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CopeNLU 21

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Simplified models using springs and dashpots in various combinations have been built.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simplified models using springs and dashpots in various combinations have been built.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Attempts have been made to include non-linearities due to hysteresis and backlash, which lead to a set of non-linear differential equations requiring numerical solution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Attempts have been made to include non-linearities due to hysteresis and backlash, which lead to a set of non-linear differential equations requiring numerical solution [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Hence these models have limited use in total vehicle CAE studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence these models have limited use in total vehicle CAE studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A nonparametric model based on a restoring force surface mapping has been developed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A nonparametric model based on a restoring force surface mapping has been developed [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "The model considers the force to be a function of displacement and velocity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model considers the force to be a function of displacement and velocity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although, this model is limited to single frequency excitation, it serves as a useful tool for identifying the non-linearities in the system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although, this model is limited to single frequency excitation, it serves as a useful tool for identifying the non-linearities in the system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A comprehensive physical model of the shock absorber is necessary to study the effects of design changes and to tune the shock absorber to obtain the desired performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A comprehensive physical model of the shock absorber is necessary to study the effects of design changes and to tune the shock absorber to obtain the desired performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The vendors have used physical models in the design stage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The vendors have used physical models in the design stage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the objective, however, is to characterize the performance of the shock absorbers for CAE simulations and benchmarking, the parametric modeling approach similar to the one presented in this paper is appropriate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the objective, however, is to characterize the performance of the shock absorbers for CAE simulations and benchmarking, the parametric modeling approach similar to the one presented in this paper is appropriate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should be noted that the parametric models are valid only within the range of test conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be noted that the parametric models are valid only within the range of test conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The parametric modeling approach involving development of an input/output relation of the shock absorber based on experimental data is ideal for CAE simulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The parametric modeling approach involving development of an input/output relation of the shock absorber based on experimental data is ideal for CAE simulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this approach, a shock absorber is characterized by a \"black-box\" system for a specific range of test conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this approach, a shock absorber is characterized by a \"black-box\" system for a specific range of test conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The shock absorber is subjected to a known input and the output force is measured.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The shock absorber is subjected to a known input and the output force is measured.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A model is then developed from these measurements, which describes the input-output relationship.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A model is then developed from these measurements, which describes the input-output relationship.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The parameters of the model may or may not have any physical meaning, but are strongly correlated with measurements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The parameters of the model may or may not have any physical meaning, but are strongly correlated with measurements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the parameters do not have any meaning, then the model is sometimes called \"nonparametric\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the parameters do not have any meaning, then the model is sometimes called \"nonparametric\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One limitation of parametric modeling approach is that the model is valid only within the boundary of test conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One limitation of parametric modeling approach is that the model is valid only within the boundary of test conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means, a model that has been developed using smooth road test data may not be accurate for use under rough road conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means, a model that has been developed using smooth road test data may not be accurate for use under rough road conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A parametric model from experimental data using system identification techniques has been developed by Alanoly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A parametric model from experimental data using system identification techniques has been developed by Alanoly [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Given the importance that student faculty evaluations can have on a faculty member\"s promotion and tenure, as well as to our understanding of teaching effectiveness, it is essential that we understand how these biases can impact their construct validity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the importance that student faculty evaluations can have on a faculty member\"s promotion and tenure, as well as to our understanding of teaching effectiveness, it is essential that we understand how these biases can impact their construct validity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In line with this need, extensive research has been done conducted on student evaluations of faculty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In line with this need, extensive research has been done conducted on student evaluations of faculty (Read et al., 2001; Martin, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Read et al., 2001; Martin, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Our research extends this knowledge by exploring and analyzing a new, exciting, and quite different, source of faculty evaluation data that has recently become available on the world wide web; online faculty evaluation/rating sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our research extends this knowledge by exploring and analyzing a new, exciting, and quite different, source of faculty evaluation data that has recently become available on the world wide web; online faculty evaluation/rating sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "These faculty rating sites include RateMyProfessor.com, PassCollege.com, ProfessorPerformance.com, RatingsOnline.com, and Reviewum.com.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These faculty rating sites include RateMyProfessor.com, PassCollege.com, ProfessorPerformance.com, RatingsOnline.com, and Reviewum.com (Stone, 2003; Foster, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stone, 2003; Foster, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "One may argue that these sites, since they are not part of the formal faculty evaluation process, can be ignored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One may argue that these sites, since they are not part of the formal faculty evaluation process, can be ignored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this argument loses strength when one examines the amount of traffic at these sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this argument loses strength when one examines the amount of traffic at these sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, RateMyProfessor.com has received over 2.7 million ratings on over 478,000 professors at better than 4000 schools (\"RateMyProfessor Statistics,\" n.d.).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, RateMyProfessor.com has received over 2.7 million ratings on over 478,000 professors at better than 4000 schools (\"RateMyProfessor Statistics,\" n.d.).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apparently the site is popular with students and thus should perhaps be taken seriously by faculty.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Apparently the site is popular with students and thus should perhaps be taken seriously by faculty.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In short, there are a number of lines of circumstantial evidence to suggest that Mars did once have some form of surface tectonics, or tectonic episodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In short, there are a number of lines of circumstantial evidence to suggest that Mars did once have some form of surface tectonics, or tectonic episodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However most previous modelling of martian tectonics has focused on stagnant-lid convection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However most previous modelling of martian tectonics has focused on stagnant-lid convection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of this paper is to constrain the physical plausibility of tectonics on an evolving Mars-type planet, and understand the specific predictions and implications of this style of evolution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this paper is to constrain the physical plausibility of tectonics on an evolving Mars-type planet, and understand the specific predictions and implications of this style of evolution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To do this, we use 2D and 3D mantle convection simulations in a spherical geometry using the code ASPECT.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To do this, we use 2D and 3D mantle convection simulations in a spherical geometry using the code ASPECT (Kronbichler et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kronbichler et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Importantly, we consider the evolution of the planet from its post-magma ocean thermal state, with evolving heat production, and basal core temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Importantly, we consider the evolution of the planet from its post-magma ocean thermal state, with evolving heat production, and basal core temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We track the evolution of melting, and couple the model with a parameterized model of core evolution to constrain the implications of these models for magnetic field evolution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We track the evolution of melting, and couple the model with a parameterized model of core evolution to constrain the implications of these models for magnetic field evolution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Life expectancy after qualified surgery increases even in the oldest old patients because inadequate treatment is associated with poor survival.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Life expectancy after qualified surgery increases even in the oldest old patients because inadequate treatment is associated with poor survival [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, surgical resection should not be denied of the elderly, because despite of higher postoperative mortality, favorable long-term outcome can be achieved by surgical therapy alone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, surgical resection should not be denied of the elderly, because despite of higher postoperative mortality, favorable long-term outcome can be achieved by surgical therapy alone [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Our policy has been to resect the primary tumor whenever possible, but preoperative selection has been conducted in terms of fitness to undergo general anesthesia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our policy has been to resect the primary tumor whenever possible, but preoperative selection has been conducted in terms of fitness to undergo general anesthesia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fifteen percent (37/249) of our patients were considered unable to undergo general anesthesia, but all others underwent exploration for resection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fifteen percent (37/249) of our patients were considered unable to undergo general anesthesia, but all others underwent exploration for resection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The thermal difference between the settlement centers and their less built-up environment is called UHI intensity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The thermal difference between the settlement centers and their less built-up environment is called UHI intensity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Potential maximal UHI intensities are determined by morphology (size, structure, and surface geometry) of settlements, whereas actual intensities at a given time are formed by dynamic meteorological factors embedded into synoptic conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Potential maximal UHI intensities are determined by morphology (size, structure, and surface geometry) of settlements, whereas actual intensities at a given time are formed by dynamic meteorological factors embedded into synoptic conditions (Unger 1996; Unger et al. 2004; Szegedi et al. 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Unger 1996; Unger et al. 2004; Szegedi et al. 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Strong heat islands can develop under anticyclone conditions with clear skies and calm weather without precipitation, while cyclone conditions allow the development of weak heat islands only or even prevent their formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Strong heat islands can develop under anticyclone conditions with clear skies and calm weather without precipitation, while cyclone conditions allow the development of weak heat islands only or even prevent their formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Nitrones are used as useful reagents or intermediates in the synthesis of a variety of nitrogen-containing compounds which find application as agro-chemicals and/or pharmaceuticals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nitrones are used as useful reagents or intermediates in the synthesis of a variety of nitrogen-containing compounds which find application as agro-chemicals and/or pharmaceuticals [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Generally, nitrones easily undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with a large variety of substituted alkenes including both electron-rich and electron-poor dipolarophiles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, nitrones easily undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with a large variety of substituted alkenes including both electron-rich and electron-poor dipolarophiles [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "The resulting fivemembered isoxazolidine derivatives may be converted into amino alcohols, precursors to biologically important amino acids, alkaloids or β-lactams.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting fivemembered isoxazolidine derivatives may be converted into amino alcohols, precursors to biologically important amino acids, alkaloids or β-lactams [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "In addition to the well-known cycloaddition chemistry of nitrones, there are several reports on nucleophilic addictions to nitrones promoted and/or catalyzed by Lewis acids.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the well-known cycloaddition chemistry of nitrones, there are several reports on nucleophilic addictions to nitrones promoted and/or catalyzed by Lewis acids [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, we have designed a new strategy aiming at the synthesis of pharmacologically interesting heterocyclic systems using solar energy as eco-friendly energy source.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, we have designed a new strategy aiming at the synthesis of pharmacologically interesting heterocyclic systems using solar energy as eco-friendly energy source [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "In continuation of this work, we report herein the behaviour of some acetonitrile derivatives towards differently substituted open-chain C-aryl(or hetaryl)-N-phenylnitrones under the effect of solar thermal energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In continuation of this work, we report herein the behaviour of some acetonitrile derivatives towards differently substituted open-chain C-aryl(or hetaryl)-N-phenylnitrones under the effect of solar thermal energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To the best of our knowledge, the use of free solar thermal energy to accomplish such study has not so far been reported in the literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best of our knowledge, the use of free solar thermal energy to accomplish such study has not so far been reported in the literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The generality of the method is demonstrated by using different C-aryl (or hetaryl)-N-phenylnitrones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The generality of the method is demonstrated by using different C-aryl (or hetaryl)-N-phenylnitrones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, reaction of 1b with 2b-h under the same reaction conditions gave the corresponding 3-aryl-2-cyanothio-acrylamides 5b-h.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, reaction of 1b with 2b-h under the same reaction conditions gave the corresponding 3-aryl-2-cyanothio-acrylamides 5b-h.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Their structures were confirmed by comparison of their physical properties (mp, mixed mp, IR, 1 H NMR) with those of authentic samples prepared as previously described.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Their structures were confirmed by comparison of their physical properties (mp, mixed mp, IR, 1 H NMR) with those of authentic samples prepared as previously described [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Typically, cargo, like proteins, vesicles, and other organelles, emerges in one region of the cell, but is needed in some other area or has to fuse with a mobile reaction partner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Typically, cargo, like proteins, vesicles, and other organelles, emerges in one region of the cell, but is needed in some other area or has to fuse with a mobile reaction partner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the absence of a direct connection between searcher and target, the transport is a stochastic process with random alternations between ballistic motion and reorienting arrest states, which is denoted as intermittent search.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the absence of a direct connection between searcher and target, the transport is a stochastic process with random alternations between ballistic motion and reorienting arrest states, which is denoted as intermittent search [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "A particular set of parameters defining this stochastic process, such as the switching rates between ballistic transport and pauses, represents a specific intermittent search strategy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A particular set of parameters defining this stochastic process, such as the switching rates between ballistic transport and pauses, represents a specific intermittent search strategy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Species belonging to the order Rhizobiales (class Alphaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria) were found in the present analysis, such as Mesorhizobium and Bartonella in D. lucida, Pseudochrobactrum and Agrobacterium in O. bauri and Bartonella in P. striata.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Species belonging to the order Rhizobiales (class Alphaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria) were found in the present analysis, such as Mesorhizobium and Bartonella in D. lucida, Pseudochrobactrum and Agrobacterium in O. bauri and Bartonella in P. striata.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rhizobiales includes known nitrogenfixing species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rhizobiales includes known nitrogenfixing species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The presence of these bacteria has been reported in the guts of other ants, and it has been suggested that these microorganisms are responsible for dietary supplementation through nitrogen fixation or possibly through the recycling of nitrogen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of these bacteria has been reported in the guts of other ants, and it has been suggested that these microorganisms are responsible for dietary supplementation through nitrogen fixation or possibly through the recycling of nitrogen (Reuter et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Reuter et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "BP is characterized by the presence of antibodies primarily targeting two structural hemidesmosomal proteins: BP180 and BP230.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "BP is characterized by the presence of antibodies primarily targeting two structural hemidesmosomal proteins: BP180 and BP230.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "BP180 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of about 1500 amino acids which plays an important role in mediating anchorage between the cell surface at the site of the hemidesmosome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "BP180 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of about 1500 amino acids which plays an important role in mediating anchorage between the cell surface at the site of the hemidesmosome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The extracellular portion of the 16th noncollageneous (NC16A) was identified as the immunodominant region of BP180 in patients with BP.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The extracellular portion of the 16th noncollageneous (NC16A) was identified as the immunodominant region of BP180 in patients with BP [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "BP230 is an intracellular protein of the hemidesmosomal component belonging to the plakin family of cytolinkers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "BP230 is an intracellular protein of the hemidesmosomal component belonging to the plakin family of cytolinkers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The immunodominant epitopes are preferentially localized in the globular C-terminal domain of BP230 that mediates interaction with keratin filaments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The immunodominant epitopes are preferentially localized in the globular C-terminal domain of BP230 that mediates interaction with keratin filaments [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "The vast majority of BP patients possess anti-BP180 autoantibodies, and this parameter plays a crucial role in diagnosis of this autoimmune blistering disease, while the determination of anti-BP230 antibodies may support the serological analysis by an additional parameter in selected cases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The vast majority of BP patients possess anti-BP180 autoantibodies, and this parameter plays a crucial role in diagnosis of this autoimmune blistering disease, while the determination of anti-BP230 antibodies may support the serological analysis by an additional parameter in selected cases [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The large-scale inter-regional migration has been one of the most profound changes in China due to the economic transition in late 1970s and relaxation of migration control during 1950s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The large-scale inter-regional migration has been one of the most profound changes in China due to the economic transition in late 1970s and relaxation of migration control during 1950s [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "According to China's 2005 1% Sample Survey data, there were more than 147 million migrants, of which 47.79 million are interprovincial migrants (see Table 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to China's 2005 1% Sample Survey data, there were more than 147 million migrants, of which 47.79 million are interprovincial migrants (see Table 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Internal migration is one of the key factors determining the spatial distribution of the population in China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Internal migration is one of the key factors determining the spatial distribution of the population in China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the importance of internal migration and their dramatic economic and social consequences for regional development have received increasing attention from both researchers and policy makers at all levels, our understanding of internal migration in China is still rather limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the importance of internal migration and their dramatic economic and social consequences for regional development have received increasing attention from both researchers and policy makers at all levels, our understanding of internal migration in China is still rather limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Taking the case of interprovincial migration in China in the period 1985-1990, 1990-1995, 1995-2000, and 2000-2005 , this paper attempts to contribute to the literature on internal migration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Taking the case of interprovincial migration in China in the period 1985-1990, 1990-1995, 1995-2000, and 2000-2005 , this paper attempts to contribute to the literature on internal migration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "This study explores the importance of various factors that can influence the individual migration decision-making process, which provides a promising way to build agent-based models such as CA for wide applications in various interdisciplinary research areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This study explores the importance of various factors that can influence the individual migration decision-making process, which provides a promising way to build agent-based models such as CA for wide applications in various interdisciplinary research areas [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "Our results show that different factors have had disparate impacts on migration in China during 1985-2005.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results show that different factors have had disparate impacts on migration in China during 1985-2005.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These factors can be decomposed into push force in origin area and pull force in destination area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These factors can be decomposed into push force in origin area and pull force in destination area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, the influences of these factors on migration have experienced a dramatic change during 1985-2005, which implies that the factors individuals take into account in their migration decision-making processes have changed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, the influences of these factors on migration have experienced a dramatic change during 1985-2005, which implies that the factors individuals take into account in their migration decision-making processes have changed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This analysis helps to provide a theoretical basis for developing agent-based models in migration research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This analysis helps to provide a theoretical basis for developing agent-based models in migration research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Fiber-optical networks provide tremendous advantages in terms of transmission bandwidth and propagation loss compared with their electrical predecessors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fiber-optical networks provide tremendous advantages in terms of transmission bandwidth and propagation loss compared with their electrical predecessors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, optical data transmission systems are increasingly replacing their electrical counterparts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, optical data transmission systems are increasingly replacing their electrical counterparts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This superiority extends down to the chip-scale, which has motivated intensive research efforts by semiconductor corporations to replace long copper electrical interconnects with silicon (Si) photonic waveguides on computer processors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This superiority extends down to the chip-scale, which has motivated intensive research efforts by semiconductor corporations to replace long copper electrical interconnects with silicon (Si) photonic waveguides on computer processors [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The bandwidth bottleneck created by electrical signal transmission can be gradually alleviated as lossless optical systems continue to replace electrical systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The bandwidth bottleneck created by electrical signal transmission can be gradually alleviated as lossless optical systems continue to replace electrical systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As this integration between electrical and optical systems grows, it will be necessary for optical systems to interface with electronic circuitry of decreasing dimensions, increasing density, and increasingly complex functionality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As this integration between electrical and optical systems grows, it will be necessary for optical systems to interface with electronic circuitry of decreasing dimensions, increasing density, and increasingly complex functionality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a primary source of motivation for research into a multitude of nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic waveguide devices operating on a wide range of physical principles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a primary source of motivation for research into a multitude of nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic waveguide devices operating on a wide range of physical principles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The essential oils of fennel, lemon and most other plants are environmentally non-persistent pesticides, as they readily volatilize from plants and other surfaces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The essential oils of fennel, lemon and most other plants are environmentally non-persistent pesticides, as they readily volatilize from plants and other surfaces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some essential oils are nontoxic to non-target organisms and can be used in IPM.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some essential oils are nontoxic to non-target organisms and can be used in IPM (Miresmailii et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Miresmailii et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "They have a broad spectrum of bioactivity that work through several modes of action and can be applied to plants or stored products in the same way as other conventional insecticides.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They have a broad spectrum of bioactivity that work through several modes of action and can be applied to plants or stored products in the same way as other conventional insecticides.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many essential oils are known to exhibit ovicidal, repellent and insecticidal activities against various insect and mite species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many essential oils are known to exhibit ovicidal, repellent and insecticidal activities against various insect and mite species (Desmarchelier, 1994; Isman, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Desmarchelier, 1994; Isman, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The current study showed that F. vulgare and C. limon essential oils have high contact toxicity against T. turkestani while having no phytotoxicity effect on the greenhouse cucumber as its host plant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study showed that F. vulgare and C. limon essential oils have high contact toxicity against T. turkestani while having no phytotoxicity effect on the greenhouse cucumber as its host plant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, essential oils and their components can be effectively used to dispel both parasitic and free-living ticks as well as mites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, essential oils and their components can be effectively used to dispel both parasitic and free-living ticks as well as mites (El-Zemity et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(El-Zemity et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Also, these essential oils had low contact toxicity against O. albidipennis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, these essential oils had low contact toxicity against O. albidipennis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Moreover, this study revealed the impact of economic fluctuations of a specific country on other neighboring economies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, this study revealed the impact of economic fluctuations of a specific country on other neighboring economies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If expansion or recession in one economy is transmitted to another, they experience similar economic fluctuations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If expansion or recession in one economy is transmitted to another, they experience similar economic fluctuations [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "This implies the need for a mutual policy to enhance economic benefits and avoid adverse shocks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This implies the need for a mutual policy to enhance economic benefits and avoid adverse shocks [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "From this standpoint, the issue is whether there is any evidence of the impact of economic fluctuations between China and ASEAN countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From this standpoint, the issue is whether there is any evidence of the impact of economic fluctuations between China and ASEAN countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, this study intends to examine the interdependency of ASEAN-5 countries with China and to contribute to the literature with research conducted from a business cycles perspective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this study intends to examine the interdependency of ASEAN-5 countries with China and to contribute to the literature with research conducted from a business cycles perspective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Mathematical modelling is of considerable importance in the study of epidemiology because it may provide understanding of the underlying mechanisms which influence the spread of disease and may suggest control strategies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mathematical modelling is of considerable importance in the study of epidemiology because it may provide understanding of the underlying mechanisms which influence the spread of disease and may suggest control strategies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first known mathematical model of epidemiology is formulated and solved by Daniel Bernoulli in 1760.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first known mathematical model of epidemiology is formulated and solved by Daniel Bernoulli in 1760.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The foundations of the modern mathematical epidemiology based on the compartment models were laid in the early 20th century.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The foundations of the modern mathematical epidemiology based on the compartment models were laid in the early 20th century [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Since the middle of the 20th century, mathematical epidemiology has grown exponentially.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the middle of the 20th century, mathematical epidemiology has grown exponentially.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the SIR epidemic model is known as one of the most basic epidemic models, in which total host population is divided into three classes called susceptible , infective , and removed .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the SIR epidemic model is known as one of the most basic epidemic models, in which total host population is divided into three classes called susceptible , infective , and removed .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The basic and important research subjects for these systems are the existence of the threshold value which distinguishes whether the infectious disease will die out, the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium, the Hopf bifurcation, the existence of periodic solutions, optimal control, and so forth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic and important research subjects for these systems are the existence of the threshold value which distinguishes whether the infectious disease will die out, the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium, the Hopf bifurcation, the existence of periodic solutions, optimal control, and so forth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many models in the literature represent the dynamics of disease by systems of ordinary differential equations without time delay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many models in the literature represent the dynamics of disease by systems of ordinary differential equations without time delay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to reflect the real dynamical behaviors of models that depend on the past history of systems, it is reasonable to incorporate time delays into the systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to reflect the real dynamical behaviors of models that depend on the past history of systems, it is reasonable to incorporate time delays into the systems [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In fact, inclusion of delays in epidemic models makes them more realistic by allowing the description of the effects of disease latency or immunity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, inclusion of delays in epidemic models makes them more realistic by allowing the description of the effects of disease latency or immunity [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The main aim of this research is to perform the evaluation of the judicial conflict-resolution process's impact on investment with estimation of time and decision cycles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of this research is to perform the evaluation of the judicial conflict-resolution process's impact on investment with estimation of time and decision cycles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More specifically, the authors develop an algorithm that allows one to extract the project's profit distribution semi-automatically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More specifically, the authors develop an algorithm that allows one to extract the project's profit distribution semi-automatically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The probability of occurrence of different events in different states must be evaluated by experts or by other means, as well as the whole set of events and the set of dependencies between these events-we assume that this data is known; for considered cases this data is partially taken from other publications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The probability of occurrence of different events in different states must be evaluated by experts or by other means, as well as the whole set of events and the set of dependencies between these events-we assume that this data is known; for considered cases this data is partially taken from other publications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As for parameter estimation from empirical data-sometimes it is even possible to develop the patterns describing judicial decisions; in a recent research a large collection of judicial cases was used to measure the probabilities quite precisely.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As for parameter estimation from empirical data-sometimes it is even possible to develop the patterns describing judicial decisions; in a recent research a large collection of judicial cases was used to measure the probabilities quite precisely [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "It is important to note that the sensitivity analysis is out of the scope of this research; for example, probability values can be perturbed in order to gather more general results that are robust to errors of estimation of probability values in a similar way to what was done by other authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note that the sensitivity analysis is out of the scope of this research; for example, probability values can be perturbed in order to gather more general results that are robust to errors of estimation of probability values in a similar way to what was done by other authors [21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "Some recent studies propose a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to identify the uncertain parameters that significantly influence the decision-making process in investments, and quantify their degree of influence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some recent studies propose a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to identify the uncertain parameters that significantly influence the decision-making process in investments, and quantify their degree of influence [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Differences in career maturity based upon gender also lacked significance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Differences in career maturity based upon gender also lacked significance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Males outscoring females on all scores except the concern sub-scale is consistent with research indicating adolescent males have higher self-esteem than females.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Males outscoring females on all scores except the concern sub-scale is consistent with research indicating adolescent males have higher self-esteem than females (Erol, & Orth, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Erol, & Orth, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "This is important for youth development professionals to know, realizing what factors are most important in the development of career maturity based upon gender, especially the varying levels of self-esteem among males and females.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is important for youth development professionals to know, realizing what factors are most important in the development of career maturity based upon gender, especially the varying levels of self-esteem among males and females (King, 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(King, 1989)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Youth are often involved in multiple organizations beyond 4-H, some of which also strive to foster career readiness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Youth are often involved in multiple organizations beyond 4-H, some of which also strive to foster career readiness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, previous research has found that youth in 4-H learn about careers not only through participation in 4-H but also through non-4-H activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, previous research has found that youth in 4-H learn about careers not only through participation in 4-H but also through non-4-H activities (Williams, et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Williams, et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it may be of value for future research to assess the career maturity of youth involved in other organizations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it may be of value for future research to assess the career maturity of youth involved in other organizations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future research that involves 4-H members as well as youth not involved in the 4-H program may also be of benefit to show the impact 4-H involvement may have on youths' career maturity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future research that involves 4-H members as well as youth not involved in the 4-H program may also be of benefit to show the impact 4-H involvement may have on youths' career maturity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Of the 34 stores that met our inclusion criteria, 27 recommended NHPs; a total of 33 different products were recommended (see Table 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of the 34 stores that met our inclusion criteria, 27 recommended NHPs; a total of 33 different products were recommended (see Table 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mean cost of product per month was $58.09 (CAD) (minimum $5.28, median $32.99, maximum $600).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mean cost of product per month was $58.09 (CAD) (minimum $5.28, median $32.99, maximum $600).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Twenty-three employees (68%) did not ask whether the patient took prescription medications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Twenty-three employees (68%) did not ask whether the patient took prescription medications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fifteen (44%) employees recommended visiting a healthcare professional; these included: naturopaths (9), physicians (5) and nutritionists.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fifteen (44%) employees recommended visiting a healthcare professional; these included: naturopaths (9), physicians (5) and nutritionists (1) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(1)" ] }, { "text": "Health food store employees relied on a variety of sources of information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Health food store employees relied on a variety of sources of information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Twelve employees (35%) received their information from books, 5 (15%) from a supplier, 3 (9%) had a formal education in CAM, 2 (6%) had in-store training and 12 (35%) did not disclose their sources of information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Twelve employees (35%) received their information from books, 5 (15%) from a supplier, 3 (9%) had a formal education in CAM, 2 (6%) had in-store training and 12 (35%) did not disclose their sources of information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "There are many challenges in bringing big data capabilities to the mobile environment: a) mobile devices are resource-constrained in terms of memory, processing power and energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many challenges in bringing big data capabilities to the mobile environment: a) mobile devices are resource-constrained in terms of memory, processing power and energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since most mobile devices are battery powered, energy consumption during job execution must be minimized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since most mobile devices are battery powered, energy consumption during job execution must be minimized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Overall energy consumption depends on the nodes selected for the job execution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall energy consumption depends on the nodes selected for the job execution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The nodes have to be selected based on each node's remaining energy, job retrieval time, and energy profile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nodes have to be selected based on each node's remaining energy, job retrieval time, and energy profile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the jobs are retrieved wirelessly, shorter job retrieval time indicates lower transmission energy and shorter job completion time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the jobs are retrieved wirelessly, shorter job retrieval time indicates lower transmission energy and shorter job completion time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to the traditional cloud computing, transmission time is the bottleneck for the job makespan and wireless transmission is the major source of the energy consumption; b) reliability of data is a major challenge in dynamic networks with unpredictable topology changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to the traditional cloud computing, transmission time is the bottleneck for the job makespan and wireless transmission is the major source of the energy consumption; b) reliability of data is a major challenge in dynamic networks with unpredictable topology changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Connection failures could cause mobile devices to go out of the network reach after limited participation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Connection failures could cause mobile devices to go out of the network reach after limited participation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Device failures may also happen due to energy depletion or application specific failures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Device failures may also happen due to energy depletion or application specific failures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, a reliability model stronger than those used by traditional static networks is essential; c) security is also a major concern as the stored data often contains sensitive user information.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, a reliability model stronger than those used by traditional static networks is essential; c) security is also a major concern as the stored data often contains sensitive user information [6] , [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ], [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]", "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Traditional security mechanisms tailored for static networks are inadequate for dynamic networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional security mechanisms tailored for static networks are inadequate for dynamic networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Devices can be captured by unauthorized users and data can be compromised easily if necessary security measures are not provided.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Devices can be captured by unauthorized users and data can be compromised easily if necessary security measures are not provided.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To address the aforementioned issues of energy efficiency, reliability and security of dynamic network topologies, the k-out-of-n computing framework was introduced.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To address the aforementioned issues of energy efficiency, reliability and security of dynamic network topologies, the k-out-of-n computing framework was introduced [8] , [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ], [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]", "[9]" ] }, { "text": "An overview of the previous MDFS will be described in Section 2.2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An overview of the previous MDFS will be described in Section 2.2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "What remains as an open challenge is to bring the cloud computing framework to a k-out-of-n environment such that it solves the bottlenecks involved in processing and storage of big data in a mobile cloud.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What remains as an open challenge is to bring the cloud computing framework to a k-out-of-n environment such that it solves the bottlenecks involved in processing and storage of big data in a mobile cloud.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This study demonstrated the nZEB design is strictly related to the building primary system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study demonstrated the nZEB design is strictly related to the building primary system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, a key role in the design and operation of ZEBs is played by the system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, a key role in the design and operation of ZEBs is played by the system [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "First of all, it was found that in cost optimal diagrams the selected energy system determines the position of the \"cloud\" of possible design options on the energy performance axis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First of all, it was found that in cost optimal diagrams the selected energy system determines the position of the \"cloud\" of possible design options on the energy performance axis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, only in case the energy system allows to reach high performances in terms of primary energy, a good design of envelope can further move the point representing the building design solution towards a lower energy demand close to the ZEB target, while locating the design options in the low part of the cost optimal cloud, minimizing the global cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, only in case the energy system allows to reach high performances in terms of primary energy, a good design of envelope can further move the point representing the building design solution towards a lower energy demand close to the ZEB target, while locating the design options in the low part of the cost optimal cloud, minimizing the global cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The envelope design cannot be done disregarding the energy system selection since the early design stage, especially when looking for cost optimal solutions, which result from a balance between the investment costs and the operation costs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The envelope design cannot be done disregarding the energy system selection since the early design stage, especially when looking for cost optimal solutions, which result from a balance between the investment costs and the operation costs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we consider the following model with delay between the time a cell begin to be infected and the time of emission of virus particles from this cell.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we consider the following model with delay between the time a cell begin to be infected and the time of emission of virus particles from this cell [9, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 14]" ] }, { "text": "Note that the immune response after viral infection is universal and necessary to eliminate or control the disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that the immune response after viral infection is universal and necessary to eliminate or control the disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Antibodies, cytokinesis, natural killer cells, and T cells are essential components of a normal immune response to a viral.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Antibodies, cytokinesis, natural killer cells, and T cells are essential components of a normal immune response to a viral.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, in most viral infections, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a very important role in antiviral defense by attacking virus infected cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, in most viral infections, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a very important role in antiviral defense by attacking virus infected cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is believed that they are the main host immune factor that limits the development of virus replication in vivo and thus determines virus load.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is believed that they are the main host immune factor that limits the development of virus replication in vivo and thus determines virus load [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the population dynamics of viral infection with CTL response has been paid much attention in the last few decades.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the population dynamics of viral infection with CTL response has been paid much attention in the last few decades [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "This paper is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the next section, we give the stability analysis of the viral free equilibrium E 0 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the next section, we give the stability analysis of the viral free equilibrium E 0 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 3, local stability analysis of the no-immune response equilibrium E 1 is presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 3, local stability analysis of the no-immune response equilibrium E 1 is presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stability analysis and Hopf bifurcation of the positive equilibrium E 2 are studied in Section 4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stability analysis and Hopf bifurcation of the positive equilibrium E 2 are studied in Section 4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, in Section 5 numerical simulations and conclusions are included.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, in Section 5 numerical simulations and conclusions are included.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The high expression levels of SLC1A5 has been reported to be closely related to poor prognosis in many cancers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high expression levels of SLC1A5 has been reported to be closely related to poor prognosis in many cancers [24, 25, 26, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25, 26, 27]" ] }, { "text": "Our study also demonstrated that higher expression of SLC1A5 in GC tissues was significantly correlated with worse clinicopathologic features, such as deeper local invasion, more lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stages and higher Ki-67 expression, which indicated poor prognosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study also demonstrated that higher expression of SLC1A5 in GC tissues was significantly correlated with worse clinicopathologic features, such as deeper local invasion, more lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stages and higher Ki-67 expression, which indicated poor prognosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there was no significant correlation between SLC1A5 and patients' age, gender, tumor location or the degree of differentiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there was no significant correlation between SLC1A5 and patients' age, gender, tumor location or the degree of differentiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, SLC1A5 could be considered as a promising prognostic marker of GC in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, SLC1A5 could be considered as a promising prognostic marker of GC in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the present experiment, the pigeons were exposed to the first 8 conditions for a total of 192 sessions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present experiment, the pigeons were exposed to the first 8 conditions for a total of 192 sessions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite this extensive exposure to a choice between a larger reinforcer with a longer prereinforcer delay and a smaller reinforcer with a shorter prereinforcer delay, with forced choices of each alternative, virtually none of the larger reinforcers were chosen throughout these 8 conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite this extensive exposure to a choice between a larger reinforcer with a longer prereinforcer delay and a smaller reinforcer with a shorter prereinforcer delay, with forced choices of each alternative, virtually none of the larger reinforcers were chosen throughout these 8 conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous data have indicated that exposure to very gradual approximations of this choice, beginning with a choice between larger and smaller reinforcers with equal prereinforcer delays, is necessary for pigeons to acquire selfcontrol.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous data have indicated that exposure to very gradual approximations of this choice, beginning with a choice between larger and smaller reinforcers with equal prereinforcer delays, is necessary for pigeons to acquire selfcontrol (Logue et al., 1984; Mazur & Logue, 1978) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Logue et al., 1984; Mazur & Logue, 1978)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Isolates of O. quercus collected from eucalypt trees in this study were found to be genetically diverse, especially in the BT sequence data, where nine haplotypes of the fungus were identified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Isolates of O. quercus collected from eucalypt trees in this study were found to be genetically diverse, especially in the BT sequence data, where nine haplotypes of the fungus were identified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ITS and TEF data were more conserved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ITS and TEF data were more conserved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This trend has emerged in the past from numerous studies considering O. quercus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This trend has emerged in the past from numerous studies considering O. quercus (Grobbelaar et al. 2008 (Grobbelaar et al. , 2009 Kamgan Nkuekam et al. 2010a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Grobbelaar et al. 2008 (Grobbelaar et al. , 2009 Kamgan Nkuekam et al. 2010a)" ] }, { "text": "It provides further evidence of the fact that this heterothallic fungus reproduces sexually in Southern Africa, and if it is not native to the area, it has been present in the country for a very long period of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It provides further evidence of the fact that this heterothallic fungus reproduces sexually in Southern Africa, and if it is not native to the area, it has been present in the country for a very long period of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Given its aggressive nature, a majority of patients with PBL are treated with chemotherapy with the most common chemotherapeutic regimen being cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Given its aggressive nature, a majority of patients with PBL are treated with chemotherapy with the most common chemotherapeutic regimen being cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "One review reports that 23% of cases were treated with more intensive regimens such as HyperCVAD, CODOX-M/IVAC, and EPOCH, 19% were treated with radiotherapy, 10% were treated with intrathecal methotrexate, and 27% were treated with other therapies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One review reports that 23% of cases were treated with more intensive regimens such as HyperCVAD, CODOX-M/IVAC, and EPOCH, 19% were treated with radiotherapy, 10% were treated with intrathecal methotrexate, and 27% were treated with other therapies [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "R-CHOP appears to be of benefit in a small subset of HIV-positive individuals with CD20-positivity, absolute CD4 counts >100 CMM, or positive MYC rearrangements.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "R-CHOP appears to be of benefit in a small subset of HIV-positive individuals with CD20-positivity, absolute CD4 counts >100 CMM, or positive MYC rearrangements [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "There is no reported difference in overall survival between CHOP and more intensive regimens.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is no reported difference in overall survival between CHOP and more intensive regimens [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The overall response rate to chemotherapy is relatively high at 77% with 46% of cases experiencing a complete response, 31% with a partial response, and 23% with no response.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The overall response rate to chemotherapy is relatively high at 77% with 46% of cases experiencing a complete response, 31% with a partial response, and 23% with no response [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, despite its responsiveness to chemotherapy, plasmablastic lymphoma carries a poor prognosis with a 5-year overall survival rate of 31% and a median overall survival period of 14 months, with most cases having died due to progression of disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, despite its responsiveness to chemotherapy, plasmablastic lymphoma carries a poor prognosis with a 5-year overall survival rate of 31% and a median overall survival period of 14 months, with most cases having died due to progression of disease [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Positive prognostic indicators include early stage of disease, complete response to chemotherapy, lack of bone marrow involvement, and use of antiretroviral therapy while presence of MYC rearrangement is a negative prognostic indicator.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Positive prognostic indicators include early stage of disease, complete response to chemotherapy, lack of bone marrow involvement, and use of antiretroviral therapy while presence of MYC rearrangement is a negative prognostic indicator [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A common problem in polymer nanocomposites is related to dispersion since the small size of nanofillers makes them prone to agglomeration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A common problem in polymer nanocomposites is related to dispersion since the small size of nanofillers makes them prone to agglomeration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dispersion of nanofillers in a polymer matrix is therefore one of the most important parameters to regulate in order to control the final properties of the nanocomposite material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dispersion of nanofillers in a polymer matrix is therefore one of the most important parameters to regulate in order to control the final properties of the nanocomposite material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to prevent agglomeration, fillers are often grafted with polymer chains that are compatible with the polymer matrix.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to prevent agglomeration, fillers are often grafted with polymer chains that are compatible with the polymer matrix.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been shown that dispersion depends predominantly on the ratio between the molecular mass of the matrix polymer and the graft length on the filler and that relatively long grafts are a prerequisite for good dispersion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been shown that dispersion depends predominantly on the ratio between the molecular mass of the matrix polymer and the graft length on the filler and that relatively long grafts are a prerequisite for good dispersion [23, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 24]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, grafted nanofillers dispersed throughout the matrix have shown good nucleation ability and accelerate the crystallization kinetics both in non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, grafted nanofillers dispersed throughout the matrix have shown good nucleation ability and accelerate the crystallization kinetics both in non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization conditions [9, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 25]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Upconversion luminescence (UCL) is a nonlinear, antiStokes process, whereby low-energy photons are converted to higher energy photons.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Upconversion luminescence (UCL) is a nonlinear, antiStokes process, whereby low-energy photons are converted to higher energy photons [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Compared to organic fluorophores and quantum dots, upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) exhibit high photochemical stability, sharp emission bandwidths, and large anti-Stokes shifts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to organic fluorophores and quantum dots, upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) exhibit high photochemical stability, sharp emission bandwidths, and large anti-Stokes shifts [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Lanthanide-doped UCNPs can be considered as dilute guest-host systems, where trivalent lanthanide ions are dispersed as guests in an appropriate inorganic host lattice with dimensions of less than 100 nm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lanthanide-doped UCNPs can be considered as dilute guest-host systems, where trivalent lanthanide ions are dispersed as guests in an appropriate inorganic host lattice with dimensions of less than 100 nm [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Light upconverting nanostructures employing lanthanide ions constitute an emerging research field recognized with wide ramifications and impact in many areas ranging from healthcare to energy and to security.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Light upconverting nanostructures employing lanthanide ions constitute an emerging research field recognized with wide ramifications and impact in many areas ranging from healthcare to energy and to security [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In an attempt to determine what chemical and electrochemical properties of the corroding solution are required for stress corrosion cracking, previous researchers determined the potentiostatic polarization curves for single crystals in de-aerated boiling, 55% Ca (NO 3 ) 2 , 30% NaOH, and other solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an attempt to determine what chemical and electrochemical properties of the corroding solution are required for stress corrosion cracking, previous researchers determined the potentiostatic polarization curves for single crystals in de-aerated boiling, 55% Ca (NO 3 ) 2 , 30% NaOH, and other solutions [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The results revealed that iron exhibits passive behavior near the free corrosion potential in nitrate solution only.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results revealed that iron exhibits passive behavior near the free corrosion potential in nitrate solution only.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the surface film at the corrosion potential was stable, it required a long time to be restored if it was damaged.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the surface film at the corrosion potential was stable, it required a long time to be restored if it was damaged.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Wood is decomposed by a variety of biological agents, including fungi, bacteria, and insects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wood is decomposed by a variety of biological agents, including fungi, bacteria, and insects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fungi colonize wood and degrade cell wall components to form brown, soft or white rot.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fungi colonize wood and degrade cell wall components to form brown, soft or white rot.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mycelium of lignin-degrading basidiomycetes, referred to as white rot fungi, secretes extracellular enzymes that break down lignin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mycelium of lignin-degrading basidiomycetes, referred to as white rot fungi, secretes extracellular enzymes that break down lignin [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Lignin is structurally similar to many organic pollutants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lignin is structurally similar to many organic pollutants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, in laboratory studies, many ligninolytic fungi have exhibited great potential for use in the degradation of recalcitrant organic matter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, in laboratory studies, many ligninolytic fungi have exhibited great potential for use in the degradation of recalcitrant organic matter [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, the success of bioremediation projects has been limited by the failure to remove toxic compounds from contaminated sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the success of bioremediation projects has been limited by the failure to remove toxic compounds from contaminated sites [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "One of the reasons of this failure might be the lack of the relationship between exogenous fungus and indigenous microbial consortia in contaminated site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the reasons of this failure might be the lack of the relationship between exogenous fungus and indigenous microbial consortia in contaminated site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The academic success associated with reported high school level or number of credits earned in mathematics was also not part of the assessment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The academic success associated with reported high school level or number of credits earned in mathematics was also not part of the assessment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our research focus was exposure to course content rather than success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our research focus was exposure to course content rather than success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Level of high school mathematics and number of credits earned provide strong and defensible measures of students' prior experience with mathematics, and our operationalization of this variable is consistent with previous research in the field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Level of high school mathematics and number of credits earned provide strong and defensible measures of students' prior experience with mathematics, and our operationalization of this variable is consistent with previous research in the field (Frary & Ling, 1983; Hackett & Betz, 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Frary & Ling, 1983; Hackett & Betz, 1989)" ] }, { "text": "Success variables such as grade point average would shift the emphasis from course content exposure to previous performance attainments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Success variables such as grade point average would shift the emphasis from course content exposure to previous performance attainments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future studies, however, might be designed to explore the influence of academic experience controlling for some measure of success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future studies, however, might be designed to explore the influence of academic experience controlling for some measure of success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A qualitative interpretive study explored midwives' experiences of asking the Whooley questions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A qualitative interpretive study explored midwives' experiences of asking the Whooley questions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This method was selected because the aim of interpretative research is to attempt to understand the world from the viewpoint of the participant, as opposed to explaining their world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This method was selected because the aim of interpretative research is to attempt to understand the world from the viewpoint of the participant, as opposed to explaining their world (Green & Thorogood, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Green & Thorogood, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Our objective was to gain knowledge and understanding of the participating midwives' experiences of asking the Whooley questions, to inform how this may affect levels of detection of PMI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our objective was to gain knowledge and understanding of the participating midwives' experiences of asking the Whooley questions, to inform how this may affect levels of detection of PMI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ethical approval for this study was gained from the NHS Research Ethics Committee (REC) (Reference number 08/H1008/192).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ethical approval for this study was gained from the NHS Research Ethics Committee (REC) (Reference number 08/H1008/192).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "One interesting extension of this article would be the separation of specific types of systems, such as van der Pol oscillators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One interesting extension of this article would be the separation of specific types of systems, such as van der Pol oscillators [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "For those, fully entrained oscillators may even present a PLF < 1, and a different measure of synchrony, tailored to those oscillators, may need to be used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For those, fully entrained oscillators may even present a PLF < 1, and a different measure of synchrony, tailored to those oscillators, may need to be used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a study would fall out of the scope of this article.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a study would fall out of the scope of this article.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, it is expected that additional knowledge of the oscillator type can be exploited to improve the algorithm's performance or its robustness to deviations from the ideal case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, it is expected that additional knowledge of the oscillator type can be exploited to improve the algorithm's performance or its robustness to deviations from the ideal case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Many scientists believe that global warming will increase the frequency and/or intensity of tropical storms due to an increase of sea surface temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many scientists believe that global warming will increase the frequency and/or intensity of tropical storms due to an increase of sea surface temperature [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29] [30] [31] [32] [33]" ] }, { "text": "Strong storms (Category 3, 4 and 5) can destroy forests impacting their hydrologic regime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Strong storms (Category 3, 4 and 5) can destroy forests impacting their hydrologic regime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The impact of hurricanes on hydrology has been widely studied.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The impact of hurricanes on hydrology has been widely studied [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34] [35] [36] [37] [38]" ] }, { "text": "Most of those studies on the impact of hurricane on hydrology and nutrient exports were concentrated on the direct and short-term implications caused by flooding and/or strong wind.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of those studies on the impact of hurricane on hydrology and nutrient exports were concentrated on the direct and short-term implications caused by flooding and/or strong wind [39, 40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39, 40]" ] }, { "text": "However, hurricanes may cause longer term changes to forest hydrology due to changes in forest composition, which can lead to a change in evapotranspiration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, hurricanes may cause longer term changes to forest hydrology due to changes in forest composition, which can lead to a change in evapotranspiration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, long-term hydrologic and climatic observations following a hurricane impact may be very useful to understand the long-term impact of hurricanes on forest hydrology in coastal areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, long-term hydrologic and climatic observations following a hurricane impact may be very useful to understand the long-term impact of hurricanes on forest hydrology in coastal areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Dielectric properties of wood have an enormous application in wood science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dielectric properties of wood have an enormous application in wood science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It gives a better understanding of the molecular structures of wood and wood -water interactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It gives a better understanding of the molecular structures of wood and wood -water interactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The practical application is for determining the density and moisture content by non-destructive electrical measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The practical application is for determining the density and moisture content by non-destructive electrical measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was reported that the detections of knot, defects, spiral grain, etc., are possible by measuring dielectric properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was reported that the detections of knot, defects, spiral grain, etc., are possible by measuring dielectric properties (Martin et al. 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Martin et al. 1987)" ] }, { "text": "The dielectric properties play a significant role in heating, drying, gluing and improving the quality of wood and wood based materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dielectric properties play a significant role in heating, drying, gluing and improving the quality of wood and wood based materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on the dielectric properties, modern instrument can be designed for the inspections of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of woods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the dielectric properties, modern instrument can be designed for the inspections of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of woods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "There has been a surge of interest in the role of positive thinking for enhancing resiliency and well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been a surge of interest in the role of positive thinking for enhancing resiliency and well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In much of the self-help literature, there has been an emphasis placed on the power of positive thinking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In much of the self-help literature, there has been an emphasis placed on the power of positive thinking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the book The Power of Positive Thinking has sold more than 5 million copies in print.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the book The Power of Positive Thinking has sold more than 5 million copies in print (Peale 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Peale 2007)" ] }, { "text": "With the advent of positive psychology, this notion has also taken on an increasing quality of truth in the lives of many individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the advent of positive psychology, this notion has also taken on an increasing quality of truth in the lives of many individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given this, it is important to understand and assess whether promoting and maintaining positive thinking can be protective of well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given this, it is important to understand and assess whether promoting and maintaining positive thinking can be protective of well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The study of the valuation of historical and cultural resources is important since society devotes much of its resources to the preservation of these goods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of the valuation of historical and cultural resources is important since society devotes much of its resources to the preservation of these goods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of the approximately $13.6 billion in discretionary spending authority included in the 1995 Department of Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, the National Park Service allocated $41.5 million for the Historical Preservation Fund.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of the approximately $13.6 billion in discretionary spending authority included in the 1995 Department of Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, the National Park Service allocated $41.5 million for the Historical Preservation Fund.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to Federal grants, states are seeking innovative means to finance historical preservation projects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to Federal grants, states are seeking innovative means to finance historical preservation projects (Poole, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Poole, 1993)" ] }, { "text": "No study to date analyzes the economic benefits of this type of expenditure in the United States.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No study to date analyzes the economic benefits of this type of expenditure in the United States.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Computational results of the modeling are presented in Figures 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Computational results of the modeling are presented in Figures 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figures 1 to 8 show the 3 dimensional temperature profiles for a car travelling at an initial velocity of 25 m/s and then brakes for 2 seconds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figures 1 to 8 show the 3 dimensional temperature profiles for a car travelling at an initial velocity of 25 m/s and then brakes for 2 seconds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be seen that the peak temperature occurs at 1.2 seconds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be seen that the peak temperature occurs at 1.2 seconds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The highest temperature occurs at the contact surface of the disc-pads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The highest temperature occurs at the contact surface of the disc-pads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strong rise in temperature is due to the short duration of the braking phase and to the speed of the physical phenomenon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strong rise in temperature is due to the short duration of the braking phase and to the speed of the physical phenomenon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the beginning of the braking action, the generated heat due to friction is very high and this frictional heat generated reduces gradually because the relative sliding velocity between the pad and the disk decreases with time during the braking action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the beginning of the braking action, the generated heat due to friction is very high and this frictional heat generated reduces gradually because the relative sliding velocity between the pad and the disk decreases with time during the braking action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore at the end of the braking action ( = 2 seconds), the heat generation is equal to zero.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore at the end of the braking action ( = 2 seconds), the heat generation is equal to zero.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is in good agreement with findings by Talati and Jalalifar model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is in good agreement with findings by Talati and Jalalifar model [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "At = 1.2 seconds, the temperatures of the 4 models were as follows: AMC disc and aramid pad were 464 K, AMC disc and asbestos pad were 461.6 K, GCI disc and aramid pad were obtained as 489 K, and GCI disc and asbestos pad were 485.4 K.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At = 1.2 seconds, the temperatures of the 4 models were as follows: AMC disc and aramid pad were 464 K, AMC disc and asbestos pad were 461.6 K, GCI disc and aramid pad were obtained as 489 K, and GCI disc and asbestos pad were 485.4 K.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These temperatures occur at the centre of mass radius of the pad and disc contact surface ( = 0.1 mm).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These temperatures occur at the centre of mass radius of the pad and disc contact surface ( = 0.1 mm).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Roadway congestion in urban areas is stochastic since roadway traffic can be affected by many uncertain factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Roadway congestion in urban areas is stochastic since roadway traffic can be affected by many uncertain factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, unexpected traffic accidents or adverse weather conditions can cause congestion even during off-peak hours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, unexpected traffic accidents or adverse weather conditions can cause congestion even during off-peak hours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the advancement of information technology, a truck driver is often able to receive real time information about the congestion patterns of roadway networks, so that he/she might be able to avoid heavy congestion by dynamically choosing an alternative path that is more likely yield a minimum expected cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the advancement of information technology, a truck driver is often able to receive real time information about the congestion patterns of roadway networks, so that he/she might be able to avoid heavy congestion by dynamically choosing an alternative path that is more likely yield a minimum expected cost [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "As such, the optimal routing decision can be addressed as a shortest path problem in a stochastic network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, the optimal routing decision can be addressed as a shortest path problem in a stochastic network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previously, such studies considered travel delay as the only travel cost component and focused on minimizing the expected total travel time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previously, such studies considered travel delay as the only travel cost component and focused on minimizing the expected total travel time [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "To the best of the authors' knowledge, the environmental externalities caused by the vehicle movements in a stochastic network have been somewhat limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best of the authors' knowledge, the environmental externalities caused by the vehicle movements in a stochastic network have been somewhat limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Obviously, the amount of vehicle emissions per mile depends on vehicle speed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Obviously, the amount of vehicle emissions per mile depends on vehicle speed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the minimum CO2 emission rate occurs when the vehicle speed is around 45 to 50 mph, while a very high or a very low vehicle speed would lead to a much larger amount of CO2 emission.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the minimum CO2 emission rate occurs when the vehicle speed is around 45 to 50 mph, while a very high or a very low vehicle speed would lead to a much larger amount of CO2 emission [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, maintaining a moderate travel speed throughout a journey would help reduce vehicle emissions, although it usually increases total traveling time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, maintaining a moderate travel speed throughout a journey would help reduce vehicle emissions, although it usually increases total traveling time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "No significant interaction between Zn × P for root growth indicates an individual response for each of the nutrients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No significant interaction between Zn × P for root growth indicates an individual response for each of the nutrients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The gain in root dry weight, with a quadratic tendency, did not depend on the Zn application rate (p<0.01), which contradicts what was observed for shoots.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The gain in root dry weight, with a quadratic tendency, did not depend on the Zn application rate (p<0.01), which contradicts what was observed for shoots.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a general trend, there was a reduction in dry weight of the roots with an increase in the P application rate (p<0.01) at any of the Zn application rates (Tables 1 and 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a general trend, there was a reduction in dry weight of the roots with an increase in the P application rate (p<0.01) at any of the Zn application rates (Tables 1 and 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The root/shoot dry weight ratio had a value of 6.6 in all the treatments, and 3.4 for the B&G ® treatment, suggesting that the latter condition did not favor the highest allocation of carbohydrates into the plant roots in a more balanced nutritional state.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The root/shoot dry weight ratio had a value of 6.6 in all the treatments, and 3.4 for the B&G ® treatment, suggesting that the latter condition did not favor the highest allocation of carbohydrates into the plant roots in a more balanced nutritional state (Marschner, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Marschner, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "The high values of this ratio in Phalaenopsis, even with the B&G ® treatment, indicate a specific morphological characteristic of plants from this genus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high values of this ratio in Phalaenopsis, even with the B&G ® treatment, indicate a specific morphological characteristic of plants from this genus (Arditti, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Arditti, 1992)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "There was a significant response for the mean of the Zn application rates (p<0.01) and the mean of the P application rates (p<0.01), highlighting the importance of supplying these nutrients as a general response of the experiment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was a significant response for the mean of the Zn application rates (p<0.01) and the mean of the P application rates (p<0.01), highlighting the importance of supplying these nutrients as a general response of the experiment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a significant interaction between Zn × P (p<0.01) was observed, indicating a differential response of each of these nutrients to varying application rates of the other, as is frequently documented in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a significant interaction between Zn × P (p<0.01) was observed, indicating a differential response of each of these nutrients to varying application rates of the other, as is frequently documented in the literature (Imtiaz et al, 2006; Dechen and Nachtigall, 2007; Carneiro et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Imtiaz et al, 2006; Dechen and Nachtigall, 2007; Carneiro et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "While there was a linear response in production of phytomass (plant biomass) by the plant shoots in response to Zn application without the application of P (p<0.05), there was no significant response to increasing application rates of Zn in the presence of the highest application rate of P (Tables 1 and 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While there was a linear response in production of phytomass (plant biomass) by the plant shoots in response to Zn application without the application of P (p<0.05), there was no significant response to increasing application rates of Zn in the presence of the highest application rate of P (Tables 1 and 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Metacognition consists of two major components: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Metacognition consists of two major components: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Metacognitive knowledge refers to knowledge of cognition such as knowledge of skills and strategies that work best for the learner and how and when to use such skills and strategies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Metacognitive knowledge refers to knowledge of cognition such as knowledge of skills and strategies that work best for the learner and how and when to use such skills and strategies (Schraw and Dennison, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schraw and Dennison, 1994)" ] }, { "text": "Metacognitive knowledge involves declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and conditional knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Metacognitive knowledge involves declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and conditional knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Declarative knowledge is recognition of self-skills, intellectual capacity and abilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Declarative knowledge is recognition of self-skills, intellectual capacity and abilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students can gain this knowledge through presentations, demonstrations and discussions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students can gain this knowledge through presentations, demonstrations and discussions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Procedural knowledge is the knowledge of how to perform a specific task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Procedural knowledge is the knowledge of how to perform a specific task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students can get this knowledge through discovery, cooperative learning and problem solving.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students can get this knowledge through discovery, cooperative learning and problem solving.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Conditional knowledge is knowledge about when and why to use skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conditional knowledge is knowledge about when and why to use skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students can acquire this knowledge through simulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students can acquire this knowledge through simulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Participants were given the opportunity to add any comments on other topics at the end of the interview.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants were given the opportunity to add any comments on other topics at the end of the interview.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Videoconference was chosen as a medium for the interviews as the musicians and researcher were geographically spread around the UK, while also providing a synchronous and personal interaction in a place convenient for the participants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Videoconference was chosen as a medium for the interviews as the musicians and researcher were geographically spread around the UK, while also providing a synchronous and personal interaction in a place convenient for the participants (Hanna, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hanna, 2012)" ] }, { "text": "The interviews were held a week after the sessions to allow the musicians time to reflect on their experiences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interviews were held a week after the sessions to allow the musicians time to reflect on their experiences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The passenger mobility in India relies heavily on its roads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The passenger mobility in India relies heavily on its roads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Road-based passenger mobility, measured as passenger-kilometers (PKm), in India increased from 239.65 billion PKm in 1970 -71 to 6351.20 billion PKm in 2011 , an increase at the rate of 8.3% per year during last four decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Road-based passenger mobility, measured as passenger-kilometers (PKm), in India increased from 239.65 billion PKm in 1970 -71 to 6351.20 billion PKm in 2011 , an increase at the rate of 8.3% per year during last four decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That's why, total number of registered motor vehicles in the country increased from 1.9 million in 1971 to 141.9 million in 2011, an increase at the rate of 11.4% per year during last four decades.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "That's why, total number of registered motor vehicles in the country increased from 1.9 million in 1971 to 141.9 million in 2011, an increase at the rate of 11.4% per year during last four decades (MoRTH, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(MoRTH, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "From 1971 to 2011, the share of two wheelers in total registered motor vehicles in India increased from 30.9% to 71.8% whereas share of buses decreased from 5% to 1%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From 1971 to 2011, the share of two wheelers in total registered motor vehicles in India increased from 30.9% to 71.8% whereas share of buses decreased from 5% to 1%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rapid increase motorized vehicles particularly two wheelers and cars has serious implications on various issues related to energy and environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rapid increase motorized vehicles particularly two wheelers and cars has serious implications on various issues related to energy and environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Already, transport sector is the major cause of air pollution in urban areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Already, transport sector is the major cause of air pollution in urban areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It contributes significantly to major environmental challenges both at local as well as global levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It contributes significantly to major environmental challenges both at local as well as global levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In 2011, transport sector had 14% share in total energy related CO2 emission in the country, in which road transport had 73% share.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2011, transport sector had 14% share in total energy related CO2 emission in the country, in which road transport had 73% share.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The share of road transport in CO2 emission is increasing over the years due to rapid increase in vehicular population in the country.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The share of road transport in CO2 emission is increasing over the years due to rapid increase in vehicular population in the country.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "A Dp-brane in Bosonic string theory is unstable due to the presence of an open string tachyon in its spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A Dp-brane in Bosonic string theory is unstable due to the presence of an open string tachyon in its spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If we displace the tachyon away from the maximum it will start rolling down the potential toward the minimum, which is the closed string vacuum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If we displace the tachyon away from the maximum it will start rolling down the potential toward the minimum, which is the closed string vacuum [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It is of great interest to understand the \"real time\" behavior of this process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is of great interest to understand the \"real time\" behavior of this process [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "For one thing, exact time-dependent solutions in string theory are hard to come by and studying them should yield important insights into the fundamental structure of the theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For one thing, exact time-dependent solutions in string theory are hard to come by and studying them should yield important insights into the fundamental structure of the theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We would also like to understand the final state an unstable D-brane decays into.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We would also like to understand the final state an unstable D-brane decays into.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In an earlier work, we proposed a semantic framework for multimedia document adaptation in which a multimedia document is interpreted as a set of potential executions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an earlier work, we proposed a semantic framework for multimedia document adaptation in which a multimedia document is interpreted as a set of potential executions [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "This framework defines adaptations as the search for a document compliant with the device constraints which is as close as possible to the executions specified by the author.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This framework defines adaptations as the search for a document compliant with the device constraints which is as close as possible to the executions specified by the author.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It does it in a very general way, independent from the concrete multimedia document languages and independent from the main multimedia document dimensions, i.e., temporal, spatial and hypermedia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It does it in a very general way, independent from the concrete multimedia document languages and independent from the main multimedia document dimensions, i.e., temporal, spatial and hypermedia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The LHP employed the capillary force which generates in the porous structure to drive the inner working fluid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The LHP employed the capillary force which generates in the porous structure to drive the inner working fluid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the circulation and phase change of working fluid, the heat can be transported from evaporator (receiving heat from operating machine) to condenser (dissipating heat to outside, which is often embedded into radiator).Compared with conventional heat transfer device, LHP is free of electricity and can transfer more heat with longer distance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the circulation and phase change of working fluid, the heat can be transported from evaporator (receiving heat from operating machine) to condenser (dissipating heat to outside, which is often embedded into radiator).Compared with conventional heat transfer device, LHP is free of electricity and can transfer more heat with longer distance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With its merits, the LHP has been applied in several spaceships.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With its merits, the LHP has been applied in several spaceships [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Multiple loop heat pipe (MLHP) is a kind of LHP which has multiple evaporators and multiple condensers, it has been demonstrated in the year 1997.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multiple loop heat pipe (MLHP) is a kind of LHP which has multiple evaporators and multiple condensers, it has been demonstrated in the year 1997 [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The mathematical models has been established in the year 2004, 2005.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mathematical models has been established in the year 2004, 2005 [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Loop heat pipe (LHP) is a robust thermal transfer device for cooling electronic components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Loop heat pipe (LHP) is a robust thermal transfer device for cooling electronic components [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 1 shows the schematic of LHP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 shows the schematic of LHP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A LHP consists of one evaporator (Evap), one vapor line (VL), one condenser (Cond), one liquid line (LL), one compensation chamber (CC) and one primary wick (PW).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A LHP consists of one evaporator (Evap), one vapor line (VL), one condenser (Cond), one liquid line (LL), one compensation chamber (CC) and one primary wick (PW).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "When compared to culture results, the fluorogenic 5′ nuclease assay performed within and above the statistical percentages of other described methods of detection (Table 3 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When compared to culture results, the fluorogenic 5′ nuclease assay performed within and above the statistical percentages of other described methods of detection (Table 3 ) [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Especially noteworthy is the method's negative predictive value (97.8%), which gives the confidence level of a negative call as compared to standard culture techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Especially noteworthy is the method's negative predictive value (97.8%), which gives the confidence level of a negative call as compared to standard culture techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This value is crucial for the food and dairy industry and consumer safety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This value is crucial for the food and dairy industry and consumer safety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The four false negative result designations that were obtained were from cheese (1), cottage cheese curd (2), and buttermilk (1) dairy sample enrichments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The four false negative result designations that were obtained were from cheese (1), cottage cheese curd (2), and buttermilk (1) dairy sample enrichments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three out of these four false negative samples were spiked with low numbers of CFU (50-60) before enrichment procedures, suggesting that low numbers of cells after enrichment may have contributed to a false negative call.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three out of these four false negative samples were spiked with low numbers of CFU (50-60) before enrichment procedures, suggesting that low numbers of cells after enrichment may have contributed to a false negative call.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PCR inhibitors could have also been present in these DNA extracts, with amplification inhibition being more pronounced with low numbers of target sequences in the PCR reactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PCR inhibitors could have also been present in these DNA extracts, with amplification inhibition being more pronounced with low numbers of target sequences in the PCR reactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To compare our segmentation method with other approaches, we applied it to the SIVAL image set.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To compare our segmentation method with other approaches, we applied it to the SIVAL image set [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "SIVAL includes 25 different image categories with 60 images in each category.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SIVAL includes 25 different image categories with 60 images in each category.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The categories consist of images containing a single object photographed against highly diverse backgrounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The categories consist of images containing a single object photographed against highly diverse backgrounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The object may occur anywhere spatially in the image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The object may occur anywhere spatially in the image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The size of these images is 1024*768.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The size of these images is 1024*768.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Six images from each category are manually segmented and used as the object templates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Six images from each category are manually segmented and used as the object templates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Image segmentation using salient points-based object templates (only one object template is shown in this figure).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Image segmentation using salient points-based object templates (only one object template is shown in this figure).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Second, the diary design of the present study allowed investigating fluctuations of the study variables over the course of a working week.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, the diary design of the present study allowed investigating fluctuations of the study variables over the course of a working week.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a design offers the opportunity to capture work events and experiences as they unfold in the work environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a design offers the opportunity to capture work events and experiences as they unfold in the work environment (Ilies, Schwind, & Heller, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ilies, Schwind, & Heller, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the present results enhance our understanding of the antecedents of real-time work engagement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the present results enhance our understanding of the antecedents of real-time work engagement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, by examining day-level transformational leadership style as an antecedent of day-level work engagement, we gain more insight in the role of the leader in the daily process that explains employee engagement at work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, by examining day-level transformational leadership style as an antecedent of day-level work engagement, we gain more insight in the role of the leader in the daily process that explains employee engagement at work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, support for the proposed psychological processes at the within-person level provides strong evidence for the homology of the relationships across levels of analysis that adds to the parsimony and external validity of the theoretical assumptions under study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, support for the proposed psychological processes at the within-person level provides strong evidence for the homology of the relationships across levels of analysis that adds to the parsimony and external validity of the theoretical assumptions under study (Chen et al., 2005; Kozlowski & Klein, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chen et al., 2005; Kozlowski & Klein, 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Additionally, for treatments studied in highly specialised settings, scepticism about results may arise from evidence suggesting that single-centre trials tend to produce significantly larger effect estimates than multi-centre trials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, for treatments studied in highly specialised settings, scepticism about results may arise from evidence suggesting that single-centre trials tend to produce significantly larger effect estimates than multi-centre trials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A systematic review of 82 critical care medicine randomised controlled trials found significantly larger treatment effects for all-cause mortality in single-centre trials when compared with multi-centre trials (ratio of odds ratios, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.87).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A systematic review of 82 critical care medicine randomised controlled trials found significantly larger treatment effects for all-cause mortality in single-centre trials when compared with multi-centre trials (ratio of odds ratios, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.87) [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Where ATMPs are likely to be delivered from more than just a single clinic site, efficacy results from single-centre trials should be considered cautiously by decision makers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Where ATMPs are likely to be delivered from more than just a single clinic site, efficacy results from single-centre trials should be considered cautiously by decision makers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The cervix is a cylindrical structure that is proximally connected to the uterus and distally to the vaginal cavity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cervix is a cylindrical structure that is proximally connected to the uterus and distally to the vaginal cavity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cervix is composed of fibrous connective tissue and the uterus is composed mainly of smooth muscle, and they are therefore distinct organs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The cervix is composed of fibrous connective tissue and the uterus is composed mainly of smooth muscle, and they are therefore distinct organs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The cervix can change significantly over a short time period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cervix can change significantly over a short time period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a closed, firm structure during early pregnancy, and undergoes softening later in pregnancy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a closed, firm structure during early pregnancy, and undergoes softening later in pregnancy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cervical effacement and dilatation are active, dynamic processes, and adequate effacement allows passage of the fetus and enables successful delivery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cervical effacement and dilatation are active, dynamic processes, and adequate effacement allows passage of the fetus and enables successful delivery [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Cervical integrity is essential in pregnancy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cervical integrity is essential in pregnancy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Preterm cervical dilatation may predict preterm delivery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Preterm cervical dilatation may predict preterm delivery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, a cervix that remains firm after term may increase induction or cesarean section rates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, a cervix that remains firm after term may increase induction or cesarean section rates [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Genetic stock 97UT144 (2n 5 41) was identified as a primary trisomic, but hasn't been associated with any linkage group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Genetic stock 97UT144 (2n 5 41) was identified as a primary trisomic, but hasn't been associated with any linkage group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SSR markers from 20 MLGs were initially examined in an F 2 population of 97UT144 3 PI 407287.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SSR markers from 20 MLGs were initially examined in an F 2 population of 97UT144 3 PI 407287.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All markers segregated in a disomic ratio except that Satt226 (MLG D2) showed a 0:17:4 ratio, which did not fit either a disomic or a trisomic ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All markers segregated in a disomic ratio except that Satt226 (MLG D2) showed a 0:17:4 ratio, which did not fit either a disomic or a trisomic ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When we increased the F 2 population size, it segregated in a 3:39:16 ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When we increased the F 2 population size, it segregated in a 3:39:16 ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Six additional loci (Satt154, Satt543, Sat_114, Satt514, Satt311, and Sat_137) from MLG D2 were tested with the same population, and they all segregated in trisomic fashion (Table 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Six additional loci (Satt154, Satt543, Sat_114, Satt514, Satt311, and Sat_137) from MLG D2 were tested with the same population, and they all segregated in trisomic fashion (Table 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results suggest that MLG D2 is located on the extra chromosome of 97UT144.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results suggest that MLG D2 is located on the extra chromosome of 97UT144.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MLG D2 has been associated with Triplo 17 in the previous study because Satt226, along with Sctt008, Satt311, and Sct_137, all segregated in a 6:11:1 fashion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "MLG D2 has been associated with Triplo 17 in the previous study because Satt226, along with Sctt008, Satt311, and Sct_137, all segregated in a 6:11:1 fashion (Zou et al., 2003b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zou et al., 2003b)" ] }, { "text": "This indicates 97UT144 and Triplo 17 carry the same extra chromosome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This indicates 97UT144 and Triplo 17 carry the same extra chromosome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A cross was further made between 97UT144 and Triplo 17.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A cross was further made between 97UT144 and Triplo 17.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The identity of those two trisomics was confirmed by the meiotic chromosome pairing in the hybrids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The identity of those two trisomics was confirmed by the meiotic chromosome pairing in the hybrids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "As this literature review demonstrates, there is a lack of studies comparing the beliefs of students who are majoring at different fields of study and who are eligible to teach English after graduation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As this literature review demonstrates, there is a lack of studies comparing the beliefs of students who are majoring at different fields of study and who are eligible to teach English after graduation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This comparison is important because their field of study may be influential in forming their teaching competencies and cognition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This comparison is important because their field of study may be influential in forming their teaching competencies and cognition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, in an attempt to cover this gap in the literature, the present study addresses the beliefs of Turkish prospective teachers of English from the department of English Language Teaching (ELT) and the department of English Language and Literature (EL&L).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in an attempt to cover this gap in the literature, the present study addresses the beliefs of Turkish prospective teachers of English from the department of English Language Teaching (ELT) and the department of English Language and Literature (EL&L).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The graduates of the latter are eligible to teach English after attending a non-thesis pedagogical course in faculties of education within the scope of a Pedagogical Formation Certificate Program [a course lasting one year which is a requisite for the graduates of departments other than ELT to become a teacher of English language] (Higher Education Council of Turkey (YÖK), Pedagojik Formasyon Eğitimi Sertifika Programına İlişkin Usul ve Esaslar).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The graduates of the latter are eligible to teach English after attending a non-thesis pedagogical course in faculties of education within the scope of a Pedagogical Formation Certificate Program [a course lasting one year which is a requisite for the graduates of departments other than ELT to become a teacher of English language] (Higher Education Council of Turkey (YÖK), Pedagojik Formasyon Eğitimi Sertifika Programına İlişkin Usul ve Esaslar) [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "As discussed above, since teacher effectiveness is a crucial element of education and it plays a major role on students' achievement, skills of an effective teacher of English should be taught to prospective teachers in their teaching methodology courses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As discussed above, since teacher effectiveness is a crucial element of education and it plays a major role on students' achievement, skills of an effective teacher of English should be taught to prospective teachers in their teaching methodology courses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teacher educators should recommend that prospective teachers observe and reflect on in-service teachers' characteristics especially in their practicum courses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Teacher educators should recommend that prospective teachers observe and reflect on in-service teachers' characteristics especially in their practicum courses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, prospective teachers can be provided with the opportunity to use micro teaching activities in order to enhance their reflection on their own and peers' teaching styles and teaching strategies, and these activities may help them learn new teaching techniques and methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, prospective teachers can be provided with the opportunity to use micro teaching activities in order to enhance their reflection on their own and peers' teaching styles and teaching strategies, and these activities may help them learn new teaching techniques and methods [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, these microteaching activities can accompany video recordings after which student teachers are encouraged to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the particular microteaching session, through which teacher educators may augment participation, self-evaluation, reflection, collaboration and interaction among prospective teachers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, these microteaching activities can accompany video recordings after which student teachers are encouraged to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the particular microteaching session, through which teacher educators may augment participation, self-evaluation, reflection, collaboration and interaction among prospective teachers [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "The educators of prospective teachers may integrate digital videos prepared for the methodology courses into their methodology and relevant courses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The educators of prospective teachers may integrate digital videos prepared for the methodology courses into their methodology and relevant courses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through in-service training, teachers of English language should be reminded of these characteristics and they should be recommended to attempt to include these characteristics into their teaching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through in-service training, teachers of English language should be reminded of these characteristics and they should be recommended to attempt to include these characteristics into their teaching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Cancer cell migration and invasion are initial steps in metastasis, which is a primary cause of cancer-related death.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cancer cell migration and invasion are initial steps in metastasis, which is a primary cause of cancer-related death.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During metastasis, primary tumor cells migrate and invade neighboring tissues, entering the circulation to establish new or secondary tumor sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During metastasis, primary tumor cells migrate and invade neighboring tissues, entering the circulation to establish new or secondary tumor sites (Bacac et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bacac et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The signaling pathway involved in the etiology of colon cancer is Wnt/β-catenin, and 90% of colon cancers had mutations that resulted in activation of this pathway.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The signaling pathway involved in the etiology of colon cancer is Wnt/β-catenin, and 90% of colon cancers had mutations that resulted in activation of this pathway (Giles et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Giles et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "An important protein in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is β-catenin, and mutations of this pathway generally effect β-catenin phosphorylation and stability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An important protein in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is β-catenin, and mutations of this pathway generally effect β-catenin phosphorylation and stability (Liu et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liu et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Degradation of phosphorylated β-catenin takes place via the ubiquitin pathway.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Degradation of phosphorylated β-catenin takes place via the ubiquitin pathway.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If degradation is not efficient, as is the case in genetic mutations of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or β-catenin, the β-catenin accumulates and is transported to the nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor together with T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer binding factor (TCF/LEF).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If degradation is not efficient, as is the case in genetic mutations of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or β-catenin, the β-catenin accumulates and is transported to the nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor together with T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer binding factor (TCF/LEF).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting β-catenin-TCF/LEF complex activates TCF target genes, which affect cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting β-catenin-TCF/LEF complex activates TCF target genes, which affect cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis (Behrens et al., 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Behrens et al., 1996)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Some affected members, AIII-4 and AIII-9, had been diagnosed as having IDDM at the onset, because of the apparent abrupt onset in youth and the severity of the disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some affected members, AIII-4 and AIII-9, had been diagnosed as having IDDM at the onset, because of the apparent abrupt onset in youth and the severity of the disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the clinical course of the disease after onset appears to be slightly different from that observed in typical acute-onset patients whose IDDM is due to an autoimmune process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the clinical course of the disease after onset appears to be slightly different from that observed in typical acute-onset patients whose IDDM is due to an autoimmune process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some insulin secretion capacity persisted many years after onset in these patients with the mitochondrial gene mutation in contrast to the \"total diabetes\" often observed in IDDM caused by an autoimmune destructive process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some insulin secretion capacity persisted many years after onset in these patients with the mitochondrial gene mutation in contrast to the \"total diabetes\" often observed in IDDM caused by an autoimmune destructive process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should be noted that minimal preservation of insulin secretion capacity is observed in slowly progressive IDDM patients, some of whom were recently shown to have the mitochondrial gene mutation at np 3243.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be noted that minimal preservation of insulin secretion capacity is observed in slowly progressive IDDM patients, some of whom were recently shown to have the mitochondrial gene mutation at np 3243 [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "High resolution numerical simulations of galaxy formation can provide information on the properties of the DM halo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High resolution numerical simulations of galaxy formation can provide information on the properties of the DM halo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Velocity distributions extracted from high resolution DM-only (DMO) simulations deviate substantially from a Maxwellian distribution, with fewer particles at the peak and an excess of particles at large speeds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Velocity distributions extracted from high resolution DM-only (DMO) simulations deviate substantially from a Maxwellian distribution, with fewer particles at the peak and an excess of particles at large speeds [26, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26, 27]" ] }, { "text": "DMO simulations can achieve high resolution, but have significant systematic uncertainties since they neglect the effect of the baryonic components during the galaxy formation process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "DMO simulations can achieve high resolution, but have significant systematic uncertainties since they neglect the effect of the baryonic components during the galaxy formation process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, velocity distributions drawn from isolated simulations of the MW and the accretion of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy show significant deviations from the best fit Maxwellian distribution, and this has important effects on direct detection rates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, velocity distributions drawn from isolated simulations of the MW and the accretion of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy show significant deviations from the best fit Maxwellian distribution, and this has important effects on direct detection rates [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the local DM distribution is expected to be very smooth: high resolution N-body simulations predict that the density at the Solar radius can differ from the mean over the best-fit ellipsoidal equidensity contour by at most 15% at the 99.9% confidence level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the local DM distribution is expected to be very smooth: high resolution N-body simulations predict that the density at the Solar radius can differ from the mean over the best-fit ellipsoidal equidensity contour by at most 15% at the 99.9% confidence level [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "A partial skull of Shartegosuchus asperopalatum (IGM 200/50) was CT-scanned at the American Museum of Natural History Microscopy and Imaging Facility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A partial skull of Shartegosuchus asperopalatum (IGM 200/50) was CT-scanned at the American Museum of Natural History Microscopy and Imaging Facility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Individual skull bones, including all palatal elements, were segmented into separate regions using the region-growing tool in VG Studio Max 3.0.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Individual skull bones, including all palatal elements, were segmented into separate regions using the region-growing tool in VG Studio Max 3.0.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The scan was compared to previous descriptions of the palates of other crocodylomorphs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The scan was compared to previous descriptions of the palates of other crocodylomorphs (Iordansky, 1973; Busbey and Gow, 1984; Efimov et al., 2000; Gow, 2000; Tykoski et al., 2002; Turner and Buckley, 2008; Clark, 2011; Pritchard et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Iordansky, 1973; Busbey and Gow, 1984; Efimov et al., 2000; Gow, 2000; Tykoski et al., 2002; Turner and Buckley, 2008; Clark, 2011; Pritchard et al., 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Compared to nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are more power constrained and have limited memory, computation, and transmission capabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are more power constrained and have limited memory, computation, and transmission capabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In most applications, sensors are immobile and left unattended once deployed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In most applications, sensors are immobile and left unattended once deployed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These unique features necessitate novel algorithms suited for WSNs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These unique features necessitate novel algorithms suited for WSNs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the past few years, the human population has experienced a series of natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes (see, for example Aquila (IT) earthquake in 2009, Tohoku (Japan) tsunami in 2011, Turkey earthquake in 2011, etc.), floods, fires, landslides among others, that have in many cases overwhelmed the responding and recovering capacities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past few years, the human population has experienced a series of natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes (see, for example Aquila (IT) earthquake in 2009, Tohoku (Japan) tsunami in 2011, Turkey earthquake in 2011, etc.), floods, fires, landslides among others, that have in many cases overwhelmed the responding and recovering capacities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With modern geospatial technologies such as satellite imaging and geographical services (e.g., Google Earth warning systems (EWS), their architectures and functionalities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With modern geospatial technologies such as satellite imaging and geographical services (e.g., Google Earth warning systems (EWS), their architectures and functionalities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main components of an earthquake EWS are a central unit (operating centre) and a seismic sensor network connected by a high-speed communication network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main components of an earthquake EWS are a central unit (operating centre) and a seismic sensor network connected by a high-speed communication network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The kernel of the operating center is generally a data mining and decision support system (DSS) that processes the earthquake magnitude and epicenter information and enables the operators to make decisions and to disseminate EW.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The kernel of the operating center is generally a data mining and decision support system (DSS) that processes the earthquake magnitude and epicenter information and enables the operators to make decisions and to disseminate EW [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The generated alarm is used to evacuate buildings, shut-down critical systems (e.g., nuclear and chemical reactors), put vulnerable machines and industrial robots into a safe position, stop high-speed trains, activate structural control systems and so on.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The generated alarm is used to evacuate buildings, shut-down critical systems (e.g., nuclear and chemical reactors), put vulnerable machines and industrial robots into a safe position, stop high-speed trains, activate structural control systems and so on [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Immediately following an earthquake, the operating center also has to support emergency response and rescue operations, but only using earthquake magnitude and epicenter information might not be sufficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Immediately following an earthquake, the operating center also has to support emergency response and rescue operations, but only using earthquake magnitude and epicenter information might not be sufficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, the damage pattern is not a simple function of these two parameters alone, and more detailed information must be provided to properly assess the situation and adequately plan and coordinate emergency response.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, the damage pattern is not a simple function of these two parameters alone, and more detailed information must be provided to properly assess the situation and adequately plan and coordinate emergency response.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although an earthquake has one magnitude and one epicenter, it produces a range of ground shaking levels at sites throughout the region depending on distance from the source, rock and soil conditions at sites and variations in the propagation of seismic waves due to complexities in the structure of the Earth's crust.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although an earthquake has one magnitude and one epicenter, it produces a range of ground shaking levels at sites throughout the region depending on distance from the source, rock and soil conditions at sites and variations in the propagation of seismic waves due to complexities in the structure of the Earth's crust.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ground shaking maps can thus be generated by using specific geospatial datasets and advanced spatial analysis tools.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ground shaking maps can thus be generated by using specific geospatial datasets and advanced spatial analysis tools [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "They can also be used for emergency response tasks and for public information through the media.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They can also be used for emergency response tasks and for public information through the media.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, maps of shaking intensity can be combined with databases of inventories of buildings and lifelines to rapidly produce maps of estimated damage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, maps of shaking intensity can be combined with databases of inventories of buildings and lifelines to rapidly produce maps of estimated damage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, geospatial data and tools are needed to support quick analysis of the situation during and immediately following an earthquake and facilitate critical decision making processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, geospatial data and tools are needed to support quick analysis of the situation during and immediately following an earthquake and facilitate critical decision making processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "To study the lines of the Cameron-Liebler line class in a clique, we follow Drudge's approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To study the lines of the Cameron-Liebler line class in a clique, we follow Drudge's approach [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "A clique C and its lines correspond to a projective plane and its points in the following way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A clique C and its lines correspond to a projective plane and its points in the following way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If C ¼ starðPÞ, then it su‰ces to take the quotient space with respect to P. If C ¼ lineðpÞ, then the dual plane can be considered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If C ¼ starðPÞ, then it su‰ces to take the quotient space with respect to P. If C ¼ lineðpÞ, then the dual plane can be considered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this way, the lines of the line class in a clique correspond to a set of points in a plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, the lines of the line class in a clique correspond to a set of points in a plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "For this purpose, this paper proposed a horizontal method based on ant-based clustering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this purpose, this paper proposed a horizontal method based on ant-based clustering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This kind of antbased clustering algorithm imitates the ant's behavior of clustering their corpses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This kind of antbased clustering algorithm imitates the ant's behavior of clustering their corpses [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "The object with attributes can be looked as a point in -dimensional space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The object with attributes can be looked as a point in -dimensional space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objects are projected into a low dimensional space (often a twodimensional plane).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objects are projected into a low dimensional space (often a twodimensional plane).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then the ants compute the similarity of the objects and decide to pick up or drop them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then the ants compute the similarity of the objects and decide to pick up or drop them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared with traditional clustering methods, such as partition-based methods, hierarchy-based methods, and density-based methods, ant-based clustering algorithm does not need any prior knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with traditional clustering methods, such as partition-based methods, hierarchy-based methods, and density-based methods, ant-based clustering algorithm does not need any prior knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is an important merit which makes it suitable in our application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is an important merit which makes it suitable in our application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because we usually do not know how many clusters there are in a fleet of machines, it should be created by a self-organizing way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because we usually do not know how many clusters there are in a fleet of machines, it should be created by a self-organizing way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, ant-based clustering process is visible on the projecting plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, ant-based clustering process is visible on the projecting plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is very helpful in the monitoring of machine performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is very helpful in the monitoring of machine performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The visible clustering results can be directly integrated into the interface of the monitoring software.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The visible clustering results can be directly integrated into the interface of the monitoring software.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our application, on one hand, the efficiency of the algorithm should be improved because some maintenance decisions or actions are dependent on the results of clustering analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our application, on one hand, the efficiency of the algorithm should be improved because some maintenance decisions or actions are dependent on the results of clustering analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the algorithm should have the ability to cluster the datasets with different structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the algorithm should have the ability to cluster the datasets with different structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have proposed a novel ant-based clustering algorithm using the kernel method to overcome these problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have proposed a novel ant-based clustering algorithm using the kernel method to overcome these problems [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, we will show how this algorithm is applied in performance assessment for a fleet of machines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we will show how this algorithm is applied in performance assessment for a fleet of machines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Intelligent Maintenance (IM) of machine is emerging as a replacement of traditional reactive maintenance style.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Intelligent Maintenance (IM) of machine is emerging as a replacement of traditional reactive maintenance style.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different from traditional \"fail and fix (FAF)\" maintenance practice, IM focuses on \"predict and prevent (PAP)\" methodology to achieve near-zero downtime performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different from traditional \"fail and fix (FAF)\" maintenance practice, IM focuses on \"predict and prevent (PAP)\" methodology to achieve near-zero downtime performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Usually, the machine and components go through a series of degradation states before failure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, the machine and components go through a series of degradation states before failure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The predictive tools are needed to monitor degradation states rather than detect the faults.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The predictive tools are needed to monitor degradation states rather than detect the faults [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Once the degradation has been detected, the remaining useful life of machine could be predicted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once the degradation has been detected, the remaining useful life of machine could be predicted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the key challenges of implementing IM are machine degradation assessment and prediction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the key challenges of implementing IM are machine degradation assessment and prediction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Combining these experimental observations with current knowledge on large scale structures, magnetic fields and cosmic background fields leads to the following understanding of high energy cosmic rays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Combining these experimental observations with current knowledge on large scale structures, magnetic fields and cosmic background fields leads to the following understanding of high energy cosmic rays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lack of significant correlations of arrival directions above ∼ 1 EeV with the galactic plane together with the limited cosmic ray confinement owing to the size of our galaxy and its magnetic field probably mean that these cosmic rays are of extragalactic origin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lack of significant correlations of arrival directions above ∼ 1 EeV with the galactic plane together with the limited cosmic ray confinement owing to the size of our galaxy and its magnetic field probably mean that these cosmic rays are of extragalactic origin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The exact transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays is, however, not well understood yet.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The exact transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays is, however, not well understood yet [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "Taking advantage of the isotropic arrival distributions, at least bounds on the density of sources were derived depending on the cosmic ray energy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Taking advantage of the isotropic arrival distributions, at least bounds on the density of sources were derived depending on the cosmic ray energy [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Motivating by this, we extended the existing wFLC into three dimensions and called it QwFLC-3D which yielded 27% improvement in tremor modeling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Motivating by this, we extended the existing wFLC into three dimensions and called it QwFLC-3D which yielded 27% improvement in tremor modeling [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "We further looked at the coherence between the grip force (force exerted by hand while holding a device) and three xyz tremor channels and found significant coherence between them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We further looked at the coherence between the grip force (force exerted by hand while holding a device) and three xyz tremor channels and found significant coherence between them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on this we further extended our QwFLC-3D into QwFLC-4D to incorporate coupling between xyz tremor channels and grip force.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on this we further extended our QwFLC-3D into QwFLC-4D to incorporate coupling between xyz tremor channels and grip force.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Our quaternion modeling provided significant performance improvement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our quaternion modeling provided significant performance improvement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We however use a linear band pass filter in order to generate the reference signal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We however use a linear band pass filter in order to generate the reference signal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The delay induced by this filter is approximately 20ms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The delay induced by this filter is approximately 20ms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For real-time applications we have to consider hardware delay in sensors and actuators which is about 4ms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For real-time applications we have to consider hardware delay in sensors and actuators which is about 4ms [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "This delay can largely deteriorate tremor estimation and cancellation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This delay can largely deteriorate tremor estimation and cancellation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One approach to overcome this issue is to implement a predictive mechanism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One approach to overcome this issue is to implement a predictive mechanism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "To distinguish this new kind of failure, we introduce a new metric of social learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To distinguish this new kind of failure, we introduce a new metric of social learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The traditional metric for a successful outcome is one of aggregation: whether as society grows large, later agents approach certainty about the underlying state of the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The traditional metric for a successful outcome is one of aggregation: whether as society grows large, later agents approach certainty about the underlying state of the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a stringent criterion, yet society can sometimes achieve complete aggregation because there are many independent signals dispersed among different people.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a stringent criterion, yet society can sometimes achieve complete aggregation because there are many independent signals dispersed among different people.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, full aggregation is unlikely when agents only observe the discrete actions taken by their neighbors, rather than actual signals or beliefs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, full aggregation is unlikely when agents only observe the discrete actions taken by their neighbors, rather than actual signals or beliefs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Complete aggregation requires either strong assumptions on the network topology or that private signals are of unbounded strength.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Complete aggregation requires either strong assumptions on the network topology or that private signals are of unbounded strength (Smith and Sørensen 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smith and Sørensen 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Studying learning with correlated neighborhoods takes us a step closer to understanding the efficiency of learning in realistic settings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studying learning with correlated neighborhoods takes us a step closer to understanding the efficiency of learning in realistic settings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A classic example in the literature involves people arriving sequentially and choosing between two restaurants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A classic example in the literature involves people arriving sequentially and choosing between two restaurants (Banerjee 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Banerjee 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Suppose you observe that one restaurant has a long line while the other is nearly empty, and you consider two plausible scenarios to account for this observation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Suppose you observe that one restaurant has a long line while the other is nearly empty, and you consider two plausible scenarios to account for this observation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In one scenario, the individuals in line arrive sequentially and choose a restaurant using their own private information as well as their inferences based on the growing line.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In one scenario, the individuals in line arrive sequentially and choose a restaurant using their own private information as well as their inferences based on the growing line.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively, suppose a tour bus pulls up and the entire line of customers follows the tour leader to this particular restaurant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, suppose a tour bus pulls up and the entire line of customers follows the tour leader to this particular restaurant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the first scenario, we might infer that some individuals had strong signals indicating that this restaurant is of higher quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first scenario, we might infer that some individuals had strong signals indicating that this restaurant is of higher quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the second scenario, we might infer that everyone in line had a weak signal and simply copied the rest of the group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second scenario, we might infer that everyone in line had a weak signal and simply copied the rest of the group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our inference about the restaurant's quality will depend on how likely we think the first scenario is relative to the second-it will depend on our beliefs about the observation network, and those beliefs are far more complex if observations are correlated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our inference about the restaurant's quality will depend on how likely we think the first scenario is relative to the second-it will depend on our beliefs about the observation network, and those beliefs are far more complex if observations are correlated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Genomic data from various cancer studies can be found in cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics, available online at cbioportal.org.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Genomic data from various cancer studies can be found in cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics, available online at cbioportal.org [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "The data sets of the most recent The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cancer studies were selected in the portal, which resulted in 33 studies and 7,893 cases in total.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data sets of the most recent The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cancer studies were selected in the portal, which resulted in 33 studies and 7,893 cases in total.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then a query was performed for TP53 mutations, from which cBioPortal generated a summary of the percentage of cases with TP53 mutations for each cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then a query was performed for TP53 mutations, from which cBioPortal generated a summary of the percentage of cases with TP53 mutations for each cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Temporal isolation is another possible explanation for the genetic differentiation between these two close populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Temporal isolation is another possible explanation for the genetic differentiation between these two close populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the proximity of the two A. acuminatum populations, there are some distinct habitat differences that may impact reproductive timing at each site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the proximity of the two A. acuminatum populations, there are some distinct habitat differences that may impact reproductive timing at each site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elevation and aspect differ greatly between the two populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Elevation and aspect differ greatly between the two populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "BC-1 is located on a gradual south-facing slope nearly 1000 m lower than BC-2, which is found on a steep northwest-facing slope.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "BC-1 is located on a gradual south-facing slope nearly 1000 m lower than BC-2, which is found on a steep northwest-facing slope.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The elevation, grade, and aspect at each of these sites could change the microclimates enough to alter the timing of flowering in such a way that interpopulation crosspollination would not occur, rendering the populations reproductively isolated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The elevation, grade, and aspect at each of these sites could change the microclimates enough to alter the timing of flowering in such a way that interpopulation crosspollination would not occur, rendering the populations reproductively isolated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lack of gene flow resulting from isolation by time could lead to the divergence seen in our study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lack of gene flow resulting from isolation by time could lead to the divergence seen in our study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This form of adaptive divergence is supported by other studies of flowering plant species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This form of adaptive divergence is supported by other studies of flowering plant species (Hendry and Day, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hendry and Day, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The loss of genetic diversity, or genetic erosion, in a species is an important consideration in collection practices for restoration, conservation, or breeding purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The loss of genetic diversity, or genetic erosion, in a species is an important consideration in collection practices for restoration, conservation, or breeding purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One way that genetic erosion can be minimized by managers or propagators is by using practices based on familiarity with species-specific patterns of genetic diversity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One way that genetic erosion can be minimized by managers or propagators is by using practices based on familiarity with species-specific patterns of genetic diversity (Rogers, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rogers, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The study described in this article provides insight into patterns of diversity in intermountain Alliums as related to range of distribution, geographical distance or isolation, and altitudinal variation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study described in this article provides insight into patterns of diversity in intermountain Alliums as related to range of distribution, geographical distance or isolation, and altitudinal variation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Familiarity of the pair-bond and male sexual (in)experience may also play a role in how accurately a male can detect female reproductive status.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Familiarity of the pair-bond and male sexual (in)experience may also play a role in how accurately a male can detect female reproductive status.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The newly formed pair in this study (Peach group, with a nulliparous female and a young (and, thus, potentially sexually inexperienced) male) had the least accurate copulation record -with no statistically significant association between copulation timing and female reproductive status.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The newly formed pair in this study (Peach group, with a nulliparous female and a young (and, thus, potentially sexually inexperienced) male) had the least accurate copulation record -with no statistically significant association between copulation timing and female reproductive status.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, Mazaroni group males performed better, engaging in more copulations with cycling than non-cycling females, and the oldest (and presumably most experienced) male showing more copulations than expected with ovulating females.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, Mazaroni group males performed better, engaging in more copulations with cycling than non-cycling females, and the oldest (and presumably most experienced) male showing more copulations than expected with ovulating females.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If correct, this hypothesis could explain the low number of copulations observed in Junco group: the core of Junco group is an established, long term, fecund pair with close social bonds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If correct, this hypothesis could explain the low number of copulations observed in Junco group: the core of Junco group is an established, long term, fecund pair with close social bonds (Thompson, 2011; Thompson & Norconk, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49", "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thompson, 2011; Thompson & Norconk, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "If familiarity and experience with a specific female leads to more accurate decisions about copulation, JM1 may have replaced copulation frequency with accuracy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If familiarity and experience with a specific female leads to more accurate decisions about copulation, JM1 may have replaced copulation frequency with accuracy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This hypothesis is supported by the observation that his mate (JF1) conceived quicker after postpartum amenorrhea than the other females in this study: time from resumption of cycling to subsequent conception was 1-3 months for JF1 vs. 5-6 months for MF1; PF cycled a minimum of 4 months, until the end of the study period, but the date of her next conception was unknown.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This hypothesis is supported by the observation that his mate (JF1) conceived quicker after postpartum amenorrhea than the other females in this study: time from resumption of cycling to subsequent conception was 1-3 months for JF1 vs. 5-6 months for MF1; PF cycled a minimum of 4 months, until the end of the study period, but the date of her next conception was unknown.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "If passive energy gain from turbulence is possible purely from the MAV's aerodynamic shaping, it opens up a new perspective on MAV design and leads to many related research questions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If passive energy gain from turbulence is possible purely from the MAV's aerodynamic shaping, it opens up a new perspective on MAV design and leads to many related research questions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "How should a MAV be optimized in order to best perform in the turbulent environment of the real world?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "How should a MAV be optimized in order to best perform in the turbulent environment of the real world?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There may for instance be conflicting requirements between optimizing for low Reynolds numbers and optimizing for energy gain in turbulence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There may for instance be conflicting requirements between optimizing for low Reynolds numbers and optimizing for energy gain in turbulence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At lower Reynolds numbers, thin airfoils perform better, but on the other hand propulsive effects in turbulence are greater for thicker airfoils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At lower Reynolds numbers, thin airfoils perform better, but on the other hand propulsive effects in turbulence are greater for thicker airfoils [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Can traditional stationary theory be used for MAV design?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Can traditional stationary theory be used for MAV design?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present results are inconclusive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present results are inconclusive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the one hand, they show that stationary aerodynamic theory should not apply for flight in the turbulent environment of the ABL while on the other hand, on the tested MAV, the net effect of turbulence is negligible compared to the flight in smooth air.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, they show that stationary aerodynamic theory should not apply for flight in the turbulent environment of the ABL while on the other hand, on the tested MAV, the net effect of turbulence is negligible compared to the flight in smooth air.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "How general would this result be on other MAV platforms?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "How general would this result be on other MAV platforms?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A further interesting study would be to compare wind tunnel measurements with flight test data, as even in the calmest of conditions there is still some fluctuating wind within the ABL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A further interesting study would be to compare wind tunnel measurements with flight test data, as even in the calmest of conditions there is still some fluctuating wind within the ABL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Would the degree of static stability influence the performance in turbulence?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Would the degree of static stability influence the performance in turbulence?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A neutrally stable aircraft is in general considered the best for a sensor platform in the sense that its attitude (pitch, roll yaw) will be minimally impacted by turbulence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A neutrally stable aircraft is in general considered the best for a sensor platform in the sense that its attitude (pitch, roll yaw) will be minimally impacted by turbulence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, a MAV of flying wing configuration has very low pitch inertia and if longitudinally stable it will to some extent self-orient itself with the direction of the flow, which probably influences the possibility to gain energy from turbulence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, a MAV of flying wing configuration has very low pitch inertia and if longitudinally stable it will to some extent self-orient itself with the direction of the flow, which probably influences the possibility to gain energy from turbulence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "With the above considerations in mind, it was decided to experimentally study to what extent the turbulence within the lower regions of the ABL affects the performance on MAVs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the above considerations in mind, it was decided to experimentally study to what extent the turbulence within the lower regions of the ABL affects the performance on MAVs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A straightforward approach with flight testing was selected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A straightforward approach with flight testing was selected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the University MAVs was equipped with data logging equipment and flight-tested in several different ABL conditions with the objective to determine its aerodynamic efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the University MAVs was equipped with data logging equipment and flight-tested in several different ABL conditions with the objective to determine its aerodynamic efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The assumption was that increasing wind and turbulence would result in a noticeable change in performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The assumption was that increasing wind and turbulence would result in a noticeable change in performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to evaluating the relative effect of turbulence, the flight tests was also intended to provide absolute data for latter evaluation of MAV performance prediction methods as part of the authors' on-going research in MAV design automation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to evaluating the relative effect of turbulence, the flight tests was also intended to provide absolute data for latter evaluation of MAV performance prediction methods as part of the authors' on-going research in MAV design automation [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the region of air affected by the friction between the surface of earth and the wind.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the region of air affected by the friction between the surface of earth and the wind.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It results in a gradient wind field within which the air flow is complex and turbulent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It results in a gradient wind field within which the air flow is complex and turbulent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The characteristics of the ABL depend on the underlying terrain and atmospheric conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The characteristics of the ABL depend on the underlying terrain and atmospheric conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Over flat uniform terrain it typically extends to a height of 500-1000 meters above the ground.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over flat uniform terrain it typically extends to a height of 500-1000 meters above the ground [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "MAVs normally operate in the lower region of this envelope, where the turbulence intensity is very strong, and atmospheric turbulence must therefore always be expected to impact MAV aerodynamics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MAVs normally operate in the lower region of this envelope, where the turbulence intensity is very strong, and atmospheric turbulence must therefore always be expected to impact MAV aerodynamics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer have been well studied in the past in the field of meteorology and wind engineering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer have been well studied in the past in the field of meteorology and wind engineering [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "More recent studies have explored the characteristics of the ABL very close to the ground and with direct application to MAVs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More recent studies have explored the characteristics of the ABL very close to the ground and with direct application to MAVs [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The practical implications of a MAV flying in turbulence is, most obviously, that its attitude and flight path will be disturbed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The practical implications of a MAV flying in turbulence is, most obviously, that its attitude and flight path will be disturbed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Turbulence or wind gusts will induce unwanted pitch, roll and yaw inputs and trigger dynamic responses such as phugoid, short period and Dutch roll oscillations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Turbulence or wind gusts will induce unwanted pitch, roll and yaw inputs and trigger dynamic responses such as phugoid, short period and Dutch roll oscillations [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Most research regarding the effect of atmospheric turbulence on MAVs is targeted towards understanding and minimizing these unwanted responses, with the goal of making MAVs into as stable of sensor platforms as possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most research regarding the effect of atmospheric turbulence on MAVs is targeted towards understanding and minimizing these unwanted responses, with the goal of making MAVs into as stable of sensor platforms as possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Several methods were developed to determine the deterioration threshold of frying oils, such as the measurement of free fatty acids, total polar compounds, alkaline materials, anisidine, peroxide values, and mono-and diglycerides.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several methods were developed to determine the deterioration threshold of frying oils, such as the measurement of free fatty acids, total polar compounds, alkaline materials, anisidine, peroxide values, and mono-and diglycerides (Sanibal & Mancini-Filho, 2004; Stier, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sanibal & Mancini-Filho, 2004; Stier, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "However, most of these methods have the disadvantage of being expensive, time consuming, unsuitable for online monitoring, and do not provide results in a short-time interval.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most of these methods have the disadvantage of being expensive, time consuming, unsuitable for online monitoring, and do not provide results in a short-time interval.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the development of accurate, inexpensive, and real-time methods of frying oil deterioration monitoring is useful in the food industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the development of accurate, inexpensive, and real-time methods of frying oil deterioration monitoring is useful in the food industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Gendarussa is a wild plant that has not been widely cultivated yet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Gendarussa is a wild plant that has not been widely cultivated yet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus far, gendarussa has been conventionally reproduced by cuttings and planting seeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus far, gendarussa has been conventionally reproduced by cuttings and planting seeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this conventional propagation has some drawbacks including low multiplication rate and time-consuming, very low seed viability, and requiring extensive land for sustainable farming.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this conventional propagation has some drawbacks including low multiplication rate and time-consuming, very low seed viability, and requiring extensive land for sustainable farming (Thomas & Yoichiro, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thomas & Yoichiro, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, research development is required in search of effective and efficient method to meet the supply of useful secondary metabolites from gendarussa.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, research development is required in search of effective and efficient method to meet the supply of useful secondary metabolites from gendarussa.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Adolescence is a sensitive period for the onset of mental health problems, with over half of adult mental illnesses emerging by 14 years of age.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Adolescence is a sensitive period for the onset of mental health problems, with over half of adult mental illnesses emerging by 14 years of age [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Australian statistics show that 1 in 7 young people have an anxiety disorders and 1 in 16 in have depression, with pre-clinical psychological distress symptoms often emerging prior to diagnosis in early adolescence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Australian statistics show that 1 in 7 young people have an anxiety disorders and 1 in 16 in have depression, with pre-clinical psychological distress symptoms often emerging prior to diagnosis in early adolescence [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "These youth mental health statistics are consistent with those in other Western countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These youth mental health statistics are consistent with those in other Western countries [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "As measures of general mental health used in clinical care are highly correlated with common mental illnesses, it is possible that young people with elevated psychological problems, prior to a clinical diagnosis, may already exhibit atypical recognition of negative faces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As measures of general mental health used in clinical care are highly correlated with common mental illnesses, it is possible that young people with elevated psychological problems, prior to a clinical diagnosis, may already exhibit atypical recognition of negative faces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the fluidized bed coating process with Wurster tube, the quality of product is strongly depended on the operation parameters, i.e. fluidization air velocity, inlet air temperature, the gap height between the air distributor and tube, which should be carefully chosen to guarantee the end-point quality of product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the fluidized bed coating process with Wurster tube, the quality of product is strongly depended on the operation parameters, i.e. fluidization air velocity, inlet air temperature, the gap height between the air distributor and tube, which should be carefully chosen to guarantee the end-point quality of product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, inappropriate setting of these parameters might lead to particle agglomeration and result in defluidization in the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, inappropriate setting of these parameters might lead to particle agglomeration and result in defluidization in the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the complex gas-solids flows inside the bed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the complex gas-solids flows inside the bed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, as a complicated structure, even without coating solution involved, the complex gas-solids flow behaviour is still difficult to monitor and predict.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, as a complicated structure, even without coating solution involved, the complex gas-solids flow behaviour is still difficult to monitor and predict [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The process is often operated based on \"trial-and-error\" method and the process is a black box.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The process is often operated based on \"trial-and-error\" method and the process is a black box [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to provide efficient measurement tools to investigate the complex flow behaviour inside the Wurster type fluidized bed and improve the process efficiency and product quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to provide efficient measurement tools to investigate the complex flow behaviour inside the Wurster type fluidized bed and improve the process efficiency and product quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, two methods are commonly used to monitor the coating process, i.e. single point based measurement and tomography based measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, two methods are commonly used to monitor the coating process, i.e. single point based measurement and tomography based measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the single point measurement, pressure transducer or optical probes are used to investigate the solids concentration and fluctuations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the single point measurement, pressure transducer or optical probes are used to investigate the solids concentration and fluctuations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pressure signals carry the information such as turbulence intensity, particle movement and eruption of bubbles and such information can be retrieved by signal processing both in time domain and frequency domain analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The pressure signals carry the information such as turbulence intensity, particle movement and eruption of bubbles and such information can be retrieved by signal processing both in time domain and frequency domain analysis [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "However, pressure signals can only estimate the global information, for example solids concentration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, pressure signals can only estimate the global information, for example solids concentration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Optical probe is another option to measure particles concentration and velocity based on the signal reflection and attenuation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Optical probe is another option to measure particles concentration and velocity based on the signal reflection and attenuation [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "Other single point based probes, including capacitance and piezoelectric probe, were reported for the measurement of gas-solids flow.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other single point based probes, including capacitance and piezoelectric probe, were reported for the measurement of gas-solids flow [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Among the above process tomography technologies, ECT is the best choice for the application in fluidized bed coating process due to the high speed data acquisition and it can reconstruct the permittivity distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the above process tomography technologies, ECT is the best choice for the application in fluidized bed coating process due to the high speed data acquisition and it can reconstruct the permittivity distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Normally, ECT is used in a conventional chamber with either square or circular shapes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Normally, ECT is used in a conventional chamber with either square or circular shapes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The complicated structure of Wurster tube in a fluidized bed makes it is difficult to apply conventional sensors to measure the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The complicated structure of Wurster tube in a fluidized bed makes it is difficult to apply conventional sensors to measure the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, an ECT sensor with 12-4-8 external-internal electrodes was reported to investigate the gas-solids fluidized bed process with Wurster tube to monitor the solids concentration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, an ECT sensor with 12-4-8 external-internal electrodes was reported to investigate the gas-solids fluidized bed process with Wurster tube to monitor the solids concentration [4, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 16]" ] }, { "text": "However, the measurement is conducted on a single flow region either inside or outside the Wurster tube.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the measurement is conducted on a single flow region either inside or outside the Wurster tube.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As particles circulated between the annulus and coating zone periodically, the measurement lost the important information on the circulation and interaction between those regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As particles circulated between the annulus and coating zone periodically, the measurement lost the important information on the circulation and interaction between those regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In terms of process control, it is also necessary to monitor the gas-solids flows in different zones synchronously and provide valuable information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of process control, it is also necessary to monitor the gas-solids flows in different zones synchronously and provide valuable information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop a new ECT measurement strategy to enable the synchronous measurement of the gas-solids flows both inside and outside of the Wurster tube.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop a new ECT measurement strategy to enable the synchronous measurement of the gas-solids flows both inside and outside of the Wurster tube.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To achieve such objects, an ECT sensor with combined 12-4-8 electrodes was designed and reconstructed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To achieve such objects, an ECT sensor with combined 12-4-8 electrodes was designed and reconstructed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several sets of experiment are conducted by varying the gap height, fluidization air velocity and initial particle mass loading.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several sets of experiment are conducted by varying the gap height, fluidization air velocity and initial particle mass loading.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, a dual planes ECT sensor with eight electrodes in each plane was applied to further investigate the flow behaviours inside the Wurster tube.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, a dual planes ECT sensor with eight electrodes in each plane was applied to further investigate the flow behaviours inside the Wurster tube.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The flow regimes were revealed in 2D ECT images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The flow regimes were revealed in 2D ECT images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The standard deviation and power spectra density were applied to analyse the particle fluctuation and circulation characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard deviation and power spectra density were applied to analyse the particle fluctuation and circulation characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the solids concentration and average velocity inside the Wurster tube were investigated by the dual planes ECT sensor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the solids concentration and average velocity inside the Wurster tube were investigated by the dual planes ECT sensor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The pressure difference creates a pneumatic mass transport from the annulus zone to the coating zone through the gap between the Wurster tube and air distributor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pressure difference creates a pneumatic mass transport from the annulus zone to the coating zone through the gap between the Wurster tube and air distributor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the particles movement, the flow field inside the bed was divided into four different zones, namely coating, drying, annulus and transporting zone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the particles movement, the flow field inside the bed was divided into four different zones, namely coating, drying, annulus and transporting zone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, the bottom-spray is the best choice for particle coating as it can produce a superior film compared with other coating strategies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the bottom-spray is the best choice for particle coating as it can produce a superior film compared with other coating strategies [1, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Reinsurance is an important risk management strategy in insurance, consisting of ceding part of the insurer's risk to a reinsurer, in exchange of a reinsurance premium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reinsurance is an important risk management strategy in insurance, consisting of ceding part of the insurer's risk to a reinsurer, in exchange of a reinsurance premium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is an intelligent mechanism to reduce the insurer's risk retention, if it is able to control the reinsurance premium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is an intelligent mechanism to reduce the insurer's risk retention, if it is able to control the reinsurance premium [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "Mathematically, let X a random variable that stands for the loss (claim) initially set by the insurer, and g(·) a reinsurance function, 0 ≤ g(X) ≤ X, that divides the total risk X into two parts: g(X) (ceded loss part, undertaken by the reinsurer) and X −g(X) or retention part (undertaken by the insurer).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mathematically, let X a random variable that stands for the loss (claim) initially set by the insurer, and g(·) a reinsurance function, 0 ≤ g(X) ≤ X, that divides the total risk X into two parts: g(X) (ceded loss part, undertaken by the reinsurer) and X −g(X) or retention part (undertaken by the insurer).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, the objective of optimal reinsurance design is to find the optimal function g(X) under different risk measures, reinsurance strategies and/or premium conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the objective of optimal reinsurance design is to find the optimal function g(X) under different risk measures, reinsurance strategies and/or premium conditions [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Independently of the reinsurance model and strategy considered, the final optimal solution for a reinsurance problem involves the solution of an optimization problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Independently of the reinsurance model and strategy considered, the final optimal solution for a reinsurance problem involves the solution of an optimization problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In many occasions the analysis in research articles does not reach to this final stage of the problem, since specific assumptions on the model's variables and parameters need to be done.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In many occasions the analysis in research articles does not reach to this final stage of the problem, since specific assumptions on the model's variables and parameters need to be done.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instead, the expression of the optimization problem is described, without a final resolution of specific cases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead, the expression of the optimization problem is described, without a final resolution of specific cases [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In other cases, numerical results are given, with little explanation of the optimization technique used, or just obtaining optimum values by inspection, whenever this is possible.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other cases, numerical results are given, with little explanation of the optimization technique used, or just obtaining optimum values by inspection, whenever this is possible [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we present a new coordinate system and corresponding canonical metric form, which are closely related to the light cone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we present a new coordinate system and corresponding canonical metric form, which are closely related to the light cone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Their geometrical and physical meanings are discussed in detail.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Their geometrical and physical meanings are discussed in detail.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under this coordinate system, the complicated Einstein's equation could be greatly simplified, and the exact solutions could be more easily obtained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under this coordinate system, the complicated Einstein's equation could be greatly simplified, and the exact solutions could be more easily obtained [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Medicinal plants are used in traditional treatments to cure variety of diseases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Medicinal plants are used in traditional treatments to cure variety of diseases (Hariprasad and Ramakrishnan, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hariprasad and Ramakrishnan, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Various scientific studies reported the analgesic, anticancer, antiviral, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifeedent and antifertility activity of this plant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various scientific studies reported the analgesic, anticancer, antiviral, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifeedent and antifertility activity of this plant (Vishnukanta, 2008; Sen and Batra, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vishnukanta, 2008; Sen and Batra, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis of compounds was carried out in methanolic leaves extract of M. azedarach as shown in Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis of compounds was carried out in methanolic leaves extract of M. azedarach as shown in Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chromatogram GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of M. azedarach showed the presence of 13 major peaks and the components corresponding to the peaks were determined as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chromatogram GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of M. azedarach showed the presence of 13 major peaks and the components corresponding to the peaks were determined as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first set up peak was determined to be Trichloromethane (Figure 10 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first set up peak was determined to be Trichloromethane (Figure 10 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second peak indicated to be Propanedioic acid and diethyl ester (Figure 11 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second peak indicated to be Propanedioic acid and diethyl ester (Figure 11 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The next peaks considered to be 2-pyrrolidinyl-methylamine, butanedioic acid, diethyl ester, 2-piperidimethanamine, butanedioic acid, hydroxyl, diethyl ester, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, dithiocarbamate, s-methyl-,n-(2methyl-3-oxobutyl), triethyl citrate, y-sitosterol, ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, and octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl) (Figures 12 to 22 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The next peaks considered to be 2-pyrrolidinyl-methylamine, butanedioic acid, diethyl ester, 2-piperidimethanamine, butanedioic acid, hydroxyl, diethyl ester, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, dithiocarbamate, s-methyl-,n-(2methyl-3-oxobutyl), triethyl citrate, y-sitosterol, ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, and octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl) (Figures 12 to 22 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Plant based antimicrobials have enormous therapeutic potential as they can serve the purpose with lesser side effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plant based antimicrobials have enormous therapeutic potential as they can serve the purpose with lesser side effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Continued further exploration of plant derived antimicrobials is needed today.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Continued further exploration of plant derived antimicrobials is needed today.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The scattering enhancement at higher RH influences the direct climate forcing by aerosol particles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The scattering enhancement at higher RH influences the direct climate forcing by aerosol particles (Charlson et al., 1992; Schwartz, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Charlson et al., 1992; Schwartz, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "It is therefore desirable to be able to transform dry σ sp into ambient σ sp values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore desirable to be able to transform dry σ sp into ambient σ sp values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this purpose we measured the size distribution and the chemical composition of the JFJ aerosol and performed a closure study using a model based on Mie theory, which can calculate the light scattering enhancement factor f (RH) at different RH.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this purpose we measured the size distribution and the chemical composition of the JFJ aerosol and performed a closure study using a model based on Mie theory, which can calculate the light scattering enhancement factor f (RH) at different RH.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The aerosol scattering coefficient σ sp can be measured by an integrating nephelometer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aerosol scattering coefficient σ sp can be measured by an integrating nephelometer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To measure σ sp at different RH, we built a humidification system for a commercial nephelometer (TSI Inc., model 3563) which allows for the measurement of σ sp at a defined humidity below 95% RH.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To measure σ sp at different RH, we built a humidification system for a commercial nephelometer (TSI Inc., model 3563) which allows for the measurement of σ sp at a defined humidity below 95% RH (Fierz-Schmidhauser et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fierz-Schmidhauser et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "The system is able to measure how hygroscopic properties and hysteresis effects of the atmospheric aerosol influence σ sp , and it can be continuously and remotely operated with very little maintenance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The system is able to measure how hygroscopic properties and hysteresis effects of the atmospheric aerosol influence σ sp , and it can be continuously and remotely operated with very little maintenance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In May 2008 this humidified nephelometer measured in parallel with a dry nephelometer (RH<20%) at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (JFJ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In May 2008 this humidified nephelometer measured in parallel with a dry nephelometer (RH<20%) at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (JFJ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Jungfraujoch is located at 3580 ma.s.l in the Swiss Alps and is designated a clean continental background station in Central Europe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Jungfraujoch is located at 3580 ma.s.l in the Swiss Alps and is designated a clean continental background station in Central Europe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "JFJ is well suited for the study of background aerosols in climate research .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "JFJ is well suited for the study of background aerosols in climate research .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The experimental results of their designs were published six years later by Fertis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The experimental results of their designs were published six years later by Fertis [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Wind tunnel testing was performed on a NACA 23012 airfoil over a range of Reynolds numbers from 1 × 10 5 to 5.5 × 10 5 , and a wide range of angle of attacks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wind tunnel testing was performed on a NACA 23012 airfoil over a range of Reynolds numbers from 1 × 10 5 to 5.5 × 10 5 , and a wide range of angle of attacks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Results showed improved stall characteristics at all tested airspeeds, increased lift coefficients and increased lift-to-drag ratios over a wide range of angles of attacks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results showed improved stall characteristics at all tested airspeeds, increased lift coefficients and increased lift-to-drag ratios over a wide range of angles of attacks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This enhanced performance of airfoils with a backward facing step on the suction side was not in a perfect agreement with the results obtained by the numerical and experimental The telescopic design of the wing with steps along the chord-wise is imperative to allow the wing to morph in the required degrees of freedom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This enhanced performance of airfoils with a backward facing step on the suction side was not in a perfect agreement with the results obtained by the numerical and experimental The telescopic design of the wing with steps along the chord-wise is imperative to allow the wing to morph in the required degrees of freedom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our next step is to address the classification of rarer depressive symptoms suggestive of major depressive disorder from our dataset and hierarchy including inappropriate guilt, difficulty concentrating, psychomotor agitation or retardation, weight loss or gain, and anhedonia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our next step is to address the classification of rarer depressive symptoms suggestive of major depressive disorder from our dataset and hierarchy including inappropriate guilt, difficulty concentrating, psychomotor agitation or retardation, weight loss or gain, and anhedonia [1, 2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 2]" ] }, { "text": "We are developing a population-level monitoring framework designed to estimate the prevalence of depression (and depressionrelated symptoms and psycho-social stressors) over millions of United States-geocoded tweets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are developing a population-level monitoring framework designed to estimate the prevalence of depression (and depressionrelated symptoms and psycho-social stressors) over millions of United States-geocoded tweets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Identifying the most discriminating feature sets and natural language processing classifiers for each depression symptom is vital for this goal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Identifying the most discriminating feature sets and natural language processing classifiers for each depression symptom is vital for this goal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "It has been widely recognized that sustainable development with various species on the planet is the common pursuit of human beings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been widely recognized that sustainable development with various species on the planet is the common pursuit of human beings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there is an increasing worldwide discussion about humans' sustainability due to the rising trend of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the excessive consumption of natural resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is an increasing worldwide discussion about humans' sustainability due to the rising trend of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the excessive consumption of natural resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even though the key impact factors are still under debate, academia across the world has come to an agreement that this situation is basically ascribed to anthropogenic disturbances with agriculture, urban development and energy production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though the key impact factors are still under debate, academia across the world has come to an agreement that this situation is basically ascribed to anthropogenic disturbances with agriculture, urban development and energy production [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There is growing concern over the substantial increase in the municipal bond market during the last decade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is growing concern over the substantial increase in the municipal bond market during the last decade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In 2001, the total amount of municipal debt outstanding was $1.6 trillion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2001, the total amount of municipal debt outstanding was $1.6 trillion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By 2011, the amount of debt outstanding had grown by a substantial 133.8% increase -to $3.74 trillion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By 2011, the amount of debt outstanding had grown by a substantial 133.8% increase -to $3.74 trillion (Johnston, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Johnston, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Bond ratings for any type of bond based on a rating agency's opinion of the creditworthiness of an issuer are extremely important for investors who are trying to evaluate risk and make investment decisions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bond ratings for any type of bond based on a rating agency's opinion of the creditworthiness of an issuer are extremely important for investors who are trying to evaluate risk and make investment decisions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The pH dependence in the material's adsorption was evidenced by our film growth studies, as shown in Fig. 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pH dependence in the material's adsorption was evidenced by our film growth studies, as shown in Fig. 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The immersion time was standardized at 10 min for both pHs analyzed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The immersion time was standardized at 10 min for both pHs analyzed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The NR latex was employed with pH 7.0 and a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The amount of adsorbed material increased linearly with the number of bilayers for both LbL films, being higher at higher pHs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The NR latex was employed with pH 7.0 and a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The amount of adsorbed material increased linearly with the number of bilayers for both LbL films, being higher at higher pHs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After 10 bilayers, some or even no additional material was adsorbed, probably due to the high amount of material present in the film.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After 10 bilayers, some or even no additional material was adsorbed, probably due to the high amount of material present in the film.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The system became self-limited by the mechanical instability of the layers or even electrostatic repulsion, as discussed by the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The system became self-limited by the mechanical instability of the layers or even electrostatic repulsion, as discussed by the literature [25, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25, 31]" ] } ]