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tomekkorbak

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pii-pile-chunk3-1050000-1100000

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[ "Dendrosenecio battiscombei\n\nDendrosenecio battiscombei (synonym Senecio battiscombei) is one of the giant groundsels that lives on the slopes of Mount Kenya and the Aberdare Range. ", "Like Dendrosenecio adnivalis on the Ruwenzori Mountains and the Virunga Mountains, Dendrosenecio battiscombei grows in the lower wetter areas of the Afro-Alpine zone.", "\n\nInfraspecific name synonymy\nDendrosenecio battiscombei (R.E.Fr. & ", "T.C.E.Fr.) ", "E.B.Knox\nDendrosenecio johnstonii (Oliv.) ", "B.Nord. ", "subsp. ", "battiscombei (R.E.Fr. & ", "T.C.E.Fr.) ", "B.Nord. ", " \nSenecio aberdaricus R.E.Fr. & ", "T.C.E.Fr. ", " \nSenecio battiscombei R.E.Fr. & ", "T.C.E.Fr. ", " \nSenecio johnstonii Oliv. ", "var. ", "battiscombei (R.E.Fr. & ", "T.C.E.Fr.) ", "Mabb.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nkilimanjari\nCategory:Endemic flora of Kenya\nCategory:Mount Kenya\nCategory:Afromontane flora" ]

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[ "EP 1 031 697, in the name of the present Applicant, in particular FIG. ", "7 of that document, has disclosed a hydraulic actuating device having a throttling assembly which is in communication with the working chamber on the piston rod side.", "\nThe throttling assembly is such that when the piston rod is being extended, during the majority of the stroke the fluid can flow out of the working chamber on the piston rod side virtually without being impeded, via a bypass passage. ", "As soon as the piston closes off the opening of the said bypass passage, the fluid can only flow out via a throttling passage, so that the movement of the piston rod is decelerated.", "\nIt is explained in EP 1 031 697 that this hydraulic actuating device is advantageous for example in use for driving the roof of a convertible car. ", "In cars of this type, there is generally a windscreen header, against which the front edge of the roof bears in the closed position of the roof, above the windscreen. ", "The design of many roofs is such that in the final section of the closing movement of the roof, the roof as it were drops forwards onto the windscreen header. ", "Without additional measures therefore, the roof would hit the windscreen header with an undesirably hard impact. ", "The known throttling assembly solves this problem by decelerating the final part of the piston rod movement. ", "The switching parameter is in this case the location of the opening of the bypass passage.", "\nOne drawback of the abovementioned known actuating device is that an unusual actuator is required, namely an actuator having a bypass passage and associated additional opening which is connected to the cylinder space. ", "As is known, standard double-acting actuators have two connections, each for an associated working chamber." ]

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[ "[38] If too much air becomes trapped during the concrete as a result of the mixing process, Defoamers can be employed to persuade the air bubble to agglomerate, rise towards the surface on the soaked concrete and then disperse.", "\n\nRemember to read through your agreement meticulously there are plenty of matters excluded which he will likely not disclose with you right until more into your task. ", "I will likely not discredit Builder of The united states as being a company . ", "But if you want proof . ", "Remember to Make contact with me or find yourself One more contractor. ", "I will insert photographs at a afterwards day.", "\n\n- Software The use of concrete in parking lots and foundational development is very substantial. ", "As your provider supplier, we’ll walk you with the form-and-pour curbing application process to give you a far better understanding of what all is involved with this service.", "\n\nwe know that the airfield’s tower has become long gone, but just south of the arrow the foundation and many metallic work from the beacon tower stay.", "\n\nInterstate Structural Scanning Inc. If it seems that the concrete framework is not in danger of collapse, evaluate it in a very series of steps. ", "The initial step is a straightforward Visible examination:\n\n• The concrete arrow by Strevell Road near the Idaho/Utah border is clearly seen together with the foundations of other services, now absent (beacon range unknown)\n\nIf you're keen on scenery, that read the article is a area you ought to try out. ", "During the background are pine and cedar lined mountains. ", "Encompassing the lake and rolling down into your west side is an enormous boulder subject with abnormal formations. ", "The south aspect from the lake has huge open up beaches which you can camp on.", "\n\nI don't have more than enough words to explain his workmanship. ", "He never missed every day until The work was completed. ", "He is really a five star. ", "I'd advise him to everyone and already have.", "\n\nS-I reader and EAA #402 member Barney Kemter is restoring this beacon. ", "He has previously restored and try this web-site painted the arrow (\n\nTo learn more, see our densifiers webpage. ", "TIP: Will not Enable densifiers pool or puddle on this content your floor. ", "This can make staining that is hard to get rid of while in the sharpening phases.", "\n\nExisting markets· The company serves large industrial vegetation and normal contractors generally from the southern United States.", "Shareholder/operator aims· The owners are approaching retirement age and seek out to offer the business to appreciate added leisure time with their people. ", "More data\n\n+ Positive aspects (Click to increase) Ease: You’ll have a person companion for all of your asphalt and concrete desires, eliminating the needless cost and coordination with multiple specialty subcontractors.", "\n\nOnce you have the glimpse and polish you’re striving for, you might want to secure the surface by implementing a commercial stain-guard products, like WerkMaster ULTRAguard sealer and surface dress in protector particularly when the surface will likely be exposed to grease, oil, or chemicals." ]

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[ "You are here\n\nBambiola\n\nBambiola was launched on 31st October 2009. ", "Bambiola offers beautifully designed and exquisitely crafted garments for a very discerning customer.", "The range of dresses, party dresses, blouses, skirts, jackets and more is designed to bring high street European fashion to India’s fashionistas so they can finally find that perfect garment for their little girl to wear. ", "The finest fabrics are used for these delicate garments.", "\n\nThe collection differentiates itself from others with its beautiful patterns and mix of colours. ", "Special care is taken to ensure that the fabrics, trims and construction quality follow high global quality standards. ", "Each garment is put through an individual quality checks and needle detectors to ensure that the trims and embellishments are child safe.", "\n\nConcept\nBambiola is a boutique store that redefines how little girls dress. ", "The unique, playful and colorful individual that lies within every little girl inspires the Bambiola collection. ", "Based on this inspiration our clothing collections are detailed, colourful, chic and comfortable.", "\n\nToday's mum's think of their little girls as an extension to themselves and want the girls to look just as gorgeous as they themselves do. ", "There's nothing as sweet and beautiful as a little girl dressed up in her very best dress, no matter what the occasion. ", "Based on this inspiration, we are trying to create a unique sense of style for little girls." ]

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[ "---\nlogohandle: keyspub\nsort: keyspub\ntitle: keys.pub\nwebsite: 'https://keys.pub/'\n---\n" ]

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[ "Getting a grip on drinking behavior: training working memory to reduce alcohol abuse.", "\nAlcohol abuse disrupts core executive functions, including working memory (WM)--the ability to maintain and manipulate goal-relevant information. ", "When executive functions like WM are weakened, drinking behavior gets out of control and is guided more strongly by automatic impulses. ", "This study investigated whether training WM restores control over drinking behavior. ", "Forty-eight problem drinkers performed WM training tasks or control tasks during 25 sessions over at least 25 days. ", "Before and after training, we measured WM and drinking behavior. ", "Training WM improved WM and reduced alcohol intake for more than 1 month after the training. ", "Further, the indirect effect of training on alcohol use through improved WM was moderated by participants' levels of automatic impulses: Increased WM reduced alcohol consumption in participants with relatively strong automatic preferences for alcohol. ", "These findings are consistent with the theoretical framework and demonstrate that training WM may be an effective strategy to reduce alcohol use by increasing control over automatic impulses to drink alcohol." ]

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"zh\">\n <head>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\" />\n <title>Goto line - Editor.md examples</title>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/style.css\" />\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../css/editormd.css\" /> \n <link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"https://pandao.github.io/editor.md/favicon.ico\" type=\"image/x-icon\" /> \n </head>\n <body>\n <div id=\"layout\">\n <header>\n <h1>Goto line</h1> \n </header>\n <div class=\"btns\">\n <button id=\"goto-line-btn\">Goto line 90</button>\n <button id=\"goto-line-150-btn\">Goto line 150</button>\n <button id=\"goto-line-240-btn\">Goto line 240</button>\n <button id=\"goto-line-300-btn\">Goto line 300</button>\n <button id=\"goto-line-400-btn\">Goto line 400</button>\n <button id=\"goto-first-line-btn\">Goto first line</button>\n <button id=\"goto-last-line-btn\">Goto last line</button>\n </div>\n <div id=\"test-editormd\"></div>\n </div>\n <script src=\"js/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n <script src=\"../editormd.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n var testEditor;\n \n $(function() {\n \n $.get(\"test.md\", function(md){\n testEditor = editormd(\"test-editormd\", {\n width : \"90%\",\n height : 740,\n path : \"../lib/\",\n markdown : md,\n codeFold : true,\n htmlDecode : \"style,script,iframe\",\n tex : true,\n emoji : true,\n taskList : true,\n flowChart : true,\n sequenceDiagram : true,\n //gotoLine : false // disabled\n });\n });\n \n $(\"#goto-line-btn\").bind(\"click\", function(){\n testEditor.gotoLine(90);\n });\n \n $(\"#goto-line-150-btn\").bind(\"click\", function(){\n testEditor.gotoLine(150);\n });\n \n $(\"#goto-line-240-btn\").bind(\"click\", function(){\n testEditor.gotoLine(240);\n });\n \n $(\"#goto-line-300-btn\").bind(\"click\", function(){\n testEditor.gotoLine(300);\n });\n \n $(\"#goto-line-400-btn\").bind(\"click\", function(){\n testEditor.gotoLine(400);\n });\n \n $(\"#goto-first-line-btn\").bind(\"click\", function(){\n testEditor.gotoLine(\"first\");\n // or\n //testEditor.gotoLine(1);\n });\n \n $(\"#goto-last-line-btn\").bind(\"click\", function(){\n testEditor.gotoLine(\"last\");\n // or\n //testEditor.gotoLine(testEditor.cm.lineCount());\n });\n });\n </script>\n </body>\n</html>" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to vertically and horizontally a div with display flex in Safari\n\nI would like to center vertically and horizontally a div inside another div. ", " \nI have tested this code in various browser: it works as expected in every browser except Safari, in which the div inside is centered horizontally and not vertically. ", "\nHow I can I solve this?", "\n\n.newsletterHome {\r\n width: 495px;\r\n height: 200px;\r\n display: block;\r\n position: relative;\r\n padding-bottom: 20px;\r\n border-style: solid;\r\n border-width: 3px;\r\n border-color: #000;\r\n margin-bottom: 40px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.newsletterHome div {\r\n display: flex;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: 100%;\r\n font-size: 1.45em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.newsletterHome a {\r\n -webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased;\r\n -webkit-appearance: none;\r\n transition: .3s;\r\n -webkit-transition: .3s;\r\n -moz-transition: .3s;\r\n}\n<div class=\"newsletterHome\">\r\n <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\"><div>SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER!</div></a>\r\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nI was able to solve the problem:\n.newsletterHome div {\n width: 100%;\n height: 30%;\n overflow: auto;\n margin: auto;\n position: absolute;\n top: 0; \n left: 0; \n bottom: 0; \n right: 0;\n font-size: 1.45em;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "George Newman\n\nGeorge Newman may refer to:\nGeorge Newman (MP) (c. 1562–1627), Member of Parliament for Canterbury and Dover\n George Newman (cricketer) (1904–1982), English cricketer\n George Newman (doctor) (1870–1948), English public health physician\n George Newman, a fictional character played by “Weird Al” Yankovic in the film UHF\n George Gough Newman (1862–1929) South Australian educator" ]

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[ "But INFINITE soon come together in stylish outfits as the \"One Great Step\" tour is announced. ", "A total of 17 cities are mentioned at the end of the clip including New York and Los Angeles as well as stops in Asia (Seoul, Toyko, Kuala Lumpur), Europe (London, Paris) and South America (Lima) with an \"ETC…\" hinting at more cities to come.", "\n\nNo date or venue information for U.S. has been released yet.", "\n\nThe world tour is big news for the boy band who now find themselves in the upper echelons of the K-pop scene similar to male groups BIGBANG, 2PM and TVXQ!, ", "who have all performed in America." ]

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[ "Mountain Parkway Expansion Progress Report: Week Beginning May 22\n\nThis periodic report includes highlights about work underway on the Mountain Parkway Expansion. ", "Inclement weather or unforeseen circumstances could affect planned activities.", "\n\nMorgan-Wolfe County\n\nCrews who are relocating telephone lines will stop traffic periodically between mile points 60 and 61 on the Mountain Parkway on Tuesday, May 23. ", "Drivers should expect four brief delays between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. for up to 30 minutes each, though the stoppages typically won’t last more than 5 to 15 minutes.", "\n\nLocal law enforcement will assist with traffic control, and motorists should slow down and use caution around the work zones.", "\n\nConstruction workers are scheduled to set beams Friday, May 26, on the KY 205 bridge over State Fork Road.", "\n\nCrews have stopped hauling material in Wolfe County to allow construction of six bridges, but they continue hauling materials on the project in Morgan County. ", "The clearing and excavation work is off the parkway and not interfering with traffic flow.", "\n\nHowever, drivers might occasionally find themselves stopped briefly near the Magoffin-Morgan county line as a safety precaution while crews are blasting.", "\n\nCrews constructing this segment also continue to work on a ramp over Red River and expect to finish drilling for bridge supports in the coming weeks – with no traffic impact expected.", "\n\nThe Morgan County segment of the Mountain Parkway Expansion project covers 8.2 miles in Wolfe, Morgan and Magoffin counties. ", "Improvements include widening the parkway to four lanes between mile points 56 and 65, improving and modernizing interchanges and eliminating an “S” curve near the Morgan/Magoffin county line.", "\n\nMagoffin County\n\nCrews have finished pouring the deck of the new bridge at the KY 30 interchange. ", "Next, they will begin preparing a road base ahead of paving. ", "Travelers might also see gradework occurring, but none of this work is expected to affect traffic.", "\n\nAt the KY 7 interchange, workers are moving materials and dirt as they work on the bridge over Licking River. ", "A road base and paving are expected in the coming months.", "\n\nThe Magoffin County Central Segment of the Mountain Parkway Expansion runs from just west of mile point 70 to just east of mile point 75.", "\n\nThe speed limit in the area has been reduced, and traffic on the parkway may be slowed or stopped periodically for the safety of workers and travelers.", "\n\nSalyersville Restaurant Row\n\nWith students out for the summer, crews will begin working on an access road in front of Magoffin County High School. ", "During construction, access to the school will be maintained.", "\n\nCrews recently completed work on a retaining wall near the high school and are beginning construction of a second wall near the school.", "\n\nUtility relocation continues, largely on the western end of the project area, near the US 460 intersection. ", "Service lines will be installed, followed by a lift station and sewer.", "\n\nCurrent activities are not expected to significantly affect traffic, but the speed limit in the work zone has been reduced for the safety of workers and travelers. ", "Occasionally stoppages may be required.", "\n\nAbout the Mountain Parkway Expansion\n\nThe Mountain Parkway Expansion is a 46-mile transportation improvement project that will create a wider, safer connection between Eastern Kentucky and the rest of the Commonwealth.", "\n\nThe project will widen 30 miles of the existing parkway from two lanes to four lanes, and will extend the parkway another 16 miles between Salyersville and Prestonsburg.", "\n\nFor more information on the Mountain Parkway Expansion, visit www.MtnParkway.com or follow the project on Twitter (@MtnParkway) or on Facebook (www.facebook.com/mtnparkway). ", "A project office is open in Magoffin Plaza in Salyersville; call (606) 349-8160 for hours." ]

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[ "(a) The provisions of this article, and of other applicable\nlaws of this state, shall govern the operation, equipment,\nnumbering and all other matters relating thereto whenever any\nvessel shall be operated on the waters of this state, or when any\nactivity regulated by this article shall take place thereon, but\nnothing in this article shall be construed to prevent the adoption\nof any ordinance or local law relating to operation and equipment\nof vessels the provisions of which are identical to the provisions\nof this article, amendments thereto or rules promulgated\nthereunder: Provided, That such ordinances or local laws shall be\noperative only so long as to the extent that they continue to be\nidentical to provisions of this article, amendments thereto or\nrules promulgated thereunder.", "\n\n(b) Any subdivision of this state may, at any time, but only\nafter public notice, make formal application to the director for\nspecial rules with reference to the operation of vessels on any\nwaters within its territorial limits and shall set forth therein\nthe reasons which make such special rules necessary or appropriate.", "\n\n(c) The director is hereby authorized to promulgate special\nrules with reference to the operation of vessels on any waters\nwithin the territorial limits of any subdivision of this state.", "\n\n(d) The director shall immediately promulgate an emergency\nrule pursuant to the provisions of section fifteen, article three,\nchapter twenty-nine-a of this code, providing for the use ofelectric motors on the waters of Miletree lake in Roane County.", "\n\nNote: WV Code updated with legislation passed through the 2016 Regular Session\nThe West Virginia Code Online is an unofficial copy of the annotated WV Code, provided as a convenience. ", "It has NOT been edited for publication, and is not in any way official or authoritative." ]

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[ "Prognostic factors for the outcome of surgical and conservative treatment of symptomatic spinal cord cavernous malformations: a review of a series of 20 patients.", "\nIn this study, the authors present a review of a series of 20 intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCCMs) with particular focus on MR imaging and prognostic factors. ", "Between 1994 and 2009, 20 patients with SCCM were treated under the care of the senior author. ", "The diagnosis was made in all patients after the onset of clinical symptoms. ", "The age of the 9 men and 11 women ranged between 26 and 71 years (median 38.5 years). ", "The duration of symptoms prior to referral ranged from 1 week to 9 years (median 6.5 months). ", "At the time of referral, 4 patients had no significant neurological deficits, 10 patients suffered significant functional restrictions, and 6 patients presented with severe paraparesis and loss of functional strength. ", "None of the patients had complete paraplegia. ", "Seventeen patients underwent microsurgical removal, while 3 patients opted for conservative therapy. ", "For the present analysis, the medical records and MR images and/or reports were reviewed. ", "Classification of length of history, pretreatment status, MR imaging pattern, and treatment modality was done and correlated with outcome. ", "The cavernoma was located at the cervical level in 8 patients and between T-1 and L-1 in 12 patients. ", "The cavernoma appeared as mainly T2 hyperintense on MR images in 7 patients, mainly T2 hypointense in 2 patients, and mixed in the remaining 10 patients. ", "The craniocaudal extension of the core varied between 5 and 45 mm. ", "In 2 patients with cervical cavernomas, a distinct T2 signal of the spinal cord cranial and distal to the cavernoma was seen, and in a patient with a large thoracic cavernoma, T2 extinction cranial and caudal to the cavernoma was seen as a sign of hemosiderosis. ", "Neurological deficits improved postoperatively in 12 of the surgically treated patients, remained stable in 2, and deteriorated in 3. ", "The 3 patients who were conservatively treated remained stable over a follow-up of 3-9 years. ", "Postoperative improvement was seen in 5 of 7 surgical patients with a history of symptoms of 2 months or less, 5 of 6 patients with a history of 2-24 months, and in 2 of 4 patients with a history of more than 2 years. ", "Two of the 3 patients with postoperative deterioration had a history of more than 2 years and the third a short history of 1 month. ", "Although a satisfactory outcome can be achieved through surgical treatment of SCCMs, some patients worsen after surgery or during the postoperative course. ", "Long-term stability is possible in oligosymptomatic conservatively treated patients. ", "The prevalence and pathophysiological importance of segmental spinal cord edema and hemosiderosis is incompletely understood at the present time." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nConverting multiple JSON De-Serialised Dates in a Bootstrap Table\n\nI have a Bootstrap add-on call Bootstrap Table which is a fully functioned table that sorts, exports data etc from a JSON source using Service Stack. ", "90% of the data feeds in correctly, however dates are showing as \"2009-04-29T16:55:09.0000000\", which is incorrect. ", "I need to find a way of converting this date time string into one that looks like a much more friendly format. ", "\nThe code I've been trying to complete this with is as a tester before applying this to all the rows is: \nfunction formatDate(unformatteddate) {\n var formatteddate = (date.getDate() + '/' + (date.getMonth() + 1) + '/' + date.getFullYear() + ' ' + date.getHours() + ':' + date.getMinutes() + ':' + date.getSeconds());\n return formatteddate;\n};\n\nalert(formatDate(\"2009-04-29T16:55:09.0000000\"));\n\nThe alert is just an easier way for me to see what the output is, it's not a permanent fixture just a temporary way of viewing data. ", "Eventually my aim to get this displaying in the table itself, replacing the incorrectly formatted date. ", "\nBut this simply returns an error in Google tools:\n\nUncaught ReferenceError: date is not defined\n\nI've been experimenting with various different ways to do this in a JSFiddle using the raw, outputted html from the bootstrap table:\nhttp://jsfiddle.net/W3R3W0LF666/sc61nezL/5/\nIs there an easier way to do this that I can apply to each row of the table that will show the date and time in a more friendly format?", "\n\nA:\n\nyou have to pass a date object to a function with new Date() and your formatDate function variable should be a date in this case like that:\nfunction formatDate(date) {\n\nvar formatteddate = (date.getDate() + '/' + (date.getMonth() + 1) + '/' + date.getFullYear() + ' ' + date.getHours() + ':' + date.getMinutes() + ':' + date.getSeconds());\nreturn formatteddate;\n};\n\n//$('.startdate').text(formatDate($('.startdate').text()));\n\nalert(formatDate(new Date(\"2009-04-29T16:55:09.0000000\")));\n\njsfiddle example\n\n" ]

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[ "In the decade-plus period of time that has passed since the release of Scream 3, there’s no doubt that the horror landscape has changed significantly. ", "In the intervening years we’ve witnessed the rise of the torture porn craze, seen a resurgence in “found footage”/shaky-cam horror, and watched helplessly as a seemingly unyielding series of remakes cluttered up our local multiplexes.", "\n\nGiven all of these developments, the makers of Scream 4 (releasing April 15th!) ", "have been handed a wealth of new rules and conventions to work with, and in the following feature B-D’s Chris Eggertsen takes a look at some of the most significant ones – along with examples of the films that utilized them – that may or may not make an appearance in the upcoming sequel.", "\n\nSee inside for the full list, and study it carefully. ", "Remember, knowledge is power.", "\n\nAmazingly, it’s been more than eleven years sincewas released (where does the time go??), ", "meaning there’s over a decade’s worth of new horror material that has yet to be plumbed by the self-aware franchise, now being revived with(coming out on April 15th). ", "So how have they updated the once-fresh series to make it feel relevant for today’s audiences? ", "There’s no doubt that much has changed.", "\n\nSince the turn of the millennium (remember Y2K?) ", "we’ve seen the ascension of torture porn and J-Horror, been assaulted by an insane amount of mostly crappy remakes, seen a huge resurgence in the “found footage” sub-genre (remember The Blair Witch Project?), ", "and witnessed the coining of the term “Web 2.0” (remember dial-up?). ", "Hell, in the year 2000 only about half the citizens in this country even owned a cell phone! (", "remember antennas?)", "\n\nOf course, as much as the world has changed since the bygone era of Jennifer Love Hewitt worship and shitty nu-metal bands, the basic Scream template remains the same: skewer the rules and conventions of the horror genre in a clever and entertaining way. ", "What matters this time around is just how the creative minds behind the latest entry will incorporate the new horror rules and conventions that have cropped up over the last decade or so, not to mention which ones they decide to take on (hint: given what the Scream films are, we probably won’t be seeing any long-haired “Samara”-style wraiths making an appearance).", "\n\nNow, in anticipation of the release of the hugely-anticipated slasher sequel (mark your calendars!), ", "B-D reporter Chris Eggertsen takes a fun look at ten of the key clichés and conventions from the last decade in horror that may or may not be tackled in the upcoming third installment of the legendary slasher franchise. ", "But study them carefully – for if your own life goes all Meta and you find yourself caught in the midst of an honest-to-god slasher-movie killing spree, paying close attention just might save your skin.", "\n\n“The person holding the video camera is far more likely to survive up to at least the final reel.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: The Last Exorcism; Cloverfield; REC/Quarantine; Diary of the Dead\n\nThis rule is predicated on basic narrative necessity more than anything; indeed, there wouldn’t be much of a movie if the person filming the bloodbath were to bite the dust in the first or second act. ", "As such, it would probably behoove a potential horror movie victim to volunteer for camera duty.", "\n\n“Those with a serious criminal or amoral past – and/or those who have engaged in severely self-destructive behavior – are far more likely to kick the bucket than those with a relatively clean slate.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Saw I-VII\n\nThis rule really only has a basis in the Saw movies, but when you consider that the “torture porn” franchise is the most profitable and influential of the last decade, its potential for influencing a budding psychopath is pretty great. ", "And look, it ain’t the `80s anymore. ", "Just smoking a doobie or engaging in a little coital fun isn’t enough to guarantee certain death in a 21st century horror film. ", "As Jigsaw showed us in all seven installments of the uber-gory series, you’re especially likely to be targeted if you’ve either engaged in some particularly naughty past behavior – think fleeing the scene of a crime, engaging in predatory lending practices, or, you know, raping and killing people – or demonstrated a lack of appreciation for life by, say, abusing drugs or attempting suicide. ", "So while it may not keep them from ultimately waking up strapped to some sort of bizarre medieval torture device, potential victims can at least better calculate their odds of survival by tallying up their past transgressions. ", "Also, if you didn’t take time out to appreciate your crummy life before, you’d damn well better start now.", "\n\n(SPOILER ALERTS AHEAD!) “", "The Final Girl isn’t necessarily the final girl.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Wolf Creek; High Tension; Death Proof; Cabin Fever; Friday the 13th (remake)\n\nWhile in the past we could almost always rely on the old “Final Girl” trope – i.e. the kindest and most virginal young woman of the bunch being the most likely to survive – unfortunately for the mousier contingent among us that rule isn’t quite as relevant as it used to be. ", "For as we’ve been shown in quite a few horror flicks over the last decade -remember poor “head on a stick” Liz in Wolf Creek? – ", "the ultimate survival of the supposed Final Girl is no longer a given.", "\n\n“The kills are more brutal, drawn-out and extreme.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Saw I-VII; Hostel I & II; any film that could be classified as “torture porn”\n\nIt’s sad to say, but simple stabbings are basically old hat at this point, and not even unconventional weaponry really makes the cut anymore – indeed, by the late `80s Jason had already sorta driven that whole “let’s see what kinda damage we can do with [insert name of unlikely weapon here]!” ", "thing into the ground (not that we don’t welcome it, necessarily; it just isn’t novel anymore). ", "No, in the 21st century the quick kill has been replaced in many instances by drawn-out scenes of excruciating torture, a la movies like Saw, Hostel, and the wave of increasingly-brutal “French extremity” films. ", "Note to potential victims: if there’s absolutely no hope of escape and you suspect you may be next in line for a long and painful evening at the local torture chamber, you might wanna consider engaging in a little hari-kari action before the killer has a chance to drag you off.", "\n\n“If a strangely charming individual with either a German or Eastern European accent: a) proposes drinks at his/her place; b) suggests a night of kinky sex (this particularly applies if you write for the internet and/or have a basic hygiene problem); c) offers you shelter from a rain, sleet, or snowstorm, or d) otherwise seems interested in spending a little alone time with you in a remote location, you’d do best to high-tail your ass in the other direction.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Hostel I & II, The Human Centipede (First Sequence)\n\nWhile the majority of `70s and `80s slasher and splatter flicks that inspired the first few Scream movies featured distinctly American-grown killers, with the introduction of the first Hostel movie we were introduced to the concept of creepy foreign people. ", "See, not only are German and Eastern European accents scary, but the region is also apparently home to some truly perverted weirdos. ", "In other words, don’t trust any dude with a name like Wolfgang or Dragos – it’s a recipe for certain death. ", "Oh, and that hot chick Tatyana from the Czech Republic? ", "Chances are she’s aiming to sell your ass to some fucked-up underground torture society in Belarus. ", "Remember, the happy fun-time days of Shannon Elizabeth in American Pie are long over.", "\n\n“Tortured back stories and vaguely sympathetic character motivations are so last century.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Hostel I & II; The Strangers; Wolf Creek; Them; Orphan; The Human Centipede (First Sequence); House of 1,000 Corpses; The Devil’s Rejects; Funny Games (remake); The Collector\n\nSure, the slasher revolution started with Michael Myers in Halloween – a man of “pure evil” who had “the blackest eyes” (according to Sir Donald Pleasance) – but most of the copycats that followed usually featured killers with at least some apparent reason for picking up that machete and hacking up a bunch of horny co-eds. ", "Even the first three Scream films – despite Randy’s contention that in “the millennium, motives are incidental” – tied at least one of their killers’ motivations to some traumatic past event. ", "Not so anymore, as over the last few years the pendulum seems to be swinging back in the “crazy-for-crazy’s-sake” Bates/Myers direction, holding true to Stu’s observation in the first Scream that “it’s a lot scarier when there’s no motive”. ", "Need I bring up Rob Zombie’s lackluster “nurture over nature”-heavy Halloween reboot as evidence? ", "Ah well, too late.", "\n\n(SPOILER ALERTS AHEAD!) “", "It’s never safe to bet on `happy’ endings anymore.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Saw I-VII; Wolf Creek; The Grudge; The Ring; The Last Exorcism; Pulse; Final Destination I-IV; Paranormal Activity; The Strangers; Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning; House of 1,000 Corpses; The Skeleton Key; Them, The Collector; Funny Games (remake)\n\nIt’s no surprise that in our increasingly cynical age, the bad guy in horror films has racked up a more impressive win/loss ratio than perhaps at any other time in the history of the genre. ", "Just look at some of the most popular and influential movies from the last decade: J-horror fare like The Grudge, The Ring and Pulse are good examples of this rule, not to mention virtually every found footage/camcorder flick ever (Paranormal Activity and The Last Exorcism being two that immediately spring to mind). ", "Hell, just look at the final outcome of the entire Saw series – it doesn’t get much grimmer than that. ", "In short, betting against the killer(s) isn’t near as fail-safe a wager as it used to be.", "\n\n“Social subtext is big again – the key to unlocking the nature or identity of the killer(s) could lie in the ills of society itself.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Saw I-VII; Hostel I & II; Land/Diary/Survival of the Dead; Cabin Fever; Shaun of the Dead; The Hills Have Eyes (remake)\n\nWhile the `80s spate of mostly mindless slasher films provided the majority of self-reflexive ammunition for the first three Scream entries, the “aughts” returned to the subtext-laden thematics of horror flicks from the late ’60s and early `70s. ", "As such, it might give potential victims a good amount of insight (and perhaps even increase their chances of survival) if they go into “ivory tower mode” by searching out possible explanations for the mayhem in the context of society’s larger problems. ", "Perhaps this time around Ghostface is some crazed, geriatric Tea Party adherent, aiming to cut down on the number of young Obama supporters prior to the 2012 elections? ", "I wouldn’t necessarily rule it out.", "\n\n“To increase your chances of survival, take some time to study the remakes.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Halloween; Friday the 13th; A Nightmare on Elm Street; Texas Chainsaw Massacre; Prom Night; When a Stranger Calls; My Bloody Valentine 3D; The Hitcher; The Amityville Horror; The Hills Have Eyes; Dawn of the Dead; House of Wax; I Spit on Your Grave; The Omen; Last House on the Left; The Fog; The Crazies; The Stepfather; Black Christmas; Sorority Row; probably more I’m not thinking of\n\nThe most ubiquitous horror trend over the last decade is undoubtedly the remake phenomenon, meaning potential victims can’t merely look to the originals any longer to uncover the keys to their survival. ", "While certainly a few of the films are forehead-slappingly derivative of their original source material, others have changed the conventions up a bit and, painful as it may be, it would behoove those who find themselves in the midst of a bloody killing spree to add a shitload of these bad boys to the top of their Netflix queue. ", "Just pray you can get through them all before the killer catches you passed out from boredom on the living room couch.", "\n\n“When in doubt, do the opposite of everything you learned in the first three Scream movies.”", "\n\nMovie Examples: Scream I-III\n\nAs one character in the Scream 4 trailer smartly points out, “the unexpected is the new cliché”. ", "In other words, potential victims will significantly increase their chances of survival if they do the opposite of whatever rules of slasher-dom they were urged to follow in the first three entries. ", "Feeling a little horny? ", "Go have sex with someone, quickly! ", "Acting the part of the shameless, dirty slut just might save your neck. “", "Magical cigarette” being passed around at the party after prom? ", "If you value your life, you’d do well to take a puff. ", "Also, work the phrase “I’ll be right back” into every conversation you can, even when it isn’t 100% warranted. ", "It may end up annoying the shit out of your friends and loved ones, but if you enjoy breathing you’d do best to ignore their bitching. ", "Also, dudes – get off your sorry asses and try out for the football team. ", "And while you’re at it, start acting on all those buried Alpha male instincts of yours and push a science geek or two up against a locker (further “survival points” will be awarded for wedgies and toilet dunking). ", "As for all the ladies out there – for the love of god, get a freakin’ boob job and join the cheerleading squad. ", "In this day and age, those puritanical attitudes you’ve been harboring could equal death." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMember vs. free-standing functions with respect to interface uniformity\n\nItem 23 of Effective C++ (3rd edition) by Scott Meyers is titled: \"Prefer non-member non-friend functions to member functions\". ", "The reason Scott suggests is the increase of encapsulation. ", "So, only the functions that need to access the private members are made member functions, the other functions are made free-standing.", "\nNow, the user does not care about my considerations. ", "All he wants is a clean uniform interface that is as simple to learn as possible. ", "Having some functions as members and some as free-standing seems to break this uniformity. ", "Furthermore, the choice of which function is member and which is free-standing may seem random to the user, who is unaware of the implementation details (i.e. the private members) of my class.", "\nOne answer even cites a language proposal related to this issue.", "\nMy question is: is it a good idea to always provide a free-standing wrapper function for each member function in order to present the user with a uniform interface consisting of free-standing functions only? ", " \n\nA:\n\nTo directly answer the question you asked, I'd say the short answer is no: it's not necessarily worthwhile writing a wrapper for every member function, just to give a uniform interface.", "\nThat said, it can be worthwhile to do so if you have something that corresponds closely to a concept, that's defined entirely in terms of free functions, and by providing free-function wrappers, your class can model that concept. ", "In this case, having those wrappers lets you use objects of that class with some set of templates that wouldn't otherwise work with them. ", "The question at that point is whether those templates are likely to be useful with objects of this particular class. ", "Even if the class happens to support the syntax necessary to model the concept, the operation(s) provided by those templates may not be useful with it--in which case, it's obviously pretty pointless.", "\nAt least in my view, providing wrappers so x.f(y) can be called like f(x,y), just so the programmer doesn't need to pay attention to whether f is a free function or a member function is generally misplaced. ", "Yes, in a completely ideal world where time wasn't constrained at all, it might be worth considering. ", "Likewise, in a few cases a class might be used so widely and heavily that it's worth considering putting in the extra time to write the wrapper in the hope of its paying off in the long run by making everybody else's lives easier.", "\nUnfortunately, I don't think either of these applies very often. ", "Most of us have way too large of a backlog of problems that really need fixing to give it serious consideration, at least until we have solid, objective evidence that the investment will pay off, and fairly soon at that. ", "Doing it just to fulfill a principle without a fairly solid assurance of real benefits would be difficult to justify (at best).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Drinking Late in First Trimester May Be Most Hazardous\n\nBut no alcohol use is safe during pregnancy, study finds.", "\n\nDon't Miss This\n\nTUESDAY, Jan. 17, 2012 (HealthDay News) — It's known that drinking during pregnancy leaves babies vulnerable to a spectrum of abnormalities called fetal alcohol syndrome. ", "Now, a new study pinpoints the latter half of the first trimester as a critical time in the development of some of the syndrome's most telling physical characteristics.", "\n\nStudy authors also stressed that their research illustrates there is no safe amount of drinking during pregnancy, since the amount of drinking that produced these features in infants varied from woman to woman.", "\n\n\"The fact that we didn't find a safe threshold is important,\" said study author Christina Chambers, an associate professor of pediatrics and family and preventive medicine at the University of California, San Diego. \"", "Not every child of women who drink even very heavily has all the features, so there are certain susceptibility factors that we don't know.\"", "\n\nThe study appears online Jan. 16 ahead of print publication in the April issue of the journal Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. ", "The authors say it is one of the first to examine the impact of quantity, frequency and timing of alcohol exposure on the condition.", "\n\nThought to affect about 1 percent of the American population, fetal alcohol syndrome can result in physical, behavioral and learning problems. ", "People with the syndrome may have abnormal facial features, such as a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip, small head size, unusually small-set eyes and shorter-than-average height.", "\n\nThe 992 women in the study were enrolled in the California Teratogen Information Service and Clinical Research Program between 1978 and 2005, which provided confidential risk assessments for any potential toxin exposures during pregnancy. ", "Every three months during the remainder of their pregnancies, they were asked about their use of alcohol and other substances, including specific dates of use, drinks per day, number of binge episodes and maximum number of drinks.", "\n\nInformation about their babies' development was collected after birth, and each newborn was then examined by a dysmorphologist, a specialist in structural birth defects, to look for evidence of fetal alcohol syndrome as well as other conditions.", "\n\nWhile higher levels of alcohol exposure were strongly linked to a greater risk of infants born smaller and lighter, with small heads and a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip, the most significant associations were observed during the second half of the first trimester of pregnancy — defined as 43 to 84 days after conception.", "\n\nFor every one-drink increase in the daily average number of drinks consumed during this stage of pregnancy, there was a 25 percent higher risk for having a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip; a 22 percent higher chance of having an abnormally thin upper lip; a 12 percent elevated risk of having a smaller-than-normal head; a 16 percent greater risk of reduced birth weight; and an 18 percent higher chance of reduced birth length.", "\n\nIn addition, the likelihood of shorter birth length was associated with drinking in any trimester, the study found.", "\n\n\"There is almost 40 years of research [on fetal alcohol syndrome], but one of the challenges has been determining what are the windows of risk and the patterns in timing and quantity of alcohol use, and this [study] addresses that,\" said Tom Donaldson, president of the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Washington, D.C. \"This article very clearly demonstrates that risk begins with any use.\"", "\n\nChambers and her colleagues theorized that alcohol exposure in the first six weeks of pregnancy — when many women don't yet know they're pregnant — may result in higher miscarriage rates, although the study did not include women who had miscarriages or stillbirths.", "\n\nThis site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here.", "\n\nAdvertising Notice\n\nThis Site and third parties who place advertisements on this Site may collect and use information about\nyour visits to this Site and other websites in order to provide advertisements about goods and services of\ninterest to you. ", "If you would like to obtain more information about these advertising practices and to make\nchoices about online behavioral advertising, please click here." ]

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[ "CA Mayank Kothari\n\nCA Mayank Kothari is an Associate Member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.", "\nHe has completed his graduation (BBA) from Nagpur University in 2010. ", "He is teaching CA Final SFM and CA IPCC FM to the students\n\nAchievements\n1. ", "Qualified the Chartered Accountancy exam in May 2012 held by ICAI.", "\n2. ", "Secured All India 47th Rank in CA Final and was topper in Nagpur division of ICAI.", "\n3. ", "Also, he received Gold Medal for securing highest, 88 Marks in Indirect Tax paper in\nNagpur division.", "\n4. ", "He was felicitated with the Best Student Award from the hands of Vice Chancellor of\nNagpur University.", "\n5. ", "He has worked with Deloitte, Haskins and Sells, Pune\n6. ", "He has successfully implemented the Lightboard Technology in education being the First in India." ]

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[ "Ureterocolic fistula: a unique complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.", "\nA unique case of ureterocolic fistula at the site of stone fragment impaction after piezoelectric shock wave lithotripsy is described. ", "Pathological examination of the nephroureterectomy specimen indicated xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with the process extending into the ureter and fistulous tract." ]

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[ "Record your shipping costs and payment processing fees along with each order\n\nExpense Tracking\n\nRecord all marketplace fees like Amazon or eBay into accounting\n\nReports & Analytics\n\nGet Insights on the performance of sales channels, products, customers, and more\n\nInventory Sync\n\nKeep inventory in sync with your accounting system across all sales channels\n\nAdvanced Inventory\n\nManage inventory of bundles and kits\n\nWebgility was founded with the simple idea of making it easy for online sellers to post orders in QuickBooks. ", "Now the leading multi-channel ecommerce solutions company, Webgility’s Unify connects all data, revenue streams, and expenses so online retailers can have better perspective, make smarter decisions, and run all operations from a single solution." ]

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[ "/* MPS2 CMSIS Library\n*\n* Copyright (c) 2006-2015 ARM Limited\n* All rights reserved.", "\n* \n* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without \n* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n* \n* 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, \n* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n* \n* 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, \n* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation \n* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n* \n* 3. ", "Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors \n* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without \n* specific prior written permission.", "\n* \n* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" \n* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE \n* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE \n* ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE \n* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR \n* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF \n* SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS \n* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN \n* CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) \n* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE \n* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. ", "\n*******************************************************************************\n* CMSIS-style functionality to support dynamic vectors\n*******************************************************************************/\n#include \"cmsis_nvic.h\"\n\n#define NVIC_RAM_VECTOR_ADDRESS (0x20000000) // Location of vectors in RAM\n#define NVIC_FLASH_VECTOR_ADDRESS (0x00000000) // Initial vector position in flash\n\nvoid NVIC_SetVector(IRQn_Type IRQn, uint32_t vector) {\n uint32_t *vectors = (uint32_t*)SCB->VTOR;\n uint32_t i;\n\n // Copy and switch to dynamic vectors if the first time called\n if (SCB->VTOR == NVIC_FLASH_VECTOR_ADDRESS) {\n uint32_t *old_vectors = vectors;\n vectors = (uint32_t*)NVIC_RAM_VECTOR_ADDRESS;\n for (i=0; i<NVIC_NUM_VECTORS; i++) {\n vectors[i] = old_vectors[i];\n }\n SCB->VTOR = (uint32_t)NVIC_RAM_VECTOR_ADDRESS;\n }\n vectors[IRQn + NVIC_USER_IRQ_OFFSET] = vector;\n}\n\nuint32_t NVIC_GetVector(IRQn_Type IRQn) {\n uint32_t *vectors = (uint32_t*)SCB->VTOR;\n return vectors[IRQn + NVIC_USER_IRQ_OFFSET];\n}\n" ]

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[ "Lake Merritt Plaza\n\nThe Lake Merritt Plaza is a high-rise located in downtown Oakland, California, United States. ", "It has 27 stories and stands at tall.", "\n\nThe building, developed by Transpacific Development Co., is designed by architect Bill Valentine. ", "In 2006, TDC sold it to Boston-based Beacon Capital Partners for $160 million. ", "Divco West acquired the building in 2014.", "\n\nSee also\nList of tallest buildings in Oakland, California\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Skyscraper office buildings in Oakland, California\nCategory:Office buildings completed in 1985\nCategory:Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area" ]

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[ "package com.twitter.finatra.kafka.producers\n\nimport com.twitter.inject.", "Logging\nimport com.twitter.util.{Closable, Future, Time}\nimport java.util\nimport org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.", "OffsetAndMetadata\nimport org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.{ProducerRecord, RecordMetadata}\nimport org.apache.kafka.common.{PartitionInfo, TopicPartition}\n\n/**\n * An interface for publishing events in key/value pairs to Kafka and\n * returning a [[com.twitter.util.", "Future]]\n *\n * @tparam K type of the key in key/value pairs to be published to Kafka\n * @tparam V type of the value in key/value pairs to be published to Kafka\n */\ntrait KafkaProducerBase[K, V] extends Closable with Logging {\n def send(\n topic: String,\n key: K,\n value: V,\n timestamp: Long,\n partitionIdx: Option[Integer] = None\n ): Future[RecordMetadata]\n\n def send(producerRecord: ProducerRecord[K, V]): Future[RecordMetadata]\n\n def initTransactions(): Unit\n\n def beginTransaction(): Unit\n\n def sendOffsetsToTransaction(\n offsets: Map[TopicPartition, OffsetAndMetadata],\n consumerGroupId: String\n ): Unit\n\n def commitTransaction(): Unit\n\n def abortTransaction(): Unit\n\n def flush(): Unit\n\n def partitionsFor(topic: String): util.", "List[PartitionInfo]\n\n def close(deadline: Time): Future[Unit]\n}\n" ]

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[ "Injured in a Car Accident? ", "TO US YOU ARE NOT JUST A NUMBER, YOU ARE FAMILY\n\nHow Much Is My Case Worth?", "\n\nOur San Antonio Auto Accident Lawyer Can Help You\n\nAccident victims frequently want to know how much their case is worth.", "\nSeeking a qualified\nSan Antonio car accident attorney is the only way to accurately determine what your case may be worth. ", "There\nare several factors, both objective and subjective, that are involved\nin determining the final outcome. ", "Every accident and injury has its own\ndistinctive characteristics that will influence the final total of the\nclaim. ", "Not every case is the same.", "\n\nThe primary influences involved in establishing the total of the claim\nare the strength of the liability case and the extent of the injuries\nthat have impacted the victim’s life. ", "The quality of the evidence\nis very important. ", "There are a variety of slight elements involved that\nmay make a claim more or less valuable. ", "An experienced lawyer can help\nyou determine the value of your case after a thorough investigation of the case.", "\n\nFactors that influence the value of a case:\n\nThe bills and expenses relating to medical treatment\n\nHow severe the injuries and how permanent they are\n\nWhether or not you received prompt, quality medical attention\n\nWhether or not you will receive rehab, future medical care, etc.", "\n\nIf you will be dealing with any degree of disability\n\nAny written doctor opinions that you have received\n\nResults from any tests you have had performed (ex: MRIs)\n\nIf you lost any past, current, or future income due to injuries\n\nPain and suffering you have experienced due to the injuries\n\nHow old you are and whether you have any previous injuries\n\nThe percentage of the defendant's liability\n\nAny other damage you have suffered (ex: loss of companionship)\n\nBefore expecting to effectively pursue a personal injury claim, there must\nbe another party responsible for your\npersonal injury, and you must have damages for which you can be compensated. ", "You and your\nlawyer must prove them in a court of law or persuade the insurance company’s\nadjuster or lawyer that you will be able to. ", "Your personal injury case\ndepends on the accessibility of detailed police reports, your attorney’s\nability to produce compelling discovery documents and take depositions,\nand the availability of witnesses and physical evidence. ", "The attorney\nmust gather all necessary evidence, including your medical records and\nbills, interview witnesses, negotiate with the insurance company and calculate\ndamages, etc.", "\n\nThe individual initiating the claim and compensation has the responsibility\nof carrying the “burden of proof”. ", "You will have to prove\nyour case “by a preponderance of the evidence.”", "\n\nThree elements that influence liability are:\n\nDuty- the other individual had a duty to do something or refrain from doing\nsomething. ", "The most common responsibility duty would be to “act\nas a reasonably prudent person would act under the circumstances.”", "\n\nBreach of Duty- If an existing duty is established, the lawyer must prove that the duty\nwas breached. ", "This means that the other party didn’t act as a reasonable\nperson would under the situation.", "\n\nProximate Cause- The claim is still not established even after proving the other party\nbreached a duty. ", "It is essential to prove that it was the individual’s\n“doing something wrong” that caused the accident or damage.", "\n\nWho Determines the Value of a Claim?", "\n\nA judge or jury determines the sum of money that will equitably compensate\nthe victim of accidental injury. ", "This is determined subsequently to hearing\nevidence from witnesses and considering documents and exhibits explaining\nhow the accident occurred in addition to the extent of any injuries received.", "\nNot all injury cases need to go to trial. ", "The majority of cases involving\npersonal injuries are settled before going to trial.", "\n\nThe attorney that you select should be able to evaluate a case and provide\nan estimation of the value of a case. ", "In other words, your attorney should\nbe able to estimate how much a judge or jury will award if the case were\nto go to trial. ", "The estimated value of a case is what a lawyer relies\non when negotiating with the insurance company. ", "The lawyer will take into\naccount several factors including how the accident occurred, the injuries\nof the victim, the credibility of the medical treatment and the locale\nof the case in determining the value of a case.", "\n\nThe defendant insurance company goes through the same process of attempting\nto place a value on a case. ", "Obviously, insurance companies will attempt\nto value a case as low as possible. ", "Therefore, you need a good lawyer\nto negotiate with the insurance company based on the true and fair value\nof the case.", "\n\nLength of Time in Determining Your Case\n\nYour medical condition plays a key role in influencing when your claim\nis valued. ", "Settlements are approached with caution. ", "Once a settlement\nis accepted, you may not revisit the case if you feel your injury was\nworse than assumed.", "\n\nSeveral months may pass after an accident, before making an attempt to\nvalue a claim. ", "The injured person may still be recovering. ", "The case should\nnot be settled until a doctor is able to estimate what the future will\nlikely be for the injured person. ", "There may be future medical costs, additional\nsurgery or permanent disability.", "\n\nThe sooner you contact our attorneys, the better your chances are of receiving\nequitable compensation for your injuries. ", "We accept\nmotor vehicle accident cases on a contingency fee basis. ", "That means that we cover the cost of\nthe case and we never charge you a fee unless we obtain a settlement or\nverdict in your favor.", "\n\nWe offer a free initial consultation that is confidential, and without\nobligation. ", "We do not charge a fee for a motor vehicle accident case unless\nwe obtain a judgment or settlement in your favor.", "\n\nContact us by calling (210) 960-9875 to speak with one of our experienced San Antonio\nAttorney Alex Aguirre today.", "\n\nThe information on this website is for general information purposes only.", "\nNothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual\ncase or situation. ", "This information is not intended to create, and receipt\nor viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship." ]

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[ "Balad Air Base\n\nBalad Air Base () is an Iraqi Air Force base located near Balad in the Sunni Triangle north of Baghdad, Iraq.", "\n\nBuilt in the early 1980s it was originally named Al-Bakr Air Base. ", "In 2003 the base was occupied by the United States Armed Forces as part of the Iraq War and called both Balad Air Base by the United States Air Force and Anaconda Logistical Support Area (LSA) by the United States Army before being renamed Joint Base Balad on 15 June 2008. ", "The base was handed back to the Iraqi Air Force on 8 November 2011 during the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq, after which it returned to being called Balad Air Base.", "\n\nDuring the Iraq War it was the second largest U.S. base in Iraq and today is home to the Iraqi Air Force's Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon.", "\n\nHistory\n\nIraqi use\nBalad was formerly known as Al-Bakr Air Base, named in honor of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, the president of Iraq from 1968 to 1979. ", "It was considered by many in the Iraqi military to be the most important airfield of the Iraqi Air Force. ", "During most of the 1980s, it operated with at least a brigade level force, with two squadrons of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 fighters. ", "Al-Bakr Air Base was especially well known for the large number of hardened aircraft shelters (HAS) built by Yugoslavian contractors during the Iran–Iraq War in the mid-1980s. ", "It had four hardened areas—one each on either end of the main runways—with approximately 30 individual aircraft shelters.", "\n\nCoalition use\n\nThe base was captured in early April 2003 during the Invasion of Iraq. ", "The area was nicknamed \"Mortaritaville\" (in a play on Margaritaville), because of a high frequency of incoming mortars, at times every day, from Iraqi insurgents.", "\n\nThe US Army's 310th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) and the US Air Force's 332d Air Expeditionary Wing were headquartered at JBB. ", "It was decided that the facility share one name, even though for many reasons and for its many occupants, it had differing names. ", "Until mid-2008 the US Army had been in charge of Balad but, when it was re-designated as a joint base, the US Air Force assumed overall control. ", "Balad was the central logistical hub for forces in Iraq. ", "Camp Anaconda has also been more colloquially-termed \"Life Support Area Anaconda\" or the \"Big Snake\".", "\n\nIt housed 28,000 military personnel and 8,000 civilian contractors. ", "Like most large bases in Iraq, LSA Anaconda offered amenities, circa 2006 and later, including a base movie theater (Sustainer Theater), two Base/Post Exchanges (BX/PX), fast food courts including Subway, Popeyes, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell (2007), Burger King, Green Beans Coffee, a Turkish Cafe, an Iraqi Bazaar, multiple gyms, dance lessons, an Olympic size swimming pool, and an indoor swimming pool. ", "The base was a common destination for celebrities and politicians visiting US troops serving in Iraq on USO Tours including the Charlie Daniels band (2005), Vince Vaughn (2005), Carrie Underwood (2006),\nWayne Newton, Toby Keith, Gary Sinise, Chris Isaak, Neal McCoy, Oliver North, and WWE.", "\n\nUnits\n\n 129th CSSB (101st Sustainment Brigade)\n 372nd Transportation Company (129th CSSB)\n 172nd Corps Support Group (CSG)\n 1-142 Aviation Maintenance Battalion (AVIM) (172nd CSG)\n M/158 Aviation Regiment (AVIM) (1-142 AVN BN)\n 213th Area Support Group (ASG) (316th ESC)\n 13th CSSB (213th ASG)\n142ND ECB (HEAVY) & 957 MRBC (NDANG) April 2003 - Feb 2004\n\nGround forces\n\n 32nd Signal Battalion, 22nd Signal Brigade 2003-March 2004\n\n100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment, Jan 2005-Jan 2006\n50th Signal Battalion (Airborne), 35th Signal Brigade, Nov 2004 - Nov 2005\n557 Maintenance Co. Oct 2007 - Dec 2008\n602nd Maintenance Co. Apr 2008 - Jun 2009\n A/51st Signal Battalion (Airborne) (along with an unknown MP platoon and 692nd Quartermaster Battalion {Water Purification}) took control in mid April 2003 from the 1st Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment until V corps arrived around 01 May 2003\n 532nd Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron\n 411th Engineer Brigade between 2006 and 2007\n NMCB 28 and NMCB 4 - 2007\n Headquarters and Support Company, 463d Engineer Combat Battalion (Heavy) between 2004 and 2005\n 63rd Ordnance Company (PLS/MOADS) (United States between 2004 and 2005\n 77th Sustainment Brigade 2011\n 13th Corps Support Command (COSCOM) between 2004 and 2005\n 1st Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) between 2006 and 2007\n 316th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) between 2007 and 2008\n 1st Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) between 2008 and 2009\n194th Engineer Brigade (TNARNG), Jackson, TN; Corps Engineer Brigade, August 2009 - April 2010\n 103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) between 2009 and 2011\n 100th Infantry Battalion\n Task Force 34\n 864th Engineer Battalion (Combat Heavy)\n 912th AG CO (Postal) 1st and 2nd PLT (Orlando, FL) June 2003 - June 2004\n 29th Brigade Combat Team (Hawaii National Guard) January 2005 - February 2006\n 323rd Military Police Company (Toledo, Ohio) April 2003 - July 2003\n Bravo Company (Home to the Double Deuce) 279th Signal Battalion, Alabama National Guard, 2004-2005. ", "\n 81st HBCT, Washington National Guard, April 2004-2005.", "\n 30th Engineer Brigade (Theater Army) North Carolina Army National Guard January 2005-December 2005.", "\n\nAviation forces\n 332d Air Expeditionary Wing\n 332d Expeditionary Operations Group\n 22d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron – F-16CM Block 50 Fighting Falcons.", "\n 34th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron from May to October 2008\n 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron – F-16 Block 30 Fighting Falcons\n 107th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Michigan ANG)\n 111th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Texas ANG)\n 119th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (New Jersey ANG)\n 120th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Colorado ANG)\n 121st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (DC ANG)\n 124th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Iowa ANG)\n 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Oklaholma ANG)\n 170th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Illinois ANG)\n 176th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Wisconsin ANG)\n 179th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Minnesota ANG)\n 186th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Montana ANG)\n 188th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (New Mexico ANG)\n 777th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron – C-130 Hercules\n 64th Expeditionary Rescue Squadron – HH-60 Pave Hawk\n 46th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron – MQ-1B Predator\n 332d Expeditionary Operations Support Squadron – airfield management\n 362d Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron – MC-12W Liberty\n 727th Expeditionary Air Control Squadron – tactical command and control agency\n 1st Battalion, 131st Aviation Regiment from September 2006.", "\nTask Force 11th Aviation Regiment(United States Army Europe) from April 2003 until February 2004\n528 Quartermasters Ft. ", "Lewis Washington 2003-2004\n\nConditions\n\nStarting in 2003, several mortar rounds and rockets were fired per day by insurgents, usually hitting the empty space between the runways, although there were isolated injuries and fatalities. ", "By mid-2006, this rate had dropped by about 40%. ", "Due to these attacks, the soldiers and airmen refer to the base as \"Mortaritaville\", though this name is shared with other bases in Iraq.", "\n\nJoint Base Balad had a burn pit operation as late as the summer of 2010. ", "The pit, which was visible for miles, was in continuous use which resulted in 147 tons of waste burnt per day, some of which was considered toxic. ", "Respiratory difficulties and headaches were attributed to smoke inhalation from the burnt waste; however, according to research conducted on behalf of the US Department of Veteran Affairs, there is insufficient evidence to connect those symptoms to burn pits. ", "Despite this, the VA allows service members to file claims for symptoms they believe to be related to burn pit exposure.", "\n\nHospital\n\nJoint base Balad was also home to the Air Force Theater Hospital, a Level I trauma center which boasted a 98% survival rate for wounded Americans and Iraqis alike.", "\n\nBlack jail site\nA black jail, a U.S. military detention camp to interrogate high-value detainees, was established at Balad in summer 2004, named the Temporary Screening Facility (TSF). ", "A British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) lawyer who visited a black jail, believed to be at Balad, described it as holding prisoners in wooden crates, too small to stand in or lie down, who were subject to white noise. ", "General Stanley McChrystal, commander of Joint Special Operations Command, regularly visited the site, reporting that the staff of interrogators and analysts was six times the number of detainees, enabling important detainees to be questioned through each shift.", "\n\nReturn to Iraqi control\n\nOn 8 November 2011, as U.S. forces were in the process of withdrawing from Iraq, Joint Base Balad was handed back to the Iraqi Air Force, after which it returned to being called Balad Air Base.", "\n\nSallyport Global \nIn 2014, Sallyport Global, subsidiary of Caliburn International, was awarded contracts to work on Balad Air Base in support of the Iraq F-16 program. ", "Following reports alleging timesheet fraud, investigators found evidence of alcohol smuggling, human trafficking, security violations, and theft. ", "The investigators were subsequently fired by the human resources personnel that they were originally sent to investigate, and removed from the base under armed guard. ", "Employees have also raised concern about racism, particularly from white South African security guards who made open endorsements of Apartheid and refused to work alongside Iraqis and other people of color. ", "Former employees say that they feared for their safety at the base due to security failures. ", "In one such report, a militia member shot a bomb-sniffing dog that had flagged their vehicle. ", "It is also said that animals were intentionally starved, and the company withheld passports from employees who wished to leave.", "\n\nSallyport is also being investigated by United States Department of Justice on allegations of bribing Iraqi officials for exclusive contracts.", "\n\nCurrent use\n\nThe base is home to the Iraqi Air Force's General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons of 9th Fighter Squadron (21 aircraft delivered by November 2017).", "\n\nThe base came under attack by ISIL militants in late June 2014, when the insurgents launched mortar attacks and reportedly surrounded the base on three sides.", "\n\nOn January 4, 2020, the base came under a rocket attack. ", "No claims of responsibility have been made yet. ", " The attack wounded four people.", "\n\nSee also\n2007 Balad aircraft crash\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBalad from GlobalSecurity.org\n310th Expeditionary Sustainment Command' website\nIraq, Contingency Contracting and the Defense Base Act\nExpeditionary Times\nAnaconda Times\n\nCategory:Installations of the United States Air Force in Iraq\nCategory:Iraqi Air Force bases\nCategory:Balad, Iraq\nCategory:1980s establishments in Iraq" ]

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[ "She'll break her teeth before she bites through that, and she better not stab the battery." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPython: defining new functions on the fly using \"with\"\n\nI want to convert the following code:\n...\nurls = [many urls]\nlinks = []\nfuncs = []\nfor url in urls:\n func = getFunc(url, links)\n funcs.append(func)\n...\n\ndef getFunc(url, links):\n def func():\n page = open(url)\n link = searchForLink(page)\n links.append(link)\n return func\n\ninto the much more convenient code:\nurls = [many urls]\nlinks = []\nfuncs = []\nfor url in urls:\n <STATEMENT>(funcs):\n page = open(url)\n link = searchForLink(page)\n links.append(link)\n\nI was hoping to do this with the with statement. ", "As I commented bellow, I was hoping to achieve:\ndef __enter__():\n def func():\n\n..code in the for loop..\n\ndef __exit__():\n funcs.append(func)\n\nOf course this doesn't work.", "\nList comprehensions is not good for cases were the action searchForLink is not just one function but many functions. ", "It would turn into an extremely unreadable code. ", "For example even this would be problematic with list comprehensions:\nfor url in urls:\n page = open(url)\n link1 = searchForLink(page)\n link2 = searchForLink(page)\n actionOnLink(link1)\n actionOnLink(link2)\n .... many more of these actions...\n links.append(link1)\n\nA:\n\nIt makes no sense to use with here. ", "Instead use a list comprehension:\nfuncs = [getFunc(url, links) for url in urls]\n\nA:\n\nA bit unconventional, but you can have a decorator register the func and bind any loop variables as default arguments:\nurls = [many urls]\nlinks = []\nfuncs = []\n\nfor url in urls:\n @funcs.append\n def func(url=url):\n page = open(url)\n link = searchForLink(page)\n links.append(link)\n\n" ]

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[ "As an adult, Andy became an inspector like his father and grandfather before him.[1] After the sisters gained their powers, Andy grew suspicious of them since they were connected to several unsolved cases involving magic. ", "He later quit after being investigated by Internal Affairs, which was actually set in motion by the demonic Inspector Rodriguez.", "\n\nAndy later learned the truth about Prue and her sisters. ", "Seeking to protect them from Rodriguez, he was struck by an Energy Ball thrown by Rodriquez and was tragically killed.[2]\n\nContents\n\nHistory\n\nEarly Life\n\nAndy was presumably born in the early 1970s and lived in San Francisco for the majority of his life. ", "He lived about one block away from the Halliwell Manor. ", "He was a childhood friend of the sisters and would often visit the manor. ", "Due to the sisters having their magic as young children, Penny was often forced to erase his memories.", "\n\nIn 1975, he was visited by future versions of the Halliwell sisters, who accidentally traveled back in time to stop their mother from making a pact with the warlock Nicholas. ", "During their time in the past, the sisters realized that they had their powers when they were younger and often used them on Andy. ", "Although Penny would always erase his memories, Prue commented that it could be the reason why he was suspicious of them as an adult.", "\n\nPrue and Andy had an on again-off again relationship throughout high school, but towards the end of the 1980s, Andy and his parents left San Francisco. ", "In 1998, he returned to the city and became an inspector at the San Francisco Police Department like his father and grandfather.", "\n\nSometime prior to 1998, Andy married a woman named Susan and later divorced her.[3]\n\nLove Life\n\nAndy with Kit at Serena's\n\nAndy after falling into the dessert cart\n\nAndy had been in love with Prue since high school and they dated before splitting ways; most recently, he had been married to a woman named Susan, and then divorced before moving back to San Francisco. ", "Prue and Andy had a continuous on and off relationship, when they first got back together, Prue learned that Andy had an ex-wife named Susan, who she encountered face to face at Quake when she tried to find Andy and in a fit of jealousy, Prue used her power on Andy, a cart of desserts into him. ", "Andy later apologized for not being honest with Prue and she accepted the apology. ", "The relationship between Andy and Prue was also a sexual one, but Prue's revelation as a witch made it so she didn't have the time to be with him, nor any other man. ", "Andy's suspicions became aroused. ", "It was revealed that he had considerable circumstantial evidence of the sisters' occult activities and their involvement in numerous cases. ", "Eventually, Prue had no choice but to admit to her involvement and explain it. ", "While Andy was skeptical, it was eventually proven to him that Prue was not working against him, and he eventually came to understand the true complexities of the relationship that went sour with Prue. ", "However, once it looked like Andy and Prue might get a chance without the magical problem, Andy gave his life to save Prue and her sisters to ensure the good work they did continued. ", "Eventually, Prue learned to accept her new life as a witch, and to balance her personal life, but not before Andy died. ", "Although this greatly saddened her, she learned that Andy was happy to sacrifice himself, to protect her and her sisters. ", "Before he did, in the second time loop, when Prue told him she still loved him greatly, he admitted he was unaware of just how much she'd still cared. ", "In the last time loop, in their final conversation before he died, Prue told Andy she loved him and he said it right back. ", "Andy loved her enough to sacrifice himself for her and appear to her as a spirit to get her to not try to save him as if she and her sisters died, he felt his death would be for nothing. ", "According to his partner Darryl Morris, Andy didn't expect to survive the night he died and as a final favor, asked Darryl to protect the Charmed Ones if that happened. ", "Darryl did as he asked and Prue, Piper and Phoebe had no fall-out from his death as a result and even gained a great ally. ", "Andy's death affected Prue to the point that she was willing to give up being a witch, but after talking to Darryl about Andy, she was inspired to continue on.", "\n\nAfter Andy's death, Prue dated a few people, though none were extremely memorable other than Jack Sheridan or the mortal crime boss Bane Jessup.", "\n\nAfter Andy and Prue reconnected in late 1998, Prue wanted to learn how Andy would react to finding out she was a witch. ", "After the Book of Shadows kept opening to the Truth Spell, she realized she must cast the spell to appease the questions she had. ", "In the attic of the Manor, Prue cast the spell, she then called Andy and asked him to meet her. ", "When she told him, he said there was no way he could accept her being a witch.", "\n\nHowever, when the spell wore off after twenty four hours, Andy didn't remember what he had been told. ", "However, he and Prue broke up anyways, thinking that it would be better to end the relationship now instead of later\n.", "\nLater, when Andy discovered that Prue was a witch, she told him about the spell and it turned out that Andy was fine with Prue being a witch. ", "But he told her that no matter whether he had a minute, a month, or a year to think about it, it wouldn't change the truth. ", "He wanted to have a normal life to come home to with a white picket fence, a two car garage, a screaming kid, but no demons. ", "Andy said that it could be because of all the evil he dealt with everyday on the job. ", "Prue understood, knowing that she exactly wanted the same thing, but she can't.", "\n\nDuring questioning, Rodriguez told him his awareness of the many unsolved cases involving him and the Halliwells. ", "Andy refused to admit anything, but Rodriguez told him that he knew that Prue Halliwell was a witch and that he wanted to meet with her. ", "Prue meets up with Andy a couple of hours later, to discuss Phoebe's premonition of him dying. ", "Prue told him to stay away from the house today, because that is where he gets killed. ", "Reluctant to the idea at first, he agrees.", "\n\nRodriguez arrived at the house at 6:00pm, shoots an energy ball and it hits Phoebe, killing her. ", "Rodriguez is then destroyed and time reverses itself, going back to the morning of the same day. ", "The same course of events happen, except Phoebe as well as Piper are killed the second time around. ", "Since, once again, Rodriguez failed in killing all the Charmed ones, Tempus resets time.", "\n\nWhen Rodriguez went to the Manor a third time, Andy saw that Kit hissed at Rodriguez and his eyes went red. ", "When he got into the house, Rodriguez already shot an energy ball at the sisters and that Prue is unconscious, due to Piper pushes her out of the path of the ball. ", "Andy tried to shoot Rodriguez thinking it would kill him, but Rodriguez fired an energy ball, hitting Andy, sending him across the room and smashing into the Living Room Hutch.", "\n\nAndy then met Prue in the Ghostly Plane, and he tells her he knows it was his time to go and that they weren't meant to save him after all, though he was fine with it. ", "He told Prue to go back and stop time from reversing so that his death won't be in vain before vanishing. ", "Prue then regained consciousness and saw Andy's lifeless body on the floor. ", "Reluctantly yielding to Andy's wishes, Prue and her sisters then cast the spell to accelerate time, banishing Tempus from Earth. ", "Prue then untied Rodriguez, who sent an energy ball directly at her. ", "Prue deviated it and it hit Rodriguez, destroying him permanently.", "\n\nAt his funeral, a deeply saddened Prue left a rose on Andy's coffin. ", "After a few days, she told her sisters that she felt that Andy would always be with them.", "\n\nIn 2010, Prue's soul merged with the demon Heremus, which made her a threat not only to her family, but to the world. ", "Andy came in touch with a woman named Amelia Desmots, who brought his spirit to Darryl Morris to enlist his help. ", "Andy, Piper, Phoebe and Paige enter Prue's mind where they are briefly reunited before Heremus takes over again. ", "Prue then knocks Amelia out with a lightning bolt to sever Andy's connection to the physical plane. ", "After Piper released Prue's soul, she returned to the afterlife and reunited with Andy.", "\n\nIn the 21 episodes Andy appears in, his style does not change that much. ", "He keeps with the same dark brown hair, cut short, and sometimes combed to the side or spiky. ", "When it is longer it is combed back. ", "He has a medium stature and blue eyes.", "\n\nThroughout the series, Andy is often dapperly dressed while on the job, wearing a suit, dress shirt and tie in the office; if he is out in the field he often wears a tan/gray colored trench coat. ", "Oftentimes, the dress shirt is of a solid color, sometimes stripped with a solid color tie with designs on it. ", "Off the job, Andy dresses in a casual but masculine way, wearing solid color sweaters, dress shirts or tees, jeans and suede or leather jackets.", "\n\nAndy is the eighth and last of the main characters to appear in the comic books.", "\n\nAlong with the original sisters and Darryl, Andy is one of five characters to appear in both the first episode and the final comic issue.", "\n\nIt is unknown why T.W. King left the show, although there are three main theories that speculate why. ", "The first is that Shannen Doherty and T.W. King did not get along and that Doherty was overwhelmed with joy when he was written out. ", "The second is that King wanted more screen time, but the producers couldn't think of more stories for him. ", "The third is that King simply wanted to pursue different acting jobs." ]

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[ "181 F.2d 363\nMILLER, District Director,v.UNITED STATES ex rel HUNT.", "\nNo. ", "12999.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.", "\nApril 7, 1950.", "\n\nErnest L. Duhaime, Asst. ", "U.S. Atty., ", "of Miami, Fla., Herbert S. Phillips, U.S. Atty., ", "of Tampa, Fla., for appellant.", "\nEdward J. Nelson, Douglas D. Batchelor, both of Miami, Fla., for appellee.", "\nBefore HUTCHESON, Chief Judge, and WALLER and RUSSELL, Circuit Judges.", "\nWALLER, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nThe District Director of Immigration and Naturalization Service at Miami appeals from an order in habeas corpus proceedings in the Court below, under the provisions of which he was ordered to release from custody Albert Cecil Hunt, theretofore held by Appellant under a warrant of deportation.", "\n\n\n2\nThe question presented here is quite narrow, viz., ", "whether a timely-issued warrant of arrest, as distinguished from a warrant of deportation, serves to toll the running of the statute of limitations as prescribed in Section 19(a) of the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917, as amended, 8 U.S.C.A. § 155(a), that: 'At any time within five years after entry, any alien who at the time of entry was a member of one or more of the classes excluded by law, * * * shall, upon the warrant of the Attorney General, be taken into custody and deported. ", " * * * '\n\n\n3\nThe Appellee, a youthful Canadian alien, entered the United States on September 1, 1942, in company with his parents and other members of the family. ", " On November 6, 1946, he was taken into custody under a warrant of arrest issued October 24, 1946, by the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of Justice. ", " The basis for the warrant was the charge that the Appellee was in the United States in violation of the immigration laws in that he was feeble-minded at the time of his entry and was a person likely to become a public charge. ", " After hearing a warrant of deportation was issued on January 19, 1949. ", " Appellee sued out a writ of habeas corpus contending that the issuance of the warrant of deportation was at a time more than five years removed from the date of Appellee's entry and was contrary to the above-quoted language of Section 19(a).", "\n\n\n4\nThe lower Court sustained the Appellee's construction of the statute and in consequence ordered Appellee released.", "\n\n\n5\nThere is a diversity of opinion prevailing in the various Courts of Appeals as to whether the section of the statute under consideration requires the completion of the deportation proceedings within the five years specified in the said section or whether the issuance of a warrant of arrest within the five-year period serves to toll the running of the statute. ", " We are of the opinion that a timely issuance of the warrant of arrest suffices.", "\n\n\n6\nThis position is warranted by the express phraseology of the statute and is rendered persuasive by consideration of the universal rule prevailing in the various State and Federal Courts, that the filing of charges, whether by information or by indictment, tolls the running of the statute of limitations against a criminal prosecution and is effective even though the warrant be not served upon the accused until after the running of the statute.", "\n\n\n7\nThis portion of the Act has been construed and the Appellant's position sustained in each of the following cases: U.S. ex rel. ", "David v. Tod, 2 Cir., ", "289 F. 60; U.S. ex rel. ", "Patton v. Tod, 2 Cir., ", "297 F. 385; United States ex rel. ", "Danikas v. Day, 2 Cir., ", "20 F.2d 733; U.S. ex rel. ", "Ginal v. Day, 2 Cir., ", "22 F.2d 1022; Metaxis v. Weedin, 9 Cir., ", "44 F.2d 539; Marty v. Nagle, 9 Cir., ", "44 F.2d 695; Tillinghast v. Cresswell ex rel. ", "DiPierro, 1 Cir., ", "54 F.2d 459; Raftery ex rel. ", "Giacomazzi, v. Tillinghast, 1 Cir., ", "63 F.2d 97. ", " Cf. ", "Hughes v. Tropello, 3 Cir., ", "296 F. 306, and McCandless v. United States ex rel. ", "Swystun, 3 Cir., ", "33 F.2d 882, to the contrary.", "\n\n\n8\nThe proceedings in this case having antedated the decision enunciated in Sung v. McGrath, 70 S.Ct. ", "445, holding that the Federal Administrative Procedure Act, Title 5 U.S.C.A. § 1001 et seq., ", "is applicable to such proceedings, and it appearing, from information furnished by appellant's counsel, that such Act was not followed by the immigration authorities in the determination of the proceedings against the Appellee, it is directed, upon suggestion of said counsel, that the lower Court's order be reversed, the writ of habeas corpus be vacated, and that Appellee be remanded to the custody of the Director of Immigration and Naturalization Service at Miami, Florida, for the resumption of deportation proceedings against the said Appellee in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Administrative Procedure Act. ", " See Sung v. McGrath, supra, and amendment of order therein.1\n\n\n9\nReversed.", "\n\n\n\n1\n On March 13, 1950, 70 S.Ct. ", "564, the Court entered the following amendatory order: 'The motion of the Solicitor General to modify the judgment is granted and the judgment is modified so as to provide for the release of the prisoner from custody under the order of deportation but without terminating petitioner's custody under the warrant of arrest issued by the Attorney General dated October 13, 1947\nMr. Justice Clark took no part in the consideration or decision of this application.'", "\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Los pasos sin éxito por Cruz Azul y Necaxa, sus últimos destinos en la Liga MX, sumado a la rescisión de su contrato con Rangers de Escocia, le dieron a la carrera futbolística de Gullit Peña un destino incierto.", "\n\nLa misma parecía haberse encaminado en los últimos días, cuando en el fútbol de Polonia surgió un fuerte interés por el mediocampista de parte del GKS Tichy.", "\n\nDispuesto a no dejar pasar la nueva oportunidad, Peña emprendió un viaje a Europa para concretar el acuerdo, según él mismo le confirmó al diario Récord.", "\n\nSin embargo, la nueva aventura del Gullit en el Viejo Continente se desmoronó de manera abrupta, cuando el departamento de prensa del club polaco le confirmó a Fox Deportes que \"Carlos no jugará con el GKS Tichy\".", "\n\nHasta el momento no ha existido una confirmación del propio futbolista sobre esta realidad, mientras que desde el equipo europeo no dieron más explicaciones al respecto.", "\n\nLee También" ]

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[ "Almost half of GCC construction professionals expect to change jobs within the next 12 months, according to the results of Construction Week’s 2015 Salary Survey. ", "When quizzed about their plans for the future, 49 percent of survey respondents said that they intend to move on from their current role during the coming year.", "\n\nOf those who plan to change jobs, 92.86 percent expect to remain within the GCC region. ", "The preferred destinations of the 7.14 percent of respondents who plan to relocate beyond the Gulf include Asia Pacific, Australasia, Europe, and North America. ", "The survey was completed by 220 construction professionals in total." ]

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[ "The relationships among CYP1A induction, toxicity, and eye pathology in early life stages of fish exposed to oil sands.", "\nExposure of the early life stages of fish to oil sands constituents is associated with mortality and larval malformations such as edemas, hemorrhages, and skeletal, craniofacial, and eye defects. ", "In fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) larvae, indices of total eye pathology increased significantly following oil sands exposure. ", "Structural, cytoplasmic, inflammatory, and degenerative eye alterations included poor retinal differentiation, microphthalmia, optic fissures, dysphasic retinas and lenses, inflammatory infiltrates, retinal epithelial lifting, and necrotic foci. ", "Cytochrome P-4501A (CYP1A) was expressed in ocular (retina, lens) and kidney endothelial tissues, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. ", "Although the kinetics of exposure-response curves for mortality and CYP1A expression were similar in both species, species differences in the magnitude and sensitivity of the responses were observed. ", "Oil sands were twofold more toxic to fathead minnows (TPAH LC50 = 47-330 microg/g) than to white sucker (TPAH LC50 = 95-860 microg/g) larvae. ", "For both species, larval mortality was significantly related to CYP1A protein concentrations in kidneys, and severity of these effects rose with oil sands exposure. ", "The relationships among eye damage, mortality, and CYP1A indices warrants further investigation, and may lead to the use of CYP1A induction as an indicator of adverse effects rather than just contaminant exposure." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nField level custom decoder\n\nI am trying to implement field level custom decoding, so that a decoder function can be supplied to map a value. ", " This was originally intended to solve automagically turning string values of \"Y\" and \"N\" into true / false. ", " Is there a less verbose way I can do this?", "\nThis was intended to be used for a single field of a fairly decent sized record... but has gotten somewhat out of hand.", "\nThe main objective was not to have to manually implement decoding of every single \nfield in the record, but to enumerate through them and use the result of the default decoder for anything that did not have a custom decoder (which probably should not be called a \"decoder\").", "\nCurrent attempt shown below:\nclass Foo: Decodable {\n var bar: String\n var baz: String\n\n init(foo: String) {\n self.bar = foo\n self.baz = \"\"\n }\n\n enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {\n case bar\n case baz\n }\n\n static func customDecoder(for key: CodingKey) -> ((String) -> Any)? {", "\n switch key {\n case CodingKeys.baz: return { return $0 == \"meow\" ? \"", "foo\" : \"bar\" }\n default:\n return nil\n }\n }\n\n required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {\n let values: KeyedDecodingContainer = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)\n\n if let cde = Foo.customDecoder(for: CodingKeys.bar) {\n self.bar = (try cde(values.decode(String.self, forKey: .bar)) as? ", "String)!", "\n } else {\n self.bar = try values.decode(type(of: self.bar), forKey: .bar)\n }\n if let cde = Foo.customDecoder(for: CodingKeys.baz) {\n self.baz = (try cde(values.decode(String.self, forKey: .baz)) as? ", "String)!", "\n } else {\n self.baz = try values.decode(type(of: self.baz), forKey: .baz)\n }\n }\n}\n\nExample of use:\nfunc testFoo() {\n var foo: Foo?", "\n\n let jsonData = \"\"\"\n {\"bar\": \"foo\", \"baz\": \"meow\"}\n \"\"\".data(using: .utf8)\n\n if let data = jsonData {\n foo = try? ", "JSONDecoder().decode(Foo.self, from: data)\n if let bar = foo {\n XCTAssertEqual(bar.bar, \"foo\")\n } else {\n XCTFail(\"bar is not foo\")\n }\n } else {\n XCTFail(\"Could not coerce string into JSON\")\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nFor example we have an example json:\nlet json = \"\"\"\n{\n\"id\": 1,\n\"title\": \"Title\",\n\"thumbnail\": \"https://www.sample-videos.com/img/Sample-jpg-image-500kb.jpg\",\n\"date\": \"2014-07-15\"\n}\n\"\"\".data(using: .utf8)!", "\n\nIf we want parse that, we can use Codable protocol and simple NewsCodable struct:\npublic struct NewsCodable: Codable {\n public let id: Int\n public let title: String\n public let thumbnail: PercentEncodedUrl\n public let date: MyDate\n}\n\nPercentEncodedUrl is our custom Codable wrapper for URL, which adding percent encoding to url string. ", "Standard URL does not support that out of the box.", "\npublic struct PercentEncodedUrl: Codable {\n public let url: URL\n\n public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {\n let urlString = try decoder.singleValueContainer().decode(String.self)\n\n guard\n let encodedUrlString = urlString.addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters: .urlFragmentAllowed),\n let url = URL.init(string: encodedUrlString) else {\n throw PercentEncodedUrlError.url(urlString)\n }\n\n self.url = url\n }\n\n public enum PercentEncodedUrlError: Error {\n case url(String)\n }\n}\n\nIf some strange reasons we need custom decoder for date string(Date decoding has plenty of support in JSONDecoder), we can provide wrapper like PercentEncodedUrl.", "\npublic struct MyDate: Codable {\n public let date: Date\n\n public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {\n let dateString = try decoder.singleValueContainer().decode(String.self)\n\n let dateFormatter = DateFormatter()\n dateFormatter.dateFormat = \"yyyy-MM-dd\"\n guard let date = dateFormatter.date(from: dateString) else {\n throw MyDateError.date(dateString)\n }\n\n self.date = date\n }\n\n public enum MyDateError: Error {\n case date(String)\n }\n}\n\nlet decoder = JSONDecoder()\nlet news = try! ", "decoder.decode(NewsCodable.self, from: json)\n\nSo we provided field level custom decoder.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSwiftMailer - using with Google Application-specific password & 2-step verification\n\nI am using the PHP mail function to send an email on a contact form that doesn't work on the live server - having checked the logs I see the following :-\nApplication-specific password required\n\nClearly I need to setup an Google Application-specific password and have this communicate to my email script. ", "I am going to change the current mail function to use SwiftMailer instead - can anyone explain where I would setup the Application-specific password with the SwiftMailer library to ensure emails are always sent.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse the application specific password as the SMTP password when you authenticate.", "\nApplication specific passwords are a fallback for those applications that can't use two-step verification.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Turkey's army on high state of readiness, first step for Syria no-fly zone\n\nWar tensions over Syria continued to spiral early Thursday, Oct. 11, when Turkey’s armed forces were placed on a state of readiness and its chief of staff pledged stronger response to any hostile act by Syria, A high-placed US source confirmed to debkafile that Turkey had, by forcing a Syrian civilian Airbus A320 plane en route from Moscow to Damascus to land in Ankara and declaring Syrian airspace “unsafe,” taken the first step toward creating a no-fly zone over Syria." ]

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[ "The website above has posted pics of the unproduced Imperial officer head variants from the POTJ era. ", "galactic hunter had the story first but i wanted to bring it up here for discussion. ", "These are really cool unpainted hardcopies of the heads but i did a quick paint job on the pics to sort of show how they might have ended up. ", "I did them grey because i just have a weird feeling hasbro will do the upcoming head variants uniform a different color to black. ", "Don't know why I think that but I do.", "\n\nAnyway, take the link above, go to unproduced products and have a mosey round at some cool first shots and here's my tweaked version of the head variants. ", "feeble as my effort is. :)", "\n\nplo koon 200\n\n12-16-2002, 06:17 PM\n\nI wish you had the actual version. ", "The comparison is not good. ", "Well for me anyways.", "\n\nJargo\n\n12-16-2002, 06:32 PM\n\nHere's the first one...\n\nJargo\n\n12-16-2002, 06:34 PM\n\nAnd number two....\n\nFulit\n\n12-16-2002, 08:16 PM\n\nIs it just me, or does the middle shot of head #1 look like that prison guard from Shawshank Redemption?", "\n\nMr. JabbaJohnL\n\n12-16-2002, 08:50 PM\n\nI think #2 has herpes:eek:\n\nBoShek\n\n12-16-2002, 11:28 PM\n\nCooler than the 1138 version of Jango Fett for sure!", "\n\njjreason\n\n12-17-2002, 01:50 AM\n\nThe sculpts are beautiful. ", "How does production monkey so many of them up so badly? ", "Those guys are Van Goghs for sure. ", "Is this the face of the new figure coming this year?", "\n\nmrmiller\n\n12-17-2002, 08:46 AM\n\nIf Hasbo is going to \"Re-issue\" the Imperial Officer, I hope it decides to use one of the different head sculpts- or both. ", "Would be great for army builders and Dioramas.", "\n\n=MATT=\n\nJargo\n\n12-17-2002, 08:56 AM\n\nPossibly Hasbro might use one, I'd guess that the fat faced one is a good contender since he's physically different to the current one. ", "I prefer the skinny faced one though, looks meaner. ", "It's entirely possible that a number of other heads were made and considered for use too. ", "I still think hasbro should use both these and shove out a third variant or possibly use it for an officer rather than a light duties Stormtrooper which is what the officer we have really is. ", "A proper tunic'ed officer with rank badge and all that,muse the fat head for it, make the skinny one another light duties Stormtrooper. ", "In fact just keep churning out the head variants on new officers and uniform variants. ", "I can't get enough of imperials. ", "I want tons for my displays, Endor, Bespin, Tatooine, Death star hangar, I think I want about fifty different officers. ", "Just to make it look right of course. ", "And while they're at it shove out some more death star troopers too with straighter legs of different poses. ", "Bad guys rock! (", "But rebels are cool too in a wishy washy sort of way).", "\nI think we need General Tagge, Col. ", "Wulf Yalaren, new Captain Piett, Captain Needa, Admiral Ozzel, General Veers, Chief bast, LT. ", "Praji, LT. ", "Childsen, and that officer that says \"you rebel scum!\" ", ":D he's cool. ", "And the officer played by jeremy Bulloch on Bespin. ", "Color variations in uniform too. ", "Not enough Imperial officers I reckon.", "\n\nJayspawn\n\n12-17-2002, 12:32 PM\n\nI hope Hasbro uses one of both of those. ", "The sculpts look great! ", "We need more Imperial Officers!", "\n\nOpps! ", "I guess what I get for not looking closer at previous post or even the pic's.", "\n:eek: :D\n\nJargo\n\n12-19-2002, 09:48 PM\n\nThey just used the pics posted earlier at galactic hunter dot com.", "\n\nsith_killer_99\n\n12-21-2002, 03:59 PM\n\nIt does indeed look like we will be seeing 2 new head sculpts.:D (judging from Steve's news)\n\nAre these the same \"wrinkled uniform\" officer sculpts? ", "Or did Hasbro dust off another officer mold and do a little kit bashing? ", "It's hard to tell for sure.", "\n\nJargo\n\n12-21-2002, 06:40 PM\n\nThe head sculpts are the same two as those prototype pics. ", "So they're doing two variants and giving us all three heads after all which is very cool but worrying if this is going to be anything like the battle droid situation and we just won't be able to find them, or one of them. ", "The uniforms have two different styles? ", "All my POTJ ones appear to be wrinkly. ", "What's the difference then?", "\nOh and that pic of the two proto heads i tnkered with, i just got the hair colors the wrong way round. ", "Good guess though that one would be blond don't you think? ", "But I'll hold my hands up and say I was barking up the wrong tree thinking they'd make the uniform a different color. ", "A shame though, some grey uniforms would have been cool. ", "I'll just have to customise some then. ", "The paint apps on the heads looks pretty sloppy though in that comparison pic Steve posted. ", "Some things never change eh?", "\n\nTycho\n\n12-21-2002, 11:49 PM\n\nEmperor Jargo: I'd hold off on customizing the figures. ", "Now this is just wishful thinking, but I would hold out until we do get some regular (non-character) grey uniform Imperial officers.", "\n\nThose must all be in the neatly-pressed officer uniforms, versus the jumpsuits are new 2 head-variant guys are in (by the way, that's 2 total including last year's. ", "I see no evidence of 3 headsculpts - just unintentional paint variations on the brown haired dude).", "\n\nWhen they do a grey-uniform Navy guy (think Piett and Veers' uniform styles) they can re-issue that one in black for an Army commander.", "\n\nMeanwhile, I was really glad to see they did a blonde haired Imperial Officer. ", "At this size, it's harder to tell the difference between facial features.", "\n\nI realize that there are other races that could be represented:\nAsian, Indian, Latino, and more. ", "But at the 3 3/4\" scale it's really hard to tell what a person looks like ethnically (except for the great job they did on the Asian Bespin Guard). ", "However, with hats on, or barely visible faces like on the Senate Guard, how can you tell if someone is Asian under that helmet. ", "I think only the darkest skin color will look significantly different from the white guard.", "\n\nWhat do you think?", "\n\nJargo\n\n12-22-2002, 07:08 AM\n\nTycho, take a look at the POTJ officer then look at the pics of the two variants Steve posted. ", "The darker haired one is smaler of head and has a more grizzled face and it's rounder too. ", "The other one that's blond has a bigger head than both the others and a more angular jawline. ", "It is three head variants, hasbro hasn't re-used the POTJ one for 2003.", "\n\nThe uniforms on the imp officer match the AT-ST drivers uniform and the scanning trooper. ", "That's what I was thinking for customisations. ", "I want the guys for regular grunts not officers. ", "Hasbro needs to get officers out that are actually officers, named characters, Captain Needa, Admiral Ozzel, General Veers, Moff Jerjerrod, general tagge, Chief bast, LT. ", "Childsen as seen on the front of the imp officer packaging. ", "All those characters wore the correct tunic with breeches, they all had rank bars and code cylinders in their top pockets. ", "This imp officer is not an officer but a light duties stormtrooper or pilot. ", "That might not be the correct military term but it's close enough to imply what i mean by it.", "\n\nProper officers should be made so we have a proper chain of command from the lowly droids through scan troopers to officers and finally all the way up to Vader and Palpy. ", "Same with the rebels. ", "No command structure. ", "You can't have a war in space without the correct command structure.", "\n\nJEDIpartner\n\n12-22-2002, 10:00 AM\n\nThe wide faced one is Scarrrrrry! ", "I'm glad that Hasblah is at LEAST exacting a little more effort with the reissues of the Imperial Officer figure. ", "Do you think that there will be more Tantive Defender variations down the pike?", "\n\nJargo\n\n12-22-2002, 10:13 AM\n\nWell if they made the same number of head variations it's at least possible. ", "This second head on the SAGA card doesn't look as dorky as the first one, that POTJ one was a real Pilsbury dough boy lookin' fella. ", ":D This new one looks more like an average shaped head. ", "All we need now is a pic of the third head for the RFT. ", "But being honest here, the helmet on the RFT hides so much of his head anyway it's hard to tell what he looks like. ", "I hope they do this for the death star trooper too. ", "A new head variant or two on that with neutrally posed legs would be ultra sweet. :", "happy:" ]

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[ "Bispecific Antibodies\nBispecific antibodies (BsAbs) which have binding specificities for at least two different antigens have significant potential in a wide range of clinical applications as targeting agents for in vitro and in vivo immunodiagnosis and therapy, and for diagnostic immunoassays.", "\nIn the diagnostic areas, bispecific antibodies have been very useful in probing the functional properties of cell surface molecules and in defining the ability of the different Fc receptors to mediate cytotoxicity (Fanger et al., ", "Crit. ", "Rev. Immunol. ", "12:101-124 (1992)). ", "Nolan et al., ", "Biochem. ", "Biophys. ", "Acta. ", "1040:1-11 (1990) describe other diagnostic applications for BsAbs. ", "In particular, BsAbs can be constructed to immobilize enzymes for use in enzyme immunoassays. ", "To achieve this, one arm of the BsAb can be designed to bind to a specific epitope on the enzyme so that binding does not cause enzyme inhibition, the other arm of the BsAb binds to the immobilizing matrix ensuring a high enzyme density at the desired site. ", "Examples of such diagnostic BsAbs include the rabbit anti-IgG/anti-ferritin BsAb described by Hammerling et al., ", "J. Exp. ", "Med. ", "128:1461-1473 (1968) which was used to locate surface antigens. ", "BsAbs having binding specificities for horse radish peroxidase (HRP) as well as a hormone have also been developed. ", "Another potential immunochemical application for BsAbs involves their use in two-site immunoassays. ", "For example, two BsAbs are produced binding to two separate epitopes on the analyte protein—one BsAb binds the complex to an insoluble matrix, the other binds an indicator enzyme (see Nolan et al., ", "supra).", "\nBispecific antibodies can also be used for in vitro or in vivo immunodiagnosis of various diseases such as cancer (Songsivilai et al., ", "Clin. ", "Exp. ", "Immunol. ", "79:315 (1990)). ", "To facilitate this diagnostic use of the BsAb, one arm of the BsAb can bind a tumor associated antigen and the other arm can bind a detectable marker such as a chelator which tightly binds a radionuclide. ", "Using this approach, Le Doussal et al. ", "made a BsAb useful for radioimmunodetection of colorectal and thyroid carcinomas which had one arm which bound a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and another arm which bound diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DPTA). ", "See Le Doussal et al., ", "Int. ", "J. Cancer Suppl. ", "7:58-62 (1992) and Le Doussal et al., ", "J. Nucl. ", "Med. ", "34:1662-1671 (1993). ", "Stickney et al. ", "similarly describe a strategy for detecting colorectal cancers expressing CEA using radioimmunodetection. ", "These investigators describe a BsAb which binds CEA as well as hydroxyethylthiourea-benzyl-EDTA (EOTUBE). ", "See Stickney et al., ", "Cancer Res. ", "51:6650-6655 (1991).", "\nBispecific antibodies can also be used for human therapy in redirected cytotoxicity by providing one arm which binds a target (e.g. pathogen or tumor cell) and another arm which binds a cytotoxic trigger molecule, such as the T-cell receptor or the Fcγ receptor. ", "Accordingly, bispecific antibodies can be used to direct a patient's cellular immune defense mechanisms specifically to the tumor cell or infectious agent. ", "Using this strategy, it has been demonstrated that bispecific antibodies which bind to the FcγRIII (i.e. CD16) can mediate tumor cell killing by natural killer (NK) cell/large granular lymphocyte (LGL) cells in vitro and are effective in preventing tumor growth in vivo. ", "Segal et al., ", "Chem. ", "Immunol. ", "47:179 (1989) and Segal et al., ", "Biologic Therapy of Cancer 2(4) DeVita et al. ", "eds. ", "J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia (1992) p. 1. ", "Similarly, a bispecific antibody having one arm which binds FcγRIII and another which binds to the HER2 receptor has been developed for therapy of ovarian and breast tumors that overexpress the HER2 antigen. (", "Hseih-Ma et al. ", "Cancer Research 52:6832-6839 (1992) and Weiner et al. ", "Cancer Research 53:94-100 (1993)). ", "Bispecific antibodies can also mediate killing by T cells. ", "Normally, the bispecific antibodies link the CD3 complex on T cells to a tumor-associated antigen. ", "A fully humanized F(ab′)2 BsAb consisting of anti-CD3 linked to anti-p185HER2 has been used to target T cells to kill tumor cells overexpressing the HER2 receptor. ", "Shalaby et al., ", "J. Exp. ", "Med. ", "175(1):217 (1992). ", "Bispecific antibodies have been tested in several early phase clinical trials with encouraging results. ", "In one trial, 12 patients with lung, ovarian or breast cancer were treated with infusions of activated T-lymphocytes targeted with an anti-CD3/anti-tumor (MOC31) bispecific antibody. ", "deLeij et al. ", "Bispecific Antibodies and Targeted Cellular Cytotoxicity, Romet-Lemonne, Fanger and Segal Eds., ", "Lienhart (1991) p. 249. ", "The targeted cells induced considerable local lysis of tumor cells, a mild inflammatory reaction, but no toxic side effects or anti-mouse antibody responses. ", "In a very preliminary trial of an anti-CD3/anti-CD19 bispecific antibody in a patient with B-cell malignancy, significant reduction in peripheral tumor cell counts was also achieved. ", "Clark et al. ", "Bispecific Antibodies and Targeted Cellular Cytotoxicity, Romet-Lemonne, Fanger and Segal Eds., ", "Lienhart (1991) p. 243. ", "See also Kroesen et al., ", "Cancer Immunol. ", "Immunother. ", "37:400-407 (1993), Kroesen et al., ", "Br. ", "J. Cancer 70:652-661 (1994) and Weiner et al., ", "J. Immunol. ", "152:2385 (1994) concerning therapeutic applications for BsAbs.", "\nBispecific antibodies may also be used as fibrinolytic agents or vaccine adjuvants. ", "Furthermore, these antibodies may be used in the treatment of infectious diseases (e.g. for targeting of effector cells to virally infected cells such as HIV or influenza virus or protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii), used to deliver immunotoxins to tumor cells, or target immune complexes to cell surface receptors (see Fanger et al., ", "supra).", "\nUse of BsAbs has been effectively hindered by the difficulty of obtaining BsAbs in sufficient quantity and purity. ", "Traditionally, bispecific antibodies were made using hybrid-hybridoma technology (Millstein and Cuello, Nature 305:537-539 (1983)). ", "Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of 10 different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure (see FIG. ", "1A). ", "The purification of the correct molecule, which is usually done by affinity chromatography steps, is rather cumbersome, and the product yields are low. ", "See, for example, (Smith, W., et al. (", "1992) Hybridoma 4:87-98; and Massimo, Y. S., et al. (", "1997) J. Immunol. ", "Methods 201:57-66). ", "Accordingly, techniques for the production of greater yields of BsAb have been developed. ", "To achieve chemical coupling of antibody fragments, Brennan et al., ", "Science 229:81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab′)2 fragments. ", "These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. ", "The Fab′ fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. ", "One of the Fab′-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab′-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab′-TNB derivative to form the BsAb. ", "The BsAbs produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.", "\nRecent progress has facilitated the direct recovery of Fab′-SH fragments from E. coli. ", "which can be chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. ", "Shalaby et al., ", "J. Exp. ", "Med. ", "175:217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized BsAb F(ab′)2 molecule having one arm which binds p185HER2 and another arm which binds CD3. ", "Each Fab′ fragment was separately secreted from E. coli. ", "and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the BsAb. ", "The BsAb thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the HER2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets. ", "See also Rodrigues et al., ", "Int. ", "J. Cancers (Suppl.) ", "7:45-50 (1992).", "\nVarious techniques for making and isolating BsAb fragments directly from recombinant cell cultures have also been described. ", "For example, bispecific F(ab′)2 heterodimers have been produced using leucine zippers (Kostelny et al., ", "J. Immunol. ", "148(5):1547-1553 (1992)). ", "The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab′ portions of anti-CD3 and anti-interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) antibodies by gene fusion. ", "The antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then reoxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. ", "The BsAbs were found to be highly effective in recruiting cytotoxic T cells to lyse HuT-102 cells in vitro. ", "The advent of the “diabody” technology described by Hollinger et al., ", "PNAS (USA) 90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making BsAb fragments. ", "The fragments comprise a heavy chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light chain variable domain (VL) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. ", "Accordingly, the VH and VL domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary VL and VH domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. ", "Another strategy for making BsAb fragments by the use of single chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported. ", "See Gruber et al. ", "J. Immunol. ", "152: 5368 (1994). ", "These researchers designed an antibody which comprised the VH and VL domains of an antibody directed against the T cell receptor joined by a 25 amino acid residue linker to the VH and VL domains of an anti-fluorescein antibody. ", "The refolded molecule bound to fluorescein and the T cell receptor and redirected the lysis of human tumor cells that had fluorescein covalently linked to their surface.", "\nIt is apparent that several techniques for making bispecific antibody fragments which can be recovered directly from recombinant cell culture have been reported. ", "However, full length BsAbs may be preferable to BsAb fragments for many clinical applications because of their likely longer serum half-life and possible effector functions.", "\nImmunoadhesins\nImmunoadhesins (Ia's) are antibody-like molecules which combine the binding domain of a protein such as a cell-surface receptor or a ligand (an “adhesin”) with the effector functions of an immunoglobulin constant domain. ", "Immunoadhesins can possess many of the valuable chemical and biological properties of human antibodies. ", "Since immunoadhesins can be constructed from a human protein sequence with a desired specificity linked to an appropriate human immunoglobulin hinge and constant domain (Fc) sequence, the binding specificity of interest can be achieved using entirely human components. ", "Such immunoadhesins are minimally immunogenic to the patient, and are safe for chronic or repeated use.", "\nImmunoadhesins reported in the literature include fusions of the T cell receptor (Gascoigne et al., ", "Proc. ", "Natl. ", "Acad. ", "Sci. ", "USA 84:2936-2940 (1987)); CD4 (Capon et al., ", "Nature 337:525-531 (1989); Traunecker et al., ", "Nature 339:68-70 (1989); Zettmeissl et al., ", "DNA Cell Biol. ", "USA 9:347-353 (1990); and Byrn et al., ", "Nature 344:667-670 (1990)); L-selectin or homing receptor (Watson et al., ", "J. Cell. ", "Biol. ", "110:2221-2229 (1990); and Watson et al., ", "Nature 349:164-167 (1991)); CD44 (Aruffo et al., ", "Cell 61:1303-1313 (1990)); CD28 and B7 (Linsley et al., ", "J. Exp. ", "Med. ", "173:721-730 (1991)); CTLA-4 (Lisley et al., ", "J. Exp. ", "Med. ", "174:561-569 (1991)); CD22 (Stamenkovic et al., ", "Cell 66:1133-1144 (1991)); TNF receptor (Ashkenazi et al., ", "Proc. ", "Natl. ", "Acad. ", "Sci. ", "USA 88:10535-10539 (1991); Lesslauer et al., ", "Eur. ", "J. Immunol. ", "27:2883-2886 (1991); and Peppel et al., ", "J. Exp. ", "Med. ", "174:1483-1489 (1991)); NP receptors (Bennett et al., ", "J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "266:23060-23067 (1991)); inteferon γ receptor (Kurschner et al., ", "J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "267:9354-9360 (1992)); 4-1BB (Chalupny et al., ", "PNAS (USA) 89:10360-10364 (1992)) and IgE receptor α (Ridgway and Gorman, J. Cell. ", "Biol. ", "Vol. ", "115, Abstract No. ", "1448 (1991)).", "\nExamples of immunoadhesins which have been described for therapeutic use include the CD4-IgG immunoadhesin for blocking the binding of HIV to cell-surface CD4. ", "Data obtained from Phase I clinical trials in which CD4-IgG was administered to pregnant women just before delivery suggests that this immunoadhesin may be useful in the prevention of maternal-fetal transfer of HIV. ", "Ashkenazi et al., ", "Intern. ", "Rev. Immunol. ", "10:219-227 (1993). ", "An immunoadhesin which binds tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has also been developed. ", "TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine which has been shown to be a major mediator of septic shock. ", "Based on a mouse model of septic shock, a TNF receptor immunoadhesin has shown promise as a candidate for clinical use in treating septic shock (Ashkenazi et al., ", "supra). ", "Immunoadhesins also have non-therapeutic uses. ", "For example, the L-selectin receptor immunoadhesin was used as an reagent for histochemical staining of peripheral lymph node high endothelial venules (HEV). ", "This reagent was also used to isolate and characterize the L-selectin ligand (Ashkenazi et al., ", "supra).", "\nIf the two arms of the immunoadhesin structure have different specificities, the immunoadhesin is called a “bispecific immunoadhesin” by analogy to bispecific antibodies. ", "Dietsch et al., ", "J. Immunol. ", "Methods 162:123 (1993) describe such a bispecific immunoadhesin combining the extracellular domains of the adhesion molecules, E-selectin and P-selectin. ", "Binding studies indicated that the bispecific immunoglobulin fusion protein so formed had an enhanced ability to bind to a myeloid cell line compared to the monospecific immunoadhesins from which it was derived.", "\nAntibody-Immunoadhesin Chimeras\nAntibody-immunoadhesin (Ab/Ia) chimeras have also been described in the literature. ", "These molecules combine the binding region of an immunoadhesin with the binding domain of an antibody.", "\nBerg et al., ", "PNAS (USA) 88:4723-4727 (1991) made a bispecific antibody-immunoadhesin chimera which was derived from murine CD4-IgG. These workers constructed a tetrameric molecule having two arms. ", "One arm was composed of CD4 fused with an antibody heavy-chain constant domain along with a CD4 fusion with an antibody light-chain constant domain. ", "The other arm was composed of a complete heavy-chain of an anti-CD3 antibody along with a complete light-chain of the same antibody. ", "By virtue of the CD4-IgG arm, this bispecific molecule binds to CD3 on the surface of cytotoxic T cells. ", "The juxtaposition of the cytotoxic cells and HIV-infected cells results in specific killing of the latter cells.", "\nWhile Berg et al. ", "supra describe a bispecific molecule that was tetrameric in structure, it is possible to produce a trimeric hybrid molecule that contains only one CD4-IgG fusion. ", "See Chamow et al., ", "J. Immunol. ", "153:4268 (1994). ", "The first arm of this construct is formed by a humanized anti-CD3 κ light chain and a humanized anti-CD3 γ heavy chain. ", "The second arm is a CD4-IgG immunoadhesin which combines part of the extracellular domain of CD4 responsible for gp120 binding with the Fc domain of IgG. The resultant Ab/Ia chimera mediated killing of HIV-infected cells using either pure cytotoxic T cell preparations or whole peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) fractions that additionally included Fc receptor-bearing large granular lymphocyte effector cells.", "\nIn the manufacture of the multispecific antibody heteromultimers, it is desirable to increase the yields of the desired heteromultimer over the homomultimer(s). ", "The current method of choice for obtaining Fc-containing BsAb remains the hybrid hybridoma, in which two antibodies are coexpressed (Milstein and Cuello, Nature 305:537-540 (1983)).", "\nIn hybrid hybridomas, heavy (H) chains typically form homodimers as well as the desired heterodimers. ", "Additionally, light (L) chains frequently mispair with non-cognate heavy chains. ", "Hence, coexpression of two antibodies may produce up to ten heavy and light chain pairings (Suresh, M. R., et al. ", "Methods Enzymol. ", "121:210-228 (1986)). ", "These unwanted chain pairings compromise the yield of the BsAb and inevitably impose significant, and sometimes insurmountable, purification challenges (Smith, et al. (", "1992) supra; and Massimo, et al. (", "1997) supra).", "\nAntibody heavy chains have previously been engineered to drive heterodimerization by introducing sterically complementary mutations in multimerization domains at the CH3 domain interface (Ridgway et al. ", "Protein Eng. ", "9:617-621 (1996)) and optimization by phage display as described herein. ", "Chains containing the modified CH3 domains yield up to approximately 90% heterodimer as judged by formation of an antibody/immunoadhesin hybrid (Ab/Ia). ", "Heterodimerized heavy chains may still mispair with the non-cognate light chain, thus hampering recovery of the BsAb of interest." ]

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[ "Outdated, see instead WorkshopICONOctober2016\n\nWelcome to the VR workshop with ICON. (", "available on goo.gl/JDn92L during the entire weekend!)", "\n\nHello then TRY then TRY more and a last one! (", "all of us together). ", "No presentation with slides. ", "No question to know who knows what. ", "No planning of the weekend. ", "All that will come after. ", "Explanation after that VR is the medium of experience.", "\n\nWhat happens, how do you think it worked? ", "How do you think you can make it work?", "\n\nDescription\n\nThe “Virtual Reality: making your own VR experience” is a 1 weekend course, during which you’ll discover the key concepts of VR, how to build a scene, how to interact with it personally or in group, how to dynamically generate content and lots more. ", "You will gradually learn the principles and the technical framework, so that you can transform your idea into a proper VR experience. ", "From game to presentation, from solo- to social experience or artistic installation: it’s full of potential use. ", "You’ll learn the initial steps to initiate your own experimental and explorative project in a nice ambient, collaborative and interactive environment.", "\n\nConcepts being discussed:\n\nthe stereo effect fundamental rules of VR-scene design Aframe as a sensible and emerging framework loading your own 3D assets sharing your VR experience with the outside world WebVR as a perfect entry to VR, not only being the first step\n\nIntroduction to virtual reality (key concepts : object position, camera, stereo effect)\n\nThis first session will be a gentle introduction to the key concepts. ", "All will be done directly in a coding environment without any installation required to start.", "\n\nBusting the door open, premonition FAQ\n\nWhy code, why not point&click? ", "good luck pointing&clicking at 10 elements, 100, 1000?! ", "good luck pointing&clicking an AI good luck pointing&clicking an randomness\n\nWhat are you doing here why VR in the first place? ", "immersion, a feeling still.", "\n\n\n\nOptional presentation break followed by demos.", "\n\nWhy am I giving this workshop\n\nown motivation PIMVR with recent Aframe version\n\nown demos including recent JSBin demos vAtelier for integration with wiki 3Djs demos hackathons virtual slides for JSLab social presentation for CafeNumerique rapid experience prototyping with 2 drawings 360 event showcase\n\n\n\nI'm not there to give answers anyway, I'm there to help find answers in an efficient fashion.", "\n\nBuilding for virtual reality (primitives, meshes, light, assets including 360 photos and videos)\n\nThis second session will move on, assuming that key concepts have been understood, in order to make a scene richer.", "\n\nInteraction in virtual reality (gaze, button, proper distance)\n\nThis third session will focus not on objects as static or even animated elements but rather how the person having the experience can interact with them. ", "It will explain what works, what doesn’t, regarding hardware and user experience.", "\n\nOptional presentation break on code dissection (i.e. declarative, loading components, registering own components and shaders, executing code after loading).", "\n\nNote that most so far was done via the declarative aspect if Aframe solely. ", "From now because of the dynamic aspect Javascript is required.", "\n\nBeing social and dynamic in virtual reality (websockets, service side content)\n\nA virtual reality experience doesn’t have to be experienced alone. ", "In fact it is quite easy to transform a basic solo experience to a rich multi user experience. ", "Instead of programming complex algorithms letting user interact with other allows to quickly showcase interesting behavior. ", "Still, in addition to this it will be shown how to use dynamic content either generated on the fly or processed by a server then generated a relevant scene.", "\n\nGoing faster and further" ]

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[ "Related Coverage\n\nBRIDGEPORT, Conn. (AP) — Authorities in Connecticut say a driver is facing charges after he sped off during a traffic stop and slammed into a car, killing another motorist.", "\n\nPolice say 21-year-old Joseph Guzman-Rivera was stopped by state police on Interstate 95 in Bridgeport on Thursday. ", "When asked to move to the shoulder, police say Guzman-Rivera sped off and exited the highway.", "\n\nPolice say his car first hit another vehicle, killing the female driver, identified as 63-year-old Susan Tomczk, of Bridgeport, then careened into a pedestrian and another person. ", "The pedestrians sustained injuries not considered life-threatening." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a method for preparing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nIn a non-aqueous secondary battery, a positive electrode active material is used.", "\nWith a rapid progress in the field of electronic instruments toward portable and/or cordless ones, development of non-aqueous secondary batteries which can realize the desire for batteries which are smaller in size, lighter in weight and have higher capacity than previous secondary batteries has been forwarded. ", "Among them, lithium secondary batteries are already used in practice as power sources for portable telephones, note-book sized personal computers, and the like and, further, investigation is being made to attain a larger size and higher output batteries to be used as power sources for automobiles and for communication power backup.", "\nFor a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary batteries, there has hitherto been used, for example, spinal type lithium manganese oxide; but a positive electrode active material which can provide a non-aqueous secondary battery having a higher capacity has been eagerly awaited.", "\nUnder such situations, novel compounds or the like which are compounds comprising lithium, nickel and manganese and having a layered structure and are represented by the composition formula LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 (Chemistry Letters, Chem. ", "Soc. ", "Jpn., ", "July 2001, p. 642) or LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 (Chemistry Letters, Chem. ", "Soc. ", "Jpn., ", "August 2001, p. 744) or by the formula Li[NixLi(1/3-2x/3)Mn(2/3-x/3)]O2 (O≦x≦1/2) or Li[NixCo1-2xMnx]O2 (0<x≦1/2) (preliminary papers for 42nd battery symposium, Nov. 21, 2001, lecture no. ", "2I12) have been proposed as a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery which can possibly solve the above-mentioned problems and have been attracting attention. ", "The “layered structure” herein refers to a structure wherein the crystal structure is identified as the α-NaFeO2 type by X-ray diffraction (Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (USA), Electrochemical Society, Inc., December 2001, vol. ", "4, p. A200-A203).", "\nAs the nickel source and manganese source for synthesizing these compounds, since it has previously been considered that the above-mentioned compounds having a layered structure cannot be obtained by using a nickel compound and a manganese compound as a mixture thereof, there have been used complex hydroxides of nickel with manganese. ", "However, since divalent manganese in the comlex hydroxide is easily oxidized into trivalent state, the conditions of synthesis of the complex hydroxide and the atmosphere in which subsequent handling thereof is conducted both need to be controlled strictly and hence the complex hydroxide has been difficult to prepare. ", "Accordingly, a simple and easy method for preparation which does not need strict control of atmosphere has been eagerly awaited.", "\nThe object of this invention is to provide a simple and easy method for preparing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery which comprises a compound comprising lithium, nickel and manganese and having a layered structure, a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery obtained by the method, and a non-aqueous secondary battery which uses the positive electrode active material.", "\nThe present inventors have made extensive study on the method for preparing a positive electrode material for a non-aqueous secondary battery which comprises a compound comprising lithium, nickel and manganese and having a layered structure by firing a mixture which is a mixture of metal compounds and comprises lithium, nickel and manganese. ", "As the result, the inventors have found that when a mixture furhter containing at least one member selected from the group consisting of dinickel trioxide and boron compounds is used, the intended positive electrode active material can be prepared in a simple and easy way, without requiring strict control of atmosphere, by mere firing. ", "This invention has been completed on the basis of above finding.", "\nThus, according to this invention, there is provided a method for preparation of a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a step of firing a mixture of (1) at least one member selected from the group consisting of dinickel trioxide and boron compounds and (2) one or more metal compounds comprising lithium, nickel and manganese as their metal elements, and a step of obtaining a compound comprising lithium, nickel and manganese and having a layered structure." ]

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[ "John Bosom (died 1440)\n\nJohn Bosom (died 1440), of Bosomzeal, Dittisham, Devon, was an English politician.", "\n\nHe was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Dartmouth in 1395\nand January 1397 and for Totnes in 1411.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:14th-century births\nCategory:1440 deaths\nCategory:People from Devon\nCategory:English MPs 1395\nCategory:English MPs January 1397\nCategory:English MPs 1411\nCategory:High Sheriffs of Devon" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Fatal error: Call to undefined function fn_seo_is_indexed_page() in /home/givfo13/public_html/var/cache/templates/design/themes/basic/templates/104aa9518904ec2608fa452fd41cbd4b666b9a11.tygh.meta.post.tpl.php on line 55" ]

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[ "Good computer chairs\n\nPeople are spending an ever increasing amount of time at their desks these days and it is very important to have a good computer chairs for a number of reasons. ", "One of the most important reasons why you need a good computer chair is for your posture.", "\n\nPeople frequently make the mistake of choosing the computer chair on the basis of its looks and price. ", "However, this is the wrong criteria for buying a good computer chairs and it will invariably lead you astray.", "\nYou will want to find a chair that allows for good blood circulation to a large extent if you are sitting in it for a very long period of time.", "\n\nWhen buying a good computer chairs try and get one that can be adjusted freely to different positions as it will ensure maximum comfort when being seated for long hours. ", "A great quality chair will definitely fulfill this demand.", "\n\nAnother key feature to look for good computer chairs is to make sure the seat is going to be comfortable enough for you to sit on for multiple hours a day. ", "If you prefer a softer sit, look for computer chairs that have a memory foam, gel seat, or triple density foam which are all comprised of durable materials that are designed to conform to your body’s natural shape. ", "If you prefer a firmer sit, look for high density foam or a chair with a mesh seat." ]

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[ "I tried the bodice on last night to see if the wool felt interlining was worth the effort/too hot and what I discovered was that the shoulder straps were 1 3/8\" too short! ", "How the heck did that happen?", "\n\nI thought, okay fine it's an easy fix I'll just piece it at the shoulder straps, not too bad. ", "Then I realized that that would mess up the trim that runs all the way from the front along the shoulder to the back. ", "Crap! ", "Thank God I have that extra trim coming or I’d have to do an ugly piecing of the trim as well.", "\n\nI sat down and figured out a plan for the sleeves that would leave me enough trim to redo the bodice. ", "I think it will all work out but man that was a close one!", "\n\nOh and yes the wool is too hot. ", "It does create a nice smooth bodice, without making me look any more \"bulky\" but after walking up and down the stairs a few times (looking for Mom who was outside) I was really hot. ", "And that without a skirt, shift and sleeves. ", "Yeah, not good.", "\n\nSo I removed most of the gold trim (including some I'd already sewn down), removed the interlinings and un-stitched the shoulders. ", "I'll put the cotton twill interlining back in but I think I'll recut them so the shoulder strap is fully lined." ]

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[ "Omega Chronograph with Pulsometric & Tachymeter Dial\n\nHere we have a rare and special Omega chronograph fitted with a pulsometric & tachymeter dial. ", "The movement powering the Omega is the 27 CHRO C12, which is the caliber that led to the rise of the now famous 321 (Speedmaster). ", "The overall condition of the watch is mint with all its original components still working as well as ever." ]

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[ "Mapping invasive aquatic vegetation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta using hyperspectral imagery.", "\nThe ecological and economic impacts associated with invasive species are of critical concern to land managers. ", "The ability to map the extent and severity of invasions would be a valuable contribution to management decisions relating to control and monitoring efforts. ", "We investigated the use of hyperspectral imagery for mapping invasive aquatic plant species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the Central Valley of California, at two spatial scales. ", "Sixty-four flightlines of HyMap hyperspectral imagery were acquired over the study region covering an area of 2,139 km(2) and field work was conducted to acquire GPS locations of target invasive species. ", "We used spectral mixture analysis to classify two target invasive species; Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa), a submerged invasive, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a floating emergent invasive. ", "At the relatively fine spatial scale for five sites within the Delta (average size 51 ha) average classification accuracies were 93% for Brazilian waterweed and 73% for water hyacinth. ", "However, at the coarser, Delta-wide scale (177,000 ha) these accuracy results were 29% for Brazilian waterweed and 65% for water hyacinth. ", "The difference in accuracy is likely accounted for by the broad range in water turbidity and tide heights encountered across the Delta. ", "These findings illustrate that hyperspectral imagery is a promising tool for discriminating target invasive species within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta waterways although more work is needed to develop classification tools that function under changing environmental conditions." ]

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[ "package net.thucydides.core.util;\n\nimport java.io.", "File;\n\n/**\n * Created by john on 29/06/2014.", "\n */\npublic class FileSystemUtils {\n public static File getResourceAsFile(String resourceName) {\n return new File(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource(stripLeadingSlash(resourceName)).getFile().replaceAll(\"%20\",\" \"));\n }\n\n private static String stripLeadingSlash(String resourceName) {\n return (resourceName.startsWith(\"/\")) ? ", "resourceName.substring(1) : resourceName;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "ICANN may not reveal its list of new generic top-level domain applications until as late as the last week of June, according to CEO Rod Beckstrom.", "\n\nIn his first interview since ICANN took its TLD Application System offline due to a security bug, Beckstrom told DI that he “hopes” to host the Big Reveal before he steps down as ICANN’s CEO.", "\n\nHe said he expects to have the new gTLD program back on track before he hands the reins to the organization over to his successor at the end of the ICANN 44 meeting in Prague, June 29:\n\nI’d like to see us obviously get the technical issues resolved, notify applicants, reopen the window and publish the strings before I pass the baton in Prague. ", "That’s not a commitment at this point in time, it’s an indication as CEO that it’s absolutely my intention to push for a timely resolution of this issue… If we can get things done sooner, then the sooner the better.", "\n\nThe Big Reveal was originally scheduled for today. ", "However, the TAS delays made this impossible. ", "Following an ICANN update on Friday, a late-May date for the Big Reveal was looking more probable.", "\n\nBut Beckstrom would not commit even to the Prague date. ", "He said:\n\nThat’s my hope as a CEO, to get these issues resolved by that time-frame and have the string reveal in that time-frame. ", "I haven’t committed the organization, I’m indicating to you volitionally my desire as CEO and the person who’s running the organization.", "\n\nHe framed the issue as a blip on a nine-year process (six years of policy development, one year of outreach and application filing, and up to two years of evaluation). ", "He said:\n\nIn the context of nine-year program, a delay of between here and Prague of a few months is undesirable, it’s not what we want to have happen, but the quality of this program is more important to everyone involved than the specific date and time. ", "We’re all focused on quality here and not just doing things in a hurry. ", "This program is too important.", "\n\nHe said he is “sympathetic” to applicants that are burning through start-up funding waiting for ICANN to sort this out, but he noted that the same concerns have been raised over the years whenever the program has previously missed a launch deadline.", "\n\nWe know that some parties have been very patient and we know it’s got to be frustrating right now to see any delay in the program. ", "At the same time, I’m sure that those parties are very concerned that this be done well and that the program be reopened and administered successfully.", "\n\nBeckstrom reaffirmed ICANN’s promise to notify all applicants whether or not they were affected by the TAS bug – which revealed user names and file names to other TAS users – by May 8.", "\n\nBut TAS will not, it seems, reopen immediately after the notifications have been sent. ", "As well as the log audit, ICANN is also working on performance upgrades.", "\n\nWhile Beckstrom confirmed that the plan is to open TAS for five business days, to give applicants a chance to finish uploading their applications and confirm that their data has not been corrupted, he would not say when this window is due to open.", "\n\nWe’re going to share more precise dates when we have them. ", "What I can tell you precisely right now is that the key thing we’re working on is combing through this large data set we have so that the parties that were affected are notified within the seven days. ", "When we have clarity on the next milestone in the process we’ll communicate that openly.", "\n\n…\n\nWe’re still doing system testing, we’re still looking at some of the performance issues. ", "We have a whole set of things to do and feel comfortable that we’re ready and have full internal sign off. ", "We’ll notify you and other parties when we have that clarity. ", "Right now we have the clarity that we’re going to get the notification done in seven days – that’s the key dating item at this time.", "\n\n…\n\nWe have very strong reason to believe we understand the bug and we’ve fixed the bug, but every day that we continue to test we gain a higher level of confidence in the system that this specific issue will not reappear.", "\n\nWhile the first report of the bug was received March 19, it was not until April 12 that ICANN managed to “connect the dots” and figure out that the problem was serious and recurring, Beckstrom said.", "\n\nICANN saw the bug show up again repeatedly on April 12, as many TAS users logged in to finish off their applications, which was why it chose to take the system down with just 12 hours to go before the filing deadline.", "\n\nICANN is currently analyzing a 500GB log containing a record of every data packet that went into and out of the TAS between January 12 and April 12, to reconstruct every user session and determine who could see what and when, Beckstrom said.", "\n\nHe refused to comment on whether this analysis has revealed any attempts by TAS users to deliberately exploit the bug for competitive intelligence on other applicants.", "\n\nHe also declined to comment on whether ICANN has discovered instances of data leakage between two applicants for the same gTLD string.", "\n\nThe full packet capture system was introduced following a third-party security audit of the system conducted late last year, he said.", "\n\nThat audit, of course, did not reveal the data leakage vulnerability that continues to delayed the program.", "\n\nWhen I put it to him that this is precisely the kind of problem ICANN wanted to avoid, due to the confidentiality of the applications, Beckstrom played down the seriousness of the bug.", "\n\nLet’s be clear here: some user names and file names were visible, not the contents of applications and not the contents of those files. ", "I think that if that had occurred it would be an even more undesirable situation and we have no indication that that occurred.", "\n\nI wouldn’t call this a security issue, I’d call this… every major software system we use has bugs in it or bugs that are discovered over time. ", "Whether that’s our operating systems or desktop applications or specific applications, you conduct the best tests you can. ", "You assemble a testing suite, you assemble testers, you take various methods, but there’s never a guarantee that software is bug-free. ", "The issue is that if and when bugs are encountered you deal with them appropriately, and that’s what we’re doing right now.", "\n\nBut Beckstrom admitted that the problem is embarrassing for ICANN, adding that sorting out the mess is currently the top priority.", "\n\nObviously any time you have a software problem or technical problem with any program you come under enhanced scrutiny and criticism, and I think that’s understandable, that’s fair. ", "What we’re focused on is resolving this successfully and I think ICANN has dealt with many challenges in its past successfully and we’re committed to resolve this issue professionally.", "\n\n…\n\nI should tell you that this is our top priority right now internally right now. ", "The resolution of this issue is our number one priority, the number one issue for me as CEO, number one for most members of the executive management team and for a large part of the organization. ", "We’re extremely focused on this.", "\n\nICANN plans to reveal how many applicants were affected by the bug at the same time as it notifies applicants, Beckstrom said. ", "It will not publish information about who could see what, he said.", "\n\nUnfortunately for applicants, it seems they will have to wait well into next week before they have any more clarity on the timetable for TAS coming back online and the application window finally closing.", "\n\nWith Prague now emerged as a potential deadline for the reveal, the delays could in fact be much worse than anyone was expecting.", "\n\nOne hundred companies have registered to apply for generic top-level domains, according to ICANN senior vice president Kurt Pritz.", "\n\nICANN has decided not to provide a running commentary about how many applications have been received, but it did say that 25 companies registered in the first week the program was open.", "\n\n“That number is now up to 100,” Pritz said today at the The Top Level conference in London.", "\n\nHe was referring to companies paying their $5,000 to sign up for ICANN’s TLD Application System, which is likely to be much smaller than the actual number of gTLD applications. ", "Each TAS account can store up to 50 applications, Pritz said.", "\n\nThere are only 45 days left on the clock to register for a TAS account. ", "After March 29, you’re in for a wait of at least three years (my estimate) before the opportunity comes around again.", "\n\nPritz’s revelation was one of the more interesting things to emerge during today’s half-day gathering at the offices of the PR firm Burson-Marsteller, which attracted about 40 attendees.", "\n\nThe other big surprise was that Scandinavian Airlines System Group, the dot-brand applicant that was due to give a presentation on its plans for .sas, was a no-show.", "\n\nI gather that somebody more senior at SAS found out about the conference and decided that revealing all was not such a great business strategy after all.", "\n\nMost dot-brand applicants are playing their hands close to their chest, even if they’re not heading into a contested gTLD scenario (which SAS may well be if the software firm SAS Institute also applies for .sas).", "\n\nI also found it notable that there’s still substantial confusion about the program among some potential dot-brand applicants, several of which did show up as general attendees.", "\n\nI talked to one poor soul who had read the latest revision of the 349-page Applicant Guidebook back-to-back after it was published January 11, trying to figure out what had changed.", "\n\nThese are the types of applicant – people unfamiliar not only with ICANN’s processes but also even with its web site – that are being asked to hack the Guidebook to make the rules compatible with a dot-brand business model, remember.", "\n\nOne potential applicant used a Q&A session during the conference to bemoan the fact that ICANN seems intent to continue to move the goal-posts, even as it solicits applications (and fees).", "\n\nPritz and Olof Nordling, manager of ICANN’s Brussels office, reiterated briefly during their presentation today that the current public comment period on “defensive” applications could lead to changes to the program’s trademark protection mechanisms.", "\n\nBut this comment period ends March 20, just nine days before the TAS registration deadline. ", "That’s simply not enough time for ICANN to do anything concrete to deter defensive applications.", "\n\nIf any big changes are coming down the pipe, ICANN is going to need to extend the application window. ", "Material changes made after the applications are already in are going to cause a world of hurt." ]

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[ "In 2008, Barack Obama, a freshman Democratic senator, became the first African-American man elected president of the United States. ", "A decade later, another first-term Democrat from the Senate is making a bid for the White House, this time to become the first African-American woman to lead the nation.", "\n\nSen. Kamala Harris of California announced Monday on ABC's \"Good Morning America\" that she is running to unseat President Donald Trump in the 2020 election.", "\n\n\"I feel a sense of responsibility to stand up for who we are,\" Harris said.", "\n\nHarris, 54, plans to launch her campaign at a rally Sunday in Oakland, California, where she was born and raised. ", "In 2017, Harris, whose mother emigrated to the USA from India, became the first South Asian-American, and the second African-American female, senator in history, according to her biography on her Senate page.", "\n\n\"The future of our country depends on you and millions of others lifting our voices to fight for our American values. ", "That’s why I’m running for president of the United States,\" Harris says in a campaign video released on social media.", "\n\nBefore joining the Senate, Harris had already made history as California's first female and first African-American attorney general in 2010. ", "Before that, she served two terms as the district attorney for San Francisco.", "\n\nAs a senator, Harris has been a sharp critic of Trump and his policies. ", "Many predicted for months that she would join the field of Democratic candidates hoping to deny the president a second term.", "\n\nAbout a year before the Iowa caucuses, Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, New York Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, former Housing Secretary Julian Castro, Hawaii Rep. Tulsi Gabbard and Maryland Rep. John Delaney are among the other Democrats who have announced their candidacy. ", "Many more are likely to add their names to the list in the coming weeks and months.", "\n\nHarris sits on four Senate committees, including Intelligence and Judiciary. ", "She made headlines in the latter role after her prosecutorial questioning of Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh.", "\n\nHer platform proposals include \"the largest middle-class tax cut in history,\" a Rent Relief Act to control housing costs, bail changes and Medicare for all.", "\n\nHer campaign said that she will not accept corporate PAC money and that she \"is committed to returning leadership with honesty and moral character to the White House.\"", "\n\nHarris' campaign manager will be Juan Rodriguez, who held the same role in her successful 2016 Senate bid. ", "Her sister Maya will act as campaign chairwoman. ", "The campaign will be based in Baltimore and have a second office in Oakland.", "\n\nIf elected, Harris would become the second president after Richard Nixon to be born in California.", "\n\nContributing: John Bacon, USA TODAY; Sam Metz, Palm Springs Desert Sun" ]

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[ "Full Disclaimers in Chapter I: Characters\nfrom the television show Xena: Warrior Princess are not owned by me, to my regret.", "\nThis is written purely for enjoyment with no thought to monetary gain. ", "There\nare women in love (eventually, as Gabrielle is a bit miffed) and if that is\nillegal for you or where you live, move on or simply move.", "\n\nMail is always answered and appreciated at Kamouraskan(at)yahoo(dot)com\n\nWhen In Rome\n\nBy Kamouraskan\n\nCHAPTER III\n\nThe Via Sacra was uncommon in every sense of the word. ", "Once, it had\nbeen simply a valley path for herdsmen to lead their cattle to the grassy swamps\nat the base of the Palatine Hill. ", "Now, a millennia later, the Palatine had become\nthe traditional home of the Emperors for centuries, and the Via Sacra was simply\nthe route to all of the earthly power of the entire known world.", "\n\nThe Flavian Amphitheatre had been built at its foot, and from there\nthe route passed between more and more grandiose temples, before finally reaching\nthe staggeringly beautiful precincts of the Roman Forum and Senate. ", "No traveller\ncould fail to be awe-struck by the sun blazing along the gleaming marble splendour.", "\n\nOr at least until now.", "\n\nGabrielle was not in the mood to be impressed with The Centre of the\nUniverse as she walked the short distance from the House of the Vestals to the\nSacred Way. ", "The Vestals wanted for nothing and Gabrielle had spent her nights\nadapting to being alive by devouring both the sumptuous foods and the contents\nof their Greek Library. ", "There, with growing anger, she had found the names of\nfriends whose lives had been changed and altered beyond any resemblance to her\nown memories. ", "So the lustrous pillars under the blistering sun that surrounded\nher only reminded her of a Greece that had been long destroyed. ", "All of the almost\nfamiliar architecture seemed tainted by Roman arrogance.", "\n\nAs she entered the avenue, the throng parted to let her through, many\nbowing formally. ", "This was not the rabble of the marketplace. ", "For the Via Sacra,\nonly the most formal of togas or uniforms would suffice. ", "But Gabrielle was not\nimpressed by the nobles’ deference either. ", "Perhaps the girl she once had been\nmight have blushed in the face of the veneration, but that girl was no more,\nregardless of present appearances.", "\n\nThere was a saying amongst the Amazons: There are bold Amazons, and\nold Amazons. ", "But no Bold, Old Amazons. ", "Gabrielle had been the exception. ", "Despite\nher courage and even seeming foolhardiness, she had survived several generations\nof Queens to become even more formidably revered. ", "As a leader in battle, as\nthe occasional Regent, there were too many legends that separated her from those\nshe had led. ", "Her fruitless journeys to Japa and other adventures alone in search\nof her soulmate had only added to her legend.", "\n\nShe had finally accomplished that most singular of distinctions for a warrior,\nthat of dying in her own bed at a great age. ", "A bitter accomplishment, as her\nprayers had been unanswered, and she had been, with one exception, alone. ", "The\nfinal act of isolation had been that she had arrived at the Amazon Land of the\nDead, still in the form of an old woman, still separated from the generations\nthat had gone before her. ", "Friends from her earlier days and still youthful,\nwho had watched her growth in awe, treated her with the same reverence she had\nso disliked. ", "So as she strolled along the great and sacred road with a physical\nease she had not enjoyed since middle age, she accepted the homage that her\nrobes inspired, by habit. ", "Entirely wrapped in the white Vestals’ cotton, including\na headdress veil, she stopped at a crest that looked through onto the smelly,\nnoisy bustle that was Rome. ", "Watched as the smoke drifted from the fast food\nstalls over the cries of astrologers, talisman sellers, wine merchants and a\nthousand others hawking their wares.", "\n\nFrom the House of the Vestals to the Temple of Venus and Rome, was\nonly a short walk, basically across the street and down a ways. ", "Nevertheless,\nher instructions had been very clear and repeated. “", "You are only safe under\nthe protection of the Goddesses within the Temples. ", "Do not stop to talk, to\ninteract with anyone. ", "No one must have a hint that you are not who and what\nyou appear to be, for you are in the city of your enemy.” ", "And though the\nMaxima’s air of maternal affection seemed possibly inappropriate when considering\nGabrielle’s true age, she had agreed without a murmur.", "\n\n“No problem interacting,” Gabrielle thought, as another passerby\nbacked away, bowing reverently. “", "Looks like they might have a heart attack\nif I said thanks.”", "\n\nThe Temple of Venus and Rome quickly loomed above her, its granite\ncolumns providing some small respite from the blazing sun. ", "She reached a diminutive\nstaircase at the base to begin ascending towards the grand entrance where two\narmed guards waited. ", "Again, her Vestal clothing was acknowledged by deep bows\nand they allowed her entry. ", "Once inside, she had barely any time to glance around\nthe enormous halls before an acolyte approached her.", "\n\n“Numai?” ", "she was asked.", "\n\n“Sure,” Gabrielle agreed, indifferently.", "\n\n“Please, come this way. ", "The Head Priestess awaits.”", "\n\nUnwrapping her headdress, she followed the girl through even more colossal\narches to a niche enclosing a stern woman reclining in the Roman fashion on\na divan, beneath a golden statue that Gabrielle assumed was supposed to represent\nAphrodite.", "\n\nThe acolyte left them alone at a gesture from the priestess. ", "As soon\nas the door was closed, the severe expression melted and the woman bounded out\nof the chair and grasped the shoulders of the now startled visitor.", "\n\n“I can’t believe you are truly here! ", "You can’t imagine how exciting\nthis is for me!”", "\n\nCrushed by the hug, Gabrielle returned it while wheezing, “No, but\nI’m getting an idea…”\n\n“A living remnant of the true Greek civilisation, AND an original\nacolyte of our Goddess!” ", "the Priestess continued to burble.", "\n\n“Speaking of whom, she wouldn’t happen to be around, would she?” ", "Caught in\nthe fierce embrace, Gabrielle looked around hopefully, almost desperately.", "\n\n“Well, yes and no. ", "See that’s one of the things I’m supposed to explain.", "\nBut first, some wine and perhaps you can tell me a tale? ", "I already feel like\nI know you. ", "If only your scrolls could have survived!”", "\n\nGabrielle froze. ", "She pushed the Priestess back and held her away firmly with\nboth arms. “", "Excuse me? ", "Now it’s my scrolls? ", "What happened to my scrolls?” ", "Their\npositions reversed, the Priestess struggled ineffectually in the grip for a\nmoment and then grimaced. “", "See. ", "That’s another of those things….”", "\n\nGabrielle rolled her eyes before releasing the woman and pointing to\nthe statue. “", "Where is Aphrodite, Venus, whatever you call her now?” ", "she demanded.", "\n\n“Well, she is here, in a way, in the person of myself as the…”\n\nGabrielle cut her off. “", "Look. ", "I need to talk to the real deal.” ", "Ignoring the\npriestess, Gabrielle began to stride around the niche shouting towards the ceiling,\n“Aphrodite? ", "Aphrodite???!!” ", "The Priestess blocked her ears as the calls reverberated\nalong the marble corridor and let Gabrielle stomp about for a moment longer\nbefore interrupting. “", "I’m not sure what you’re used to, but Gods don’t just\nappear in front of mortals.”", "\n\nGabrielle stared at the smiling priestess until the smile disappeared.", "\n“Where I come from, they did. ", "More than I liked, in fact.”", "\n\nThe woman gestured to a bench. “", "I’m sorry. ", "Perhaps we could start\nagain? ", "Please, sit down?”", "\n\nGrudgingly, Gabrielle did so.", "\n\n“You have been brought here as a result of decades of planning by the\nGoddess Venus to restore what is right, to reunite two souls, and to change\nthe path of the future.” ", "The priestess smiled, sure that such a noble and extraordinary\ngoal would satisfy this girl.", "\n\n“I’ve already won that particular lottery too many times before. ", "Just\ntell me why I’m here and no hype, please.”", "\n\nThe priestess blinked. ", "But this was the One, chosen by her Goddess,\nso she attempted to swallow her concerns. “", "Certainly. ", "Tomorrow, that small Statue\nof Mars you passed on the way in, is going to be placed right here, here in\nthe centre of worship of our Goddess! ", "Until an even bigger one can be made!", "\nTomorrow,” and here she choked back her fury, “Mars will be declared the official\nPatron of Rome, its armies and all its peoples. ", "Every Temple in the world will\nhave a shrine in his name placed in front. ", "Thousands of new Temples to him will\nbe dedicated and those of other deities will be torn down. ", "Each temple, each\nshrine will draw new worshippers, each prayer adding to his strength. ", "With millions\nmore worshippers to draw that strength from, he will be truly omnipotent. ", "Unless\nyou help.”", "\n\n“Why should I care about a popularity contest between Gods?”", "\n\n”Well…” The Priestess hesitated before continuing carefully.", "\n“I have been told that this has come to pass through your actions. ", "It is partly\nyour fault, isn’t it? ", "Mars has manipulated time and people to create this situation.", "\nHe now controls the Loom of the Fates. ", "Which he was only able to do because…”\n\nGabrielle laughed and stood. “", "I’m sorry. ", "You’ve really got the wrong\nwoman if you want to try laying that guilt trip on me. ", "I didn’t give a damn\nwhat happened when I destroyed the Loom. ", "And the only reason I agreed to come\nhere, was because I thought a friend of mine might show up. ", "But I can see I\nwas wrong.” ", "She turned to leave, but the Priestess continued to speak.", "\n\n“Also because, Mars has been manipulating the soul of the one you knew\nas Xena.”", "\n\nGabrielle paused but did not look back. “", "So?” ", "she said casually.", "\n\n“SO???”", "\n\nAt the sound of a familiar voice, Gabrielle finally turned around.", "\nThe Priestess had not moved, but her eyes were glazed and her face slack jawed.", "\n\nGabrielle smiled. “", "You were here all along.”", "\n\nThe Priestess returned the smile, but it was as though it was superimposed\non her features. “", "Not really, hon. ", "Like the lady said, we don’t ‘pop in’ anymore.", "\nIt’s more like we move mysteriously.”", "\n\n“Not with me, I see.”", "\n\n“No, Sweet Pea, you… are special.” ", "The Goddess-possessed priestess\nstood and brushed down her gown. “", "I don’t have much time, but I hope that ‘so’,\nwas just a trick to get me to show myself?”", "\n\nGabrielle was giving nothing away yet. “", "I shouldn’t have to trick you.", "\nSo first, you tell me how you, of all people, would dare blame me for destroying\nthe Loom.”", "\n\n“Gabster! ", "You know I’m the last person who would ever blame you for destroying\nthe Loom of the Fates. ", "I loved that you threw the torch to burn it down. ", "I\nthought it was the coolest act of pure love that I’ve ever seen. ", "And that’s\nsaying something. ", "Anyway, you didn’t really destroy it, anymore than you and\nXena killed all those Gods. ", "You just got rid of that manifestation, that physical\nexistence. ", "As long as there are believers, the Gods will exist. ", "But there have\nbeen a lot of changes, because, well, there was someone around to take advantage\nof the situation.”", "\n\n“A-,” Gabrielle began.", "\n\nAphrodite flinched and shushed her. “", "You don't have to say his name, do you,\nbecause He’ll hear you. ", "Even safe in here, it’s like an invite to appear, don’t\nyou remember?” ", "She took a deep breath. “", "Anyway, you got it. ", "And you have to\nreckon that if a mortal could figure out how to manipulate the past and future,\nwhat a God could do? ", "And He did it. ", "He played with time and rewrote history.", "\nAnd when it didn’t go His way the first, second and third time, He just tried\nagain. ", "He fiddled and screwed around, making changes that He didn’t mean to,\nto get the ones He did, until He brought us all to this here and now. ", "While\nHe was at it, He changed the myths of the Gods, changed the way we’re connected\nwith our worshippers and shrines. ", "So now He gets credit for founding Rome. ", "He\ngave it more time to grow until it’s the massive war machine you see. ", "And all\nof this, all of his change and plans, all come to a peak tomorrow.”", "\n\nGabrielle tilted her head as she considered what she was hearing. “", "The\npower you have is based on the worshippers? ", "So if he has the whole empire, he’d\nbe more powerful than Zeus?”", "\n\nIgnoring the comment, Gabrielle asked, “But why can’t we say His name\nif the Gods don’t even appear to mortals now?”", "\n\nSurprised at the avoidance, the Goddess sputtered, “Well, HE can, He’s\ngot power to spare. ", "But to be here like this, even He has to break the connections\nwith any other shrines and followers, and it hurts, lemme tell you! ", "Now I answered\nyour question, you answer mine. ", "What’s with the ‘so’?”", "\n\nGabrielle stared at her for a long moment before answering. “", "Aphrodite,\nwhy even bring this up? ", "You know the story. ", "She left me. ", "She chose to\nleave me. ", "After everything. ", "After I destroyed the Loom, we were… I thought…”\n\nThe Goddess nodded. “", "I know, and you know in your heart, there’s a\nreason.”", "\n\n“My heart? ", "Don’t talk to me about my heart. ", "Not even you have that\nright.” ", "Gabrielle swallowed, then sighed. “", "I think I’d found some sort of peace\nsince my death. ", "I’ve lost even that now. ", "At this moment, I think I’d accept\ndarkness and even… my soul’s true death… with relief. ", "I’d take it with no regrets.", "\nThat’s why the ‘so’. ", "You can’t just drag me out of my grave after centuries\nand expect enthusiasm for one last quest. ", "Can you understand that?”", "\n\nThe goddess nodded with sadness. “", "I’m immortal, sweets. ", "Sure, I can\nunderstand. ", "But, we’re both more than that. ", "We have responsibilities…”\n\nGabrielle exploded. “", "Damn responsibilities! ", "Damn the whole of what’s\nright and best and the greater good! ", "I’ve given everything I was for that and\nit left me with nothing that mattered.”", "\n\n“You don’t really mean that.”", "\n\nThe words were muffled as the vestal hunched forward. “", "You don’t know\nme.”", "\n\nThe Priestess’ hand reached to draw Gabrielle’s chin upwards. “", "Yeah,\nyeah, I do. ", "And if you are ever to fix it, be together as you should have been,\nyou have to put aside what you’re feeling for a bit and figure out what’s been\ngoing on inside her heart.”", "\n\nGabrielle inhaled slowly and made an effort to calm herself. “", "So that’s\nwhat this is about? ", "We’re finally going… she and I, we’re…. ", "to meet again? ", "After\nall this time?”", "\n\nAphrodite nodded.", "\n\nGabrielle laughed bitterly. “", "You expected me ask how she is, where she’s been,\ndidn’t you? ", "Because I’ve waited for so long, right?” ", "Gabrielle rose and wandered\nto a corner of the room where the light was the least and sat down heavily on\na marble bench. ", "She spoke quietly. “", "That was a long, long time ago. ", "I think\nI gave her up, to survive, you know? ", "I must have had to stop wanting, wishing.", "\nAfter being, and dying, alone. ", "How can you ask me to…?” ", "She faltered. “", "It hurt…\ntoo much.”", "\n\nThere were now tears in both pairs of eyes. “", "I know, honey. ", "Remember,\nI was there.”", "\n\n“I was still alone in the one way it counted.”", "\n\n“I’m sorry.” ", "For once the Goddess seemed sombre. “", "I think I hated her.", "\nMe, the Goddess of Love, I hated, because… because of what she had done to you.", "\nBut, things are different. ", "I was wrong, I shouldn’t have…”\n\nGabrielle looked up. “", "Shouldn’t have… what?”", "\n\nAphrodite continued as if Gabrielle\nhadn’t spoken. “…", "because she’s suffered. ", "He’s been pushing her past the breaking\npoint, but that just might work in our favour. ", "Because if she’s been changed,\nthen maybe it’s finally time for the two of you to be together.”", "\n\nGabrielle took a breath. ", "Aphrodite waited for some softening but instead\nGabrielle asked brusquely, “Fine. ", "So we get together, but…? ", "There’s gotta be\nan ordeal, a test, right?”", "\n\nAphrodite replied, “You got it, kiddo.”", "\n\n“And with tests, there’s rules?”", "\n\n“See, this is why we only appear to the special ones. ", "Cuts out all\nthe jumble. ", "Yup. ", "And rule one is, you can’t tell Xena. ", "When the final test comes,\neach of you has to pass it fair and square.”", "\n\nThere was a dry chuckle from the Vestal. “", "Oh good. ", "So we get back together\nby lying to each other.\"", "\n\n“Nope, you can work on her all you want, in fact, I’d advise it. ", "Get\ninside that thick warrior’s skull or you don’t even have the teeny tiny chance\nI’m giving you.”", "\n\n“But I bet we won’t be just waiting around for this test. ", "There’s something\nelse you need me to do.”", "\n\nSwitching to an all-business demeanour, Aphrodite nodded. “", "Like you\nguessed, Xena has to have been brought back here somewhere, I know it. ", "He’s\ngot to have brought her back for one last try to get her to change her mind\nfreely. ", "But after tomorrow, he’ll be so powerful, he’ll be able to mould her\nand any mortal to be whatever he wants.”", "\n\n“None of this explains why it all comes down to tomorrow. ", "Why didn’t\nyou just grab the Loom, or stop him yourself, before today?” ", "Gabrielle asked.", "\n\nAphrodite looked slightly self-conscious. “", "By the time I realised what\nhe was doing, found out where the Loom was, he was too powerful to face head\non. ", "And he’s built a great big honking shrine to himself right outside where\nhe keeps it, and his connection with it would warn him if I or anyone went anywhere\nnear it.”", "\n\n“So you need to strike when he’s not connected with it,” Gabrielle\nsaid with a chill in her tone.", "\n\n“You are so fast, honey, I knew you’d get it,” Aphrodite said attempting\nto placate the storm she saw brewing.", "\n\nGabrielle turned away so that her anger was not visible. “", "So I’m only\nhere as a diversion. ", "To stir things up. ", "To make sure Ares has to be completely,\npersonally, physically involved elsewhere, while you go for it.”", "\n\nAphrodite reached out to hold her hands. “", "No honey, no! ", "I’m not gonna\npretend there was someone else for the job, but I would never just play with\nyou. ", "I’m the Goddess of Love, remember? ", "You two have to be brought together.", "\nYou, your love, is the hope for the future. ", "That’s always been as important\nto me as anything else. ", "That’s one thing that hasn’t changed.”", "\n\nThe voice was quiet, but there was no doubt or hesitancy in it. “", "Yes,\nit has.”", "\n\n“No, Sweetiepie. ", "Don’t say that.”", "\n\nGabrielle seemed to be pondering this, but again surprised the Goddess when\nshe asked, “How do I know that you wouldn’t be as bad a guardian of the Loom\nas A… Whatshisname?”", "\n\nThe Goddess laughed with real enjoyment. “", "Guardian? ", "Me? ", "Of the Future\nand Past of All? ", "All that responsibility? ", "As much as I hate what He’s done,\nwe’ve all agreed to simply leave things as they are and hide it where no one,\nmortal or God, can ever touch it.”", "\n\n“We?”", "\n\n“You have to figure I had help…”\n\nGabrielle began counting on her fingers. “", "Artemis to get my soul from\nthe Land of the Dead, Hestia to place it in one of her dying Vestals…”\n\n“What can I say. ", "The Grrls Rock. ", "It’s taken a lot of time. ", "I only had\nthe strength once this Temple was built. ", "By Emperor Hadrian personally, fifty\nyears ago.” ", "The Goddess paused and waved her hands grandly. “", "What do you think\nof it?”", "\n\n“It’s… big,” Gabrielle said politely.", "\n\n“I know, it’s not the Vestals. ", "You have those pools and three floors\nso everyone gets a view over the garden, and all for keeping a silly fire going…”\n\nGabrielle coughed.", "\n\nAphrodite caught herself. “", "ANY-way, I got a prezzy for you around here\nsomewhere. ", "Something you left with me, way back when? ", "You ask my girl for it\nafter I take off, okay?”", "\n\nGabrielle didn’t appear to be listening.", "\n\n“Gabs?”", "\n\n“Sorry. ", "For a minute there, it was just like old times. ", "But it isn’t,\nis it?” ", "She pulled herself up from the bench. “", "How long have I got? ", "How long\nbefore you call in the loan of this body?”", "\n\nAphrodite tried to raise the level of enthusiasm in the room and ignored\nthe second and third questions. “", "Old times? ", "I wish. ", "You wouldn’t believe some\nof the stuff He’s changed! ", "Did you know that I’m no longer his sister according\nto the myths now?” ", "The Goddess clenched her fists. “", "I’m his...”\n\n“…his aunt. ", "I know.” ", "The Goddess was pleased to see Gabrielle nearly\nlaugh.", "\n\n“His AUNT!” ", "she affirmed heatedly. “", "And I don’t want to even THINK\nabout how I was supposed to be conceived…”\n\n“And from what I read last night, you two had a few kids. ", "Congratulations.”", "\n\n“Him and ME??? ", "That…” The Goddess sputtered. “", "He has got to be stopped.”", "\n\n“If I agree, where do I start?”", "\n\n“You find Xena.”", "\n\n“I suppose I could go out and take a look…”\n\nAphrodite shook her head. “", "That’s… a bit of a problem. ", "If you’re wandering\naround, He could sense you. ", "And then, you could be used as the key to finally\nbreak Xena… because the memory of you is the only thing that’s kept her fighting\nHim this long.”", "\n\nThis only seemed to anger the girl more. “", "Aphrodite, I’m not a kid\nanymore. ", "I’m hundreds of years old and I feel every one of them right now. ", "I\ncan look after myself. ", "And I am not staying trapped in a bunch of temples….”Gabrielle’s\nvoice trailed off as she realised the Goddess seemed struck by some sort of\npain. “", "What is it?”", "\n\nThe Goddess shook her head slowly. “", "We never know until it’s done,\nand sometimes not even then. ", "It could be something big or little. ", "All I know\nis that it’s like being in a whirlpool for an immortal…”\n\nHer voice was cut off and there was a moan of misery. ", "The room seemed\nto shimmer slightly and the body of the Priestess was thrown backwards, striking\na column, when the wave hit her. ", "The woman fell limply to the ground. ", "When some\nunknown time had passed, she finally raised her head, and looked about the room.", "\nShe was alone. “", "Goddess?” ", "she cried out, but her voice echoed off the marble\nwithout a reply. “", "Gabrielle?” ", "But the response was the same. ", "The priestess was\nentirely alone." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCann't Get SourceUrl's attachment from outlook REST API\n\nAccording to Outlook Mail REST API reference I should be able to get \nSourceUrl property by calling:\n\n`GET https://outlook.office.com/api/beta/me/messages/{messageId}/attachments/{attachmentId}`\n\nor\n\n`GET https://outlook.office.com/api/beta/me/messages/{messageId}/?$expand=attachments`\n\nin both of version 2.0 and beta but SourceUrl is always missing,\n\ndo I need any additional information to get it? ", "knowing that I'm not getting any error!", "\n\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nThe SourceUrl is only available for referenceAttachments. ", "Meaning, when a file is shared from a cloud location like OneDrive (for Business). ", "\nWhen using normal attachments e.g. from the local drive, the contentBytes is available.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nMalaria remains one of the most common causes of febrile illness among people living in tropical and sub-tropical regions. ", "Globally, an estimated 214 million cases were reported which resulted in about 438,000 malaria mortalities \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "For sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the malaria burden has continuously been overwhelming, with the incidence of new malaria cases in SSA accounting for 89% of new malaria cases and 91% of malaria deaths in 2015 \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "While deaths due to malaria have dropped from near 2 million to fewer than 500,000 each year with access to timely diagnosis and effective artemisinin combination therapy, malaria cases have had a less dramatic drop \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "The goal of a timely malaria diagnosis in Africa is to quickly distinguish life-threatening falciparum malaria from other causes of illness.", "\n\nMicroscopy remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis because it is inexpensive, has high sensitivity and allows *Plasmodium* species identification and quantification of parasite density \\[[@CR3], [@CR4]\\], however, in rural settings it is often unavailable due to the lack of facilities, expertise and constant power supply. ", "The advent of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria diagnosis is therefore an important development to enhance early diagnosis. ", "The implementation of RDTs has contributed to the timely diagnosis and management of malaria in some endemic countries. ", "There was more than a two-third reduction in anti-malarial drug dispensing for children under-five years upon use of RDTs in some African countries \\[[@CR5], [@CR6]\\].", "\n\nAlthough RDTs have simplified the diagnosis of malaria, WHO and other agencies advocate that countries test the sensitivity and specificity of malaria RDTs before giving approval \\[[@CR7]--[@CR9]\\]. ", "In addition, quality control systems that assure the quality of each batch of RDTs should be implemented through systematic surveillance and monitoring. ", "Where RDTs are available, there is considerable evidence that clinicians treat febrile presentations with anti-malarial drugs, even when the result of the RDT is negative for the presence of the parasite antigen. ", "It is reported that about half of all negative RDT patients were prescribed anti-malarial drugs \\[[@CR10]--[@CR14]\\]. ", "RDTs for malaria are based on the detection of one of three antigens, histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aldolase, which distinguish the differences in the sensitivity and specificity seen in RDT test kits \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "The majority of commercially available malaria RDTs target PfHRP2 \\[[@CR8], [@CR15]\\]. ", "Performance testing of RDTs revealed PfHRP2 to be a more sensitive antigen for detecting *Plasmodium falciparum* infections than other antigens, such as *Plasmodium* lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) \\[[@CR16]\\]. *", "Plasmodium falciparum* also produces histidine-rich protein 3 (PfHRP3), an antigen highly similar to PfHRP2 and detected by HRP2-based RDTs \\[[@CR15]\\]; however, PfHRP3 is not detected by all RDTs.", "\n\nSince their adoption in Ghana, RDTs have contributed to reduction in presumptive treatment \\[[@CR17]\\] but they are not readily available in sufficient quantity even for secondary and referral facilities.", "\n\nRecent studies in Peru reported field isolates that lack one or both antigens (PfHRP2 and PfHRP3) and that poses a significant problem for diagnosis. ", "Similar findings have also been reported in African countries, including Ghana \\[[@CR18], [@CR19]\\]. ", "This may necessitate the use of HRP2 in combination with other antigens that are more conserved within the parasite (e.g., pLDH or aldolase) \\[[@CR20]\\], to improve diagnostic accuracy.", "\n\nThe aim of the study was to evaluate the implications of a negative malaria test outcome in relation to clinical diagnosis, and to demonstrate the implications of caregiver adherence or otherwise to a negative RDT test in a rural setting in an endemic area. ", "To this end, the diagnostic utility of the HRP2 (First Response), pLDH/HRP2 (Combo), microscopy, and PCR were compared in the following three groups of acutely ill febrile children at presentation (day 0) and follow-up: (i) RDT-positive children who received anti-malarials; (ii) RDT-negative children who received anti-malarials; and, (iii) RDT-negative children who did not receive anti-malarials.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nStudy sites {#Sec3}\n-----------\n\nThis study was conducted in two health facilities (Konongo-Odumase Government Hospital and Juansa Health Centre) in Asante Akim North District of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. ", "The region is one of ten in the country and is located in the Forest Zone where there are two distinct seasons: a wet season (April to October) when malaria transmission is highest and a dry season (December to March). ", "The district occupies an area of 1462 sq km. ", "The main economic activities of the district are subsistence farming, animal husbandry and petty trading.", "\n\n### Konongo-Odumase Government Hospital {#Sec4}\n\nThe hospital provides both general, specialized and referral services to residents in Konongo-Odumase township, surrounding communities and other residents of Ashanti Region. ", "This hospital serves a population of approximately 100,000 with a 50-bed capacity and staff strength of over 250 healthcare providers.", "\n\n### Juansa Health Centre {#Sec5}\n\nThe Juansa Health Centre (JHC), located between Konongo-Odumase and Agogo has a 12-bed capacity, is headed by a physician assistant and provides services to over 15,000 people.", "\n\nStudy population {#Sec6}\n----------------\n\nThe study included all children under 5 years who reported to the health facilities with a history of fever within the previous 72 h or a documented axillary temperature of 37.5 °C.", "\n\nStudy design {#Sec7}\n------------\n\nThe study, conducted between the months of January and May 2012, employed longitudinal methods that included interventional and quantitative approaches. ", "The sampling strategy and procedures are detailed in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "A total of 260 participants were enrolled from the two facilities. ", "Informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians of the children after detailed explanation of the purpose and procedures of the study. ", "Parents/guardians were assisted to complete an interviewer-based, semi-structured questionnaire at the appropriate literacy level.", "Fig.", " 1Selection of target patient and associated laboratory instructions: a flow chart\n\nSampling procedure {#Sec8}\n------------------\n\nAfter obtaining informed consent, the participants were examined by the physician-in-charge, and a study questionnaire was administered to the parent/guardian. ", "This was followed by RDT screening. ", "Based on the results of the RDT and decision of the admitting physician, the children were grouped into one of the following three categories.", "Children \\< 5 years who presented with fever and tested positive for malaria using RDT and received anti-malarial treatment (Group 1).Children \\< 5 years who presented with fever and tested negative for malaria using RDT and were given anti-malarial treatment by the admitting physician (Group 2).Children \\< 5 years who presented with fever and tested negative for malaria using RDT and did not receive anti-malarial treatment (Group 3).", "\n\nData, sampling and laboratory analysis {#Sec9}\n--------------------------------------\n\nTemperature, weight and other demographic characteristics of the children were obtained. ", "Finger and venous blood specimens were collected. ", "All sample collection procedures were done under aseptic conditions. ", "In all, 0.5 µL of venous blood and two dried blood spots (DBS) were deposited onto Whatman 903 protein saver cards with about 50 µL of blood for each circle. ", "The DBS were stored at 20 °C.", "\n\nWorking principle of First Response^®^ and Combo RDT {#Sec10}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nThe performance of the First Response^®^ Malaria Ag HRP2-HRP2 alone (Premier Medical Corp. Ltd., India) and SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf/Pan- HRPII and panLDH (Standard Diagnostic Inc. Suwon City, South Korea, Catalogue No: 05FK60) were evaluated following manufacturers' instructions. ", "Briefly, 20 µL of blood from finger stick was used for the RDTs and colour changes observed after 15 min. ", "For each RDT, cassettes were first labelled with the sample number, then 10 µL of whole blood was added to the sample well and the assay buffer completely emptied into the buffer well. ", "The RDT reaction was considered as positive when two colour bands were seen at the control (C) and test (T) labels. ", "The reaction was considered negative when only one band was seen at the control (C) label. ", "The reaction was considered invalid when no bands were seen at both control and test labels and or when a band was seen at the test label but not at the control label. ", "All invalid reactions were repeated to determine results as either positive or negative.", "\n\nMicroscopy {#Sec11}\n----------\n\nThick and thin blood films were prepared on slides and stained with 10% Giemsa and examined using oil immersion magnification with a light microscope. ", "Two independent microscopists examined slides for asexual parasite stages. ", "Parasite density was quantified in thick films by counting asexual *P. falciparum* parasites against 200 leukocytes and multiplied by 40, assuming a standard leukocyte count of 8000 leukocytes/µL.\n\nPCR {#Sec12}\n---\n\nAbout 100 µL of blood previously blotted on two circles of Whatman 903 Protein Saver cards filter paper were dried and stored at room temperature (20 °C). ", "Five 3-mm diameter punches were processed with a commercial 96-well kit (Promega, Fitchburg, WI, USA) to extract the DNA from approximately 25 µL of the dried blood into an eluted volume of 200 µL of water. ", "Multiplex PCR from 10 µL (1/20 of 25--1.25 µL of blood equivalents) of the extracted DNA volume was performed in real time (qPCR) on a CFX 384 Detection System Thermocycler (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). ", "The thermocycler machine detects 4 probes, therefore *P. falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae* were chosen along with the human actin gene control. ", "The primers and probes were as follows.", "\n\n*Plasmodium falciparum* 18S rRNA- Forward: 5′-CCACATCTAAGGAAGGCAGCAG Reverse: 5′-CCTCCAATTGTTACTCTGGGAAGG Probe-5′CCCACCATTCCAATTACAA-Cy5.", "\n\n*Plasmodium vivax* AMA1 Forward 5′-ACGCCAAGTTCGGATTATGG Reverse: 5′-CCGTCATTTCTTCTTCATACTGAG Probe-5′TTGATCTGAGGCACTCGCTCCG-TET.", "\n\n*Plasmodium malariae* plasmepsin Forward: 5′-CCAACAATACATACACATTAGAACC Reverse: 5′-GTAGGATATAAAGCATACACAAAGTG Probe-5′ATCTAGTAATGGCTCC-TX Red Human beta actin For 5′-GTGCTCAGGGCTTCTTGTCC Rev 5′-CCATGTCGTCCCAGTTGGT Probe-5′ACCCATGCCCACCATCACGCCC-FAM.", "\n\nThe human actin gene was used as an extraction control and PCR was performed in duplicate from the single extraction of each sample.", "\n\nA cycle count of 34 was used for the cut off to separate positive and negative PCR samples. ", "The efficiencies for the amplifications were 150% for *P. falciparum*, 101% for *P. malariae* and 70% for *P. vivax*.", "\n\nCase definition {#Sec13}\n---------------\n\nTrue positives (TP) for RDT were defined as PCR positive and/or microscopy positive. ", "False positives (FP) were cases in which PCR and microscopy negatives were positive for RDT. ", "True negatives (TN) were negative by all three methods. ", "False negatives (FN) were those cases that were negative by RDT but positive for PCR and/or microscopy.", "\n\nCounselling and follow-up of patients with initial negative and positive results {#Sec14}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFollow-ups were done by registered nurses and was coordinated by research assistants, the biomedical scientist at Konongo, and the Municipal Director of Health Services. ", "Children who tested positive by RDT and received anti-malarials (Group 1) were followed up as outpatients on day 4 and day 28 in their homes. ", "Children who tested negative and received anti-malarials (Group 2) were also followed up as outpatients on day 4 and day 28 at their respective homes. ", "Children who tested negative and did not receive anti-malarials (Group 3) were placed under observation overnight. ", "The plan for observing and following up of participants is detailed in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec15}\n--------------------\n\nData were entered into spreadsheets using Microsoft Excel and analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). ", "Simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the demographic data. ", "The malaria parasite density was log transformed before analysis. ", "Significant levels were measured at 95% confidence intervals and values were considered significant at P \\< 0.05. ", "Sensitivity and specificities of the tests were calculated from the TP, TN, FP, and FN test results using the formulae below.", "\n\nSensitivity = TP/(TP + FN), Specificity = TN/(TN + FP), Positive predictive value = TP/(TP + FP), Negative predictive value = TN/(TN + FN). ", "The values obtained were expressed as percentages by multiplying by 100.", "\n\nResults {#Sec16}\n=======\n\nCharacteristics of study participants {#Sec17}\n-------------------------------------\n\nA total of 260 children \\< 5 years reporting with fever were recruited from the Konongo-Odumase Government Hospital and Juansa Health Centre, both in the Asante-Akim North District. ", "The mean age was 22 months and females accounted for nearly 50% (49.8%) of the study participants. ", "At the time of diagnosis, the mean body temperature was 37.9 °C (range 35--40.1 °C).", "\n\nComparison of microscopy, qPCR, HRP2, Combo RDTs {#Sec18}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nTables [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} show the results of all four diagnostic methods deployed in the study: HRP2-RDT 32% (83/260), Combo-RDT 31% (81/260), microscopy 31% (81/260), and qPCR 38% (98/259). ", "Microscopic parasite density ranged between 300 and 99,500 parasites/µL (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Thin blood film showed *P. falciparum* in all blood specimens except three individuals who were positive for *P. malariae* (two of which were mixed with *P. falciparum*). ", "None was positive for *P. vivax* by qPCR; *P. falciparum* schizonts were observed in one sample. ", "No gametocytes were detected at the microscopic level.", "Table 1Comparison of rapid diagnostic test (RDTs) HRP2 (First Response^®^) and pLDH/HRP2 (Combo^®^) with microscopyTests resultsGS: Microscopy^a^ (n = 260)PrevalenceSensitivity (95% CI)Specificity (95% CI)PPV (95% CI)NPV (95% CI)PositiveNegativeHRP2 Positive77631.3 (25.7--37.3)95.1 (87.8--98.6)96.6 (92.8--98.8)92.8 (85.4--96.6)97.7 (94.3--99.1) Negative4173Combo Positive78331.2 (25.9--37.2)96.3 (89.6--99.2)98.3 (95.2--99.7)96.3 (89.4--98.8)98.3 (95.1--99.4) Negative3176*GS* gold standard, *PPV* positive predictive value, *NPV* negative predictive value, *HRP2* histidine-rich protein 2, *pLDH* lactate dehydrogenase^a^Mean parasite density 29,721.6/µL (300--99,500/µL), Trophozoites 50, Schizont 1 Table 2Comparison of rapid diagnostic test (RDTs) HRP2 (First Response^®^) and pLDH/HRP2 (Combo^®^) and microscopy with PCRTests resultsGS: PCR (n = 246)PrevalenceSensitivity (95% CI)Specificity (95% CI)PPV (95% CI)NPV (95% CI)PositiveNegativeHRP2 Positive721039.8 (33.7--46.3)73.5 (63.6--81.9)93.2 (87.9--96.7)87.8 (79.6--93.0)84.2 (79.2--88.1) Negative26138Combo Positive71939.8 (33.7--46.3)72.5 (62.5--81.0)93.9 (88.8--97.2)88.6 (80.5--93.8)83.7 (78.8--87.7) Negative27139Microscopy Positive70939.8 (33.7--46.3)71.4 (61.4--80.1)93.9 (88.8--97.2)88.6 (80.3--93.7)83.2 (78.4--87.2) Negative28139*GS* gold standard, *PCR* polymerase chain reaction, *PPV* positive predictive value, *NPV* negative predictive value. *", "HRP2* histidine-rich protein 2, *pLDH* lactate dehydrogenase, *CI* confidence interval\n\nThere were ten negative samples for qPCR, which were positive for RDTs and microscopy. ", "With microscopy as gold standard, the sensitivity of HRP2 and Combo-RDTs was 95.1 and 96.3%, respectively. ", "The sensitivities, specificities and predictive values for RDTs were relatively higher in microscopy-defined malaria cases than in qPCR positive-defined cases.", "\n\nMicroscopy and Combo results of HRP2-negative febrile children during 28-day follow-up {#Sec19}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### HRP2-negative children not treated with anti-malarials {#Sec20}\n\nAll febrile children who were initially HRP2-negative (n = 95) and did not receive anti-malarials were followed up. ", "Day-0 results of initially HRP2-negative children found later to be positive were microscopy (n = 2), Combo (n = 1) and PCR (n = 17) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "On days 1 and 2, five of the children in this group tested positive by PCR alone. ", "On day 4, children who were originally HRP2-negative tested positive for microscopy (n = 1) and Combo (n = 1) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "On day 28, four patients who were originally HRP2-negative tested positive for microscopy (n = 2), Combo (n = 2) and PCR (n = 4) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "A child in Group 3 was positive for all three malaria tests on day 4, whereas three were positive only for PCR. ", "On day-28 follow-up, two children were positive for all three tests, whereas four children were positive for PCR (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "It is noteworthy that all children in this group who initially tested negative by HRP2 and later tested positive with microscopy at follow-up, were treated with an appropriate anti-malarial and dropped out of the group. ", "More so, children in this group who tested positive on days 4 and 28 were referred for further management.", "Table 3Follow-up results for all tests (microscopy, PCR and Combo) after initial testing with HRP2Follow-upTestGroup 1Group 2Group 3Day 0Microscopy6712HRP27200Combo7001PCR72917Day 1Microscopy----0HRP2----0Combo----0PCR----5Day 2Microscopy----0HRP2----0Combo----0PCR----5Day 4Microscopy511HRP2511Combo511PCR1003Day 28Microscopy232HRP2002Combo002PCR824\n\n### HRP2-negative children treated with anti-malarials {#Sec21}\n\nIn this group (n = 68) (children \\< 5 years who presented with fever and tested negative using RDT and received anti-malarial treatment), one child tested positive by microscopy, and nine children tested positive by PCR on day 0.", "\n\n### HRP2-positive children treated with anti-malarials {#Sec22}\n\nA total of five children in this group tested positive on day 4 for HRP2, microscopy and Combo tests and 10 by PCR. ", "However, on day 28, two children were positive by microscopy and eight by PCR.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec23}\n==========\n\nMalaria remains a major public health problem in many countries. ", "In the quest to effectively manage cases, early diagnosis and prompt treatment with efficacious anti-malarials is advocated \\[[@CR21]\\]. ", "The WHO recommends all patients receive parasitological confirmation by microscopy or RDTs before malaria treatment begins \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "However, although RDTs are a good alternative to microscopy in resource-poor settings, RDTs cannot quantify the parasite load and are ineffective for diagnosing recently treated individuals.", "\n\nThe results indicate that both HRP2 and Combo RDTs recorded high sensitivity when microscopy was used as gold standard. ", "These sensitivity rates are comparable with reports from previous studies \\[[@CR22]\\], but higher than reported by Sani et al. ", "\\[[@CR23]\\] in Nigeria. ", "It is noteworthy that both sensitivity and specificity values for HRP2 and Combo RDTs in this study meet the minimal standard of 95% for *P. falciparum* \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "Most commercially available RDTs detect PfHRP2 alone or a combination of PfHRP2 and pLDH. ", "The choice of PfHRP2 is influenced among others by its specificity to the predominant cause of malaria, *P. falciparum*. ", "In endemic areas, it is also characteristic for HRP2 antigen to be produced at the asexual and early gametocyte stages of *P. falciparum* life cycle \\[[@CR24]\\], and its persistence possibly explains the false positives recorded \\[[@CR25], [@CR26]\\]. ", "In addition, HRP2 antigens are produced by the schizonts at an early stage of the parasite, even before the parasites are initially released into peripheral circulation \\[[@CR22]\\], while pLDH is more conserved and is cleared after a relatively shorter period. ", "Indeed, it has recently been shown that a large proportion of children (up to 25%) treated for malaria based on positive HRP2-RDT results were children who were not infected with malaria, if microscopy is taken as the gold standard \\[[@CR27]\\]. ", "Aside from HRP2 persistence, other possible reasons for false-positive results include non-specific bindings or inference with other immunological or infectious factors \\[[@CR28]--[@CR31]\\].", "\n\nMoreover, the sensitivity of the HRP2 (First Response^®^ Malaria Kit) recorded in this study contrasts with that reported by Ndamukong-Nyanga et al. (", "95 vs 48.5%) in Cameroon. ", "For the Combo RDT, Xiaodong et al. ", "\\[[@CR32]\\] reported \\< 90% sensitivity, which is comparable to sensitivity found in the present study. ", "The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for the HRP2 and Combo were comparable and both \\> 92% are higher than those reported by others elsewhere for HRP2 (a PPV of 62.3% and NPV of 75% \\[[@CR33]\\] and for Combo RDT, PPV of 38.3% and NPV of 14.3% \\[[@CR34]\\].", "\n\nWhen PCR was used as reference, HRP2 and Combo RDTs recorded lower sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The higher accuracy by the more sensitive PCR may be indicative of false-negative RDT results as is often seen in patients with low parasitaemia \\[[@CR35], [@CR36]\\]. ", "However, false-negative RDT results have also been reported at high densities, due to the prozone phenomenon in HRP2-based RDTs \\[[@CR37]\\], suggesting the continuous need for alternative diagnostic markers for effective screening that are more predictive in field application and suitable for point-of-care application, where resources and expertise to perform advanced laboratory diagnostics are unavailable.", "\n\nSome recent studies have reported an increase in false-positive results of HRP2-based RDTs due to mutations in the antigen \\[[@CR19], [@CR38], [@CR39]\\]. ", "Some parasite strains from Africa and South America have been reported to lack the HPR2 antigens \\[[@CR19], [@CR38]--[@CR41]\\].", "\n\nIn determining which markers are best diagnostic preferences for malaria in RDTs, some studies that compare RDT *versus* microscopy tend to use PCR as a confirmatory test. ", "The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the Combo RDT were higher than the HRP2 with PCR as the gold standard. ", "In view of the fact that HRP2-based RDTs are more sensitive than LDH-based RDTs at low parasite densities, the findings are in agreement with the general conclusions that a positive LDH RDT suggests a parasite density above HRP2 detection threshold \\[[@CR16]\\], while microscopy-positive LDH-negative samples may reflect low density infections.", "\n\nThe use of RDTs can reduce overprescribing of anti-malarial drugs, and studies have shown that health workers prescribe anti-malarials to patients with negative RDT results \\[[@CR42]\\]. ", "In endemic areas, the presence of malaria parasites in blood may not necessarily reflect a clinical malaria episode \\[[@CR43]\\], while non-compliance to RDT-negative results by prescribing anti-malarial drugs may neglect an underlying infection. ", "Factors associated with compliance to negative RDT results include trust in the result and knowledge of alternative diagnosis \\[[@CR14], [@CR44]\\], both of which could be enhanced by improving diagnostic capacity for other common febrile illnesses and by developing evidence-based guidelines for treatment of symptomatic RDT-negative patients \\[[@CR42]\\].", "\n\nThe sensitivity of HRP2 and pLDH as diagnostic markers in *P. falciparum* has shown a sensitivity of about 95.2 and 98.5%, respectively, from previous works \\[[@CR45], [@CR46]\\] and this is similar to the results reported herein (Tables [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}, [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} and [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nA major limitation to this study is that the authors were unable to perform any genotyping or sequencing on samples collected on various follow-up visits. ", "It is therefore not possible to draw definitive conclusions as to whether seropositivity for malaria parasites, antigens/DNA was due to a persistent infection or to new infections.", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec24}\n==========\n\nHRP2- and pLDH-based RDTs showed comparable diagnostic accuracy in children presenting with an acute febrile illness to health facilities in a hard-to-reach rural area in Ghana. ", "However, the presence of discordant results between the recommended diagnostic tests on presentation and during follow-up suggest the need for improving diagnostic capability for febrile illness in malaria-endemic areas.", "\n\nDS, AAA, PW, IQ, GOA, AL, conceptualized and designed the study. ", "IQ, PW, GOA, AL and JS implemented study with training of staff. ", "DS, RO, AL, GOA, JS and contributed to analyses of the data. ", "AAA, AL, JS, GOA, IQ, NC, RO, EE, FK contributed to writing of the manuscript. ", "NC, RO, EE, KS, JS and FS coordinated the field work at the districts and collected data. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#FPar1}\n================\n\nWe are grateful to all the field workers and staff of the District Health Management for their support in coordination of the study. ", "This Research was supported by CHAI budget. ", "The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar2}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nPublisher's Note {#FPar3}\n================\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n" ]

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[ "Examples of topic proposal for research papers\n\nHigh-quality research proposal writing services for all purposes. ", "Affordable prices, the best specialists on the web and 24/7 service. ", "A Sample of Research Proposal. ", "research proposal for flexibility. ", "Discuss the topic in terms of. ", "example, in a literary research paper you can still. ", "Before writing a dissertation or research paper, it is usual to present proposal essay topics for acceptance by course tutors. ", "Here's a choice of topics. ", "Proposal essay topics. ", "Before students write a college research paper; many lecturers and professors like their students to write a proposal essay first. ", "Research Paper Proposal Sample gis 140 / sec. ", "A / early fall quarter 2007-08 / chang A research proposal considers your overall topic ideas, your research question.", "\n\nTopic Proposals (Eng. ", "272G) As you. ", "courses will ask you to do several types of preparatory assignments prior to a major research paper Sample Topic Proposal. ", "Severe!difference,!should!community!college!instructors!be!required!to!make!changes?!Who! ", "willdictatethosechanges?Whatchangesareneeded?Willitinvolvetheneedforthe. ", "Topic Proposals (Eng. ", "272G) As you. ", "courses will ask you to do several types of preparatory assignments prior to a major research paper Sample Topic Proposal. ", "Sample proposals for. ", "Several journal articles and papers. ", "Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and. ", "Sample Research Paper Proposal. ", "than ten per cent of the total length of your planned paper. ", "For example RESEARCH PROPOSAL. ", "Topic of the research paper:.", "\n\nExamples of topic proposal for research papers\n\nResearch Paper Proposal. ", "you can research a topic for that. , ", "discuss what people or group of people might benefit from reading your paper. ", "For example. ", "Having difficulties writing research proposal?. ", "Order Research Paper Proposal and Get. ", "state of knowledge on the topic. ", "A proposal is the most important part of. ", "While talking about research proposal topics and ideas Proposal Paper Topics Some sample writing research proposals also involve prices and risks of the. ", "Sample proposals for. ", "Several journal articles and papers. ", "Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and.", "\n\nExample Student Research Proposals. ", "When I wrote my research paper in high school on this topic Example Student Proposal. ", "Before writing a dissertation or research paper, it is usual to present proposal essay topics for acceptance by course tutors. ", "Here's a choice of topics. ", "High-quality research proposal writing services for all purposes. ", "Affordable prices, the best specialists on the web and 24/7 service. ", "Free Research Paper Samples, Research Proposal Examples and. ", "step guidelines which will help you to write a good research paper or research proposal on any topic.", "\n\nA Sample of Research Proposal. ", "research proposal for flexibility. ", "Discuss the topic in terms of. ", "example, in a literary research paper you can still. ", "Whether you choose a research paper Examples of successful proposals done by previous students. ", "The preferred format of the proposal is as follows: 1) THE TOPIC. ", "Example Proposals Links: Example Student Research Proposals. ", "When I wrote my research paper in high school on this topic. ", "Whether you choose a research paper Examples of successful proposals done by previous students. ", "The preferred format of the proposal is as follows: 1) THE TOPIC.", "\n\nResearch Proposal (Example) (Note: This is single spaced to save paper;. ", "1 April 2003. ", "Subject: Research proposal. ", "Proposed Research Topic.", "\n\nResearch Paper Proposal. ", "you can research a topic for that. , ", "discuss what people or group of people might benefit from reading your paper. ", "For example.", "\n\nSample Research Paper Proposal. ", "than ten per cent of the total length of your planned paper. ", "For example RESEARCH PROPOSAL. ", "Topic of the research paper:. ", "Check proposal essay topics examples from our proposal essay topic list and generate your research proposal topics. ", "Get professional help in proposal essay writing!. ", "Check proposal essay topics examples from our proposal essay topic list and generate your research proposal topics. ", "Get professional help in proposal essay writing!. ", "While talking about research proposal topics and ideas Proposal Paper Topics Some sample writing research proposals also involve prices and risks of the. ", "Research Proposal (Example) (Note: This is single spaced to save paper;. ", "1 April 2003. ", "Subject: Research proposal. ", "Proposed Research Topic." ]

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[ "Scarlet Runner Runner Bean\n\n(70 days) Phaseolus coccineus Open-pollinated. ", "Climbing beans often grown as ornamentals for their brilliant scarlet blossoms that attract hummingbirds. ", "Need trellises, fences or poles; will grow to 10–12'. ", "Can be eaten either as snap or shell (95 days) beans. ", "Beautifully mottled purple and black seeds may be the most beautiful in our catalog. “", "There is nothing like the face of amazed surprise when a child opens the pods from these plants,” reports Anne Elder. ", "Heirloom variety grown as early as 1750 by colonists and in 1791 by Thomas Jefferson. ", "~20 seeds/oz. ", "Especially attractive to pollinators.③" ]

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[ "Nokia makes bid for Comptel to boost its software business\n\nNokia is looking for new markets as network equipment becomes increasingly commoditized\n\nNetwork equipment vendor Nokia wants to buy a software company that helps customers make do with less hardware.", "\n\nThe Finnish networking giant competes with the likes of Ericsson, Huawei Technologies, and Cisco Systems to sell networking equipment, software, and services to telecommunications operators and large enterprises.", "\n\nOn Thursday, it offered to buy Finnish neighbor Comptel, which develops software to help network operators manage their networks and deliver additional services.", "\n\nNokia said the deal, valuing Comptel at around €347 million (US$370 million) would help it toward its goal of building a standalone software business.", "\n\nThe bid is a logical move, said Sylvain Fabre, a research director at Gartner: \"The days of proprietary infrastructure from network equipment providers are numbered. ", "Virtualized infrastructure will increasingly be procurable from alternative vendors, so focusing on software and applications for telecommunications functions is the way forward for any large vendor that seeks longevity.\"", "\n\nA growing part of Comptel's business is network function virtualization (NFV), which allows operators to repurpose and reconfigure existing equipment to perform new functions, rather than having to buy additional new hardware.", "\n\nThe company's Flowone software, for example, lets operators orchestrate computing, storage, and network resources to meet the requirements of customer care, billing, order management, and other business systems. ", "Comptel expects all major operators will have to adopt such orchestration tools in the near future.", "\n\nComptel has other strings to its bow: It also offers analytics for crunching network data, a system for helping operators decide how to charge for their services, and tools to help operators offer personalized services for consumers.", "\n\nIf Nokia's bid is successful, Comptel will remain a separate legal entity but will operate as part of Nokia’s Application and Analytics business group. ", "The group develops business support systems (BSS), operations support systems (OSS), service delivery platforms, analytics and other tools for security and the internet of things, and competes with the likes of Amdocs, IBM, and Oracle.", "\n\nIt's not Nokia's first acquisition in the area of software-controlled networks: Last December, it bought Deepfield, a company that allows operators to rapidly reconfigure their networks through software to perform tasks such as diverting traffic from DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks." ]

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[ "Week Eight: Penn State at Michigan\n\nJOE HERMITT, The Patriot-NewsUsually there's the team's logo here, but that \"M\" is just too uglyTwo\nwords that will forever haunt Penn State fans, \"at Michigan;\"and that's where the Nittany Lions find themselves this week , as they travel to Ann Arbor to take on the Wolverines. ", "Michigan enters Saturday's matchup 5-2, with losses to Michigan State and Iowa.", "\n\nMichigan is a very young team, and leading the way are the freshmen quarterbacks, Tate Forcier and Denard Robinson. ", "Forcier apparently suffered a concussion two weeks ago against Iowa, which lead to him only playing one drive last week, as Michigan rolled over FCS opponent Delaware State.", "\n\nBoth Penn State and Michigan will come into this game with a few injuries. ", "Penn State will be without running back Stephfon Green due to an ankle injury he suffered against Minnesota. ", "Ako Poti will be starting at right tackle again, but he's done a very good job filling in thus far. ", "Michigan has been linebacker Sean Lee's target game to return playing since week three when he tweaked his knee against Temple, and all signs point to Sean Lee playing fully this week.", "\n\nMichigan center David Molk, who has missed the past four weeks with a broken foot, is expected to come back this week. ", "This will lead to a lot of shuffling across the Michigan offensive line as David Moosman, who filled in for Molk at center, will move back to his original position at right guard. ", "And currently the right tackle spot is considered up for grabs between Perry Dorrestein and Mark Huyge. ", "Running back Carlos Brown, who has missed the past two weeks with a concussion, is set to return to action this week, which is good news for Michigan as senior running back Brandon Minor has a nagging ankle injury.", "\n\nThough Penn State and Joe have always seemed to struggle in \"The Big House,\" I firmly believe that Penn State's misfortune against Michigan left when Lloyd Carr retired. ", "Though we're used to seeing Penn State take an ultra conservative approach when at Michigan, this isn't a Lloyd Carr team that has a pro style offense and good defense. ", "Aside from defensive end Brandon Graham, who will demand a double team all day, this Michigan defense is not that good and Penn State's offense should not have a hard time moving the ball.", "\n\nWhat the defense needs to do\n\n-Thus far this season, I have predicted Penn State's defense to struggle twice,\nagainst Illinois and Minnesota, and both times I was proven wrong. ", "Yet I'm\ngoing to go ahead and say it again this week, Penn State's defense will be\ntested this week. ", "Michigan has three receiving threats in receivers Matavious\nOdoms and Darryl Stonum, and tight end Kevin Koger. ", "Michigan also has two good\nrunning backs in Carlos Brown and Brandon Minor, two different quarteracks, and\nan experienced offensive line. ", "The most important thing the defense needs to do\nis get pressure on Forcier so he's forced to make bad decisions.", "\n\n-Sean Lee couldn't be back for a better week. ", "The linebackers will be huge in\ncontaining all the options Michigan has. ", "All three of them will have big\nresponsibilities, as Michigan will go with a lot of short passes, and both\nquarterbacks have the ability to run. ", "Last year Brandon Minor was absolutely killing\nPenn State up the middle, and the linebackers need to prevent that from\nhappening again.", "\n\n-The secondary has played far above my expectations all year, and this again\nwill be a test. ", "They were up for it last week against Minnesota, thanks to A.J.\nWallace having the best game he's ever played at Penn State, and absolutely\nshutting down Biletnikoff candidate, Eric Decker. ", "Wallace will need to carry\nthat momentum with him into Ann Arbor, as he'll probably defend the speedy and shifty receiver\nMartavious Odoms. ", "Stephon Morris will see the field a lot, as Michigan\npredominantly uses three receivers.", "\n\n-Continue playing with intensity. ", "Last week the whole defense played\nwith the most intensity I've seen so far this season. ", "The whole defense\nwas hitting hard, and most importantly, not missing tackles. ", "That will\nneed to be carried over into this week,\nespecially with all the athleticism that Michigan has.", "\n\nWhat the offense needs to do\n\n-Most importantly, the tight ends are going to have to have a big game,\nand not through the air. ", "Mickey Shuler and Andrew Quarless will have to\nprovide help for right\ntackle Ako Poti, in defending Michigan defensive end, Brandon Graham.", "\nGraham\ncannot be like Adrian Clayborn for Iowa, it's imperative that the\noffensive line not get man handled by him, to allow enough time for Daryll Clark\nto make good decisions with the ball.", "\n\n-Evan Royster needs to have a big day; he could easily go for 150+ against this\nMichigan defense, and with Green being out, I expect him to do just that. ", "That\nsaid, Brandon Beachum has a big opportunity in front of him, and he could have\na heck of a game as well.", "\n\n-Devon Smith and even Chaz Powell in the backfield. ", "With Green being out this\ngame, there's a lot of speed lost in the back field, I'd not be surprised to\nsee Devon Smith, and maybe even Chaz Powell lining up in the backfield a couple\ntimes.", "\n\n-Not go conservative! ", "This one's obviously on the coaches, but the offense has\nno reason to go conservative against this Michigan defense. ", "As I said earlier,\naside from Graham this defense is sub-par, and there's no reason to not to\nutilize the playbook to its fullest.", "\n\nOffensive player of the game\n\nEvan Royster- Once Royster gets past Brandon Graham, he should have his\nway with the rest of the Michigan defense. ", "He had 174 yards against Michigan\nlast year, and that was with a healthy Stephfon Green frequently spelling him.", "\nRoyster could easily go for over 200 yards Saturday.", "\nDefensive player of the game\n\nNavorro Bowman- He's been all over the place the past few games, and\nwill have to do that again this week. ", "With all the options Michigan has on\noffense, an athletic linebacker like Bowman, should have a very productive\ngame.", "\n\nPrediction\n\nThe game will be close for the first half, but I expect Penn State to\nrun away with it in the second half, reminiscent of last year's Michigan game.", "\nPenn State:30-Michigan:13" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould have done something, and then\n\nIf we describe some specific order of events after \"should have\" (\"you should have done something, and then something), what form of the second verb should be used?", "\nFor example, \"You should have talked to me first, and then spend all our savings on this stupid motorbike.\"", "\nSpend? ", "Have spent?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou use the past participle form. ", " You don't need to repeat \"have\":\n\nYou should have drunk your milk and eaten your biscuit.", "\n\nThe past participle form of spend is \"spent\". ", " But your sentence is odd, since it the speaker seems to suggest \"you should have spent all our savings on this stupid motorbike\" That is odd. ", " Probably you mean\n\nYou should have talked to me first before spending all our savings...\n\nThis carries the implication that you should not have spent the money without first talking to me.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSelecting from xts by column name\n\nI'm trying to operate on a specific column in an xts object by name within a function but I keep getting an error:\nError in if (length(c(year, month, day, hour, min, sec)) == 6 && all(c(year, : \n missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed\nIn addition: Warning messages:\n1: In as_numeric(YYYY) : NAs introduced by coercion\n2: In as_numeric(YYYY) : NAs introduced by coercion \nIf I have an xts object:\nxts1 <- xts(x=1:10, order.by=Sys.", "Date()-1:10)\nxts2 <- xts(x=1:10, order.by=Sys.", "Date()+1:10)\nxts3 <- merge(xts1, xts2)\n\nThen I can select a specific column with:\nxts3$xts1\n\nWith a dataframe I can pass xts3 to another function and then select a specific column with:\nxts3['xts1']\n\nBut if I try to do the same thing with an xts object I get the error above. ", "e.g.\ntestfun <- function(xts_data){\n print(xts_data['xts1'])\n}\n\nCalled with:\ntestfun(xts3)\n\nThis works:\ntestfun <- function(xts_data){\n print(xts_data[,1])\n}\n\nBut I'd really like to select by name as I can't be certain of the column order.", "\nCan anyone suggest how to solve this?", "\nThanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nxts-objects have class c(\"xts\", \"zoo\"), which means they are matrices with special attributes that are assigned by their creation functions. ", "Although $ will not succeed with a matrix, it works with xts and zoo objects thanks to the $.zoo method. (", "It's also not recommended to use $ inside functions because of the potential for name-evaluation-confusion and partial name matching.) ", " See: ?", "xts and examine the sample.xts object created with the first example with str:\n> ?", "xts\nstarting httpd help server ... done\n> data(sample_matrix)\n> sample.xts <- as.xts(sample_matrix, descr='my new xts object')\n> \n> str(sample.xts)\nAn ‘xts’ object on 2007-01-02/2007-06-30 containing:\n Data: num [1:180, 1:4] 50 50.2 50.4 50.4 50.2 ...\n - attr(*, \"dimnames\")=List of 2\n ..$ : NULL\n ..$ : chr [1:4] \"Open\" \"High\" \"Low\" \"Close\"\n Indexed by objects of class: [POSIXct,POSIXt] TZ: \n xts Attributes: \nList of 1\n $ descr: chr \"my new xts object\"\n\n class(sample.xts)\n# [1] \"xts\" \"zoo\"\n\nThis explains why the earlier answer advising the use of xts3[ , \"x\"] or equivalently xts3[ , 1] should succeed. ", "The [.xts function extracts the \"Data\" element first and then returns the either named or numbered column specified by the j-argument.", "\n str(xts3)\nAn ‘xts’ object on 2018-05-24/2018-06-13 containing:\n Data: int [1:20, 1:2] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ...\n - attr(*, \"dimnames\")=List of 2\n ..$ : NULL\n ..$ : chr [1:2] \"xts1\" \"xts2\"\n Indexed by objects of class: [Date] TZ: UTC\n xts Attributes: \n NULL\n> xts3[ , \"xts1\"]\n xts1\n2018-05-24 10\n2018-05-25 9\n2018-05-26 8\n2018-05-27 7\n2018-05-28 6\n2018-05-29 5\n2018-05-30 4\n2018-05-31 3\n2018-06-01 2\n2018-06-02 1\n2018-06-04 NA\n2018-06-05 NA\n2018-06-06 NA\n2018-06-07 NA\n2018-06-08 NA\n2018-06-09 NA\n2018-06-10 NA\n2018-06-11 NA\n2018-06-12 NA\n2018-06-13 NA\n\nThe merge.xts operation might not have delivered what you expected since the date ranges didn't overlap. ", "It seems possible that you wanted:\n> xts4 <- rbind(xts1, xts2)\n> str(xts4)\nAn ‘xts’ object on 2018-05-24/2018-06-13 containing:\n Data: int [1:20, 1] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ...\n Indexed by objects of class: [Date] TZ: UTC\n xts Attributes: \n NULL\n\nNote that the rbind.xts-operation failed to deliver an object with the shared column name so numeric access would be needed. (", "I would have expected a named \"Data\" element, but you/we also need to read ?", "rbind.xts.)", "\n\nA:\n\nType ?", "`[.xts` and you'll see that the function has a i and a j argument (among others).", "\n\ni - the rows to extract. ", "Numeric, timeBased or ISO-8601 style (see details)\nj - the columns to extract, numeric or by name\n\nYou passed 'xts1' as the i argument, while it should be j. So your function should be\ntestfun <- function(xts_data){\n print(xts_data[, 'xts1']) # or xts3[j = 'xts1']\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "var $ = require('jquery');\n$(\"body\").append('<h2>This is created by jquery!</h2>');\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow does Java order items in a HashMap or a HashTable?", "\n\nI was wondering how Java orders items in the Map (HashMap or Hashtable) when they are added. ", "Are the keys ordered by the hashcode, memory reference or by allocation precedence...?", "\nIt's because I've noticed same pairs in the Map are not always in the same order\n\nA:\n\njava.util.", "HashMap is unordered; you can't and shouldn't assume anything beyond that.", "\n\nThis class makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. ", "\n\njava.util.", "LinkedHashMap uses insertion-order.", "\n\nThis implementation differs from HashMap in that it maintains a doubly-linked list running through all of its entries. ", "This linked list defines the iteration ordering, which is normally the order in which keys were inserted into the map (insertion-order). ", "\n\njava.util.", "TreeMap, a SortedMap, uses either natural or custom ordering of the keys.", "\n\nThe map is sorted according to the natural ordering of its keys, or by a Comparator provided at map creation time, depending on which constructor is used. ", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst of all: HashMap specifically doesn't provide a stable and/or defined ordering. ", "So anything you observe is simply an implementation detail and you must not depend on it in any way.", "\nSince it is sometimes useful to know the reason for the seemingly random ordering, here's the basic idea:\nA HashMap has number of buckets (implemented as an array) in which to store entries.", "\nWhen an item is added to the map, it is assigned to a buckets based on a value derived of its hashCode and the bucket size of the HashMap. (", "Note that it's possible that the bucket is already occupied, which is called a collision. ", "That's handled gracefully and correctly, but I'll ignore that handling for the description because it doesn't change the concept).", "\nThe perceived ordering of the entires (such as returned by iterating over the Map) depends on the order of the entries in those buckets.", "\nWhenever the size is rehashed (because the map exceeded its fullness threshold), then the number of buckets changes, which means that the position of each element might change, since the bucket position is derived from the number of buckets as well.", "\n\nA:\n\nHashMap does not sort at all. ", "For a map that sorts by key values you should use TreeMap instead.", "\nFrom the JavaDocs for TreeMap:\n\nRed-Black tree based implementation of\n the SortedMap interface. ", "This class\n guarantees that the map will be in\n ascending key order, sorted according\n to the natural order for the key's\n class (see Comparable), or by the\n comparator provided at creation time,\n depending on which constructor is\n used.", "\n\nFrom the documentation of HashMap:\n\nThis class makes no guarantees as to\n the order of the map; in particular,\n it does not guarantee that the order\n will remain constant over time.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Request a UW item for pick up\n\nWhat is it?", "\n\nItems can be requested for pick up at a UW Libraries hold shelf using the \"Request UW Item\" button in UW Libraries Search. ", "After clicking the button, choose your preferred pickup location and click \"Submit\". ", "Items will be held for 7 days.", "\n\nGet Started!", "\n\nFAQs\n\nWhat if someone else gets the book off the shelf before staff are able to retrieve it? ", "Who gets the book?", "\n\nIf someone comes to check out a book that has a hold on it, we will check the book out to the person at the desk. ", "Your hold will stay on the item, so it will be placed on the holdshelf for you when it is returned. ", "If the book is a regular loan (i.e. not a 7 day loan), it will only check out for 2 weeks and cannot be renewed.", "\n\nWhat if I don't have a library card, but need to use an item that is in storage?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing for Older Adults in the United States: 2011 to 2014.", "\nTo characterize antibiotics prescribed to older adults to guide efforts to improve antibiotic use. ", "Descriptive analysis. ", "Ambulatory. ", "Adults aged 65 and older in the United States. ", "Information on outpatient antibiotic prescriptions dispensed for older adults from 2011 to 2014 was extracted from the IQVIA Xponent database. ", "A chi-square trend analysis was conducted to assess annual changes in antibiotic prescribing rates. ", "A descriptive analysis of prescribing rates by antibiotic, age group, sex, state, Census region, and provider specialty was conducted. ", "From 2011 to 2014, outpatient antibiotic prescribing rates remained stable in older U.S. adults (P = .89). ", "In 2014, older adults were dispensed 51.6 million prescriptions (1,115 prescriptions/1,000 persons). ", "Persons aged 75 and older had a higher prescribing rate (1,157 prescriptions/1,000 persons) than those aged 65 to 74 (1,084 prescriptions/1,000 persons). ", "Prescribing rates were highest in the South 1228 prescriptions/1,000 persons) and lowest in the West (854 prescriptions/1,000 persons). ", "The most commonly prescribed class was quinolones, followed by penicillins and macrolides. ", "Azithromycin was the most commonly prescribed drug, followed by amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. ", "Internists and family physicians prescribed 43% of antibiotic courses. ", "On average, in 2014, U.S. adults aged 65 and older received enough outpatient antibiotic courses for every older adult to receive at least 1. ", "Quinolones and azithromycin are potential targets for assessing the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in this population. ", "Interventions to improve use targeting internists and family physicians in the South Census region might have the potential to have the greatest effect." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Herkimer High School\n\nHerkimer High School is a junior/senior high school in the village of Herkimer, New York, United States. ", "It is in the jurisdiction of the Herkimer Central School District. ", "It currently enrolls nearly 700 students and is the only high school in the village of Herkimer. ", "Herkimer High School was founded in 1899.", "\n\nIn 2017 the school's board of education voted unanimously to move sixth graders from the elementary school to Herkimer High school beginning in the 2018-2019 school year.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site\n\nCategory:Public high schools in New York (state)\nCategory:Schools in Herkimer County, New York\nCategory:Public middle schools in New York (state)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "-- This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public\n-- License, v. 2.0. ", " If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this\n-- file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.\n--\n-- Copyright 1997 - July 2008 CWI, August 2008 - 2020 MonetDB B.V.\n\nCREATE SCHEMA logging;\n\n-- Flush the buffer\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.flush()\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.flush;\n\n-- Sets the log level for a specific component\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.setcomplevel(comp_id STRING, lvl_id STRING)\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.setcomplevel;\n\n-- Resets the log level for a specific component back to the default\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.resetcomplevel(comp_id STRING)\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.resetcomplevel;\n\n-- Sets the log level for a specific layer\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.setlayerlevel(layer_id STRING, lvl_id STRING)\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.setlayerlevel;\n\n-- Resets the log level for a specific layer back to the default\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.resetlayerlevel(layer_id STRING)\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.resetlayerlevel;\n\n-- Sets the flush level\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.setflushlevel(lvl_id STRING)\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.setflushlevel;\n\n-- Resets the flush level back to the default\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.resetflushlevel()\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.resetflushlevel;\n\n-- Sets the adapter\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.setadapter(adapter_id STRING)\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.setadapter;\n\n-- Resets the adapter back to the default\nCREATE PROCEDURE logging.resetadapter()\n EXTERNAL NAME logging.resetadapter;\n\n-- Returns in the form of a SQL result-set all the \n-- components along with their ID and their current \n-- logging level being set\nCREATE FUNCTION logging.compinfo()\nRETURNS TABLE(\n\t\"id\" int,\n\t\"component\" string,\n\t\"log_level\" string\n)\nEXTERNAL NAME logging.compinfo;\nGRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION logging.compinfo TO public;\n\nCREATE view logging.compinfo AS SELECT * FROM logging.compinfo();\nGRANT SELECT ON logging.compinfo TO public;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWill browsers trust an expired self sign certificate in the Trusted Root store\n\nI recently discovered that if Windows AD LDS services are bound to a self signed certificate, that processes will continue to trust the cert even if it's expired. ", "My guess is this is because the cert is in the trusted root of the machine making the requests. ", "\nWhat I don't know is, if that same cert is used to bind to an IIS site, will a browser give users error messages and ask them to proceed anyway?", "\n\nA:\n\nThat depends on the browser, the TLS implementation and the settings that influence certificate validation.", "\nEvery TLS implementation should not (from a better-security point of view) trust expired certificates, but the default behavior differs and is configurable.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "package com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.core.protocal.protocal;\n\nimport com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.core.", "AbstractRedisTest;\nimport com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.core.protocal.protocal.", "AbstractBulkStringEoFJudger.", "BulkStringEofMarkJudger;\nimport org.junit.", "Assert;\nimport org.junit.", "Test;\n\n\n/**\n * @author wenchao.meng\n *\n * Dec 23, 2016\n */\npublic class BulkStringEofJuderManagerTest extends AbstractRedisTest{\n\t\n\t@Test\n\tpublic void test(){\n\t\t\n\t\tBulkStringEofJudger judger = null;\n\t\t\n\t\tjudger = BulkStringEofJuderManager.create((\"$EOF:\" + randomString(BulkStringEofMarkJudger.", "MARK_LENGTH) + \"\\r\\n\").getBytes());\n\t\tAssert.assertTrue( judger instanceof BulkStringEofJudger);\n\n\t\tjudger = BulkStringEofJuderManager.create((\"$EOF:\" + randomString(BulkStringEofMarkJudger.", "MARK_LENGTH + 100) + \"\\r\\n\").getBytes());\n\t\tAssert.assertTrue( judger instanceof BulkStringEofJudger);\n\n\t\tjudger = BulkStringEofJuderManager.create((\"$100\\r\\n\").getBytes());\n\t\tAssert.assertTrue( judger instanceof BulkStringEofJudger);\n\n\n\t\ttry{\n\t\t\tjudger = BulkStringEofJuderManager.create((\"$EOF:\" + randomString(BulkStringEofMarkJudger.", "MARK_LENGTH/2) + \"\\r\\n\").getBytes());\n\t\t\tAssert.fail();\n\t\t}catch(Exception e){\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Did you know that women can catch their partners cheating just by…\n\nIt’s proven that the majority of the female population prefers men with lower, deeper voice timbre. ", "But will the owners of those attractive timbres stay faithful to their partners? ", "A study conducted by researchers at the McMaster University showed that men with lower voices are more likely to be unfaithful.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\n87 women took part in the study and were asked to listen to electronically altered low or high male voices. ", "The participants stated that they were more attracted to the lower voices, but they also had a feeling that men with lower voices weren’t exactly long term relationship material. ", "However, that didn’t stop them from being more attracted to the lower voices. ", "Another study showed that people are likely to change their timbre when they’re talking to their romantic interest. ", "For example, women lower their voices when they’re speaking to an attractive man, and vice versa.", "\n\nFurthermore, the McMaster University’s study also suggests that women can catch their partners cheating just by the changes in their vocal vibrations." ]

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[ "Poetry has helped some of the BBC's correspondents through difficult times.", "\n\nHere they share the words that have resonated with them." ]

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[ "The maker of LastPass, a popular password manager, is being acquired by LogMeIn in a sale worth at least $110 million.", "\n\nLastPass, founded in 2008, makes software that generates strong passwords and stores them in an encrypted vault. ", "The software integrates with desktop and mobile browsers and automatically fills in password fields on websites when a user enters a master password. ", "The basic software can be used for free, but individual users and businesses can pay for premium features.", "\n\nFurther Reading Hack of cloud-based LastPass exposes hashed master passwords\n\nLastPass CEO and cofounder Joe Siegrist wrote today that his company is \"excited to join LogMeIn in delivering the next generation of identity and access management for individuals, teams and companies, with LastPass at the forefront.\"", "\n\nSiegrist wrote that LastPass will continue to improve its software for free, premium, and enterprise customers. ", "Siegrist's blog post drew a few dozen comments, with most expressing disappointment about the sale and criticizing LogMeIn. \"", "While I congratulate the lastpass founders on a nice exit, we as an Enterprise user will monitor very carefully if that impacts the pricing,\" one customer wrote. \"", "There’s a reason we never used LogMeIn, because they’re not delivering appropriate value for SMBs at their price points.\"", "\n\nLogMeIn provides remote desktop management and support software to individuals and businesses. ", "The company discontinued a free version of its product last year.", "\n\nLogMeIn's announcement said it will close the deal with LastPass in the coming weeks, paying $110 million in cash upon close with an additional $15 million in payments to equity holders and key employees of LastPass contingent on reaching \"certain milestone and retention targets\" in the two years after the acquisition.", "\n\n“LastPass has a great business, a beloved and award winning product, millions of loyal users, and thousands of great business customers—they are synonymous with the category,” LogMeIn CEO Michael Simon said in the announcement. “", "We believe this transaction instantly gives us a market leading position in password management, while also providing a highly favorable foundation for delivering the next generation of identity and access management solutions to individuals, teams and companies.”", "\n\nLast year, LogMeIn acquired a password manager for teams called Meldium, with the promise that Meldium would continue to provide the same service. ", "With LogMeIn's latest acquisition, Meldium capabilities will be integrated into LastPass. \"", "In the near-term, both the Meldium and LastPass product lines will continue to be supported, with longer-term plans to center around a singular identity management offering based on the LastPass service and brand,\" LogMeIn said." ]

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[ "“Waking Sleeping Beauty” celebrates the Second Golden Age of Disney Feature Animation\n\nGiven this documentary’s title, it’s kind of ironic that “Waking Sleeping Beauty” got its start the way most of us do when we’re just trying to wake up. ", "Which is with a good, strong cup of coffee.", "\n\nAs director Don Hahn recalls, it was November of 2006. ", "Peter Schneider’s latest project – a stage musical version of Touchstone Pictures’ 1992 hit, “Sister Act” – was being workshopped at the Pasadena Playhouse. ", "And Hahn – because he wanted to be supportive of his old boss’s new efforts – caught a performance of this show.", "\n\n“I caught up with Peter in the lobby, told him how much I enjoyed the show,” Hahn said. “", "And he then suggested that I join him for a cup of coffee.”", "\n\nYou see, Mr. Schneider had an agenda. ", "It wasn’t enough to be working on “Sister Act” (which has since gone on to become this huge success in London). ", "Peter had an idea for a movie. ", "One that would take an honest look back at Walt Disney Animation Studios from 1984 to 1994.Covering that period where the Mouse Factory actually teetered on the brink of closing forever all the way through to the release of WDAS’ biggest hit ever, “The Lion King.”", "\n\n“I agreed that there were lots of great stories to be told about that time at Disney Feature Animation,” Hahn continued. “", "But would the Studio actually allow a movie like this to be made? ", "Something that really showed what went on behind-the-scenes during the production of some of Disney’s biggest hits of the 1980s & 1990s?”", "\n\nAs it turns out, Dick Cook – the then-Chairman of Walt Disney Studios – was in a somewhat reflective mood when Don & Peter initially approached him about this project. ", "Having just greenlit production of two other Disney-related documentaries (i.e. “Walt & El Grupo” and “The Boys: The Sherman Brothers’ Story”), Cook was amenable to the idea of a film that revealed how “The Little Mermaid,” “Beauty & the Beast” and“Aladdin” actually came together.", "\n\nCopyright Disney Enterprises, Inc. All Rights Reserved\n\n“We warned Dick that this movie wouldn’t steer clear of controversy, that we wouldn’t gloss over all of the personality conflicts that were involved here,” Don remembered. “", "To his credit, Cook let Peter and I make the movie that we wanted to make.”", "\n\nWhich is \"Waking Sleeping Beauty,\" this wonderfully entertaining yet truthful look back at this time in the history of Walt Disney Animation Studios. ", "Which is all the more insightful given the very powerful men that Hahn & Schneider eventually persuaded to take part in this production: Michael Eisner, the former Chairman and CEO of The Walt Disney Company; Jeffrey Katzenberg, Disney’s studio head during the period that “Waking Sleeping Beauty” would be exploring, and Roy E. Disney, chairman of Walt Disney Studios’ animation department.", "\n\n“As it turns out, Roy was eager to talk about this time. ", "And Jeffrey couldn’t have been more cooperative,” Don stated. “", "Michael took some persuading. ", "He initially resisted the project, while – at the same time– he’d send us footage that we’d then fold into the film. ", "Like his interview with Diane Sawyer for ’60 Minutes.’ ", "But Michael did eventually come around.”", "\n\nCopyright Disney Enterprises, Inc. All Rights Reserved\n\nAnd when you combined Michael Eisner & Jeffrey Katzenberg & Roy E. Disney’s memories along with those of 75 other WDAS veterans – people like John Musker, Ron Clements, Kirk Wise, Gary Trousdale, Roger Allers, Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg who were actually in the building while all these amazing animated features were being created – the end result is this movie that celebrates all of the chaos, emotion & passion that goes into creating a classic animated feature.", "\n\n“We even made this documentary like an animated feature by storyboarding Patrick Pacheco’s interviews with all the participants.", "And just like he used to do when he ran The Walt Disney Company, when we showed Michael Eisner ‘Waking Sleeping Beauty,’ he then came back to us with some great story notes,” Hahn laughed. “", "Michael wasn’t looking for us to cut out anything that he’d said and/or remove anything controversial. ", "He just told us how we could eliminate some redundancies. ", "Tighten up our story by cutting 5 to10 minutes out of the running time.”", "\n\nThe end result is this tight, terrifically entertaining 88-minute-long documentary. ", "And what makes “Waking Sleeping Beauty”truly extraordinary is … Well, it’s not one of those talking heads movies. ", "You know? ", "Where all of the participants are interviewed decades after the fact? ", "Placed on camera against a neutral background?", "\n\n(L to R) Don Hahn and Peter Schneider enjoy some Starbucks as they work on \"Waking Sleeping Beauty.\" ", "Copyright Disney Enterprises, Inc. All Rights Reserved\n\nNo, Don insisted that – while this movie’s voiceovers could be recorded in the present day -- all of the footage that was shown in this documentary had to have been shot during this specific 10 year period in the Company’s history.", "\n\n“And – as it turns out – there was quite a bit of film from this time. ", "There were the electronic press kits that were created for each of these movies. ", "Plus Randy Cartwright came into work with his 8mm sound camera in the 1980s and – with John Lasseter working as his cameraman – got footage of Glen Keane and Tim Burton as they began their careers at Disney Feature Animation. ", "Even my mother helped out by handing over some of the TV coverage that she’d taped when these movies were initially coming out,” Hahn said.", "\n\nAs a direct result, “Waking Sleeping Beauty” has a sense of immediacy that you rarely find in documentaries that celebrate the film-making process. ", "Schneider & Hahn actually did what they wanted to do with “Waking Sleeping Beauty.” ", "Which is put you in the room while all of these tough creative decisions are being made, as very passionate & opinionated people are coming together – sometimes in conflict – to create many of the most highly successful, best loved animated features of the 1980s &1990s.", "\n\nCopyright Disney Enterprises, Inc. All Rights Reserved\n\nIf you’re a film fan, animation enthusiast and/or just a Disney nut,then you really owe it to yourself to catch “Waking Sleeping Beauty”(which goes into limited release in New York, LA, Chicago and San Francisco on March 26th). ", "Seeing this movie is a truly bracing experience. ", "A real eye opener.", "\n\nYou know? ", "Like a good, strong cup of coffee?", "\n\nFor further information on “Waking Sleeping Beauty,” please click on this link." ]

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[ "Duke of Strathearn\n\nThe title Duke of Strathearn has never existed, but there have been three dukedoms with \"Strathearn\" in the title:\n\nDuke of Cumberland and Strathearn\nDuke of Kent and Strathearn\nDuke of Connaught and Strathearn\n\nStrathearn is a region along the river Tay in Scotland.", "\n\nPrince William of Wales, second heir to the throne of the United Kingdom, was created Duke of Cambridge and Earl of Strathearn on his wedding day." ]

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[ "Artwork: Chip Taylor Once upon a time you actually had to pay for great software and services -- hard to believe, but true.", "\n\nLuckily, we no longer live in that world. ", "The Internet is stuffed with great downloads and Web sites offering free software and services of every kind. ", "Want to tune up your PC, keep it safe, create graphics, or back up your system with gobs of free storage space? ", "You can find free software and sites to do all that, and plenty more.", "\n\nWe revved up our cable modem and searched for the most intriguing free offerings out there. ", "After we took each download or service for a test-drive, we picked the very best, and came up with the following list of 101 great freebies.", "\n\nWe didn't do it alone, though -- you helped. ", "We polled PC World readers, asking for your top freebies in several categories, so here you'll find your favorites as well as ours. (", "And be sure to read more details on the People's Choice Winners.)", "\n\nAlso in This Article" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nC++: Release barriers required in constructor that creates a thread that accesses the constructed object\n\nIf I create a thread in a constructor and if that thread accesses the object do I need to introduce a release barrier before the thread accesses the object? ", "Specifically, if I have the code below (wandbox link) do I need to lock the mutex in the constructor (the commented out line)? ", "I need to make sure that the worker_thread_ sees the write to run_worker_thread_ so that is doesn't immediately exit. ", "I realize using an atomic boolean is better here but I'm interested in understanding the memory ordering implications here. ", "Based on my understanding I think I do need to lock the mutex in the constructor to ensure that the release operation that the unlocking of the mutex in the constructor provides synchronizes with the acquire operation provided by the locking of the mutex in the threadLoop() via the call to shouldRun(). ", "\nclass ThreadLooper {\n public:\n ThreadLooper(std::string thread_name)\n : thread_name_{std::move(thread_name)}, loop_counter_{0} {\n //std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);\n run_worker_thread_ = true;\n worker_thread_ = std::thread([this]() { threadLoop(); });\n // mutex unlock provides release semantics\n }\n\n ~ThreadLooper() {\n {\n std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);\n run_worker_thread_ = false;\n }\n if (worker_thread_.joinable()) {\n worker_thread_.join();\n }\n cout << thread_name_ << \": destroyed and counter is \" << loop_counter_\n << std::endl; \n }\n\n private:\n bool shouldRun() {\n std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);\n return run_worker_thread_;\n }\n\n void threadLoop() {\n cout << thread_name_ << \": threadLoop() started running\"\n << std::endl;\n while (shouldRun()) {\n using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;\n std::this_thread::sleep_for(2s);\n ++loop_counter_;\n cout << thread_name_ << \": counter is \" << loop_counter_ << std::endl;\n }\n cout << thread_name_\n << \": exiting threadLoop() because flag is false\" << std::endl;\n }\n\n const std::string thread_name_;\n std::atomic_uint64_t loop_counter_;\n bool run_worker_thread_;\n std::mutex mutex_;\n std::thread worker_thread_;\n};\n\nThis also got me to thinking about more generally if I were to initialize a bunch of regular int (not atomic) member variables in the constructor that were then read from other threads via some public methods if I would need to similarly lock the mutex in the constructor in addition to in the methods that read these variables. ", "This seems slightly different to me than the case above since I know that the object would be fully constructed before any other thread could access it, but that doesn't seem to ensure that the initialization of the object would be visible to the other threads without a release operation in the constructor. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou do not need any barriers because it is guaranteed that the thread constructor synchronizes with the invocation of the function passed to it.", "\nIn Standardese:\n\nThe completion of the invocation of the constructor synchronizes with the beginning of the invocation of the copy of f.\n\nSomewhat formal proof:\nrun_worker_thread_ = true;(A) is sequenced before the thread object creation (B) according to the full expressions evaluation order. ", "The thread object construction synchronizes with the closure object execution (C) according to the rule cited above. ", "Hence, A inter-thread happens before C.\nA seq before B, B sync with C, A happens before C -> this is a formal proof in Standard terms.", "\nAnd when analyzing programs in C++11+ era you should stick to the C++ model of memory & execution and forget about barriers and reordering which compiler might or might not do. ", "These are just implementation details. ", "The only thing that matters is the formal proof in the C++ terms. ", "Compiler must obey and do (and not do) whatever it can to adhere to the rules.", "\nBut for the sake of completeness let's look at the code with compiler's eyes and try to understand why it can't reorder anything in this case. ", "We all know the \"as-if\" rule under which the compiler might reorder some instructions if you can't tell they have been reordered. ", "So if we have some bool flags setting:\nflag1 = true; // A\nflag2 = false;// B\n\nIt is allowed to execute these lines as follows:\nflag2 = false;// B\nflag1 = true;// A\n\nDespite the fact that A sequenced before B. It can do it because we can't tell the difference, we can't catch it reordering our instructions just by observing the program behavior because except \"sequenced before\" there is no relations between these lines. ", "But let's get back to our case:\nrun_worker_thread_ = true; // A\nworker_thread_ = std::thread(...); // B\n\nIt might look like that this case is the same as with bool variables above. ", "And that would be the case if we didn't know that the thread object (besides being sequenced after the A expression) synchronizes with something (for simplicity let's ignore this something). ", "But as we found out if something is sequenced before another thing which in its turn sync with yet another thing then it is happens before that thing. ", "So the Standard requires for the A expression to happen before that something our B expression sync with.", "\nAnd this fact forbids compiler to reorder our A & B expressions because suddenly we can tell the difference if it did so. ", "Because if it did it then the C expression (something) might not see the visible side effects provided by A. So just by observing the program execution we might caught the cheating compiler! ", "Hence, it has to use some barriers. ", "It doesn't matter if it is just a compiler barrier or a hardware one—it has to be there to guarantee that these instructions are not reordered. ", "So you might think that it uses a release fence upon the construction completion and an acquire fence upon the closure object execution. ", "That would roughly describe what happens under the hood.", "\nIt also looks like you treat mutex as some kind of magic thing which always work and do not require any proofs. ", "So for some reason you believe in mutex and not in thread. ", "But the thing is that it has no magic and the only guarantee it has is that lock sync with prior unlock and vice versa. ", "So it provides the same guarantee that thread provides. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Glial toxin effect on protein synthesis in an insect connective.", "\nAnalysis of electron autoradiographs from the nerve cord of the insect, Periplaneta americana (L.) shows a significant incorporation of 3H-labelled protein in the axons. ", "The axonal activity is greatly reduced after treatment of the cord with the glial toxin ethidium bromide. ", "This is interpreted as substantiating the possibility that adaxonal glia can transfer proteins to the axons." ]

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[ "The road to Damascus\n\nWednesday\n\nSep 11, 2013 at 5:43 AMSep 11, 2013 at 5:45 AM\n\nJOHN STOSSEL\n\nSome things you just have to do, in spite of great uncertainty.", "\n\nLaunching missiles at Syria isn't one of them.", "\n\nMany pundits talk about going to war as if all we have to do is make up our minds about what \"ought\" to happen — who the bad guys are — and the rest is just details. ", "If we decide we must punish a tyrant, let the military worry about how to get it done.", "\n\nWe ought to worry more about details.", "\n\nEveryone agrees there are huge \"known unknowns\" in Syria — we barely know the composition of the rebel movement we're supposed to aid — but we should be more concerned about \"unknown unknowns,\" to borrow former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld's phrase.", "\n\nRemember the confidence with which he and other Bush administration officials described their plans to remake Iraq? ", "Dick Cheney said, \"We will, in fact, be greeted as liberators.\" ", "The Wall Street Journal beat the drums for war for a year. ", "I read that Iraq was full of repressed democratic activists just waiting for Saddam to be overthrown.", "\n\nPundits also argued that once the authoritarian ruler was gone, Iraq would blossom into a showcase of peace and democracy that would inspire transformation throughout the region. ", "I wanted to believe it. ", "Once they had a choice, why wouldn't they pursue our way of life? ", "It's clearly better!", "\n\nInstead, we've spent more than a decade fighting feuding factions that most Americans have never heard of — and still can't name.", "\n\nWhen pro-war pundits did admit to uncertainty about what would happen in Iraq, it was often to stoke fear about what would happen if we didn't intervene. ", "Saddam might use chemical weapons! ", "Saddam might get nukes! ", "Well, maybe.", "\n\nI'm glad Saddam is gone, and Iraqis are better off. ", "But the masses yearning to breathe free turned out to include more troublemakers than we expected.", "\n\nI don't trust John Kerry, but I'll accept his claim that Syria's leaders probably used chemical weapons to kill 1,400 people. ", "Horrible.", "\n\nBut are we going to enforce a \"red line\" to tell dictators that if they murder their people, they better use conventional weapons?", "\n\nPresident Obama argues that limited intervention in Syria might accomplish good more quickly and cheaply than our efforts in Iraq did. ", "He said he wants a two-day engagement instead of months of fighting.", "\n\nBut we thought that would happen in Iraq, too. ", "We didn't foresee years of civil war. ", "What do we fail to foresee now? ", "More intervention from Russia? ", "China? ", "Iran? ", "World war?", "\n\nEven if the conflict remains localized and contained — a dangerous assumption in the \"fog of war\" — we can't assume that a new government will be more democratic or tolerant than Assad's regime.", "\n\nWe already know that the rebel forces include factions allied with al-Qaida. ", "Some of those people execute Christians and want to replace Assad's repressive but multi-faith regime with Islamic totalitarianism. ", "If they murder Christians while still fighting Assad, what will they do once in power?", "\n\nGiven what happened on Sept. 11, 2001, there are worse things than leaving murderous Russian-backed governments in place.", "\n\nI hate Assad. ", "I hate what's happened in Syria. ", "I also hate what happened in Rwanda and Darfur and what still happens in Somalia, China, Russia, Zimbabwe and so on. ", "But there's just not much we can do about it without making new enemies and exacerbating America's coming bankruptcy. ", "America cannot police the world and shouldn't try.", "\n\nDefense should mean defense. ", "Unless we are attacked, we shouldn't go to war." ]

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[ "Archive for February, 2010\n\nWhat’s the one thing you think about when you envision a U.S. Open venue, deep rough right? ", "Hosel grabbing, slashing, hay-flying, advance it 10 feet rough.", "\n\nWell not in 2014, however at Pinehurst No. ", "2. ", "In an interview with John Huggan of The Scotsman, Bill Coore who has been working with Ben Crenshaw to restore Pinehurst No. ", "2, gave word that the 2014 US Open and the 2014 U.S. Women’s Open will be the first to showcase no rough.", "\n\nDoes Donald Trump need to own a golf course to compensate his handicap? ", "Trump, who currently owns at least 11 golf courses plays, we hear, to a 1 to 4 handicap. ", "From the Caribbean to Scotland, he can play anywhere and anytime. ", "Does it affect his handicap? ", "Not negatively, from the sound of it.", "\n\nIt is well known that Justin Timberlake aspires to play on the PGA tour. ", "Currently at a six handicap, he’ll have to work at it to make it to the weekend past the cut. ", "Timberlake once said that he gets more nervous playing golf in front of 500 people, than being on stage in front of 20,000 people. ", "He’ll also need to step up his game if he wants to beat out the likes of Kenny G (R-2) and Huey Luis (R-12 on Golf Digest’s Music Rankings) for best musician golfer.", "\n\nGolf may seem as simple as hitting a white ball into a hole, but scratch the surface a bit and you will find lots of social implications. ", "Originally, golf was aimed at socializing, especially among upper class families. ", "Therefore, dress codes were established to appeal to the social elite.", "\n\nLee Westwood turned pro at the back end of 1993. ", "During this time, golf equipment has changed extensively and whilst Westwood has hardly “chopped and changed”, he hasn’t been slow to adopt new technologies. ", "So we thought we’d have a look at some of the clubs that Westwood has had in his bag on his ascent to world number 1.", "\n\nUpdate 14/02/2011\nElliot Saltman will not appeal his three month ban from the European Tour, but he denies cheating and any wrongdoing. ", "Saltman has apparently also passed a lie detector test, but he thinks that the current European Tour procedures restrict his ability to appeal the case and he will not be successful.", "\n\n****************************************************\n\nJust last week we ran an article about Camilo Villegas being disqualified, it seems that this week we can reveal another golfer that has stepped over the rules and got himself banned. ", "Scotsman Elliot Saltman has been given a three month ban from the European Tour after he was found guilty of breaking the rules at the Russian Challenge Cup back in September 2010.", "\n\nSaltman was accused of marking his ball incorrectly on at least five occasions, thus breaking the Rules of Golf. ", "His golf partners Marcus Higley and Stuart Davies first indicated the rule violation to Saltman and then to the referee Gary Butler, stating that they refuse to sign Saltman’s scorecard because he cheated. ", "After a short discussion between the four, Saltman was disqualified from the European Tour.", "\n\nAs golf is considered to be one of the most honorable sports, then cheating is thought to be the most severe offence that a golfer can commit. ", "If there’s another violation next week, they better start building a prison for “rogue” golfers.", "\n\nIt is important for kids to know the sport of golf. ", "Thanks to Dad, I have holding a golf club since I could stand. ", "Throughout the years, again thanks to the patience of my father, the sport has earned my deepest respect as have the people who play it.", "\n\nWhat you’ll read here is from the direct experience of a kid who learned the sport young and grew up in a neighborhood where not many kids could have the same advantage. ", "Enjoy!" ]

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[ "Bob Saget and John Stamos, longtime “Full House” co-stars and friends of Lori Loughlin, have responded to her alleged involvement in a college admissions scheme in which dozens of parents are accused of paying up to $6 million in bribes to ensure that their children were accepted to elite schools.", "\n\nOn Thursday, Saget and Stamos were approached by TMZ upon leaving a restaurant in Los Angeles.", "\n\n“You know, I usually don’t do interviews on the street, but, uh, you know, you love who you love in your life,” said Saget.", "\n\n“I just love who I love,” he continued. “", "Candace [Cameron Bure] said it really good at the Kids’ Choice Awards — you love who you love. ... ", "I’m on the team of people that I love. ", "Life’s complicated. ", "I don’t like talking about it.”", "\n\nSaget refused to tell TMZ if he thought Loughlin should do jail time." ]

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[ "Obama: The College Years\n\nPoseJack and Obama would see each other only a few more times while students. ", "But in 2005, while on a tour, she spotted Obama on Capitol Hill and yelled hello. \"", "He knew exactly who I was after all this time,\" Jack says. \"", "I was amazed.\"" ]

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[ "declare module \"path\" {\n /**\n * A parsed path object generated by path.parse() or consumed by path.format().", "\n */\n interface ParsedPath {\n /**\n * The root of the path such as '/' or 'c:\\'\n */\n root: string;\n /**\n * The full directory path such as '/home/user/dir' or 'c:\\path\\dir'\n */\n dir: string;\n /**\n * The file name including extension (if any) such as 'index.html'\n */\n base: string;\n /**\n * The file extension (if any) such as '.html'\n */\n ext: string;\n /**\n * The file name without extension (if any) such as 'index'\n */\n name: string;\n }\n interface FormatInputPathObject {\n /**\n * The root of the path such as '/' or 'c:\\'\n */\n root?: ", "string;\n /**\n * The full directory path such as '/home/user/dir' or 'c:\\path\\dir'\n */\n dir?: ", "string;\n /**\n * The file name including extension (if any) such as 'index.html'\n */\n base?: ", "string;\n /**\n * The file extension (if any) such as '.html'\n */\n ext?: ", "string;\n /**\n * The file name without extension (if any) such as 'index'\n */\n name?: ", "string;\n }\n\n /**\n * Normalize a string path, reducing '..' and '.' ", "parts.", "\n * When multiple slashes are found, they're replaced by a single one; when the path contains a trailing slash, it is preserved. ", "On Windows backslashes are used.", "\n *\n * @param p string path to normalize.", "\n */\n function normalize(p: string): string;\n /**\n * Join all arguments together and normalize the resulting path.", "\n * Arguments must be strings. ", "In v0.8, non-string arguments were silently ignored. ", "In v0.10 and up, an exception is thrown.", "\n *\n * @param paths paths to join.", "\n */\n function join(...paths: string[]): string;\n /**\n * The right-most parameter is considered {to}. ", " Other parameters are considered an array of {from}.", "\n *\n * Starting from leftmost {from} parameter, resolves {to} to an absolute path.", "\n *\n * If {to} isn't already absolute, {from} arguments are prepended in right to left order,\n * until an absolute path is found. ", "If after using all {from} paths still no absolute path is found,\n * the current working directory is used as well. ", "The resulting path is normalized,\n * and trailing slashes are removed unless the path gets resolved to the root directory.", "\n *\n * @param pathSegments string paths to join. ", " Non-string arguments are ignored.", "\n */\n function resolve(...pathSegments: string[]): string;\n /**\n * Determines whether {path} is an absolute path. ", "An absolute path will always resolve to the same location, regardless of the working directory.", "\n *\n * @param path path to test.", "\n */\n function isAbsolute(path: string): boolean;\n /**\n * Solve the relative path from {from} to {to}.", "\n * At times we have two absolute paths, and we need to derive the relative path from one to the other. ", "This is actually the reverse transform of path.resolve.", "\n */\n function relative(from: string, to: string): string;\n /**\n * Return the directory name of a path. ", "Similar to the Unix dirname command.", "\n *\n * @param p the path to evaluate.", "\n */\n function dirname(p: string): string;\n /**\n * Return the last portion of a path. ", "Similar to the Unix basename command.", "\n * Often used to extract the file name from a fully qualified path.", "\n *\n * @param p the path to evaluate.", "\n * @param ext optionally, an extension to remove from the result.", "\n */\n function basename(p: string, ext?: ", "string): string;\n /**\n * Return the extension of the path, from the last '.' ", "to end of string in the last portion of the path.", "\n * If there is no '.' ", "in the last portion of the path or the first character of it is '.', ", "then it returns an empty string\n *\n * @param p the path to evaluate.", "\n */\n function extname(p: string): string;\n /**\n * The platform-specific file separator. '\\\\' ", "or '/'.", "\n */\n const sep: '\\\\' | '/';\n /**\n * The platform-specific file delimiter. ';' ", "or ':'.", "\n */\n const delimiter: ';' | ':';\n /**\n * Returns an object from a path string - the opposite of format().", "\n *\n * @param pathString path to evaluate.", "\n */\n function parse(pathString: string): ParsedPath;\n /**\n * Returns a path string from an object - the opposite of parse().", "\n *\n * @param pathString path to evaluate.", "\n */\n function format(pathObject: FormatInputPathObject): string;\n\n namespace posix {\n function normalize(p: string): string;\n function join(...paths: any[]): string;\n function resolve(...pathSegments: any[]): string;\n function isAbsolute(p: string): boolean;\n function relative(from: string, to: string): string;\n function dirname(p: string): string;\n function basename(p: string, ext?: ", "string): string;\n function extname(p: string): string;\n const sep: string;\n const delimiter: string;\n function parse(p: string): ParsedPath;\n function format(pP: FormatInputPathObject): string;\n }\n\n namespace win32 {\n function normalize(p: string): string;\n function join(...paths: any[]): string;\n function resolve(...pathSegments: any[]): string;\n function isAbsolute(p: string): boolean;\n function relative(from: string, to: string): string;\n function dirname(p: string): string;\n function basename(p: string, ext?: ", "string): string;\n function extname(p: string): string;\n const sep: string;\n const delimiter: string;\n function parse(p: string): ParsedPath;\n function format(pP: FormatInputPathObject): string;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\njavascript: validate form element if it is enabled\n\ni want to validate input during form submit for textbox B if it is enabled by radio 2.", "\nThe input validation for textbox B is not working with the code below:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n$(document).ready(function() \n{\n $(\"#form\").validate(\n {\n rules: {B: \"required\",}\n }); \n\n ​$(':radio').change(function() \n {\n $('#B').prop('disabled', !(", "this.value == '2' && this.checked));\n })​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​; \n});\n</script>\n\n<form id=\"form\" name=\"form\" method=\"post\" action=\"\">\n<table><tr>\n<td width><input type=\"radio\" name=\"A\" id=\"1\" value=\"1\" />1</td>\n<td width><input type=\"radio\" name=\"A\" id=\"2\" value=\"2\" />2</td>\n</tr></table>\n<input name=\"B\" type=\"text\" id=\"B\" disabled=\"disabled\"/>\n<input type=\"submit\" name=\"form\" id=\"Submit\" value=\"Submit\" />\n</form>\n\nA:\n\nTry this,\n$(document).ready(function() \n{\n $(\"#form\").validate({\n rules: {\n B: \"required\",\n }\n });\n $('input:radio[name=\"A\"]').change(\n function(){\n if ($(this).is(':checked') && $(this).val() == '2') {\n $('#B').removeAttr('disabled');\n }else if($(this).is(':checked') && $(this).val() == '1'){\n $('#B').attr('disabled', 'disabled');\n }\n });\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "Nonconformist tendencies related to risky choices in female methamphetamine abstainers.", "\nBackground: Many experimental studies and theoretical models have tried to explain the multifaceted formation of drug addiction. ", "In most addiction models, social factors are an important component; however, few empirical studies have investigated the social influences on the safe or risky choices of drug-addicted individuals during the abstinence stage. ", "Objectives: To investigate the behavioral patterns of female methamphetamine abstainers under social influence. ", "Methods: Thirty-seven female methamphetamine abstainers (average abstinence time: 8.61 ± 4.75 months) and 40 matched controls performed a gambling task in the presence of peers' choices. ", "We applied both model-free and computational model-based analysis to examine how the decision patterns differed with social influence between the two groups. ", "Results: 1) the choice data from the two groups showed a social influence effect such that participants made more risky choices when others made risky choices; 2) overall, the female methamphetamine abstainers made more risky choices in the social influence task; and 3) in the computational model parameters, the female methamphetamine abstainers exhibited more nonconforming attitudes (with negative other-conferred utility) with respect to peer influence, whereas controls showed higher conformity to peers. ", "Conclusion: Our findings provide the first objective evidence that female methamphetamine abstainers show peer nonconformity. ", "This nonconformist tendency may be a potential behavioral marker to track drug addiction and help to elucidate the mechanisms of decisions made by female methamphetamine abstainers." ]

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[ "A crucifix standing on the rocky shores of Appeli on the Greek island of Lesbos was on Sunday night destroyed by unknown vandals, who are yet to be traced, video news agency Ruptly reports.", "\n\nSomeone with ‘pure hatred’ vandalized the Orthodox cross on the island, enraged local residents have claimed. ", "The cross was built for the thousands of refugees and migrants who died while crossing the Mediterranean sea.", "\n\nIt was erected in September to commemorate the lives of refugees and migrants who lost their lives while attempting to cross the Mediterranean in the hope for a better future in Europe.", "\n\nThe cross had stirred controversy in the area as residents claimed it could raise tensions between locals and refugees who were not necessarily Orthodox.", "\n\nLocal residents, however, raged at the vandalizing of the cross. ", "Stelios Agas, claimed that because the cross is made of iron and cement, “somebody went with a sledge hammer or something like that and broke it.” ", "Such action, he claimed, could have only stemmed from “hatred.” “", "Shouldn’t there be someone guarding [it], so that we find the person who did this. ", "This is impermissible,” Agas told Ruptly.", "\n\nREAD MORE: ‘Hell on Earth’: MSF doctor tells RT of rape, violence, inhumane conditions in Lesbos refugee camp\n\nAnother local, Panagiotis Axarlis, questioned who could possibly be “bothered” by the symbol of Orthodoxy, before adding “I feel sorry as a Greek.\"", "\n\nResidents have managed to make the cross stand again by using some rocks, but they say it is only a quick fix solution and that they want to put a larger cross in its place.", "\n\nIf you like this story, share it with a friend!" ]

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[ "She was kidnapped by her father, imprisoned in a cellar for 24 years and had seven babies by him, but Elisabeth Fritzl survived thanks to her devotion to her children. ", "Fears are growing, though, that a transition to normal life could prove impossible, reports Caroline Davies in Amstetten\n\nThey won't have told her yet; it is much too soon. ", "Any hopes that Elisabeth Fritzl may have of living a normal life with her children, funded by compensation from the father who imprisoned and repeatedly raped her, will be in vain.", "\n\nYesterday it was revealed that Josef Fritzl, the 73-year-old grandfather who incarcerated Elisabeth in a dank dungeon for 24 years beneath the family home and fathered her seven children, is financially ruined, with millions of euros in debts.", "\n\nAs Fritzl was moved to solitary confinement for his own safety, his heavily mortgaged property empire was on the brink of collapse, taking with it any dreams of a haven where Elisabeth and her children could find happiness.", "\n\nIt is a cruel blow for a daughter who still can offer no clue as to why her father held her captive in a windowless bunker beneath the grey, three-storey townhouse at Yppsstrasse 40, in the small town of Amstetten. '", "I don't know why it was so,' she has told detectives. '", "My father simply chose me for himself.'", "\n\nToday she and her children are a few miles away from their dungeon home in the Clinic Mostviertel, where they have begun a long and painful journey towards rehabilitation that experts estimate could take eight years.", "\n\nElisabeth and her children have their own unique traumas to resolve. ", "Half are the 'upstairs family' - Lisa, 16, Monika, 14, and Alexander, 12 - all fathered by Fritzl in the cramped chambers he dug out beyond his cellar. ", "All three were taken in as babies by him and raised by his wife Rosemarie, 68, after seemingly just appearing, one after another, on the doorstep of the family home. ", "Fritzl would tell everyone that their mother had run away to join a sect, dumping them with her parents because she could not care for them herself.", "\n\nThen there is the 'downstairs family' - Kerstin, 19, Stefan, 18, and Felix, five - who remained in the tiny prison, never once seeing daylight and knowing only four other faces in their whole lives. ", "Kerstin is comatose in hospital, suffering from renal failure. ", "It was her life-threatening illness that would eventually betray Fritzl's monstrous secret.", "\n\nHer two brothers are stooped, anaemic and barely able to communicate in anything other than their own peculiar growling language. ", "A seventh child, Alexander's twin, died three days after birth, his body incinerated by Fritzl in the house's furnace.", "\n\nPerhaps the worst fears are for Elisabeth. ", "She is said to be 'deeply distressed', agreeing to talk to doctors and detectives only on the promise that she will have no further contact with her father. ", "At the age of only 42, her crudely cut hair is completely white, her lips are shrunken around toothless gums, her face is deeply lined, her body painfully thin, her skin almost transparent. ", "According to a forensic psychiatrist, Dr Guntram Knecht, she has been 'destroyed by all means'. ", "Of all those Fritzl damaged, she was the only one to know she was a victim. ", "If she can live with her children again, 'it will be because of her desire to be a mother,' he said.", "\n\nPolice photographs of the labyrinth of cellar rooms show narrow, stone-lined passageways, uneven floors and ceilings no higher than 5ft 6in. ", "There was an ancient cooker, washing machine, freezer, as well as a television, video and radio. ", "A small area housed a lavatory, sink and tiny shower. ", "All the rooms were lit by harsh strip-lighting.", "\n\nPoignantly, the pictures show how Elisabeth desperately tried to decorate the drab rooms for the sake of her children. ", "On the grimy white bathroom tiles are a painted yellow snail with green shell, a purple octopus, a child's drawing of a flower and a fish, and stickers of stars and the sun - all of them things her 'cellar children' had never seen, except on the television, which was on all day.", "\n\nNo photographs have been released of the two tiny rooms where all four slept, or the rubber-padded room where Fritzl is believed to have raped his daughter away from the children. ", "Was it in this room that she also delivered her babies without any medical help?", "\n\nIn all, the area measured 60 square metres, with Fritzl enlarging it as his family grew. ", "But the area is so confined that police officers now examining it can work for only an hour at a time because of the severe lack of oxygen.", "\n\nFor Elisabeth there was no way out. ", "Fritzl threatened that poisonous gas would be pumped in if they tried to overpower him. ", "Police are checking this, along with his claim that an electronic lock on the door was designed to open automatically after a lengthy period. ", "But they are sceptical. ", "Fritzl enjoyed several holidays, including a three-week break in Pattaya, Thailand's sex-tourist resort, in 1998. ", "Had he met with an accident, would his downstairs family simply have starved to death? ", "Or was someone else helping to feed them?", "\n\nThroughout the years, Fritzl lived his grotesque double life with relish. ", "According to his wife's sister, Christina, he went to the cellar every day, usually at about 9am, allegedly to draw blueprints for machines he was selling. ", "He would often spend whole nights there. ", "He watched motor racing on television with his children and, in a bizarre attempt at playing the normal father, would buy toys for the children and play with them.", "\n\nHe bought Elisabeth clothes. ", "Sometimes she chose them out of a catalogue. ", "On other occasions he would choose them himself. ", "Friends he holidayed with in Thailand saw him picking out a glittering evening dress and lingerie at a market - clearly much too small for his rotund, ageing wife. ", "When he realised that he had been spotted, he joked about 'having a bit on the side'. ", "Not for one minute did they suspect it could be his daughter.", "\n\nBut it is clear that he wanted Elisabeth, whom he called his Liesl, to dress up and parade around for him in the squalid, miserable cell he forced her to call home. ", "Then, after raping her, he would settle down at the table while she prepared a meal and they would discuss the children's upbringing.", "\n\nSome upbringing, but Elisabeth was determined to do the best she could. ", "Though there were no books, she watched adventure films with them on television and made up stories about princesses and pirates. '", "Their mother taught them some reading and writing, though Elisabeth herself lost much of her childhood knowledge because of the years of sexual abuse,' said Chief Inspector Leopold Etz.", "\n\nUpstairs, the three other children continued to thrive, doing well at school, playing the trumpet, and were regularly seen out on Saturday nights, laughing and joking with their grandfather and Mami, as they called Rosemarie.", "\n\nIt was Elisabeth's primeval instinct as a mother desperate to save her child that finally led to her father's arrest. ", "Realising that Kerstin was seriously ill, she demanded he take the girl to Amstetten general hospital. ", "She slipped a secret, desperate note into her daughter's pocket, telling doctors that she had given her cough medicine and aspirin. '", "Please, please help her. ", "Kerstin is really terrified of other people. ", "She was never in a hospital,' she wrote, adding a one-line message for her daughter: 'Kerstin, please stay strong until we see each other again.'", "\n\nUpon reading it, doctors immediately made a TV appeal for her to come forward. ", "When Elisabeth saw it, she ordered Fritzl to take her. ", "And he did, accompanying her on the journey that would lead to his arrest in the hospital grounds and the end of her nightmare, which began a quarter of a century earlier on 28 August, 1984.", "\n\nElisabeth was 18 and working as a waitress at a motorway service station near Amstetten when she was lured to the cellar by her father that day. ", "He knocked her out with ether and handcuffed her to a metal pole. ", "For the first few weeks he kept her in the dark, visiting only to rape her and supply food. '", "She had the choice, to be raped or to starve,' said a police source.", "\n\nShe was reported missing, but police, neighbours and supposedly even her own mother believed Fritzl's explanation that she had run away to join a sect. ", "A letter, which she was forced to write, arrived at the house a month later, reinforcing the lie. ", "It told her parents that she was making a new life for herself and that they should not search for her.", "\n\nFritzl singled Elisabeth out early. ", "The fourth of his seven children by his wife, she was still an infant when, in 1967, he was sentenced to 18 months for climbing through an open bedroom window and raping a sleeping woman in the Austrian city of Linz, where he was working as an electrical engineer. ", "Investigations have shown that he also had convictions for an attempted rape and for indecent exposure.", "\n\nHowever, these were expunged from his records 15 years later, in line with Austrian law. ", "Social workers found no trace of the convictions while rubber-stamping the paperwork that would allow him to adopt one of Elisabeth's children and foster two others. ", "By then he was a seemingly successful landlord, renting out flats at the family home and at four other premises he owned, as well as running a lakeside pub and campsite. ", "Family friends remember Elisabeth as a 'very withdrawn and shy' child. ", "Paul Hoerer, 69, who first met Fritzl on holiday in 1973 and visited the Amstetten house several times, noticed that she 'got a slap for every small thing'.", "\n\nThough domineering and despotic with all his children, Fritzl appeared to treat Elisabeth even more brutally than her siblings and Hoerer got the impression that 'he did not like her very much'. ", "When she reached the age of 11, the abuse started. ", "From then on Elisabeth would be raped by her father regularly: in his car, during forest walks, even in the same cellar that would become her prison.", "\n\nAt 16, she twice attempted to run away from home, but each time was delivered back into her father's violent embrace by the local authorities. ", "Three years later, there was no possibility of escape.", "\n\nThe chambers were so well hidden that police initially failed to find them until Fritzl guided them through five different rooms in the cellar, to his workshop. ", "There, concealed behind shelves laden with paint cans and containers, was a 3ft-high, reinforced, 660lb concrete door, secured electronically. ", "Though adamant that he had no accomplice, police are struggling to explain how he could have fitted it alone.", "\n\nBut why did he choose to release the three 'upstairs' children and not the others? ", "A likely explanation is that when Kerstin and Stefan were born Fritzl believed it was possible they could be secluded for ever. ", "But as the raping continued, and Elisabeth's family grew, he simply ran out of room. ", "It was too late to move the two eldest, who by now had memories of the place and of their mother and him together. ", "So they were condemned. ", "By the time Felix arrived, he may have believed that his wife was too old to cope.", "\n\nThere are signs that Fritzl was planning to release them. ", "He had made Elisabeth write a letter in which she said she wanted to come back, 'but it's not possible yet'.", "\n\n'Perhaps he was aware that he couldn't keep the thing going forever,' said Colonel Franz Polzer, police chief of Lower Austria. ", "Or perhaps he was no longer attracted to his anaemic, ailing daughter who now looked as old as her mother.", "\n\nHis plan seems to have been that Elisabeth would appear to return suddenly from the sect and that the dreadful physical condition of her and her children could be attributed to her treatment there. ", "But this deceit was denied by Kerstin's illness.", "\n\nToday the family is slowly acclimatising in a special area set aside for them at the clinic. ", "Elisabeth and her mother are said to have have wept for hours together, with Rosemarie saying over and over: 'I'm so sorry. ", "I had no idea.'", "\n\nAfter their initial delights at seeing the sun for the first time, and riding in cars, Stefan and Felix can clamber back into the dark confines of a special container set up in the clinic to help them adjust to life outside.", "\n\nFelix often crawls in there, and sits humming an unknown melody to himself. ", "Police believe his mother used it to soothe him to sleep.", "\n\n'It can't be called a good-night song really, as there was never any night in the cellar,' said Chief Inspector Etz." ]

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[ "Number of Volunteers Reaches Highest Level Since 2005\n\nGetty Images\n\nBy Doug Donovan\n\nMore Americans volunteered in 2011 than in any year since 2005, a new study finds. ", "Approximately 64.3 million Americans volunteered at charities last year, providing 7.9 billion hours of service valued at $171-billion.", "\n\nThe 1.5 million additional volunteers boosted the national rate to 26.8 percent of the population, a half percentage point higher than 2010. ", "But the dollar value dipped by $2-billion, as the average number of hours Americans volunteered in a year dropped to 32.7 from 33.9, the Corporation for National and Community Service reported.", "\n\nRobert Grimm, director of the Center for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Leadership at the University of Maryland, said the increase was mainly the result of the growth in the American population, not a response to the economy or other factors.", "\n\nNational volunteer rates hit their peak of nearly 29 percent from 2003 to 2005 but have been stuck at around 26 percent ever since, according to a survey of about 100,000 people age 16 and older conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. ", "The number of volunteers is down from a 2005 high of 65.4 million.", "\n\nThe average number of hours has declined from a high of nearly 38 in 2004. ", "Researchers say the dip may not be a sign that volunteers are actually spending fewer hours at charities, but that they might not be accurately remembering every year exactly how much time they give.", "\n\nUtah Tops the List\n\nUtah outpaced all states last year with the highest percentage of residents who volunteer, However, the volunteer rate for the heavily Mormon state fell from 44.5 percent in 2010 to 40.9 percent last year, and the hours per resident dropped by 19 to an average of 70.3 hours.", "\n\nIowa, which had ranked second for the past two years, dropped to third place as Idaho jumped eight spots in state rankings to take the No. ", "2 position.", "\n\nBut Iowans appear to have taken seriously a plea from the state’s governor, Terry Branstad, for every resident to volunteer at least 50 hours a year. ", "The state average for volunteer hours in Iowa was 41.9 last year, up nearly eight hours from the state’s reported average of 34.2 in 2010.", "\n\nIn Idaho, the growth in volunteerism comes in part because tutoring services and employment assistance centers were pushing people to give their time, according to officials at the Serve Idaho commission on volunteering and service.", "\n\n“Parents are volunteering much more in schools,” said Renee Cox, a Serve Idaho program manager. ", "She said the commission had also gotten better at collecting data on volunteering trends, which could explain the increase as well.", "\n\nNeighbors Helping One Another\n\nUtah also tops all states in “doing favors for and helping out neighbors,” called “informal volunteering,” the study finds.", "\n\nTwo out of three citizens helped their neighbors in 2011, an increase of 9.5 percent. ", "The most neighborly states were Utah, West Virginia, New Hampshire, Montana, Vermont and Iowa (tied), and Idaho." ]

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[ "Number 15 has complained So I guess you can say things are getting pretty serious\n\n204 shares" ]

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[ "It turns out that Kiwi-born Mark Taylor, known as the so-called “bumbling jihadist” because he left the GPS tracking feature on his phone while he made pro-Daesh videos (including one where he burns his NZ passport and another where he calls for jihadists to stab police and military officers at ANZAC Day celebrations), has surrendered to the Syrian Democratic Forces, a Kurdish peshmerga alliance that is part of the mostly Western military coalition fighting Daesh under the name “Operation Inherent Resolve.”", "\n\nHe was fortunate or smart enough to surrender to the Kurds, who respect the laws of war and Geneva Convention when it comes to captured jihadists, something neither the jihadists themselves or the Syrian Army are in the habit of doing. ", "This means that he can be transferred to other, Western members of the coalition for juridical administration. ", "He is merely being held by the Kurds after he admitted who he was and that he was a member of Daesh. ", "As far as the Kurds are concerned he has committed no specific crimes under their laws (beyond, perhaps, criminal association), so he is taking up space in a cell reserved for more unpleasant characters.", "\n\nThe issue of what to do with him has become a political football in NZ. ", "The PM says that there is little the government can do for him because it has no diplomatic representation in Syria, much less the East Syrian conflict zone. ", "But she then says that as a NZ citizen he is “our responsibility” even if NZ cannot help him where he is. ", "The Deputy Prime Minister/Foreign Minister says good riddance to him, in part because he turned his back on his birth country and in part because he is a bigamist. ", "The Opposition and Right-wingers of all types set to xenophobic baying about his betrayal of his home country, the risk he poses and the amount of taxpayer dollars that would be wasted on his return both in terms of travel as well as monitoring and incarceration of him.", "\n\nThe PM went so far to say that NZ has “no relationship” with “the forces” fighting in Eastern Syria even though it is well known that US, UK, Australian, French and German forces are fighting alongside the Kurds and NZ SAS troops are rumoured to be doing so as well. ", "The NZDF has senior officers on the Joint Task Force staff assigned to Operation Inherent Resolve, so the notion that NZ has “no relationship” to those fighting in Syria (the same forces who drove Daesh out of Mosul and westward into Syria) is disingenuous in the extreme.", "\n\nWhat is worse, the Australian journalist who interviewed Taylor in the Kurdish jail claims that Taylor told him that he was interviewed by NZ intelligence officers (presumably SIS) shortly after his capture/surrender in December. ", "If that is true, then the government has not only known for a while about his whereabouts but is claiming no possibility of contact with him even though he has had face-to-face meetings with NZ agents. ", "Be that as it may, I am still of the opinion that he may have some useful intelligence value left in him, as questioning in a Kurdish jail in winter is a bit different than interrogations conducted in a NZ detention centre at any time of year.", "\n\nGiven the amount of dissembling and ignorant ranting going on, I thought that I would clarify some of the issues at stake.", "\n\nOn the matter of whether or not Mr. Taylor has NZ citizenship in light of his renouncing it: Only a State can confer and withdraw citizenship. ", "A person claiming to renounce citizenship without State sanction is just stating intention, not deed. ", "Burning a passport (a token of sovereignty) just prevents one from legal inter-State travel. ", "Citizenship is conferred by birth or by application and only lost when the State withdraws its recognition of it. ", "That has not happened with Mr. Taylor. ", "He remains a NZ citizen.", "\n\nUnder international law undocumented criminal suspects, including terrorists, are to be returned to country of birth if known. ", "If an undocumented suspect is captured in battle or surrenders to an allied belligerent in a recognised conflict, s/he is a POW and must be treated as such. ", "This includes irregular non-State belligerents captured by non-State actors like the SDF working alongside State militaries during an internationally approved (in this case UN-sanctioned) conflict against a common (in this case non-State) foe.", "\n\nIf possible, captured undocumented enemy POWs must be returned to their known country of origin to face justice. ", "They can be kept in allied and home country military custody during transfer. ", "There is no need for consular assistance or travel docs if they remain in military custody, just access to legal advice during process. ", "Conversely, the military can transfer the prisoner to a location where his country of origin has diplomatic representation, whereupon he can be issued emergency travel documents. ", "NZ has representation in both Iraq and Turkey, both of which have ties to the anti-Daesh coalition. ", "It is therefore relatively easy to move Mr. Taylor out of Kurdish custody, into Western military custody and onwards to a location that either has NZ diplomatic representation and /or NZDF presence to whom he can be delivered (think, for example, of moving him from Kurdish-held Eastern Syria to Camp Taji in Iraq).", "\n\nShould Mr. Taylor be returned to NZ he can be arrested and charged at the border under the Terrorism Suppression Act for being a member of an internationally-designated terrorist entity. ", "To that can be added other charges depending on what he is suspected of having done while with Daesh and the evidence compiled of him doing so. ", "At a minimum he could receive a 6-7 year jail term for aiding and abetting a criminal organization. ", "At a maximum he could he found guilty of war crimes or crimes against humanity if he is found to have participated in atrocities or collective acts of violence against civilians (such as the enslavement of Yaziri women and girls as sex slaves. ", "He has admitted he would have liked to have had a sex slave but could not afford one, so the question remains as to whether he participated in any act of kidnapping or enslavement while in Syria). ", "NZ has legal authority to prosecute its citizens for war crimes and even though it does not have the death penalty (except, apparently, for treason), a guilty verdict on a war crime could result in life imprisonment.", "\n\nConcerns have been voiced that if he returns home the leniency in the judicial system could see him freed and out on the streets. ", "There is a possibility of this if his defence attorneys ask for psychiatric evaluations that prove that he is not mentally competent to stand trail. ", "He clearly is intellectually sub-par (an uncle of his claims that he suffered brain damage as a toddler during a fit of some sort), and his actions over the years indicate that he may be a bit of a lost soul. ", "Even his co-religionists at the mosque that he worshipped at in Hamilton say that he was more interested in companionship and a sense of belonging than in waging jihad.", "\n\nIf he is released he undoubtably will be monitored closely, not only by the security services but members of his own religious community. ", "In fact, I would not be surprised if he is shunned by the latter because of the disrepute he has brought upon them. ", "So as far as posing an on-going risk to society if he returns and is freed, I would hazard the guess that it would be very low.", "\n\nThe more likely scenario is that he will return in custody, be held on remand during the time he is on trial, be found guilty of terrorism-related crimes and sentenced to a significant period in prison. ", "Some believe that if that happens he will then work to radicalise fellow inmates, as is often a common practice in US and UK jails and which has some precedent in NZ. ", "But the truth is that Mr. Taylor is a follower not a leader and does not have the cunning and agile thought processes that would make him a convincing jailhouse preacher. ", "So here too my reckon is that he will not pose a threat of radicalisation to other inmates. ", "If anything, other inmates will pose a threat to him (think white supremacists, gang members and others who make take a dim view of his citizenship renunciation and embrace of Islam and jihad).", "\n\nThere is question as to whether he has wives and/or children in Syria. ", "That is a humanitarian concern because arguably they are innocents caught up in his mess. ", "If it turns out that he does in fact have family in Syria, the question is then what to do with them? ", "If they have no connection to NZ it is perhaps best for them to return to their hometowns, but that is a question that refugee resettlement and immigration officials will have to address in the event that he is returned to NZ.", "\n\nThe most sorry aspect of this is that the fate of Mr. Taylor has become yet another pawn in the partisan bickering in Wellington. ", "The truth is that the case is straight-forward: he is a NZ citizen and member of a terrorist organisation who was captured by allied forces. ", "His return is mandated by international law. ", "NZ law requires that he be arrested, charged and tried according to provisions in the Terrorism Surpression Act and perhaps other related laws. ", "Anything other than this is an abdication of responsibility by the NZ government and a denial of his democratic rights to a fair trial and legal defence (because even bad guys have legal rights in democracies).", "\n\nFor NZ there is opportunity in this process. ", "Returning him and putting him on trial demonstrates that NZ is a responsible international citizen that assumes the burden of dealing with its own when they misbehave (because let us be clear: membership in Operation Inherent Resolve is not just about contributing to the military campaign against ISIS in the Levant; it is also about accepting responsibility for deciding the fate of coalition member citizens who joined ISIS and lived to tell the tale after capture). ", "It gives the Crown an opportunity to test the TSA after the fiasco of the Urewera 18 case (the so-called “dog’s breakfast” case that saw seven people eventually tried on firearms, not terrorism charges). ", "It shows that NZ is a a nation where the rule of law supersedes political cynicism and popular sentiment. ", "It serves as a cautionary tale and possible deterrent to other home-grown would-be jihadists. ", "And it keeps at least one foreign fighter from returning to Daesh any time soon.", "\n\nI wrote a short opinion piece in the Herald outlining some of my thoughts about the Brussels terrorist attacks. ", "Unless the root causes of the problem are addressed, there will be no end to them. ", "Even if they overlap in the form of foreign fighters, those root causes primarily reside in the disaffection and alienation produced by socio-economic and cultural grievances at home rather than in the conflicts of the Middle East. ", "The solution is to be proactive as well as reactive to the threat posed by domestic radicalisation, and that involves social reform as well as better human intelligence collection in the communities from which home-grown jihadists emerge.", "\n\nThe US has asked New Zealand to provide special operations troops to the anti-Daesh coalition. ", "The government has said that it will consider the request but both the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister have qualified the response by stating that they do not think that NZ will increase its contribution beyond the company sized infantry training complement currently deployed at Camp Taji outside of Baghdad.", "\n\nThe Ministers’ caution has more to do with domestic political concerns than the practical or diplomatic necessities of the conflict itself. ", "With a thin majority thanks to Winston Peter’s by-election victory in Northland, National cannot risk parliamentary defeat on the issue. ", "But Opposition leader Andrew Little has signaled that Labour is willing to consider sending SAS troops to the fight, so the ground is clearing for authorization of a new phase of the NZDF mission.", "\n\nThis was predictable from the moment the NZDF first deployed to Iraq last May. It was clear then and it is now that training Iraqi soldiers is not enough to turn the tide against Daesh. ", "The training is good and the troops that graduate have improved professional skills, but according to a report prepared by the US Defense Department immediately before Mr. Key travelled to Taji in October for his meet-and-greet photo op with the troops, they were no better in battle than they were before the training mission began.", "\n\nThe problem lies with the Iraqi Army leadership. ", "Iraqi field rank officers are not included in the training program and are unwilling or unable to demonstrate the type of leadership skills under fire that are required to make best use of the training received by their soldiers from the NZDF and its allies.", "\n\nThat is where special operations troops like the NZSAS are useful. ", "Among many other roles they serve as leadership advisors on the battlefield. ", "Because of their exceptional skills and hardened discipline, SAS teams serve as force multipliers by adding tactical acumen, physical resilience and steadfastness of purpose to the fight. ", "They lead by example.", "\n\nNZ’s major allies already have special operations troops on the ground in Iraq, Libya and Syria. ", "Although all of the nationally-badged SAS units roam the region, the Australian SAS is heavily involved in Iraq (and is present at Camp Taji). ", "Not only do Australian SAS troops serve as forward spotters for RAAF FA-18s undertaking ground attack missions in Iraq. ", "They have fought alongside Iraqi troops attempting to re-take the city of Ramadi, provincial capital of the Sunni heartland that is Anbar Province (119 kilometers from Camp Taji and 90 kilometres from Baghdad). ", "The Australian role is considered to have been essential in the initial re-occupation of Ramadi, in which NZDF trained Iraqi troops participated. ", "US, UK and Canadian special operators are currently conducting advisory, forward targeting, search and destroy and long-range intelligence missions against Daesh in north and western Iraq in conjunction with Kurdish and Iraqi forces. ", "Russian, Iranian and Turkish special operators are on the ground in Iraq and Syria as well, and the contested spaces in which Western special forces are now actively involved in the Middle East extends to Libya, Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa.", "\n\nThe Anglophone special forces are the allies that the NZSAS trains with regularly and works the closest with when on foreign missions. ", "Like its counterparts, NZSAS tend to spend much time in or near overseas conflict zones whether that is publicized or not, usually following the typical military rotation pattern of threes: a third overseas, a third preparing for deployment, and a third on home duty after deployment. ", "It is fair to assume that their attention when overseas has recently been focused on Iraq, Syria and perhaps other conflict zones in the Middle East.", "\n\nThe PM has hinted as much, stating that the NZSAS could be involved in roles other than combat. ", "Since one of its primary missions is long-range patrol and intelligence gathering (rather than active engagement of the enemy), it could well be that the NZSAS is already playing a part in the targeting of Daesh assets.", "\n\nWith around 130 SAS troops in A and B Squadrons (Air, Boat, Mountain), that leaves a minimum of two troops’ or a platoon sized group (30-40 soldiers excluding officers) available for foreign deployment at any given time. ", "Since the NZSAS operates in squads of 3 to 6 men depending on the nature of the mission (4-5 squads per troop), this leaves plenty of room for tactical flexibility, operational decentralization and role diversification.", "\n\nReports dating back to early 2015 already put the NZSAS in theater in small numbers, something the government does not deny. ", "They may not be based in Iraq (which gives the government plausible deniability when asked if there are NZSAS troops on the ground in Iraq), but the main focus of their mission certainly is. ", "Given the logistics involved it would be unusual if the NZSAS has not been working behind the scenes for their eventual participation in more active combat roles beyond what it may already be engaged in.", "\n\nIt will be odd if NZ refuses to send its most elite soldiers when asked for them by its major allies in a UN sanctioned multinational military coalition. ", "Troops like the NZSAS need regular combat experience to sharpen and maintain their skills and they cannot do that at home. ", "Since part of their specialness is versatility in a wide range of combat environments, the NZSAS would be keen to test its troops in the mixed urban/desert, conventional and unconventional battlefields of Iraq, Libya and Syria. ", "The kinetic environment in the fight against Daesh is highly complex and multi-faceted so it stands to reason that our elite soldiers would want exposure to it.", "\n\nLeaving the NZSAS in NZ is akin to leaving a Bugatti in the garage. ", "Much has been invested in their combat readiness. ", "They are trained to fight autonomously and lead others in combat (such as during the anti-terrorist mission in Afghanistan). ", "To keep their specialist skills they need to experience live hostile fire. ", "It would therefore be counterproductive for them to be idling in Papakura when there is a just cause to be fought against real enemies of humanity who commit atrocities and wreak misery on those they subjugate.", "\n\nWhether one likes it or not, thanks to the Wellington and Washington Agreements NZ is once again a first tier military partner of the US, standing alongside Australia, Canada and the UK in that regard. ", "Most of NZ’s major diplomatic partners are members of the anti-Daesh coalition and some, like Norway and Denmark, have also contributed special operations troops to it. ", "NZ ‘s major trade partners in the Middle East are part of the coalition. ", "As a temporary member of the UN Security Council, NZ has been vocal in its condemnation of Daesh and in calling for a united diplomatic and military response against it. ", "It consequently has no real option but to accede to the request for the NZSAS to join the fight. ", "It may be mission creep but this was mission creep that was foreseeable (and arguably has been planned for and implemented in spite of the government’s obfuscations).", "\n\nCritics will say that NZ has no dog in this fight, that it is neo-imperialist foreign intervention on behest of corporate interests that only serves to show how subservient governments like National’s are when it comes to pleasing the US. ", "If so, then there are 59 other countries in that category, to which can be added Iran (and its proxies in Iraq, Syria and Lebanon), Russia and the newly formed (if at this stage only on paper) Sunni Muslim anti-terrorism coalition that includes Malaysia, Indonesia and Pakistan. ", "Critics will also point out that NZ is being selective about when and where it chooses to join foreign military adventures, and they would be right in that regard. ", "But given its military resources, NZ pretty much has to be selective every time that it deploys troops, especially in combat roles. ", "So there is nothing new, unusual or unethical in doing so.", "\n\nPacifists will say that the conflict with Daesh cannot be resolved by military means. ", "It is true that military force alone is not sufficient to defeat Daesh, but removing it from the territory it occupies in Iraq, Libya and Syria is essential to that project. ", "Not only is Daesh not prone to negotiating with its adversaries or sitting down with those that it disagrees with in order to settle differences. ", "The very nature of its rule is based on coercion and imposition–of its puritanical values, of its medieval authority, of its rape and sex slave culture and of its harsh discriminatory treatment towards all who are not Sunni Arab men (and even the latter are not immune from its violence). ", "Its removal is therefore justified on humanitarian grounds although disputed opinion polls claim that it enjoys some measure of public support in Anbar Province and Mosul. ", "Yet even if the polls are correct–and that is very much questionable given the environment in which they are conducted–the hard fact is that there is no objective measure to gauge whether Daesh enjoys the informed consent of those that it governs, and until it does its reign is illegitimate because rule without majority consent is tyranny. ", "Add to that the innumerable crimes against humanity Daesh has committed and its exportation and exhortation of terrorism across the globe, and the case against the use of force loses foundation.", "\n\nRe-taking the ground lost to Daesh removes the main areas in which its leadership is located, from which it profits from oil production and where it trains jihadists from all over the world (some of whom return to commit acts of violence in their home countries). ", "That in turn will lessen its appeal to prospective recruits. ", "Thus the first step in rolling back Daesh as a international irregular warfare actor is to win the war of territorial re-occupation in the greater Levant.", "\n\nThe military objective in Iraq is to push Daesh out of Anbar Province and the Nineveh Governorate in which Mosul is located and force it to retreat back into Syria. ", "At that point it can be subjected to a pincer movement in which the European/Arab/Antipodean/North American anti-Daesh coalition presses from the South and East while Russian, Iranian, Turkish and Syrian forces press from the North and West. ", "The endgame will involve four milestones: first the capture of Ramadi, then the re-taking of Falluja, followed by the freeing of Mosul, and finally the seizure of the northern Syrian city of al-Raqqah, the capital of Daesh’s self-proclaimed caliphate.", "\n\nArab states will need to contribute more to the fight, including ground forces. ", "Resolving the impasse over what to do with Assad is critical to establishing a united front between his military, Russia’s, Iran’s, Turkey and the anti-Daesh coalition. ", "Both requirements are fraught and need to be the subject of delicate negotiations made all the more complicated by the Saudi-Iranian confrontation occasioned by the Saudi execution of a Shiia cleric. ", "But for the negotiations to advance, much less to succeed, there needs to be battlefield gains against Daesh in Iraq that reverse its march towards Baghdad and which break the strategic stalemate currently in place. ", "Once the prospect of victory over Daesh becomes possible, more countries will feel comfortable putting additional resources into the campaign against it.", "\n\nThere is room to be optimistic in that regard. ", "In 2015 Daesh lost approximately 30-40 percent (+/- 5000 square miles) of the territory that it controlled in Iraq and Syria. ", "Most of these losses were to Kurdish Peshmerga forces working in concert with Western special operations units. ", "Significantly aided by its coalition partners and tribal militias, the Iraq Army has re-taken Tikrit (November) and the oil refinery town of Baiji (October) and is in the process of clearing the last pockets of Daesh resistance in Ramadi. ", "Preparations for the re-taking of Falluja are well underway, and the battle for Mosul–Daesh’s biggest conquest in Iraq–is scheduled to begin within months. ", "Key Daesh supply lines between Iraq and Syria are under near-constant aerial attack. ", "In sum, the tide of Deash victories may not have completely turned but it does appear to have ebbed.", "\n\nJohn Key does not do anything out of moral or ethical conviction, much less altruism. ", "Instead he relies on polling and self-interest to drive policy. ", "His polling may be telling him that it is getting politically less difficult to sell the NZSAS deployment to domestic audiences. ", "But even if not, he has in the past ignored public opinion when it suits him (e.g. asset sales and the TPPA). ", "With Labour warming to the idea of an NZSAS deployment, his political risk is reduced considerably regardless of public opinion. ", "It is therefore likely that, weasel words notwithstanding, the train has been set in motion for that to occur.", "\n\nOnce the deployment is announced it is likely that the NZ public will support the decision and wish the troops Godspeed and success in fulfilling their mission. ", "But even if the majority do not, the diplomatic and military pressure to contribute more to the war effort against Daesh will be enough to convince the government that it is in NZ’s best interests to agree to the request. ", "In a non-election year and with Labour support it is also a politically safe thing to do.", "\n\nWhat is certain is that the mission will be very dangerous for the troops involved. ", "It will raise NZ’s target profile amongst Islamicists and could invite attack at home. ", "But given the position NZ finds itself in, it is a necessary and ultimately justified thing to do for several reasons, not the least of which is upholding NZ’s reputation as an international actor.", "\n\nA short version of this essay appears in the New Zealand Herald, January 7, 2016 (the comments are quite entertaining).", "\n\nMuch ether and pulp have been expended analysing the Daesh phenomenon and its consequences. ", "The range and acuity of interpretations is broad yet often shallow or incomplete. ", "Since it is a rainy weekend on Auckland’s west coast, I figured that I would alternate playing with the toddler with compiling a brief on the multiple interlocked layers that is the war of Daesh.", "\n\nI refer to the irregular warfare actor otherwise known as ISIS, ISIL or IS as Deash because the latter is a derogatory term in Arabic and denies the group its claim to legitimacy as a state or caliphate. ", "Plus, Isis is a common Arabic female name so it is insulting to Arab women to use it.", "\n\nMuch like the famed Russian dolls, the conflicts involving Daesh can be seen as a series of embedded pieces or better yet, as a multilevel chess game, with each piece or level interactive with and superimposed on the other. ", "Working from the core outwards, this is what the conflict involving Daesh is about:\n\nFirst, it is a conflict about the heart and soul of Sunni Islam. ", "Daesh is a Wahabist/Salafist movement that sees Sunni Arab petroligarchies, military nationalist regimes such as those of Saddam Hussein, Bashar al-Asaad and Muammar al-Qaddafi, nominally secular regimes like those in Algeria, Egypt, Turkey and Tunisia, and moderate monarchies such as those of Jordan and Morocco as all being degenerate and sold out to Western interests, thereby betraying their faith. ", "The overthrow of these regimes and the prevention of anything moderate (read: non-theocratic) emerging as their political replacement are core objectives for Daesh.", "\n\nSecondly, Daesh is at the front of a Sunni-Shiia conflict. ", "In significant measure funded by the Arab petroligarchies who opportunistically yet myopically see it as a proxy in the geopolitical competition for regional dominance with Iran and its proxies (such as Hizbollah) and allies (like the Syrian and post-Saddam Iraqi regimes), Daesh has as its second main objective eliminating the Shiia apostates as much as possible. ", "To that can be added removing all ethnic and religious minorities for the Middle East, starting with the Levant. ", "Because Daesh is racist as well as fundamentalist in orientation, it wishes to purge non-Arabs from its domain even if it will use them as cannon fodder in Syria and Iraq and as decentralised autonomous terrorist cells in Europe and elsewhere.", "\n\nThirdly, Daesh is engaged in a territorial war of conquest in Iraq and Syria, where it seeks to geographically situate its caliphate. ", "This has allowed it to gain control over important oil processing facilities in Iraq and Syria and use the proceeds from the black-market sale of oil (including to the Assad regime!) ", "to help fund its recruitment and weapons procurement efforts.", "\n\nFourth, Daesh is the source of inspiration, encouragement and sometimes training of decentralised, independent and autonomous urban guerrilla cells in Europe and elsewhere that use terrorism as the tactic of choice. ", "The strategy is a variant of Che Guevara’s “foco” theory of guerrilla warfare whereby cadres receive common training in a secure safe haven then return to their home countries in order to exploit their knowledge of the local terrain (cultural, socio-economic, political as well as physical) in order to better carry out terrorist attacks with high symbolic and psychological impact. ", "In this variant Daesh uses social media to great effective to provide ideological guidance and practical instruction to would-be domestic jihadis, thereby obviating the need for all of them to gain combat experience in the Middle East.", "\n\nLike Lenin and Guevara, Daesh understands that its terrorism will attract the mentally unbalanced and criminally minded seeking a cause to join. ", "Along with disaffected, alienated and angry Muslim youth, these are the new Muslim lumpenproletarians that constitute the recruitment pool for the guerrilla wars it seeks to wage in the Western world. ", "In places like Belgium, France and arguably even Australia, that recruitment pool runs deep.", "\n\nFifth, through these activities Daesh hopes to precipitate a clash of civilizations between Muslims and non-Muslims on a global scale. ", "It sees the current time much as fundamentalist Christians do, as an apocalyptic “end of days” moment. ", "Its strategy is to fight a two-front war to that end, using the territorial war in the Middle East as a base for conventional and unconventional military operations while engaging in irregular war in Europe and elsewhere. ", "The key of their military strategy is to lure Western powers into a broad fight on Muslim lands while getting them to overreact to terrorist attacks on their home soil by scapegoating the Muslim diaspora resident within them.", "\n\nDaesh may be barbaric but its political and military leadership (made up mostly of Sunni Baathists from Iraq) is not stupid. ", "It has not attacked Israel, knowing full well what the response will be from the Jewish state. ", "In its eyes the confrontation with the Zionists must wait until the pieces of the end game are in place.", "\n\nA critical component of Daesh’s strategy is the so-called “sucker ploy,” and it is being successful in implementing it. ", "Basically, the sucker ploy is a tactic by which a weaker military actor commits highly symbolic atrocities in order to provoke over-reactions from militarily stronger actors that deepen the alienation from the stronger actor of core prospective constituencies of the weaker actor. ", "That is exactly what has happened in places like the US, where opposition to the acceptance of Syrian refugees has become widespread in conservative political circles. ", "It also is seen in the bans on refugees imposed by the Hungarian and Polish governments, and the clamour to halt refugee flows from conservative-nationalist sectors throughout Europe. ", "We even see it in NZ on rightwing blogs and talkback radio, where the calls are to keep the Syrian refugees out even though no Syrian has ever done politically-motivated harm to a Kiwi (the projected intake is 750).", "\n\nSowing disproportionate fear, paranoia and the blind thirst for revenge amongst targeted populations is the bread and butter of the sucker ploy and by all indicators Daesh has done very well in doing so.", "\n\nThere is more to the picture but I shall leave things here and resume my asymmetric campaign versus the toddler.", "\n\nOne final thought. ", "For the anti-Daesh coalition the fight must assume the form of a conventional war of territorial re-conquest in Syria and Iraq, run in parallel with a shadow urban counter-insurgency campaign in the West that is fought irregularly but which is treated judicially as a criminal matter, much like an anti Mafia campaign would be. ", "Eliminating the territorial hold of Daesh in Syria and Iraq will remove their safe haven and training grounds as well as kill many of their fighters and leaders. ", "That will help slow refugee flows and the recruitment of Westerners to the cause and facilitate the domestic counter-insurgency campaigns of Daesh-targeted states. ", "The latter include better human intelligence gathering and intelligence sharing by and among erstwhile allies and adversaries in order to better counter dispersed terrorist plots.", "\n\nOf course, the long-term solution to Daesh, al-Qaeda and other Islamicist groups is political reform in the Arab world and socio-economic reform in the Western world that respectively treat the root causes of alienation and resentment within them. ", "So what is outlined in the previous paragraph is just a short-term solution.", "\n\nIn order for even that to happen, there has to be a tactical alliance between all actors with strategic stakes in the game: Russia, major Western powers, the Sunni Arab states and Turkey, the Syrian and Iraqi regimes, the Kurds, Iran and a host of irregular warfare actors including Hizbollah, the Free Syrian Army and assorted Islamicist groups not beholden to Daesh. ", "It will be a hard coalition to cobble together, but the common threat posed by Daesh could just well force them to temporarily put aside their differences in favour of a workable compromise and military division of labour between them.", "\n\nOf course, should that all occur and Daesh be defeated, then the old fashioned geopolitical chess game between Russia, the West, the Arabs, Kurds and Iranians can resume in Syria and Iraq. ", "The conditions for that game depend on who emerges strongest from the anti-Daesh struggle.", "\n\nWell, it was bound to happen. ", "After all the hemming and hawing and the kerfuffle that led to the announcement that New Zealand was sending 143 troops to Iraq as trainers and their force protection, the Prime Minister has now said the he would consider eventually sending to Syria a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) such as those previously deployed in Afghanistan. ", "He said as well that he was open to the idea of deploying NZSAS in Syria as target selectors for anti-Daesh air-strikes. ", "So much for his previous ironclad assurances that the training mission was the extent to which the NZDF would get involved in the anti-Daesh fight.", "\n\nWhat is interesting about his statement is that he has the order of engagement reversed. ", "For the PRT (which deploy about the same number of personnel as those currently stationed in Iraq) to be tasked in Syria Daesh will have to be pushed out of it, or at least significant portions of it. ", "Even then, the mission will be difficult as the experience in Bamiyan attests (six of the nine NZDF combat dead came from the Bamiyan PRT, and Bamiyan was considered one of the safer Afghan provinces). ", "However, for an eventual PRT deployment in Syria to happen, the conflict against Daesh will have to be ramped up exponentially, which is something the European members of the coalition and Australia are currently in the process of doing. ", "The UK has started to use lethal drones against Daesh targets (primarily British citizens), and the French and Australians have decided to increase the number of air strikes they will fly against Daesh in Syria as well as Iraq.", "\n\nPart of the air battle against Daesh in both Iraq and Syria is the use of UK, Australian and US special forces as target finders. ", "US Army special forces are now fighting alongside Kurdish peshmerga in northern Syria, and it is widely believed that UK and Australian SAS are doing a bit more than just finding targets for air strikes, to include nighttime raids on Daesh facilities and troop formations in Iraq as well as Syria.", "\n\nThe New Zealand government denies that the NZSAS is in the conflict theatre, but it would be naive to take that assertion at face value given the close working ties between the NZSAS and the afore-mentioned special operators already there. ", "If for no other reason, that scenario is possible because deploying of SAS assets in Syria in any role requires a fair bit of lead-in time, something that has now grown short as the migrant crisis deepens. ", "There is some urgency to finding a front and back-end solution to the crisis: addressing the refugee flows on the back-end in Europe but upping the ante on the front-end (the Syrian/Iraqi conflict zone) so as to stop the refugee flows from continuing.", "\n\nThat is going to take some doing. ", "The Iraq armed forces are no closer to re-taking Ramadi than they were before the NZDF “advisors” arrived in May. The oil refinery town of Baiji, north of Camp Taji where the NZDF troops are stationed, is still surrounded by Daesh fighters and at risk of falling to them. ", "Mosul remains in Daesh hands. ", "In Syria the Russians have decided to put skin into the game by sending the 1000-strong 810th Marine Brigade to Latakia (where Russia maintains an electronics signals intercept station) while reinforcing its naval base at Tartus. ", "US intelligence has reported hearing Russian voices on Syrian armoured communications, which is not surprising given that Russian crews fought in Syrian tanks in the 1967 and 1973 wars with Israel.", "\n\nRussian involvement should be seen as a potentially positive development as it has indicated that it is open to joining the coalition against Daesh. ", "It differs on the question of what to do with Assad, but the hard fact is that no solution to the Syrian civil war will come without Russia at the negotiating table (and Iran, for that matter). ", "Sending combat troops to bolster Assad gives the Russians increased leverage as well as a greater stake than what they already have (which is considerable given that over 100,000 Russian citizens live in Syria and the Assad regime is its closest ally in the Middle East). ", "Most importantly, it takes pressure off the West to solely shoulder the burden of rolling back Daesh. ", "With the Russians and Iranian-backed shiia militias (including Hezbollah) on board in both Syria and Iraq and air strikes on Syria added to the coalition target list, a simultaneous pincer movement on Daesh in Iraq and Daesh in Syria can begin. ", "Cutting off cross-border re-supply routes will be a priority and once that is accomplished, the squeeze can be placed on places like Mosul and Raqqa (the de facto capital of the Islamic State).", "\n\nThere is much more to the scenario and it will inevitably be ugly. ", "Turkey is now involved but spending more time trying to kill Kurdish PKK fighters than those of Daesh (and the PKK obliges the Turks by turning its guns on Turkish targets) That will have to change, or at least Turkey’s security priorities will have to be reversed–Daesh first and then the PKK. ", "Iran and the West will need to find an accommodation with regard to the former’s armed proxies in Iraq and Syria (something that has tacitly occurred in Iraq between Coalition forces and the al-Sadr Brigades). ", "Other European and Middle Eastern nations will have to increase their military contributions to the fight. ", "But it is clear that there is movement in these regards.", "\n\nIt appears that the refugee crisis has been the tipping point for that to occur, which is why the front- and back-end solution set is now being addressed and why John Key is being asked about what NZ proposes to do on both ends. ", "If his recent waffling about the NZDF role is anything to go by, the process of mission creep could soon be underway and may well have started already." ]

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[ "\n655 F.3d 516 (2011)\nState of OHIO ex rel. ", "Susan BOGGS; Fouad Rachid, for himself and as next friend for Nicole Rachid; and Fouad, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellants,\nv.\nCITY OF CLEVELAND, Defendant-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "09-4403.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.", "\nArgued: March 4, 2011.", "\nDecided and Filed: August 25, 2011.", "\n*518 ARGUED: David E. Mills, The Mills Law Office LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellants. ", "Thomas J. Kaiser, City of Cleveland, Department of Law, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ", "ON BRIEF: David E. Mills, The Mills Law Office LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellants. ", "Thomas J. Kaiser, Joseph G. Hajjar, City of Cleveland, Department of Law, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.", "\nBefore: MOORE and WHITE, Circuit Judges; VARLAN, District Judge.[*]", "\n\nOPINION\nTHOMAS A. VARLAN, District Judge.", "\nSusan Boggs (\"Boggs\") and Fouad Rachid (\"Rachid\"), individually and on behalf of their minor daughter, and Fouad, Inc. (\"Fouad\") (Boggs, Rachid, and Fouad, together, the \"relators\") appeal the district court's order dismissing their action on the basis of res judicata in favor of the City of Cleveland (the \"City\"). ", "For the following reasons, we reverse the district court and remand the case for further proceedings.", "\n\nI. BACKGROUND\nIn 1995, Fouad purchased the property located at 24505 Barrett Road in Olmsted Township, Ohio (the \"subject property\"). ", "Fouad is an Ohio corporation, and Rachid is its President and majority shareholder. ", "Since 1995, Boggs and Rachid have lived on the subject property with their daughter. ", "According to the relators, the subject property is positioned under the flight paths of two runways — currently known as 6L-24R and 6R24L — of the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (the \"Airport\").", "\nIn 2002, the relators filed a class-action mandamus action in the Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, Ohio seeking to compel the City, pursuant to Article I, Section 19 of the Ohio Constitution, to initiate appropriation proceedings with respect to property located near the Airport, including the subject property (the \"2002 Action\"). ", "The relators claimed the level and frequency of flights over the property so interfered with their use and enjoyment of the property that it had been taken for public use without just compensation.", "\nThe City moved to dismiss the 2002 Action, arguing that Boggs and Rachid lacked standing to bring the action because they had no legal interest in the subject property as it was owned by Fouad. ", "The City also argued that Fouad failed to state a claim on the merits because, as a corporation, it could not use the subject property as a residence. ", "The court granted the City's motion stating only: \"Plaintiff's [sic] motion to dismiss complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted filed on 11-21-02, is granted. ", "Final.\" ", "Appellant Br. ", "7; see also Appellee Br. ", "8.", "\nThe relators appealed to the state court of appeals, which dismissed the appeal, concluding that the trial court's order was not a final, appealable order because it dismissed the complaint without prejudice. ", "In response, the trial court issued an order stating only: \"Plaintiff's [sic] motion to dismiss complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted filed 11-21-02, is granted. ", "Complaint is dismissed with prejudice. ", "Final.\" ", "Appellant *519 Br. ", "7; see also Appellee Br. ", "8-9. ", "The relators did not appeal this order.", "\nOn August 1, 2008, the relators filed a new mandamus action in Ohio state court, seeking to compel the City to commence appropriation proceedings with respect to the subject property pursuant to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the Ohio Constitution, and other applicable laws (the \"2008 Action\"). ", "In the 2008 Action, the action underlying this appeal, the relators allege the City relocated runway 6L-24R in a phased construction project undertaken around 2000 and further expanded that runway in August 2004. ", "They also allege that in 2007, the same runway was expanded to accommodate larger aircraft with heavier fuel loads, and that the expansion of runway 6R-24L is underway.", "\nOn the basis of these allegations, and others, the relators claim the subject property lies 3,700 feet from runway 6L-24R in violation of federal laws and Federal Aviation Administration regulations. ", "They also claim the expanded runways resulted in increased runway traffic and intolerable noise, filth, and general disruption, which interferes with their use and enjoyment of the subject property. ", "In addition, the relators claim they have been exposed to harmful or cancer-causing toxins as a result of the expanded runways, which contaminated their well water and will require medical monitoring.", "\nThe City removed the case to federal court and, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, filed a motion to dismiss based on res judicata. ", "The district court granted the motion and dismissed the action with prejudice. ", "The relators timely appealed.", "\n\nII. ", "STANDARD OF REVIEW\nWe review de novo a district court's order granting a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). ", "Zaluski v. United Am. ", "Healthcare Corp., 527 F.3d 564, 570 (6th Cir.2008) (citation omitted). ", "We also review \"de novo a district court's application of res judicata.\" ", "Buck v. Thomas M. Cooley Law Sch., ", "597 F.3d 812, 816 (6th Cir.2010) (quoting Bragg v. Flint Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "570 F.3d 775, 776 (6th Cir.2009)).", "\n\nIII. ", "DISCUSSION\nState-court judgments are given the same preclusive effect under the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel as they \"would receive in courts of the rendering state.\" ", "ABS Indus., ", "Inc. ex rel. ", "ABS Litig. ", "Trust v. Fifth Third Bank, 333 Fed.", "Appx. ", "994, 998 (6th Cir.2009) (quoting Ingram v. City of Columbus, 185 F.3d 579, 593 (6th Cir.1999)). ", "In other words, \"`[i]f an individual is precluded from litigating a suit in state court by the traditional principles of res judicata, he is similarly precluded from litigating the suit in federal court.'\" ", "Id. (quoting Gutierrez v. Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1537 (6th Cir.1987)). ", "We look \"to the state's law to assess the preclusive effect it would attach to that judgment.\" ", "Id. (citations omitted).", "\n\"Under Ohio law, the doctrine of res judicata consists of `the two related concepts of claim preclusion, also known as res judicata or estoppel by judgment, and issue preclusion, also known as collateral estoppel.'\" ", "Doe ex rel. ", "Doe v. Jackson Local Schs. ", "Sch. ", "Dist., ", "422 Fed.", "Appx. ", "497, 500 (6th Cir.2011) (quoting O'Nesti v. DeBartolo Realty Corp., 113 Ohio St.3d 59, 862 N.E.2d 803, 806 (2007)). \"", "`Claim preclusion prevents subsequent actions, by the same parties or their privies, based upon any claim arising out of a transaction that was the subject of a previous action.'\" ", "Id. (citations omitted). ", "The doctrine \"bars subsequent actions whose claims `could have been litigated in the previous suit[.]'\" ", "Id. (alteration in original and citation omitted). *", "520 Issue preclusion, on the other hand, \"prevents the `relitigation of any fact or point that was determined by a court of competent jurisdiction in a previous action between the same parties or their privies[,]' even if the causes of action differ.\" ", "Id. (alteration in original and citation omitted). ", "A review of the parties' arguments reveals that they use the term \"res judicata\" to refer to claim preclusion only.", "\nThe Sixth Circuit has interpreted Ohio's doctrine of claim preclusion as having four elements:\n(1) a prior final, valid decision on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) a second action involving the same parties, or their privies, as the first; (3) a second action raising claims that were or could have been litigated in the first action; and (4) a second action arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action.", "\nHapgood v. City of Warren, 127 F.3d 490, 493 (6th Cir.1997) (quoting Felder v. Cmty. ", "Mut. ", "Ins. ", "Co., No. ", "96-3320, 1997 WL 160373, at *3-4 (6th Cir. ", "April 4, 1997) (unpublished)). ", "The party asserting the defense bears the burden of proof. ", "ABS Indus., ", "333 Fed.", "Appx. ", "at 998 (citing Winget v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 537 F.3d 565, 572 (6th Cir.2008)).", "\n\nA. Relators Boggs and Rachid\nThe relators argue the 2002 Action was not dismissed on the merits as to Boggs and Rachid because their claims were dismissed for lack of standing.[1] Indeed, under Ohio law, dismissals for want of standing do not have preclusive effect because they are not decided \"on the merits.\" ", "State ex rel. ", "Coles v. Granville, 116 Ohio St.3d 231, 877 N.E.2d 968, 977 (2007) (citations omitted); Asher v. City of Cincinnati, No. ", "C-990345, 2000 WL 955617, at *1 (Ohio Ct.", "App. ", "Dec. 23, 1999) (finding a prior suit was not decided on the merits because it was dismissed for lack of standing); A-1 Nursing Care of Cleveland, Inc. v. Florence Nightingale Nursing, Inc., 97 Ohio App.3d 623, 647 N.E.2d 222, 225 (1994) (noting that a \"motion to dismiss for lack of standing terminates the action other than on the merits and affords proper parties the opportunity to refile without fear of the effects of res judicata\"). ", "The City, however, contends that because the relators failed to appeal the trial court's second order, which included the language \"dismissed with prejudice,\" Boggs and Rachid acquiesced to the finality of that judgment, thus triggering the application of res judicata.", "\nAlthough the City's argument is not without support under Ohio law, see, e.g., Mason v. GFS Leasing and Mgmt., ", "No. ", "79536, 2002 WL 192097, at *3 (Ohio Ct. ", "App. ", "Feb. 7, 2002) (applying res judicata where appellant failed to appeal the trial court's erroneous, final judgment applying res judicata in a prior case), we cannot find that the 2002 Action was dismissed \"on the merits\" with respect to Boggs and Rachid in light of Superior Piping Contractors, Inc. v. Reilly Industries, Inc., No. ", "84871, 2005 WL 678987 (Ohio Ct.", "App. ", "Mar. 24, 2005).[2]\nIn Superior Piping, Superior Piping Contractors, Inc. (\"Superior\") filed a complaint against Reilly Industries, Inc. (\"Reilly\"), asserting that Reilly breached its contract with Superior. ", "2005 WL 678987, at *1. ", "The trial court dismissed the complaint with prejudice, finding Superior did not have standing. ", "Id. On appeal, *521 Superior asserted that the trial court erred in dismissing the complaint on the basis that it lacked standing, but the court of appeals affirmed the trial court's decision. ", "Id. Superior subsequently moved the court of appeals for reconsideration and clarification, \"arguing for the first time that the trial court's dismissal should read `without prejudice' rather than `with prejudice' because it was based on Superior's `lack of standing.'\" ", "Id. The court of appeals denied the motion because Superior failed to raise the issue before the trial court or on appeal. ", "Id.\nTwo years later, Superior filed another complaint against Reilly, \"alleging virtually identical claims as those in the prior action.\" ", "Id. Reilly moved for summary judgment on the ground that Superior's claims were barred by res judicata, and the trial court granted the motion. ", "Id. Superior appealed again, arguing that the trial court erred in dismissing on the basis of res judicata. ", "Id.\nRecognizing that a dismissal for lack of standing is not an adjudication on the merits for purposes of res judicata, the court of appeals reversed. ", "Id. at *2. ", "It found that it was \"erroneous for the trial court to dismiss Superior's claims with prejudice in the prior action, when the basis for the dismissal — that Superior lacked standing to sue — was purely procedural and did not concern the substance of the case.\" ", "Id. Further, the court of appeals found:\nWhile Superior waived this error by raising it for the first time with this court on a motion for re-consideration, to preclude Superior's second action only continues the error from the prior action without Superior's claims ever adjudicated \"on the merits.\" ", "Because adjudication \"on the merits\" is a prerequisite to the application of res judicata, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Reilly, as there has never been a valid, final judgment on the merits of Superior's claims.", "\nId.\nHere, in the 2002 Action, the City moved to dismiss Boggs and Rachid for lack of standing. ", "The trial court granted the City's motion, stating only: \"Plaintiff's [sic] motion to dismiss complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted filed on 11-21-02, is granted. ", "Final.\" ", "Appellant Br. ", "7; see also Appellee Br. ", "8. ", "The relators appealed the decision, but the court of appeals dismissed the appeal, concluding the trial court's order was not a final, appealable order because it dismissed the complaint without prejudice. ", "In response, the trial court issued an order stating: \"Plaintiff's [sic] motion to dismiss complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted filed 11-21-02, is granted. ", "Complaint is dismissed with prejudice. ", "Final.\" ", "Appellant Br. ", "7; see also Appellant Br. ", "8-9. ", "The relators, however, did not appeal this order.", "\nGiven that Ohio law instructs that dismissals for lack of standing do not trigger res judicata, the state trial court appears to have erred in dismissing the 2002 Action with prejudice with respect to Boggs and Rachid in response to the state court of appeals dismissing the relators' appeal. ", "Although the relators did not appeal that erroneous order, the state court's dismissal of the 2002 Action with prejudice with respect to Boggs and Rachid was \"purely procedural.\" ", "Superior Piping, 2005 WL 678987, at *2. ", "No court has considered the merits of Boggs's and Rachid's claims; thus, res judicata cannot preclude Boggs and Rachid from asserting them.", "\nMoreover, a principle advanced in Ohio case law, that \"[t]he binding effect of res judicata has been held not to apply when fairness and justice would not support it,\" Builders Dev. ", "Group, L.L.C., v. Smith, No. ", "23846, 2010 WL 3448574, at *3 *522 (Ohio Ct.", "App. ", "Sept. 3, 2010) (alteration in original and citations omitted), compels us to find that res judicata does not apply to Boggs's and Rachid's claims. ", "Even assuming that Ohio law treats Boggs's and Rachid's failure to appeal as triggering the application of res judicata — as the City argues — their claims have never been decided on the merits, and \"[u]nder [such] circumstances, rigid application of res judicata would defeat the ends of justice.\" ", "2010 WL 3448574, at *3-4 (discussing situations where application of res judicata is manifestly unjust).", "\nAccordingly, the district court erred in finding that the City established the second element of claim preclusion — that there was a prior final, valid decision on the merits — with respect to Boggs and Rachid.", "\n\nB. Relator Fouad\nThe parties agree Superior Piping does not apply to Fouad and that there was a prior final, valid decision on the merits with respect to Fouad because Fouad was dismissed as a party to the 2002 Action for failure to state a meritorious claim. ", "The parties also agree that the second action involves the same parties or their privies as the first action. ", "Consequently, we must consider whether the district court erred in finding either that the 2008 Action raises claims that were or could have been litigated in the 2002 Action or that the 2008 Action arises out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the 2002 Action. ", "We find that the district court erred in both respects.", "\nThe relators' arguments concerning the third and fourth elements of claim preclusion are somewhat intertwined, but they essentially argue three new occurrences took place after the filing of the 2002 Action that preclude the application of res judicata: (1) the runways were expanded, moving one runway closer to the home on the subject property and causing dangerously increased decibel levels and new damage to the property; (2) the expanded runways poisoned the relators' sole water supply with jet fuel and toxins; and (3) the relators learned that the City placed the subject property on the Airport Layout Plan (the \"Plan\"), thus certifying to the Federal Aviation Administration that it would acquire the property. ", "The relators further argue that their claims related to the expanded runways were not ripe in 2002 because facts necessary to bring those claims were not known at that time, including those related to decibel levels and water contamination.", "\nThe City takes the position that \"not a single new event has occurred since the 2002 Complaint was dismissed\" and that the relators \"are seeking to compel the City to purchase the property based on the City's alleged interference with their property rights which began since after they purchased the property in 1995.\" ", "Appellee Br. ", "17. ", "In addition, the City argues that all of the claims asserted in the 2008 Action were or could have been asserted in the 2002 Action.", "\n\n1. ", "Whether the Current Claims Could Have Been Raised in the 2002 Action\nPursuant to Ohio's ripeness doctrine, res judicata does not apply to claims that were not ripe for review in a previous action. ", "See Katt v. Dykhouse, 983 F.2d 690, 693 (6th Cir.1992) (applying Michigan's ripeness doctrine to determine that the plaintiff could not have raised a claim in a previous action because that claim did not ripen until after judgment was entered in that action); State v. Smith, No. ", "4-06-18, 2006 WL 2795609, at *2 (Ohio Ct.", "App. ", "Oct. 2, 2006) (declining to apply the doctrine of res judicata because the issue was not previously ripe). ", "Ohio law dictates *523 that \"a claim is not ripe if the claim rests upon `future events that may not occur as anticipated, or may not occur at all.'\" ", "State v. McCarty, No. ", "CA2006-04-093, 2007 WL 1394580, at *3 (Ohio Ct.", "App. ", "May 14, 2007) (citation omitted). ", "When an injury is not yet present, a claim is not ripe even when \"the alleged action of the defendant foretells legal injury to the plaintiff.\" ", "State ex rel. ", "Elyria Foundry Co. v. Indus. ", "Comm'n, 82 Ohio St.3d 88, 694 N.E.2d 459, 460 (1998) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).", "\nIn the 2008 Action, the relators allege the \"expansion [of the runway] has resulted in increased runway traffic that has interfered with Relator's use and enjoyment of the[ir] Property.\" ", "Comp. ¶¶ ", "4-5; see also id. at ¶ 33 (alleging environmental harm from \"increased air traffic of the expanded runways\"). ", "The City had planned the Airport's expansion and undertaken the first stage of the expansion well before the 2002 Action was filed, a point the City relies upon heavily; however, the 2004 and 2007 runway expansions had not yet occurred when the relators commenced the 2002 Action and the environmental damages that the relators would incur from those expansions was indeterminate. ", "Hence, the claims about the effects of the 2004 and 2007 runway expansions were not ripe in 2002 under Ohio law because, although the alleged actions of the City expanding the runway may have foretold their injury, the relators' damages were at best speculative at that time. ", "Res judicata, therefore, cannot bar the claims related to the effects of the expansions in 2004 and 2007.", "\n\n2. ", "Whether the 2008 Action is Premised on a New Transaction or Occurrence\nOhio's res judicata doctrine precludes later suits based on the \"transaction, or series of connected transactions, out of which the [first] action arose.\" ", "Grava v. Parkman Twp., ", "73 Ohio St.3d 379, 653 N.E.2d 226, 229 (1995). \"", "Transaction\" is defined as a \"common nucleus of operative facts.\" ", "Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 cmt. ", "b (1982)). \"", "`That a number of different legal theories casting liability on an actor may apply to a given episode does not create multiple transactions and hence multiple claims. ", "This remains true although the several legal theories ... would emphasize different elements of the facts.\" ", "Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 cmt. ", "c).", "\nIn Grava, the plaintiff's \"second application for a zoning certificate [wa]s barred by the doctrine of res judicata\" because it and a previous application sought permission \"to construct exactly the same building on the same tract of land.\" ", "Id.; see also Hundley v. Vectren Energy Delivery of Ohio, Inc., No. ", "19870, 2003 WL 22763899, at *5 (Ohio Ct.", "App. ", "Nov. 21, 2003) (holding that a plaintiff relied on the same operative facts because both of his suits were \"based upon the invoices that [he] received ... between January and December of 2002\" and the only difference was the \"mathematical errors\" that he alleged). ", "The plaintiff argued that barring the second action would be \"unfair,\" but the Ohio Supreme Court found that, \"[a]bsent changed circumstances, refusing to allow [the plaintiff] to use an alternative legal theory overlooked in the previous proceedings does not work an injustice.\" ", "Grava, 653 N.E.2d at 230 (emphasis added).", "\nWe find the 2004 and 2007 runway expansions are distinct events from any earlier expansion and that they resulted in new facts and \"changed circumstances,\" id., not merely new legal theories. ", "Indeed, the relators submit the expansions completed after the commencement of the *524 2002 Action caused \"worsening conditions\" and that there was \"a substantial change in the scope of continuing harm related to the noise, property damage, and [health] dangers.\" ", "Appellant Br. ", "24. ", "Accordingly, the claims related to the 2004 and 2007 expansions are premised on a new transaction or occurrence and res judicata cannot apply to bar them.", "\nIn sum, the district court erred in dismissing the 2008 Action as to Fouad because the claims based upon the 2004 and 2007 expansions could not have been raised in the 2002 Action and are premised on a new transaction or occurrence distinct from the subject matter of the 2002 Action.", "\n\nIV. ", "CONCLUSION\nFor the reasons explained herein, we REVERSE the decision of the district court dismissing the action on the basis of res judicata and REMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.", "\nNOTES\n[*] The Honorable Thomas A. Varlan, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.", "\n[1] The state trial court said little in dismissing Boggs and Rachid, but the parties agree that Boggs and Rachid were dismissed for lack of standing. ", "We proceed accordingly.", "\n[2] In response to a request from the panel during oral argument, the parties submitted letter briefs concerning the application of Superior Piping.", "\n" ]

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[ "Improving anti-hepatitis C virus therapy.", "\nThe estimated prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is 2%, representing 123 million infected individuals worldwide. ", "HCV infection burdens public health in relation to hepatic (cirrhosis and its complications in 20% of patients) and extrahepatic (vasculitis) complications, and lessens quality of life. ", "Major progress has been made in the last two decades for the diagnosis and treatment of HCV, including more appropriate screening strategies for HCV infection (improved sensitivity of serological and virological tests); a better evaluation of the impact of chronic HCV infection on the liver (semi-quantitative scoring systems of necro-inflammation and fibrosis on liver biopsy, non-invasive evaluation of fibrosis with biochemical markers and elastometry); and improved therapeutic regimens. ", "This progress provides a better definition of who to treat (clinical impact or significant fibrosis); how to treat; tailoring therapies for doses and durations of the pegylated interferon plus ribavirin combination according to virological (mainly genotype and early viral kinetics, but also baseline viral load) and hosts factors (fibrosis, immune status, weight); and how to monitor efficacy and tolerance of therapy. ", "The progress has now resulted in a 50% rate of complete HCV eradication, ranging 45 - 90% according to the genotype and especially in those patients with early viral response. ", "New therapies, specifically HCV protease or polymerase inhibitors, in combination with pegylated interferon, or more potent and less toxic new formulations of interferons or ribavirin, will increase these encouraging results in the future." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "*f*x**2 + 5*f wrt f.\n-6*f*x**2 + 60*f*x - 158*x**2\nFind the first derivative of -15977*f**4*z + 8*f**3*z - 5082*z + 11 wrt f.\n-63908*f**3*z + 24*f**2*z\nFind the second derivative of 4*f**4 + 6*f**3 - 112*f**2 - 9*f + 709 wrt f.\n48*f**2 + 36*f - 224\nDifferentiate -15900*j**2 - 7*j + 290453 wrt j.\n-31800*j - 7\nWhat is the third derivative of 43173*j**5 - 34826*j**2 wrt j?", "\n2590380*j**2\nWhat is the second derivative of -50*h**3*y**2 + 761*h**2*y**2 - 4*h**2*y - 7*h*y**2 - 2*h - 52*y**2 + 28*y wrt h?", "\n-300*h*y**2 + 1522*y**2 - 8*y\nDifferentiate -b**2*g + 2*b**2*x + 5*b**2 - 69*b*g*x + 96*g*x - 6*g + 20*x wrt b.\n-2*b*g + 4*b*x + 10*b - 69*g*x\nDifferentiate -1915*d*o**3 - 2654983*d + o**3 - 196*o wrt o.\n-5745*d*o**2 + 3*o**2 - 196\nWhat is the first derivative of -313737*s + 602512 wrt s?", "\n-313737\nDifferentiate -581566*s**3 + 390726 wrt s.\n-1744698*s**2\nWhat is the second derivative of 218222*v**3 + 11386*v?", "\n1309332*v\nWhat is the third derivative of -38896*x**4 + 5*x**3 + 371604*x**2?", "\n-933504*x + 30\nFind the second derivative of -2432335*c**2*y**2 - 11*c*y - 21937*y**2 - y - 1 wrt c.\n-4864670*y**2\nFind the first derivative of 82*n**3*y + 20222*n**3 + 21*n**2*y + n*y + 2*n - 183*y - 11 wrt y.\n82*n**3 + 21*n**2 + n - 183\nFind the third derivative of 191*i**4*z**3 - i**3*z**3 + 4*i**3*z**2 - i**2*z + 42596*i*z**3 wrt i.\n4584*i*z**3 - 6*z**3 + 24*z**2\nFind the first derivative of 41933*d*q**2 + q**2 + 2*q + 10315 wrt d.\n41933*q**2\nFind the second derivative of 12640*f**2*j*r**2 - 3*f**2*j*r + 197*f**2*r + 3*j + 3*r wrt r.\n25280*f**2*j\nWhat is the third derivative of 269*t**4 - 1134*t**3 - 1084305*t**2 wrt t?", "\n6456*t - 6804\nWhat is the third derivative of 2*h*k**4 - 2*h*k - 61024*k**4 + 7096*k**2 wrt k?", "\n48*h*k - 1464576*k\nFind the second derivative of -2*d**2*l**2 + 1538*d**2*l - 176*d**2 + 402*d*l - 16*l**2 + 32 wrt d.\n-4*l**2 + 3076*l - 352\nWhat is the second derivative of 10*m**5 + 4*m**3 + 117*m**2 - 565*m + 13 wrt m?", "\n200*m**3 + 24*m + 234\nDifferentiate 460232*i**3 + 334898 wrt i.\n1380696*i**2\nFind the second derivative of -30766*v**5 - 4*v**4 - 96888*v wrt v.\n-615320*v**3 - 48*v**2\nFind the first derivative of -d*h**4 + 176*d*h**2 - 334008*d - 34*h**4 wrt h.\n-4*d*h**3 + 352*d*h - 136*h**3\nFind the third derivative of 9*w**5 + 783*w**3 + 25587*w**2 - 2*w.", "\n540*w**2 + 4698\nWhat is the third derivative of -86*n**6 + 12*n**5 - 38*n**3 + 53404*n**2 - 3*n - 1 wrt n?", "\n-10320*n**3 + 720*n**2 - 228\nWhat is the derivative of -101*d**3 - 3*d**2 - 79*d - 14880?", "\n-303*d**2 - 6*d - 79\nFind the second derivative of -k**4 + 3*k**3 + 143*k**2 + 19290*k wrt k.\n-12*k**2 + 18*k + 286\nWhat is the first derivative of -2509952*m - 2539341 wrt m?", "\n-2509952\nWhat is the third derivative of -115*i**3*q**4 + 3*i**3*q**2*s + 18*i**3*s + 306*i*q**4*s - 3*i*s + 62*q**2 wrt q?", "\n-2760*i**3*q + 7344*i*q*s\nDifferentiate t**2*u**2 - 4805*t**2*u + t**2 - 4*t + 144553*u**2 wrt t.\n2*t*u**2 - 9610*t*u + 2*t - 4\nWhat is the third derivative of 115519*x**5 + 121*x**2 + 42*x + 2?", "\n6931140*x**2\nWhat is the second derivative of -158627*a*y**2 - 2*a*y + 33*a + 26*y - 1 wrt y?", "\n-317254*a\nFind the first derivative of 340*g**2 + 10*g - 11605 wrt g.\n680*g + 10\nDifferentiate -2*o*x**2 - 2*o*x - 5740*o - 63825*x**2 wrt o.\n-2*x**2 - 2*x - 5740\nWhat is the second derivative of 3071*b*d*i*j**2 - b*d*i*j - 3*b*d*j**2 - 52*b*d*j + b*i*j + b*i + 4*d*j - 2*d - i*j**2 wrt j?", "\n6142*b*d*i - 6*b*d - 2*i\nFind the first derivative of -2*n**3 + 18*n**2 + 22*n + 34770.", "\n-6*n**2 + 36*n + 22\nFind the third derivative of -76359*q**3 - 13*q**2 + 8*q - 19 wrt q.\n-458154\nFind the second derivative of 207*d**2*p**2 + 494*d**2*p + d*p**2 + d + 5*p**2 - 5281*p - 1 wrt d.\n414*p**2 + 988*p\nFind the second derivative of 10*t**2*y**2 + 1627*t**2*y + 2*t**2 - 14451*t*y**2 wrt t.\n20*y**2 + 3254*y + 4\nWhat is the third derivative of 6*t**5 - 411*t**4 - 39*t**2 + t + 53?", "\n360*t**2 - 9864*t\nDifferentiate 2483168*u**2 - 3600096 wrt u.\n4966336*u\nWhat is the second derivative of 60247*d**2 - 2587*d - 17 wrt d?", "\n120494\nWhat is the second derivative of -q**4 + 831326*q**2 + 4846*q - 1?", "\n-12*q**2 + 1662652\nWhat is the second derivative of 15672*a**2*w + 26*a*w + a + 5*w - 8 wrt a?", "\n31344*w\nFind the third derivative of 130*f**5 + f**4 - 440*f**3 - 234123*f**2 - 2 wrt f.\n7800*f**2 + 24*f - 2640\nFind the second derivative of -258*v**2*x**2 - 5*v**2*x + 3*v**2 - 3*v*x**2 + 5*x**2 + 16 wrt v.\n-516*x**2 - 10*x + 6\nWhat is the third derivative of 3770420*t**4 + 15*t**2 - 181902 wrt t?", "\n90490080*t\nWhat is the third derivative of 238321*i**6 - 66478*i**2?", "\n28598520*i**3\nFind the third derivative of 642*f**4*p + 16*f**3*p + 7*f**2 + 742*f*p wrt f.\n15408*f*p + 96*p\nWhat is the third derivative of 3*k**4*u - 7919*k**4 + 2*k**3*u - 17*k**3 - 3*k**2*u + 9*k**2 - 217*k + 2*u - 3 wrt k?", "\n72*k*u - 190056*k + 12*u - 102\nFind the third derivative of -9*q**4 + 737*q**3 + 26*q**2 + 113 wrt q.\n-216*q + 4422\nFind the second derivative of 2*j**5*v + 118913*j**3*v + 207*j*v - 2195*v wrt j.\n40*j**3*v + 713478*j*v\nWhat is the third derivative of 5*k**3*v**3 - 4*k**3*v**2 + 1670*k**2*v + k*v**2 + 765*v**3 wrt v?", "\n30*k**3 + 4590\nWhat is the third derivative of 1115158*c**3 + 1532*c**2 - 4*c + 9 wrt c?", "\n6690948\nWhat is the third derivative of 12*d**2*g**3*h**3 + 3*d**2*g**3 - 7*d**2*h + 837*d*g**2*h**3 + 1467*g**3 + 2*h**3 wrt g?", "\n72*d**2*h**3 + 18*d**2 + 8802\nDifferentiate 605*q*r**3 - 2*q*r**2 + 3*q - 3*r**3 + 7747*r**2 with respect to q.\n605*r**3 - 2*r**2 + 3\nFind the second derivative of 118756*f**3*t + f**2*t - 12*f*t - 2355*t wrt f.\n712536*f*t + 2*t\nWhat is the second derivative of -2801497*h**4 - 2406768*h?", "\n-33617964*h**2\nWhat is the first derivative of -2*d**4 - 7323*d**3*i + d**2*i + 937*i - 41 wrt d?", "\n-8*d**3 - 21969*d**2*i + 2*d*i\nFind the third derivative of 159*d**2*l**3 + 407*d**2 - 306*d*l**3 + 271*l**2 wrt l.\n954*d**2 - 1836*d\nDifferentiate -2812723*g**3*x + 797*g**3 + 111*g**2 + g - 2 with respect to x.\n-2812723*g**3\nWhat is the third derivative of -44330*j**3*m**3 + 2*j**3*m**2 + 3*j**3*m + 2*j**2*m**3 + 411286 wrt j?", "\n-265980*m**3 + 12*m**2 + 18*m\nDifferentiate -5450446*h**2 - 4550793 wrt h.\n-10900892*h\nFind the third derivative of -3*f**2*m**6 + 7*f**2*m**3 - 39*f**2*m**2 + 1355*f**2 - f - 77*m**3 wrt m.\n-360*f**2*m**3 + 42*f**2 - 462\nDifferentiate 560285*i + 187413.", "\n560285\nFind the second derivative of -107*j**3 + 4*j**2*q**2 - 47*j**2*q - 2*j*q + 110200*q**2 - 2*q wrt j.\n-642*j + 8*q**2 - 94*q\nDifferentiate 2*h**3 - 60577*h**2 + 2*h + 1384243 with respect to h.\n6*h**2 - 121154*h + 2\nWhat is the derivative of h**2*t**3 - 226071*h**2*t + 40758*t**3 - 14 wrt h?", "\n2*h*t**3 - 452142*h*t\nWhat is the derivative of 56721*a**2 + 22012?", "\n113442*a\nWhat is the second derivative of 2884394*a**5 - 4347898*a?", "\n57687880*a**3\nFind the third derivative of -6129059*n**6 + 31*n**2 - 1473 wrt n.\n-735487080*n**3\nDifferentiate 3*h**2 - 12896*h - 2353063.", "\n6*h - 12896\nWhat is the second derivative of -j**3 + 1458970*j**2 - 4*j + 71208 wrt j?", "\n-6*j + 2917940\nWhat is the third derivative of -608960*x**6 - 50*x**2 - 1553*x?", "\n-73075200*x**3\nWhat is the derivative of 2*d*j*o - 5*d*j - 2*d*o + 11181*d + 28*j*o + 2*j - 17090*o + 8 wrt o?", "\n2*d*j - 2*d + 28*j - 17090\nWhat is the third derivative of 7687*a**5 - 3*a**4 + a**3 + 79*a**2 + 16*a wrt a?", "\n461220*a**2 - 72*a + 6\nWhat is the first derivative of -1067933*r**2 + 179300 wrt r?", "\n-2135866*r\nFind the second derivative of -2*p**4 - 10*p**2 + 1165*p + 12.", "\n-24*p**2 - 20\nFind the first derivative of 13*g*i**3 + 13*g*i**2 - 2*g + 17*i**3 - 11800 wrt i.\n39*g*i**2 + 26*g*i + 51*i**2\nWhat is the second derivative of -238567*z**3 + 2*z + 21111 wrt z?", "\n-1431402*z\nWhat is the third derivative of -4*y**5 + 263*y**3 + 4627164*y**2?", "\n-240*y**2 + 1578\nWhat is the second derivative of 2*h**2*x**2 - 3*h**2*x + 4*h**2 + h*x + 152*x**3 - 4*x**2 + 22*x wrt x?", "\n4*h**2 + 912*x - 8\nFind the first derivative of -2*u**2 - 75583*u - 93651.", "\n-4*u - 75583\nDifferentiate -31430*s**3*v - 878*s**3 - 18*s**2*v - 1859*s - 3*v with respect to v.\n-31430*s**3 - 18*s**2 - 3\nWhat is the second derivative of 491666*s**2*x**2 + 4*s*x**2 + 2*s*x + 29*x**2 + 9*x wrt s?", "\n983332*x**2\nDifferentiate 4892*d*g**2*v**2 - 9*d*g*v**2 + g**2 - g*v**2 + 79*v**2 + 71*v with respect to d.\n4892*g**2*v**2 - 9*g*v**2\nFi" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Happ, 24, had 39 home runs and an .801 OPS but struck out 296 times in his first two major-league seasons. ", "A rough spring training led to his demotion, and he admitted it was \"difficult to be away from the teams and away from these guys, but there were a good group of guys down there.”" ]

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[ "Emotion in animals\n\nEmotion is defined as any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content. ", "The existence and nature of emotions in animals are believed to be correlated with those of humans and to have evolved from the same mechanisms. ", "Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to write about the subject, and his observational (and sometimes anecdotal) approach has since developed into a more robust, hypothesis-driven, scientific approach. ", "Cognitive bias tests and learned helplessness models have shown feelings of optimism and pessimism in a wide range of species, including rats, dogs, cats, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings, pigs, and honeybees. ", "Jaak Panksepp played a large role in the study of animal emotion, basing his research on the neurological aspect. ", "Mentioning seven core emotional feelings reflected through a variety of neuro-dynamic limbic emotional action systems, including seeking, fear, rage, lust, care, panic and play. ", "Through brain stimulation and pharmacological challenges, such emotional responses can be effectively monitored.", "\n\nEmotion has been observed and further researched through multiple different approaches including that of behaviourism, comparative, anecdotal, specifically Darwin's approach and what is most widely used today the scientific approach which has a number of subfields including functional, mechanistic, cognitive bias tests, self-medicating, spindle neurons, vocalizations and neurology.", "\n\nWhile emotions in animals is still quite a controversial topic it has been studied in a extensive array of species both large and small including primates, rodents, elephants, horses, birds, dogs, cats, honeybees and crayfish.", "\n\nEtymology, definitions, and differentiation\nThe word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". ", "However, the earliest precursors of the word likely date back to the very origins of language.", "\n\nEmotions have been described as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. ", " Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. ", "Emotions have also been described as the result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced ancestors.", "\n\nLaterality\nIt has been proposed that negative, withdrawal-associated emotions are processed predominantly by the right hemisphere, whereas the left hemisphere is largely responsible for processing positive, approach-related emotions. ", " This has been called the \"laterality-valence hypothesis\".", "\n\nBasic and complex human emotions\nIn humans, a distinction is sometimes made between \"basic\" and \"complex\" emotions. ", " Six emotions have been classified as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. ", " Complex emotions would include contempt, jealousy and sympathy. ", "However, this distinction is difficult to maintain, and animals are often said to express even the complex emotions.", "\n\nBackground\n\nBehaviourist approach\n\nPrior to the development of animal sciences such as comparative psychology and ethology, interpretation of animal behaviour tended to favour a minimalistic approach known as behaviourism. ", " This approach refuses to ascribe to an animal a capability beyond the least demanding that would explain a behaviour; anything more than this is seen as unwarranted anthropomorphism. ", "The behaviourist argument is, why should humans postulate consciousness and all its near-human implications in animals to explain some behaviour, if mere stimulus-response is a sufficient explanation to produce the same effects?", "\n\nSome behaviourists, such as John B. Watson, claim that stimulus–response models provide a sufficient explanation for animal behaviours that have been described as emotional, and that all behaviour, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus-response association. ", "Watson described that the purpose of psychology was \"to predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or given the reaction, state what the situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction\".", "\n\nThe cautious wording of Dixon exemplifies this viewpoint:\n\nMoussaieff Masson and McCarthy describe a similar view (with which they disagree):\n\nBecause of the philosophical questions of consciousness and mind that are involved, many scientists have stayed away from examining animal and human emotion, and have instead studied measurable brain functions through neuroscience.", "\n\nComparative approach\nIn 1903, C. Lloyd Morgan published Morgan's Canon, a specialised form of Occam's razor used in ethology, in which he stated:\n\nDarwin's approach\nCharles Darwin initially planned to include a chapter on emotion in The Descent of Man but as his ideas progressed they expanded into a book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. ", "Darwin proposed that emotions are adaptive and serve a communicative and motivational function, and he stated three principles that are useful in understanding emotional expression: First, The Principle of Serviceable Habits takes a Lamarckian stance by suggesting that emotional expressions that are useful will be passed on to the offspring. ", "Second, The Principle of Antithesis suggests that some expressions exist merely because they oppose an expression that is useful. ", "Third, The Principle of the Direct Action of the Excited Nervous System on the Body suggests that emotional expression occurs when nervous energy has passed a threshold and needs to be released.", "\n\nDarwin saw emotional expression as an outward communication of an inner state, and the form of that expression often carries beyond its original adaptive use. ", "For example, Darwin remarks that humans often present their canine teeth when sneering in rage, and he suggests that this means that a human ancestor probably utilized their teeth in aggressive action. ", "A domestic dog's simple tail wag may be used in subtly different ways to convey many meanings as illustrated in Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872.", "\n\nAnecdotal approach\nEvidence for emotions in animals has been primarily anecdotal, from individuals who interact with pets or captive animals on a regular basis. ", "However, critics of animals having emotions often suggest that anthropomorphism is a motivating factor in the interpretation of the observed behaviours. ", "Much of the debate is caused by the difficulty in defining emotions and the cognitive requirements thought necessary for animals to experience emotions in a similar way to humans. ", "The problem is made more problematic by the difficulties in testing for emotions in animals. ", "What is known about human emotion is almost all related or in relation to human communication.", "\n\nScientific approach\nIn recent years, the scientific community has become increasingly supportive of the idea of emotions in animals. ", "Scientific research has provided insight into similarities of physiological changes between humans and animals when experiencing emotion.", "\n\nMuch support for animal emotion and its expression results from the notion that feeling emotions doesn't require significant cognitive processes, rather, they could be motivated by the processes to act in an adaptive way, as suggested by Darwin. ", " Recent attempts in studying emotions in animals have led to new constructions in experimental and information gathering. ", "Professor Marian Dawkins suggested that emotions could be studied on a functional or a mechanistic basis. ", " Dawkins suggests that merely mechanistic or functional research will provide the answer on its own, but suggests that a mixture of the two would yield the most significant results.", "\n\nFunctional\nFunctional approaches rely on understanding what roles emotions play in humans and examining that role in animals. ", "A widely used framework for viewing emotions in a functional context is that described by Oatley and Jenkins who see emotions as having three stages: (i) appraisal in which there is a conscious or unconscious evaluation of an event as relevant to a particular goal. ", "An emotion is positive when that goal is advanced and negative when it is impeded (ii) action readiness where the emotion gives priority to one or a few kinds of action and may give urgency to one so that it can interrupt or compete with others and (iii) physiological changes, facial expression and then behavioural action. ", " The structure, however, may be too broad and could be used to include all the animal kingdom as well as some plants.", "\n\nMechanistic\nThe second approach, mechanistic, requires an examination of the mechanisms that drive emotions and search for similarities in animals.", "\n\nThe mechanistic approach is utilized extensively by Paul, Harding and Mendl. ", "Recognizing the difficulty in studying emotion in non-verbal animals, Paul et al. ", "demonstrate possible ways to better examine this. ", "Observing the mechanisms that function in human emotion expression, Paul et al. ", "suggest that concentration on similar mechanisms in animals can provide clear insights into the animal experience. ", "They noted that in humans, cognitive biases vary according to emotional state and suggested this as a possible starting point to examine animal emotion. ", "They propose that researchers may be able to use controlled stimuli which have a particular meaning to trained animals to induce particular emotions in these animals and assess which types of basic emotions animals can experience.", "\n\nCognitive bias test\n\nA cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment, whereby inferences about other animals and situations may be drawn in an illogical fashion. ", "Individuals create their own \"subjective social reality\" from their perception of the input. ", "It refers to the question \"Is the glass half empty or half full?\", ", "used as an indicator of optimism or pessimism.", "\nTo test this in animals, an individual is trained to anticipate that stimulus A, e.g. a 20 Hz tone, precedes a positive event, e.g. highly desired food is delivered when a lever is pressed by the animal. ", " The same individual is trained to anticipate that stimulus B, e.g. a 10 Hz tone, precedes a negative event, e.g. bland food is delivered when the animal presses a lever. ", "The animal is then tested by being played an intermediate stimulus C, e.g. a 15 Hz tone, and observing whether the animal presses the lever associated with the positive or negative reward, thereby indicating whether the animal is in a positive or negative mood. ", " This might be influenced by, for example, the type of housing the animal is kept in.", "\n\nUsing this approach, it has been found that rats which are subjected to either handling or tickling showed different responses to the intermediate stimulus: rats exposed to tickling were more optimistic. ", "The authors stated that they had demonstrated \"...for the first time a link between the directly measured positive affective state and decision making under uncertainty in an animal model.\"", "\n\nCognitive biases have been shown in a wide range of species including rats, dogs, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings and honeybees.", "\n\nSelf-medication with psychoactive drugs\nHumans can suffer from a range of emotional or mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, fear and panic. ", " To treat these disorders, scientists have developed a range of psychoactive drugs such as anxiolytics. ", " Many of these drugs are developed and tested by using a range of laboratory species. ", " It is inconsistent to argue that these drugs are effective in treating human emotions whilst denying the experience of these emotions in the laboratory animals on which they have been developed and tested.", "\n\nStandard laboratory cages prevent mice from performing several natural behaviours for which they are highly motivated. ", "As a consequence, laboratory mice sometimes develop abnormal behaviours indicative of emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety. ", "To improve welfare, these cages are sometimes enriched with items such as nesting material, shelters and running wheels. ", " Sherwin and Ollson tested whether such enrichment influenced the consumption of Midazolam, a drug widely used to treat anxiety in humans. ", " Mice in standard cages, standard cages but with unpredictable husbandry, or enriched cages, were given a choice of drinking either non-drugged water or a solution of the Midazolam. ", " Mice in the standard and unpredictable cages drank a greater proportion of the anxiolytic solution than mice from enriched cages, indicating that mice from the standard and unpredictable laboratory caging may have been experiencing greater anxiety than mice from the enriched cages.", "\n\nSpindle neurons\nSpindle neurons are specialised cells found in three very restricted regions of the human brain – the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontoinsular cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. ", " The first two of these areas regulate emotional functions such as empathy, speech, intuition, rapid \"gut reactions\" and social organization in humans. ", "Spindle neurons are also found in the brains of humpback whales, fin whales, killer whales, sperm whales, bottlenose dolphin, Risso's dolphin, beluga whales, and the African and Asian elephants.", "\n\nWhales have spindle cells in greater numbers and are maintained for twice as long as humans. ", "The exact function of spindle cells in whale brains is still not understood, but Hof and Van Der Gucht believe that they act as some sort of \"high-speed connections that fast-track information to and from other parts of the cortex\". ", "They compared them to express trains that bypass unnecessary connections, enabling organisms to instantly process and act on emotional cues during complex social interactions. ", " However, Hof and Van Der Gucht clarify that they do not know the nature of such feelings in these animals and that we cannot just apply what we see in great apes or ourselves to whales. ", " They believe that more work is needed to know whether emotions are the same for humans and whales.", "\n\nVocalizations\nThough non-human animals cannot provide useful verbal feedback about the experiential and cognitive details of their feelings, various emotional vocalizations of other animals may be indicators of potential affective states. ", "Beginning with Darwin and his research, it has been known that chimpanzees and other great apes perform laugh-like vocalizations, providing scientists with more symbolic self-reports of their emotional experiences.", "\n\nResearch with rats has revealed that under particular conditions, they emit 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalisations (USV) which have been postulated to reflect a positive affective state (emotion) analogous to primitive human joy; these calls have been termed \"laughter\". ", " The 50 kHz USVs in rats are uniquely elevated by hedonic stimuli—such as tickling, rewarding electrical brain stimulation, amphetamine injections, mating, play, and aggression—and are suppressed by aversive stimuli. ", " Of all manipulations that elicit 50 kHz chirps in rats, tickling by humans elicits the highest rate of these calls.", "\n\nSome vocalizations of domestic cats, such as purring, are well known to be produced in situations of positive valence, such as mother kitten interactions, contacts with familiar partner, or during tactile stimulation with inanimate objects as when rolling and rubbing. ", "Therefore, purring can be generally considered as an indicator of \"pleasure\" in cats.", "\n\nLow pitched bleating in sheep has been associated with some positive-valence situations, as they are produced by males as an estrus female is approaching or by lactating mothers while licking and nursing their lambs.", "\n\nNeurological \nNeuroscientific studies based on the instinctual, emotional action tendencies of non-human animals accompanied by the brains neurochemical and electrical changes are deemed to best monitor relative primary process emotional/affective states. ", "Predictions based off the research conducted on animals is what leads analysis of the neural infrastructure relevant in humans. ", "Psycho-neuro-ethological triangulation with both humans and animals allows for further experimentation into animal emotions. ", "Utilizing specific animals that exhibit indicators of emotional states to decode underlying neural systems aids in the discovery of critical brain variables that regulate animal emotional expressions. ", "Comparing the results of the animals converse experiments occur predicting the affective changes that should result in humans. ", "Specific studies where there is an increase or decrease of playfulness or separation distress vocalizations in animals, comparing humans that exhibit the predicted increases or decreases in feelings of joy or sadness, the weight of evidence constructs a concrete neural hypothesis concerning the nature of affect supporting all relevant species.", "\n\nCriticism\nThe argument that animals experience emotions is sometimes rejected due to a lack of higher quality evidence, and those who do not believe in the idea of animal intelligence, often argue that anthropomorphism plays a role in individuals' perspectives. ", "Those who reject that animals have the capacity to experience emotion do so mainly by referring to inconsistencies in studies that have endorsed the belief emotions exist. ", "Having no linguistic means to communicate emotion beyond behavioral response interpretation, the difficulty of providing an account of emotion in animals relies heavily on interpretive experimentation, that relies on results from human subjects.", "\n\nSome people oppose the concept of animal emotions and suggest that emotions are not universal, including in humans. ", "If emotions are not universal, this indicates that there is not a phylogenetic relationship between human and non-human emotion. ", "The relationship drawn by proponents of animal emotion, then, would be merely a suggestion of mechanistic features that promote adaptivity, but lack the complexity of human emotional constructs. ", "Thus, a social life-style may play a role in the process of basic emotions developing into more complex emotions.", "\n\nDarwin concluded, through a survey, that humans share universal emotive expressions and suggested that animals likely share in these to some degree. ", "Social constructionists disregard the concept that emotions are universal. ", "Others hold an intermediate stance, suggesting that basic emotional expressions and emotion are universal but the intricacies are developed culturally. ", "A study by Elfenbein and Ambady indicated that individuals within a particular culture are better at recognising other cultural members' emotions.", "\n\nExamples\n\nPrimates\n\nPrimates, in particular great apes, are candidates for being able to experience empathy and theory of mind. ", "Great apes have complex social systems; young apes and their mothers have strong bonds of attachment and when a baby chimpanzee or gorilla dies, the mother will not uncommonly carry the body around for several days. ", " Jane Goodall has described chimpanzees as exhibiting mournful behavior. ", "Koko, a gorilla trained to use sign language, was reported to have expressed vocalizations indicating sadness after the death of her pet cat, All Ball.", "\n\nBeyond such anecdotal evidence, support for empathetic reactions has come from experimental studies of rhesus macaques. ", "Macaques refused to pull a chain that delivered food to themselves if doing so also caused a companion to receive an electric shock. ", "This inhibition of hurting another conspecific was more pronounced between familiar than unfamiliar macaques, a finding similar to that of empathy in humans.", "\n\nFurthermore, there has been research on consolation behavior in chimpanzees. ", "De Waal and Aureli found that third-party contacts attempt to relieve the distress of contact participants by consoling (e.g. making contact, embracing, grooming) recipients of aggression, especially those that have experienced more intense aggression. ", "Researchers were unable to replicate these results using the same observation protocol in studies of monkeys, demonstrating a possible difference in empathy between monkeys and apes.", "\n\nOther studies have examined emotional processing in the great apes. ", "Specifically, chimpanzees were shown video clips of emotionally charged scenes, such as a detested veterinary procedure or a favorite food, and then were required to match these scenes with one of two species-specific facial expressions: \"happy\" (a play-face) or \"sad\" (a teeth-baring expression seen in frustration or after defeat). ", "The chimpanzees correctly matched the clips to the facial expressions that shared their meaning, demonstrating that they understand the emotional significance of their facial expressions. ", "Measures of peripheral skin temperature also indicated that the video clips emotionally affected the chimpanzees.", "\n\nRodents\nIn 1998, Jaak Panksepp proposed that all mammalian species are equipped with brains capable of generating emotional experiences. ", "Subsequent work examined studies on rodents to provide foundational support for this claim. ", "One of these studies examined whether rats would work to alleviate the distress of a conspecific. ", "Rats were trained to press a lever to avoid the delivery of an electric shock, signaled by a visual cue, to a conspecific. ", "They were then tested in a situation in which either a conspecific or a Styrofoam block was hoisted into the air and could be lowered by pressing a lever. ", "Rats that had previous experience with conspecific distress demonstrated greater than ten-fold more responses to lower a distressed conspecific compared to rats in the control group, while those who had never experienced conspecific distress expressed greater than three-fold more responses to lower a distressed conspecific relative to the control group. ", "This suggests that rats will actively work to reduce the distress of a conspecific, a phenomenon related to empathy. ", "Comparable results have also been found in similar experiments designed for monkeys.", "\n\nLangford et al. ", "examined empathy in rodents using an approach based in neuroscience. ", "They reported that (1) if two mice experienced pain together, they expressed greater levels of pain-related behavior than if pain was experienced individually, (2) if experiencing different levels of pain together, the behavior of each mouse was modulated by the level of pain experienced by its social partner, and (3) sensitivity to a noxious stimulus was experienced to the same degree by the mouse observing a conspecific in pain as it was by the mouse directly experiencing the painful stimulus. ", "The authors suggest this responsiveness to the pain of others demonstrated by mice is indicative of emotional contagion, a phenomenon associated with empathy, which has also been reported in pigs. ", "One behaviour associated with fear in rats is freezing. ", "If female rats experience electric shocks to the feet and then witness another rat experiencing similar footshocks, they freeze more than females without any experience of the shocks. ", " This suggests empathy in experienced rats witnessing another individual being shocked. ", " Furthermore, the demonstrator's behaviour was changed by the behaviour of the witness; demonstrators froze more following footshocks if their witness froze more creating an empathy loop.", "\n\nSeveral studies have also shown rodents can respond to a conditioned stimulus that has been associated with the distress of a conspecific, as if it were paired with the direct experience of an unconditioned stimulus. ", "These studies suggest that rodents are capable of shared affect, a concept critical to empathy.", "\n\nHorses\nAlthough not direct evidence that horses experience emotions, a 2016 study showed that domestic horses react differently to seeing photographs of positive (happy) or negative (angry) human facial expressions. ", " When viewing angry faces, horses look more with their left eye which is associated with perceiving negative stimuli. ", "Their heart rate also increases more quickly and they show more stress-related behaviours. ", "One rider wrote, 'Experienced riders and trainers can learn to read the subtle moods of individual horses according to wisdom passed down from one horseman to the next, but also from years of trial-and-error. ", "I suffered many bruised toes and nipped fingers before I could detect a curious swivel of the ears, irritated flick of the tail, or concerned crinkle above a long-lashed eye.' ", "This suggests that horses have emotions and display them physically but is not concrete evidence.", "\n\nBirds\nMarc Bekoff reported accounts of animal behaviour which he believed was evidence of animals being able to experience emotions in his book The Emotional Lives of Animals. ", "The following is an excerpt from his book:\n\nBystander affiliation is believed to represent an expression of empathy in which the bystander tries to console a conflict victim and alleviate their distress. ", "There is evidence for bystander affiliation in ravens (e.g. contact sitting, preening, or beak-to-beak or beak-to-body touching) and also for solicited bystander affiliation, in which there is post-conflict affiliation from the victim to the bystander. ", "This indicates that ravens may be sensitive to the emotions of others, however, relationship value plays an important role in the prevalence and function of these post-conflict interactions.", "\n\nThe capacity of domestic hens to experience empathy has been studied. ", " Mother hens show one of the essential underpinning attributes of empathy: the ability to be affected by, and share, the emotional state of their distressed chicks. ", " However, evidence for empathy between familiar adult hens has not yet been found.", "\n\nDogs\n\nSome research indicates that domestic dogs may experience negative emotions in a similar manner to humans, including the equivalent of certain chronic and acute psychological conditions. ", "Much of this is from studies by Martin Seligman on the theory of learned helplessness as an extension of his interest in depression:\n\nA further series of experiments showed that, similar to humans, under conditions of long-term intense psychological stress, around one third of dogs do not develop learned helplessness or long-term depression. ", "Instead these animals somehow managed to find a way to handle the unpleasant situation in spite of their past experience. ", "The corresponding characteristic in humans has been found to correlate highly with an explanatory style and optimistic attitude that views the situation as other than personal, pervasive, or permanent.", "\n\nSince these studies, symptoms analogous to clinical depression, neurosis, and other psychological conditions have also been accepted as being within the scope of emotion in domestic dogs. ", "The postures of dogs may indicate their emotional state. ", "In some instances, the recognition of specific postures and behaviors can be learned.", "\n\nPsychology research has shown that when humans gaze at the face of another human, the gaze is not symmetrical; the gaze instinctively moves to the right side of the face to obtain information about their emotions and state. ", " Research at the University of Lincoln shows that dogs share this instinct when meeting a human, and only when meeting a human (i.e. not other animals or other dogs). ", "They are the only non-primate species known to share this instinct.", "\n\nThe existence and nature of personality traits in dogs have been studied (15,329 dogs of 164 different breeds). ", "Five consistent and stable \"narrow traits\" were identified, described as playfulness, curiosity/fearlessness, chase-proneness, sociability and aggressiveness. ", "A further higher order axis for shyness–boldness was also identified.", "\n\nDogs presented with images of either human or dog faces with different emotional states (happy/playful or angry/aggressive) paired with a single vocalization (voices or barks) from the same individual with either a positive or negative emotional state or brown noise. ", " Dogs look longer at the face whose expression is congruent to the emotional state of the vocalization, for both other dogs and humans. ", " This is an ability previously known only in humans. ", "The behavior of a dog can not always be an indication of its friendliness. ", "This is because when a dog wags its tail, most people interpret this as the dog expressing happiness and friendliness. ", "Though indeed tail wagging can express these positive emotions, tail wagging is also an indication of fear, insecurity, challenging of dominance, establishing social relationships or a warning that the dog may bite.", "\n\nSome researchers are beginning to investigate the question of whether dogs have emotions with the help of magnetic resonance imaging.", "\n\nElephants \nElephants are known for their empathy towards members of the same species as well as their cognitive memory. ", "While this is true scientists continuously debate the extent to which elephants feel emotion. ", "Observations show that elephants, like humans, are concerned with distressed or deceased individuals, and render assistance to the ailing and show a special interest in dead bodies of their own kind, however this view is interpreted by some as being anthropomorphic. ", "\n\nElephants have recently been suggested to pass mirror self-recognition tests, and such tests have been linked to the capacity for empathy. ", "However, the experiment showing such actions did not follow the accepted protocol for tests of self-recognition, and earlier attempts to show mirror self-recognition in elephants have failed, so this remains a contentious claim. ", "\n\nElephants are also deemed to show emotion through vocal expression, specifically the rumble vocalization. ", "Rumbles are frequency modulated, harmonically rich calls with fundamental frequencies in the infrasonic range, with clear formant structure. ", "Elephants exhibit negative emotion and/or increased emotional intensity through their rumbles, based on specific periods of social interaction and agitation.", "\n\nCats\n\nIt has been postulated that domestic cats can learn to manipulate their owners through vocalizations that are similar to the cries of human babies. ", " Some cats learn to add a purr to the vocalization, which makes it less harmonious and more dissonant to humans, and therefore harder to ignore. ", "Individual cats learn to make these vocalizations through trial-and-error; when a particular vocalization elicits a positive response from a human, the probability increases that the cat will use that vocalization in the future.", "\n\nGrowling can be an expression of annoyance or fear, similar to humans. ", " When annoyed or angry, a cat wriggles and thumps its tail much more vigorously than when in a contented state. ", " In larger felids such as lions, what appears to be irritating to them varies between individuals. ", "A male lion may let his cubs play with his mane or tail, or he may hiss and hit them with his paws. ", "Domestic male cats also have variable attitudes towards their family members, for example, older male siblings tend not to go near younger or new siblings and may even show hostility toward them.", "\n\nHissing is also a vocalization associated with either offensive or defensive aggression. ", "They are usually accompanied by a postural display intended to have a visual effect on the perceived threat. ", "Cats hiss when they are startled, scared, angry, or in pain, and also to scare off intruders into their territory. ", "If the hiss and growl warning does not remove the threat, an attack by the cat may follow. ", "Kittens as young as two to three weeks will potentially hiss when first picked up by a human.", "\n\nHoneybees\n\nHoneybees (\"Apis mellifera carnica\") were trained to extend their proboscis to a two-component odour mixture (CS+) predicting a reward (e.g., 1.00 or 2.00 M sucrose) and to withhold their proboscis from another mixture (CS−) predicting either punishment or a less valuable reward (e.g., 0.01 M quinine solution or 0.3 M sucrose). ", " Immediately after training, half of the honeybees were subjected to vigorous shaking for 60 s to simulate the state produced by a predatory attack on a concealed colony. ", "This shaking reduced levels of octopamine, dopamine, and serotonin in the hemolymph of a separate group of honeybees at a time point corresponding to when the cognitive bias tests were performed. ", "In honeybees, octopamine is the local neurotransmitter that functions during reward learning, whereas dopamine mediates the ability to learn to associate odours with quinine punishment. ", " If flies are fed serotonin, they are more aggressive; flies depleted of serotonin still exhibit aggression, but they do so much less frequently.", "\n\nWithin 5 minutes of the shaking, all the trained bees began a sequence of unreinforced test trials with five odour stimuli presented in a random order for each bee: the CS+, the CS−, and three novel odours composed of ratios intermediate between the two learned mixtures. ", "Shaken honeybees were more likely to withhold their mouthparts from the CS− and from the most similar novel odour. ", "Therefore, agitated honeybees display an increased expectation of bad outcomes similar to a vertebrate-like emotional state. ", " The researchers of the study stated that, \"Although our results do not allow us to make any claims about the presence of negative subjective feelings in honeybees, they call into question how we identify emotions in any non-human animal. ", "It is logically inconsistent to claim that the presence of pessimistic cognitive biases should be taken as confirmation that dogs or rats are anxious but to deny the same conclusion in the case of honeybees.\"", "\n\nCrayfish\n\nCrayfish naturally explore new environments but display a general preference for dark places. ", "A 2014 study on the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii tested their responses in a fear paradigm, the elevated plus maze in which animals choose to walk on an elevated cross which offers both aversive and preferable conditions (in this case, two arms were lit and two were dark). ", "Crayfish which experienced an electric shock displayed enhanced fearfulness or anxiety as demonstrated by their preference for the dark arms more than the light. ", "Furthermore, shocked crayfish had relatively higher brain serotonin concentrations coupled with elevated blood glucose, which indicates a stress response. ", " Moreover, the crayfish calmed down when they were injected with the benzodiazepine anxiolytic, chlordiazepoxide, used to treat anxiety in humans, and they entered the dark as normal. ", "The authors of the study concluded \"...stress-induced avoidance behavior in crayfish exhibits striking homologies with vertebrate anxiety.\"", "\n\nA follow-up study using the same species confirmed the anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide, but moreover, the intensity of the anxiety-like behaviour was dependent on the intensity of the electric shock until reaching a plateau. ", "Such a quantitative relationship between stress and anxiety is also a very common feature of human and vertebrate anxiety.", "\n\nSee also \n\n Altruism in animals\n Animal cognition\n Animal communication\n Animal consciousness\n Animal faith\n Animal sexual behaviour § Sex for pleasure\n Empathy § In animals\n Evolution of emotion\n Fear § In animals\n Monkey painting\n Neuroethology\n Pain in animals\n Reward system § Animals vs. humans\n Self-awareness § In animals\n Thomas Nagel (seminal paper, \"What is it like to be a bat?\")", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n Holland, J. (2011). ", "Unlikely Friendships: 50 Remarkable Stories from the Animal Kingdom.", "\n Swirski, P. (2011). \"", "You'll Never Make a Monkey Out of Me or Altruism, Proverbial Wisdom, and Bernard Malamud's God's Grace.\" ", "American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History. ", "New York, Routledge.", "\n\n Foreword by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson. ", "First published in 2016 in German, under the title Das Seelenleben der Tiere. ", "Translated from the German by Jane Billinghurst.", "\n\nCategory:Animal emotions\nCategory:Animal welfare\nCategory:Behavioural sciences\nCategory:Emotion\nCategory:Ethology\nCategory:Animals and humans\nCategory:Love\nCategory:Pets\nCategory:Zoology" ]

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[ "Porsche faces fresh probe\n\nBy , FRANKFURT, Aug 31 – German sports car maker Porsche faces a fresh probe into insider trading charges linked to its failed attempt to take over Volkswagen, a prosecutor\\’s spokesman told AFP on Monday.", "\n\nAn investigation by the prosecutor\\’s office in Frankfurt, western Germany, was launched as a result of suspected stock market manipulation, though no individual was a specific target in the probe, the spokesman said.", "\n\nThe enquiry follows one by prosecutors in Stuttgart, southwestern Germany, where the homes and offices of Porsche directors were raided earlier this month.", "\n\nPorsche shocked the stock market in October when it announced that it held options which would allow it to raise its stake in Volkswagen, the biggest European automaker, to around 75 percent.", "\n\nVW shares spiked to more than 1,000 euros on the news, briefly making it the biggest company in the world by market capitalisation.", "\n\nInstitutional investors such as pension funds reportedly lost large sums of money at the time when they were caught out by the move and the subsequent sharp fall in VW shares and are now filing complaints, the business magazine WirtschaftsWoche reported on Monday.", "\n\nThe funds are reportedly claiming damages worth up to 100 million euros (143 million dollars), the magazine said.", "\n\nSlammed by the global auto crisis, Porsche finally abandoned its attempt to take over VW, which is now set to take control of Porsche as its 10th brand.", "\n\nIn mid-afternoon trade, VW shares were down 0.44 percent at 135.06 euros." ]

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[ "-12 = -q*z - b*z for z.\n3\nLet g be (8/((-64)/6))/((-3)/12). ", "Solve 2*c - g = 5*c for c.\n-1\nLet n(q) = q**3 - 4*q**2 - 4*q - 5. ", "Let y(d) = d**3 + 7*d**2 - d - 2. ", "Let v be y(-7). ", "Let h be n(v). ", "Suppose 0 + 2 = f. Solve -f*j + h*j - 8 = 0 for j.\n-4\nLet f be 318/(36/(-6)) + 1*4. ", "Let n = f + 64. ", "Solve -2*i = i - n for i.\n5\nLet q be (2 + 18)/4 - 2. ", "Suppose 2*w - 5*o - q - 15 = 0, w - 2*o = 8. ", "Solve -w*c - 12 = -7*c for c.\n4\nSuppose 5*q = -h - 4*h, 5*q + 4*h - 4 = 0. ", "Suppose q*u - 67 = -j, j - 7 = -4. ", "Suppose -3*s + 3*o = -30, -4*o + 3*o = -2*s + u. Solve 2*r + 2 = s for r.\n2\nLet h(y) = -y**2 - 6*y + 672. ", "Let m be h(-29). ", "Solve 4*q = m*q + 1 for q.\n-1\nLet u(f) = 3*f**3 + f**2 - f. Let o be u(1). ", "Suppose -o*s - 5 = -35. ", "Suppose p - 4*p - 3*v = -6, 2*p - v - s = 0. ", "Solve -p*z + 0*z = -12 for z.\n3\nLet m(c) = 2*c**2 - 20*c + 29. ", "Let s be m(9). ", "Solve 3*z + 2 = s for z.\n3\nSuppose 53 = 3*s + 146. ", "Let c = s + 44. ", "Solve -5*h + 33 = c for h.\n4\nLet a be (28/35)/(2/10). ", "Suppose 0 = -13*z + 44 + 8. ", "Solve 0*l + z = a*l for l.\n1\nLet q(r) = r**3 + 6*r**2 - 2. ", "Let s be q(-3). ", "Solve -5*f + s = -0*f for f.\n5\nSuppose -9*i + 21*i = 15*i. ", "Solve -10*n + 5*n - 5 = i for n.\n-1\nSuppose 5*n + 2 - 12 = 0. ", "Let h be (2 - 1)*(1 + -1). ", "Let g = h + 5. ", "Solve n*q - g = -11 for q.\n-3\nLet v = 40 + -24. ", "Solve 5*c = 1 - v for c.\n-3\nSuppose -15 = 2*l + 3*l. ", "Let r be (-3 + (-5)/l)*-3. ", "Suppose -7 = r*i - 15. ", "Solve -3 - 1 = i*z for z.\n-2\nLet v be (-1)/(2/113)*(-2 - -4). ", "Let y = 116 + v. Solve s = y*s - 4 for s.\n2\nLet a = 5 - 7. ", "Let q be (-2 - -6) + -6 - a. Solve -5*o = -q*o for o.\n0\nLet j(u) = -15*u + 524. ", "Let i be j(34). ", "Solve 13*z - i*z = -5 for z.\n5\nLet j = 41 + -34. ", "Suppose 5*g = j*g - 6. ", "Solve 0 = 4*v - g*v - 4 for v.\n4\nLet f be 26/2 - (-1)/1. ", "Let n = 18 - f. Suppose 5*z + 4*r - 69 = 3, -n*z = -3*r - 39. ", "Solve -p + 4*p + z = 0 for p.\n-4\nLet q(o) = -o + 7. ", "Let a be q(5). ", "Suppose 11*h + 6*u = 6*h - 14, -5*u = 20. ", "Solve -h*v = a - 0 for v.\n-1\nSuppose 0 = -3*d - 5*g + 25, -3*d = -g - 3 - 28. ", "Solve -4*a + 6*a - d = 0 for a.\n5\nLet k = 0 + 3. ", "Let p = 26 + -20. ", "Let l = p - k. Solve l*f = 4*f + 3 for f.\n-3\nSuppose -6 = 3*h, -2*h - 10 = 2*p - 4*p. ", "Suppose a = -p*a. ", "Solve 2*j + 0*j + 6 = a for j.\n-3\nLet k be (-4)/10*30/(-3). ", "Suppose 2*z = 3*z + k. Let v be 3*1/(-12)*z. ", "Solve 2 + v = -i for i.\n-3\nLet s be (-3 - (0 + 1)) + 7. ", "Suppose m - s*m - 5 = 3*a, -4*m + 4*a = -20. ", "Solve -2*i + 8 = -m for i.\n5\nLet d = -4 - -12. ", "Let i be (-2)/d - 2/(-8). ", "Let w = i - -4. ", "Solve -f = w - 5 for f.\n1\nLet z be 2/((9/18)/1). ", "Solve 0 = -d + 8 - z for d.\n4\nSuppose -4*t + 3*z + 27 = 0, 3*z - 8 = -t + 4*z. ", "Suppose -3*f = -4*x + 10, -6*f = -t*f - 3*x + 6. ", "Solve -f*y + 6 = -4*y for y.\n-3\nLet m = 111 + -62. ", "Let c be (-14)/m + 23/7. ", "Suppose -2*s + 25 = c*s. ", "Solve 4*t + s = -t for t.\n-1\nSuppose 5*y + 7 = 2*r, 36*y = 5*r + 33*y - 46. ", "Solve 0 = 7*m + 10 + r for m.\n-3\nLet z be ((-108)/(-24) + -2)/(1/2). ", "Solve -z*h - 143 = -168 for h.\n5\nLet q(b) = 2*b - b**2 - 4*b + 9*b - 2*b + 9. ", "Let i be q(8). ", "Let k = i + 23. ", "Solve -o - k = o for o.\n-4\nLet u(a) = -a**3 - 6*a**2 - 5*a - 5. ", "Let v be u(-6). ", "Suppose -3*t = 5*k + 2*t + v, -4*t = 3*k + 11. ", "Let p = 9 + k. Solve 0 = -p*x - 2*x - 6 for x.\n-3\nLet p(b) = b**2 + 5*b + 6. ", "Let x be p(-4). ", "Let l(f) = 2*f**2 - 6*f + 2. ", "Let q be l(4). ", "Suppose -2*a = -3*i - q, 4*i = -4*a + 7*a - 14. ", "Solve 12 = x*u + a for u.\n5\nLet d be (-6)/(-5) - (-243)/135. ", "Solve -5*o + d*o = 10 for o.\n-5\nSuppose 0 = 4*f - 7 - 13. ", "Let o = 8 - 3. ", "Solve o*r - 20 = -f for r.\n3\nLet h be (-10)/(-15) - 34/(-3). ", "Let x be 0 - (-9 + 3 - -3). ", "Let z(q) = 2*q - 4. ", "Let s be z(x). ", "Solve 0 = -s*p - p + h for p.\n4\nLet l(h) = h**2 + h + 3. ", "Let p be l(3). ", "Suppose 0 = 2*u - 0*u. ", "Solve u*q - p = -3*q for q.\n5\nLet c = 177 - 177. ", "Solve -2*a - 178 + 180 = c for a.\n1\nSuppose -y = -3*m + 4*y + 103, m - 3*y = 29. ", "Let p = m + -26. ", "Suppose h - 3 = 3*d - 7*d, 0 = -5*h - d + p. Solve 1 = -h*x - 5 for x.\n-2\nSuppose 25*s - 1344 = 9*s. ", "Let q = 88 - s. Solve 0 = q*z - 0*z - 20 for z.\n5\nSuppose -5*f + 94 = -171. ", "Let h = f - 51. ", "Suppose -2*d = i, -3*d - 2*i - 2 = -d. ", "Solve h = -l - d for l.\n-3\nLet w(k) = k**3 - k**2 - k. Let d be w(0). ", "Suppose 0 = 3*n - 2*n - 8. ", "Suppose n = -3*z + 5*z. ", "Solve d = -0*h + 2*h - z for h.\n2\nSuppose 2*j + 3*w - 15 = -0*w, -j + w - 5 = 0. ", "Solve -8 = 2*k - j*k for k.\n-4\nLet a = 37 + -29. ", "Let m = a - 5. ", "Solve m*h = h - 6 for h.\n-3\nSuppose 4 = -l + 2*l. ", "Let c be (11 - 9) + 0*(1 + 0). ", "Suppose 0 = -c*x + l, 5*s + x = 16 + 11. ", "Solve 3*k - s = 2*k for k.\n5\nSuppose 5*h = -7*l + 4*l + 256, 5*l = -2*h + 452. ", "Let i = 93 - l. Solve 15 = -4*v - i for v.\n-4\nSuppose 9*r = 3*j + 4*r + 11, 3*r = j + 9. ", "Solve 0 = -j*l + 54 - 45 for l.\n3\nLet p = 41 + -38. ", "Suppose 21 = 2*l + 5. ", "Solve -u - p = -l for u.\n5\nLet b be (14 - 9)*2 + -4. ", "Solve 12*p - 9*p = -b for p.\n-2\nLet k be (3 + 0)*2/3. ", "Let u(f) = -f. ", "Let g be u(1). ", "Let s be (-1)/(k/4 + g). ", "Solve b = -s*b for b.\n0\nLet b(i) = i**2 + 7*i - 18. ", "Let j be b(2). ", "Let l = 6 + -4. ", "Solve j = l*w - 5 + 1 for w.\n2\nSuppose -4*h + 3*q + 12 = -16, 0 = 2*h + 3*q - 32. ", "Solve -h*z - 3*z + 39 = 0 for z.\n3\nSuppose 16*m = 6*m + 590. ", "Suppose -63*d + m*d + 56 = 0. ", "Solve 4*z + d = 22 for z.\n2\nLet w = -660 + 672. ", "Solve w*m + 8 = 44 for m.\n3\nSuppose -3*s + 0*s = -12. ", "Suppose -10 + 2 = 2*k + 4*x, 14 = -k - s*x. ", "Let n be -1*0/4 - (2 + -6). ", "Solve -10 = -n*z + k*z for z.\n-5\nLet r = -10 - -26. ", "Let z(a) = -a**2 - 44*a + 196. ", "Let t be z(-48). ", "Solve t*y = 8*y + r for y.\n-4\nLet j(h) be the first derivative of -h**2/2 + 15*h - 15. ", "Let m be (-1)/(-2 - (-57)/30). ", "Let p be j(m). ", "Solve 0 = -s + p for s.\n5\nSuppose 71 = 4*m - n, -25 + 83 = 3*m + 4*n. ", "Solve 6*h - 12 = m for h.\n5\nSuppose -4*k - 7 = -3*q, -3*k + 0*q = 4*q + 24. ", "Suppose -6*l - 6*l - 12 = 0. ", "Let d = l - k. Solve -8 = -m + d*m for m.\n-4\nLet s = 14 + -17. ", "Let o(v) = -2*v**2 + 11*v + 9. ", "Let g(u) = 5*u**2 - 23*u - 18. ", "Let a(p) = s*g(p) - 7*o(p). ", "Let d be a(-4). ", "Solve 4*j = 19 - d for j.\n3\nSuppose 48 = 2*n + 2*n. ", "Let a be 16/n - 2/(-3). ", "Suppose 0*h = 4*h - 28. ", "Solve -z = -h + a for z.\n5\nLet n be 6/4 - (-3)/(-2)*3. ", "Let l be ((-4)/n)/(4/6). ", "Solve 0 = -2*w + 6 - l for w.\n2\nLet x(n) = -13*n - 48 + 11*n**3 - 8*n**3 + 15*n**2 + 38 - 4*n**3. ", "Suppose 0*h - 2*h + 28 = 0. ", "Let l be x(h). ", "Solve 0*z - l*z - 4 = 0 for z.\n-1\nLet x(j) = j**3 + j**2 - 3*j - 19. ", "Let h be x(3). ", "Solve 3*z - h = 1 for z.\n3\nLet l(q) = -q**3 - 87*q**2 + 1301*q + 110. ", "Let h be l(-100). ", "Suppose -6 = -2*o - o. Suppose -5*u + 10 = 5*c, 5*c = -4*u + u + 12. ", "Solve o*b - h = -c*b for b.\n2\nSuppose 0 = 2*b + b + 4*p - 21, p + 3 = 2*b. ", "Suppose s + 2*s + b*f - 9 = 0, 0 = -3*s + 5*f + 9. ", "Solve -3 = -s*o - 0 for o.\n1\nLet z be (3 - 0)/3 - (-9 + 5). ", "Solve z*g = -5 + 10 for g.\n1\nSuppose 59 = 5*u - 26. ", "Solve -21*q - 20 = -u*q for q.\n-5\nSuppose -25*j = -29*j + 12. ", "Let g = j + 2. ", "Suppose -3 = -c + 5*f + g, 4*c - 3*f = 15. ", "Solve -k + 4 = c*k for k.\n1\nSuppose 0 = -7*j - 0*j - 0*j. ", "Suppose 6*r - 2*r - 8 = j. Solve r*c - 2 + 0 = 0 for c.\n1\nLet l(f) = -5*f**2 + 11*f - 1. ", "Let a(r) = 6*r**2 - 12*r + 2. ", "Let z(j) = 6*a(j) + 7*l(j). ", "Suppose -17 = 4*o + 3. ", "Let b be z(o). ", "Solve -x - b = -0 for x.\n-5\nLet b be 378/56 + 6/(-8). ", "Let s be b/4 - (-12)/24. ", "Solve 0 = -0*z + z + s for z.\n-2\nSuppose 0 = 36*u - 34*u - 40. ", "Solve 3*g = -g + u for g.\n5\nLet m = -43 + 41. ", "Let a be 3*5/(-15)*m. ", "Solve 4*h - a*h = -6 for h.\n-3\nSuppose -7*q = -3*q - 48. ", "Let p be 2/((q/20)/3). ", "Let k be (2 + (-12)/p)*10. ", "Solve 3*w = -w - k for w.\n-2\nSuppose 0 = 5*l - 0 - 15. ", "Let b = 7 + -15. ", "Let t be 5/(-2)*b/10. ", "Solve -l*q - 3 = -t*q for q.\n-3\nSuppose 60 = 426*h - 422*h. ", "Solve -62*z + 65*z = -h for z.\n-5\nLet s = -33 + 48. ", "Let i = s - 15. ", "Let u = i + 1. ", "Solve z = 2*z + u for z.\n-1\nSuppose 1 - 22 = 5*z + 3*t, t = -3*z - 15. ", "Let g(c) = -c. ", "Let x be g(-8). ", "Let n = z + x. Solve 0 = k + n*k + 3 for k.\n-1\nSuppose -3*b = -s - 4, -3*b + b = -2*s - 16. ", "Let t = s + 14. ", "Suppose -f - 5*a - 6 = -3, 0 = -2*f - t*a + 6. ", "Solve 0 = 2*u - f - 3 for u.\n5\nLet b = 49 - 49. ", "Suppose -4*f - 4*q + b*q = 0, -32 = -4*f + 4*q. ", "Solve 20 = -f*w - 0 for w.\n-5\nLet k(h) = -2*h - 3. ", "Let v be k(3). ", "Let p be v/(-11) - 1 - 350/(-110). ", "Solve p*x - 25 = -2*x for x.\n5\nSuppose -8*t + 4*t = -5*q - 72, 4*t = -5*q + 32. ", "Solve t*v = 17*v + 16 for v.\n-4\nSuppose 3*n + 0*n - 10 = -5*u, 5*u - 10 = 0. ", "Solve -2 = -2*r - n for r.\n1\nLet d(y) be the fir" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "E VER SINCE the Kenyan government signed a deal in 2014 for a state-owned Chinese company to build a railway between Nairobi and Kenya’s main port in Mombasa, the project has attracted controversy. ", "Its price per km was three times the international benchmark and four times the original estimate. ", "Many Kenyans suspect corruption inflated its cost.", "\n\nUnsurprisingly, such issues have received little airtime on CGTN Africa, a branch of China’s state television company, which opened its headquarters on the continent in Nairobi in 2012. ", "When CGTN aired a package on the railway in July, the network praised it as “a case study” of China-Africa relations. ", "In the Africa of CGTN ’s imagination, every deal is “win-win” and, of course, “harmonious”.", "\n\nChinese media have a long history in Africa. ", "The first bureau of the state news agency, Xinhua, opened in Cairo in 1958. ", "Radio Peking, a state broadcaster, began transmitting to east Africa in 1967. ", "But China’s presence did not grow markedly until 2008, notes Yu-Shan Wu of the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. ", "The run-up to the Beijing Olympics of that year had been marred, in China’s view, by criticism of its policies of “non-interference” over atrocities in Sudan and Zimbabwe. “", "China realised it had to do more to shape global perceptions of it,” says Ms Wu.", "\n\nAs well as the opening of the CGTN bureau, 2012 saw the launch of China Daily Africa, a newspaper, and ChinAfrica, a magazine, both published across the continent. ", "At least half of the staff of these outlets are African journalists, though it is clear where power lies. ", "CGTN has two editorial meetings: one for all staff and another where Chinese editors seek approval for the stories from their bosses in Beijing. “", "Once it touches on Chinese state interests, censorship kicks in,” says Emeka Umeji, a Nigerian academic who has studied CGTN .", "\n\nThe main constraint on the influence of Chinese news, however, is that it is boring. “", "You never hear people saying ‘I saw this on CGTN,’” says Bob Wekesa, a Kenyan academic who studied for his P h D in China. ", "When not showing footage of middle-aged Chinese men in suits talking in a room in Beijing, CGTN has middle-aged African men in suits talking in a studio in Nairobi.", "\n\nThe channel does not release viewership data. ", "But research by Herman Wasserman of the University of Cape Town and Dani Madrid-Morales of the University of Houston suggests that in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa the number of viewers is many times smaller than for CNN , the BBC and Sky News. ", "In another study using focus groups, they found that, among its Kenyan and South African viewers, opinions of China were “predominantly negative”.", "\n\nChinese influence on African media is nevertheless growing in more subtle ways. ", "These efforts are not part of a master plan drafted in Beijing. ", "But taken together, the three main techniques for gaining influence may be more effective than old-fashioned propaganda.", "\n\nThe first is a mass training programme for African journalists. ", "About 1,000 reporters or others working in media firms attend courses in China every year. ", "They are lectured on Chinese history and take trips. ", "One participant recalls a visit to a village in Shaanxi, a relatively poor province: the aim was to win sympathy by showing that China “was still a developing country, just like us”, she says, her scepticism showing.", "\n\nA second, nascent source of influence is via Chinese investment in private companies. ", "In 2013, for example, state-backed Chinese investors (including a subsidiary of CCTV , CGTN ’s parent company) bought a 20% stake in Independent Media, a South African company. ", "Azad Essa, a columnist for the Independent, says that in August he was dismissed after writing about China’s abuse of Uighurs, a Muslim minority.", "\n\nThe third, and most important, development is the expansion of StarTimes, a private pay- TV company with close links to the Chinese government. ", "Increasingly it is the primary vehicle for the expansion of Chinese soft power in Africa. ", "Since it began operating in Rwanda in 2008, StarTimes has branched out to roughly 30 countries across the continent.", "\n\nThe nature of its presence varies from country to country. ", "In about 20, StarTimes has carried out, or agreed to carry out, the switchover of television broadcasts from analogue to digital signals. ", "These projects are usually done with a local partner, and funded via a loan to the domestic government from the Export-Import Bank of China. (", "Many of these deals have been criticised for a lack of transparency.) ", "In roughly 25 countries StarTimes is delivering a project of the Chinese government to bring solar-powered satellite TV to 10,000 remote villages across Africa.", "\n\nAs well as providing infrastructure, StarTimes also produces and distributes content. ", "It boasts of having 10m of Africa’s 24m pay- TV subscribers (though independent analysts are highly sceptical of the claim). ", "Its bundles of channels include Chinese Super League football, kung-fu movies and soap operas. ", "StarTimes even hosts competitions for African actors to dub dramas into languages such as Hausa and Swahili, a move few Western broadcasters have bothered with.", "\n\nEntertainment can be more important than news in shaping mass opinions of countries, notes Mr Madrid-Morales, pointing to the importance of Hollywood to views of America after the second world war. ", "Chinese efforts are, at least for now, on a small scale in a crowded market. ", "But in the long run fictional dramas may prove more influential than fictional news." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nbash: how to compute average of different columns?", "\n\nI am writing a script for automatically computing average runtime.", "\nFirst I need to run $ time ./foo.py for 100 times and save output to file time.txt (working)\n$ for i in `seq 100`; do { time ./foo.py; } 2>> time.txt; done\n\nOutput looks as follows\ntime ./foo.py\nreal 0m0,030s\nuser 0m0,030s\nsys 0m0,000s\n[...]\n\nRuntimes from different scripts are in the same file. ", "Each entry starts with time ./foo.py, followed by 100 \"triplets\" of real, user and sys.", "\nNow, if possible, I would love to have the script automatically compute the average runtime for each tested file by using all 100 \"triplets\", and neatly returning only one \"mean triplet\".", "\nI have thought about maybe using awk to calculate the mean, like this\nawk '{ total += $2 } END { print total/NR }' time.txt\n\nBut the command would need to be adapted to fit my needs - after all, only the parts after the , (e.g. ,030s) may be used for computation and the s would also need to be disregarded.", "\nSince I do not know how to achieve this objective, I thought to ask the community.", "\nAny help is greatly appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's easier if you tell time to output the time info in POSIX format: \nawk '/^real/ { totalReal += $2 } /^user/ { totalUser += $2 } /^sys/ { totalSys += $2 } END { print \"realAvg \" totalReal/(NR/4) \"\\n\" \"userAvg \" totalUser/(NR/4) \"\\n\" \"sysAvg \" totalSys/(NR/4) }' time.txt\n\nPrints output as follows:\nrealAvg 12.62\nuserAvg 27\nsysAvg 3.8\n\nExplanation:\n\nBasically, tell awk to go through each line in the file, and if the line starts with real, add that to the totalReal variable, same for user and sys. ", " So, basically, keep a running total of each of the three \"types\".", "\nAt the end, simply print the the three running totals, divided by the number of lines divided by 4. ", " This is because you want each \"set\" of 4 lines to count as 1 instance, and awk's NR just counts the number of lines. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "A computer controlled tele-cobalt unit.", "\nA computer controlled cobalt treatment unit was commissioned for treating patients in January 1980. ", "Initially the controlling computer was a minicomputer, but now the control of the therapy unit is by a microcomputer. ", "The treatment files, which specify the movement and configurations necessary to deliver the prescribed dose, are produced on the minicomputer and then transferred to the microcomputer using minitape cartridges. ", "The actual treatment unit is based on a standard cobalt unit with a few additional features e.g. the drive motors can be controlled either by the computer or manually. ", "Since the treatment unit is used for both manual and automatic treatments, the operational procedure under computer control is made to closely follow the manual procedure for a single field treatment. ", "The necessary safety features which protect against human, hardware and software errors as well as the advantages and disadvantages of computer controlled radiotherapy are discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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