelen, het nationaal inkomen zouden wij nu zeggen, die in 1402 nog 6.000 gulden bedroegen waren in 1450 bijna verzesvoudigd tot 34.000 gulden. (Translated: The city's financial resources, the national income as we would now call it, which were 6,000 guilders in 1402, had by 1450 multiplied by six to 34,000 guilders.)\n\"Zwolle op keerpunt van bestaan\" (in Dutch). De Stentor. 2 March 2005.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Zwolle\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1064.\n\"Léo Major | Canadian soldier\".\n\"The One-Eyed Scout Who Liberated a Whole Town By Himself by Simple History\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021.\nBoxma, Willem (2001). \"Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel\". Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends. (in Dutch). 2: 26–27. ISSN 1382-4104.\n\"In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers?\" (in Dutch). Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur. Archived from the original on 11 January 2006. Retrieved 21 March 2007.\n\"Zwolle (Ov): Broerenkerk\". archimon.nl. Retrieved 10 August 2013.\nScholten, Rick. \"Waanders in the Broerenkerk\". Retrieved 10 August 2013.\n\"Ter Borch, Gerard\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.\n\"Willem Jan baron van Dedem (1776-1851)\". Wie is wie in Overijssel (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 March 2022.\n\"J.H.A.W. baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg\". Dutch Parliament (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 February 2022.\nJan Kuijk en Pieter van der Ven (17 December 2003). \"Leven met Kuyper, Gerbrandy en zoon Karel\". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 February 2022.\n\"Thorbecke, Jan Rudolf\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.\n\"completion dates A28 at autosnelwegen.nl\".", "Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800. Amsterdam: NEHA. ISBN 9057420082.", "Media related to Zwolle at Wikimedia Commons\n Zwolle travel guide from Wikivoyage\nOfficial website" ]

[ "Zwolle", "History", "Blauwvingers", "Geography", "Image gallery", "Notable residents", "Educational institutions", "Transport", "Road transport", "Bridges", "Rail transport", "Water transport", "International relations", "Twin towns—sister cities", "References", "Literature", "External links" ]

[ 5361069, 5361070, 5361071, 5361072, 5361073, 5361074, 5361075, 5361076, 5361077, 5361078, 5361079, 5361080, 5361081, 5361082, 5361083, 5361084, 5361085, 5361086 ]

[ 27242289, 27242290, 27242291, 27242292, 27242293, 27242294, 27242295, 27242296, 27242297, 27242298, 27242299, 27242300, 27242301, 27242302, 27242303, 27242304, 27242305, 27242306, 27242307, 27242308, 27242309, 27242310, 27242311, 27242312, 27242313, 27242314, 27242315, 27242316, 27242317, 27242318 ]

[ "View of Zwolle from the street Oude Klaverdijk", "", "Statue in Zwolle by Nicolas Dings [nl]" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Zwolle_Oost_Gelre.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/2010-NL-P05-Gelderland-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Met_mekare%2Cveur_mekare_buurtschap_Zwolle_Nicolas_Dings.jpg" ]

[ "Zwolle is a hamlet in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Oost Gelre, about 3 km southeast of the town of Groenlo.\nIt was first mentioned in 1234 as Suellen and means \"height\". The postal authorities have placed it under Groenlo. In 1840, Zwolle was home to 245 people. It has its own place name signs.", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 23 March 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 7142AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 23 March 2022.\nANWB Topografische Atlas Nederland, Topografische Dienst and ANWB, 2005.\n\"Zwolle - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 March 2022.\n\"Postcode 7142 in Groenlo\". Postcode bij adres (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 March 2022.\n\"Zwolle (Groenlo)\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 March 2022." ]

[ "Zwolle, Gelderland", "References" ]

[ 5361087, 5361088 ]

[ 27242319, 27242320 ]

[ "Old Zwolle Train Station on Main Street" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Zwolle_Train_Station.jpg" ]

[ "Zwolle (/zəˈwɒli/ zə-WOL-ee) is a small town in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 1,759 at the 2010 census, down from 1,783 in 2000. It was named after Zwolle, a Dutch city in Overijssel.", "The first inhabitants of the bowl-shaped area of land upon which the town of Zwolle is situated were the Mound Builders. Lured here for protection from storms, the \"bowl\" offered them protection. Prehistoric people built the dome-shaped mounds that line the banks of Bayou Scie and Bayou San Miguel, which form a hollow circle around the townsite. As Mound Builders, they were ancestors of North American Indians who inhabited the territory when the Europeans arrived.\nLater, the area was colonized by Spain, which sent the earliest non-Indians to the territory. Las Cabezas, a Spanish mission church was built at Bayou Scie. Spanish soldiers and Native people intermarried over many generations, and Spanish was still spoken in the area until the 1970s. The town was originally called Vallecillo, which became the source of the name Bayou Scie.\nThe first English-speaking settlers arrived in Sabine Parish in 1824, via Natchitoches. These pioneers came chiefly from Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas. In 1871, many more of these settlers moved in and acquired land under the homestead act.\nArthur Stilwell built the Kansas City Southern Railroad (KCS) from Kansas City to Port Arthur, Texas. He had reached Van Buren, Arkansas, in 1893 when he ran out of funds. Stilwell went to Zwolle, the Netherlands, and met with a rich coffee merchant Jan De Goeijen. About 1896, Stilwell and De Goeijen were plotting a route to extend the KCS railway to the Gulf of Mexico. While visiting the area destined to become Zwolle, De Goeijen was impressed with St. Joseph Catholic Church. St. Joseph Catholic Church, established 1881, was a product of the early Spanish missions. De Goeijen sold a $3,000,000 stock issue for Stilwell's railroad and he was permitted to name the place after his hometown and birthplace of Zwolle, a riverside city of currently over 130,000 population in the Netherlands.\nOn July 14, 1896, Teofilo “T.” Laroux, a community leader and descendant of the early families, donated 20 acres to the KCS for a railroad depot and town to be built. Paul M. Potts, a prominent cotton farmer donated an additional 22.05 acres on 10/15/1896. The Zwolle townsite was developed by the Arkansas Townsite Company and the official town charter was granted June 12, 1898. The original depot at the Zwolle Station opened October 26, 1896, and served until the present depot was reconstructed in about 1914 by the KCS.\nThe advent of the railroad brought new prosperity to the town and altered its destiny. Zwolle's strategic location made it possible for the small town to flourish as a transportation center for lumber, oil and cotton production. Though no longer a functioning railroad depot, it remains significant to the history and posterity of the town. On December 23, 1970, the depot was donated to the town of Zwolle by the KCS. The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior on August 7, 1989. In 2000, James Q. Salter made the depot his office while writing the town history book, Zwolle, Louisiana: Our Story.", "Zwolle is located at 31°38′6″N 93°38′33″W (31.635134, -93.642560). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.5 km²), of which 3.2 square miles (8.4 km²) is land and 0.4 square mile (1.1 km²) (11.99%) is water.", "", "As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,638 people, 696 households, and 415 families residing in the town.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,759 people living in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 48.7% Black, 28.1% White, 14.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian and 3.5% from two or more races. 5.5% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 1,783 people, 630 households, and 437 families living in the town. The population density was 552.6 people per square mile (213.1/km²). There were 725 housing units at an average density of 224.7 per square mile (86.7/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 6.37% White, 47.17% African American, 16.38% Native American, 1.07% from other races, and 2.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.17% of the population.\nThere were 630 households, out of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 27.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.36.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 35.5% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.3 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $15,843, and the median income for a family was $17,326. Males had a median income of $25,625 versus $14,922 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,042. About 37.7% of families and 40.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 52.8% of those under age 18 and 35.9% of those age 65 or over.", "Zwolle High School, Intermediate, and Zwolle Elementary School are combined into one building. The school has 1,500 students.", "", "The Zwolle Tamale Fiesta is the town's signature festival. Originating in the late 1970s, the fiesta celebrates the Native American and Spanish heritage rooted in the town's origins. The fiesta takes its name from the tamale and alludes to the town's local notoriety for what is arguably a spicier version of the Mississippi Delta-style boiled tamale, which is believed to have been made in the area since the early 1700s.\nThe festival was traditionally held on the campus of Zwolle High School on the 2nd weekend of October, kicking off on Thursday night and concluding on Sunday. The practice continued until the early 2000s when the town completed a festival grounds area. The Fiesta relocated to the grounds and scaled back to conclude on Saturday night. Attractions include cultural exhibitions, a parade, a ball, a small-scale carnival and most recently, a mud bog competition.", "Founded in 1995, the Loggers and Forestry Festival pays tribute to workers in the community's horticulture industry - the cornerstone of the local economy. Each year, while a queen is decided via a pageant, the oldest-living logger residing in the town is named king.\nThe Loggers and Forestry festival is held on the town's festival grounds and bears many similarities to the Tamale Fiesta, to include several of its signature events. The festival is typically held in early May. It is the town's second-largest local event.", "Former Lieutenant Governor William J. \"Bill\" Dodd (1909-1991) graduated from Zwolle High School.\nD. L. Dykes, Jr., pastor of the First United Methodist Church in Shreveport, began his ministerial career at the denominational church in Zwolle.\nMichael Cutright of the 1989 Denver Nuggets, played basketball at Zwolle High School and still resides in the area.", "\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.\nThe Pelican Guide to Louisiana. Pelican Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4556-1023-5.\nStark, Louisa R. (1980). \"Notes on a Dialect of Spanish Spoken in Northern Louisiana\". Anthropological Linguistics. 22 (4): 163–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30027771.\n\"www.toledo-bend.com \"A Look At Zwolle's Early History\"\". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nwww.zwollela.net \"The Story of Zwolle Louisiana\" Archived February 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine\n\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.\n\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.\n\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-29.\n\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.\n\"The Zwolle Tamale Fiesta\". Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.\nConsulting, Fine Line Websites & IT; Review, The Draft. \"The Draft Review\". The Draft Review. Retrieved May 17, 2020.", "Sabine Parish\nToledo Bend (Sabine Parish) Tourist Commission\nSabine Parish School District" ]

[ "Zwolle, Louisiana", "History", "Geography", "Demographics", "2020 census", "2010 census", "2000 census", "Education", "Culture", "Zwolle Tamale Fiesta", "Loggers and Forestry Festival", "Notable people", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361089 ]

[ 27242321, 27242322, 27242323, 27242324, 27242325, 27242326, 27242327, 27242328, 27242329, 27242330, 27242331, 27242332, 27242333, 27242334, 27242335, 27242336, 27242337, 27242338, 27242339, 27242340 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Station_Zwolle_Stadshagen.jpg" ]

[ "Zwolle Stadshagen is a railway station in Zwolle, Overijssel, Netherlands. It serves the Kamperlijntje between Zwolle and Kampen. The station was opened on 15 December 2019.\nThe station was originally planned to be opened in December 2017. It was discovered, however, that the renovation of the track was done with a technical error, and the trains could not go as fast as planned. In 2018, the technical issues were solved, and, after a short trial, the decision was made to open the station on 15 December 2019, when the new schedule of the Dutch Railways was enacted.", "\"Station Zwolle Stadshagen geopend\" (in Dutch). City of Zwolle. 16 December 2019.\n\"Spookstation Stadshagen gaat na jaren in december definitief open\". De Stentor (in Dutch). 3 October 2019." ]

[ "Zwolle Stadshagen railway station", "References" ]

[ 5361090 ]

[ 27242341 ]

[ "Zwolle railway station" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Zwolle%2C_treinstation_RM41815_foto7_2016-06-05_09.55.jpg" ]

[ "Zwolle is the main railway station of Zwolle in Overijssel, Netherlands. The station opened on 6 June 1864 and is on the Utrecht–Kampen railway, also known as the Centraalspoorweg, the Zwolle–Almelo railway, the Arnhem–Leeuwarden railway, the Zwolle–Stadskanaal railway and the Lelystad–Zwolle railway, also known as the Hanzelijn.\nThe station is a major hub for the Northern Netherlands. It is the only way trains can get from the north of the country, to any other region of the Netherlands.", "On 31 August 2010, the principal stakeholders in the railway station—ProRail, Nederlandse Spoorwegen and the municipality of Zwolle—started the ZwolleSpoort project. This project will result in a major renovation of the existing station, an increase in capacity and an overhaul of the entire public transportation organization in the city. The main reason for the project is the Hanzelijn project, which is expected to increase the passenger traffic by 33% in the period up to 2020. In order to deal with the extra traffic, the passenger tunnel (which was 5 meters wide) in the station was replaced by a new tunnel 17 meters wide and 120 meters long. The new tunnel, which opened on 26 June 2015, will lead onto a new public transportation terminal at the southern end of the station, which will be the main crossroads of the city buses, regional buses and the future tramline to the city of Kampen. The tunnel will also feature shopping facilities.\nThe project also entails increasing the capacity and efficiency of the railway emplacement. The new Hanzelijn will be accommodated by a new, fourth railway platform and the 34 points near the station will be replaced by 15 longer ones which will allow a more efficient railway pattern and allow trains to pass at higher speeds.", "As of 11 December 2016, the following train services call at this station:\nExpress services:\nIntercity: The Hague, Schiphol, Amsterdam Zuid, Almere, Lelystad, Zwolle, and Groningen\nIntercity: The Hague, Schiphol, Amsterdam Zuid, Almere, Lelystad, Zwolle, and Leeuwarden\nIntercity: Rotterdam, Utrecht, Amersfoort, Zwolle, and Groningen\nIntercity: Rotterdam, Utrecht, Amersfoort, Zwolle, and Leeuwarden\nIntercity: Zwolle, Deventer, Arnhem, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Roosendaal\nSneltrein: Zwolle, Hardenberg, and Emmen\nSneltrein: Zwolle, Hardenberg, and Coevorden (peak hours)\nLocal services:\nStoptrein: Zwolle, Hardenberg, and Emmen\nSprinter: Utrecht, Amersfoort, and Zwolle\nSprinter: The Hague, Leiden, Amsterdam, Almere, Lelystad, and Zwolle\nSprinter: Zwolle, Almelo, Hengelo, and Enschede\nSprinter: Zwolle, and Kampen\nSprinter: Zwolle, Assen, and Groningen", "Many bus services also depart from the bus stations outside the station. These include services all over the city and regional services to Harderwijk, Apeldoorn, Urk, Steenwijk, Meppel, Coevorden, Ommen, Raalte and Deventer. NS means the service calls at the railway station.\n1 – Stadshagen to Frankhuis, Deltion Campus, Zwolle railway station, and Oosterenk (town service)\n2 – Ittersumbroek to Oldenerlanden, Zwolle railway station, Diezerpoort, and Holterbroek (town service)\n3 – Zwolle railway station to Assendorp, Diezerpoort, and Berkum (town service)\n4 – Ittersumbroek to Oldenerbroek, Schellerhoek, Zwolle railway station, Arcadia, Berkum-Brinkhoek, and AA-landen (town service)\n5 – Zwolle railway station to Westenholte (town service)\n7 – Zwolle railway station to Assendorp, and Oosterenk (town service)\n8 – Zwolle railway station to Schellerlanden Campus (town service)\n9 – Zwolle railway station to Deltion Campus (town service)\n11 – Zwolle railway station to Stadion, and Rechterland (town service)\n29 – Zwolle railway station to Ruitenveen, Nieuwenleusen, Balkbrug, Dedemsvaart, Lutten, Slagharen, De Krim, and Coevorden NS\n40 – Zwolle railway station to - Lichtmis - Rouveen - Staphorst - Meppel NS - Nijeveen - Steenwijk NS\n70 – Zwolle railway station to Genne, Hasselt, Zwartsluis, Giethoorn, and Steenwijk NS\n71 – Zwolle railway station to Hasselt, Zwartsluis, Zieltje, St Jansklooster, Vollenhove, Marknesse, Kraggenburg, and Emmeloord\n74 – Zwolle railway station to Hasselt, Genemuiden, IJsselmuiden, and Kampen NS\n100 – Zwolle railway station to Oldebroek, Wezep, Elburg, and Nunspeet\n141 – Zwolle railway station to 's-Heerenbroek, Wilsum, Kampen NS, Kampereiland, Ens, Emmelooord, Tollebeek, and Urk\n161 – Zwolle railway station to Windesheim, Wijhe, Den Nul, Olst, Boskamp, Diepenveen, and Deventer NS\n166 – Zwolle railway station to Wijthmen, Lenthe, Raalte, and Heino NS\n167 – Zwolle railway station to Wijthmen, Hoonhorst, Dalfsen NS, Oudleusen, and Ommen NS\n171 – Zwolle railway station to Hasselt, Zwartsluis, Zieltje, St Jansklooster, Vollenhove, Marknesse, and Emmeloord\n200S – Zwolle railway station to Oldebroek, Elburg, and 't Harde (peak hours only)\n201 – Zwolle railway station to Apeldoorn NS (express via A50 motorway)\n203 – Zwolle railway station to Hattem, Wapenveld, Heerde, Epe, and Apeldoorn NS", "Railway stations in the Netherlands\nDutch railway services", "Mischa, Brendel (18 September 2010). \"Vernieuwing station Zwolle van start\" [Renovation of Zwolle Station started]. Technisch Weekblad (in Dutch). Netherlands: BETA publishers. p. 5. ISSN 0923-1919. Retrieved 20 September 2010.", "Media related to Zwolle train station at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zwolle railway station", "ZwolleSpoort", "Train services", "Bus services", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361091 ]

[ 27242342, 27242343, 27242344, 27242345, 27242346, 27242347, 27242348 ]

[ "City hall (1916-1967) of the former municipality of Zwollerkerspel, in the nowadays Ter Pelkwijkpark of Zwolle", "Population pyramid of the municipality on December 31 1879" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Overzicht_voorgevel_met_toren_en_rechter_zijgevel_met_serre%2C_villa_-_Zwolle_-_20350457_-_RCE.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Bevolkingspiramide_Gemiente_Zwollerkerspel_1879.png" ]

[ "Zwollerkerspel (Low Saxon: Zwollerkärspel) is a former municipality in the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. It covered the countryside around the city of Zwolle. Zwollerkerspel was a separate municipality from 1802 until August 1, 1967, when it became a part of Zwolle, Hasselt, Heino, IJsselmuiden and Genemuiden.", "Richard Hutten", "Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten\", KNAW, 2006. \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten 1812-2006\". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2009.", "Map of the former municipality in 1868" ]

[ "Zwollerkerspel", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361092 ]

[ 27242349 ]

[ "", "2015 Grand Finale", "2016 Grand Finale with Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki (in the middle)" ]

[ 0, 6, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/ZWZT_logotyp.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Wielki_Fina%C5%82_Zwolnionych_z_Teorii_2015.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Wielki_Fina%C5%82_Zwolnionych_z_Teorii_2016.jpg" ]

[ "Zwolnieni z Teorii is an internet platform created by Zwolnieni z Teorii Foundation (aka. ZWZT), the largest educational foundation in Poland. In recognition for the foundation's activities in Poland, Forbes placed the platform on the Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe in 2016 and on the Forbes 30 Under 30 Poland in 2018.", "Zwolnieni z Teorii was established in 2013 as a response to growing problem of lack of competence of young people entering job market. Programme aims to help youth overcome problems with finding a first job. As its goal, the foundation established limiting the entry barriers for the young people when they graduate from school and want to enter the job market. Research proves that employers indicate that the missing and desired skills are, among others teamwork or effective communication. While participating in the program, participants are required to train these skills, planning and executing their own ideas as social projects. Projects done within a programme must focus on helping others and participants are encouraged to act for the benefits of others. This is done to address the low civic participation rate of Polish society, as an EU Eurobarometer survey from 2011 shows that only 16% of Poles aged 15–30 are active volunteers.", "", "Zwolnieni z Teorii cooperated with Project Management Institute and created a platform that grants its users access to practical information in the field of project management and related activities that enable effective action to solve the selected social problem. During the school year, young people find the social problem they want to solve or raise awareness to and a mentor appointed by the foundation helps them successfully execute their project.\nThe goal behind the platform is to teach its users project management and other skills that may help them succeed in the future. After the completion of the project implemented, participants obtain international business certificates, signed, among others by The Coca-Cola Company, Google or Y Combinator.\nSince the inception of the programme, more than 60,000 people took part in it and their actions reached over 40 million beneficiaries (8 million in 2019 alone).", "In 2018, the foundation with cooperation from Google launched a programme aimed to the polish teachers with the aim to promote self-improvement and specialization among the polish teachers.\nAs part of the programme, its members are able to benefit from the support of business experts, materials for lessons or training. Since September 2019 the beneficiaries also have access to educational platform created by Google.org. This program has generated\nDuring the 2019 polish national teachers strike, the board of the foundation donated 108 000 PLN to the strike fund as a gesture of support toward the striking teachers. This move has generated significant interest of the mainstream polish media.", "Since 2017, foundation runs the Ranking Szkół Kompetencji Przyszłości. Ranking, prepared in cooperation with Rzeczpospolita, one of Poland's biggest newspapers, features Lyceums and Technikums whose students helped the most beneficiaries in the last school year. In 2019 more than 100 schools all around Poland were awarded for their readiness to help student execute their own social project. Top 30 Headmasters were invited to take part in the 5th edition of the Grand Finale to receive their awards from the hands of US Ambassador to Poland - HE Georgette Mosbacher.", "", "Foundations received several awards for introducing an innovative method of education to the young people of Poland. Their Social Project Method is a combination of Massive open online course and Project Management Institute guidelines. For introducing this method to hundreds of thousands young people they were recognised by MIT Technology Review as Social Innovator of the Year in 2016. Since 2016 the foundation has a representative on the jury of the Effie Awards Poland. Between 2015 and 2019 Forbes placed the foundation on the Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe and on the Forbes 30 Under 30 Poland.", "Polish law requires that any established non-profit organisation must choose a charitable activity (pol. działalność pożytku publicznego)\nequivalent of 29 000 USD\n(eng. Future Competence School Ranking)\nthen-President of Poland\nthen-Deputy Prime Minister of Poland and Minister of Finance\nthen-Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and Minister of Science and Higher Education\nthen-United States Ambassador to Poland", "FUNDACJA ZWOLNIENI Z TEORII\n\"Exempt from Theory | European Youth Portal\". europa.eu (in Greek). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Zwolnieni z teorii pokazują, że można!\" (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"30 Under 30 2016 Europe: Social Entrepreneurs\". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.\n\"Lista 30 przed 30. Młodzi Polacy, którzy podbijają świat. Nie tylko w biznesie\". Forbes.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-21.\nWarchala, Magdalena (10 November 2019). \"W korporacji dużo się nauczyłam, mogłam się rozwijać, zarabiać. Ale było to sprzedawanie proszku do prania...\" www.wysokieobcasy.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Innovators Under 35. Szef Zwolnieni z Teorii: problemy, które rozwiązujemy mają nastolatkowie na całym świecie\". web.archive.org. 2016-08-15. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2019-12-11.\n\"Kompetencje i kwalifikacje poszukiwane przez pracodawców wśród absolwentów szkół wyższych wchodzących na rynek pracy. Wyniki badania przeprowadzonego przez Szkołę Główną Handlową w Warszawie, Amerykańską Izbę Handlu w Polsce oraz Ernst & Young\" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-07-11.\nBadowski, Rafał (2016-07-11). \"Robią polski Harvard za grosze. Social Wolves rzucili wyzwanie przestarzałej polskiej edukacji\". Inn Poland. Retrieved 2016-07-14.\n\"#RZECZoBIZNESIE: Paula Bruszewska: Projekty społeczne to trampolina do wymarzonej kariery\". www.rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nKomisja Europejska. \"Flash Europbarometer 319a/2011\" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-07-11.\n\"Zapraszamy do udziału w projekcie \"Zwolnieni z teorii\" | Serwis Kariera\". kariera.sgh.waw.pl. Retrieved 2021-01-10.\n\"Zwolnieni z teorii\". Biuro Karier | Uniwersytet Łódzki (in Polish). 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nSzymański, Sławomir (26 April 2019). \"Olimpiada Zwolnieni z Teorii. Uczniowie nagrodzeni za działanie z myślą o innych\". krakow.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Zwolnieni z teorii nagrodzeni\". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"\"Zwolnieni z Teorii\". Polecana przez pracodawców olimpiada dla licealistów\". wpolityce.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Bądź ich inspiracją, czyli Nauczyciele Zwolnieni z Teorii\". Onet Wiadomości (in Polish). 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Nauczyciele Zwolnieni z Teorii - \"Bądź ich inspiracją\"\". www.rmf24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nSantora, Marc; Berendt, Joanna (2019-04-26). \"Polish Teachers End Strike to Allow Exams but Tell Government It's Not Over\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Teachers' Strike Sweeps Poland\". Labor Notes. 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Polish teachers strike over pay after talks with government fail\". euronews. 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Współtwórcy platformy Zwolnieni z Teorii wpłacili 108 tys. zł dla strajkujących nauczycieli\". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nKarnowski, Jakub Ceglarz,Kamil (2019-04-12). \"Strajk nauczycieli. Oddali 108 tysięcy z 500+. \"Nie będę stał obok i milczał\"\". www.money.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Przelali nauczycielom 108 tysięcy złotych!\". www.fakt.pl. 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Bruszewscy wpłacili 108 tys. zł z własnych oszczędności na fundusz strajkowy nauczycieli\". OnetKobieta (in Polish). 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nKarwowska, Anita (22 April 2019). \"Jesteśmy za każdym nauczycielem - mówią Paula i Marcin Bruszewscy, którzy przekazali 108 tys. zł na pomoc strajkującym\". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Fantastyczny gest rodziców dla nauczycieli. Oddali im całe swoje 500 plus\". naTemat.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nTVN, Dzień Dobry (2019-04-13). \"Przekazali 108 tys. złotych z \"500 plus\" na \"Fundusz strajkowy nauczycieli\"!\". dziendobry.tvn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nZiomecka, Zuzanna (15 April 2019). \"How the teachers' strike ignited civil society in Poland\". News Mavens. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2021.\n\"Doceniamy szkoły, które sprzyjają rozwojowi praktycznych kompetencji uczniów\". www.rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\nDoceniamy szkoły, które sprzyjają rozwojowi praktycznych kompetencji uczniów\n\"Polskie szkoły przyszłości, czyli Ranking Szkół Zwolnieni z Teorii. TOP 10\". edukacja.dziennik.pl (in Polish). 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Ranking Szkół Kompetencji Przyszłości – Propsy PR – pierwsza w Polsce agencja PR dla NGO i projektów społecznych\" (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Innovators Under 35 Poland | Innovators Under 35\". web.archive.org. 2017-07-23. Archived from the original on 2017-07-23. Retrieved 2019-12-11.\n\"Effie\". www.effie.org. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"JURORZY EFFIE 2016 PRZEWODNICZĄCY JURY I GRUP JURORSKICH. The Coca-Cola Company. Grupa Żywiec. Havas Media - PDF Free Download\". docplayer.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-29.\n\"Młodzi Polacy w prestiżowym rankingu Forbesa | Z kraju\". TVN24 BiS (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-12-29." ]

[ "Zwolnieni z Teorii", "Genesis", "Formula", "Students", "Teachers", "Schools", "Grand Finale", "Awards", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 5361093, 5361094, 5361095 ]

[ 27242350, 27242351, 27242352, 27242353, 27242354, 27242355, 27242356, 27242357, 27242358, 27242359, 27242360, 27242361, 27242362, 27242363, 27242364, 27242365, 27242366, 27242367, 27242368, 27242369, 27242370 ]

[ "Road", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Zwonowice%2C_hlavn%C3%AD_silnice.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Zwonowice%2C_hasi%C4%8Dsk%C3%A1_zbrojnice.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Zwonowice%2C_d%C5%AFm.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Zwonowice%2C_d%C5%AFm_v.jpg" ]

[ "Zwonowice [zvɔnɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Zwonowitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lyski, within Rybnik County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Rybnik and 41 km (25 mi) west of the regional capital Katowice.\nThe village has a population of 1,255.", "", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zwonowice", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5361096, 5361097, 5361098, 5361099 ]

[ 27242371 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/ZyX_logo.jpg" ]

[ "ZyX is a Japanese erotic bishōjo video game maker. Some of their products have been localized in North America by JAST USA under the G-Collections label, and most of them feature designs by either Masahiro Yamane or Keiji Muto.\nIn May 2009, ZyX was integrated into Contents Traffic Co., Ltd. (株式会社コンテンツトラフィック, Kabushiki-gaisha Kontentsu Torafikku).", "Games are arranged alphabetically by romaji title; modified Hepburn romanization is used.\nNote: This list does not include all of the variations in the releases (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, DVDPG (\"DVD Players [sic] Game\"), collections, and other reissues), only the primary games.", "James Jursudakul, \"AX 2006: Interview w/ Peter Payne, Head of Peach Princess\", Advanced Media Network, July 4, 2006.\nSearches of J-List and G-Collections' official site.\nDon't You Like Horny Bunnies? at GameslexGS via the Internet Archive.\nShukketsu Bo at GameslexGS via the Internet Archive.\nChain Ushinawareta Ashiato at GameslexGS via the Internet Archive.\n\"Lightning Warrior Raidy 3\". Universal Videogame List. Retrieved 2012-01-20.\n\"Lightning Warrior Raidy III\". JAST USA.\nJursudakul, James. \"JAST USA English Dating-Sims Panel (18+) Complete Transcript\" (from Anime Expo 2007). Advanced Media Network, June 30, 2007.", "(in Japanese) ZyX Official Homepage\n(in English) G-Collections\nZyX at The Visual Novel Database" ]

[ "ZyX (brand)", "List of games", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361100 ]

[ 27242372, 27242373, 27242374 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Metro_MSK_Line10_Zyablikovo.jpg" ]

[ "Zyablikovo (Russian: Зя́бликово) is a Moscow Metro station in the Zyablikovo District, Southern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is located on the Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line serving as its southern terminus.\nThe station opened on 2 December 2011.\nZyablikovo is a transfer station to Krasnogvardeyskaya of the Zamoskvoretskaya Line. At the time of opening the transfer, both Krasnogvardeyskaya and Zyablikovo were the terminal stations on their respective lines.\nThe station is located in the southern part of Moscow, on the border of Zyablikovo and Orekhovo-Borisovo Yuzhnoye districts.\nThere is a track connection to the Zamoskvoretskaya Line south of this station, where Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line trains terminate.", "The station is named after the village of Zyablikovo, formerly located to the south of the station, which in 1960s became part of Moscow.", "В Москве открылись три новых станции метро (in Russian). РосБизнесКонсалтинг. December 2, 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011." ]

[ "Zyablikovo (Moscow Metro)", "Name", "References" ]

[ 5361101 ]

[ 27242375 ]

[ "Shopping center \"Oblaka\", Zyablikovo District", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%A6_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB%2C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%2822.05.2022%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Flag_of_Zyablikovo_%28municipality_in_Moscow%29.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zyablikovo_%28municipality_in_Moscow%29.png" ]

[ "Zyablikovo District (Russian: район Зябликово) is an administrative district (raion) of Southern Administrative Okrug, and one of the 125 raions of Moscow, Russia. The area of the district is 4,379 square kilometers (1,691 sq mi). As of 2017, it had a population of 131,297.", "Administrative divisions of Moscow", "", "\"General Information\" (in Russian). Zyablikovo District. Retrieved March 27, 2018.\n\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.\n\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.\nГосударственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 45», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 45, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).", "" ]

[ "Zyablikovo District", "See also", "References", "Notes", "Sources" ]

[ 5361102, 5361103 ]

[ 27242376, 27242377, 27242378 ]

[ "Figure 1: The Zyablov bound. For comparison, the GV bound (which gives achievable parameters for general codes that may not be efficiently decodable) is also plotted." ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Zbound.png" ]

[ "In coding theory, the Zyablov bound is a lower bound on the rate r and relative distance \\delta that are achievable by concatenated codes.", "The bound states that there exists a family of q-ary (concatenated, linear) codes with rate r and relative distance \\delta whenever\n{\\displaystyle r\\leqslant \\max \\limits _{0\\leqslant r'\\leqslant 1-H_{q}(\\delta )}r'\\cdot \\left(1-{\\delta \\over {H_{q}^{-1}(1-r')}}\\right)},\nwhere H_{q}is the q-ary entropy function\n{\\displaystyle H_{q}(x)=x\\log _{q}(q-1)-x\\log _{q}(x)-(1-x)\\log _{q}(1-x)}.", "The bound is obtained by considering the range of parameters that are obtainable by concatenating a \"good\" outer code C_{{out}} with a \"good\" inner code {\\displaystyle C_{in}}. Specifically, we suppose that the outer code meets the Singleton bound, i.e. it has rate {\\displaystyle r_{out}}and relative distance {\\displaystyle \\delta _{out}} satisfying {\\displaystyle r_{out}+\\delta _{out}=1}. Reed Solomon codes are a family of such codes that can be tuned to have any rate {\\displaystyle r_{out}\\in (0,1)} and relative distance {\\displaystyle 1-r_{out}} (albeit over an alphabet as large as the codeword length). We suppose that the inner code meets the Gilbert–Varshamov bound, i.e. it has rate {\\displaystyle r_{in}}and relative distance {\\displaystyle \\delta _{in}} satisfying {\\displaystyle r_{in}+H_{q}(\\delta _{in})\\geq 1}. Random linear codes are known to satisfy this property with high probability, and an explicit linear code satisfying the property can be found by brute-force search (which requires time polynomial in the size of the message space).\nThe concatenation of C_{{out}} and {\\displaystyle C_{in}}, denoted {\\displaystyle C_{out}\\circ C_{in}}, has rate {\\displaystyle r=r_{in}\\cdot r_{out}} and relative distance {\\displaystyle \\delta =\\delta _{out}\\cdot \\delta _{in}\\geq (1-r_{out})\\cdot H_{q}^{-1}(1-r_{in}).}\nExpressing {\\displaystyle r_{out}} as a function of {\\displaystyle \\delta ,r_{in}},\n{\\displaystyle r_{out}\\geq 1-{\\frac {\\delta }{H^{-1}(1-r_{in})}}}\nThen optimizing over the choice of {\\displaystyle r_{in}}, we see it is possible for the concatenated code to satisfy,\n{\\displaystyle r\\geq \\max \\limits _{0\\leq r_{in}\\leq {1-H_{q}(\\delta )}}r_{in}\\cdot \\left(1-{\\delta \\over {H_{q}^{-1}(1-r_{in})}}\\right)}\nSee Figure 1 for a plot of this bound.\nNote that the Zyablov bound implies that for every \\delta >0, there exists a (concatenated) code with positive rate and positive relative distance.", "We can construct a code that achieves the Zyablov bound in polynomial time. In particular, we can construct explicit asymptotically good code (over some alphabets) in polynomial time.\nLinear Codes will help us complete the proof of the above statement since linear codes have polynomial representation. Let Cout be an {\\displaystyle [N,K]_{Q}} Reed–Solomon error correction code where {\\displaystyle N=Q-1} (evaluation points being {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {F} _{Q}^{*}} with {\\displaystyle Q=q^{k}}, then {\\displaystyle k=\\theta (\\log N)}.\nWe need to construct the Inner code that lies on Gilbert-Varshamov bound. This can be done in two ways\nTo perform an exhaustive search on all generator matrices until the required property is satisfied for {\\displaystyle C_{in}}. This is because Varshamovs bound states that there exists a linear code that lies on Gilbert-Varshamon bound which will take {\\displaystyle q^{O(kn)}} time. Using {\\displaystyle k=rn} we get {\\displaystyle q^{O(kn)}=q^{O(k^{2})}=N^{O(\\log N)}}, which is upper bounded by {\\displaystyle nN^{O(\\log nN)}}, a quasi-polynomial time bound.\nTo construct {\\displaystyle C_{in}} in {\\displaystyle q^{O(n)}} time and use {\\displaystyle (nN)^{O(1)}} time overall. This can be achieved by using the method of conditional expectation on the proof that random linear code lies on the bound with high probability.\nThus we can construct a code that achieves the Zyablov bound in polynomial time.", "Singleton bound\nGilbert-Varshamov bound", "MIT Lecture Notes on Essential Coding Theory – Dr. Madhu Sudan\nUniversity at Buffalo Lecture Notes on Coding Theory – Dr. Atri Rudra\nUniversity of Washington Lecture Notes on Coding Theory- Dr. Venkatesan Guruswami" ]

[ "Zyablov bound", "Statement of the bound", "Description", "Remarks", "See also", "References and External Links" ]

[ 5361104 ]

[ 27242379, 27242380, 27242381, 27242382, 27242383, 27242384, 27242385, 27242386, 27242387, 27242388, 27242389 ]

[ "Map of the historical Chaouia province and the territories of Chaouia tribes" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Chaouia_Tribus.png" ]

[ "Zyayda (Arabic: زيايدة‎) is an Arabic-speaking tribe of Arab descent in Morocco, belonging to the Chaouia tribal confederacy.", "Sless\nSefiane\nMaqil\nBeni Ahsen\nBeni Hassan", "Arabs\nArab tribes\nMaghreb\nMaghrebis", "\"Tribus du Maroc - قبائل المغرب: قبيلة الزيايـدة\". tribus-maroc.blogspot.fr. Retrieved 2015-10-10." ]

[ "Zyayda", "See Also other tribes", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361105 ]

[ 27242390 ]

[ "\"Streha Vorfnore\", August 1921. Zyber Hallulli, 6th from left, seated in middle row." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/%22Streha_Vorfnore%22-_first_Albanian_orphanage_1921.jpg" ]

[ "Hoxhë Zyber Hallulli was an Albanian mufti and politician. He served as mayor of Tirana from 1913 through 1914. He was the co-founder of the first public orphanage in Albania.", "Hallulli was born in Tirana, Ottoman Empire, in 1842. He took the first studies in his home town, finishing the \"Ruzhdie\" high school. After that he went to Istanbul where he graduated in philosophy and theology.\nTogether with Rauf Fico, Mytesim Këlliçi, Luigj Shala and Xhelal Toptani he co-founded Streha Vorfnore, the Albania's first public orphanage, on November 28, 1917, the fifth anniversary of the Albanian Declaration of Independence. The initiators involved a commission of benefactors from the rich families and merchants of the town. The orphanage is still the main one in Albania and is named after him: Shtëpia e Fëmijëve \"Zyber Hallulli\" (English: Children House \"Zyber Hallulli\").\nHallulli supported the Albanian Declaration of Independence, the government and outcome of the Congress of Lushnje, and the June Revolution.\nHe died in 1927.", "\"Mayors of Tirana\". tirana.gen.al.\nFerit Lika (2013-01-16), \"Streha Vorfnore\", misioni i (pa) ndërprerë në këto 100 vjet [\"Streha Vorfnore\", an uninterrupted mission in these 100 years] (in Albanian), peshkupauje.com\nFrashëri, Kristo (2004). Historia e Tiranës (in Albanian). Toena. p. 395. ISBN 9992718978.\nAlbanian Social Service (in Albanian) Archived December 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine\nH. Zyber Hallulli (1842-1927) (in Albanian), islamgjakova.net, 2015-07-24, retrieved 2015-10-28" ]

[ "Zyber Hallulli", "Life", "References" ]

[ 5361106 ]

[ 27242391, 27242392, 27242393, 27242394 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 3, 3, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Rav_Saadia_Chanoch.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Rebbe_Menachem_Yedidya_Zechlinski.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Avraham_Mattisyahu_of_Shtefanesht.JPG" ]

[ "Zychlin (Hebrew: זיכלין) is a Hasidic dynasty originating from the town of Żychlin, Poland, where it was founded by Shmuel Abba Zychlinski (1809–1879). Zychlin is a branch of Peshischa Hasidism, as Shmuel Abba Zychlinski was a leading disciple of Simcha Bunim of Peshischa (1765-1827).", "The first Rebbe of Zychlin, Rabbi Shmuel Abba, taught that one needs to not only repent but repent through the learning of Jewish holy subjects. Reb Zelig was a relative of the Sabba Kadisha of Strikov, Reb Fishel, going to visit him and taking his young son Shmuel Abba with him. Rabbi Shmuel Abba was known as the Ilui (\"genius\") of Luvitch and many scholars praised his depth and understanding. When Rabbi Shmuel Abba was older he learned at the Peshischa yeshiva which was led at that time by Rabbi Simcha Bunim of Peshischa. He considered himself one of Rabbi Simcha Bunim's disciples.\nRabbi Shmuel Abba had a small following of Hasidim and lived at his father-in-law's house, but when he moved to Zychlin for monetary reasons he acquired a larger following. Shmuel Abba was known as a miracle worker. Shmuel Abba spent time in jail because his detractors were upset that he practiced practical Kabbalah.\nNinety-five percent of Zychliner Hasidim perished during the Holocaust, the last Rebbes dying at the hands of the Nazis.", "Grand Rabbi Shmuel Abba Zychlinski of Zichlin (1809–1879), also known as the Alter Rebbe of Zychlin\nGrand Rabbi Moshe Natanel Zychlinski (d. 1912), son of Rabbi Shmuel Abba\nGrand Rabbi Saadyia Hanoch Zychlinski of Zychlin-Strikov (1875-?), son of Rabbi Moshe Natanel. Murdered by the Nazi regime.\nRabbi Efraim Meir Gad Zychlinski, author of Lehav Eish. Murdered by the Nazi regime.\nGrand Rabbi Moshe Natanel Zychlinski of Zychlin-Strikov-Lodz. Murdered by the Nazi regime.\nGrand Rabbi Menachem Yedidah Zychlinski of Zychlin (1872-1940), son of Rabbi Moshe Natanel. Murdered by the Nazi regime.\nGrand Rabbi Shmuel Avraham Abba Zychlinski of Zychlin (d. 1942), son of Rabbi Menachem Yedidah. Murdered by the Nazi regime.", "", "History of the Jews in Poland", "(in Hebrew) Lehav Eish", "" ]

[ "Zychlin (Hasidic dynasty)", "Origins and ideology", "Dynastic line", "Pictures of 3rd Generation Rebbes", "See also", "External links", "References" ]

[ 5361107, 5361108, 5361109 ]

[ 27242395, 27242396, 27242397, 27242398 ]

[ "Early Creole musicians playing an accordion and a washboard in front of a store, near Opelousas, Louisiana (1938).", "Chenier Brothers performing at Jay's Lounge and Cockpit, Cankton, Louisiana, Mardi Gras, 1975", "A zydeco musician playing a vest frottoir", "C. J. Chenier performing in the Ross Bandstand" ]

[ 3, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Zydeco_players_Louisiana_1938.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Chenier_brothers.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Washboard_player_7145.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/C.J._Chenier.jpg" ]

[ "Zydeco (/ˈzaɪdɪˌkoʊ/ ZY-dih-koh or /ˈzaɪdiˌkoʊ/ ZY-dee-koh, French: Zarico) is a music genre that evolved in southwest Louisiana by French Creole speakers which blends blues, rhythm and blues, and music indigenous to the Louisiana Creoles and the Native American people of Louisiana. Although it is distinct in origin from the Cajun music of Louisiana, the two forms influenced each other, forming a complex of genres native to the region.", "Zydeco music is typically played in an uptempo, syncopated manner with a strong rhythmic core, and often incorporates elements of blues, rock and roll, soul music, R&B, Afro-Caribbean, Cajun, and early Creole music. Zydeco music is centered around the accordion, which leads the rest of the band, and a specialized washboard, called a vest frottoir, as a prominent percussive instrument. Other common instruments in zydeco are the electric guitar, bass, keyboard, and drum set. If there are accompanying lyrics, they are typically sung in English or French. Many zydeco performers create original zydeco compositions, though it is also common for musicians to adapt blues standards, R&B hits, and traditional Cajun tunes into the zydeco style.", "The origin of the term \"zydeco\" is uncertain. One theory is that it derives from the French phrase Les haricots ne sont pas salés, which, when spoken in Louisiana French, is pronounced [lez‿a.ɾi.ko nə sɔ̃ pa saˈle]. This literally translates as \"the snap beans aren't salty\" and is used idiomatically to express hardship.\nInitially, several different spellings of the word existed, including \"zarico\" and \"zodico\" (in some dialects of French, r has the same pronunciation used by certain dialects of American English for specific instances of d). In 1960, musicologist Mack McCormick wrote liner notes for a compilation album, A Treasury of Field Recordings, and used the spelling \"zydeco\". The word was used in reviews, and McCormick began publicizing it around Houston as a standard spelling. Its use was also accepted by musician Clifton Chenier, who had previously recorded \"Zodico Stomp\" in 1955, in his recording \"Zydeco Sont Pas Salés\". Chenier later claimed credit for having invented the word.\nAnother possible root word for zydeco is as a West African term for \"musicking\". Recent studies based on early Louisiana recordings made by Alan and John Lomax suggest that the term, as well as the tradition, may have African origins. The west African languages of tribes affected by the slave trade provide some clues as to the origins of zydeco. In at least a dozen languages from this culture-area of Africa, the phonemes \"za\", \"re\", and \"go\" are frequently associated with dancing and/or playing music\". It is also possible that \"za re go\" evolved into \"les haricots\" by French-Creole speaking generations unfamiliar with the original language, turning what would have been unfamiliar words into a phonetically similar phrase in the regional language.\nThe word \"zydeco\" can refer to the musical genre, the dance style, or a social gathering at which the music is played.", "The original French settlers came to Louisiana in the late 1600s, sent by the Regent of France, Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, to help settle the Louisiana Territory. Arriving in New Orleans on seven ships, the settlers quickly moved into the bayous and swamps. There, the French culture permeated those of the Irish, Spanish, Native Indian and German peoples already populating the area.\nFor 150 years, Louisiana Creoles enjoyed an insular lifestyle, prospering, educating themselves without the government and building their invisible communities under the Code Noir. The French created the Code Noir in 1724 to establish rules for treatment of slaves, as well as restrictions and rights for gens de couleur libres, a growing class of free people of color. They had the right to own land, something few blacks in the American South had at that time.\nThe disruption of the Louisiana Creole community began when the United States made the Louisiana Purchase and Americans started settling in the state. The new settlers typically recognized only the system of race that prevailed where they came from. When the Civil War ended and the black slaves were freed, Louisiana Creoles often assumed positions of leadership. However, segregationist Democrats in Louisiana classified Creoles with freedmen and by the end of the 19th century had disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites under rules designed to suppress black voting (despite the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution). Creoles continued to press for education and advancement while negotiating the new society.\nZydeco's rural beginnings and the prevailing economic conditions at its inception are reflected in the song titles, lyrics, and bluesy vocals. The music arose as a synthesis of traditional Creole music, some Cajun music influences, and African American traditions, including R&B, blues, jazz, and gospel. It was also often just called French music or le musique Creole known as \"la-la.\" Amédé Ardoin, the second musician to record the Creole music of southwest Louisiana and its most influential, made his first recordings in 1929. This Creole music served as a foundation for what later became known as zydeco. Originally performed at house dances in the community, the music eventually expanded into the Catholic Church community centers, as Creoles were mostly Catholic, as well as to rural dance halls and nightclubs.\nDuring World War II with the Great Migration, many French-speaking and Louisiana Creole speaking Créoles from the area around Marksville and Opelousas, Louisiana left a poor and prejudiced state for better economic opportunities in Texas. Even more southern blacks migrated to California, where buildup of defense industries provided good jobs without the restrictions of the segregated South. In California blacks from Louisiana could vote and began to participate in political life. Today, there are many Cajun and zydeco festivals throughout the US.", "Zydeco music pioneer Clifton Chenier, \"The King of Zydeco\", made zydeco popular on regional radio stations with his bluesy style and keyboard accordion. In the mid-1950s, Chenier's popularity brought zydeco to the fringes of the American mainstream. He signed with Specialty Records, the same label that first recorded Little Richard and Sam Cooke for wide audiences. Chenier, considered the architect of contemporary zydeco, became the first major zydeco artist with early hits like \"Les Haricots Sont Pas Salés\" (\"The Snap Beans Ain't Salty\" — a reference to the singer being too poor to afford salt pork to season the beans).\nThe first zydeco vest frottoir was designed by Clifton Chenier in 1946 while he and his brother Cleveland were working at an oil refinery in Port Arthur, Texas. The instrument was created at Chenier's request by Willie Landry, a welder-fabricator who worked at the same refinery. Landry's original frottoir is held in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution.\nTejano music performers of the 1950s-1970s such as Little Joe and Freddie Fender were known for their zydeco roots and inspiration, and they helped popularize the style in South Texas within mainstream country music.\nIn the mid-1980s, Rockin' Sidney brought international attention to zydeco music with his hit tune \"My Toot Toot\". Clifton Chenier, Rockin' Sidney and Queen Ida all garnered Grammy awards during this pivotal period, opening the door to emerging artists who would continue the traditions. Rockin' Dopsie recorded with Paul Simon and also signed a major label deal during this time.\nJohn Delafose was extremely popular regionally. The music made major advances when emerging bands burst exuberantly onto the national scene, fusing new sounds and styles with the music. Boozoo Chavis, Roy Carrier, Zydeco Force, Nathan and the Zydeco Cha Chas, the Sam Brothers, Terrance Simien, Chubby Carrier, and many others were breathing new life into the music. Zydeco superstar Buckwheat Zydeco was already well into his career, and also signed his deal with Island Records in the mid-1980s. Combined with the national popularity of Creole and Cajun food, and the feature film The Big Easy, set in New Orleans, zydeco music had a revival. New artists were cultivated, the music took a more innovative direction, and zydeco increased in mainstream popularity.\nYoung zydeco musicians such as C. J. Chenier (son of Clifton Chenier), Chubby Carrier, Geno Delafose, Terrance Simien, Nathan Williams and others began touring internationally during the 1980s. Beau Jocque was a monumental songwriter and innovator who infused zydeco with powerful beats and bass lines in the 1990s, adding striking production and elements of funk, hip-hop and rap. Young performers like Chris Ardoin, Keith Frank, and Zydeco Force added further by tying the sound to the bass drum rhythm to accentuate or syncopate the backbeat even more. This style is sometimes called \"double clutching\".\nHundreds of zydeco bands continue the music traditions across the U.S. and in Europe, Japan, the UK and Australia. A precocious 7-year-old zydeco accordionist, Guyland Leday, was featured in an HBO documentary about music and young people.\nIn 2007, zydeco achieved a separate category in the Grammy awards, the Grammy Award for Best Zydeco or Cajun Music Album category. But in 2011 the Grammy awards eliminated the category and folded the genre into its new Best Regional Roots Album category.\nMore recent zydeco artists include Lil' Nate, Leon Chavis, Mo' Mojo and Kenne' Wayne. Torchbearer Andre Thierry has kept the tradition alive on the West Coast.\nLeading the world of traditional zydeco today is Dwayne Dopsie (son of Rockin' Dopsie) and his band, the Zydeco Hellraisers. They were nominated for best Regional Roots Album in the 2017 Grammy Awards.\nWhile zydeco is a genre that has become synonymous with the cultural and musical identity of Louisiana and an important part of the musical landscape of the United States, this southern black music tradition has received wide recognition throughout the country. Because of the migration of the French-speaking blacks and multiracial Creoles, the mixing of Cajun and Creole musicians, and the warm embrace of people from outside these cultures, there are multiple hotbeds of zydeco: Louisiana, Texas, Oregon, California, and Europe as far north as Scandinavia. There are zydeco festivals throughout America and Europe.", "Sircely, Matt (2011). \"Cajun Fiddler Cedric Watson is Helping to Preserve Tradition\". Strings: 21–22.\nAncelet, Barry Jean (1988). Columbia College Chicago Center for Black Music Research (ed.). \"Zydeco/Zarico: Beans, Blues and Beyond\". Black Music Research Journal. University of Illinois Press. 8 (1): 33–49. doi:10.2307/779502. JSTOR 779502.\nTiton, Jeff Todd (1981). \"Zydeco: A Musical Hybrid\". The Journal of American Folklore. 94 (373): 403–405. doi:10.2307/540175. ISSN 0021-8715. JSTOR 540175.\nTisserand, Michael (1998). The Kingdom of Zydeco. Arcade Publishing. pp. 11–20. ISBN 9781559704182.\nRomer, Megan. \"Zydeco Music 101: The Music of Louisiana Creoles\". LiveAbout. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n\"Zydeco Music 101\". Accessed 16 April 2018.\nLolordo, Ann (31 January 1993). \"An Evening In a Cajun Dance Hall: A Letter from Baton Rouge\". The Baltimore Sun'. Accessed 16 April 2018.\nAncelet, Barry (1991). \"Cajun and Zydeco Music Traditions\". In Bulger, Peggy A. (ed.). Musical Roots of the South. Southern Arts Federation.\nAncelet, Barry Jean (1988). \"Zydeco/Zarico: Beans, Blues and beyond\". Black Music Research Journal. 8 (1): 33–49. doi:10.2307/779502. ISSN 0276-3605.\nHebert, Tim (1997–2009). \"History of the Cajuns - Cajuns in the 18th Century\". Acadian-Cajun Genealogy & History. ACADIAN-CAJUN Genealogy & History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.\nTomko, Gene (2020). Encyclopedia of Louisiana Musicians: Jazz, Blues, Cajun, Creole, Zydeco, Swamp Pop, and Gospel. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0807169322.\n\"The Best Of Clifton Chenier: The King of Zydeco & Louisiana Blues\". folkways.si.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\nMouton, Todd. \"Clifton Chenier's Zydeco Road\". 64parishes.org. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n\"Frottoir History\". Key of Z Rubboards. 2002–2008. Retrieved March 20, 2014.\nSteptoe, T. (2015). Houston Bound: Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City. American Crossroads. University of California Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-520-28257-5. Retrieved April 12, 2021.\nBlues Unlimited. BU Publications Limited. 1984. Retrieved April 12, 2021.\n\"Paul Simon - Graceland (1986, Vinyl)\". www.discogs.com. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n\"Rockin' Dopsie\". www.blues-sessions.com. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n\"Big Sounds, All but Bursting Out of Small Packages\". The New York Times. October 7, 2006. Retrieved March 22, 2018.\n\"Kanye West Leads 50th GRAMMY Nominees\". News. GRAMMY.com, The Official Site of the Grammy Awards. December 6, 2007. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007.\nSpera, Keith (April 7, 2011). \"Zydeco and Cajun category among those eliminated from Grammy Awards\". Nola.com.\n\"ALBUM PREMIERE: Dwayne Dopsie Infuses Zydeco Sounds with Soulful Swampy Blues on 'Set Me Free'\". glidemagazine.com. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n\"Winners & Nominees\". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved September 26, 2021." ]

[ "Zydeco", "Characteristics", "Origin of term", "Early history", "Post-war history", "References" ]

[ 5361110, 5361111, 5361112, 5361113 ]

[ 27242399, 27242400, 27242401, 27242402, 27242403, 27242404, 27242405, 27242406, 27242407, 27242408, 27242409, 27242410, 27242411, 27242412, 27242413, 27242414, 27242415, 27242416, 27242417, 27242418, 27242419, 27242420, 27242421, 27242422, 27242423, 27242424, 27242425, 27242426, 27242427, 27242428 ]

[ "Zydeco Scream", "Seeing Zydeco Scream while going toward the park." ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Boomerang-rollercoaster.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Six_Flags_NOLA_Whats_Up.JPG" ]

[ "Zydeco Scream is a defunct steel roller coaster located at Six Flags New Orleans in New Orleans, Louisiana. Manufactured by Vekoma, the Boomerang coaster model opened to the public on June 10, 2000. It closed following the permanent closure of the park in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Remnants of the ride remain standing in disrepair at the defunct park. Prior to Six Flags New Orleans, the ride operated at Parc de Montjuic in Barcelona Spain from 1990 to 1998.", "Zydeco Scream first started at the former Parc de Montjuic in Barcelona, Spain as Boomerang from 1990 to 1998, with white tracks and green supports. The roller coaster was relocated to Jazzland as Zydeco Scream in 2000 (Jazzland also opened that same year). A couple years after Six Flags took over the park, Hurricane Katrina hit the park on August 29, 2005, and the park was severely flooded from the Hurricane.\nIn 2007, Six Flags began to remove rides out of the park. Batman: The Ride was removed in 2007 and taken to Six Flags Fiesta Texas where it was refurbished and reopened as Goliath in 2008. Bayou Blaster and Sonic Slam were removed in 2008 and relocated to Great Escape in Queensbury, New York, where it was refurbished and reopened as Sasquatch in 2009. The Road Runner Express was removed in 2009 and relocated to Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California, where it was refurbished and reopened in 2011 under the same name. However, Zydeco Scream remains inactive at the park along with other roller coasters and attractions. The park is still closed since 2005 and it is no longer a Six Flags park, it is now owned by the city of New Orleans. As of November, 2021, the coaster remains standing but not operating (SBNO).", "When the coaster started, the train was pulled backwards up the lift hill, then dropped through the loading gate through a cobra roll and then one loop. At the end of this cycle the train was pulled up the lift hill at the end of the track, then dropped once again allowing the train to go back through the loops backwards. This was the standard Vekoma Boomerang roller coaster design found at forty-three different amusement parks worldwide.", "Marden, Duane. \"Zydeco Scream  (Six Flags New Orleans)\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 2020-01-28.\n\"Six Flags Wants Out\". Times Picayune. July 1, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-09." ]

[ "Zydeco Scream", "History", "Ride experience", "References" ]

[ 5361114 ]

[ 27242429, 27242430, 27242431, 27242432, 27242433 ]

[ "Live at the 2009 Krewe du Vieux ball New Orleans" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Zydepunks_live.jpg" ]

[ "Zydepunks (also billed as The Zydepunks) is an American band based in New Orleans, Louisiana. Founded in 2003, they play a wide variety of multicultural music, including Cajun music and zydeco, Eastern European music, and punk rock. They perform in English, French, Spanish, Yiddish, Portuguese, and German. Their instrumentation includes vocals, violins, accordions, bass guitar, and drums.\nTheir music is released on Nine Mile Records. They have performed at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, and throughout the United States. In November, 2009, the band performed as part of The Revival Tour. They have been reviewed by Rolling Stone magazine and USA Today.\nAs of 2012, the band is on hiatus. Frontman Juan Küffner currently leads the Sacramento, California-based Hollow Point Stumblers, which blends musical influences in a manner reminiscent of The Zydepunks. Many of the band's members perform with frequent Zydepunks collaborators Debauche, a New Orleans Gypsy punk band, and My Graveyard Jaw, a Southern Country rock outfit.", "Juan Küffner – lead vocals, accordion, fiddle\nEve Venema – accordion, backing vocals\nJoseph Lilly – drums, backing vocals\nScott Potts – bass, backing vocals\nDenise Bonis – violin, backing vocals", "Michael James – guitar\nJoseph McGinty – fiddle\nVincent Schmidt – accordion\nPatrick Keenan – bass", "2004 – 9th Ward Ramblers\n2005 – ...And The Streets Will Flow With Whiskey\n2007 – Exile Waltz\n2008 – Finisterre", "Lomax, John Nova (April 2, 2008). \"Zydepunks, with Blaggards\". Houston Press. Retrieved August 4, 2017.\n\"The Revival Tour 2009\". ink19.com. December 24, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2017.\n\"Revival Tour 2009 w/ Chuch Ragan, Jim Ward, many more\". Brooklynvegan.com. Retrieved August 4, 2017.\nFricke, David (May 29, 2008). \"Fricke's Picks: Cajun Spice and Thrash\". Rolling Stone. No. 1053. p. 72. ISSN 0035-791X.\nGundersen, Edna (April 28, 2008). \"Wet and wild: That's the spirit of this year's Jazz Fest\". USA Today. p. Life section, 03d. ISSN 0734-7456.\n\"Folk/Punk Legends from New Orleans, Louisiana\". The Zydepunks. Retrieved July 7, 2013.\n\"» The Band The Hollow Point Stumblers\". Thestumblers.com. Retrieved July 7, 2013.\n\"Links\". The Zydepunks. Retrieved July 7, 2013.\n\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2013.\n\"My Graveyard Jaw\". Facebook.com. Retrieved August 4, 2017.", "Official website\nZydepunks at AllMusic \nZydepunks discography at Discogs\nZydepunks on MySpace" ]

[ "Zydepunks", "Band members", "Frequent collaborators and former members", "Discography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361115 ]

[ 27242434, 27242435, 27242436, 27242437 ]

[ "Zyprexa-Zydis tablets from Eli Lilly and Company, Japan" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Zyprexa-Zydis_JPN.jpg" ]

[ "Zydis is a technology used to manufacture orally disintegrating tablets developed by R.P. Scherer Corporation. Zydis tablets dissolve in the mouth within 3 seconds.", "Zydis technology was developed by R.P. Scherer Corporation (currently owned by Catalent Pharma Solutions) in 1986. The technology's first commercial application was in August, 1993, when a new dosage form of Pepcidine (famotidine) from Merck & Co. was launched in Sweden.\nIn November 1993 Imodium Lingual (loperamide) from Janssen Pharmaceutica was released in Germany with Zydis technology.\nIn December, 1996, the Food and Drug Administration approved Claritin (loratadine) RediTabs from Schering-Plough, the first prescription drug with Zydis technology sold in the U.S.", "A Zydis tablet is produced by lyophilizing or freeze-drying the \ndrug in a matrix usually consisting of gelatin. The resulting product is very lightweight and fragile, and must be dispensed in a special blister pack.\nAmipara et al., in their article \"Oral disintirating tablet of antihypertensive drug\" explain the technology's limitations:\nThe Zydis formulations consist of a drug physically trapped in a water-soluble matrix (saccharine mixture and polymer), which is freeze dried to produce a product that dissolves rapidly when placed in mouth. The ideal candidate for Zydis technology should be chemically stable and insoluble and particle size preferably less than 50 micron. \n\nWater soluble drugs might form eutectic mixtures and not freeze adequately, so dose is limited to 60 mg and the maximum drug limit is 400 mg for water insoluble drug as large particle sizes might present sedimentation problems during manufacture.", "", "Zydis tablets:\nare convenient for the patients who have difficulty in swallowing (children, old people, bed-ridden and psychiatric patients);\nare fast to absorb;\ndon't require water to consume;\nhave good taste (mouth feel);\ndon't provoke choking or suffocation;\nhave high microbial resistance (\"due to the low moisture content in the final product, the Zydis formulation does not allow microbial growth\").", "Disadvantages include:\nincreased price due to cost-intensive production;\nsensitivity to moisture (tablets can degrade at higher humidity);\npoor physical resistance (easy to break);\nlimited ability to incorporate higher concentrations of active drug.", "Data from \"Fast Disintegrating Drug Delivery Systems: A Review with Special Emphasis on Fast Disintegrating Tablets\" (2013).", "Orally disintegrating tablet\nCatalent Pharma Solutions", "\"Zydis Fast Dissolve\". catalent.com/. Catalent, Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2014-08-30.", "Al-Achi, Antoine; Gupta, Mail Ram; Stagner, William Craig (2013). \"Formulation development concepts\". Integrated Pharmaceutics: Applied Preformulation, Product Design, and Regulatory Science. John Wiley & Sons. p. 164. ISBN 9781118356715. Retrieved 2014-09-01.\nRathbone, Michael J.; Hadgraft, Jonathan; Roberts, Michael S. (2002). \"The Zydis Oral Fast-Dissolving Dosage Form\". Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology. CRC Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780824708696. Retrieved 2014-08-26.\n\"Pepcidine launch in Sweden\". The Pharma Letter. 1993-08-23. Retrieved 2014-08-30. A new formulation of Pepcidine (famotidine), utilizing R P Scherer's Zydis fast-dissolving dosage form technology, has been launched in Sweden by Merck, Sharp & Dohme, and will be rolled-out initially in other Scandinavian countries within a short time. The new formulation, known generally as Pepcidine RPD, and in Sweden as Pepcidin Rapitab, is the first H2 antagonist to dissolve in the mouth without water.\n\"Scherer announces launch of another product utilizing its Zydis technology\". PR Newswire Association LLC. 1993-11-09. Archived from the original on 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2014-08-30.\n\"Scherer Announces U.S. Marketing Clearance for the First Prescription Product Using Zydis(R) Technology\". PR Newswire Association LLC. 1996-12-23. Archived from the original on 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2014-08-30.\nAmipara; et al. (2013). \"Oral disintirating tablet of antihypertensive drug\". Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(1). Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-08-30.\nVed Parkash; et al. (2011). \"Fast disintegrating tablets: Opportunity in drug delivery system\". Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. 2 (4): 223–35. doi:10.4103/2231-4040.90877. PMC 3255350. PMID 22247889.\nAllen, Lloyd (2014). \"Tablets\". Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 267. ISBN 9781469871943. Retrieved 2014-08-30.\nWen, Hong; Park, Kinam (2011). \"Patented Technologies\". Oral Controlled Release Formulation Design and Drug Delivery: Theory to Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 161. ISBN 9781118060322. Retrieved 2014-09-01.\nJorgensen, Lene; Nielson, Hanne Morck (2009). \"Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different fast dissolving tablet technologies\". Delivery Technologies for Biopharmaceuticals: Peptides, Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Vaccines. John Wiley & Sons. p. 399. ISBN 9780470688403. Retrieved 2014-09-01.\nRajendra Awasthi; et al. (2013). \"Fast Disintegrating Drug Delivery Systems: A Review with Special Emphasis on Fast Disintegrating Tablets\". Journal of Chemotherapy and Drug Delivery, 05/2013. Retrieved 2014-08-30." ]

[ "Zydis", "History", "Technology", "Advantages and disadvantages", "Advantages", "Disadvantages", "Fast dissolving drugs with Zydis technology", "See also", "External links", "References" ]

[ 5361116 ]

[ 27242438, 27242439, 27242440, 27242441, 27242442, 27242443, 27242444, 27242445, 27242446, 27242447, 27242448, 27242449, 27242450 ]

[ "Zydrites in a map of Colchis, Caucasian Iberia and Caucasian Albania by Henri Liébaux, 1729" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Henri_Li%C3%A9baux._Carte_de_la_Colchide%2C_de_l%27Ib%C3%A9rie%2C_de_l%27Albanie_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27intelligence_de_l%27histoire_romaine._1729.jpg" ]

[ "The Zydretae (Georgian: ზიდრიტები) (Zudrêtai or Zudreitai) were an ancient people of Colchis recorded by the Classical accounts as dwelling on the coast of the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), on the southern side of the Apsarus river (modern-day Çoruh/Chorokhi in the borderlands of Turkey and Georgia), and between the Machelonoi and the Lazi tribes. The early 2nd century Roman author Arrian lists several neighboring and probably ethnically related tribes on a west to east orientation: the Sannoi (Sanigs), Drilae, Machelonoi, Heniochoi, Zudreitai, and Lazoi (Perip. 1 1.1-2). The anonymous (probably post-4th century) Periplus Ponti Euxini places them further south between the Akamosis and Archabis rivers. Little is known about the Zydretae’s social and political life, but at that time when Arrian described them (c. 130s AD), they seem to have been subjected to the king of Iberia in eastern Georgia.", "Edwards, Robert W. (1988), The Vale of Kola: A Final Preliminary Report on the Marchlands of Northeast Turkey, p. 129-130. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 42." ]

[ "Zydretae", "References" ]

[ 5361117 ]

[ 27242451 ]

[ "Ilgauskas with the Cavaliers in 2007", "Ilgauskas attempting a free throw in 2009", "Ilgauskas with the Heat" ]

[ 3, 3, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%C5%BDydr%C5%ABnas_Ilgauskas_2007.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Zydrunas_Cavs.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Zydrunas_Ilgauskas_Heat.jpg" ]

[ "Zydrunas Ilgauskas (Lithuanian: Žydrūnas Ilgauskas; [ʑiːˈdrûːnɐs ɪɫˈɡɐ̂ˑʊ̯skɐs] (listen); born June 5, 1975) is a Lithuanian-born American former professional basketball player who played the center position. The 7'3\" Ilgauskas played for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association from 1997 to 2010 and played for the Miami Heat during the 2010–11 season. He was named to the 1997-1998 All-Rookie First Team and is a two-time NBA All-Star. Ilgauskas played in the 2007 NBA Finals as a member of the Cavaliers. He is known for his accurate jump shot, for his rebounding, and for overcoming difficult injury challenges during his career. Nicknamed Big Z, Ilgauskas is the Cavaliers' career leader in blocked shots; his jersey no. 11 has been retired by the team.\nIn 2012, Ilgauskas joined the Cavaliers' front office, becoming a special advisor to the organization.", "", "Ilgauskas made his professional debut in his birthplace of Kaunas, with local club Atletas in 1993. He averaged 20.3 points, 12.8 rebounds and 2.8 blocks per game in the 1994–95 season.", "Ilgauskas was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the 20th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft. On August 1, 1996, he signed a multi-year deal with the Cavaliers. In the earliest parts of his career he suffered through a myriad of foot and ankle injuries. He spent the entire 1996–97 season on the injured list due to a broken bone in his right foot.\nHe was named the most valuable player of the Rookie Challenge during All-Star Weekend and selected to the All-Rookie First Team in 1997–98. He signed a contract extension in 1998 that was worth $70.9 million over 6 years. However, Ilgauskas played in only 5 games over the next two seasons. On January 26, 2000, he had a surgery on a fractured navicular bone in his left foot.\nHe re-gained the starting center spot for the Cavaliers in 2000–01. He was injured again in December 2000 and was out for the season. The injury dealt a blow to the Cavaliers. After winning 15 out of 23 games with Ilgauskas, they finished with a 30–52 record.\nHe returned in December 2001 and was mostly used as a backup to Chris Mihm for the rest of the season.\nIlgauskas averaged 17.2 points and 7.5 rebounds in 2002–03. He was selected as an All-Star, but the Cavaliers finished with the third-worst record in team history (17–65) and landed the number one draft pick.\nThe Cavaliers drafted high school phenomenon and future NBA MVP LeBron James in 2003. James teamed up with Ilgauskas and Drew Gooden to form the core of the team. Ilgauskas only missed nine games over the next three seasons and was selected as an All-Star again in 2005.\nOn July 12, 2005, Ilgauskas signed a contract extension with the Cavaliers. The deal was reportedly worth over $55 million over five years.\nFor the next four seasons, Ilgauskas was the starting center for the team, which had turned into a contender. They reached the NBA Finals in 2007 and the Eastern Conference Finals in 2009. In summer 2009, the Cavaliers acquired Shaquille O'Neal. When asked about the trade, Ilgauskas responded: \"I was just reading the news. That means I'll probably be coming off the bench.\" On December 2, 2009, Ilgauskas came off the bench in a game against Phoenix Suns to break the team record for career games played, overtaking general manager Danny Ferry.\nOn February 17, 2010, Ilgauskas, along with a 2010 first round pick and the rights to Emir Preldžič, was traded from the Cavaliers to the Washington Wizards as part of a three-team, six-player trade that sent Antawn Jamison from Washington to Cleveland, Al Thornton from the Los Angeles Clippers to Washington, Drew Gooden from Washington to Los Angeles, and Sebastian Telfair from Los Angeles to Cleveland. On February 25, 2010, the Wizards bought out his contract, making him a free agent. Ilgauskas did not play in any games for the Wizards. It was possible for Ilgauskas to return to the Cavaliers, but only after a 30-day waiting period policy required for players traded from their former teams after being bought out of their contract by their new team. He was still free to sign with any other team.\nOn March 23, 2010 Ilgauskas signed a one-year deal for the remainder of the 2009–10 season with the Cleveland Cavaliers. He made his return a day later in a win over the New Orleans Hornets. In his first home game back with the team, against the Sacramento Kings, Ilgauskas received huge ovations and support from the crowd. Quicken Loans Arena was affectionately renamed \"The Z\" for the day, in honor of the Lithuanian.\nThe 2010 NBA playoffs marked the first time in Ilgauskas' career in which he was not a significant part of the Cavaliers' rotation. Ilgauskas saw only 69 minutes of floor time in the entire postseason, resulting in averages of 1.7 PPG and 1.6 RPG, far below his career playoff production. The Cavaliers were eliminated by the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference semifinals.\nOn March 8, 2014, Ilgauskas' number 11 was retired by the Cleveland Cavaliers. At the time, he was only the third European to be honored in this way by an NBA team, after Dražen Petrović and Vlade Divac.", "On July 17, 2010, Ilgauskas signed with the Miami Heat. The Heat's signings of Chris Bosh and long-time teammate LeBron James influenced Ilgauskas's decision to join the Heat. On December 2, during the Heat's first game in Cleveland, the fans cheered Ilgauskas in pre-game introductions, while booing the rest of the starters, including James. The Heat made it to the 2011 NBA Finals, but fell short to the Dallas Mavericks in six games.\nIn September 2011, Ilgauskas announced that he was retiring from basketball, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family as well as citing long-term personal physical fatigue and basic bodily wear-and-tear.", "Ilgauskas made his debut with the Lithuania national team in 1994, when the team was qualifying for a spot in the EuroBasket 1995. He averaged 7.7 points and 7 rebounds per game. He later wanted to play for the Lithuania national team in the 2008 Summer Olympics, but the Cavaliers did not permit him to play due to his injury history.", "", "", "", "On January 11, 2012, Ilgauskas made a return to Cleveland when he was hired by then Cleveland Cavaliers GM Chris Grant to serve as his assistant. His duties included evaluating amateur and pro talent prospects.", "On September 18, 2015, Ilgauskas joined Saint Ignatius High School as the assistant coach for the boys' team.", "Ilgauskas married his wife, Jennifer, during the summer of 2004. In 2007, the couple lost a set of twins due to pregnancy complications that caused the infants to be born four months premature. In the summer of 2009, Ilgauskas adopted two Lithuanian brothers (aged five and four at the time) from his hometown of Kaunas.\nIlgauskas is an avid reader. He particularly enjoys military history. During his playing career, he often read in the locker room before games.\nIlgauskas became a United States citizen in 2013. In so doing, he lost his Lithuanian citizenship, as Lithuania limits the possibility of dual citizenship.", "List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders\nList of tallest players in National Basketball Association history\nList of European basketball players in the United States", "Hughes, Grant. \"Cleveland Cavaliers to Retire Zydrunas Ilgauskas' Jersey\". Bleacher Report.\nDelagrange, Dan. \"Zydrunas Ilgauskas: The Ups and Downs of the New Mr. Cavalier\". Bleacher Report.\n\"Cavs honor 'Big Z' as LeBron makes cameo\". ESPN.com. March 9, 2014.\n\"Ilgauskas finally sets Cavs record for games\". ESPN.com. December 3, 2009.\n\"Cleveland Cavaliers Career Leaders\". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2021.\n\"Zydrunas Ilgauksas returns to Cavaliers in front office role\". cleveland19.com. January 18, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2021.\n\"Cleveland Cavaliers Rumors: Zydrunas Ilgauskas making a comeback?\". Yahoo! Sports. August 25, 2014. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\n\"Cavs to sign big man to five-year deal\". ESPN. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\n\"Cavaliers to announce re-signing of C Ilgauskas on Tuesday\". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\n\"Cavaliers Acquire 15-Time NBA All-Star and Four-Time NBA Champion Shaquille ONeal\". THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE CLEVELAND CAVALIERS. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\nCHRISTIAN RED (June 25, 2009). \"Cavs' Ilgauskas reacts to Shaq's arrival\". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\n\"Zydrunas Ilgauskas knows what it means that Shaquille O'Neal has joined the Cleveland Cavaliers\". cleveland.com. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\nBeaven, Chris (December 2, 2009). \"Ilgauskas finally has his record day as Cavs rout Suns\". cantonrep.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2021.\n\"Wizards Acquire Ilgauskas, Thornton and First-Round Pick In Three-Team Deal\". NBA.com. February 17, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.\n\"Wizards reach buyout deal with Zydrunas Ilgauskas\". The Washington Post.\n\"Wizards buy out C Zydrunas Ilgauskas, waive him\". February 25, 2010.\n\"Cavaliers Sign Zydrunas Ilgauskas\". NBA.com. March 23, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.\n\"Ilgauskas signs with Cavaliers\". ESPN.com. March 23, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2021.\n\"Ilgauskas welcomed in Cleveland return\". ESPN.com. March 28, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2016.\nNoland, Rick (March 29, 2010). \"Cavaliers 97, Kings 90: Cavz, fanz show Z their love\". Chronicle-Telegram. Retrieved October 10, 2016.\n\"Cavaliers Retire Zydrunas Ilgauskas #11 Jersey\". THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE CLEVELAND CAVALIERS. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\nZydrunas Ilgauskas Career Highlights. March 8, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2016 – via YouTube.\nZydrunas Ilgauskas' Jersey Retired by the Cavaliers. March 8, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2016 – via YouTube.\n\"HEAT Signs Zydrunas Ilgauskas\". NBA.com. July 17, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2016.\n\"Ilgauskas signs as Heat's ninth player\". ESPN.com. July 17, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2021.\nReed, Tom (September 30, 2011). \"Former Cleveland Cavalier Ilgauskas to retire\". cleveland.com. Retrieved October 10, 2016.\nWindhorst, Brian (October 1, 2011). \"Zydrunas Ilgauskas retires from NBA\". ESPN. Retrieved October 10, 2016.\n\"Zydrunas Ilgauskas – European Championship for Men (1995)\". FIBA Europe. Retrieved May 31, 2021.\n\"Cavs won't allow Ilgauskas to play for Lithuania in Games\". ESPN.com. June 13, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2021.\n\"Zydrunas Ilgauskas rejoins Cleveland Cavaliers as assistant to GM\". ESPN. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\nGoul, Matt (September 18, 2015). \"Former Cleveland Cavaliers center Zydrunas Ilgauskas to help coach St. Ignatius' basketball team\". cleveland.com. Retrieved October 10, 2016.\nGoul, Matt (September 18, 2015). \"St. Ignatius boys basketball coach Brian Becker 'looks forward to learning' from Zydrunas Ilgauskas\". cleveland.com. Retrieved October 10, 2016.\nWallace, Michael (May 25, 2011). \"Heat's Mike Miller thinking of daughter\". Miami Heat Index. ESPN.com. Retrieved May 26, 2011.\n\"Ž.Ilgauskas su žmona įsivaikino 2 berniukus iš Lietuvos\". Delfi. August 27, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2015.\nKarp, Hannah (February 10, 2010). \"The NBA's Locker-Room Nerds\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 14, 2015.\n\"NBA player Ilgauskas to be stripped of Lithuanian citizenship\". Delfi. November 3, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.", "Career statistics and player information from NBA.com and Basketball-Reference.com\nESPN.com profile" ]

[ "Zydrunas Ilgauskas", "Professional career", "Atletas (1993–1996)", "Cleveland Cavaliers (1996–2010)", "Miami Heat (2010–2011)", "National team career", "NBA career statistics", "Regular season", "Playoffs", "Front office work", "Coaching career", "Personal life", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361118, 5361119 ]

[ 27242452, 27242453, 27242454, 27242455, 27242456, 27242457, 27242458, 27242459, 27242460, 27242461, 27242462, 27242463, 27242464, 27242465, 27242466, 27242467, 27242468, 27242469, 27242470, 27242471, 27242472, 27242473, 27242474, 27242475, 27242476 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Zygacine_model.png" ]

[ "Zygacine is a steroidal alkaloid of the genera Toxicoscordion, Zigadenus, Stenanthium and Anticlea of the family Melanthiaceae. These plants are commonly known and generally referred to as death camas. Death camas is prevalent throughout North America and is frequently the source of poisoning for outdoor enthusiasts and livestock due to its resemblance to other edible plants such as the wild onion. Despite this resemblance, the death camas plant lacks the distinct onion odor and is bitter to taste.\nThe effects of zygacine consumption are lethal. Symptoms in humans include nausea, vomiting, slowed heart rate, low blood pressure and ataxia. Poisoned animals suffer from loss of appetite, lack of coordination, digestive and excretory disorders, labored breathing, racing heartbeat and frequently death.\nSuggested treatment of poisoning in humans include administering dopamine and atropine to the patient. For animals, treatment consists of atropine, picrotoxin and activated charcoal.", "Scientists first attempted to determine the toxic ingredient(s) of alkaloid extracts of Zygadenus plants in 1913. They were able to isolate zygadenine, the alkamine present in alkaloids of the genus Zigadenus. The minimal pharmacological activity of zygadenine led to subsequent investigations of Zygadenus venenosus and Zygadenus paniculatus which revealed that zygacine was one of the primary toxic components. Although it was first isolated in 1913, the structure and configuration of zygacine weren't reported until 1959.\nZygacine poisoning via ingestion of death camas had been reported as early as the nineteenth century when Native Americans sold the death camas as food to railroad workers who died after eating the bulbs. It has been for many years - and continues to be - responsible for the poisonings and deaths of many types of livestock including sheep, cattle, horses, pigs and fowl. A one-time loss of 500 sheep was reported in 1964 and in 1987, 250 sheep died from death camas poisoning. Poisonings generally occur in the early spring when the death camas plant is most abundant and other food sources for livestock are limited. Sheep seem to be poisoned most often due to their grazing behavior as they pull up and consume the entire plant. Moist conditions are more conducive to cattle poisoning as it makes it easier to extract the plant from the soil. Humans have also fallen victim to zygacine poisoning by mistaking the death camas for other edible plants. In 1994, a man presented to the emergency department with gastrointestinal symptoms, a depressed heart rate and low blood pressure after inadvertently eating plant material derived from a species of Zigadenus. He recovered after being treated.", "Zygacine is a highly potent compound with an LD₅₀ of 2.0 +/- 0.2 mg/kg when administered intravenously and 132 +/- 21 mg/kg when administered orally to mice. The lethal dose conversions for a 60 kg human, 600 kg cow and 80 kg sheep are included in the table below.\nGeneral symptoms of zygacine poisoning among humans and animals alike include but are not limited to gastrointestinal and cardiovascular ailments such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and irregular heartbeat.\nWithin an hour of ingesting the toxic death camas plant, a human will begin to experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping and diarrhea. Other symptoms include low heart rate and blood pressure as well as ataxia and muscle spasms.\nInitial signs of zygacine poisoning in animals include frothy salivation around the mouth, followed by nausea and vomiting. Severely poisoned animals will suffer from a loss in appetite, lack of coordination and depression. Sheep, in particular, will stand with their heads and ears dropped with their backs are arched. Intestinal peristalsis, a condition characterized by involuntary movement of the muscles in the digestive tract, results in frequent defecation and urination. Fatally poisoned animals develop a weak and rapid pulse and labored breathing. The shuddering struggle to breathe may be confused with convulsions.", "Zygacine is a steroidal alkaloid of the veratrum type. Veratrum alkaloid compounds act by attaching to voltage-gated sodium ion channels, altering their permeability. Veratrum alkaloids cause affected sodium channels to reactivate 1000x slower than unaffected channels. They also block inactivation of sodium channels and change their activation threshold so they remain open even at resting potential. As a result, sodium concentrations within the cell rise, leading to increased nerve and muscle excitability. This biochemical activity causes muscle contractions, repetitive firing of the nerves and an irregular heart rhythm from stimulation of vagal nerves which control the parasympathetic functions of the heart, lungs and digestive tract.", "There is no antidote for zygacine poisoning so only the symptoms arising from poisoning in humans are usually treated, of which bradycardia and hypotension are prioritized. These symptoms are initially treated with atropine, a muscarinic receptor agonist. In a case study in which atropine was not sufficient, hypotension and bradycardia were successfully treated using dopamine. Dopamine increases renal sodium excretion, blood pressure and the heart rate.\nFor animals, reported effective treatment of zygacine poisoning consists of injection of 2 mg of atropine sulfate and 8 mg of picrotoxin per 45 kg of body weight. Intravenous fluid therapy is used to increase blood pressure. A stomach tube can be used to relieve stomach pressure in bloated animals.", "\"Death Camas, Toxicoscordion venenosum\". calscape.org. Retrieved 2018-05-15.\nStegelmeier, Bryan L., Reuel Field, Kip E. Panter, Jeffery O. Hall, Kevin D. Welch, James A. Pfister, Dale R. Gardner et al. \"Selected poisonous plants affecting animal and human health.\" In Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), pp. 1259-1314. 2013.\n\"UpToDate\". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2018-05-15.\n\"Guide to Poisonous Plants – College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences – Colorado State University\". csuvth.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-15.\nKupchan, S. Morris. \"Veratrum alkaloids. XXX. 1 The structure and configuration of zygadenine2.\" Journal of the American Chemical Society 81, no. 8 (1959): 1925-1928.\nMajak, Walter, Ruth E. McDiarmid, Walter Cristofoli, Fang Sun, and Michael Benn. \"Content of zygacine in Zygadenus venenosus at different stages of growth.\" Phytochemistry 31, no. 10 (1992): 3417-3418.\nPanter, K. E., and L. F. James. \"Death camas--early grazing can be hazardous.\" Rangelands Archives 11, no. 4 (1989): 147-149.\nKingsbury, John M. \"Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.\" Soil Science 98, no. 5 (1964): 349.\nPanter, K.E., M.H. Raiphs, R.A. Smart, and B. Duelke. 1987. Death camas poisoning in sheep: A case report. Vet, and Human Tox. 29:45-48.\nWelch, K. D.; Panter, K. E.; Gardner, D. R.; Stegelmeier, B. L.; Green, B. T.; Pfister, J. A.; Cook, D. (2011-05-01). \"The acute toxicity of the death camas (Zigadenus species) alkaloid zygacine in mice, including the effect of methyllycaconitine coadministration on zygacine toxicity\". Journal of Animal Science. 89 (5): 1650–1657. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3444. ISSN 1525-3163. PMID 21521823.\nHeilpern, Katherine L (1995-02-01). \"Zigadenus Poisoning\". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 25 (2): 259–262. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70336-5. PMID 7832360.\nPanter, Kip E., Kevin D. Welch, and Dale R. Gardner. \"Poisonous plants: biomarkers for diagnosis.\" In Biomarkers in Toxicology, pp. 563-589. 2014.\n\"Cornell University Department of Animal Science\". poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-15.\nFurbee, Brent. \"Neurotoxic plants.\" In Clinical Neurotoxicology: Syndromes, Substances, Environments. Elsevier Inc., 2009.\nWest, Patrick, and B. Zane Horowitz. \"Zigadenus poisoning treated with atropine and dopamine.\" Journal of Medical Toxicology 5, no. 4 (2009): 214.\nBhatt-Mehta, Varsha; Nahata, Milap C. (1989-09-10). \"Dopamine and Dobutamine in Pediatric Therapy\". Pharmacotherapy: the Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 9 (5): 303–314." ]

[ "Zygacine", "History", "Toxicity", "Mechanism", "Treatment", "References" ]

[ 5361120 ]

[ 27242477, 27242478, 27242479, 27242480, 27242481, 27242482, 27242483, 27242484, 27242485, 27242486, 27242487, 27242488, 27242489, 27242490, 27242491, 27242492, 27242493 ]

[ "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Zygaena_%28Zygaena%29_transalpina_angelicae-M-Salzburg%2C_Osterhorngruppe%2C_Fuschl_am_See-E-MK-21407a.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Kalkmagerrasen_Aspekt_Walberg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Zygaena_angelicae_%28in_copula%29_%2841423531561%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena angelicae (slender Scotch burnet) is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Europe, from Greece to southern Germany and Thuringia.Z.angelicae has blue-black or green-black forewings, whose inner angles are strongly rounded off. On the forewings there are five or six red spots, two of which are always close together. In the five-spotted individuals, the spots on the underside of the wings are connected by a red stripe, in the six-spotted ones this is a large patch. The black margin of the red hind wings is wide. The antennal club is white at the tip less so than in Zygaena transalpina and the white may be completely absent.\nThe wingspan is 30–33 mm.\nAdults are on wing from July to mid August on one generation per year. They feed on flowers.\nThe larvae feed on Coronilla coronata and sometimes Securigera varia and possibly Lotus corniculatus. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Larvae can be found from September and, after overwintering, to June of the following year. The habitat is chalk grassland. In Southeastern Europe Zygaena angelicae is found in mountainous regions between 1000 and 2100m elevation.", "Zygaena angelicae angelicae\nZygaena angelicae angelicotransalpina Daniel, 1954\nZygaena angelicae elegans Burgeff, 1913\nZygaena angelicae herzegowinensis Reiss, 1922\nZygaena angelicae rhatisbonensis Burgeff, 1914\nZygaena angelicae ternovanensis Koch, 1938", "\"BioLib: Biological library\".\nFauna Europaea" ]

[ "Zygaena angelicae", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361121, 5361122, 5361123, 5361124 ]

[ 27242494 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Zygene_Marcadau.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena anthyllidis is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France and Spain.", "Z. anthyllidis Boisd. (= erebus Meig.) . With pale collar and light-red belt. The wings strongly widened, and especially the 6 spots of forewing enlarged, being more or less quadrangular. Pyrenees. — ab. flava Oberth. is the yellow aberration. — In caucasica Stgr.-Reb.[now Zygaena armena ssp. caucasica Rebel, 1901 ] the pale collar is missing and the two distal spots touch each other or are confluent; from the Caucasus. — Larva yellow, with the head, thoracical legs and transverse bands black; on Trefoil. Pupa in a white ovate cocoon of which the frontal end is directed downwards (Oberthur).\n The wingspan is 30–38 mm.", "Adults are on wing in July and August.\nThe larvae feed on Lotus (including Lotus alpinus), Coronilla, Trifolium, Anthyllis and other Fabaceae species. The larvae usually overwinter twice.", "Fauna Europaea\nJordan, 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa\nSchmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie" ]

[ "Zygaena anthyllidis", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Biology", "References" ]

[ 5361125, 5361126 ]

[ 27242495, 27242496, 27242497 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Zygaena_brizae_99197233.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena brizae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, the Balkan Peninsula, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Georgia.", "Z. brizae Esp. (= scabiosae Hbn.) Smaller and weaker than the previous species,[ Zygaena purpuralis ] with considerably shorter antenna. The red wedge-spots are confluent, the basal two-thirds of forewing, apart from\nhindmargin, being all red, the distal edge of this area being straight and parallel to the edge of the wing. Extends from the Tyrol eastwards into Western Asia. — In erebus Stgr. (= manni Kirby) [ now Zygaena mana Kirby, 1892 ], from Armenia, the hindwing is more broadly edged with black, which is the case also in gallica Oberth. [ now Zygaena nevadensis ssp. gallica Oberthür, 1898 ] from Digne, the red colour of forewing being somewhat reduced in this form. — corycia Stgr. from Syria, is rather intensity coloured, but is very much smaller than typical brizae; the forewing strongly rounded and almost elliptical; the black marginal band of hindwing narrow but sharply marked. — Also of brizae there occur specimens with the red streaks interrupted: ab. interrupta Hirschke, and individuals with red abdominal belt: ab. cingulata Dziurz. — Larva grey-yellow; subdorsally black velvety spots behind which there are yellow spots, these bearing black setiferous dots; stigmata, pectoral legs and head black, the last with a light edged frontal triangle. The blackish, posteriorly yellow pupa, lies in a silvery white cocoon.", "Zygaena brizae brizae\nZygaena brizae araratensis Reiss, 1935\nZygaena brizae burssensis Reiss, 1928\nZygaena brizae corycia Staudinger, 1871\nZygaena brizae drvarica Rauch, 1977\nZygaena brizae lycaonica Reiss, 1935\nZygaena brizae ochrida Holik, 1937\nZygaena brizae staudingeriana Reiss, 1932\nZygaena brizae tbilisica Reiss & Reiss, 1973\nZygaena brizae trikalica Reiss, 1977\nZygaena brizae tsibilisica G. & H. Reiss, 1973\nZygaena brizae vesubiana Le Charles, 1933", "The larva feeds on Cirsium arvense. The moth flies in June and July.", "Fauna Europaea\nSeitz, 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22., The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena brizae", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Subspecies", "Biology", "References" ]

[ 5361127 ]

[ 27242498, 27242499, 27242500, 27242501, 27242502, 27242503 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Diegrossschmette02seit_0019.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena cacuminum is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Iran.In Seitz it is described This species reminds one in pattern of the carniolica-group, the 6. spot of the forewing being parallel to the distal margin. But the colour of all the spots of the forewing as well as of the hindwing is a dull purple, as it hardly occurs again in the whole genus. From Iran.", "A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf \nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf" ]

[ "Zygaena cacuminum", "References" ]

[ 5361128, 5361129 ]

[ 27242504 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Zygaenacambysea.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena cambysea is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in the Middle East, including Iran. It is rosy-red like cuvieri, but differs in the body being entirely black, without red collar and belt. In the form rosacea Rom. from Armenia the spots of the forewing are so merged that the wings appear almost evenly carmine.", "Zygaena cambysea cambysea (Iran)\nZygaena cambysea kamarana\nZygaena cambysea hafis Reiss, 1938 (Iran)", "Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22., The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.", "Images representing Zygaena cambysea at Bold" ]

[ "Zygaena cambysea", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361130, 5361131 ]

[ 27242505 ]

[ "", "Lateral view", "Plate from Seitz", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Crepuscular_burnet_%28Zygaena_carniolica%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_carniolica-003.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Diegrossschmette02seit_0023.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Zyg%C3%A8nes_de_Bonneval-sur-Arc.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Zygaena_carniolica_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Zygaena_%28Agrumenia%29_carniolica-M-Abruzzo%2C_Chieti_Umgebung%2C_Casalincontrada-E-MK-21389a.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Zygaena_carniolica_par_Nemos.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Esparsette-Widderchen-Parkstation.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena carniolica, sometimes described as the crepuscular burnet or eastern burnet, is a member of the family Zygaenidae.", "Subspecies include:\nZygaena carniolica carniolica\nZygaena carniolica albarracina Staudinger, 1887\nZygaena carniolica amanda Reiss, 1921\nZygaena carniolica amistosa Aistleitner & Lencina Gutierrez, 1995\nZygaena carniolica apennina Turati, 1884\nZygaena carniolica berolinensis Lederer, 1853\nZygaena carniolica cruenta (Pallas, 1773)\nZygaena carniolica demavendi Holik, 1936\nZygaena carniolica descimonti Lucas, 1959\nZygaena carniolica diniensis Herrich-Schaffer, 1852\nZygaena carniolica flaveola (Esper, 1786)\nZygaena carniolica graeca Staudinger, 1870\nZygaena carniolica hedysari (Hübner, 1796)\nZygaena carniolica leonhardi Reiss, 1921\nZygaena carniolica magdalenae Abeille, 1909\nZygaena carniolica modesta Burgeff, 1914 (France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany. Austria, the Czech Republic and Poland)\nZygaena carniolica moraulti Holik, 1938\nZygaena carniolica piatkowskii de Freina, 2006\nZygaena carniolica rhaeticola Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena carniolica roccii Verity, 1920\nZygaena carniolica siciliana Reiss, 1921\nZygaena carniolica virginea (Muller, 1766)\nZygaena carniolica wiedemannii Menetries, 1839", "This species can be found in most of Europe, except Britain Isles and northern Scandinavia. It is also present from Asia Minor to Iran.", "It inhabits warm and dry areas, grasslands and limestone substrate, steppe slopes and dry pastures.", "The wingspan is 30–35 mm. Forewings are bluish-black with six red spots surrounded by yellow. Hindwings have a red color with a black border. The outer spots are often in the shape of a crescent. The abdomen is black-blue, sometimes with a red belt. The caterpillar is light green with a series of triangular black spots on the sides of the body. Pupae are black-brown, with a white or yellowish ovoid cocoon.\nThis species is rather similar to Zygaena algira, Zygaena maroccana, Zygaena occitanica, Zygaena orana and Zygaena youngi.", "Z. carniolica. It is hardly possible to give a general description of the colour and pattern of the 20 odd forms which are being united under this species. The antenna is strong, being enlarged to a stout club; collar and edge of thorax mostly with whitish hairs; legs black-blue, yellow beneath. Forewing metallic black-green, densely scaled, fringes light reddish yellow; 6 spots, the 6 halfmoon-shaped, parallel with the distal margin, its normal colour in exceptional specimens absent, but then always recognizable by the scaling having a different gloss. The species is distributed throughout Central and South Europe, as well as North Africa and Western Asia, extending to Turkestan and the Altai. \"To enumerate all transitions and aberrations would fatigue even the most patient,\" says Ochsenheimer; we also shall therefore only characterize the forms which alone till now have received names.\nThe name-typical form, carniolica Scop.(= onobrychis Schiff. & Den., caffer Esp. (8d) has white edged spots on forewing and a red abdominal belt. From Central Germany- southwards to the Mediterranean and eastwards to the Altai. — ab. flaveola Esp. (= luteola Boisd.) [Zygaena carniolica ssp. flaveola Esper, 1786 ] (8d) has the hindwing and the spots of the forewing straw-yellow instead of red. As a rarity everywhere among the normal form.especially often found in Austria. — ab. dichroma Hirshke has the red mixed with yellow. — In ab. grossi Hirshke [ now junior synonym of Z.carniolica Scopoli, 1763] the red is replaced by coffee-brown. — hedysari Hbn. (= astragali Hbn., onobrychis Boisd.,\nmeliloti Hbn., sedi Dup.) [Zygaena carniolica ssp. hedysari Hübner, 1796] (8e) has no red abdominal belt: the commonest form in Germany, but locally predominating also in Italy and other countries. — diniensis H.-Sch.[Zygaena carniolica ssp. diniensis Herrich-Schäffer, 1852] (8e) has a red belt; the spots of the forewing very large, fiery red, with very thin light borders. French Riviera. — In bohatschi Wagn.[ now junior synonym of\n depicting a few subspecies]] Z. carniolica Scopoli, 1763] the spots of the forewing are confluent in pairs ; Liguria.— In ab. jurassica Blachier [ now Zygaena carniolica ssp. virginea Müller, 1766] the central spots are very large and connected with the red basal area by a costal streak, while the 6 spot remains isolated; found near Geneva in July and August. — ab. weileri Stgr. (= diniensis Oberth.) [ now Zygaena carniolica ssp. modesta Burgeff, 1914] . Here the proximal spots are merged to a large red patch which bears single red dots, only the 6 (lunate) spot remaining separate; in Germany, Austria and at the Riviera. — ab. ragonoti Gianelli (8f) [now Zygaena carniolica ssp. virginea Müller, 1766 ] from Turin, is only a modification of the form weileri ; the forewing is almost entirely red, but, besides the 6 spot being isolated, there are some more black markings in the basal area of the forewing than in weileri. — In the Tring Museum there is an aberration with entirely red wings, which may be named totirubra ab. nov. [now junior synonym of Zygaena carniolica Scopoli, 1763] (8f), since the corresponding forms of other species of Zygaena have received names. Found in Hungary.— In amoena Stgr. [now junior synonym of Zygaena carniolica Scopoli, 1763 ] (8ef), from Hungary and Lower Austria, the whitish edges of the spots of the forewing are so enlarged that the white almost entirely displaces the dark ground-colour, the hindwing being sometimes pale pink, as in the third specimen figured as (amoena on 8f.) — In berolinensis Stgr. [ Zygaena carniolica ssp. berolinensis Lederer, 1853 ] (8g), occurring singly everywhere among the normal form, but being especially typical at the Italian Riviera, the white margins of the spots of the forewing are completely absent and the abdomen is without belt. — As taurica Stgr.[ Zygaena carniolica ssp. taurica Staudinger, 1879 ] (8g) a Lydian form is known in which the proximal spots are broadly white-edged, while the 6 transverse, spot has almost disappeared. — In apenina Tur. (= wiskotti Calb.) [ now Z. carniolica ssp. hedysari Hübner, 1796 ] (8g), which flies not rarely near Genoa behind the Campo Santo among hedysari and berolinensis, the 6 transverse spot is completely absent or is only indicated as a dull shadow in the ground colour.- graeca Stgr. [ Z. carniolica ssp. graeca Staudinger, 1870] resembles a small carniolica of the name-typical form, and has like this insect a red belt, but the whitish yellow edges of the spots of the forewing are much thinner; from Greece.amasina Stgr. (8j) [Zygaena carniolica ssp. amasina Staudinger, 1879 ], from Asia Minor, closely resembles amoena but is beautifully bright-red instead of pink and has abundant traces of the black ground colour, which in amoena is almost entirely replaced by white.wiedemanni Men. [ Z. carniolica ssp. wiedemannii Ménétriés, 1839 ] (8h), from Anterior Asia, on the contrary has so much white on the forewing that this is the prevalent colour: moreover, the abdomen is vermilion except the base and tip.— albarracina Stgr. [ Z. carniolica ssp. albarracina Staudinger, 1887, from Andalusia, is a small form which approaches orana, but has less red on the abdomen.In transiens Stgr. [ Z. carniolica ssp. transiens Staudinger, 1887 ] the spot 6 which is edged with white in the previous forms, has become all white, the red centre disappearing, this form therefore approaching the occitanica group, which one has several times endeavoured to distinguish specifically from the carniolica-forms from Western Asia.", "It is a univoltine species. Adults are on wing from July to August. Adults feed on the nectar of flowers in the family Fabaceae. The larvae feed on Lotus, Anthyllis, Dorycnium and Onobrychis species. They frequently rest large numbers on flowers. Pupation occurs in May–June. The caterpillars hibernate.", "", "Abivardi, Cyrus (2008). \"Burnet moth biology\". V Capinera, John L. Encyclopedia of entomology (2. izd.). Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media. str. 617–622. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.\nBinzenhöfer, Birgit; Schröder, Boris; Strauss, Barbara; Biedermann, Robert; Settele, Josef (2005). \"Habitat models and habitat connectivity analysis for butterflies and burnet moths – The example of Zygaena carniolica and Coenonympha arcania\". Biological Conservation 126: 247–259.\nC. M. Naumann, G. M. Tarmann, W. G. Tremewan: The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1999, ISBN 87-88757-15-3\nO. Karsholt, J. Razowski (eds.), 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe: a distributional checklist", "Fauna Europaea\nFunet - Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms\nNature Wonders\nChinery, Michael (1989). Collins new generation guide to the butterflies and day-flying moths of Britain and Europe. Collins. str. 157. ISBN 9780002197854\nLepiforum.de\nAdalbert Seitz, 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nPaolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Lepiforum.de Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa", "Lepidoptera and their ecology\nSchmetterling-raupe.de" ]

[ "Zygaena carniolica", "Subspecies", "Distribution", "Habitat", "Description", "Technical description and variation", "Biology", "Gallery", "Bibliography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361132, 5361133, 5361134, 5361135, 5361136, 5361137, 5361138 ]

[ 27242506, 27242507, 27242508, 27242509, 27242510, 27242511, 27242512, 27242513, 27242514, 27242515, 27242516, 27242517, 27242518, 27242519, 27242520, 27242521, 27242522, 27242523, 27242524, 27242525, 27242526, 27242527 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Zygaena_centaureae_%2840528635645%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena centaureae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Ukraine and Russia.\nIt is similar to Zygaena cynarae and was once considered to be a form of that species. It has stronger antennae and the 5th spot is prolonged towards the hind angle.", "Fauna Europaea" ]

[ "Zygaena centaureae", "References" ]

[ 5361139, 5361140 ]

[ 27242528 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Zygaenacocandica.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena cocandica is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.\nIn Seitz it is described as \"A very remarkable form with yellow spots on the forewing, only the basal ones being shaded with red, it has sometimes an entirely red abdomen ab.karategini Gr.-Grsh., from Buchara\" Also in Seitz \nas erschoffi Stgr. it is described as having \"spots 5 and 6 often widely separate, standing side by side rather than one below the other; collar and 1-2 abdominal segments red, sometimes also the shoulders, as in our last figure: Pamir.\".The length of the forewings is about 12 mm.", "Zygaena cocandica cocandica (southern Kyrgyzstan)\nZygaena cocandica minor\nZygaena cocandica hafiza (Tajikistan)", "Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.", "Colour Atlas of the Siberian Lepidoptera" ]

[ "Zygaena cocandica", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361141, 5361142 ]

[ 27242529 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Diegrossschmette02seit_0015.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena contaminei is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France and Spain.", "This species, which is distributed from the Pyrenees to Andalusia,\nbeing more restricted to mountainous districts, corresponds in pattern to scabiosae orion, i. e. the anterior streak is rather short, the central one is separated into a minute basal dot and a large drop-like spot, and the posterior one, though continuous, is strongly constricted in the middle. The very gradually and evenly incrassate, but very strongly clubbed antenna distinguishes this species at once from all forms of scabiosae, with the exception of the small nevadensis, which is, however, much larger, being almost twice the size. \nThe larvae feed on Eryngium bourgatii. Adults are on wing from the beginning of July to mid August. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Full-grown larvae can be found from the end of May to mid or end June.", "Zygaena contaminei contaminei\nZygaena contaminei almanzorica Reiss, 1936\nZygaena contaminei penalabrica Fernandez, 1929", "Fauna Europaea\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22., The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf \nSchmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie" ]

[ "Zygaena contaminei", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361143, 5361144 ]

[ 27242530, 27242531, 27242532 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Zygaena_%28Mesembrynus%29_corsica-M-Sardegna%2C_Monti_del_Gennargentu%2C_Weg_auf_den_Bruncu_Spina-E-MK-13322b.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena corsica is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found on Corsica and Sardinia.\nSeitz describes as - A peculiar small Burnet with 5 almost equal-sized spots which are very round and glossy bright red, the ground-colour between them having in certain aspect a somewhat brassy lustre. — In May and June in Sardinia and Corsica. — Larva light grey-blue, at the side a dark hue, and on the back a white one, along which there are black spots; in May on Santolina nicana. Cocoon light brown. The moths in June and July, on sunny slopes, especially frequent at higher altitudes.\nThe larvae feed on Santolina insularis and Plagius flosculosum.", "Fauna Europaea\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf \nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena corsica", "References" ]

[ 5361145, 5361146 ]

[ 27242533 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Diegrossschmette02seit_0017.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena cynarae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found from France east to Russia.\nIt is a large Zygaena with translucent wings with oval or rounded red spots. The anterior median spot is well developed. The basal posterior and median posterior spots are large and linked with a red line which can be missing in some specimens. The wingspan is about 30–31 mm.", "Z. cynarae Exp. (= millefolii Esp.) 5-spotted, the body entirely without hairs, with metallic green gloss; wings very sparsely scaled, the colour appearing pale. The abdomen bears a red ring which is more distinct at the sides than above. In ab. turatii Stdf. [now subspecies] the abdominal belt is entirely missing above, appearing only as a lateral spot; North Italy, Dalmatia; near Pegli, at the Riviera, I met constantly with this form, while it occurs elsewhere only sparingly among the type-form. — ab. tricingulata Burgeff [ synonym of cynarae ] has 3 abdominal belts, which, however, are usually red only above and laterally, not below. —. In genistae H.-Sch. (= dahurica H.-Sch. ), from South France, Hungary and the Tyrol, the forewing is paler and more transparent. — centaureae Fisch.-Wald. [now full species Zygaena centaureae ] has a stronger antenna and the 5th spot is prolonged towards the hind angle. — Larva greenish above, yellowish grey at the sides ; subdorsal black dots, near which there are yellow spots; head greyish green.", "Adults are on wing from mid May to July.\nThe larvae feed on Peucedanum species, including Peucedanum cervaria. Part of the larvae overwinter multiple times. Full-grown larvae can be found from April to the beginning of June.\nIt is a very local and sedentary species, which requires dense colonies of its hostplant. They are sluggish and clumsy insects; the individuals occur more singly, there being apparently no decided flight-places as is the case with other Burnets.", "Zygaena cynarae cynarae\nZygaena cynarae adriatica Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena cynarae florianii Dujardin, 1965\nZygaena cynarae franconica Holik, 1936\nZygaena cynarae goberti Le Charles, 1952\nZygaena cynarae jadovnika Rauch, 1977\nZygaena cynarae samarensis Holik, 1939\nZygaena cynarae tolmezzana Meier, 1957\nZygaena cynarae turatii Standfuss, 1892\nZygaena cynarae tusca Verity, 1930\nZygaena cynarae vallettensis Reiss, 1958\nZygaena cynarae waltharii Burgeff, 1926", "Fauna Europaea\nlepiforum.de\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nSchmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie" ]

[ "Zygaena cynarae", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Biology", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361147, 5361148 ]

[ 27242534, 27242535, 27242536, 27242537, 27242538, 27242539 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Zygaena_dorycnii_62156726.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena dorycnii is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Ukraine, Russia, Turkey and Armenia.\nIt has spots and a red belt, which does not reach all round the abdomen as in the otherwise similar peucedani, not being continued on the underside. — In senescens Stgr. [ now Zygaena ephialtes ssp. senescens Staudinger, 1887 ], from Tauria, the anterior basal spot of the forewing, the hindwing and the abdominal belt are dark rose-colour, the other spots of the forewing being white, with a yellow tint.\nThe larvae feed on Lotus corniculatus.", "Zygaena dorycnii dorycnii\nZygaena dorycnii karabaghensis Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1958\nZygaena dorycnii keredjensis Reiss, 1937\nZygaena dorycnii kertshensis (Obraztsov, 1935)\nZygaena dorycnii kubana Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1958\nZygaena dorycnii teberdensis Reiss, 1936", "Fauna Europaea\nlepiforum.de" ]

[ "Zygaena dorycnii", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361149 ]

[ 27242540 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Diegrossschmette02seit_0019.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena ecki is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Iran. In Seitz it is described - Z. ecki Christ. (6c). Little is known of this rather isolated Burnet, which does not stand in close relationship to any other, not being allied to ephialtes or exulans, nor to anthyllidis, behind which it is placed in the catalogue of Staudinger-Rebel. The dull dark grey forewing bears 6 pinkish crimson spots of which the 2 distal ones are slightly confluent; hindwing of the same tint, with rather broad black margin and reddish grey fringes. The abdomen is usually black, but occurs also with red belt, = cingulata Hirschke. Persia.", "Christoph, H.T. 1882, Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 17: 123\nA. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf \nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena ecki", "References" ]

[ 5361150, 5361151 ]

[ 27242541, 27242542 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_ephialtes.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/VeraenderlichesWidderchen%28Zygaena_ephialtes%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena ephialtes is day flying species of burnet moth found in Europe. It is typically found in xeric habitats, and populations have recently decreased. It also exhibits Müllerian mimicry with other species, like Amata phegea.", "Z. ephialtes typically fly during the day. Adult butterfly flight is often characterized as slow. As characteristic of Zygaenidae moths, they have prominent spots on their wings, which alerts predators that they contain toxins.", "Z. ephialtes L. (= falcatae Boisd.) (5 i, k). Forewing with 6 spots; the basal pair red, the others white; hindwing with a white dot. Abdomen with red belt. From South Germany and Switzerland, eastwards to Greece and South Siberia. — medusa Pall. [ now Z. ephialtes ssp. medusa Pallas, 1771] (5 k) is the form without the 6. spot: being especially frequent in the eastern districts of the area. — In the west of the area, especially in Northern Italy, South Germany, Austria, and also in some of the Balcan States, there occur two forms which are marked like ephialtes resp. medusa, but have the 2 basal spots of the forewing and the abdominal belt deep yellow instead of red; these forms are coronillae Esp.[ now Z. ephialtes ssp. coronillae [Denis & Schiffermüller] ], (6a) with 6 spots, and trigonellae Esp. [ now Z. ephialtes ssp. coronillae [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775 ] (6a) with 5 spots. — Likewise in Austria there occur, often together with other forms at the same places, two varieties in which the spots of the forewing as well as the whole hindwing except the black margin are yellow; these are icterica Led. [now Z. ephialtes ssp. coronillae [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775 ] (6 a) with 6 spots, and aeacus Esp. [now Z. ephialtes ssp. coronillae [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775 ] (6 b) with 5 spots on the forewing. Sometimes the yellow colour has a strong reddish tint; such forms are named by Hirschke princi (6b), if there are 6 spots, and aurantiaca if there are 5. — Also red forms are found which are similar in appearance to red-belted filipendulae resp trifolii ab. orobi , being also the most northern forms. They are peucedani Esp. [ now Z. ephialtes ssp. peucedani Esper, 1780] (= hippocrepidis H.-Sch.; aeacus Hubn.) (6b) with 6 spots, and athamanthae Esp.[ now Z. ephialtes ssp. athamanthae Esper, 1789] (= veronicae Bkh.) (6c) with 5.\nThe red colour of the hindwing of these forms may more and more be replaced by the black marginal guenneri. band, being finally represented only by a red central spot. These forms are ab. guenneri Hirschke [ now Z. ephialtes ssp. coronillae [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775] , if there are 6 spots, and ab. metzgeri Hirschke [ now Z. ephialtes ssp. coronillae [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775], if there are 5. — We have further to mention a group of aberrations in which the hindwing bears two small spots instead of a single white or red one. This modification is known of nearly all the above-mentioned forms and has received special names. Thus, ephialtes with 2 white spots to the hindwing bears the name sophiae Favre, the corresponding form of medusa being aemilii Favre, while coronillae with 2 spots is bahri Hirschke and the corresponding trigonellae- form wutzdorffi Hirschke. — Larva yellow or green, reddish yellow at the sides, with pale belts; a dorsal stripe and subdorsal rows of spots black; above the legs rows of black dots ; on the whole similar to the larva of filipendulae ; in May adult on Vetch, Trefoil, Thyme, Eryngium, Plantago, etc., the black pupa in a white-yellow silky cocoon. The imagines fly in July in meadows, venturing even into gardens; they are especially often found resting on the heads of thistles standing near the edges of woods and on fallow ground, sometimes one finds only one form at a certain place, sometimes several forms fly about at the same time in one field, copulating together, the offspring, however, not having mixed or transitional characters. Occasionally specimens of this species have been met with which were in copula with individuals of entirely different species.", "This family of moths is spread throughout most of Europe, ranging from Spain to the Ural Mountains. It is not found in the British Isles, northern Europe, or certain islands in the Mediterranean.", "A study was done by Jakub Horak that focused on populations in the Czech Republic. Many previously unknown habitat preferences of Z. ephialtes were found. This species cannot survive in forested areas or areas with a closed canopy. Z. ephialtes prefer xeric conditions, and were rarely found in more humid areas. The two times they were found in non-exeric areas, the areas were previously xeric sites that were abandoned. The xeric areas that were studied also had many species that are specifically associated with xeric environments, referred to as xeric specialists. Some of these species include Phengaris arion, Psophus stridulus, Polyommatus coridon, Polyommatus daphnis, Plebjus argus, and Zygaena carniolica. This study showed that Z. ephialtes is an important part of xeric habitats.", "", "Because of the slower nature of the adult butterflies' movement, a typical butterfly's range was thought to be on the smaller side. However, after observing populations in the Czech Republic, it was found that this species was found during quick flying events over longer distances.", "", "The eggs are pale yellow. They are laid in a single layer and in many batches.", "Caterpillars appear yellow with small black portions.", "Pupae appear brown and are typically found on the stems of grasses.", "Z. ephialtes are one of the largest species of burnet moths. Their flight has been described as slow and undulating.", "There are many host plants for Z. ephialtes. The most common are Coronilla emerus, Coronilla varia, Securigera varia (purple crown vetch) and Hippocrepis comosa (horseshoe vetch). Another species that has been observed less frequently is Hippocrepis emerus (scorpion senna).", "Amata phegea is another spotted moth species that looks similar to Z. ephialtes. Because Z. ephialtes is unpalatable to other species, A. phegea takes advantage of this. Z. ephialtes is hyper-polymorphic, with two main forms- peucedanoid or ephialtoid. The peucedanoid form consists of a colored forewing and hindwing with spots. The ephialtoid form consists of all the forewing spots being white except the two basal spots, and the hindwings being black with a white spot. Either of these forms can be red or yellow. The yellow form has been found to be more advantageous than the red one.", "Subspecies include: \nZygaena ephialtes ephialtes\nZygaena ephialtes albaflavens Verity, 1920\nZygaena ephialtes albarubens Verity, 1946\nZygaena ephialtes athamanthae (Esper, 1789)\nZygaena ephialtes bohemia Reiss, 1922\nZygaena ephialtes chalkidikae Holik, 1937\nZygaena ephialtes corcyrica Rauch, 1981\nZygaena ephialtes coronillae (Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775)\nZygaena ephialtes danastriensis Holik, 1939\nZygaena ephialtes istoki Silbernagel, 1944\nZygaena ephialtes ligus Verity, 1946\nZygaena ephialtes lurica Dujardin, 1965\nZygaena ephialtes medusa (Pallas, 1771)\nZygaena ephialtes meridiei Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena ephialtes pannonica Holik, 1937\nZygaena ephialtes peucedani (Esper, 1780)\nZygaena ephialtes podolica Holik, 1932\nZygaena ephialtes retyesati Holik, 1948\nZygaena ephialtes roussilloni Koch, 1940\nZygaena ephialtes smolikana Naumann & Rose, 1981\nZygaena ephialtes tambovensis Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1953\nZygaena ephialtes taurida Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1953\nZygaena ephialtes transpadana Verity, 1946\nZygaena ephialtes tymphrestica Holik, 1948", "As mentioned earlier, this species is an integral part of xeric environments. However, with the decline in these environments, the species is also vanishing from many of these regions. Because of changing environments, these butterflies are required to travel longer than normal distances to find suitable habitats. Populations are declining. Some sources say that this species is critically endangered. Recently there has been some human involvement with the species by protecting some xeric sites that the butterflies inhabit.", "Bonelli, Simona; Barbero, Francesca; Casacci, Luca Pietro; Cerrato, Cristiana; Balletto, Emilio (2015). \"The butterfly fauna of the Italian Maritime Alps: results of the EDIT project\" (PDF). Zoosystema. 37: 139–167. doi:10.5252/z2015n1a6. hdl:2318/150963.\n\"Habitat requirements of conspicuous burnet moth Zygaena ephialtes (Linnaeus, 1767; Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) (PDF Download Available)\". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-11-15.\nSbordoni, V.; Bullini, L.; Scarpelli, G.; Forestiero, S.; Rampini, M. (1979-02-01). \"Mimicry in the burnet moth Zygaena ephialtes: population studies and evidence of a Batesian—Müllerian situation\". Ecological Entomology. 4 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1979.tb00563.x. ISSN 1365-2311.\nTurner, J. R. G. (1971). \"Studies of Müllerian Mimicry and its Evolution in Burnet Moths and Heliconid Butterflies\". Ecological Genetics and Evolution. Springer. pp. 224–260. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0432-7_11. ISBN 9781475704341.\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"Catalogue of Life: Zygaena ephialtes Linnaeus, 1767\". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2017-11-15." ]

[ "Zygaena ephialtes", "Description", "Technical description and variation", "Range", "Habitat", "Behavior", "Migration", "Life cycle", "Eggs", "Caterpillars", "Pupae", "Adults", "Host plants", "Mimicry", "Subspecies", "Conservation", "References" ]

[ 5361152 ]

[ 27242543, 27242544, 27242545, 27242546, 27242547, 27242548, 27242549, 27242550, 27242551, 27242552, 27242553, 27242554, 27242555, 27242556, 27242557, 27242558, 27242559, 27242560, 27242561 ]

[ "", "", "Mounted specimen of Zygaena erythrus", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_erythrus_.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_erythrus_-001.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Zygaena_%28Mesembrynus%29_erythrus-W-Marche%2C_Ascoli_Piceno%2C_Monti_Sibillini%2C_Forca_Canapine-E-MK-6090c.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena erythrus, common name sluggish burnet, is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae.", "Zygaena erythrus erythrus\nZygaena erythrus actae Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena erythrus miserrima Verity, 1922\nZygaena erythrus saportae Boisduval, 1829", "This endangered species can be found only in France and Italy. It prefers dry and rocky areas with sparse vegetation and limestone substrate, but it is also present in heathlands, in nutrient-poor grasslands and in broad verges in oak forests with the host plant Eryngium species, from sea level to over 1,500 metres (4,900 ft).", "Zygaena erythrus has a wingspan of 25–33 mm. These quite large moths show enlarged and confluent red spots on the forewings, surrounded by black in the distal part. Females are little bigger than males, with a yellow golden dusting and less defined markings. The mature larva is rather dark greyish, with two series of dorsal black spots.\nThis species is very similar to Zygaena purpuralis, but it has red scales in the axillary area of the forewings, up to a third of the length.", "Z. erythrus Hbn. (= saportae Boisd.; minos Boisd.) (4a). Larger; antenna longer, with thicker club. The red colour of forewing restncted to 3 streaks , the distal one being wedge-shaped ; moreover, only the basal third of the hindmargin of forewing is red. South France, Italy and Sicily. In ab. irpina Zickert, from the Riviera, the cuneiform spots are confluent. — As magna [Seitz, [1907] ] (4 a) a very large form from the Abruzzi is sold by Staudinger; the posterior cuneiform spot is strongly widened and distally straight-truncate.— Larva dull greenish yellow, witli heavy black dots subdorsally and yellow side-spots (Sapokta); in some districts not distinguishable from the larva of purpuralis. On Eryngium and Thyme (Rouast). Hibernating; pupation at end of May. Imago in June and July; frequently sitting on Thyme and Eryngium.", "The life cycle involves only one generation per year. Adults are on wing from the end of June to the beginning or mid August. \nThe hatching occurs between June and July. The larvae feed on Eryngium species, including Eryngium campestre and Eryngium maritimum. Full-grown larvae can be found from June. Pupation occurs within a cocoon usually adherent to the lower surface of the leaves, but also on the ground between lichens, moss and parts of plants.", "Zygaena at funet\nlepiforum.de\nFauna Europaea\nNatura Mediterraneo\nNature of Italy\nTreknature\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf \nSchmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena erythrus", "Subspecies", "Distribution and habitat", "Description", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Biology", "References" ]

[ 5361153, 5361154, 5361155 ]

[ 27242562, 27242563, 27242564, 27242565, 27242566, 27242567 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 5, 5, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_exulans.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Zygaena_exulans_Raupe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Zygaena_exulans_RF.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/ZygaenaExulansSoemna.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zygaena_%28Zygaena%29_exulans-M-Salzburg%2C_Hohe_Tauern%2C_Sportgastein-E-MK-21399a.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena exulans, the mountain burnet or Scotch burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.", "Subspecies include:\nZygaena exulans exulans (European Alps)\nZygaena exulans abruzzina Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena exulans apfelbecki Rebel, 1910\nZygaena exulans pyrenaica Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena exulans subochracea White, 1872\nZygaena exulans vanadis Dalman, 1816", "This species exist in mountainous areas in southern Europe (Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkans), at an elevation of 1,800–3,000 metres (5,900–9,800 ft) above sea level. It is also present in Scotland, in Scandinavia and in northern Russia. These moths inhabit mountain lawns and northern moors.", "Zygaena exulans has a wingspan of 25–33 millimetres (0.98–1.30 in). The body is densely haired. The forewings are black-gray in males, matt gray in the females, almost translucent and with a metallic sheen. They have four distinct red dots and a red basal elongated stain. The spot on the wing root is wedge-shaped, the others are oval or round. The hindwings are red with a gray outer edge and black fringes. The antennae are club-shaped.\nThese moths have an aposemantic coloration. In the event of an attack by predators such as birds and lizards they emit a liquid containing cyanide.\nThis species is rather similar to Zygaena lonicerae, Zygaena loti and Zygaena purpuralis.\nThe eggs are pale yellow, relatively large and oval. The caterpillars can reach a length of about 20 millimetres (0.79 in). They are velvety black, with yellowish markings on each segment and short white hair. The pupa is brown-black and lies in a gray-white, thin cocoon.", "Adults usually fly in sunshine from late May to September, depending on the location. Larvae feed on crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) in northern Europe. Elsewhere they are polyphagous, mainly feeding on Helianthemum nummularium, Anthyllis vulneraria, Dryas octopetala, Silene acaulis, Astragalus alpinus, Carex, Polygonum viviparum, Salix, Thymus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Chamorchis alpina, Betula nana, Viscaria alpina, Thalictrum alpinum, Cassiope tetragona, Bartsia alpina and Saxifraga aizoides. This species hibernates in the form of a larva.", "", "Biolib\nFauna europaea\nFunet - Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms\nUK Moths\nLepiforum.de\nPaolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena exulans", "Subspecies", "Distribution and habitat", "Description", "Biology", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5361156, 5361157, 5361158, 5361159 ]

[ 27242568, 27242569, 27242570, 27242571, 27242572, 27242573 ]

[ "", "Zygaena fausta", "Zygaena fausta", "Mating pair of Zygaena fausta showing the tail-to-tail position and sexual dimorphism", "Zygaena fausta taking off, showing the bright red abdomen and eye spots on the thorax" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Zygaena.fausta.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Zygaena_October_2008-1.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Zygaena_fausta1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Mating_Pair_of_Zygaena_fausta_Burnet_moths.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Zygaena_fausta_Burnet_moth_flapping_wings_after_rain.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena fausta is a member of the family Zygaenidae, the day-flying burnet moths. Its bright aposematic colours of red, white and black on the wings indicate to possible predators such as birds that it is foul tasting or poisonous. In flight, the bright red abdomen is revealed, contrasting with the white legs and black head and antennae; the thorax is black and white with an eye spot on each side (see image). There appears to be a considerable variation in pattern among specimens from different parts of Europe.\nThe southwest of Europe is home to Zygaena fausta. The moth can be found from Spain and Southern Portugal to Western Austria and Southern Germany, northeast to Thuringia, and southeast to North-western Italy.\nIt is rare or absent from Britain, the Netherlands and Belgium, where related species include the similarly aposematic five-spot burnet and the six-spot burnet.\nThe caterpillar (larva) is dark grey with a black line above a line of white interrupted by yellow bands. The caterpillar's food plants are vetches of the genus Coronilla.\nThe adults often visit a wide range of flowers including knapweed and eryngo. Typical habitat is dry chalk grassland. Adults fly throughout the summer from April or May until October. The sexes are similar but not identical (see image); mating takes place by day on isolated plants.", "Zygaena fausta fausta\nZygaena fausta agilis Reiss, 1932\nZygaena fausta alpiummicans Verity, 1926\nZygaena fausta baetica Rambur, 1839\nZygaena fausta fassnidgei Tremewan & Manley, 1965\nZygaena fausta faustina Ochsenheimer, 1808\nZygaena fausta fernan Agenjo, 1948\nZygaena fausta fina Burgeff, 1956\nZygaena fausta fortunata Rambur, 1866\nZygaena fausta gibraltarica Tremewan, 1961\nZygaena fausta jucunda Meisner, 1818\nZygaena fausta junceae Oberthur, 1884\nZygaena fausta lacrymans Burgeff, 1914\nZygaena fausta murciensis Reiss, 1922\nZygaena fausta preciosa Reiss, 1920\nZygaena fausta suevica Reiss, 1920", "\"European Lepidoptera and their ecology: Zygaena fausta\". www.pyrgus.de. Retrieved 2021-12-26.\nSoortenBank.nl, ETI BioInformatics, http://www.soortenbank.nl/soorten.php?soortengroep=insecten&id=1062\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa, by Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili, Ilaria Pimpinelli, Diego Reggianti. http://www.leps.it/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages/ZygaeLaeta.htm", "Lepiforum.de" ]

[ "Zygaena fausta", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361160, 5361161, 5361162, 5361163, 5361164 ]

[ 27242574, 27242575 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Zygaenascovitzii.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena fraxini is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.It is a Palearctic confined to Western Asia.", "Z. fraxini Men. (= oribasus H.-Sch., carneolica Freyer, rogdana Boisd.) (7e) is the first of a series of species from Western and Central Asia. The 2 basal spots of the forewing are united to a large vivid red patch which occupies the entire basal area. Of the central pair of spots the lower one is always much the larger, if the two spots are not merged; the distal spots are united to a severally incised, often very irregular patch. The red spots are partly edged with white, the abdomen being always entirely black in the name-typical form. Armenia.— In perdita Stgr. [ Z. fraxini ssp. perdita Staudinger, 1887 ] from the Caucasus, the central spots are white,\nnot being or scarcely centred with red, and the hindwing is broadly edged with black. — scovitzii Men. [Synonym for Z. fraxini Ménétriés, 1832 (7e) has a broad rosy red collar and sometimes a red abdominal belt, on the hindwing a small, black, usually triangular spot being attached to the middle of the narrow black distal margin; Persia and the Pamir.", "Adalbert Seitz, 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena fraxini", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "References" ]

[ 5361165, 5361166 ]

[ 27242576, 27242577, 27242578 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Heterocera.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena graslini is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Israel and Lebanon.\nin graslini the 6 spots of forewing are confluent in pairs, there being a basal, central and marginal red area separated by black bands. In the form\nconfluens Oberth. [synonym of graslini ], from Syria , the basal and central areas are also confluent, the wing being red from the base to beyond the middle.", "Zygaena graslini graslini\nZygaena graslini czipkai G. & H. Reiss, 1971\nZygaena graslini kulzeri Reiss, 1932\nZygaena graslini maraschensis Reiss, 1935\nZygaena graslini pfeifferi Reiss, 1932\nZygaena graslini rebeliana Reiss & Tremewan, 1964\nZygaena graslini rebeli Reiss, 1932", "The Entomologist's record and journal of variation\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena graslini", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361167, 5361168 ]

[ 27242579, 27242580 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_hilaris.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena hilaris is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae.", "Subspecies include:\nZygaena hilaris hilaris\nZygaena hilaris chrysophaea Le Charles, 1934\nZygaena hilaris escorialensis Oberthur, 1884\nZygaena hilaris galliae Oberthur, 1910\nZygaena hilaris leonica Tremewan, 1961\nZygaena hilaris lucifera Reiss, 1936\nZygaena hilaris ononidis Milliere, 1878\nZygaena hilaris piemontica Reiss, 1941\nThe subspecies Zygaena hilaris chrysophaea is present in France from Vaucluse, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Drôme and Hautes-Alpes to Isère.", "This species can be found in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. These moths inhabit dry meadow, edges of calcareous grasslands, dry shrub, sunny slopes and clearings in dry forests, from sea level to 2000 meters.", "Zygaena hilaris has a wingspan of 24–25 millimetres (0.94–0.98 in). These moths are polymorphous. Forewings show a black background, with five large red stains usually joined together and often surrounded by ocher-orange rings. Hindwings are entirely red with a thin black line at the outer edge. The body is black except for an ocher slightly marked prothoracic necklace. The caterpillars are hairy, greenish- yellow with rows of small black spots. This species is rather similar to Zygaena fausta, which has an abdominal ring.", "Zygaena hilaris Ochs. (7i). is as small as or even smaller than formosa. The red colour predominates so much that it occupies the whole fore-wing, there remaining only small black dots. which are sometimes confluent, but are often reduced to dots standing widely separate. The red collar is never present; however, sometimes there are yellowish white hairs at the edge of the thorax. Common at the Riviera and the South-East Coast of Spain. From Digne, in the Basses Alpes. I have before me a pale yellow aberration belonging to the Tring Museum: the figure (7i) bears the name pallida [Zygaena hilaris ssp. chrysophaea Le Charles, [1934]] , however I do not consider it necessarv to give here names to such pale yellow aberrations, if they have not already received names. — In ononidis Mill. [ Z. hilaris ssp. ononidis Millière, 1878] , from the French Riviera, the red spots are not separated by yellowish white borders from the black ground. — In escorialensis Oberth. [Zygaena hilaris ssp. escorialensis Oberthür, 1884] (7k), from the Castilian table-land, the wings are more thinly scaled, pale rosy, the black spots are reduced to thinly pale edged dots. - ab.\nbicolor Oberth. [Zygaena hilaris ssp. galliae Oberthür, 1910] (7k) has no black but only light dots (remnants of the edging), and lastly ab. unicolor Oberth. [Zygaena hilaris ssp. galliae Oberthür, 1910] (7k) in which the wings are uniformly red, being narrowly bordered with black. Larva very short and thick, yellow, anteriorly greenish, with dorso-lateral rows of thick black dots; head brown. In June on Ononis.\nPupa brown, in a yellowish grey or brownish wrinkly cocoon. The moths fly especially in the morning till 11 o'clock and again in the afternoon from 4, on dry sunny hills and on the cornfields situated between the mountains. They always whiz about quite low, about 20 cm only above the ground, resting with preference on clusters of Thyme. They vary strongly, Oberthur recording, besides the above-mentioned forms, also aberrations with coffee-brown wings.", "These moths have two generations (bivoltine) from May to July and from August to September. Adults fly from late June to July. The larvae feed on Dorycnium species and on various Ononis species (Ononis repens, Ononis natrix, Ononis pinnata, Ononis minutissima, Ononis aragonensis, Ononis diffusa, Ononis procrens, Ononis speciosa, Ononis spinosa, Ononis arvensis).", "Lepiforum.de\nBiolib\nFauna Europaea\nFunet - Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms\nLepidoptera and their ecology\nAsturnatura\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nPapillons de Poitou-Charentes\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena hilaris", "Subspecies", "Distribution and habitat", "Description", "Technical description and variation", "Biology", "References" ]

[ 5361169, 5361170 ]

[ 27242581, 27242582, 27242583, 27242584, 27242585, 27242586, 27242587, 27242588, 27242589, 27242590 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Zygaena_laeta.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena laeta, the bloodword burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Central and South-Eastern Europe.In Z. laeta the collar and patagia as well as the apical half (or more) of the abdomen are red: also the wings are testaceous red except some black spots on the forewing. Larva of light bluish green, with while dorsal and lateral lines, along which there are blackdots. Pupa yellow, anteriorly dark brown, in a whitish cocoon. \n The wingspan is 26–34 mm.", "The moth flies from July to August, depending on the location, on dry hill-sides, During their slow flight the red abdomen is especially conspicuous, the flying insect bearing on that account a distant resemblance to certain southern\nHemiptera.\nThe larva mainly feed on Eryngium campestre.", "Zygaena laeta laeta\nZygaena laeta orientis Burgeff, 1926", "Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.", "faunaeur.org\nlepiforum.de\nleps.it\nwww.pyrgus.de/Zygaena_laeta pyrgus.de\nImages representing Zygaena laeta at Bold" ]

[ "Zygaena laeta", "Biology", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361171, 5361172 ]

[ 27242591, 27242592 ]

[ "", "Lateral view", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_lavandulae.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Zygaena_lavandulae.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena lavandulae is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae.", "Subspecies include:\nZygaena lavandulae lavandulae\nZygaena lavandulae alfacarica Tremewan, 1961\nZygaena lavandulae barcelonica Reiss, 1936\nZygaena lavandulae consobrina Germar, 1836\nZygaena lavandulae espunnensis Reiss, 1922\nZygaena lavandulae micheaellae Rungs & Le Charles, 1943", "This species can be found in Southern France, eastern Spain, Portugal and Italy (only in central and western Liguria), as well as North Africa, including Morocco.", "Zygaena lavandulae has a wingspan of 31–36 millimetres (1.2–1.4 in) in males and of 35–37 millimetres (1.4–1.5 in) in females. The head is black. The thorax is black with a white collar. Also the abdomen is black, with a slight blue gloss. Forewings are bluish, with five red spots surrounded with black or dark blue. Hindwings are bluish-black with a very large distal red spot. Colorations of the females are rather similar to males, but their forewings are usually bluish-green, with larger spots.", "These moths mainly inhabit rocky places, dry woods and grove rich grasslands. They are present in the Maquis shrubland, characterized by the widespread presence of Cistus species.", "There is one generation per year (univoltine). The larvae feed on Dorycnium pentaphyllum and Anthyllis cytisoides. They develop until April without real dormancy. Adults are on wing from April to June.", "Lepiforum.de\nBiolib\nFauna Europaea\nZygaena at funet\nLepidoptera and their ecology at Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie\nTutt, James William Notes on Zygaena species The entomologist's record and journal of variation – Vol. 72 (1960), pg 5\nPaolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena lavandulae", "Subspecies", "Distribution", "Description", "Habitat", "Biology", "References" ]

[ 5361173, 5361174, 5361175 ]

[ 27242593, 27242594, 27242595, 27242596 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Narrow-bordered_five-spot_burnet_%28Zygaena_lonicerae%29_U%C4%8Dka.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Zygaena_lonicerae.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Narrow-bordered_five-spot_burnet_moth_%28Zygaena_lonicerae%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Zygaena_lonicerae_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Mont-Louis.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Zyg%C3%A8ne_des_bois.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Zygaena_lonicerae_caterpillar.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Zygaena_lonicerae_pupa.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_%28Zygaena%29_lonicerae.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena lonicerae, the narrow-bordered five-spot burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. The species was first described by Theodor Gottlieb von Scheven in 1777.", "Zygaena lonicerae lonicerae\nZygaena lonicerae abbastumana Reiss, 1922\nZygaena lonicerae alpiumgigas Verity, 1925\nZygaena lonicerae insularis Tremewan, 1960 (Ireland)\nZygaena lonicerae intermixta Verity, 1925\nZygaena lonicerae jocelynae Tremewan, 1962 (Isle of Skye)\nZygaena lonicerae kalkanensis Reiss, 1932\nZygaena lonicerae latomarginata (Tutt, 1899) (England)\nZygaena lonicerae leonensis Tremewan, 1961\nZygaena lonicerae linnei Reiss, 1922\nZygaena lonicerae microdoxa Dujardin, 1965\nZygaena lonicerae nobilis Navàs, 1924\nZygaena lonicerae silana Burgeff, 1914\nZygaena lonicerae thurneri Holik, 1943\nZygaena lonicerae vivax Verity, 1920", "This species can be found in most of Europe, from Ireland to Fennoscandia, up to west of China. In the southern Europe the species is widespread from northern and central Spain to Turkey and the Caucasus.", "In western Europe it prefers dry to mesophilic habitats in coastal areas, sea-cliffs, open forests, grassland, chalk downland and subalpine valleys, at an elevation up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level.", "Zygaena lonicerae have a wingspan of 30–46 millimetres (1.2–1.8 in). The forewings reach a length of 16–19 millimetres (0.63–0.75 in) in the females, while they are slightly smaller in males. The forewings usually show five crimson to vermilion spots and a black basic colour, with a strong bluish or blue-green reflection. The third spot is smaller than the fourth one. Head, thorax and abdomen are black and moderately to strongly hairy. The antennae are long and slender and slightly clavate (club shaped) and tapered. The females are similar to males, but the top of the front wing is slightly rounded and the abdomen and the thorax are less hairy. However this species is very variable. Usually the moth populations in alpine areas are much larger, while those from southern Europe are darker.", "The moth flies during daytime from June to early August depending on the location. They suck nectar of the preferred blue violet flowers, such as on field scabious (Knautia arvensis), dove pincushion flower (Scabiosa columbaria), meadow knapweed (Centaurea jacea), panicle knapweed (Centaurea stoebe), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense), bulbous thistle (Cirsium tuberosum) and ring thistle (Carduus).\nThe females lay eggs in July on the underside of leaves of the host plants or on plants that grow close to them. The eggs are pale yellow. The caterpillars reach a length of 19 to 28 millimetres. They are bluish green or pale yellow, with long pale hairs and a few rows of almost rectangular black spots.\nThe larva feed on various low-growing plants, including Trifolium (Trifolium medium, Trifolium montanum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens) and Lathyrus species (Lathyrus pratensis, Lathyrus linifolius, Lathyrus sativus), as well as Vicia, Lotus corniculatus, Lotus uliginosus, Onobrychis viciifolia. Larvae and pupae are occasionally parasitized by Tachinidae species (Phryxe magnicornis) and by some species of wasps.\nThe larva eat until late summer and early winter, and continue to develop in the following year. At the end of May the caterpillars are fully grown. The not fully grown caterpillars overwinter a second time. The caterpillars pupate in an elongated or spindle-shaped yellowish or white cocoon on grasses and other plants. The colour of pupa varies from brown to black.", "Naumann, C. M. & Tremewan, W. G. (1999). The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae. 1. Auflage. Apollo Books, Stenstrup\n\"Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet Zygaena lonicerae (Scheven, 1777)\". BioLib. Retrieved 16 December 2019.\nFauna Europaea", "Kimber, Ian. \"54.009 BF171 Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet Zygaena lonicerae (Scheven, 1777)\". UKMoths. Retrieved 16 December 2019.\nCatalogue of the Lepidoptera of Belgium\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena lonicerae", "Subspecies", "Distribution", "Habitat", "Description", "Life cycle", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361176, 5361177, 5361178, 5361179, 5361180, 5361181, 5361182 ]

[ 27242597, 27242598, 27242599, 27242600, 27242601, 27242602, 27242603, 27242604 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_loti-002.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Zygaenidae_-_Zygaena_loti-001.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Beilfleck-Rotwidderchen_Zygaena_loti_8627%2C32.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Zygaena_loti.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Zygaena_%28Zygaena%29_loti-M-Slowenien%2C_Ljubljana%2C_Karst%2C_Vhrnika_Umgebung-E-MK-21390a.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/2016.06.18.-12-Bonadieshafen_Friesenheimer_Insel_Mannheim--Beilfleck-Rotwidderchen.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena loti, the slender Scotch burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is a diurnal moth characterized by a black body, light colored legs, and red spots on its wings. The caterpillars are a yellow-green color and usually molt out of dormancy in late February to early March. The larvae feed on plants from the family Fabaceae until they enter their pupal stage and mature into adults in May to early June. For mating, Zygaenidae exhibit a dual-partner finding strategy, where females use pheromones while assuming a calling position, and males exhibit a patrolling behavior where they utilize both vision and the olfactory receptors in their antennae to locate a potential mate.\nAlthough regionally endangered as their population is declining, Z. loti is found all across Europe, inhabiting areas rich in their desired food plants: lime-rich, and characterized by a hot and dry climate. The decreases in their population are likely due to factors such as habitat loss and fragmentation brought on by commercial agriculture and urbanization, as well as global climate change. There are few conservation programs currently focusing on Zygaena loti.", "The following subspecies are recognized:\nZygaena loti loti (the nominate subspecies)\nZygaena loti achilleae (Esper, 1780)\nZygaena loti alpestris Burgeff, 1914\nZygaena loti arragonensis Staudinger, 1887\nZygaena loti avilensis Koch, 1948\nZygaena loti balcanica Reiss, 1922\nZygaena loti erythristica Tremewan & Manley, 1969\nZygaena loti failliei Dujardin, 1970\nZygaena loti hypochlora Dujardin, 1964\nZygaena loti janthina Boisduval, 1828\nZygaena loti ligustica Rocci, 1913\nZygaena loti macedonica Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena loti miniacea Oberthur, 1910\nZygaena loti osthelderi Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena loti praeclara Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena loti restricta Stauder, 1915\nZygaena loti scotica (Rowland-Brown, 1919)\nZygaena loti tristis Oberthur, 1884\nZygaena loti wagneri Milliere, 1885\nZygaena loti zobeli Reiss, 1921", "Zygaena loti, also called the slender Scotch burnet moth, is a member of the butterfly and moth order Lepidoptera and the family Zygaenidae. While most moths are categorized as nocturnal, Zygaenidae moths are unique in that they are day-flying or diurnal moths. The Z. loti has also been described as highly sedentary. With a wingspan of 25-35mm, the slender Scotch burnet moth can be identified as having a relatively small black body, light colored legs, and a pair of black or light brown colored, rounded wings with red spots. This moth in particular displays a sexual dimorphism, in which the wings of females are scaled much lighter than their male conspecifics and they possess a double white ruff. Frontwings are grayish-blue in the males, yellow-gray in the females, with six red spots which partly flow together. The kidney-shaped spot at the tip of the forewings consists in fact of the fifth and sixth spots, which have grown together. The hindwings are red and have a black border.\nThis species is rather similar to Zygaena exulans, Zygaena filipendulae and Zygaena lonicerae.\nThe caterpillars can reach a length of about 20 millimetres (0.79 in). They are olive-green or yellow-green, with two yellow and two black dots on each segment and short white hairs.", "The life cycle of Zygaena loti has not been well observed, but from the available literature the following likely life cycle can be constructed. The moth is characterized as an early burnet with caterpillars molting out of diapause in late February to early March. The caterpillars hide during the day in moss layers or herbage containing small, short plants less than 6 cm tall. There they also construct or spin their cocoons (oval-shaped, dull dirty whitish color) to enter their pupal stage. later mature into adult moths in May to early June. As adults, their flight time is somewhere from late May to early August depending on eclosion. Since they are diurnal, they only fly during the day. After mating, females will lay their eggs on larval food plants, such as the ones listed below, and the resulting larvae will feed from approximately August to early May, overwintering once and sometimes twice in their larval diapaused state.", "For larvae, there are some contrasting findings, but all observed food plants that Z. loti caterpillars have been found on are from the family Fabaceae, such as Hippocrepis comosa, Lotus corniculatus, Securigera varia, and Onobrychis vicilfolia. \nFor adult moths, even less has been recorded about their diets. Males may nectar on milkworts and thyme, while females may nectar on the flowers of the plants they ate in their larval stage (those listed above).", "While there is not much evidence pertaining to Zygaena loti's reproductive strategies in particular, there have been studies involving that species and other Zygaenidae that have looked at the mating routine of the family as a whole. Zygaenidae exhibit a dual partner-finding strategy, which is typical for most moths. That essentially means that both the females and the males are involved in the process of finding a mate. Females possess pheromone glands in their ovipositor, which is positioned at the tip of their abdomen. From those glands, they release a certain pheromone meant to attract their male conspecifics. There is evidence pointing towards females not using pheromones in the morning hours of the day, but more research is needed to confirm that as fact. Females also exhibit a calling behavior. This involves the females in a calling position where the region containing the sex pheromone gland is left exposed, allowing for the release of the pheromone. In Zygaenidae, most female moths will call for five to ten hours a day until they have found a mate.\nFor males, they exhibit what is called patrolling behavior, a behavior observed to only occur in the morning. In the morning, when the males are patrolling, they detect females via vision at long distances, but in the afternoon, they use the olfactory receptors on the ends of their antennae which are sensitive to the pheromones of their female conspecifics. Males may also release their own pheromones when in close proximity to a potential mate, but once again, more research is needed.\nOnce mating has occurred, females will lay their eggs on larval foodplants, usually Fabaceaes. Studies have shown that a specific microclimate may be vital to the females when deciding where to lay their eggs, but as far as most research has shown, females lay their eggs in bare soil around herbage vital to the larvae's diet.\nIn the close range phase of courtship, while the role of pheromones is not well known, it has been determined that visual cues from both the male and the female are important. Experts acknowledge the gap in literature and need for more research on the mating activity of Zygaenidae and have expressed the importance of studying the chemical communication of diurnal butterflies and moths for natural resource management when dealing with invasive species and conservation efforts of endangered species. Pheromones have been used many times to study Lepidopteran species and can be used to monitor and study rare Zygaenids such as the Zygaena loti.", "The geographic distribution of Zygaena loti is well documented, but not uniform across research studies. Some documentation cites Zygaena loti to be mainly in western Scotland and solely confined to the Isles Mull and Ulva. The research that claims this however is only looks at the subspecies scotica. The animals in the family Zygaenidae are actually widespread across the European continent. More specifically, Zygaena loti is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Fennoscandia, Denmark, Estonia and Latvia. This species has been spotted in Spain on the Iberian peninsula, across central and southern Europe, and to Siberia. While it is not very common in northern Europe, there is an isolated population in Scotland. They used to be widely distributed, creating a network of interconnected communities, but due to habitat loss as a likely result of an increase use of land for agriculture, most Z. loti and Zygaenidae populations have become fragmented and isolated from each other. The isolation that these moths are subjected to has led to high levels of genetic differentiation between populations. The current status of the moth's total distribution range since the 1970s is declining.\nAlthough fairly widespread, Z. loti can only survive in a restricted range of habitats, making them a good indicator for environmental change, a factor that many conservationists have focused on. This moth is usually restricted to xerothermic environments, meaning it thrives in a hot and dry climate. They also greatly prefer lime-rich conditions. Such suitable habitats may include flowering meadows, clearings, subalpine or rocky slopes, scrubland, forest edges, limestone background, or dry grassland, usually at an elevation up to 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) above sea level. For Zygaenidae in general, the Alps and Pyrenees are considered to be biodiversity hotspots.", "Zygaena loti is not endangered and is considered a common burnet moth. Regionally, however, this species of Zygaenidae is decreasing due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Such habitat loss is likely because of an increase in large-scale agriculture and urbanization. Being that Z. loti require a certain climate (dry and hot) and have certain conditions for their chosen habitat (lime-rich and herb-rich), human intervention in acceptable habitats has led to the further isolation and fragmentation of this moth species, causing a decrease in their distribution range; however, Z. loti continue to survive in fragmented habitats with reduced gene flow. That reduced gene flow causes a decrease in genetic diversities but an increase in genetic differentiation between populations and an increase in inbreeding as well. While loss of suitable land is a big factor to consider, there is also the matter of global climate change and global warming, which has caused an observed latidinal shift in many Lepitopteran species, although there is no current studies on how climate change and global warming has affected Z. loti. With habitat loss and climate change working together and against the isolated moth populations, research has suggested that Zygaena loti's regional endangerment is not due to habitat loss, but due to genetic distortion resulting from too rapid habitat change, meaning that Z. loti may not be able to evolve at the appropriate pace needed for its survival. There has been a lot of studies dedicated to the conservation of this family of moths and one of the recommendations that sticks out that most in increasing habitat connectivity between populations to increase gene flow and save Zygaena loti from possible extinction.\nThe majority of the research literature on Zygaena loti is based on conservation efforts that may be useful in helping the isolated moth species. As mentioned previously, many studies recommend that the only way to save Z. loti is to reconnect the fragmented habitats and populations of the moth to increase gene flow between populations, restoring the once large, interconnected network of Zygaenidae and its high genetic diversity. A smaller study focused more on the idea of restoring suitable habitats by reducing agricultural use of mineral fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides, which was hypothesized to be one of the factors causing the decline of Z. loti and a decrease in food plant availability. That same study also recommended that work needed to be done to maintain current suitable habitats by preventing the overgrowth of those xerothermic clearings and grasslands. One way to accomplish that is mowing. Research has shown that the effects of manual mowing can be positive. By using butterflies and moths as a rapidly responding indicator of its effects, manual mowing was shown to increase species richness and composition in the habitats where it was implicated, quickly leading to a habitat with a high conservation value. In a study on the effects of reintroduced manual mowing, it was concluded that mowing may present a great resource and tool for increasing the abundance of Lepitopteran species and promoting potentially endangered species such as Zygaena loti.\nThere are relatively few current, ongoing conservation programs geared towards saving Zygaena loti from extinction, but there are two worth mentioning. The Moths Count Project/The National Moth Recording Scheme is run in the United Kingdom and has the simple goal of recording all observed moth species as a way to spread knowledge and promote the conservation of the recorded species. Then there is the Scotland Rural Development Programme, which aims, among other priorities, to protect and improve the environment through certain conservation efforts and to address climate change in rural Scotland. This program's conservation schemes are a model for the assessment of worldwide biodiversity conservation programs. It is important to set clear objectives and assess the cost-effectiveness of a program against those objectives.\nWhile there is some conservation programs out there, experts acknowledge that there are large gaps in the research literature on Zygaena loti and other species that prevents much to be done to prevent possible extinction. More research is needed on Z. loti.", "", "\"Slender Scotch Burnet (Zygaena loti )\". Invasive.Org. 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2020-03-27.\n\"Beilfleck-Widderchen Zygaena loti Slender Scotch Burnet\". www.schmetterling-raupe.de. Retrieved 2020-03-27.\n\"Slender Scotch Burnet\". butterfly-conservation.org. Retrieved 2020-03-27.\nRavenscroft, N. O. M.; Young, M. R. (1996). \"Habitat Specificity, Restricted Range and Metapopulation Persistence of the Slender Scotch Burnet Moth Zygaena loti in Western Scotland\". Journal of Applied Ecology. 33 (5): 993–1000. doi:10.2307/2404680. JSTOR 2404680.\n\"European Lepidoptera and their ecology: Zygaena loti\". www.pyrgus.de. Retrieved 2020-03-27.\nLepiforum.de\nSarto i Monteys, V.; Quero, C.; Santa-Cruz, M.C.; Rosell, G.; Guerrero, A. (August 2016). \"Sexual communication in day-flying Lepidoptera with special reference to castniids or 'butterfly-moths'\". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 106 (4): 421–431. doi:10.1017/S0007485316000158. hdl:2445/108980. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 27046288.\nZarzycki, Kazimierz; Dąbrowski, Jerzy S. (1986). \"Food plants of burnets (Zygaena F. Lepidopt., Zvgaenidae) and the dying-out of these moths in the Pieniny Mts. (Poland)\". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 55 (3): 343–359. doi:10.5586/asbp.1986.032. ISSN 2083-9480.\nDapporto, Leonardo (June 2011). \"Predicting distribution of Zygaena moths on West Mediterranean islands. Implications for biogeography and conservation (Lepidoptera Zygaenidae)\". Journal of Insect Conservation. 15 (3): 445–454. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9318-y. ISSN 1366-638X. S2CID 29288886.\n\"Slender Scotch Burnet\". www.biolib.cz.\nŠašić, Martina; Nahirnić, Ana; Tarmann, Gerhard M. (2016). \"Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in the Lepidoptera collections of the Croatian Natural History Museum\". Natura Croatica. 25 (2): 233–248. doi:10.20302/NC.2016.25.19.\nHabel, Jan Christian; Engler, Jan O.; Rödder, Dennis; Schmitt, Thomas (2011-11-05). \"Landscape genetics of a recent population extirpation in a burnet moth species\". Conservation Genetics. 13 (1): 247–255. doi:10.1007/s10592-011-0280-3. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 7023643.\n\"Slender Scotch Burnet Zygaena loti - UKMoths\". ukmoths.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-03-27.\n\"Burnet Moth Biology (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)\". Springer Reference. SpringerReference. Springer-Verlag. 2011. doi:10.1007/springerreference_90400.\nFauna Europaea\nFox, Richard; Randle, Zoë; Hill, Les; Anders, Susan; Wiffen, Laura; Parsons, Mark S. (April 2011). \"Moths count: recording moths for conservation in the UK\". Journal of Insect Conservation. 15 (1–2): 55–68. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9309-z. ISSN 1366-638X. S2CID 39494168.\nHabel, Jan Christian; Rödder, Dennis; Lens, Luc; Schmitt, Thomas (September 2013). \"The genetic signature of ecologically different grassland Lepidopterans\". Biodiversity and Conservation. 22 (10): 2401–2411. doi:10.1007/s10531-012-0407-y. ISSN 0960-3115. S2CID 17996880.\nFunet - Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms\nHabel, Jan Christian; Brückmann, Sabrina V.; Krauss, Jochen; Schwarzer, Julia; Weig, Alfons; Husemann, Martin; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (June 2015). \"Fragmentation genetics of the grassland butterfly Polyommatus coridon: Stable genetic diversity or extinction debt?\". Conservation Genetics. 16 (3): 549–558. doi:10.1007/s10592-014-0679-8. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 18400908.\nHorak, Jakub; Safarova, Lenka (2015-01-01). \"Effect of reintroduced manual mowing on biodiversity in abandoned fen meadows\". Biologia. 70 (1). doi:10.1515/biolog-2015-0009. ISSN 1336-9563. S2CID 90762401.\n\"Agricultural payments: Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): Scottish Rural Development Programme (SRDP) - gov.scot\". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2020-03-30.\nAustin, Zoё; McVittie, Alistair; McCracken, Davy; Moxey, Andrew; Moran, Dominic; White, Piran C. L. (June 2015). \"Integrating quantitative and qualitative data in assessing the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation programmes\". Biodiversity and Conservation. 24 (6): 1359–1375. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0861-4. ISSN 0960-3115.", "Schmetterling-raupe.de\nA map that displays the current geographic distribution of Zygaena loti" ]

[ "Zygaena loti", "Subspecies", "Description", "Life cycle", "Food resources", "Reproduction", "Geographic range and habitat", "Conservation status and efforts", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361183, 5361184, 5361185, 5361186, 5361187 ]

[ 27242605, 27242606, 27242607, 27242608, 27242609, 27242610, 27242611, 27242612, 27242613, 27242614, 27242615, 27242616, 27242617, 27242618, 27242619, 27242620, 27242621, 27242622, 27242623, 27242624, 27242625, 27242626, 27242627, 27242628, 27242629, 27242630, 27242631, 27242632, 27242633, 27242634, 27242635, 27242636, 27242637, 27242638, 27242639 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Diegrossschmette02seit_0015_Zygaena_loyselis.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Diegrossschmette02seit_0015.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena loyselis is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in the Atlas Mountains (in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).\nIn Seitz (1913): \nZ. loyselis Oberth. (4f g) has always a rosy red collar, and a narrow but bright rosy red abdominal belt; otherwise resembling favonia, but most specimens considerably larger. Normally the red basal area of loyselis separated into 2—3 longitudinal spots, and the apical patch into 2 red rounded spots. If the spots are more or less confluent, we haveab. confluens Dziurz.", "Oberthür, C. (1876) Études d'entomologie. Faunes entomologiques descriptions d'insectes nouveaux ou peu connus. 1. Étude sur la faune des lépidoptères de l'Algérie. 1-74 + pl. I-IV. Rennes (Oberthür & Fils).\nA. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies conceptEntomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena loyselis", "References" ]

[ 5361188, 5361189, 5361190 ]

[ 27242640, 27242641 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Diegrossschmette02seit_0021_Zygaena_lydia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Diegrossschmette02seit_0021.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena lydia is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Kurdistan and Kherson Oblast.\nIn Seitz (1913):\nZ. lydia Stgr. (7 a) reminds one in pattern already of the following species, [achilleae], but the wings are densely scaled and the dark ground-colour of the forewing has a strong metallic gloss ; the intensely deep red collar is a further characteristic. From Tauria and Kurdistan. — The very similar cremonae Stgr. (7 a), from the Libanon, has in addition to the red collar a red abdominal belt, the distal patch of the forewing being occasionally somewhat constricted in the centre. In lydia as well as cremonae the very bright scarlet spots of the forewing are united in pairs.", "A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf \nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena lydia", "References" ]

[ 5361191, 5361192, 5361193 ]

[ 27242642 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Diegrossschmette02seit_0021.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena magiana is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Asia. \nZ.magiana (7b) is a pale-coloured, somewhat transparent, Burnet from the mountains near Samarkand, about the habits of which little definite is known. — The ab. hissariensis Gr.-Grsh [ now Zygaena magiana ssp. hissariensis Grum-Grshimailo, 1890] , which is connected with the preceding by all intergradations and which occurs in the same country, has the spots of the forewing small and sharply defined; the 6 transverse spot and the vestiges of the abdominal belt which appear occasionally are without weight in distinguishing this form ; from Virgil Gazi, end of July. — In the likewise Central Asiatic kohistana Gr.-Grsh.[ now Z. m. ssp. kohistana Grum-Grshimailo, 1893]] on the contrary there are only vestiges of a red collar and abdominal belt.", "Keil T Widderchen Mittelasiens (Biologie und Verbreitung) Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae. 19. Beiheft der Entomologischen Nachrichten und Berichte 1-84 pdf]\nA. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf" ]

[ "Zygaena magiana", "References" ]

[ 5361194, 5361195 ]

[ 27242643, 27242644 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Diegrossschmette02seit_0019.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Khosrov_forest%2C_Armenia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena manlia is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Armenia, Turkey and Iran.In Seitz it is described as - \"Similar to Zygaena cuvieri and with an equally broad rosy red collar and abdominal belt , but the blackish bands separating the red areas of the forewing are much broader, the distal area being represented by an irregular half-divided patch. North Persia\"", "A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf \nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. \nEfetov K. A., 2005 The Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the Crimea and other regions of Eurasia. – Simferopol: CSMU Press, 2005. – 420 pp.", "Lepiforum.de]\nImages representing Zygaena manlia at Bold" ]

[ "Zygaena manlia", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361196, 5361197, 5361198 ]

[ 27242645, 27242646 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Zygaena_minos_260605.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena minos is a member of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, the Iberian Peninsula and Norway.\nIt is very similar to Zygaena purpuralis with which it forms a species complex and only separable by genital preparation or by the larval foodplant. The wingspan is 33–37 mm. It flies in June and July.The white-gray larvae feed on Pimpinella saxifraga and Eryngium species.\nThe species is only found in a few places in Denmark, and the population there is slowly declining.", "Zygaena minos minos\nZygaena minos normanna Verity 1922\nZygaena minos peloponnesica Holik, 1937\nZygaena minos sareptensis Rebel, 1901\nZygaena minos viridescens Burgeff, 1926", "Fauna Europaea", "Top-Jensen, M. & M. Fibiger. 2009. Danmarks sommerfugle. Bugbook Publisher. ISBN 9788799351206." ]

[ "Zygaena minos", "Subspecies", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 5361199, 5361200 ]

[ 27242647 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Diegrossschmette02seit_0015.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena nevadensis is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal, Romania, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Russia and North Africa, including Morocco.\nThe larvae feed on Vicia species (including Vicia cracca and Vicia villosa) and Lathyrus pratensis. The larvae overwinters twice. Pupation takes place in April.", "Zygaena nevadensis nevadensis\nZygaena nevadensis atlantica Le Charles, 1957 (Morocco)\nZygaena nevadensis gallica Oberthur, 1898\nZygaena nevadensis gheorghenica Reiss, 1976\nZygaena nevadensis interrupta Boursin, 1923\nZygaena nevadensis pelisterensis Reiss, 1976\nZygaena nevadensis schmidti Reiss, 1931\nZygaena nevadensis teberdica Reiss, 1939", "Fauna Europaea\nZygaena at funet\nSchmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie" ]

[ "Zygaena nevadensis", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361201, 5361202 ]

[ 27242648 ]

[ "", "", "Habitat in Algarve", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Zygaena_occitanica1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Zygaenaoccitanica.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/AlvorNatureReserve_%284%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena occitanica, the Provence burnet, is a moth of the Zygaenidae family. It is found from the Algarve and southern Spain up to the eastern parts of the Cantabrian Mountains then to southern Russia and the Caucasus and east to the western fringe of Central Asia.\nIt is only the western representative of the carniolica series. Spot 6 is always pure white; the hindwing, moreover, is broadly edged with black and the abdomen is without a belt.albicans Staudinger has the forewing almost white, with red and some black spots, the white edge of the thorax being shining white and the abdomen posteriorly all red.— In iberica Stgr. [Z. occitanica ssp. arragonica Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956 ] (8i) the 6 spot is reduced to a narrow white speck, the spots 1 - 5 of the forewing being very thinly edged with white; the ground-colour of the forewing black; the posterior half of the abdomen usually red ; from Catalonia.If the abdominal belt is absent , which happens sometimes in the male, we have ab. azona Spuler [ ab. of Z. occitanica ssp. arragonica Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956 ]. — ab. disjuncta Spuler is based on specimens of iberica in which the spots of the forewing are distinctly and widely separated. There exist almost all gradations between these forms, and by naming all of them the series of aberrations would be considerably enlarged. The wingspan is about 23 mm.", "Zygaena occitanica occitanica\nZygaena occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss, 1970\nZygaena occitanica arragonica Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956\nZygaena occitanica burgosensis Tremewan, 1963\nZygaena occitanica eulalia Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena occitanica freudei Daniel, 1960\nZygaena occitanica hedeae Eitschberger, 1973\nZygaena occitanica huescacola Tremewan & Manley, 1965\nZygaena occitanica praematura Przegendza, 1932\nZygaena occitanica vandalitia Burgeff, 1926", "The larva feeds on Fabaceae - Dorycnium pentaphyllum, Anthyllis cytisoides, Lotus creticus, Lotus longisiliquosus in maquis, garrigue, scrub, arid grasslands, mountain slopes, dry river gorges and very sparse woodland.", "Jordan, 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena occitanica", "Subspecies", "Biology", "References" ]

[ 5361203, 5361204, 5361205 ]

[ 27242649, 27242650 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Zygaena_orana1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena orana is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found on Sardinia and in North Africa, including Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.\nThe larvae feed on Lotus creticus and Lotus cytisoides. Last instar larvae are pea-green with lateral rows of black spots and yellow blotches forming a well-marked yellow stripe. Pupation takes place in a dark brown and green pupa.", "Zygaena orana orana\nZygaena orana contristans Oberthür, 1922\nZygaena orana oberthueri Bethune-Baker, 1888\nZygaena orana sardoa Mabille 1892\nZygaena orana tatla Reiss, 1943\nZygaena orana tirhboulensis Hofmann & G. Reiss, 1982", "Fauna Europaea\nZygaena at funet\nlepiforum.de\nDescription of the early stages of Zygaena orana sardoa (Mabille, 1892) from Sardinia (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae)" ]

[ "Zygaena orana", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361206, 5361207 ]

[ 27242651 ]