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[ { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee tribe." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned." }, { "n_tokens": 70, "text": "Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, North Carolina, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C.\nThe Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Some Cheraw fought with South Carolina in the Tuscarora War." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nIn 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in North Carolina." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The 3rd company was of \"northern Indians\" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": " Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": " This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nHistorian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting South Carolina in the war." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": " Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as \"about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees\", whose home is described as \"on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": " This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nIn 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "They were out of the war by October of 1715." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nIn 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their base in present-day New York." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nWhen the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by South Carolina Governor James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "The remnants of the tribes combined." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Some of the tribe may have moved north and founded the \"Charraw Settlement\" along Drowning Creek, (present-day Robeson County) North Carolina." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nBy 1754, racially mixed families lived along the Lumber River." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Cheraw women with the surname Grooms married into this group, which later became known as the Lumbee people." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThey were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee tribe." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned." }, { "n_tokens": 70, "text": "Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, North Carolina, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C.\nThe Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Some Cheraw fought with South Carolina in the Tuscarora War." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nIn 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in North Carolina." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The 3rd company was of \"northern Indians\" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": " Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": " This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nHistorian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting South Carolina in the war." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": " Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as \"about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees\", whose home is described as \"on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast\"." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": " This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nIn 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "They were out of the war by October of 1715." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nIn 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their base in present-day New York." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nWhen the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by South Carolina Governor James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "The remnants of the tribes combined." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Some of the tribe may have moved north and founded the \"Charraw Settlement\" along Drowning Creek, (present-day Robeson County) North Carolina." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nBy 1754, racially mixed families lived along the Lumber River." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Cheraw women with the surname Grooms married into this group, which later became known as the Lumbee people." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThey were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "They are usually seen in small groups." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nFood includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae)." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nThey roost in groups in low thorny trees." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nSeveral species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "They are usually seen in small groups." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nFood includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae)." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nThey roost in groups in low thorny trees." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nSeveral species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "This bird is a medium-sized francolin, with males averaging 11.6–13.4 in (29–34 cm) and females averaging 10.2–11.9 in (26–30 cm)." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The males weigh 9–12 oz (260–340 g) whereas the weight of the females is 7–11 oz (200–310 g)." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The only similar species is the painted francolin, which has a rufous vent." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The male can have up to two spurs on the legs while females usually lack them." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Subspecies mecranensis is palest and found in arid North-Western India, Eastern Pakistan and Southern Iran." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": " Subspecies interpositus is darker and intermediate found in northern India." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The nominate race in the southern peninsula of India has populations with a darker rufous throat, supercilium and is richer brown." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "They are weak fliers and fly short distances, escaping into undergrowth after a few spurts of flight." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In flight it shows a chestnut tail and dark primaries." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The race in Sri Lanka is sometimes given the name ceylonensis or considered as belonging to the nominate." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The species has long been domesticated in areas of northern Indian subcontinent where it is used for fighting." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The domesticated birds can be large at around 500-600g, compared to 250g for wild birds." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They are usually carefully reared by hand and become as tame and confiding as a pet dog." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "\nSeveral authors have described the running of the birds as being particularly graceful:\nThey run very swiftly and gracefully; they seem to glide rather than run, and the native lover can pay no higher compliment to his mistress than to liken her gait to that of the Partridge." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": "\n— A O Hume quoted in Ogilvie-Grant\nJohn Lockwood Kipling, Rudyard Kipling's father, wrote of this and other partridges such as the chukar partridge:\nThe creature follows its master with a rapid and pretty gait that suggests a graceful girl tripping along with a full skirt well held up." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The Indian lover can pay his sweetheart no higher compliment than to say she runs like a partridge." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In poetry the semblance is one of best hackneyed of Indian metaphors." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "In poetry, too, the partridge is associated with the moon, and, like the lotus, is supposed to be perpetually longing for it, while the chikore is said to eat fire." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "\n— Kipling, 1904" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "This is a tower house, partially restored." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "This is a tower house, partially restored." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "This is a tower house, partially restored." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It is rectangular, with four storeys and an attic, with bartizans in the southwest and northeast corners." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Also featured are slopstones, a machicolation, chimneys, fireplaces and decorated windows with mullions and transoms." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Some of the alure (wall-walk) survives." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies, in a design which appeared to flow out of the Tower itself and ripple across the moat." }, { "n_tokens": 91, "text": "There were a series of designed elements which added drama, height and movement to the installation: the \"Weeping Window\" flowing out of a window in Legge's Mount in the West Moat, (which became the iconic image), \"Over the Top\", a cascade of poppies down the wall on the wharf side of the moat and the \"Wave\", a free-standing twisted metal sculpture covered in poppies which curled over the main causeway into the Tower." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe ceramic poppies were individually hand-made at Cummins' ceramics works in Derbyshire and at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The poppies were added to the installation progressively by volunteers." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl-based Etruscan red earthenware used, as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials, were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke-on-Trent." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": "There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers, representing one count of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I.\nThe first poppy was \"planted\" on 17 July 2014, and the work was unveiled on 5 August (the day following the centenary of Britain's entry into the war)." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place, overseen by Tom Piper and Yeoman Warder Jim Duncan, making this a true public artwork." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 (Remembrance Day), by a 13-year-old cadet, Harry Hayes, from the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) of Reading Blue Coat School." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "After that day a team of about 8,000 volunteers began removing the flowers." }, { "n_tokens": 60, "text": " Members of the public had been able to pre-order the ceramic poppies for £25 each, with a share of the proceeds (estimated at more than £15 million) going to six service charities: COBSEO, Combat Stress, Coming Home, Help for Heroes, the Royal British Legion and SSAFA." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "\nAt around sunset each day between 1 September and 10 November, the names of 180 World War I service personnel, nominated by members of the public to appear on a Roll of Honour, were read aloud by a Yeoman Warder or guest reader, followed by the Last Post bugle call." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The installation was visited by the Princes William and Harry and the Duchess of Cambridge on the day of its opening, and by the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on 16 October." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The Queen later spoke about the memorial in her annual Christmas Message, broadcast on 25 December 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "\nIn all, an estimated 5 million people saw the installation, and the huge visitor demand saw the Prime Minister David Cameron and other politicians join calls to try and extend the period for which the installation remained at the Tower so that more visitors would be able to pay their respects." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "Historic Royal Palaces and the artist Paul Cummins resisted such calls, stating that the transience of the installation was a key part of the artistic concept, and that the poppies would be removed as planned and distributed to their purchasers." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "On 8 November it was announced that Wave, which rose up over the Tower's entrance, would remain in place until the end of the month and that following this, the sculptures Wave and Weeping Window would be taken on a tour of the UK, organised by 14–18 NOW." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "This tour would last until the centenary of the armistice of World War I in November of 2018 and visit 19 locations; after the tour the sculptures would enter the Imperial War Museum's collection." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "A campaign was launched in December 2014 to bring the sculptural elements to Stoke-on-Trent during the tour itinerary as the majority of materials and a large number of ceramic poppies were manufactured in the city." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "In April 2016, about halfway through the tour, Weeping Window was installed at St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall, Orkney, Britain's most northerly cathedral, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, the biggest naval engagement of the First World War." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nIn recognition of the work, Paul Cummins and Tom Piper were both awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2015 New Year Honours." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some critics in the press." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it \"impressive\" but \"curiously bland\"." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a \"false nobility\" and being a \"prettified and toothless\" memorial." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Tom Piper said in response that \"... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand.\"" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some critics in the press." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it \"impressive\" but \"curiously bland\"." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a \"false nobility\" and being a \"prettified and toothless\" memorial." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Tom Piper said in response that \"... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand.\"" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 88, "text": "The 1916 statue of General Antonio Maceo by the Italian sculptor Doménico Boni and subsequent park, La Casa de Beneficencia, the hotel Manhattan on Calle Belascoáin, by the U.S. Engineering firm of Purdy and Henderson, and the Hotel Vista Alegre also at the beginning of Calle Belascoáin, anchored a geographically important corner close to the sea of the large expanse of land known as El Barrio San Lazaro and within it and immediately to the north was the Caleta de San Lazaro." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Cayo Hueso was also a part of El Barrio de San Lazaro." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Cayo Hueso (\"bone cay\"), its name derives from its location near the Espada Cemetery." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "it was demolished in 1908." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Among the oldest institutions in the area were the leprosy hospital (demolished in 1916), the Casa de Beneficencia orphanage (currently the Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital)." }, { "n_tokens": 76, "text": "Buildings in the Barrio San Lazaro that were important to the early development of the city were the Hospital de San Dionisio for the mentally insane, the Cementerio General known as the Campo Santo and more commonly referred to as the Espada Cemetery was the precursor to the Colon Cemetery, and a room for the treatment of the mentally ill located on the side of the Real Casa de Beneficencia on Calle Belascoáin." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The monument to Antonio Maceo was located near a place previously occupied by the Batería de la Reina, (1861), located in front of the La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad, at the intersection of Belascoaín and San Lázaro." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "In 1916 the monument was placed but the park was not built, many voices were raised in a protest demanding that a greater tribute be paid to the figure of Antonio Maceo." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía General." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "1855." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\n\"Cayo Hueso (Centro Habana)\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-06-18." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\n\"La calle San Lázaro, crisol de revolucionarios antes y ahora\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-06." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-05." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nPlano pintoresco de La Habana \n\"Forts of Cuba\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nPlano de La Habana \n\"Castro Inaugurates Centro Habana Hospital\"." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\n\"Basque\"." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Britannica Online for Kids." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 16 March 2013." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\n\"Basque\"." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "Oxford Reference online." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nTotoricaguena, Gloria Pilar (2004)." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "University of Nevada Press." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "p. 59." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "ISBN 978-0-87417-547-9." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nGünther, Torsten; et al. (" }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "2015). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques\"." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "112 (38): 11917–11922." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211917G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMC 4586848." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMID 26351665." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nOlalde, Iñigo; et al. (" }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "2019). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years\"." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "Science." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "363 (6432): 1230–1234." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMC 6436108." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMID 30872528." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nBycroft, Clare; et al. (" }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "2019). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula\"." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Nature Communications." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "10 (1): 551." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMC 6358624." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMID 30710075." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "\nNuma, Lázaro. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Andar tras las huellas de Tacón\"." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2020-01-28." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\nSkiena, Stephen." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": " Calculated bets: computers, gambling, and mathematical modeling to win, p. 25\nLaurence Edmondson (20 July 2010). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Kidnapped in Cuba\"." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "ESPN F1." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "ESPN." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\n\"Yo Secuestre a Juan Manuel Fangio\"." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-18." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\n\"A Grand Prix in Havana?\"." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "grandprix.com." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "24 November 1997." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\n\"Stirling Moss Race History: 1960 Cuban Grand Prix\"." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "stirlingmoss.com." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Archived from the original on 18 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\n\"Real Hospital de San Lázaro (provincia de La Habana)\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-11." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-10." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Santuario Nacional de San Lázaro\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"El Cementerio de Espada\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\n\"El Cementerio Espada: Primer cementerio de Latinoamérica fuera de una iglesia\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-14." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"Casa de San Dionisio\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-28." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-28." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Jose Marti Tour of Havana\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-13." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"The José Martí Timeline\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-01." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\n\"chronology of events in Jose Marti's life\" (PDF)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-30." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"La Llave del Golfo\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-11." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\n\"Café Vista Alegre en Habana de otros tiempos\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-29." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBaker, Christopher P. (2015)." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Moon Havana." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "pp." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": " 105–106." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "ISBN 9781631212833." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-03." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nFranco, José L. (1975)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Antonio Maceo: apuntes para una historia de su vida, Tomo I (in Spanish)." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Havana, Cuba: Ciencias Sociales." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "p. 268." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "\n\"Cuba Forts\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Havana Jai Alai: 1904\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2019-03-27." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2019-03-08." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\n\"LA CASA DE BENEFICENCIA Y MATERNIDAD DE LA HABANA\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-01." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-02." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"Batería de Santa Clara\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-23." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nWikipedia contributors, \"Siege of Havana,\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Calle San Lázaro, perpendicular to Calle Belascoáin, is 25 blocks long and extends from the steps of the University of Havana in the west to almost the Castillo San Salvador de la Punta in the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Since the opening of the Espada cemetery in 1806, Calle San Lazaro was used for funeral processions to the cemetery." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The street did not become populated until 1815." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Calle San Lázaro owes the origin of its name to the Hospital de San Lázaro which was founded in 1746." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "First, it was called Calle Ancha del Norte and later, El Basurero (trash dump), later still, Antonio Maceo Avenue, and then Avenida de la República." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "In 1936 the City of Havana Council restored its original name to Calle San Lázaro." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe backs of the houses originally faced onto the sea; the boardwalk was not built until the beginning of the 20th century." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Much earlier, the famous sea baths called La Punta, del Recreo and de Beneficencia were built." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "In the 19th century, the only important building on the road was the Beneficencia, built-in 1794, and where the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital stands today." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "14 blocks of San Lázaro, facing the Malecón, are a priority area for conservation, where the Office of the City Historian is carrying out a rehabilitation program for the historically valuable buildings located in the area." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "The Hospital de San Lázaro dates back to the seventeenth century when it served as a headquarters for some temporary huts for those suffering from leprosy built near the Caleta de San Lázaro, a natural inlet that was located about a mile outside the city walls." }, { "n_tokens": 82, "text": "The chaplain of the church, presbyter Juan Pérez de Silva, and Dr. Francisco Teneza in view of the deplorable conditions of the leprosy patients sought the help of the King of Spain Felipe V. The Real Hospital de San Lázaro was built near the Juan Guillén Cove in 1781 and the church inside a two-story courtyard which became a pilgrimage frequented by those suffering from leprosy and followers of San Lázaro or Babalú Ayé seeking spiritual solace." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 51, "text": "The battery was named after Juan Procopio Bassecourt, the Count of Santa Clara, governor of Cuba who built it between 1797 and 1799, the Santa Clara Battery is west of the Canteras de San Lázaro and was part of a system of colonial fortifications of the city." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The site is shown on the map of 1900 and is today part of the gardens of the Hotel Nacional de Cuba." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe Battery of Santa Clara artillery had 20 pieces of large caliber, long-range Ordóñez guns some of which can still be seen today in the gardens of the Hotel Nacional." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "From this same point, many British ships were fired upon during the Siege of Havana, a military action that took place from March to August 1762." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The protected area is a long and solid parapet of 193 meters in length and about 80 meters from the sea." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Its fire had to cross with the one of the Castillo San Salvador de la Punta, dominating the cove of Juan Guillén." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nIn 1890, the Battery of Santa Clara was reinforced with 1.60 metre thick walls of Portland cement concrete." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "It was the first time Portland cement had been used on the island." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Battery of Santa Clara was declared by UNESCO in 1982, together with the historic center of Old Havana, a World Heritage Site." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Of this defensive system, two cannons are currently exhibited in the garden: the \"Krupp\" and the \"Ordóñez\", the latter being the largest cannon in the world at the time." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nThe first battery on this site was built between 1797 and 1799, and was named for Juan Procopio Bassecourt y Bryas, Count of Santa Clara, the Spanish governor of Cuba from 1796 to 1799." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The battery was modernized in 1895, when it received new guns." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "It was armed with three 11\" Krupp and two 12\" Ordóñez guns, as well as two Nordenfelt 6-pounder quick firing guns for close-in defense." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "There were also some leftover older, obsolete pieces, including eight 8\" howitzers, which may have been 210mm (8.3\") sunchado howitzers." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nOn 7 May 1898, during the Spanish–American War, the Spanish lured the USS Vicksburg and the US Revenue Cutter Morrill into chasing a Spanish schooner under the guns of the battery." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The battery fired too soon on the US vessels, which were able to escape without taking a hit." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Then on 13 June the Krupp gun fired on the protected (armored) cruiser USS Montgomery at a range of 9000 meters, also without effect." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\n\nFollowing the Spanish–American War, US troops were billeted there and later a barracks was constructed, which was torn down in 1928 or 1929 to provide a site for the hotel." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Cuban Grand Prix was a sports car motor race held for a brief period in the late 1950s in Havana, Cuba, last raced in 1960." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The 1958 race is best remembered as the backdrop to the kidnapping of Formula One World Champion driver Juan Manuel Fangio by anti-government rebels linked to the 26th of July Movement." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "There is an exclusive report in the newspaper Zig Zag by the man who allegedly kidnapped Fangio and a note by Fangio." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe race was established in 1957 as Fulgencio Batista envisioned creating an event to attract tourists, particularly from the United States." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "A street circuit was established on the Malecon." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The first race was a success; it was won by Fangio driving a Maserati 300S, leading home Carroll Shelby driving a Ferrari 410 S and Alfonso de Portago in a Ferrari 860 Monza." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nThe following year the official Maserati team arrived in force with their fleet of Maserati 300S cars and Fangio and Stirling Moss as drivers." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "On the eve of the race, Fangio was abducted from his hotel by an armed man." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The Cuban government ordered the race to continue." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Moss and Masten Gregory led the race which was red-flagged after just six laps." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Armando Garcia Cifuentes had crashed his Ferrari into the crowd, killing seven." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nThe 1959 race was cancelled as Fidel Castro's revolution entered its final stages." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The race returned in 1960, at a new venue on service roads around a military airfield." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Moss, driving a Maserati Birdcage for privateer team Camoradi, had a comfortable victory over NART run Ferrari 250 TR59 driven by Pedro Rodríguez with Masten Gregory third in a Porsche 718." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 74, "text": "In 1794 La Casa de Beneficencia, located on land located in front of the San Lázaro cove, an area known at that time as the Betancourt Garden, was the initiative of a group of illustrious Habaneros, including Luis de Peñalver, the Bishop of New Orleans, the Countess de Jaruco, the Marquise of Peñalver and Cárdenas, and the Captain-General, Luis de las Casas." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Initially, La Casa de Beneficencia admitted only females." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe financial situation of La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad was difficult, sometimes distressing." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Towards 1824, General Francisco Dionisio Vives took it out of its financial quagmire by providing a tax on lottery tickets and another on the cockfights that took place in the trenches of the Castillo de la Fuerza." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nIn 1914, President Mario García Menocal converted La Casa de Beneficencia into a state institution and provided it, without forgoing donations and popular collections, with a budget for maintenance." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 19th century in what is now Maceo Park the Batería de la Reina was installed." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Along Calle Belascoaín, at the back of the building and shown on an 1866 map, was the bullring of Havana." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "On Calles Virtudes and Concordia, was the jai alai frontón." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn the late 1950s, the Batista government bought the building and demolished it with the intention of building the headquarters of the National Bank of Cuba." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Revolution triumphed however and it was decided to install the children in what had been the Civic Military Institute, in Ceiba del Agua." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The new facility was named Hogar Granma." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Arrested at the age of 16, José Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment of hard labor in the San Lazaro Quarry in the western part of the Barrio, where he was sent to cut coral rock." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It is now a memorial called Fragua Martiana, in reference to the role it played in forging Martí's character." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "Since its inauguration in 1952, it's been the place that marks the end of the March of the Torches; Every year on the eve of January 28th, people from Havana, mainly university students, march from the University of Havana to the Fragua Martiana to celebrate Martí's birthday." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The march, held for the first time in 1953 (the 100th anniversary), was first organized by the Federation of University Students and has become an important tradition in Cuban university life." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nOn April 5, 1870, José Martí was confined to the quarries of San Lázaro, sentenced to forced labor for multiple reasons which included crimes of infidelity." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Marti was 17 years old and shackled to the ankle of his right leg and his waist." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "A few months earlier, in October 1869, a group of Spanish volunteers had searched the home of Martí's friend, Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and found a letter addressed to an acquaintance, whom they had accused of being a traitor for entering the Spanish army." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Both claimed to be the author of the letter, both were imprisoned." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment on April 4, 1870." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He entered the jail in Havana where he would work up to twelve hours a day under difficult conditions." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nHe met Nicolás del Castillo and Lino Figueredo, and his experiences under confinement served as material for the book 'The Political Prison in Cuba'." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "In this booklet, José Martí tells in a masterly way the bitter experience lived in the quarries of San Lazaro during the period in which he was imprisoned, forced to work in subhuman conditions." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "It is addressed to the Spaniards as if he were speaking to them as if presenting this horrible spectacle for scenes; continually invokes them to see and condemn." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Martí was not looking for literary novelty; he conceived it as a document of indignant accusation, not only for physical abuse but for the mistreatment of morals and the human condition; but that does not stop being an artistic piece." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Faced with the terrible experience pain of presidio served as a testimony in his work:\n\"The notion of good floats above all, and is never engulfed\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\n(\"La noción del bien flota sobre todo, y no naufraga jamás\".)" }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nBy mid-August, due to the bad state of health, José Martí was transferred to the cigar store of the prison and then to La Cabaña." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The lime in the quarry had hurt his eyes, the pressure of the shackle had produced an ulcer on his leg." }, { "n_tokens": 80, "text": "On 28 August 1870 in dedication to his mother, Leonor Perez Cabrera, written in a photo in which it appears of foot and with the shackle, and he writes:\n\"Look at me, mother, and in the name of love do not cry: if a slave of my age and my doctrines, your martyr heart filled with thorns, think that they are born among the thorns, flowers.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\n Spanish Jose Marti." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Calle Belascoáin is shown on the map of 1853 as the last street of the city." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The southern boundary of this area were the railroad tracks that lead to the Paradero de Villanueva and what eventually became Calle Zanja." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "This large territory is the Barrio de San Lázaro, a no man's land where the orphans from La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana, the lepers of the Hospital de San Lazaro, the mentally ill from Casa de Dementes de San Dionisio and the deceased of the Espada Cemetery were located." }, { "n_tokens": 79, "text": "EcuRed writes: \"The historical richness of the territory is incalculable through the times, dates from the sixteenth century, when the French corsair Jacques de Sores, on July 10, 1555, penetrated through the cove of Juan Guillen (today San Lázaro) between the Torreón and the Parque Maceo, who took, looted and burned Villa de San Cristobal de La Habana, which was defended by Mayor Juan de Lobera." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The Cabildo of September 26, 1664, determined to build a fortress next to the cove, one league from the Villa." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He himself served as a lookout by placing a lit torch to warn of the presence of an enemy ship." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Today, this monument represents the Municipality of Centro Habana." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "On July 26, 1912, the Cayo Hueso part of Barrio de San Lázaro was officially recognized as a neighborhood.\"" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "The Basques (/bɑːsks/ or /bæsks/; Basque: euskaldunak [eus̺kaldunak]; Spanish: vascos [ˈbaskos]; French: basques [bask]) are a European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nThey exported the game from ca." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "1800 to all parts of the world including the Americas." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "Jai alai (/ˈhaɪ.əlaɪ/: [ˈxai aˈlai]) is normally played with a ball that is bounced off of the floor and three walls accelerated to high speeds with a wicker hand-held device called a (Cesta)." }, { "n_tokens": 54, "text": "A sport played in Spain, southwest of France and Latin American countries, it is a variation of Basque pelota, a term, coined by Serafin Baroja in 1875, is also often loosely applied to the fronton (the open-walled playing area) where the sport is played." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The game is called \"zesta-punta\" (basket tip) in Basque." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "There was a Jai alai court in the back of La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana on Calle Belascoain, the edge between the city and the countryside." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The fronton was called \"the palace of the screams \" (Spanish: palacio de los gritos)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The Casa de Beneficencia eventually reached from Calles San Lazaro and Belascoáin to Marquez Gonzalez and Virtudes where the jai alai fronton was located." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "A former orphan described the place: \"Beneficencia had two gates; the front that overlooked San Lázaro street with a large garden." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The right part of that building (facing north), corresponded to the chapel that was always open to the public." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "To the left of the main entrance were the school offices followed by the barbershop and other workshops." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The students were never in those gardens where there was only the possibility of visual contact with them." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The other gate that served as access to the vehicles only was in the back of the school; that is, on Virtudes Street between Belascoaín and Lucena." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "On the right (always facing north), part of the building was located dedicated to the classrooms and on its left was the hospital... This magnificent school was converted into a barracks... they took us out of there to turn it into the Antonio Maceo military school.\"" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "A team scores a point if an opposing player:\nfails to serve the ball directly to the front wall so that upon rebound it will bounce between lines No." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "4 and 7." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "If it does not, it is an under or over serve and the other team will receive the point." }, { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "\nfails to catch the ball on the fly or after one bounce\nholds or juggles the ball\nhurls the ball out of bounds\ninterferes with a player attempting to catch and hurl the ball\nThe team scoring a point remains in the court and the opposing team rotates off the court to the end of the list of opponents." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Points usually double after the first round of play, once each team has played at least one point." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "When a game is played with points doubling after the first round, this is called \"Spectacular Seven\" scoring." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The court for jai alai consists of walls on the front, back and left, and the floor between them." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "If the ball (called a pilota, \"ball\" in Standard Basque) touches the floor outside these walls, it is considered out of bounds." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Similarly, there is also a border on the lower 3 feet (0.9 m) of the front wall that is also out of bounds." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The ceiling on the court is usually very high, so the ball has a more predictable path." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The court is divided by 14 parallel lines going horizontally across the court, with line #1 closest to the front wall and line #14 the back wall." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "In doubles, each team consists of a frontcourt player and a backcourt player." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The game begins when the frontcourt player of the first team serves the ball to the second team." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The winner of each point stays on the court to meet the next team in rotation." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Losers go to the end of the line to await another turn on the court." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The first team to score 7 points (or 9 in Superfecta games) wins." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The next highest scores are awarded \"place\" (second) and \"show\" (third) positions, respectively." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Playoffs decide tied scores." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The Santa Clara Battery was built on top of a hill that was home to one of the most historic caves on the island." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The hill of Taganana, located in the coastal outcrop of Punta Brava near the cove of San Lázaro took its name from a cavern in the Canary Islands where the princess Guanche Cathaysa took refuge." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "She was captured and sold by the Castilians as a slave in 1494." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The 7-year-old Guanche girl from Taganana (in Santa Cruz de Tenerife) was taken captive along with four other youngsters (Cathayta, Inopona, Cherohisa, and Ithaisa)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Cathayta was sold as a slave with her companions in Valencia, in April 1494." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "It is believed that after this she spent the rest of her life somewhere in Spain as a Menina for some woman of the Spanish high society." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nIn Cuba, in a parallel legend that states that one of the caves under the Taganana hill served as a shelter for a Cuban Indian girl of the same name who fled from her Spanish persecutors." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe Cuban novelist Cirilo Villaverde immortalized Guanche Cathaysa in his literary work, La Cueva de Taganana." }, { "n_tokens": 84, "text": "\n\nArnoldo Varona writes:\n The hill of Taganana, as it is known, is located in the coastal outcrop of Punta Brava, almost to the extreme of the cove of San Lázaro, and was a habitual place of pirate landings, that took its name of another cavern in the island Canaria of Tenerife where the princess Guanche Cathaysa took refuge when she escaped after she was captured and sold by the Castilians as a slave in 1494." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Barrio de San Lázaro is a former neighbourhood in Havana, Cuba." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "It occupied the area bounded by Calle Infanta to the west, Calle Zanja to the south, Calle Belascoáin to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the north, forming the western edge of Centro Habana." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "According to the 1855 Ordenanzas Municipales of the city of Havana, Barrio San Lázaro was in the Tercer Distrito (Third District) and was Barrio No." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "8." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Barrio de San Lázaro is a former neighbourhood in Havana, Cuba." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "It occupied the area bounded by Calle Infanta to the west, Calle Zanja to the south, Calle Belascoáin to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the north, forming the western edge of Centro Habana." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "According to the 1855 Ordenanzas Municipales of the city of Havana, Barrio San Lázaro was in the Tercer Distrito (Third District) and was Barrio No." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "8." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Cuban Grand Prix was a sports car motor race held for a brief period in the late 1950s in Havana, Cuba, last raced in 1960." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The 1958 race is best remembered as the backdrop to the kidnapping of Formula One World Champion driver Juan Manuel Fangio by anti-government rebels linked to the 26th of July Movement." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "There is an exclusive report in the newspaper Zig Zag by the man who allegedly kidnapped Fangio and a note by Fangio." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe race was established in 1957 as Fulgencio Batista envisioned creating an event to attract tourists, particularly from the United States." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "A street circuit was established on the Malecon." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The first race was a success; it was won by Fangio driving a Maserati 300S, leading home Carroll Shelby driving a Ferrari 410 S and Alfonso de Portago in a Ferrari 860 Monza." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nThe following year the official Maserati team arrived in force with their fleet of Maserati 300S cars and Fangio and Stirling Moss as drivers." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "On the eve of the race, Fangio was abducted from his hotel by an armed man." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The Cuban government ordered the race to continue." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Moss and Masten Gregory led the race which was red-flagged after just six laps." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Armando Garcia Cifuentes had crashed his Ferrari into the crowd, killing seven." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nThe 1959 race was cancelled as Fidel Castro's revolution entered its final stages." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The race returned in 1960, at a new venue on service roads around a military airfield." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Moss, driving a Maserati Birdcage for privateer team Camoradi, had a comfortable victory over NART run Ferrari 250 TR59 driven by Pedro Rodríguez with Masten Gregory third in a Porsche 718." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía General." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "1855." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\n\"Cayo Hueso (Centro Habana)\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-06-18." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\n\"La calle San Lázaro, crisol de revolucionarios antes y ahora\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-06." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-05." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nPlano pintoresco de La Habana \n\"Forts of Cuba\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nPlano de La Habana \n\"Castro Inaugurates Centro Habana Hospital\"." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\n\"Basque\"." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Britannica Online for Kids." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 16 March 2013." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\n\"Basque\"." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "Oxford Reference online." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nTotoricaguena, Gloria Pilar (2004)." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "University of Nevada Press." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "p. 59." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "ISBN 978-0-87417-547-9." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 3 November 2016." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nGünther, Torsten; et al. (" }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "2015). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques\"." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "112 (38): 11917–11922." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211917G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMC 4586848." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMID 26351665." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nOlalde, Iñigo; et al. (" }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "2019). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years\"." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "Science." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "363 (6432): 1230–1234." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMC 6436108." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMID 30872528." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nBycroft, Clare; et al. (" }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "2019). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula\"." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Nature Communications." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "10 (1): 551." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMC 6358624." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "PMID 30710075." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "\nNuma, Lázaro. \"" }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Andar tras las huellas de Tacón\"." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2020-01-28." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\nSkiena, Stephen." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": " Calculated bets: computers, gambling, and mathematical modeling to win, p. 25\nLaurence Edmondson (20 July 2010). \"" }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Kidnapped in Cuba\"." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "ESPN F1." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "ESPN." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\n\"Yo Secuestre a Juan Manuel Fangio\"." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-18." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\n\"A Grand Prix in Havana?\"." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "grandprix.com." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "24 November 1997." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\n\"Stirling Moss Race History: 1960 Cuban Grand Prix\"." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "stirlingmoss.com." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Archived from the original on 18 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Retrieved 24 January 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\n\"Real Hospital de San Lázaro (provincia de La Habana)\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-11." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-10." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Santuario Nacional de San Lázaro\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"El Cementerio de Espada\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\n\"El Cementerio Espada: Primer cementerio de Latinoamérica fuera de una iglesia\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-14." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-14." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"Casa de San Dionisio\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-28." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-28." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Jose Marti Tour of Havana\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-13." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"The José Martí Timeline\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-01." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\n\"chronology of events in Jose Marti's life\" (PDF)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-30." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"La Llave del Golfo\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-15." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-11." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\n\"Café Vista Alegre en Habana de otros tiempos\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-11-29." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-11-03." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBaker, Christopher P. (2015)." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Moon Havana." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "pp." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": " 105–106." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "ISBN 9781631212833." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-03." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-12." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nFranco, José L. (1975)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Antonio Maceo: apuntes para una historia de su vida, Tomo I (in Spanish)." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Havana, Cuba: Ciencias Sociales." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "p. 268." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "\n\"Cuba Forts\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-17." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-16." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n\"Havana Jai Alai: 1904\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2019-03-27." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2019-03-08." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\n\"LA CASA DE BENEFICENCIA Y MATERNIDAD DE LA HABANA\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-01." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-02." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\n\"Batería de Santa Clara\"." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Archived from the original on 2018-12-23." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Retrieved 2018-12-22." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nWikipedia contributors, \"Siege of Havana,\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The Torreón is a cylinder, a round tower of masonry." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "It is approximately 4.57 metres (15.0 ft) in diameter and 9.14 metres (30.0 ft) high with embrasures along its wall at the intermediate level and a battlement parapet at the third level roof." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "It has a wooden entry door at ground level." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "With the passage of time, the San Lazaro cove was filled and the tower was included in a Republican-era park named after Major General Antonio Maceo." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In an 1853 map of Havana it is shown as the Torreón de Vijias (lookouts)." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": " \nLocated in the Parque Antonio Maceo at Malecón and Calle Marina in present-day central Havana is the Torreón de San Lázaro, a watchtower built-in 1665 by the engineer Marcos Lucio." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "From this fortification a lookout could warn military forces by way of torches of threats of attack by corsairs and pirates." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "In this regard, it served as a link in the defense chain between the Batería de la Reina, La Punta, and the Santa Clara Battery located at the site of today's Hotel Nacional." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nThe Torreón de San Lázaro is named for the nearby leprosarium at the Hospital de San Lázaro which was near the cove formerly known as the Cove of Juan Guillén." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "Arrested at the age of 16, José Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment of hard labor in the San Lazaro Quarry in the western part of the Barrio, where he was sent to cut coral rock." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It is now a memorial called Fragua Martiana, in reference to the role it played in forging Martí's character." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "Since its inauguration in 1952, it's been the place that marks the end of the March of the Torches; Every year on the eve of January 28th, people from Havana, mainly university students, march from the University of Havana to the Fragua Martiana to celebrate Martí's birthday." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The march, held for the first time in 1953 (the 100th anniversary), was first organized by the Federation of University Students and has become an important tradition in Cuban university life." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nOn April 5, 1870, José Martí was confined to the quarries of San Lázaro, sentenced to forced labor for multiple reasons which included crimes of infidelity." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Marti was 17 years old and shackled to the ankle of his right leg and his waist." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "A few months earlier, in October 1869, a group of Spanish volunteers had searched the home of Martí's friend, Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and found a letter addressed to an acquaintance, whom they had accused of being a traitor for entering the Spanish army." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Both claimed to be the author of the letter, both were imprisoned." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Martí was sentenced to six years of imprisonment on April 4, 1870." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He entered the jail in Havana where he would work up to twelve hours a day under difficult conditions." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nHe met Nicolás del Castillo and Lino Figueredo, and his experiences under confinement served as material for the book 'The Political Prison in Cuba'." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "In this booklet, José Martí tells in a masterly way the bitter experience lived in the quarries of San Lazaro during the period in which he was imprisoned, forced to work in subhuman conditions." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "It is addressed to the Spaniards as if he were speaking to them as if presenting this horrible spectacle for scenes; continually invokes them to see and condemn." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "Martí was not looking for literary novelty; he conceived it as a document of indignant accusation, not only for physical abuse but for the mistreatment of morals and the human condition; but that does not stop being an artistic piece." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Faced with the terrible experience pain of presidio served as a testimony in his work:\n\"The notion of good floats above all, and is never engulfed\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\n(\"La noción del bien flota sobre todo, y no naufraga jamás\".)" }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "\nBy mid-August, due to the bad state of health, José Martí was transferred to the cigar store of the prison and then to La Cabaña." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The lime in the quarry had hurt his eyes, the pressure of the shackle had produced an ulcer on his leg." }, { "n_tokens": 80, "text": "On 28 August 1870 in dedication to his mother, Leonor Perez Cabrera, written in a photo in which it appears of foot and with the shackle, and he writes:\n\"Look at me, mother, and in the name of love do not cry: if a slave of my age and my doctrines, your martyr heart filled with thorns, think that they are born among the thorns, flowers.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "\n Spanish Jose Marti." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The province of Soria is sparsely populated, and Numantia is mainly surrounded by land used for low intensity agriculture." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "However, the regional government of Castilla y Leon and the city of Soria have planned various construction projects which if completed would affect the landscape surrounding the site of Numantia." }, { "n_tokens": 63, "text": "\nThe proposed developments in the vicinity of Numantia have met widespread opposition from a number of quarters, including the Instituto de España, the Real Academia de la Historia, the Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, the Spanish Section of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and a number of Ancient History Departments in Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "In 2008 a petition organised to have Numantia declared a World Heritage Site, in the hope that this would deter the local authorities from developing the area." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Many objects from the site are on display in the Numantine Museum of Soria (Spanish: Museo Numantino)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "This museum is also responsible for in situ displays at Numantia." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nOther collections which have items from the site include the Romano-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\n(Some objects were taken by Adolf Schulten to Germany)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "After the destruction, there are remains of occupation in the 1st century BC, with a regular street plan but without great public buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nIts decay starts in the 3rd century, but with Roman remains still from the 4th century." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nLater remains from the 6th century hint of a Visigoth occupation." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Numantia was an Iron Age hill fort (in Roman terminology an \"oppidum\"), which controlled a crossing of the river Duero." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nPliny the Elder counts it as a city of the Pellendones, but other authors, like Strabo and Ptolemy place it among the Arevaci people." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": " The Arevaci were a Celtiberian tribe, formed by the mingling of Iberians and migrating Celts in the 6th century BC, who inhabited an area near Numantia and Uxama." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe first serious conflict with Rome occurred in 153 BC when Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was consul." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Numantia took in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Belli." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The leader of the Belli, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The Romans then besieged Numantia, and deployed a small number of war elephants, but were unsuccessful." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nBefore their defeat in 133 BC, the Numantians gained a number of victories." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " For example, in 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to the Celtiberians of Numantia (population between 4,000-8,000)." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The young Roman officer Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, an action generally reserved for a Legate." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Numantia was an Iron Age hill fort (in Roman terminology an \"oppidum\"), which controlled a crossing of the river Duero." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nPliny the Elder counts it as a city of the Pellendones, but other authors, like Strabo and Ptolemy place it among the Arevaci people." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": " The Arevaci were a Celtiberian tribe, formed by the mingling of Iberians and migrating Celts in the 6th century BC, who inhabited an area near Numantia and Uxama." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe first serious conflict with Rome occurred in 153 BC when Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was consul." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Numantia took in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Belli." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The leader of the Belli, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The Romans then besieged Numantia, and deployed a small number of war elephants, but were unsuccessful." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nBefore their defeat in 133 BC, the Numantians gained a number of victories." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " For example, in 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to the Celtiberians of Numantia (population between 4,000-8,000)." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The young Roman officer Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, an action generally reserved for a Legate." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Istinye Park has a gross area of 242,000 m² (2,600,000 sq ft)." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nThere are three distinct sections present in the building:\nThe Grand Rotunda is a central entertainment space, consisting of a four level arena-like space beneath a scalloped/segmented shell." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It is supported by a central exterior mast over 3 panoramic elevators." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The 75-meter-diameter hard-shell canopy encloses a 9 m diameter vertically moving stage." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Rotunda also features kinetic water sculptures animated with lights and music." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThe Lifestyle Center is an open-air town square incorporating a green central park and Fashion District – the glass-roofed indoor retail area." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThe Bazaar area is distinguished from the rest of the center with its historical Turkish styling- each facade has been inspired by Turkish architecture and history." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe project design was led by US architect, Tom Kelley while working at Development Design Group Inc., based in Baltimore." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The design period -from conceptual, schematic, to development- lasted for about a year." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Ömerler Mimarlik, based in Istanbul, drafted construction drawings and handled implementation." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The construction period went on for 26 months- from the first lay of foundation until the grand opening." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "From the first sketch to the completion of the project, it took (2004–2007) 3 years in total." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The band announced that they needed a break during March 2005." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Lundstedt stated that the band would be back in the summer of 2007." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "In the meantime the male members launched solo careers." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "Lundstedt had appeared in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, as a member of six4one, a multinational band founded for the sole purpose of representing Switzerland at the contest, whilst Carlsson has twice taken part individually in the Swedish Melodifestivalen." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nLina Hedlund was announced as the replacement for Annikafiore." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The band now includes Tess Merkel and Hedlund as female vocalists, and Lundstedt as male vocalist." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Alcazar is a Swedish nu-disco group." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Alcazar is one of Sweden's most successful music groups both nationally and internationally with a string of hits since their debut single in 1999." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Worldwide, Alcazar sold over 12 million records between 2001 and 2004." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Alcazar also had success globally with their song \"Crying at the Discoteque\", having charted in USA, Brazil, Australia, Japan and most countries in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nAlcazar disbanded in August 2011 after a concert at Stockholm Pride." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They reunited again in 2013 ahead of Melodifestivalen 2014." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Alcazar have taken part in Melodifestivalen, the annual competition that selects Sweden's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest, on numerous occasions." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "In 2003, \"Not a Sinner, Nor a Saint\" initially failed to qualify for the final, but got a wildcard in the second chance round, finishing 3rd overall." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "However, the song eventually became the biggest hit of all participating songs in Melodifestivalen 2003." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It was Alcazar's first number 1 single in Sweden and was certified Gold." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nDuring early 2005 Alcazar was offered a spot in the United Kingdom national selection for Eurovision Song Contest 2005 but refused the offer." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Instead they tried their luck in Melodifestivalen 2005 with the disco tune \"Alcastar\"." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "As in 2003, they originally failed to qualify for the final, but eventually made it through after the second chance semi-final." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Once again, the group again had to settle for the 3rd place in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song \"Las Vegas\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Still, the song was a hit and became Alcazar's second number 1 single in Sweden." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nAlcazar participated in Melodifestivalen 2009, this time with the song \"Stay the Night\"." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "After performing the song during the first semifinal in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, they finished in the top 2 of a Melodifestivalen semifinal for the first time, thus qualifying directly for the final." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In the final in Globen, having placed third with the regional juries and fourth in the televote, the song finished fifth overall." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The song managed to peak at number 2 on Swedish Singles Charts giving Alcazar another Top 10 single in Sweden." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Alcazar also participated in Melodifestivalen 2010 with the song \"Headlines\", written and produced by Tony Nilsson and Peter Boström, they made it to the second chance round but failed to reach the final." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nOn 23 February 2013 they were reunited when they came out with a \"best of hits\" in the Melodifestivalen 2013 in Malmö, Swedish singer Danny Saucedo also joined the band." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nOn 28 November 2013, it was announced that the band would compete for a fifth time in Melodifestivalen 2014 with the song \"Blame It on the Disco\"." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The band competed in the fourth semi-final and made it to the final in Friends Arena on 8 March." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "They once again finished in 3rd place." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nOn 1 May it was revealed that Alcazar would be spokespersons, presenting the voting result for Sweden in the Eurovision 2014 final on 10 May." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Viewpoint - Located on the Santo António hill, offers a privileged view to the bay." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nLighthouse of the Santo António hill - In remote times next to a fort that defended the entrance of the bay, it is part of an orientation system for the sailors that includes two headlights located in the dunes, in front of the bar." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nTunnel - It is a pleasant walk and the contemplation of the opposite sides of the tunnel provides a sublime experience." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "On one side, the calm waters of the Bay, on the other the rough waters of the Atlantic Ocean that hit with violence in the rocks." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nGarden of the Engineer Frederico Ulrich Square - Green leisure space dedicated to children." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "\nJosé Bento da Silva School - Inaugurated in 1883 with the purpose of training primary and secondary education, today it is the seat of Town Council, Culture House José Bento da Silva, Library and Environmental Defense Association of São Martinho do Porto." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nViewpoint of the José Bento da Silva Square - Privileged view over the Bay and direct access to the Outeiro Elevator." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nRuins (Salir do Porto) - Ruins of the artisanal Customs where the caravels that participated in the discoveries and conquests were built, in the reigns of D. Afonso V and D. João II." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Here were also built part of the ships that took D. Sebastião to Alcácer Quibir." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLittle Slop (Salir do Porto) - It is a spring of fresh water that is born near the ocean." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "It is believed to be a miraculous water for many diseases, namely to have properties beneficial to skin problems." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nDune (Salir do Porto) - Once the largest of Europe, the Dune of Salir stands out in the landscape of São Martinho Bay, with an altitude of approximately 50m and 200m in length." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The core of the Dune consists in part of a red sandstone, vestige of an older fossil dune." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "São Martinho do Porto is a freguesia (civil parish) in Alcobaça Municipality, in Oeste Subregion of Portugal." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The population in 2011 was 2,868, in an area of 14.64 km²." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "It was a town and county seat until 1855." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "São Martinho do Porto is a freguesia (civil parish) in Alcobaça Municipality, in Oeste Subregion of Portugal." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The population in 2011 was 2,868, in an area of 14.64 km²." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "It was a town and county seat until 1855." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Westhay Moor supports a nationally outstanding community of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "At least 28 nationally notable invertebrate species also occur on the moor." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The meadows, ditches, abandoned peat workings and hedgerows provide suitable breeding habitats for a diverse and nationally important breeding bird community." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nIt is part of the Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitats; joining together protected areas into a network to enable plant and animal movement." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nPart of the moor has been designated as a nature reserve, covering 106 hectares (261 acres), which is managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In addition to open water and reedbeds, it contains a fragment of acid mire, the largest to have survived in the south west of England." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The reserve provides habitat for many varieties of birds, which includes millions of starlings between November and January, along with bittern and migrating ospreys." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Otters and banded demoiselles are among other species which have made their home on the moor." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "A large bird hide, reached via a raised boardwalk, has been erected." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Westhay Moor is also notified as part of the Somerset Levels and Moors Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive and as a Ramsar Site, and a National Nature Reserve." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 61, "text": "Although underlain by much older Triassic age formations that protrude to form what would once have been islands—such as Athelney, Brent Knoll, Burrow Mump and Glastonbury Tor, which is composed of Blue Lias, the lowland landscape was formed only during the last 10,000 years, following the end of the last ice age." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As the sea level changed following the Pliocene era, vegetation was laid down which was later converted into peat." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The peak of the peat formation took place in swamp conditions around 6,000 years ago, although in some areas it continued into medieval times." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nWesthay Moor forms part of the Somerset Levels and Moors which is important for its grazing and ditch system, and is crossed by the River Brue and Galton's Canal." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Over much of the moor, the water table is high throughout the year with extensive winter flooding occurring regularly." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The level of the water tables can be artificially lowered during active working of the peat excavations, but for much of the year these are often filled with water." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Large areas of peat were laid down on the Somerset Levels, particularly in the River Brue Valley, during the Quaternary period after the ice sheets melted." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Peat extraction on the Somerset Levels has occurred since the area was first drained by the Romans." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The raised bogs were extensively dug for peat for use as fuel up until the end of World War II after which the primary market was for horticulture." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Large parts of Westhay Moor have now been dug back to the underlying clay exposing estuarine deposits dating from about 6000 BP before isolation from the sea and peat formation began." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The introduction of plastic packaging in the 1950s allowed the peat to be packed without rotting, which led to the industrialisation of peat extraction during the 1960s as a major market in horticultural peat was developed." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "However, the resultant reduction in water levels that resulted put local ecosystems at risk; peat wastage in pasture fields was occurring at rates of 0.3–0.9 metres (1–3 ft) over 100 years." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nIn 1970 the Somerset Wildlife Trust bought the first part of the last 12 hectares (30 acres) of acid raised bog vegetation left on the Somerset Moors undamaged by peat digging or agriculture." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Since then SWT have bought or been given 100-hectare (250-acre) of former peatworkings." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "These were sculpted and restored to wetland as the experimental area for the Avalon Marshes." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": " This was the term given in the late 1980s to describe the wetland restored from peat workings in the Brue Valley." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The wetland on the clay is dominated by Phragmites reed, catstail and open water." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The wetland restoration has been a great success and was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1995." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Peat working is now beginning to draw to a close on Westhay Moor and the majority of the remaining peatworkings are now being restored to wetland as they are completed." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "In 2014 two land owners unsuccessfully appealed against changes in planning permission which removed their rights to dig peat from Westhay Moor." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Westhay Moor originally lay at the centre of the most northerly of the two lowland raised bogs that formed in the lower Brue Valley." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "They reached their greatest extent at the end of the Iron Age." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The Neolithic people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The Sweet Track, named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BCE, is the world's oldest timber trackway, once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BCE an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, close to the River Brue." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay and Nidons trackways." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The archaeology, history and geology of the Somerset Levels was displayed at the Peat Moors Centre until its closure in 2009." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The centre also included reconstructions of some of the archaeological discoveries, including a number of Iron Age round houses from Glastonbury Lake Village, and the Sweet Track." }, { "n_tokens": 68, "text": "\nThe eastern part of the Moor was covered by Meare Pool which was formed by water ponding-up behind the raised peat bogs between the Wedmore and the Polden Hills, and coring has shown that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud, mainly dating from the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC)." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In prehistoric times there were two Meare Lake Villages situated within the lake, occupied at different times between 300 BCE and 100 CE, similar to the nearby Glastonbury Lake Village." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nEarly drainage work was carried out in the later years of the 12th century, with the responsibility for maintaining all the watercourses between Glastonbury and the sea being placed on named individuals among whom were Ralph de Sancta Barbara of Brentmarsh." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Drainage of the surrounding area by monks of Glastonbury Abbey had reduced the size of the lake to 500 acres (200 ha) at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Meare Pool had disappeared from maps by 1749." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Meare Pool originally collected the waters of the rivers Brue and Sheppey, and discharged in a northerly direction into the Lower River Axe." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In the later years of the 12th century the Abbey diverted the Brue to flow westwards, perhaps largely through natural channels, from Meare Pool to join the river Parrett." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nIn the early 17th century plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Further reclamation was carried out in stages between about 1620 and 1740, with the \"new Cutts\" (or Decoy Rhyne) being built about 1660." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The rivers Sheppey and Hartlake were canalised into the River James Wear and Division Rhyne sometime in the late 1730s." }, { "n_tokens": 118, "text": "In 1795, John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes (a local name for drainage channels, pronounced \"reens\" in the east and rhyne to the west) between plots, and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that 18 square kilometres (4,400 acres) had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare, 1.4 square kilometres (350 acres) at Nyland, 3.64 square kilometres (900 acres) at Blackford, 8 square kilometres (2,000 acres) at Mark, 0.4 square kilometres (100 acres) in Shapwick, and 7 square kilometres (1,700 acres) at Westhay." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nIn the 1810s Samuel Galton, Jr. showed that bogs could be drained and dressed with clay and other soil, and built Galton's Canal." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The character of the soil was also changed by the spreading of clay and silt from the digging of King's Sedgemoor Drain." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Galton's Canal was a 2.2-kilometre (1.4 mi) canal with one lock, connecting the River Brue to the North Drain." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It was operational by 1822, and ceased to be used after the 1850s." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The land is drained by a series of rhynes, or ditches with water levels (and hence the level of the water table) being controlled by a system of sluice gates and pumps." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The water resource management operations are managed by the Somerset internal drainage board." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nIn the early" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Westhay Moor originally lay at the centre of the most northerly of the two lowland raised bogs that formed in the lower Brue Valley." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "They reached their greatest extent at the end of the Iron Age." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The Neolithic people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The Sweet Track, named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BCE, is the world's oldest timber trackway, once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BCE an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, close to the River Brue." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay and Nidons trackways." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The archaeology, history and geology of the Somerset Levels was displayed at the Peat Moors Centre until its closure in 2009." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The centre also included reconstructions of some of the archaeological discoveries, including a number of Iron Age round houses from Glastonbury Lake Village, and the Sweet Track." }, { "n_tokens": 68, "text": "\nThe eastern part of the Moor was covered by Meare Pool which was formed by water ponding-up behind the raised peat bogs between the Wedmore and the Polden Hills, and coring has shown that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud, mainly dating from the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC)." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In prehistoric times there were two Meare Lake Villages situated within the lake, occupied at different times between 300 BCE and 100 CE, similar to the nearby Glastonbury Lake Village." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nEarly drainage work was carried out in the later years of the 12th century, with the responsibility for maintaining all the watercourses between Glastonbury and the sea being placed on named individuals among whom were Ralph de Sancta Barbara of Brentmarsh." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Drainage of the surrounding area by monks of Glastonbury Abbey had reduced the size of the lake to 500 acres (200 ha) at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Meare Pool had disappeared from maps by 1749." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The Meare Pool originally collected the waters of the rivers Brue and Sheppey, and discharged in a northerly direction into the Lower River Axe." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In the later years of the 12th century the Abbey diverted the Brue to flow westwards, perhaps largely through natural channels, from Meare Pool to join the river Parrett." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nIn the early 17th century plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Further reclamation was carried out in stages between about 1620 and 1740, with the \"new Cutts\" (or Decoy Rhyne) being built about 1660." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The rivers Sheppey and Hartlake were canalised into the River James Wear and Division Rhyne sometime in the late 1730s." }, { "n_tokens": 118, "text": "In 1795, John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes (a local name for drainage channels, pronounced \"reens\" in the east and rhyne to the west) between plots, and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that 18 square kilometres (4,400 acres) had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare, 1.4 square kilometres (350 acres) at Nyland, 3.64 square kilometres (900 acres) at Blackford, 8 square kilometres (2,000 acres) at Mark, 0.4 square kilometres (100 acres) in Shapwick, and 7 square kilometres (1,700 acres) at Westhay." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nIn the 1810s Samuel Galton, Jr. showed that bogs could be drained and dressed with clay and other soil, and built Galton's Canal." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The character of the soil was also changed by the spreading of clay and silt from the digging of King's Sedgemoor Drain." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Galton's Canal was a 2.2-kilometre (1.4 mi) canal with one lock, connecting the River Brue to the North Drain." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It was operational by 1822, and ceased to be used after the 1850s." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The land is drained by a series of rhynes, or ditches with water levels (and hence the level of the water table) being controlled by a system of sluice gates and pumps." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The water resource management operations are managed by the Somerset internal drainage board." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nIn the early" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In 751, Pepin and Bertrada became King and Queen of the Franks, following Pepin's successful coup against the Frankish Merovingian monarchs." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Pepin was crowned in June 754, and Bertrada, Charlemagne, and Carloman were blessed by Pope Stephen II." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nAfter Pepin's death in 768, Bertrada lost her title as Queen of the Franks." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Charlemagne and Carloman inherited the two halves of Pepin's kingdom." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Bertrada stayed at the court and often tried to stop arguments between the two brothers." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Some historians credit Bertrada's support for her elder son Charlemagne over her younger son Carloman, and her diplomatic skills, for Charlemagne's early success." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Although her influence over Charlemagne may have diminished in time, she lived at his court, and, according to Einhard, their relationship was excellent." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Bertrada recommended that Charlemagne set aside his legal wife, Himiltrude, and marry Desiderata, a daughter of the Lombard king Desiderius, but Charlemagne soon divorced Desiderata." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Einhard claims this was the only episode that ever strained relations between mother and son." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Bertrada was born sometime between 710 and 727 in Laon, in today's Aisne, France, to Count Charibert of Laon." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Charibert's father might have been related to Hugobertides." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Charibert's mother was Bertrada of Prüm, who founded Prüm Abbey along with Charibert." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, along with his entire Cabinet, resigned on 15 January 2020, after President Vladimir Putin delivered the Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly, in which he proposed several amendments to the constitution." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Medvedev stated that he was resigning to allow Putin to make the significant constitutional changes suggested by Putin regarding shifting power away from the presidency." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "Putin accepted the resignation." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": " However, on Putin's instructions, the Cabinet continued its work as a caretaker cabinet until the formation of a new government." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nOn 15 January 2020, Putin nominated Mishustin for the post of Prime Minister." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "According to Putin, he was offered four candidates, but Mishustin was not among them." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "As a result, Putin independently decided to nominate Mishustin for the Prime Minister." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The next day, he was confirmed by the State Duma to the post and appointed Prime Minister by Putin's decree." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "This was the first time ever that a PM was confirmed without any votes against." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "On 21 January 2020, Mishustin presented to President Vladimir Putin a draft structure of his Cabinet." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "On the same day, the President signed a decree on the structure of the Cabinet and appointed the proposed Ministers." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nIn general, the government has been updated by half." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Only four Deputy Prime Ministers remained from Medvedev's Cabinet (three retained their seats, one was appointed to another post) and twelve Ministers." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nAccording to many political analysts, Mikhail Mishustin is the only one of Putin's Prime Ministers who truly formed his \"own\" Cabinet." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "He gathered a team of his own people and associates." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Before that, in the XXI century, only Vladimir Putin was able to do this." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In particular, two Deputy Prime Ministers were deputies of Mishustin in the Federal Tax Service." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "According to experts, this means that Mishustin has carte blanche for changes." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nOn 26 March 2020, Mishustin proposed to restore the Government's Presidium, a body in the structure of the Cabinet formed to solve operational issues." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Previously, such a body existed in the first Government of Medvedev, but in the second Government of Medvedev there was no Presidium." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "On 21 January 2020, Mishustin presented to President Vladimir Putin a draft structure of his Cabinet." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "On the same day, the President signed a decree on the structure of the Cabinet and appointed the proposed Ministers." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nIn general, the government has been updated by half." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Only four Deputy Prime Ministers remained from Medvedev's Cabinet (three retained their seats, one was appointed to another post) and twelve Ministers." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nAccording to many political analysts, Mikhail Mishustin is the only one of Putin's Prime Ministers who truly formed his \"own\" Cabinet." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "He gathered a team of his own people and associates." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Before that, in the XXI century, only Vladimir Putin was able to do this." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In particular, two Deputy Prime Ministers were deputies of Mishustin in the Federal Tax Service." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "According to experts, this means that Mishustin has carte blanche for changes." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nOn 26 March 2020, Mishustin proposed to restore the Government's Presidium, a body in the structure of the Cabinet formed to solve operational issues." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Previously, such a body existed in the first Government of Medvedev, but in the second Government of Medvedev there was no Presidium." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In June 2020, Mishustin proposed a tax maneuver for IT companies in order to reduce the load and create a comfortable competitive regime in this area." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "President Putin supported this idea and instructed the government to work on it." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "As part of the maneuver, Mishustin proposed to reduce the income tax on IT companies from 20% to 3%, as well as to reduce insurance premiums from 14% to 7.6%." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "On June 23, President Vladimir Putin officially announced the tax maneuver prepared by Mishustin." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nOn 9 July 2020, Mikhail Mishustin visited Tatarstan where he took part in the IT conference, where he met with the managers of the country's leading IT companies." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "During his speech, Mishustin spoke about the government's program for the development of the IT industry, which includes a new tax regime, support for innovation, assistance to startups, development of public-private partnerships, etc." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "According to him, the Russian jurisdiction should become the most attractive for IT companies." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Mishustin stated: \"It is obvious that following the leaders of digitalization leads countries to a new digital dependence." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Russia cannot afford to take a place among the depend countries, which means that we have no choice, we must go forward and be leaders.\"" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "On 27 January, Mishustin instructed to form an operational headquarters for the prevention of COVID-19 on 29 January, approved its composition." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova was appointed its chief." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nOn 30 January, he signed an order to close the borders with China in the Russian Far East." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "On 18 February, Mishustin signed an order banning Chinese citizens from entering Russia." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The ban has been in effect since 20 February." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nOn 14 March, Mishustin created a Coordinating council for the fight against coronavirus, which he personally headed." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The next day, by presidential decree, a working group of the State Council was created, headed by Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "However, according to Dmitry Peskov, Mishustin's Coordinating Council is more important than Sobyanin's Working Group." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "\nSince 16 March, flights to and from the European Union, Norway and Switzerland are limited to regular flights between capital cities (Geneva in case of Switzerland) and Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport, and charter flights." }, { "n_tokens": 56, "text": "Mikhail Mishustin announced that the border with Belarus has been closed for the movement of people, for which he was criticized by Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, and an entry ban for foreigners will be imposed from 18 March to 1 May. In addition, borders with other countries bordering Russia were also closed." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nOn 18 and 19 March, Mishustin announced measures to support business." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In particular, he instructed to defer the payment of taxes for travel agencies and airlines, as well as to defer insurance premiums for small businesses." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nOn 19 March, Mishustin announced the government's control over food and drug prices due to the coronavirus." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It also temporarily lifted all restrictions on the supply of essential goods." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nOn 20 March, Mishustin instructed to restrict flights to the United States, United Kingdom and United Arabic Emirates." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "On the same day, Mishustin announced that six drugs for coronavirus had been developed in Russia and were being tested." }, { "n_tokens": 86, "text": "\nOn 27 March, as a follow-up to Putin's address to the nation, Mishustin ordered all reservations at pensions or holiday houses to be cancelled from 28 March to 1 June, recommended regional authorities to close all the pistes at resorts for the same period, instructed them to force all the public eating places (except for delivery services) to suspend activities from 28 March to 5 April, and recommend the citizens to refrain from travelling." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nOn 30 March, as Moscow and Moscow Oblast declared a lockdown, Mishustin urged all regions to follow the example and take similar measures." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "He also announced a bill that would raise fines for breaching quarantine requirements." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nOn 1 April, Mishustin and the Minister of Communications Maxut Shadayev announced creating a system of tracking quarantine violation based on data of mobile network operators." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Violators will receive a text message, and if they breach it systematically, the information will be sent to the police." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nAfter testing positive for the coronavirus on 30 April, he suggested to President Putin that his deputy Andrey Belousov be appointed to take over for him as the acting Prime Minister." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Putin signed a decree to that effect, appointing Belousov to the role on an acting basis, following Mishustin's recommendation." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "After recovering, Mishustin resumed discharging his duties as Prime Minister on 19 May, following Putin signing a decree permitting him to do so." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "As of 2014, four 169 series cars are preserved, as follows." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "\nKuMoHa 169 1: Next to Sakaki Station on the Shinano Railway in Sakaki, Nagano\nKuMoHa 169 6: Next to Karuizawa Station in Karuizawa, Nagano\nKuHa 169 27: Next to Sakaki Station on the Shinano Railway in Sakaki, Nagano\nMoHa 168 1: Next to Sakaki Station on the Shinano Railway in Sakaki, Nagano" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The 3-car sets operated by Shinano Railway were formed as shown below, with two motored cars (KuMoHa and MoHa) and one trailer car (KuHa)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe MoHa 168 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The 3-car sets operated by Shinano Railway were formed as shown below, with two motored cars (KuMoHa and MoHa) and one trailer car (KuHa)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe MoHa 168 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "The 3-car sets operated by Shinano Railway were formed as shown below, with two motored cars (KuMoHa and MoHa) and one trailer car (KuHa)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe MoHa 168 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "As of 2014, four 169 series cars are preserved, as follows." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "\nKuMoHa 169 1: Next to Sakaki Station on the Shinano Railway in Sakaki, Nagano\nKuMoHa 169 6: Next to Karuizawa Station in Karuizawa, Nagano\nKuHa 169 27: Next to Sakaki Station on the Shinano Railway in Sakaki, Nagano\nMoHa 168 1: Next to Sakaki Station on the Shinano Railway in Sakaki, Nagano" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Understanding of the sculptural program of the arch is limited by the loss of the majority of the marble panels, but the remains give an impression of the whole." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Four vertically stacked registers of sculpted decoration were carved on each pillar, each separated by elaborate moldings." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "A label for the Tigris River indicates that there were likely labels on other representations as the builders deemed necessary." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Artistic license was taken in the representations, for instance, the Caesar Galerius is shown in personal combat with the Sassanid Shah Narses in one of the panels; although they never met in battle." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "On the arch a mounted Galerius attacks a similarly mounted Narses with a lance as an eagle bearing a victory wreath in its talons approaches Galerius." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The Caesar sits securely on his rearing horse, while the Persian king appears nearly unhorsed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Terrified Persians cower under the hooves of the Caesar's horse in the chaos of battle." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The panel expresses the power of the Caesar Galerius." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThe relief of the imperial family conjoined in a sacrifice of thanksgiving owes its distant prototype to the Augustan reliefs on the Ara Pacis in Rome." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Galerius' wife, Diocletian's daughter Valeria, is shown at his side, helping authenticate his connection to his predecessor." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Here as elsewhere all the faces have been carefully chiselled off, whether as damnatio memoriae or in later cultural intolerance of images." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn another panel, the tetrarchs are all arrayed in the toga as a Victoria holds a victory wreath out to the heads of the two Augusti." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "A third panel celebrates the unity of the tetrarchy, with a depiction of the tetrarchs standing together; the depersonalized manner in which the tetrarchs are portrayed is reminiscent of the schematic statues of the tetrarchs in porphyry at St. Mark's Basilica in Venice." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Only Galerius is dressed in armor, and he makes the offering upon the altar." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nWhat remains of the arch asserts the glory of the tetrarchy and the prominence of Galerius within that system." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The arch celebrates the Roman Empire as part of Galerius’ victory over the Sassanid king." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Galerius is also pictured on his horse at the right, while attacking a Sassanid guard." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Understanding of the sculptural program of the arch is limited by the loss of the majority of the marble panels, but the remains give an impression of the whole." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Four vertically stacked registers of sculpted decoration were carved on each pillar, each separated by elaborate moldings." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "A label for the Tigris River indicates that there were likely labels on other representations as the builders deemed necessary." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Artistic license was taken in the representations, for instance, the Caesar Galerius is shown in personal combat with the Sassanid Shah Narses in one of the panels; although they never met in battle." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "On the arch a mounted Galerius attacks a similarly mounted Narses with a lance as an eagle bearing a victory wreath in its talons approaches Galerius." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The Caesar sits securely on his rearing horse, while the Persian king appears nearly unhorsed." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Terrified Persians cower under the hooves of the Caesar's horse in the chaos of battle." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The panel expresses the power of the Caesar Galerius." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThe relief of the imperial family conjoined in a sacrifice of thanksgiving owes its distant prototype to the Augustan reliefs on the Ara Pacis in Rome." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Galerius' wife, Diocletian's daughter Valeria, is shown at his side, helping authenticate his connection to his predecessor." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Here as elsewhere all the faces have been carefully chiselled off, whether as damnatio memoriae or in later cultural intolerance of images." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn another panel, the tetrarchs are all arrayed in the toga as a Victoria holds a victory wreath out to the heads of the two Augusti." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "A third panel celebrates the unity of the tetrarchy, with a depiction of the tetrarchs standing together; the depersonalized manner in which the tetrarchs are portrayed is reminiscent of the schematic statues of the tetrarchs in porphyry at St. Mark's Basilica in Venice." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Only Galerius is dressed in armor, and he makes the offering upon the altar." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nWhat remains of the arch asserts the glory of the tetrarchy and the prominence of Galerius within that system." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The arch celebrates the Roman Empire as part of Galerius’ victory over the Sassanid king." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Galerius is also pictured on his horse at the right, while attacking a Sassanid guard." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Arch of Galerius stands on what is now the intersection of Egnatia and Dimitriou Gounari streets." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The arch was built in 298 to 299 AD and dedicated in 303 AD to celebrate the victory of the tetrarch Galerius over the Sassanid Persians at the Battle of Satala and capture of their capital Ctesiphon in 298." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nThe structure was an octopylon (eight-pillared gateway) forming a triple arch that was built of a rubble masonry core faced first with brick and then with marble panels with sculptural relief." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The central arched opening was 9.7 m wide and 12.5 m high, and the secondary openings on other side were 4.8 m wide and 6.5 m high." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The central arch spanned the portion of the Via Egnatia (primary Roman road from Dyrrhacium to Byzantium) that passed through the city as a decumanus (east-west major street)." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "A road connecting the Rotunda (125m northeast) with the Palace complex (235m southwest) passed through the arch along its long axis." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\nOnly the northwestern three of the eight pillars and parts of the masonry cores of the arches above survive: i.e., the entire eastern side (four pillars) and the southernmost one of the western pillars are lost." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Extensive consolidation with modern brick has been performed on the exposed masonry cores to protect the monument." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The two pillars flanking the central arched passageway retain their sculpted marble slabs, which depict the wars of Galerius against the Persians in broadly panegyric terms." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "After Galerius's death in 311, he was buried at Gamzigrad (Felix Romuliana) near Zajecar, Serbia." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The Rotunda stood empty for several decades until the Emperor Theodosius I ordered its conversion into a Christian church in the late fourth century." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The church was embellished with very high quality mosaics." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Only fragments have survived of the original decoration, for example, a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nThe building was used as a church (Church of Asomaton or Archangelon) for over 1,200 years until the city fell to the Ottomans." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In 1590 it was converted into a mosque, called the Mosque of Suleyman Hortaji Effendi, and a minaret was added to the structure." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It was used as a mosque until 1912, when the Greeks captured the city during the Balkan War." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Greek Orthodox officials reconsecrated the structure as a church, and they left the minaret." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The structure was damaged during an earthquake in 1978 but was subsequently restored." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "As of 2004, the minaret was still being stabilized with scaffolding." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "The building is now a historical monument under the Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities of the Greek Ministry of Culture, although the Greek Orthodox Church has access to the monument for various festivities some days of the year (as Church of Saint George)." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nThe Rotunda is the oldest of Thessaloniki's churches." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Some Greek publications claim it is the oldest Christian church in the world, although there are competitors for that title." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It is the most important surviving example of a church from the early Christian period of the Greek-speaking part of the Roman Empire." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "The Rotunda of Galerius is 125m northeast of the Arch of Galerius at 40°37'59.77\"N, 22°57'9.77\"E. It is also known (by its consecration and use) as the Greek Orthodox Church of Agios Georgios, and is informally called the Church of the Rotunda (or simply The Rotunda)." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe cylindrical structure was built in 306 AD on the orders of the tetrarch Galerius, who was thought to have intended it to be his mausoleum." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nThe Rotunda has a diameter of 24.5 m. Its walls are more than 6 m thick, which is why it has withstood Thessaloniki's earthquakes." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The walls are interrupted by eight rectangular bays, with the west bay forming the entrance." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A flat brick dome, 30 m high at the peak, crowns the cylindrical structure." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "In its original design, the dome of the Rotunda had an oculus, as does the Pantheon in Rome." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Arch of Galerius stands on what is now the intersection of Egnatia and Dimitriou Gounari streets." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The arch was built in 298 to 299 AD and dedicated in 303 AD to celebrate the victory of the tetrarch Galerius over the Sassanid Persians at the Battle of Satala and capture of their capital Ctesiphon in 298." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nThe structure was an octopylon (eight-pillared gateway) forming a triple arch that was built of a rubble masonry core faced first with brick and then with marble panels with sculptural relief." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The central arched opening was 9.7 m wide and 12.5 m high, and the secondary openings on other side were 4.8 m wide and 6.5 m high." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The central arch spanned the portion of the Via Egnatia (primary Roman road from Dyrrhacium to Byzantium) that passed through the city as a decumanus (east-west major street)." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "A road connecting the Rotunda (125m northeast) with the Palace complex (235m southwest) passed through the arch along its long axis." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\nOnly the northwestern three of the eight pillars and parts of the masonry cores of the arches above survive: i.e., the entire eastern side (four pillars) and the southernmost one of the western pillars are lost." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Extensive consolidation with modern brick has been performed on the exposed masonry cores to protect the monument." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The two pillars flanking the central arched passageway retain their sculpted marble slabs, which depict the wars of Galerius against the Persians in broadly panegyric terms." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The 4th-century Roman emperor Galerius commissioned these two structures as elements of an imperial precinct linked to his Thessaloniki palace." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Archeologists have found substantial remains of the palace to the southwest." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "These three monumental structures were connected by a road that ran through the arch, which rose above the major east-west road of the city." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nAt the crux of the major axes of the city, the Arch of Galerius emphasized the power of the emperor and linked the monumental structures with the fabric of 4th-century Thessaloniki." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The arch was composed of a masonry core faced with marble sculptural panels celebrating a victory over Narses (Narseh), the seventh emperor in the Sassanid Persian Empire, in 299 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "About two-third of the arch is preserved." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Rotunda was a massive circular structure with a masonry core that had an oculus like the Pantheon in Rome." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "It has gone through multiple periods of use and modification as a polytheist temple, a Christian basilica, a Muslim mosque, and again a Christian church (and archaeological site)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "A minaret is preserved from its use as a mosque, and ancient remains are exposed on its southern side." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Besides the A4, the London to Exeter (via Taunton) railway line and the Kennet and Avon Canal also pass through the village." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Woolhampton is served by Midgham railway station in the village." }, { "n_tokens": 49, "text": "The railway station was originally known as Woolhampton railway station but, according to local legend, was renamed Midgham railway station (after the village of Midgham, one mile west-northwest) in order to avoid possible confusion with the similarly named Wolverhampton railway station." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThe A4 road forms the main street of the village." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "An unclassified road runs to the south, towards the village of Brimpton." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "This crosses the railway line by the station on a level crossing, followed shortly afterwards by a swing bridge across the river and canal (which share a common channel at this point)." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Woolhampton Lock lies just to the west." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Two other unclassified roads leave the village to the north, climbing into the Berkshire Downs." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nBecause of its location on the Bath road, Woolhampton was well known for its coaching inns." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Only one of these survive on the main road, the Angel after the Falmouth Arms closed in 2014 and converted to residential property." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "A second public house, the Rowbarge, is, as its name suggests, situated alongside the Kennet and Avon Canal next to the swing bridge." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nOn the higher land some half mile to the north of the village is the adjacent settlement of Upper Woolhampton, which contains both Woolhampton (St Peter's) Church and the village school." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "A further half mile to the north, but still within the civil parish, is the Benedictine Douai Abbey community, and its now-closed Douai School." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Between Douai Abbey and the village is the historic Woolhampton House, which now houses Elstree School, a preparatory school that moved to Woolhampton from the London suburb of Elstree during the Second World War." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe civil parish of Woolhampton includes the village of Woolhampton, the adjacent settlement of Upper Woolhampton, and the rural area to the north, east and south of the village." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It has a parish council, and also lies in the West Berkshire local government district and the Newbury parliamentary constituency." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThe Woolhampton Reed Bed, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, lies alongside the River Kennet within the parish and to the south east of the village." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The dense reed bed, with smaller areas of tall fen vegetation and carr woodland, is notable for its nesting passerine bird populations and for the diversity of insects it supports." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nUpper Woolhampton in Bucklebury has long been in that larger parish ecclesiastically and secularly." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " it is on the same wide escarpment and has approximately the same amount of housing and population as Woolhampton itself." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThe war memorial in Woolhampton was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer in 1920." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Panorama Elite has continuously bowed sides, front and rear ends." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "It has large, bowed, round-cornered side windows mounted in rubber (the Panorama series had flat side windows mounted in metal frames with square corners) and double-curvature windscreens which are the same at front and rear of the coach." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "There is a shallow ridged area above the front windscreen." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nExtensive use is made of brightwork." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Up to four beaded chrome strips run along the side of the vehicle, as well as ribbed skirt panels." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The front grille and headlights are contained within a distinctive chrome surround which merges with the side brightwork." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nA destination box was sometimes fitted." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "Usually this was just below the windscreen, above the level of the headlights; on some models, mainly front-engined Bedfords and Fords, the destination box was mounted between the headlights." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "In either position, difficulties were found with some chassis having a high-set front-mounted radiator (in particular those manufactured by Bristol), where the position was needed for the radiator grille, so on these the destination box was above the windscreen, and this was known as the Bristol Dome." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Panorama Elite has continuously bowed sides, front and rear ends." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "It has large, bowed, round-cornered side windows mounted in rubber (the Panorama series had flat side windows mounted in metal frames with square corners) and double-curvature windscreens which are the same at front and rear of the coach." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "There is a shallow ridged area above the front windscreen." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nExtensive use is made of brightwork." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Up to four beaded chrome strips run along the side of the vehicle, as well as ribbed skirt panels." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The front grille and headlights are contained within a distinctive chrome surround which merges with the side brightwork." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nA destination box was sometimes fitted." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "Usually this was just below the windscreen, above the level of the headlights; on some models, mainly front-engined Bedfords and Fords, the destination box was mounted between the headlights." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "In either position, difficulties were found with some chassis having a high-set front-mounted radiator (in particular those manufactured by Bristol), where the position was needed for the radiator grille, so on these the destination box was above the windscreen, and this was known as the Bristol Dome." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Panorama Elite has continuously bowed sides, front and rear ends." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "It has large, bowed, round-cornered side windows mounted in rubber (the Panorama series had flat side windows mounted in metal frames with square corners) and double-curvature windscreens which are the same at front and rear of the coach." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "There is a shallow ridged area above the front windscreen." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nExtensive use is made of brightwork." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Up to four beaded chrome strips run along the side of the vehicle, as well as ribbed skirt panels." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The front grille and headlights are contained within a distinctive chrome surround which merges with the side brightwork." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nA destination box was sometimes fitted." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "Usually this was just below the windscreen, above the level of the headlights; on some models, mainly front-engined Bedfords and Fords, the destination box was mounted between the headlights." }, { "n_tokens": 58, "text": "In either position, difficulties were found with some chassis having a high-set front-mounted radiator (in particular those manufactured by Bristol), where the position was needed for the radiator grille, so on these the destination box was above the windscreen, and this was known as the Bristol Dome." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "A narrow (7 ft 6 in width) version was sold to some operators." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "\nBodywork built on Bristol chassis with front-mounted radiators did not have space for a destination indicator or illuminated panel in the usual position below the windscreen, so one was instead positioned in a bulge above the windscreen." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "This feature thus became known as a \"Bristol Dome\", even when it was later fitted to other types for different reasons." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nSeveral different lengths were available, including 10 m (32 ft 10 in), 11 m (36 ft 1 in), 12 m (39 ft 4 in)." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Smaller vehicles, however, continued to be bodied using the older Panorama design, which was replaced by the Supreme in 1974 - a year earlier than it superseded the larger Elite." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT) is located in Gdańsk – a city of more-than-1000-year-old tradition, situated at the mouth of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Gdańsk is the capital of the Pomeranian region and has nearly 500 000 inhabitants." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe GUT is situated in the centre of old Wrzeszcz – a district which has good communication with other parts of Gdańsk." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The campus is located on Narutowicza Street." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The university campus consists of many buildings built with various architectural styles over the last one hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The monumental Main Building designed at the beginning of the 20th century in the Dutch Neo-Renaissance style by Albert Cersten – an architect and a university professor – is the symbol of the university." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nDuring the second world war 60 percent of the building and 70 percent of its roofing got burnt." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The steel framework was the only remains of the clock tower." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The damages were rebuilt but the decision on the tower reconstruction was put off many times." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was rebuilt on the Main Building 13 May 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe campus of the Gdańsk University of Technology is continuously being developed." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Elegant, modern, and eco-friendly buildings co-exist with charming and majestic edifices." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Classes take place in modern auditoriums and well equipped specialised laboratories." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nThere are following modern educational and research centers along with supporting units within the university campus:\nNanotechnology Centre with 25 laboratories equipped with devices for tests and level of atoms\nLINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nMaths and Distance Learning Centre that uses modern ICT technologies and tools for mathematical modeling and visualization of data." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nICT Educational and Research Centre\nthat collaborates with over 100 companies in Pomerania and their partners in Kuyavia and Mazovia regions." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "\nAcademic Sports Centre – sports facilities accessible to all students and employees: two swimming-pools: 25 m and 12,5 m; a full size football pitch 64m x 105m; a sports hall, a volleyball pitch, outdoor tennis courts; a fitness gym, bodybuilding gyms, a rowing gym, and a judo gym." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nGdańsk University of Technology has a modern student housing estate, which accommodates more than 2,500 people in 11 dormitories located in three attractive locations in the city." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nIn 2018 magazine Times Higher Education listed the campus of the university among 10 most beautiful universities in Europe, along with e.g. University of Bologna (Italy), University of Salamanca (Spain), and University of Coimbra (Portugal)" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Academic Computer Centre in Gdańsk (CI TASK) is one of the largest urban internet networks in Poland." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It has been operating since 1992 thanks to an agreement reached between the Tri-City’s chief institutions of higher education." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Gdańsk University of Technology has played the leading role in constructing this metropolitan network." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The initial plan was for it to primarily serve all schools of higher education as well as local branches of the Polish Academy of Sciences." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Currently TASK is being prepared to include all schools in Gdańsk, of which there are over hundred." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nEntrusted with the management and expansion of this metropolitan network is the TASK Computer Centre, which was set up at Gdańsk University of Technology in 1994." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Today it is based in the new Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics building." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "As one of the five supercomputer centres in Poland, it provides the scientific community with processing resources in the form of high speed computers and specialist software." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These resources help in the development of various fields of knowledge, for example: chemistry, physics, engineering, electronics and oceanography." }, { "n_tokens": 72, "text": "Presently, there are over 50 projects being realised using the supercomputers at the centre, concerning among other things: molecular modeling of nucleic proteins and acids; quantum chemistry calculations; research into the properties of nanomaterials; modeling wave motion, currents and rising storms in the Baltic Sea and the Bay of Gdańsk; research into Nordic Seas dynamics and also modeling the behavior of skeleton muscles." }, { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "The TASK Computer Centre is co-creating a national PIONIER fibre-optic network for the scientific and information community, and is also actively participating in six projects of the so-called innovative economy: MAYDAY, Pl-Grid, PLATON, Pomeranian Digital Library, Integrated Oceanographic Data System and NEWMAN." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Virtually all these projects help to create new jobs." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The total value in the region of 300 million zlotys." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "At the start of 2008 the Centre installed Galera, a computer cluster with the theoretical computer power over 50 Tflops." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Thanks to Galera, the TASK Computer Centre has become one of the world's leading supercomputing sites." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Galera was in 2014 still listed among the world's 200 fastest computers in the prestigious TOP 500 chart." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nIn 2015 the next generation computer cluster TRYTON started at CD NIWA." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "At the moment of starting it was the fastest computer in Poland, in June 2015 was listed at the 128 position on chart of world's TOP500 supercomputers with the theoretical power over 530 Tflops." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The main building, designed by Hermann Eggertt and Albert Carsten, was built between 1900 and 1904 and constructed at the same time as the Electro-Technical Institute, Machine Laboratory and the Faculty of Chemistry." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "All the buildings were designed in the style of the Northern Renaissance with the elements of Art Nouveau." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Several stone images that decorate the front represent in symbols the purpose of the building." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The Medusa head above the main entrance protects the building against intruders and signifies energy." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "The images above the eastern side gate are a lighthouse and the tower of St. Mary's Church, while those over the western gate are a partially damaged likeness of a steam engine and a bow of a ship." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "Portraits of Prussian scientists and pioneers of the 19th-century engineering are to be found above the windows of the upper ground floor – the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, physicist Gotthilf H. L. Hagen, a manufacturer of steam engines Johann F. A. Borsig and a naval architect Ferdinand Schichau." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The ornamental gutters are decorated with copper spouts in the shape of four male figures holding water monsters." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nThe Clock Tower destroyed in 1945 was restored to the roof of the main building on the 13th of May 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The tower is 18m high, weighs 15 tons and is crowned with a gilded image of the Allegory of Science." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The main building encloses inner courtyards covered by glass domes designed by W. Czabański and Z. Wilk and installed in 2004." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "In 2012 the South Courtyard was officially renamed in honour of Johannes Hevelius." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The Foucault pendulum is designed to show the rotation of the Earth on its axis." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": " It is named after the French physicist who first performed a similar experiment at the Paris Pantheon in 1851." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "The machine that made its appearance in 2005 in the South Courtyard of Gdansk University of Technology is a 64 kg metal disc suspended on a 26m arm." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The movement of the pendulum is easy to follow because of a laser beam." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "An electromagnet fixed at the point of suspension powers the movement of the pendulum that would have otherwise stopped." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Reliefs in the window niches above the Foucault pendulum show Johannes Hevelius, a design of a reflective sundial (on the left) and a rotating map of the sky with a sextant." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These stainless steel reliefs have been made by Robert Kaja." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "A relief of a well-known Gdańsk resident D.G. Fahrenheit was unveiled in the North Courtyard in October 2013." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Fahrenheit was a physicist, engineer, inventor and the creator of a mercury thermometer temperature scale." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "There are two portraits of the great physicist." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The first can be found in a window niche." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The other is covered with a thick glass pane." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "Its upper section looks like a network of blood vessels, while the blue-tinted section at the bottom shows crystal-like structures that can often be seen on glass when temperature is lower than 0 °C or 32 °F." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "In the middle there is an image of a Fahrenheit thermometer." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The university was founded in 1904 as Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzig." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "At the time Gdańsk, after partitions of Poland was known as Danzig, and was part of the German Empire." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The history of Gdańsk is complex and the city itself belonged, at different times to Poland and Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "By the decision of Treaty of Versailles in the period of 1920–1939 it had become a \"free city\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The names of the city's educational institutions were affected by the changes in the city status." }, { "n_tokens": 74, "text": "\nThe university was known by different names: \n1918–1921: Technische Hochschule in Danzig (Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna w Gdańsku)\n1921–1939: Technische Hochschule der Freien Stadt Danzig (Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna Wolnego Miasta Gdańska)\n1939–1941: Technische Hochschule Danzig\n1941–1945: Reichshochschule Danzig\nFollowing the take over of the city by the Red Army, the Soviets arranged stables and barracks in other buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "In 1945, all Germans were expelled from the city of Gdańsk and the burned ruins were turned into a Polish university (24.05.1945)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In light of tragic history of the university under Nazi rule, today's university officially does not continue traditions of pre-war schools and its history starts in 1945." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe school was reorganized and rebuilt under the supervision of Stanisław Turski, a Polish mathematician and former inmate of German concentration camps." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Turski also served as the first post-war rector of the university." }, { "n_tokens": 86, "text": "\nImportant dates in Gdańsk University of Technology history:\n\n1900 – The cornerstone is laid for the university building \n\n1904 – King's Technical High School is created \n\n1941–1945 – The university is subordinated to Nazi Germany \n\n1945 – On May 24, the university became a Polish state academy \n\n2004 – The 100-year anniversary of founding a Gdańsk University of Technology \n\n2014 – The 110-year anniversary of founding a Gdańsk University of Technology \n\n2020 – Smart University" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The university campus consists of many buildings built with various architectural styles over the last one hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The monumental Main Building designed at the beginning of the 20th century in the Dutch Neo-Renaissance style by Albert Cersten – an architect and a university professor – is the symbol of the university." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nDuring the second world war 60 percent of the building and 70 percent of its roofing got burnt." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The steel framework was the only remains of the clock tower." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The damages were rebuilt but the decision on the tower reconstruction was put off many times." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was rebuilt on the Main Building 13 May 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe campus of the Gdańsk University of Technology is continuously being developed." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Elegant, modern, and eco-friendly buildings co-exist with charming and majestic edifices." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Classes take place in modern auditoriums and well equipped specialised laboratories." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nThere are following modern educational and research centers along with supporting units within the university campus:\nNanotechnology Centre with 25 laboratories equipped with devices for tests and level of atoms\nLINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nMaths and Distance Learning Centre that uses modern ICT technologies and tools for mathematical modeling and visualization of data." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nICT Educational and Research Centre\nthat collaborates with over 100 companies in Pomerania and their partners in Kuyavia and Mazovia regions." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "\nAcademic Sports Centre – sports facilities accessible to all students and employees: two swimming-pools: 25 m and 12,5 m; a full size football pitch 64m x 105m; a sports hall, a volleyball pitch, outdoor tennis courts; a fitness gym, bodybuilding gyms, a rowing gym, and a judo gym." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nGdańsk University of Technology has a modern student housing estate, which accommodates more than 2,500 people in 11 dormitories located in three attractive locations in the city." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nIn 2018 magazine Times Higher Education listed the campus of the university among 10 most beautiful universities in Europe, along with e.g. University of Bologna (Italy), University of Salamanca (Spain), and University of Coimbra (Portugal)" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Faculty of Chemistry was one of the four original faculties of 'Royal Technical College in Gdańsk', operating continuously in the pre-war German technical university since its establishment." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The Institute of Chemistry (Chemisches Institut) building was one of the first built specially for Gdańsk University of Technology in 1900–1904." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nFamous for his discovery of sex hormones Adolf Butenandt was professor at the Technical University of Danzig 1933–1936." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Here at Chemisches Institut he was continuing his works over hormons extracting from several thousand liters of urine progesterone in 1934 and testosterone a year later." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Subsequently, Butenandt had synthesized estrogen and testosterone." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adolf Butenandt also had characterized the first pheromone, bombykol, a chemically well-characterized sexual hormone released by the female silkworm to attract mates." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "While working in Gdańsk Butenandt has obtained a substantial part of research results awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nFaculty of Chemistry is one of five faculties, which started operations research and teaching in 1945, as a result of the decree of the Polish government transforming technical university acting in Gdańsk since 1904 into Polish Gdańsk University of Technology." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "To this day, it works in rooms designed specifically for training chemists, since 1904 operate here labs, preserved historic auditorium, which original equipment is unique in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nIn the period of 1945–2005 from the Faculty of Chemistry graduated more than 7.000 people, including 4877 masters of engineering and 1967 engineers." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "PhD degree was given 565, and 97 DSc degrees (habilitations)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "A total of 43 professors have held posts at GUT during this time." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Chemical Faculty has worldwide research ties and ranks consistently among the top 10 Polish public colleges and universities in funded research." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nAs early as in 1904 the laboratories in the Chemical Faculty at the Technical University in Gdańsk were equipped with wooden fume hoods." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "That was one of earliest applications of that kind in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Harmful and corrosive gaseous byproducts of reactions were actively sucked allowing safe operation with chemicals." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "There were used the natural draft of a fireplace chimney to remove these things from the lab." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "This unique in the world equipment is still functioning for over 100 years." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nAt the faculty there are realized projects financed by the Komitet Badań Naukowych (Science Research Council) and European Commission." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Faculty research teams collaborate with foreign centers from several countries." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "At the faculty operates the Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe Chemical Faculty's scientific activity is performed within the framework of domestic and international research programmes." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "There are around 70 ongoing projects with financial support from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research as well as 200 projects financed by Statutory research programmes." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "There are also research programmes financed by the European Commission within the framework of EU programmes V and VI." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The university campus consists of many buildings built with various architectural styles over the last one hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The monumental Main Building designed at the beginning of the 20th century in the Dutch Neo-Renaissance style by Albert Cersten – an architect and a university professor – is the symbol of the university." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nDuring the second world war 60 percent of the building and 70 percent of its roofing got burnt." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The steel framework was the only remains of the clock tower." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The damages were rebuilt but the decision on the tower reconstruction was put off many times." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was rebuilt on the Main Building 13 May 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe campus of the Gdańsk University of Technology is continuously being developed." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Elegant, modern, and eco-friendly buildings co-exist with charming and majestic edifices." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Classes take place in modern auditoriums and well equipped specialised laboratories." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nThere are following modern educational and research centers along with supporting units within the university campus:\nNanotechnology Centre with 25 laboratories equipped with devices for tests and level of atoms\nLINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nMaths and Distance Learning Centre that uses modern ICT technologies and tools for mathematical modeling and visualization of data." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nICT Educational and Research Centre\nthat collaborates with over 100 companies in Pomerania and their partners in Kuyavia and Mazovia regions." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "\nAcademic Sports Centre – sports facilities accessible to all students and employees: two swimming-pools: 25 m and 12,5 m; a full size football pitch 64m x 105m; a sports hall, a volleyball pitch, outdoor tennis courts; a fitness gym, bodybuilding gyms, a rowing gym, and a judo gym." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nGdańsk University of Technology has a modern student housing estate, which accommodates more than 2,500 people in 11 dormitories located in three attractive locations in the city." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nIn 2018 magazine Times Higher Education listed the campus of the university among 10 most beautiful universities in Europe, along with e.g. University of Bologna (Italy), University of Salamanca (Spain), and University of Coimbra (Portugal)" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The symbols of chemical elements are evenly spaced along the top edge of the facade in the side wings of the Chemistry Faculty building." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The 24 characters – heavily stylized abbreviations of the symbols of chemical elements – have been divided into 4 groups of 6 symbols each." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The non-metals were placed on the west wing, while metals on the east one." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "\nThe elements are depicted by the symbols used in the late 19th and early 20th century." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The university campus consists of many buildings built with various architectural styles over the last one hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The monumental Main Building designed at the beginning of the 20th century in the Dutch Neo-Renaissance style by Albert Cersten – an architect and a university professor – is the symbol of the university." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nDuring the second world war 60 percent of the building and 70 percent of its roofing got burnt." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The steel framework was the only remains of the clock tower." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The damages were rebuilt but the decision on the tower reconstruction was put off many times." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was rebuilt on the Main Building 13 May 2012." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThe campus of the Gdańsk University of Technology is continuously being developed." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Elegant, modern, and eco-friendly buildings co-exist with charming and majestic edifices." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Classes take place in modern auditoriums and well equipped specialised laboratories." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nThere are following modern educational and research centers along with supporting units within the university campus:\nNanotechnology Centre with 25 laboratories equipped with devices for tests and level of atoms\nLINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nMaths and Distance Learning Centre that uses modern ICT technologies and tools for mathematical modeling and visualization of data." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nICT Educational and Research Centre\nthat collaborates with over 100 companies in Pomerania and their partners in Kuyavia and Mazovia regions." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": "\nAcademic Sports Centre – sports facilities accessible to all students and employees: two swimming-pools: 25 m and 12,5 m; a full size football pitch 64m x 105m; a sports hall, a volleyball pitch, outdoor tennis courts; a fitness gym, bodybuilding gyms, a rowing gym, and a judo gym." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nGdańsk University of Technology has a modern student housing estate, which accommodates more than 2,500 people in 11 dormitories located in three attractive locations in the city." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nIn 2018 magazine Times Higher Education listed the campus of the university among 10 most beautiful universities in Europe, along with e.g. University of Bologna (Italy), University of Salamanca (Spain), and University of Coimbra (Portugal)" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Electronic nose developed in Analytical Chemistry Department at Chemical Faculty allows for rapid classification of food or environmental samples." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The cost of this equipment is far lower than commerciallized instruments of such kind." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Gdańsk University of Technology cooperates with the world of business on various planes, and its relationship with the economic community is continually developing." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Since March 2009 the university has had its own Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer (CTWT), where business people and scientists can meet." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThus innovative ideas reach those who are able to implement them and scientists obtain a better understanding of what the market needs." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The Centre collaborates with many enterprises and represents them in dealings with, for instance, the Pomeranian Development Agency, Pomeranian Business Council, Pomerania Special Economic Zone, science and technology parks, other universities, Pomerania Regional Chamber of Commerce, Gdańsk International Fair, and various economic councils." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Through this Centre GUT particularly wants to help small and medium-sized enterprises." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\n\nSupport will also be provided to students and graduates who want to start their own business activities." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Moreover, the Centre acts for the protection of intellectual property." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In addition to this, the university makes numerous contracts concerning student internships and work experience." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "Leading firms in the Pomeranian region provide research grants and scholarships to the most talented students, as well as awarding prizes for the best diploma works and doctoral theses." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n\nThe best known figures in business participate in student debates, give lectures or provide training in self-presentation or company management." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The university organises conferences with the participation of business people." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "For several years now Gdańsk University of Technology has been participating in the Technicon Innovations Science, Business and Industry Fair, during which a broad range of the newest inventions and their implementations is presented." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Annual participation in this fair has resulted in the awarding of many prizes, including ones from competitions for the best innovations and technological solutions." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The inventions of GUT students and staff have also been awarded prizes at international fairs." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Faculty of Chemistry was one of the four original faculties of 'Royal Technical College in Gdańsk', operating continuously in the pre-war German technical university since its establishment." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The Institute of Chemistry (Chemisches Institut) building was one of the first built specially for Gdańsk University of Technology in 1900–1904." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nFamous for his discovery of sex hormones Adolf Butenandt was professor at the Technical University of Danzig 1933–1936." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Here at Chemisches Institut he was continuing his works over hormons extracting from several thousand liters of urine progesterone in 1934 and testosterone a year later." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Subsequently, Butenandt had synthesized estrogen and testosterone." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adolf Butenandt also had characterized the first pheromone, bombykol, a chemically well-characterized sexual hormone released by the female silkworm to attract mates." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "While working in Gdańsk Butenandt has obtained a substantial part of research results awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nFaculty of Chemistry is one of five faculties, which started operations research and teaching in 1945, as a result of the decree of the Polish government transforming technical university acting in Gdańsk since 1904 into Polish Gdańsk University of Technology." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "To this day, it works in rooms designed specifically for training chemists, since 1904 operate here labs, preserved historic auditorium, which original equipment is unique in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nIn the period of 1945–2005 from the Faculty of Chemistry graduated more than 7.000 people, including 4877 masters of engineering and 1967 engineers." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "PhD degree was given 565, and 97 DSc degrees (habilitations)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "A total of 43 professors have held posts at GUT during this time." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Chemical Faculty has worldwide research ties and ranks consistently among the top 10 Polish public colleges and universities in funded research." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nAs early as in 1904 the laboratories in the Chemical Faculty at the Technical University in Gdańsk were equipped with wooden fume hoods." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "That was one of earliest applications of that kind in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Harmful and corrosive gaseous byproducts of reactions were actively sucked allowing safe operation with chemicals." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "There were used the natural draft of a fireplace chimney to remove these things from the lab." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "This unique in the world equipment is still functioning for over 100 years." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nAt the faculty there are realized projects financed by the Komitet Badań Naukowych (Science Research Council) and European Commission." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Faculty research teams collaborate with foreign centers from several countries." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "At the faculty operates the Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe Chemical Faculty's scientific activity is performed within the framework of domestic and international research programmes." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "There are around 70 ongoing projects with financial support from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research as well as 200 projects financed by Statutory research programmes." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "There are also research programmes financed by the European Commission within the framework of EU programmes V and VI." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Academic Computer Centre in Gdańsk (CI TASK) is one of the largest urban internet networks in Poland." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It has been operating since 1992 thanks to an agreement reached between the Tri-City’s chief institutions of higher education." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Gdańsk University of Technology has played the leading role in constructing this metropolitan network." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The initial plan was for it to primarily serve all schools of higher education as well as local branches of the Polish Academy of Sciences." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Currently TASK is being prepared to include all schools in Gdańsk, of which there are over hundred." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nEntrusted with the management and expansion of this metropolitan network is the TASK Computer Centre, which was set up at Gdańsk University of Technology in 1994." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Today it is based in the new Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics building." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "As one of the five supercomputer centres in Poland, it provides the scientific community with processing resources in the form of high speed computers and specialist software." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "These resources help in the development of various fields of knowledge, for example: chemistry, physics, engineering, electronics and oceanography." }, { "n_tokens": 72, "text": "Presently, there are over 50 projects being realised using the supercomputers at the centre, concerning among other things: molecular modeling of nucleic proteins and acids; quantum chemistry calculations; research into the properties of nanomaterials; modeling wave motion, currents and rising storms in the Baltic Sea and the Bay of Gdańsk; research into Nordic Seas dynamics and also modeling the behavior of skeleton muscles." }, { "n_tokens": 57, "text": "The TASK Computer Centre is co-creating a national PIONIER fibre-optic network for the scientific and information community, and is also actively participating in six projects of the so-called innovative economy: MAYDAY, Pl-Grid, PLATON, Pomeranian Digital Library, Integrated Oceanographic Data System and NEWMAN." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Virtually all these projects help to create new jobs." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The total value in the region of 300 million zlotys." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "At the start of 2008 the Centre installed Galera, a computer cluster with the theoretical computer power over 50 Tflops." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Thanks to Galera, the TASK Computer Centre has become one of the world's leading supercomputing sites." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Galera was in 2014 still listed among the world's 200 fastest computers in the prestigious TOP 500 chart." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nIn 2015 the next generation computer cluster TRYTON started at CD NIWA." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "At the moment of starting it was the fastest computer in Poland, in June 2015 was listed at the 128 position on chart of world's TOP500 supercomputers with the theoretical power over 530 Tflops." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The Gdańsk University of Technology Library is the oldest and largest technical library in Northern Poland." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Among the libraries of the world it can boast unique collection of priceless manuscripts and old prints from the Danzig Research Society, which was founded in 1743, and donated its 30,000 – volume collection to this library in 1923." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "The library's current collection includes over a million volumes, including textbooks, lecture notes, books on science and technology, Polish and foreign scientific journals, as well as technical and trade literature." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Moreover, the library stores publications in electronic form, to which it provides access via an on-line database." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Every year the collection is expanded by new Polish and foreign publications concerning all aspects of science and technology." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nThe library system is very modern." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Students can find the book or journal they are looking for in an on-line catalogue together with up-to-date information and whether it can be borrowed or read only in the reading room." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "By using their personal internet accounts, they can also prolong the time they borrow publications." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "There are a total of 16 reading rooms, ten in faculty branches of the library including specialist reading rooms for: journals and databases, scientific information and norms, technology and trade literature, as well as a historical collections reading room." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In 2008 the library opened one of the most modern reading rooms in the country, which among other things provides a self-service specialist literature lending and returning facility." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Gdańsk University of Technology also provides a digital library." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Moreover, it is participating in the creation of the Universal Library, i.e. worldwide digital library, and is also the coordinator of the Pomerania Digital Library." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "This internet library will comprise digital reproductions of scanned historical documents (lettered and unlettered)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The intention is to digitalize an estimated total of over 20 million pages from Pomeranian library collections." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "The NOR-STA Platform is a platform of innovative software services facilitating achieving and assessing conformance to norms and standards – including hospital accreditation, CAF (Common Assessment Framework), information security management systems and HACCP standards." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The users of the platform indicate its following major advantages: improved document management, retaining conformance, support for decision making process and time saving." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "This solution was awarded with the Gold Medal – Consumer Choice at the Poznań International Fair." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Faculty of Chemistry was one of the four original faculties of 'Royal Technical College in Gdańsk', operating continuously in the pre-war German technical university since its establishment." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The Institute of Chemistry (Chemisches Institut) building was one of the first built specially for Gdańsk University of Technology in 1900–1904." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nFamous for his discovery of sex hormones Adolf Butenandt was professor at the Technical University of Danzig 1933–1936." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Here at Chemisches Institut he was continuing his works over hormons extracting from several thousand liters of urine progesterone in 1934 and testosterone a year later." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Subsequently, Butenandt had synthesized estrogen and testosterone." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Adolf Butenandt also had characterized the first pheromone, bombykol, a chemically well-characterized sexual hormone released by the female silkworm to attract mates." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "While working in Gdańsk Butenandt has obtained a substantial part of research results awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "\nFaculty of Chemistry is one of five faculties, which started operations research and teaching in 1945, as a result of the decree of the Polish government transforming technical university acting in Gdańsk since 1904 into Polish Gdańsk University of Technology." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "To this day, it works in rooms designed specifically for training chemists, since 1904 operate here labs, preserved historic auditorium, which original equipment is unique in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nIn the period of 1945–2005 from the Faculty of Chemistry graduated more than 7.000 people, including 4877 masters of engineering and 1967 engineers." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "PhD degree was given 565, and 97 DSc degrees (habilitations)." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "A total of 43 professors have held posts at GUT during this time." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Chemical Faculty has worldwide research ties and ranks consistently among the top 10 Polish public colleges and universities in funded research." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nAs early as in 1904 the laboratories in the Chemical Faculty at the Technical University in Gdańsk were equipped with wooden fume hoods." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "That was one of earliest applications of that kind in the world." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Harmful and corrosive gaseous byproducts of reactions were actively sucked allowing safe operation with chemicals." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "There were used the natural draft of a fireplace chimney to remove these things from the lab." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "This unique in the world equipment is still functioning for over 100 years." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nAt the faculty there are realized projects financed by the Komitet Badań Naukowych (Science Research Council) and European Commission." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Faculty research teams collaborate with foreign centers from several countries." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "At the faculty operates the Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe Chemical Faculty's scientific activity is performed within the framework of domestic and international research programmes." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "There are around 70 ongoing projects with financial support from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research as well as 200 projects financed by Statutory research programmes." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "There are also research programmes financed by the European Commission within the framework of EU programmes V and VI." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of GUT on world-renowned chemist Professor Robert Cava from Princeton University." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The symphony orchestra of PBP with the GUT and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The next days the GUT organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations." } ]