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CopeNLU 21

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "R EAL-WORLD optimization problems are often complex and NP-hard.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "R EAL-WORLD optimization problems are often complex and NP-hard.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Their modeling is continuously evolving in terms of constraints and objectives, and their resolution is CPU time consuming.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Their modeling is continuously evolving in terms of constraints and objectives, and their resolution is CPU time consuming.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although near-optimal algorithms such as metaheuristics (generic heuristics) make it possible to reduce the temporal complexity of their resolution, they fail to tackle large problems satisfactorily.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although near-optimal algorithms such as metaheuristics (generic heuristics) make it possible to reduce the temporal complexity of their resolution, they fail to tackle large problems satisfactorily.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GPU computing has recently been revealed effective to deal with timeintensive problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "GPU computing has recently been revealed effective to deal with timeintensive problems [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Our challenge is to rethink the design of metaheuristics on GPU for solving large-scale complex problems with a view to high effectiveness and efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our challenge is to rethink the design of metaheuristics on GPU for solving large-scale complex problems with a view to high effectiveness and efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Metaheuristics are based on the iterative improvement of either single solution (e.g., Simulated Annealing or Tabu Search) or a population of solutions (e.g., evolutionary algorithms) of a given optimization problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Metaheuristics are based on the iterative improvement of either single solution (e.g., Simulated Annealing or Tabu Search) or a population of solutions (e.g., evolutionary algorithms) of a given optimization problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we focus on the first category, i.e., local search metaheuristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we focus on the first category, i.e., local search metaheuristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This class of algorithms handles a single solution which is iteratively improved by exploring its neighborhood in the solution space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This class of algorithms handles a single solution which is iteratively improved by exploring its neighborhood in the solution space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The neighborhood structure depends on the solution encoding which could mainly be a binary encoding, a vector of discrete values, a permutation, or a vector of real values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The neighborhood structure depends on the solution encoding which could mainly be a binary encoding, a vector of discrete values, a permutation, or a vector of real values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Techniques of multivariate analysis are appropriate when each experimental unit provides a number of variables that need to be correlated and considered simultaneously.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Techniques of multivariate analysis are appropriate when each experimental unit provides a number of variables that need to be correlated and considered simultaneously (Liberato et al. 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liberato et al. 1993)" ] }, { "text": "In plant pathology, multivariate techniques can be used mainly to determine the variability in isolates and identify genetic resistance to diseases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In plant pathology, multivariate techniques can be used mainly to determine the variability in isolates and identify genetic resistance to diseases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, studies in the area of plant pathology based on this type of data analysis are rare.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, studies in the area of plant pathology based on this type of data analysis are rare.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Orbit determination is typically divided into two phases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Orbit determination is typically divided into two phases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the number of observations is equal to the number of unknowns, a nonlinear system of equations need to be solved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the number of observations is equal to the number of unknowns, a nonlinear system of equations need to be solved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This problem is known as initial (or preliminary) orbit determination (IOD).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This problem is known as initial (or preliminary) orbit determination (IOD).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When many more observations are taken over an orbit arc of adequate length, accurate orbit determination (AOD) can be performed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When many more observations are taken over an orbit arc of adequate length, accurate orbit determination (AOD) can be performed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IOD typically delivers a single solution (or a limited number of solutions) that exactly produces the available observations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IOD typically delivers a single solution (or a limited number of solutions) that exactly produces the available observations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, in IOD simplified dynamical models are often used (e.g. Keplerian motion) and measurement errors are not taken into account (the problem is deterministic).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, in IOD simplified dynamical models are often used (e.g. Keplerian motion) and measurement errors are not taken into account (the problem is deterministic).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In AOD the approach becomes stochastic because more observations are used and their noise is taken into account as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In AOD the approach becomes stochastic because more observations are used and their noise is taken into account as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This problem is usually set as an optimization one, in which the (optimal) solution is the one that minimizes the observation residuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This problem is usually set as an optimization one, in which the (optimal) solution is the one that minimizes the observation residuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The solution is obtained via batch estimation, e.g. weighted nonlinear least squares, or a sequential estimation, e.g. extended Kalman Filtering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The solution is obtained via batch estimation, e.g. weighted nonlinear least squares, or a sequential estimation, e.g. extended Kalman Filtering (Vallado and McClain, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vallado and McClain, 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A feasible berthing assignment can be represented on a space-time graph as shown in Figure 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A feasible berthing assignment can be represented on a space-time graph as shown in Figure 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The vertical axis corresponds to the quay space within the quay boundary, while the horizontal axis represents berthing time within the planning horizon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The vertical axis corresponds to the quay space within the quay boundary, while the horizontal axis represents berthing time within the planning horizon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each rectangle represents a vessel berthing at the port.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each rectangle represents a vessel berthing at the port.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The height of the rectangle represents the length of the vessel, with the upper and lower co-ordinates indicating the berthing location along the quay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The height of the rectangle represents the length of the vessel, with the upper and lower co-ordinates indicating the berthing location along the quay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The width of the rectangle represents the handling or processing time of the vessel, with the left and right co-ordinates indicating the start and end of handling time respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The width of the rectangle represents the handling or processing time of the vessel, with the left and right co-ordinates indicating the start and end of handling time respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While two vessels may be overlapping in space or in time, it is infeasible for two vessels to overlap in both space and time simultaneously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While two vessels may be overlapping in space or in time, it is infeasible for two vessels to overlap in both space and time simultaneously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, in a feasible berthing assignment, all rectangles (vessels) should be non-overlapping and each individual vessel should respect the spatial and temporal constraints on its berthing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in a feasible berthing assignment, all rectangles (vessels) should be non-overlapping and each individual vessel should respect the spatial and temporal constraints on its berthing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This representation of the BAP on the time-space graph further makes it possible for scholars to study the berth allocation problem as a 2-D bin packing problem).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This representation of the BAP on the time-space graph further makes it possible for scholars to study the berth allocation problem as a 2-D bin packing problem (Lim (1998) ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lim (1998)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Physical active behavior was largely associated with the intention to engage in physical activity for 60 minutes every day.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Physical active behavior was largely associated with the intention to engage in physical activity for 60 minutes every day.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Self-efficacy, descriptive norms and barriers were also relevant predictors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Self-efficacy, descriptive norms and barriers were also relevant predictors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This corresponds with previous studies in which behavior was found to be largely predicted by intention.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This corresponds with previous studies in which behavior was found to be largely predicted by intention [32, 42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32, 42]" ] }, { "text": "In our study, selfefficacy was found to be an important predictor of behavior and this is congruent with other research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, selfefficacy was found to be an important predictor of behavior and this is congruent with other research [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "The claim that perceived behavioral control does not strongly predict behavior once intention is included was supported by our study, although we know self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control has the same underlying concept.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The claim that perceived behavioral control does not strongly predict behavior once intention is included was supported by our study, although we know self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control has the same underlying concept [32, 37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32, 37]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "An interesting follow-up is to use SEGO to develop several test cases concerning institutionalized events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An interesting follow-up is to use SEGO to develop several test cases concerning institutionalized events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, in the meteorology domain, weather agencies have published the definitions of several weather events in their official glossaries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, in the meteorology domain, weather agencies have published the definitions of several weather events in their official glossaries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future work should make the location of an inferred event more explicit, through spatial reasoning of representative areas of several stations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future work should make the location of an inferred event more explicit, through spatial reasoning of representative areas of several stations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Related work in this aspect is representing spatial progression patterns of an inferred event over an observed region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Related work in this aspect is representing spatial progression patterns of an inferred event over an observed region (Rude and Beard 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF63" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rude and Beard 2012)" ] }, { "text": "We have used time series produced by an in-situ sensor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have used time series produced by an in-situ sensor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also possible that a number of events that actually occurred cannot be identified fully, as the weather station might not produce sufficient information, for example, due to the absence of one or more observations related to the event criteria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also possible that a number of events that actually occurred cannot be identified fully, as the weather station might not produce sufficient information, for example, due to the absence of one or more observations related to the event criteria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of this approach, combined with concepts representing ground-measured and satellite-derived observations as well as human observations, will be valuable for reasoning about events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of this approach, combined with concepts representing ground-measured and satellite-derived observations as well as human observations, will be valuable for reasoning about events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The primary bisphosphonate mechanism of action was the inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption and the decrease in bone resorption.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The primary bisphosphonate mechanism of action was the inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption and the decrease in bone resorption [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] }, { "text": "Some previous reports regarding the use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of ectopic calcifications also showed an anti-inflammatory effect and a significant reduction in the size of calcifications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some previous reports regarding the use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of ectopic calcifications also showed an anti-inflammatory effect and a significant reduction in the size of calcifications [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Bisphosphonates are known to have a strong effect on macrophage cell lineage, causing selective destruction of macrophages and inhibiting macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bisphosphonates are known to have a strong effect on macrophage cell lineage, causing selective destruction of macrophages and inhibiting macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effect of bisphosphonates on macrophages may explain the reduction of inflammation in the calcified areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of bisphosphonates on macrophages may explain the reduction of inflammation in the calcified areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Long-term treatment with pamidronate has resulted in increased calcium balance, catch-up linear growth before puberty, and no mineralization defects on bone biopsy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Long-term treatment with pamidronate has resulted in increased calcium balance, catch-up linear growth before puberty, and no mineralization defects on bone biopsy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, bone turnover is suppressed during therapy, and the impact of this in young infants and children is not known.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, bone turnover is suppressed during therapy, and the impact of this in young infants and children is not known.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, our patient, who received pamidronate for more than 6 years, reportedly had normal growth and development, calcium serum concentrations, and urinary excretion at follow-up visits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, our patient, who received pamidronate for more than 6 years, reportedly had normal growth and development, calcium serum concentrations, and urinary excretion at follow-up visits [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "IPD constitutes the most extreme outcome of pneumococcal infection; infection with less-severe outcomes are undoubtedly much more common.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IPD constitutes the most extreme outcome of pneumococcal infection; infection with less-severe outcomes are undoubtedly much more common.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of these infections, whether severe or otherwise, would be naturally immunizing and, as has been demonstrated by the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine, the protection conferred by infection is likely to be durable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of these infections, whether severe or otherwise, would be naturally immunizing and, as has been demonstrated by the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine, the protection conferred by infection is likely to be durable [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, young infants who have older siblings are quickly exposed to pneumococcus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, young infants who have older siblings are quickly exposed to pneumococcus [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27] [28] [29] [30] [31]" ] }, { "text": "The great majority become im- NOTE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The great majority become im- NOTE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All variables are adjusted for the following confounders (the variable under study not included): birth weight, maternal age at delivery, number of older siblings, comorbidity, household income, level of education of the most highly educated person in the household, urbanization, and county of residence in Denmark.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All variables are adjusted for the following confounders (the variable under study not included): birth weight, maternal age at delivery, number of older siblings, comorbidity, household income, level of education of the most highly educated person in the household, urbanization, and county of residence in Denmark.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Approximately 5-43% of patients with radical prostatectomy have positive surgical margins, and only 25-47% of them develop biochemical recurrence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Approximately 5-43% of patients with radical prostatectomy have positive surgical margins, and only 25-47% of them develop biochemical recurrence [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "These observations suggest the utility of further subclassification of positive margins in order to identify patients with higher risks of recurrence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These observations suggest the utility of further subclassification of positive margins in order to identify patients with higher risks of recurrence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our study, the overall rate of positive surgical margins was 29.8% in pT3 tumors and up to 90% in other tumors, which is similar to other studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, the overall rate of positive surgical margins was 29.8% in pT3 tumors and up to 90% in other tumors, which is similar to other studies [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26] [27] [28]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "At the opposite in the domain of low frequencies (i.e. long hold times), one can observe that the crack propagation rate is time dependent, which strongly indicates the influence o f environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the opposite in the domain of low frequencies (i.e. long hold times), one can observe that the crack propagation rate is time dependent, which strongly indicates the influence o f environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However one can observe different behaviors as a function of temperature and AK.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However one can observe different behaviors as a function of temperature and AK.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At AK of 35 ( Fig. 5a ) and 25 MPaVm (Fig. 5b) above 550°C, the crack propagation rate increases linearly (in a log-log diagram) with decreasing frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At AK of 35 ( Fig. 5a ) and 25 MPaVm (Fig. 5b) above 550°C, the crack propagation rate increases linearly (in a log-log diagram) with decreasing frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is indicated by a slope of 1 in the graphs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is indicated by a slope of 1 in the graphs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore the crack propagation rate here depends solely on the hold time applied during high temperature cycling, here referred to as regime B where crack propagation occurs along the grain boundaries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore the crack propagation rate here depends solely on the hold time applied during high temperature cycling, here referred to as regime B where crack propagation occurs along the grain boundaries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One can distinguish another behavior for the same two levels of AK at 500°C since the increase o f the crack propagation rate is not purely time dependent, as represented by the slope of about 2/3 on the graphs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One can distinguish another behavior for the same two levels of AK at 500°C since the increase o f the crack propagation rate is not purely time dependent, as represented by the slope of about 2/3 on the graphs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This behavior suggests that the crack propagation is not only driven by the hold time at 500°C at the frequencies tested in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This behavior suggests that the crack propagation is not only driven by the hold time at 500°C at the frequencies tested in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The crack propagation is rather in a transition domain, which is noted as regime A in this paper, where mixed trans-and intergranular propagation can be observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The crack propagation is rather in a transition domain, which is noted as regime A in this paper, where mixed trans-and intergranular propagation can be observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further experiments at 500°C with lower frequencies would be necessary to investigate if regime B can be reached at 500°C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further experiments at 500°C with lower frequencies would be necessary to investigate if regime B can be reached at 500°C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As already mentioned, the pink squares represent the transition between trans-and intergranular propagation based on the presented results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As already mentioned, the pink squares represent the transition between trans-and intergranular propagation based on the presented results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be noted that this transition seems to be relatively independent on the level of AK, as least for high values of AK.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be noted that this transition seems to be relatively independent on the level of AK, as least for high values of AK.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However further experiments will be needed to confirm this suggestion, especially with hold times lower than 90s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However further experiments will be needed to confirm this suggestion, especially with hold times lower than 90s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The transition between transand intergranular propagation from Pedron is added in figure 5a for comparison.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The transition between transand intergranular propagation from Pedron is added in figure 5a for comparison [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "It clearly appears that the transition based on the results presented here is shifted towards lower frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It clearly appears that the transition based on the results presented here is shifted towards lower frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on the fact that the crack propagation rate is higher in regime B than in the 542 trans-granular propagation mode, it demonstrates that the Inco 718 DA tested here exhibits better crack propagation properties compared to the conventional material tested by Pedron.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the fact that the crack propagation rate is higher in regime B than in the 542 trans-granular propagation mode, it demonstrates that the Inco 718 DA tested here exhibits better crack propagation properties compared to the conventional material tested by Pedron.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Another way o f reducing tensile stresses ahead o f the crack tip in a component under constant overall loading is to rapidly increase the temperature for a certain time, t, and to intermittently repeat the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another way o f reducing tensile stresses ahead o f the crack tip in a component under constant overall loading is to rapidly increase the temperature for a certain time, t, and to intermittently repeat the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This possibility was also explored in Inco 718.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This possibility was also explored in Inco 718 [24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] }, { "text": "The applied temperature-load time cycle is shown in figure 9a where a short increase in temperature (TMaxTBase Line) is imposed just at the start of the 300s hold time for only 30s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The applied temperature-load time cycle is shown in figure 9a where a short increase in temperature (TMaxTBase Line) is imposed just at the start of the 300s hold time for only 30s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The base line temperature was maintained at 650°C while TMax was fixed at 675°C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The base line temperature was maintained at 650°C while TMax was fixed at 675°C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 9b shows that this anisothermal cycle generates a significant decrease o f the crack growth rate, especially at low K values where the short temperature excursion produces sufficiently large effects to annihilate the hold time effect observed under purely isothermal conditions at 650°C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 9b shows that this anisothermal cycle generates a significant decrease o f the crack growth rate, especially at low K values where the short temperature excursion produces sufficiently large effects to annihilate the hold time effect observed under purely isothermal conditions at 650°C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The pure CCG rate of Inco 718 has been investigated by a number o f authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The pure CCG rate of Inco 718 has been investigated by a number o f authors [5, 15, 29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 15, 29]" ] }, { "text": "However, the test procedure used by these authors is completely different from ours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the test procedure used by these authors is completely different from ours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They start from a fatigue precrack and then maintain the load constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They start from a fatigue precrack and then maintain the load constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This procedure does not allow investigating the initiation and the propagation of a crack in a continuously creep-oxidation damaged material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This procedure does not allow investigating the initiation and the propagation of a crack in a continuously creep-oxidation damaged material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our test procedure allows us avoiding the tail of the curves observed in most CCG rate measurements reported in the literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our test procedure allows us avoiding the tail of the curves observed in most CCG rate measurements reported in the literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An attempt was made to model these transient curves observed in stainless steel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An attempt was made to model these transient curves observed in stainless steel [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "These tails lead to an apparent threshold which is load and time dependent, as clearly shown elsewhere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These tails lead to an apparent threshold which is load and time dependent, as clearly shown elsewhere [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "In our tests the CCG rate component is simply obtained by noting that for long tm the third term in Eq. 1 is much larger than the two other ones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our tests the CCG rate component is simply obtained by noting that for long tm the third term in Eq. 1 is much larger than the two other ones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means that the CCG rate, (da/dt)cr at a given temperature, can simply be obtained using Eq. 1 with long hold times only (3600s at 550 °C, 1200s at 600 °C and 650 °C).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that the CCG rate, (da/dt)cr at a given temperature, can simply be obtained using Eq. 1 with long hold times only (3600s at 550 °C, 1200s at 600 °C and 650 °C).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this expression F is a numerical factor which is an increasing function of temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this expression F is a numerical factor which is an increasing function of temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This factor is equal to 8.34.10-9 at 650°C for plane strain conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This factor is equal to 8.34.10-9 at 650°C for plane strain conditions [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "In Eq. 3, t is in h, K in MPaVm, r in m, n is the exponent of the stationary creep law.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Eq. 3, t is in h, K in MPaVm, r in m, n is the exponent of the stationary creep law.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our material it was found that n ~ 13 at 600°C and n ~ 6 at 650°C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our material it was found that n ~ 13 at 600°C and n ~ 6 at 650°C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a previous study, it is assumed that n ~ 10 at 650°C.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a previous study, it is assumed that n ~ 10 at 650°C [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Thus, we have demonstrated the ASR to be an important contribution to this generation of reanalyses, particularly in its depiction of the greater Arctic region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, we have demonstrated the ASR to be an important contribution to this generation of reanalyses, particularly in its depiction of the greater Arctic region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the analysis results, a comparison with observational data shows biases of 2 m temperature, 2 m dew-point, surface pressure and 10 m wind speeds that are comparable to the ERAI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the analysis results, a comparison with observational data shows biases of 2 m temperature, 2 m dew-point, surface pressure and 10 m wind speeds that are comparable to the ERAI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The greatest advances in the ASRv1 over ERAI analysis fields are found in the near-surface moisture and wind fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The greatest advances in the ASRv1 over ERAI analysis fields are found in the near-surface moisture and wind fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The RMSE and correlations improve in the ASRv1 for all variables, suggesting that the benefits lost between the 3D-Var assimilation used by the ASRv1 and the 4D-Var utilized by the ERAI are more than justified by the decrease in computational cost and the three-hourly cycling method used in the ASRv1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The RMSE and correlations improve in the ASRv1 for all variables, suggesting that the benefits lost between the 3D-Var assimilation used by the ASRv1 and the 4D-Var utilized by the ERAI are more than justified by the decrease in computational cost and the three-hourly cycling method used in the ASRv1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even more encouraging, the upperlevel comparison with observations reveals smaller biases and RMSEs as well as higher correlations in the ASRv1 than in the ERAI, with distinct improvements in relative humidity and wind speed throughout the troposphere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even more encouraging, the upperlevel comparison with observations reveals smaller biases and RMSEs as well as higher correlations in the ASRv1 than in the ERAI, with distinct improvements in relative humidity and wind speed throughout the troposphere (Wesslén et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF60" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wesslén et al., 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The strapdown inertial navigation system (SDINS) algorithm comprises attitude updating, velocity updating, and position updating, among which attitude updating usually utilizes the rotation vector algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The strapdown inertial navigation system (SDINS) algorithm comprises attitude updating, velocity updating, and position updating, among which attitude updating usually utilizes the rotation vector algorithm [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "The procedure of the rotation vector algorithm is: first, divide the attitude updating time interval equally into several segments and calculate the angular increment of each segment respectively; then, compute the total angular increment during the entire updating interval; finally, figure out the direction cosine matrix/quaternion of the updating time interval from the total angular increment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The procedure of the rotation vector algorithm is: first, divide the attitude updating time interval equally into several segments and calculate the angular increment of each segment respectively; then, compute the total angular increment during the entire updating interval; finally, figure out the direction cosine matrix/quaternion of the updating time interval from the total angular increment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The theoretical foundation of the rotation vector algorithm is the Euler theorem, i.e., multiple rotations about axes passing through the origin is equivalent to a single rotation about some axis passing through the origin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The theoretical foundation of the rotation vector algorithm is the Euler theorem, i.e., multiple rotations about axes passing through the origin is equivalent to a single rotation about some axis passing through the origin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, a translation vector method, which is similar to the rotation vector algorithm, is proposed for the velocity/position updating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, a translation vector method, which is similar to the rotation vector algorithm, is proposed for the velocity/position updating [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]