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Pausinystalia

Pausinystalia is a largely African genus of plant in the family Rubiaceae. As of the present time (May 2014) Pausinystalia contains the following 5 species: Pausinystalia brachythyrsum (K.Schum.) W.Brandt - Cameroon Pausinystalia johimbe (K.Schum.) Pierre - (often misspelled "yohimba") - Nigeria, Cabinda, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea Pausinystalia lane-poolei (Hutch.) Hutch. ex Lane-Poole - Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Gabon, Rwanda, Congo-Kinshasa Pausinystalia macroceras (K.Schum.) Pierre - Nigeria, Cabinda, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Congo-Kinshasa, Equatorial Guinea, Angola Pausinystalia talbotii Wernham in A.B.Rendle & al. - Nigeria, Cameroon

Dana Goodyear

Dana Goodyear (born 1976) is an American journalist and poet, the author of the forthcoming book Anything That Moves, and the co-founder of Figment, an on-line literary community. She is a staff writer at The New Yorker and teaches in the Master of Professional Writing program at the University of Southern California. Life and work Goodyear graduated from Yale University in 1998, where she was Managing Editor of The New Journal, and was hired by The New Yorker in 1999. She became a staff writer in 2007. In 2008, she was named a Japan Society Media Fellow, and spent six weeks in Tokyo researching the emergence of the cell phone novel. Her story, "I ♥ Novels", was published in The New Yorker and collected in "The Best Technology Writing 2009". Goodyear is the co-founder, with Jacob Lewis, of Figment, an on-line and mobile community for readers and writers. Figment officially launched on December 6, 2010. In 2005, Goodyear published "Honey and Junk", a collection of poems. A new collection is forthcoming in the fall of 2012. Goodyear's profile of James Cameron was a finalist for a 2010 National Magazine Award. "Killer Food", about the chefs at Animal, a Los Angeles restaurant, was included in "The Best Food Writing 2010". Goodyear lives in Los Angeles with her husband the developer Billy Lehman and their two young children. Publications

Visa policy of Nauru

Visitors to Nauru must obtain a visa unless they come from one of the countries eligible for free visa on arrival. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 3 months. Transit visas are not required if the connecting flight leaves within three hours of arrival in Nauru. Business visitors must have a local sponsor. Visa applications are made by emailing the Nauru Immigration with necessary details. Visa map Visa on arrival Nationals of the following 15 countries may obtain a free visa on arrival: An agreement between Nauru and South Ossetia on mutual visa-free trips for 90 days within any 180 day period was signed on 3 February 2018 and is yet to be ratified. Simplified visa procedure Nationals of the following 66 countries are issued visas under a simplified procedure. Unlike other visitors, they do not have to submit a criminal record certificate and a certificate of medical fitness together with visa application. Journalist visas In early 2014 it was decided that journalists reporting on Nauru detention centre will be charged AUD 8000 for a three-month visa.

Racine Avenue station

Racine Avenue is a commuter rail station along the Blue Island Branch of the Metra Electric line in the West Pullman neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The station is officially located at Racine Avenue, South of 120th Street, and is away from the northern terminus at Millennium Station. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Racine Avenue is in zone D. Racine Avenue is the last station along the Blue Island Branch within the Chicago city limits. Parking is available exclusively along 121st Street between South Elizabeth and South Racine Avenues. No bus connections are available at this station.

Islamic flags

An Islamic flag is a flag either representing an Islamic denomination or religious order, state, civil society, military force or other entity associated with Islam. Islamic flags have a distinct history due to the Islamic prescription on aniconism, making particular colors, inscriptions or symbols such as crescent-and-star popular choices. Since the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, flags with certain colors were associated with Islam according to the traditions. Since then, historical Caliphates, modern nation states, certain denominations as well as religious movements have adopted flags to symbolize their Islamic identity. History Early Islam Before the advent of Islam, banners as tools for signaling had already been employed by the pre-Islamic Arab tribes and the Byzantines. Early Muslim army naturally deployed banners for the same purpose. Early Islamic flag, however, greatly simplified its design by using plain color, due to the Islamic prescriptions on aniconism. According to the Islamic traditions, the Quraysh had a black and a white-and-black . It further states that Muhammad had an in white nicknamed "the Young Eagle" ( ); and a in black, said to be made from his wife Aisha's head-cloth. This larger flag was known as " the Banner of the Eagle" ( al-rāyat al-ʻuqāb), as well as "the Black Banner" ( ar-rāyat as-sawdāʾ). Other examples are the prominent Arab military commander 'Amr ibn al-'As using red banner, and the Khawarij rebels using red banner as well. Banners of the early Muslim army in general, however, employed a variety of colors, both singly and in combination. During the Abbasid Revolution, the Abbasids incorporated the Black Standard based on the early-Islamic eschatological saying that "a people coming from the East with black banners" would herald the arrival of the messianic figure Mahdi. The Umayyad opponents, as well as the Shiite Alids chose the color of white to distinguish themselves from the Abbasids. Abbasids continued to deploy black as their dynastic color. However, their caliphal banner was made of white silk with the Quranic inscriptions. The white color was continually adopted by the Ismaili-Shiite Fatimid Caliphate, and cemented the association of black and white with Sunni and Shia respectively. Fatimid caliphal banner was decorated in red and yellow, sometimes emblazoned with a picture of a lion. Middle Ages The Ayyubids and Mamluks, succeeding the Fatimid caliphate, retained the association with yellow. The Ayyubid founder Saladin carried a yellow flag adorned with an eagle. Mamluk sultanic banners were yellow, but on occasion they used red banners. Mongol and Turkic dynasties to the east, including the Ilkhanate, Oghuz Turks and the Seljuq dynasty, preferred the white banner. Religious flags with inscriptions were in use in the medieval period, as shown in miniatures by 13th-century illustrator Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti. 14th-century illustrations of the History of the Tatars by Hayton of Corycus (1243) shows both Mongols and Seljuqs using a variety of war ensigns. The crescent appears in flags attributed to Tunis from as early as the 14th century Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms, long before Tunis fell under Ottoman rule in 1574. The Spanish Navy Museum in Madrid shows two Ottoman naval flags dated 1613; both are swallow-tailed, one green with a white crescent near the hoist, the other white with two red stripes near the edges of the flag and a red crescent near the hoist. The hexagram was also a popular symbol among the Islamic flags. It is known in Arabic as Khātem Sulaymān (Seal of Solomon; ) or Najmat Dāwūd (Star of David; ). The "Seal of Solomon" may also be represented by a five-pointed star or pentagram. In the Qur'an, it is written that David and King Solomon (Arabic, Suliman or Sulayman) were prophets and kings, and are figures revered by Muslims. The Medieval pre-Ottoman Hanafi Anatolian beyliks of the Karamanids and Jandarids used the star on their flag. The Mamluks served the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques during their reign. During this time, they deployed what was believed to be the genuine relic of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's banner. The banner was later captured by the Ottomans, who called the flag "noble banner" (sancak-i s¸erif) and used it during their military campaign. The flag was made of black wool, according to the Ottoman historian Silahdar Mehmed Agha, but there is no further information available. Pre-modern era Ottoman Empire War flags came into use by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, gradually replacing (but long coexisting with) their traditional tugh or horse-tail standards. During the 16th and 17th centuries, war flags often depicted the bifurcated sword of Ali, Zulfiqar, which was often misinterpreted in Western literature as showing a pair of scissors. A Zulfiqar flag used by Selim I (d. 1520) is on exhibit in Topkapı Palace. Two Zulfiqar flags are also depicted in a plate dedicated to Turkish flags in vol. 7 of Bernard Picart's Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde (1737), attributed to the Janissaries and Sipahis. Tanzimat of 1844, the flags of the Ottoman Empire were redesigned in the style of European armies of the day. The flag of the Ottoman Navy was made red as red was to be the flag of secular institutions and green of religious ones. As the reforms abolished all the various sub-sultanates, pashaliks, beyliks and emirates, a single new flag was designed to replace all the various flags used by these entities with one single national flag. The result was the red and white flag with the crescent moon and star, which is the precursor to the modern Turkish flag. A plain red flag was introduced as the civil ensign for all Ottoman subjects. Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire had a number of imperial flags and standards. The principal imperial standard of the Mughals was known as the alam ( ). It was primarily moss green. It displayed a lion and sun ( ) facing the hoist of the flag. The Mughals traced their use of the alam back to Timur. The imperial standard was displayed to the right of the throne and also at the entrance of the Emperor's encampment and in front of the emperor during military marches. According to the Ain-i-Akbari, during Akbar's reign, whenever the emperor rode out, not less than five alams were carried along with the qur (a collection of flags and other insignia) wrapped up in scarlet cloth bags. They were unfurled on the days of festivity, and in battle. Edward Terry, chaplain to Sir Thomas Roe, who came during the reign of Jahangir, described in his Voyage to East-India (1655) that the royal standard, made of silk, with a crouching lion shadowing part of the body of the sun inscribed on it, was carried on an elephant whenever the emperor travelled. Persian Empires The Safavid Dynasty (1501–1736) employed various alams and banners, especially during the reign of the first two kings, each with a different emblem. Ismail I, the first Safavid king, designed a green flag with a golden full moon. In 1524 Tahmasp I replaced the moon with an emblem of a sheep and sun; this flag was used until 1576. It was then that Ismail II adopted the first Lion and Sun device, embroidered in gold, which was to remain in use until the end of the Safavid era. During this period the Lion and Sun stood for two pillars of the society: the state and Islam. The Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) had two royal standards, one with red, white, and blue stripes and one with red, blue, white, and yellow stripes. Nader Shah's personal flag was a yellow pennant with a red border and a lion and sun emblem in the centre. All three of these flags were triangular in shape. Nader Shah consciously avoided the using the colour green, as green was associated with Shia Islam and the Safavid dynasty. Modern history Star and crescent By the mid 20th century, the star and crescent was used by a number successor states of the Ottoman Empire, including Algeria, Azerbaijan, Mauritania, Tunisia, Turkey, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Libya. Because of its supposed "Turkic" associations, the symbol also came to be used in Central Asia, as in the flags of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The star-and-crescent in the Flag of Pakistan is stated as symbolizing "progress and light" (while the green colour is stated as representing Islam). The star-and-crescent in these flags was not originally intended as religious symbolism, but an association of the symbol with Islam seems to have developed beginning in the 1950s or 1960s. By the 1970s, this symbol was embraced by both Arab nationalism or Islamism, such as the proposed Arab Islamic Republic (1974) and the American Nation of Islam (1973). The Pan-Arab flag and colours The Pan-Arab colors were first introduced in 1916, with the Flag of the Arab Revolt. Although they represent secular Arab nationalism as opposed to Islamism, the choice of colours has been explained by Islamic symbolism in retrospect, so by Mahdi Abdul Hadi in Evolution of the Arab Flag (1986): black as the Black Standard of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Abbasid Caliphate, white as the flag of the Umayyad Caliphate, green as the flag of the Fatimid Caliphate and red as the flag of the Khawarij. On 30 1917 Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, leader of the Arab Revolt replaced his plain red flag with one horizontally striped in black, green, and white with a red triangular area at the hoist. This was seen as the birth of the pan-Arab flag. Since that time, many Arab nations, upon achieving independence or upon change of political regime, have used a combination of these colours in a design reflecting the Hejaz Revolt flag. These flags include the current flags of Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Egypt, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Palestinian National Authority, Algeria, and Sudan, and former flags of Iraq and Libya. Contemporary flags Islamic states The modern conceptualization of the Islamic state is attributed to Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979), a Pakistani Muslim theologian who founded the political party Jamaat-e-Islami and inspired other Islamic revolutionaries such as Ruhollah Khomeini. Six internationally recognized states identify as Islamic states: Saudi Arabia (formed 1932 out of the Wahhabist predecessor states), Pakistan (since 1947), Mauritania (since 1958), Iran (since 1979), Yemen (since 1991), and Afghanistan (since 2004, and before 1973). The majority of countries of the Arab world define Islam as their state religion. Most of these states have national flags that include Islamic symbolism. Besides, there are unrecognized jihadist de facto states, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant controlling parts of Iraq and Syria, and the Taliban, Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram ruling parts of Afghanistan, Somalia and Nigeria, respectively, which use jihadist flags. Some flags of Muslim states use inscribed flags, either with the shahada, as in the flags of Saudi Arabia, or in the case of the 1979 Islamic Republic of Iran, stylized writing of the word Allah. The flag of Iraq uses the pan-Arab colours since 1921, with the addition of the takbir since 1991. The practice of inscribing the shahada on flags may go back the 18th century, used by the Wahhabi religious movement. In 1902 Ibn Saud, leader of the House of Saud and the future founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, added a sword to this flag. The current flag of Saudi Arabia is a continuation of the flag Emirate of Nejd and Hasa introduced in 1902. The First East Turkestan Republic of 1933 used it on their flag, and the Taliban introduced it on their flag of Afghanistan in 1997. Denominational flags Although a flag representing Islam as a whole does not exist, some Islamic denominational branches and Sufi brotherhoods employ flags to symbolize themselves. Among specific Islamic branches, Nizari branch of Ismaili-Shia Islam employs an official flag constitutes of green color which represents Muhammad's standard and Ali's cloak, as well as a red stripe meaning blood and fire. The flag was ordained by the Aga Khan IV as a part of the new constitution in 1986. The flag is flown on the Ismaili Jamatkhana, a place for congregational worship for Ismaili Muslims during the festive occasions. The Ahmadiyya movement also employs an official flag (Liwaa-i Ahmadiyya) constitutes of black and white colors, first hoisted in 1939. Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth caliph of the Ahmadiyya Caliphate, explained the symbolism of the colours black and white in terms of the concept of revelation and prophethood. Muslim African-American religious movement Nation of Islam deploys an official flag known as "The Flag of Islam" which symbolizes universal peace and harmony. In Shia Muslim traditions, flags are a significant part of the rituals for the Mourning of Muharram. Mourners take round the flags or banners in the ritual known as Alam Gardani as a performance for the mourning ceremonies. Mourners also use flags to signal the beginning and the end of the mourning. All flags have guardians and they are passed down through generations.

Gingerol

Gingerol, properly as [6]-gingerol, is a chemical compound found in fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin and piperine, the compounds which give chilli peppers and black pepper their respective spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid. Cooking ginger transforms gingerol via a reverse aldol reaction into zingerone, which is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma. When ginger is dried or mildly heated, gingerol undergoes a dehydration reaction forming shogaols, which are about twice as pungent as gingerol. This explains why dried ginger is more pungent than fresh ginger. Ginger also contains [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol, and [12]-gingerol, collectively deemed gingerols. Physiological effects [6]-Gingerol administered by intraperitoneal injection has been used to induce a hypothermic state in rats. Gingerol seems to be effective in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Gingerol and its analogues have a favourable toxicity profile, but are cytotoxic towards a range of cancer cell lines including blood cancer and lung cancer. Gingerol has been investigated in vitro for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel, breast tissue, ovaries, and pancreas, with positive results. The product is sometimes used for gingering of horses, a practice that is seen in the horse show world, and which is illegal in some, but not all disciplines. Biosynthesis Both ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) had been suspected to utilize phenylpropanoid pathway and produce putative type III polyketide synthase products based on the research of 6-gingerol biosynthesis by Denniff and Whiting in 1976 and by Schröder's research in 1997. 6-Gingerol is the major gingerol in ginger rhizomes and it possesses some interesting pharmacological activities like analgesic effect. While the biosynthesis of 6-gingerol is not fully elucidated, plausible pathways are presented here. In the proposed biosynthetic pathway, Scheme 1, L-Phe (1) is used as the starting material. It is converted into Cinnamic acid (2) via phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Then it is turned into p-Coumaric acid (3) with use of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H). 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) is then used to get p-Coumaroyl-CoA (5). P-Coumaroyl shikimate transferase (CST) is the enzyme that is responsible for the bonding of shikimic acid and p-Coumaroyl-CoA. The complexed (5) is then selectively oxidized at C3 by p-coumaroyl 5-O-shikimate 3'-hydroxylase (CS3'H) to alcohol. With another action of CST, shikimate is broken off from this intermediate, thereby yielding Caffeoyl-CoA (7). In order to get desired substitution pattern on the aromatic ring, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCOMT) converts the hydroxyl group at C3 into methoxy as seen in Feruloyl-CoA (8). Up until this step, according to Ramirez-Ahumada et al., the enzyme activities are very active. It is speculated that some polyketide synthases (PKS) and reductases are involved in final synthesis of 6-Gingerol (10). Because it is unclear whether the methoxy group addition is performed before or after the condensation step of the polyketide synthase, alternative pathway is shown in Scheme 2, where methoxy group is introduced after PKS activity. In this alternative pathway, the enzymes involved are likely to be cytochrome p450 hydroxylases, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferases (OMT). There are three possibilities for the reduction step by Reductase: directly after PKS activity, after PKS and Hydroxylase activity, or in the end after PKS, Hydroxylase, and OMT activity.

Mauro Hamza

Mauro Hamza is originally from Cairo, Egypt, and established [Salle Mauro] in August, 1999 in Houston. He also served as Fencing Program Coordinator at Rice University from 1998 to 2014. Mauro was the Egyptian Olympic coach for the men’s and women’s foil teams at the Athens Olympics in 2004 and was the United States Fencing Association Men’s Foil National Coach 2009-2010; then USA Foil Director for Men’s and Women’s National teams in 2010-2011. In 2009, December 26 was declared “Mauro Hamza Day” by Houston mayor Bill White in recognition of his development of the sport of fencing in Houston.Rice's Hamza named men's foil coach for Team USA 9/4/2009</ref>

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States established the standard of First Amendment protection against defamation claims brought by private individuals. The Court held that, so long as they do not impose liability without fault, states are free to establish their own standards of liability for defamatory statements made about private individuals. However, the Court also ruled that if the state standard is lower than actual malice, the standard applying to public figures, then only actual damages may be awarded. The consequence is that strict liability for defamation is unconstitutional in the United States; the plaintiff must be able to show that the defendant acted negligently or with an even higher level of mens rea. In many other common law countries, strict liability for defamation is still the rule. Background of the case In 1968, a Chicago police officer, Richard Nuccio, shot and killed Ronald Nelson. After the officer was convicted of second-degree murder, the victim's family retained a lawyer, Elmer Gertz, to represent them in civil litigation against the officer. A year later, American Opinion, a publication of the John Birch Society, ran a series of articles falsely alleging the existence of a Communist conspiracy to discredit local police agencies and thus facilitate their replacement by a national police force that could more effectively implement the dictatorship they planned to impose on the country. One of those touched on the Nuccio case, claiming that the officer had been framed at his criminal trial and making strong allegations about Gertz. It claimed that he had orchestrated Nuccio's conviction and that he was a member of various communist front organizations. It further implied that he had a lengthy criminal record himself and used various anti-communist terms of abuse ("Leninist", "Communist-fronter") to describe him. Lower court proceedings Gertz filed suit in federal court against Robert Welch, Inc. (the John Birch Society's legal name), claiming its article had defamed and injured his reputation as a lawyer. The John Birch Society moved for summary judgment, arguing that Gertz was a public figure under the recently enunciated Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts standard, which applied the New York Times Co. v. Sullivan standard to anyone who was sufficiently public, not just government officials. Thus, it was argued, their statements about him were specially privileged and the plaintiff would have to demonstrate actual malice. However, the magazine's editor admitted in an affidavit filed with the motion that he had made no independent effort to verify the claims in the article and had simply relied on the author's reputation and previous work. The court denied the motion, suggesting that Gertz would only need to prove negligence. At the summing up, however, the court determined that he was neither a public figure nor a public official, and instructed the jury to consider only damages, including punitive damages. Gertz was awarded $50,000. However the plaintiffs filed a "motion for judgement notwithstanding the verdict, or in the alternative for a new trial " which Judge Decker allowed on the grounds that closer reading of the law persuaded him that Times applied insofar as it brought "matters of public interest" into the scope or requiring "actual malice" (knowledge of untruth or reckless disregard for the truth). Decker opined (in a memorandum opinion) that Gertz had failed to show actual malice. (Gertz remarks in his book, that since he had been specifically instructed that there was no need to show actual malice, he expected, at this point in the opinion, a new trial to be ordered.) Decker granted the motion for judgement notwithstanding the verdict, saying that the law compelled it. Gertz appealed to contest the applicability of the New York Times standard to this case. The Seventh Circuit affirmed the trial court's verdict. The Court's decision The Supreme Court decided the case in a 5-4 majority opinion delivered by Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr., with a separate concurrence by Harry Blackmun. All four dissenting justices filed separate opinions. Majority opinion After reviewing the case history and prior decisions, Powell began with a reminder that "Under the First Amendment there is no such thing as a false idea ... (it) requires that we protect some falsehood in order to protect speech that matters." However, he rejected the idea that the mere public interest of the subject should outweigh any consideration of Gertz's status as a private or public figure. The latter, he noted, have access to more ways of counteracting allegations about them than private figures do, and thus they deserved a higher standard to prove libel. He also highly doubted that one could involuntarily become a public figure. Gertz "had achieved no general fame or notoriety in the community," despite some public service in his past, and therefore did not meet the Sullivan or Curtis tests. "He plainly did not thrust himself into the vortex of this public issue, nor did he engage the public's attention in an attempt to influence its outcome." "For these reasons, we conclude that the States should retain substantial latitude in their efforts to enforce a legal remedy for defamatory falsehood injurious to the reputation of a private individual," Powell said. However, in the one aspect of the decision that was favorable to the appellees, the Court also ruled that states could not impose a strict liability standard for defamation (i.e., plaintiffs had to be able to show fault of some kind) and that juries could not be allowed to award punitive damages, such as the $50,000 Gertz had received, absent any showing of actual malice, since juries could use that power to punish unpopular opinions. A new trial was ordered. Blackmun's short concurrence praised his brethren for clarifying an issue he had felt was left undecided in Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc., one of the earlier defamation cases. He also scoffed at fears expressed by dissenters that the press was now too unconstrained: "What the Court has done, I believe, will have little, if any, practical effect on the functioning of responsible journalism." Dissenting opinions The minority chose a variety of grounds for its disagreement. In the longest, Byron White accused his colleagues of overreaching, a common theme of his dissents. "The Court, in a few printed pages, has federalized major aspects of libel law by declaring unconstitutional in important respects the prevailing defamation law in all or most of the 50 States," he said. "There are wholly insufficient grounds for scuttling the libel laws of the States in such wholesale fashion, to say nothing of deprecating the reputation interest of ordinary citizens and rendering them powerless to protect themselves... It is an ill-considered exercise of the power entrusted to this Court." William O. Douglas, on the other hand, felt that libel laws were too strict even as it was, and that leaving liability standards for private figures up to the states was too capricious: This of course leaves the simple negligence standard as an option with the jury free to impose damages upon a finding that the publisher failed to act as "a reasonable man." With such continued erosion of First Amendment protection, I fear that it may well be the reasonable man who refrains from speaking. William Brennan joined him in fearing that the press in some states could be too easily restricted and practice self-censorship in reporting on public affairs as a result. Warren Burger's short dissent worried that the decision might make it less likely that lawyers would be willing to take the cases of unpopular clients. Disposition Gertz won the retrial at District Court, which awarded him $400,000 (including $300,000 in punitive damages). The verdict was sustained on appeal, and the case finally ended when the Court denied the John Birch Society certiorari in 1983. Gertz, a prominent civil libertarian, said that the jury verdict had not only vindicated him "but struck a blow for responsible journalism." Subsequent jurisprudence Since the majority opinion emphatically stated that there was "no such thing as a false idea," observers and libel law experts expected the court to define an opinion privilege against libel the next time an appropriate case came up. It took sixteen years, and they were surprised and disappointed by Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., which explicitly rejected the idea, saying that existing protections it had recognized were sufficient to meet the requirements of the First Amendment. Only in New York, where state courts have ruled all statements of opinion are protected as long as they do not allege illegal conduct, does the privilege exist.

Medical Innovation Bill

The Medical Innovation Bill (informally called the Saatchi Bill) was a private members' bill sponsored by Maurice Saatchi which was considered by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. If passed into law the bill would have permitted doctors to use unconventional medical treatments in certain circumstances. The bill's proposals were criticised by medical bodies, and it failed to progress through the House of Commons after the Liberal Democrats declined to support it. Background Following the death of his wife Josephine Hart to ovarian cancer, Maurice Saatchi campaigned for a change to the UK law which he believed held doctors back from recommending innovative treatments out of fear of litigation. Saatchi said that he believed that health provision in the UK was "innovation averse" and that the current standard treatment offered to people with cancer was "degrading, medieval and ineffective" leading "only to death". Saatchi's Medical Innovation Bill proposed that doctors be permitted to use non-standard treatments for any medical condition. The bill was formally introduced in 2013 and was co-adopted by the government in its passage through parliament. Response The proposed legislation enjoyed some popular support and favourable press coverage, but drew a critical response from some medical and legal bodies, patient groups and charities. An editorial in The Lancet Oncology said that Saatchi was promoting "precisely the type of emotional response that evidence-based practice seeks to avoid", that the current UK law already provided for medical innovation, and that the bill's provisions threatened to undermine the hippocratic oath. Cancer Research UK has said there is "no pressing need" for new legislation. In November 2014 more than 100 medical professionals signed a letter to The Times saying that the existing law did not impede innovation as has been claimed, and that the proposed new legislation could have the unintended consequence of weakening the evidence base for research by leading to an accumulation of merely anecdotal evidence. Some doctors, patients and charities had looked favourably on the Bill. In June 2014 a number of doctors and patients wrote a letter to the Daily Telegraph in support of the bill.

Malhewa

Malhewa is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.

Guni-Guni

Guni-Guni is a 2012 Filipino psychological-horror-medical thriller film under Regal Entertainment. It stars Lovi Poe and Benjamin Alves. The film is directed by Tara Illenberger. Plot Thirty years ago, an unborn child was buried in the garden of what is now a boardinghouse in Cubao. It lies beneath the ground, unbeknownst to the tenants who live there. One of the tenants is Mylene (Lovi Poe) who appears like the perfect girl, nice, pretty and at the top of her medicine class. But nobody knows about her past, not even the man who loves her most, Paolo (Benjamin Alves). Paolo doesn't know anything about Mylene's family, her long, lost sibling or her estranged, nervous wreck of a mother. Nor does he know about the very long scar that runs across Mylene's body, nor of how incomplete she always feels. And he finds that the more he tries to win back her love, the more she retreats to her secret world that nobody could enter. One day Mylene is asked to perform an abortion for a fee, she feels conflicted about doing what is right and at the same time, being in dire need of tuition fee. Her decision ultimately leads to a dark outcome and awakens a force that has laid quiet for years in the boardinghouse grounds. Thereafter, she becomes tormented by nightmares of a dark twin, whose presence gets stronger as days pass, as strange things start to happen in the house. When one by one, the boarders die of unexplainable causes, Joanna (Empress) the resident psychic and Mylene's best friend struggles to understand the impending danger that she senses and decides to get to the bottom of the mystery; and as it unravels, they find themselves confronted by an angry soul that seeks justice. Cast Lovi Poe portrays dual roles: Mylene Castillo, a medical student who has a dark secret despite of having an orderly and kind demeanor. Myra Castillo, the dark twin soul of Mylene who seeks revenge after being deprived of life. Benjamin Alves as Paolo Lopez, Mylene's boyfriend who cheated on her but repents and tries to know his beloved back. Empress Schuck as Mylene's best friend Joanna, a co-tenant and blockmate who has a third eye and can see dead people. Isay Alvarez as Teresa Castillo a lonely, desolate, wealthy (formerly) widow who longs for her daughters and husband. Gina Alajar as Mrs. Arevalo, an alcoholic woman waiting for her dead son who committed suicide. Her depression caused her to see souls particularly that of his son which brought her to her demise. Jaime Fabregas as Tatay Nanding, the gardener and caretaker of the boarding house who has Alzheimer’s disease and longs for his sons, one who he appeases with raw meats in the garden (probably with his young dead son buried there), and Angelo. James Blanco as Angelo, Tatay Nanding's estranged son and Gerald’s half-brother who was then haunted by faintest doppelgänger of his brother and father. Ria Garcia as Alicia, a pregnant boarder who triggers a lot of unfortunate events. Neil Ryan Sese as Eddie, a salesman and a widower still coping with his wife’s mysterious death. He works as a medical representative, always on the road, taking work-related trips. Gerald Pesigan as Jay-Jay, autistic son of Eddie who plays with the ghost of Nanding’s son. Julia Clarete as Vangie, Jay-jay’s aunt/yaya and a tenant who possesses a negative outlook and leverage in life. As the movie progresses, secrets start to unfold as it is revealed that Vangie murdered her own sister, in order to win Eddie. In return, she was haunted to death by her crime. Ces Quesada as Nanding’s wife who later comes back after the latter became stroked and brings harnessed mood to the setting. Guji Lorenzana as Javier, the son of Mrs. Arevalo who peculiarly committed suicide and continues to haunt his mom for justice. Chinggoy Alonzo as Professor, the doctor who taught and advises Joanna, Paolo, and Mylene about the dilemma of conjoined twins. Kris Bernal as Shirley Angeli Nicole Sanoy as Hazel Production The film was first announced by Regal Entertainment in March 30, 2012 along with 11 other films they are going to release this year. Originally, the lead role was offered to Jennylyn Mercado but she turned down the role due to her busy schedule, making another Regal Film and a drama series under GMA Network. Roselle Monteverde, President of Regal Entertainment confirmed on May 23 that the role was already given to actress, Lovi Poe. The new GMA 7's contract artist Benjamin Alves signed for the lead man role making the film his first lead role in a movie outfit. The film began shooting in May 28, 2012. Marketing and promotions The promotional photo of Guni-Guni was first released on July 20 with Lovi Poe in a sepia shot carrying the title of the film. On July 25, the theatrical poster of the film was released online featuring Lovi Poe in a dual personality. The photos were taken in Pioneer Studio in Mandaluyong City. The official trailer was released in the official YouTube channel of Regal Films on July 29, 2012. The film had their premiere night on August 20, 2012 at the SM Megamall.

Alcide Laurin

Joseph Onésime Maxime "Alcide" Laurin (November 21, 1880 – February 24, 1905) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played for an Ontario-based team in Alexandria, and is the first recorded player to die as a result of an on-ice incident in ice hockey. Biography On February 24, 1905, Laurin was beaten to death by 19-year-old Allan Loney, a player on a rival team from Maxville, Ontario. Laurin took a shot in the chin, followed by a blow to the left temple from Loney's stick. Soon after the incident, Laurin, 24 at the time, was pronounced dead on the ice. Loney, a player who was infamous for his brutal on-ice violence, was charged with murder, which was later changed to manslaughter. On March 29, after five hours of deliberation, the jury acquitted Loney after defense witnesses testified and claimed the blow to Laurin was either instinctive or was in self-defense. All charges were dropped and the case was dismissed. The Maxville-Alexandria rivalry was based around opposing religious beliefs held by both sides. The Alexandria side of the rivalry was made up of Catholic French Canadians, contrary to the anglophone and Protestant beliefs of the Maxville population.

Liam Cosgrave

Liam Cosgrave (13 April 1920 – 4 October 2017) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Taoiseach from 1973 to 1977, Leader of Fine Gael from 1965 to 1977, Leader of the Opposition from 1965 to 1973, Minister for External Affairs from 1954 to 1957, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry and Commerce and Government Chief Whip from 1948 to 1951. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1943 to 1981. Born in Castleknock, Dublin, Cosgrave was the son of W. T. Cosgrave, the first President of the Executive Council in the newly formed Irish Free State. After qualifying as a barrister he decided to embark on a political career. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1943 general election and sat in opposition alongside his father. The formation of the first inter-party government in 1948 saw Cosgrave become a Parliamentary Secretary to Taoiseach John A. Costello. He formally became a cabinet member in 1954 when he was appointed Minister for External Affairs. The highlight of his three-year tenure was Ireland's successful entry into the United Nations. In 1965, Cosgrave was the unanimous choice of his colleagues to succeed James Dillon as leader of Fine Gael. He lost the 1969 general election to the incumbent Taoiseach Jack Lynch, but won the 1973 general election and became Taoiseach in a Fine Gael-Labour Party government. Early life Cosgrave displayed a keen interest in politics from an early age, discussing the topic with his father as a teenager before eventually joining Fine Gael at the age of 17, speaking at his first public meeting the same year. He was educated at Synge Street CBS, then later at Castleknock College, Dublin, and later at King's Inns. He studied law and was called to the Irish bar in 1943. To the surprise of his family, Liam decided to seek election to Dáil Éireann in the 1943 general election and was elected as a TD for Dublin County at the age of 23, sitting in the 11th Dáil alongside his father W. T. Cosgrave who was one of the founders of the Irish Free State in the 1920s. Cosgrave rapidly rose through the ranks of Fine Gael, and was regarded as being by far the most able and active of Fine Gael's newer TDs. His election in 1943 occurred during a long period when his party was in opposition, from 1932 to 1948. Cosgrave wrote to the Party Leader, Richard Mulcahy, in May 1947, on the poor attendance in the Dáil, and informed his leader that "I cannot any longer conscientiously ask the public to support the party as a party, and in the circumstances I do not propose to speak at meetings outside my constituency." Nevertheless, Cosgrave became the parliamentary secretary to the Taoiseach and Chief Whip when the party returned to power in 1948. Mulcahy, while remaining leader of Fine Gael, allowed John A Costello to become Taoiseach of the Inter Party Government as the latter had wider appeal and acceptance. Political career Minister The first coalition Government collapsed in 1951. However, in 1954 a second inter-party Government was formed. On this occasion Liam Cosgrave, at the age of 34, was given a cabinet position. As Minister for External Affairs Cosgrave took part in trade discussions and chaired the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 1955. He also presided over Ireland's admission to the United Nations in 1955. Cosgrave outlined the three principles of his foreign policy to the Dáil in June 1956, the first was adherence to the principles of the UN Charter, the second was independence and non-alignment, but the third made clear where Ireland's sympathies lay: "to do whatever we can as a member of the UN to preserve the Christian civilisation of which we are a part and with that end in view to support whenever possible those powers principally responsible for the defence of the free world in their resistance to the spread of communist power and influence." Ireland was non aligned in favour of the United States. The second Inter Party government collapsed amid severely deflationary policies set by the patrician Minister for Finance, Gerard Sweetman, and Cosgrave held Sweetman personally responsible for Fine Gael's defeat in 1957, and told him so, reportedly stating that Fine Gael "was no longer led by people living in big houses at the end of long avenues." He did not speak to Sweetman for some years. Opposition Cosgrave remained active in opposition but he privately supported Fianna Fáil's referendum to abolish the system of proportional representation in June 1959, which was defeated. This opposition was to count against him later that year in the leadership contest. In October 1959, the dual leadership of Fine Gael, Mulcahy and Costello, stood down. Costello wanted to continue his practice as a senior counsel as well as being leader. He had asked Cosgrave to be his "managing director" in the Dáil while he was absent on legal work. Cosgrave, not surprisingly, had declined this. James Dillon and Cosgrave contested the leadership with Dillon decisively being elected as leader. With Fine Gael back in opposition during the 1960s, an internal struggle for the soul of the party was beginning. A large body of members called on Fine Gael to move decisively towards social democracy. A set of eight principles known as the Just Society was put forward to the party leadership by Declan Costello, the son of former Taoiseach John A. Costello. The principles called for higher state spending in Health and Social Welfare on top of a greater state role in the economy. Despite his conservative credentials, Cosgrave adopted a somewhat positive attitude to the Just Society document. Nevertheless, Fianna Fáil went on to win the 1965 general election and Fine Gael remained in opposition. Fine Gael leader In 1965, when James Dillon resigned as leader of Fine Gael after the 1965 general election loss, Liam Cosgrave, as a senior party figure and son of the first parliamentary leader of Fine Gael, easily won the leadership. He led his party to defeat in the 1969 election and was under constant threat and challenge by younger more social democratic elements represented by Garret FitzGerald who was elected to the Dáil in 1969. Cosgrave's erstwhile opponent, Declan Costello, had retired in 1969. Cosgrave's fortunes changed in 1970. He played a key role in the Arms Crisis, when, as Leader of the Opposition, he pressured then Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach, Jack Lynch, to take action against senior ministers who were involved in importing arms intended for the Provisional IRA. The information had been leaked to him by the Garda Special Branch, who had already informed the Taoiseach. Cosgrave's determination to support government anti-terrorist legislation in votes in the Dáil, in the face of outright opposition from his party, almost cost him his leadership. The growing liberal wing in Fine Gael was opposing the Government's stringent laws on civil liberty grounds. Cosgrave put the security of the State and its institutions first. At the Fine Gael Ard Fheis in May 1972, Cosgrave faced down his political opponents in spectacular style. The year 1972 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Irish Free State and so was an important milestone in the history of Fine Gael. However, the Fianna Fáil government ignored the anniversary while liberals in Fine Gael were plotting to remove Cosgrave as leader. In a speech littered with references to Fine Gael's founding fathers, he contrasted the difficulties posed by the IRA in Northern Ireland with those faced by the first Free State government in dealing with the anti-treatyites. Departing from his script Cosgrave rounded on his leadership rivals. Asking delegates if they did any hunting Cosgrave declared that "... some of these commentators and critics are now like mongrel foxes; they are gone to ground but I'll dig them out, and the pack will chop them when they get them". Despite being criticised for taking a "partionist" or unionist stance in his speech, Cosgrave was leading Fine Gael back into power a year later. Cosgrave supported the Government's Offences Against the State (Amendment) Bill in November 1972, despite the position taken by Fine Gael to oppose the Bill. 6th Taoiseach (1973–1977) Following his victory at 1973 general election, Cosgrave was determined not to alienate certain wings of his party in choosing his cabinet. The cabinet was described as being the "Government of all talents", including such luminaries as future Taoiseach and writer Garret FitzGerald, former United Nations diplomat Conor Cruise O'Brien, television presenter and veterinary professor Justin Keating and others. Cosgrave balanced these with hardline Christian Democrats such as Richard Burke, a former teacher, Cork merchant prince Peter Barry and west Dublin farmer Mark Clinton. It has been argued that Cosgrave fell into the category of being a "chairman" rather than a "chief" as far as the day-to-day running of his Government was concerned. He was meticulous in adhering to the implementation of the Fourteen Point Plan on which the National Coalition was elected. Many of his cabinet ministers were greater stars in their own right than he was. To the surprise of many, he appointed Richie Ryan rather than Garret FitzGerald as his Minister for Finance when the Labour Party leader, Brendan Corish, declined the position in 1973. Ryan, a Dublin solicitor, was of typically conservative Fine Gael stock. Nevertheless, Ryan (dubbed "Red Richie" by Fianna Fáil) implemented the Coalition's plans to replace death duties with a range of capital taxes, including Capital Gains Tax and Wealth Tax. Fianna Fáil bitterly opposed these new capital taxes and garnered considerable support from the wealthy and propertied classes as a result that would stand them in good stead in future elections. The National Coalition had a string of bad luck. It started with the world energy crisis triggered by the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, which caused inflationary problems. It suffered an early electoral defeat in the 1973 presidential election, when Fine Gael candidate Tom O'Higgins was defeated by the Fianna Fáil candidate, Erskine H. Childers, who became President of Ireland. Contraception In December 1973, the Supreme Court declared the ban on the importation of contraceptives by married persons to be unconstitutional. Patrick Cooney, the Minister for Justice, introduced legislation in 1974 to regulate and allow for married couples to obtain contraceptives. Fianna Fáil opposed any liberalisation of the law on family planning and fought the measure in the Dáil on grounds of protection of public morality and health. In line with his conservative credentials, and on a free vote, Cosgrave, without warning, crossed the floor to help defeat his own Government's bill in the summer of 1974. Clashes with the Presidency The presidency dogged the National Coalition. Erskine Childers had sought the presidency with promises of making the office more open and hands-on, in particular with plans to create a think tank within Áras an Uachtaráin to develop an outline for Ireland's future. Cosgrave refused to allow it, and frustrated Childers' plans to break with the restrained precedent of his office. President Childers died suddenly in November 1974. The replacement agreed with other parties was Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, a former Chief Justice of Ireland and former Attorney General of Ireland. Ó Dálaigh was identified with Fianna Fáil. Ó Dálaigh was also a noted critic of the curtailment of free speech and was highly critical of the introduction of Section 31 of the Broadcasting Act, which forbade the broadcast of the voices of Sinn Féin members. This put him at odds with Cosgrave, whose government had strengthened the Act. Cosgrave also briefed President Ó Dálaigh only once every six months, which was, in the President's opinion, too infrequently as well as too inadequately, in violation of article 28 (6) (3) of the Constitution. In addition, Cosgrave frequently interfered in Ó Dálaigh's constitutional role as the state's representative to foreign governments; he was not permitted to receive the Legion of Honour from France, although former president Seán T. O'Kelly had previously received it, and Cosgrave attended the United States' bicentennial celebrations in 1976 in Ó Dálaigh's place. Ó Dálaigh's decision in 1976 to exercise his power to refer a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality brought him into more direct conflict with the National Coalition. The government had introduced the Emergency Powers Bill following the assassination in July of the British Ambassador to Ireland, Christopher Ewart-Biggs, by the IRA; it had passed the Dáil on 21 September. After consultation with the Council of State, Ó Dálaigh referred the Bill to the Supreme Court two days later. Although the Court ruled that the Bill was constitutional, and Ó Dálaigh subsequently signed the Bill into law on 16 October, an IRA action on the same day in Mountmellick resulted in the death of a member of Garda Michael Clerkin. Cosgrave's government, already infuriated, blamed Ó Dálaigh's delaying enactment of the bill for Clerkin's murder. On 18 October Minister for Defence Paddy Donegan attacked the President for sending the bill to the Supreme Court, calling him a "thundering disgrace". Cosgrave called to inform the President of Donegan's speech, but refused to meet with him in person to discuss the matter, partly due to his dislike for Ó Dálaigh's Fianna Fail links and perceived pretensions, fuelling the president's anger. He refused to receive Donegan when he came to personally apologise. When Cosgrave then refused to accept Donegan's resignation, this proved the last straw for Ó Dálaigh, who resigned on 22 October 1976 "to protect the dignity and independence of the presidency as an institution." Northern Ireland Cosgrave's Government signed the Sunningdale Agreement that appeared to provide a solution to the Northern Ireland problem in December 1973. A powersharing executive was set up and a Council of Ireland was to be established but it all came crashing down in May 1974 as a consequence of the Ulster Workers' Council Strike. In addition many Republican voters were angered by what they saw as Cosgrave's harsh line on the PIRA and the handling of the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings which resulted in the perpetrators walking scot-free. Both the Irish Times and the Irish Press, which was then edited by Tim Pat Coogan, were extremely critical of the government's curtailment of freedom of speech and in particular of the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs, Conor Cruise O'Brien which was used against the IRA. Tim Pat Coogan declared what he dubbed "editorial war" on the government after a, now notorious, interview between Bernard Nossiter of the Washington Post and O'Brien in August 1976 regarding the passage of the Emergency Powers Bill. During the course of the interview O'Brien stated that he would've liked the bill to be used against teachers who glorified Irish revolutionaries and against newspaper editors who published letters in support of Republicans. The coalition attempted to prosecute The Irish Press for its coverage of the maltreatment of republican prisoners by the Garda "Heavy Gang", with the paper winning the case. Cosgrave was accused of taking an anti-republican or pro-unionist line regarding Northern Ireland. Economic measures The Cosgrave government's tough austerity measures alienated the public (Finance Minister Richie Ryan was nicknamed 'Richie Ruin' on a satirical TV programme, Hall's Pictorial Weekly). Marginal income tax rates came to 77% one year during the Coalition's reign. The electorate had not experienced unemployment and hardship of this nature since the fifties and the Government became quite unpopular. Combined with the Donegan affair and the hard line approach to law and order, the economic difficulties were quite damaging to Cosgrave and Corish's popularity. Welfare measures In the field of social security, a number of important reforms in welfare provision were introduced during Cosgrave's premiership. In 1974, sickness insurance, unemployment insurance, and occupational injuries coverage were extended to all employees, while earnings-related components were added to the basic flat-rate sickness benefit, the basic flat-rate short-term occupational injury benefit, and the basic flat-rate unemployment benefit. That same year, pension insurance was extended to all employees, and a means-tested allowance for the wives of prisoners was introduced. "Blow-Ins": 1977 election In May 1977, Cosgrave addressed a euphoric Fine Gael Ard Fheis on the eve of the general election. He made a strong attack on "blow-ins" who could "blow out or blow up". This was taken to be an attack either on Kader Asmal, founder of the Irish Anti Apartheid Movement and the Irish Council for Civil Liberties, or on Bruce Arnold, the British-born political writer in the Irish Independent newspaper who had been vociferously opposed to Cosgrave's policies, particularly regarding the President and the wealth tax. While the Fine Gael grassroots loved it, it backfired politically. Cosgrave, together with James Tully, the Labour Minister for Local Government had redrawn the constituency boundaries to favour Fine Gael and Labour for the first time (the "Tullymander") and they confidently expected the new boundaries would win for them. Dublin, apart from Dún Laoghaire, was divided into some 13 three seat constituencies where Fine Gael and Labour were to take one seat each reducing Fianna Fáil to a minority rump in the capital. The election campaign started without Cosgrave taking any opinion polls in advance – therefore not knowing that Fianna Fáil were well ahead. (At the time, the media did not take opinion polls as they exist today.) During the campaign, the National Coalition made up some ground but the Fianna Fáil manifesto of give away promises (no rates, no car tax, and so forth) was far too attractive for the electorate and the National Coalition was heavily defeated, with Fianna Fáil winning an unprecedented massive parliamentary majority. Fianna Fáil won unexpected second seats in many Dublin constituencies, in particular. In the immediate aftermath, Liam Cosgrave resigned as Fine Gael leader. He was replaced by his former Foreign Minister, Garret FitzGerald. Cosgrave retired at the 1981 general election. Cosgrave can be accused of calling the 1977 election prematurely, as the Irish economy was recovering rapidly in early 1977 and a later election in the autumn or winter of that year might have been more propitious for the National Coalition. Post-Taoiseach In 1981, Cosgrave retired as Dáil Deputy for Dún Laoghaire to be replaced by his son, Liam T. Cosgrave. He reduced his involvement in public life but he made occasional appearances and speeches; in October 2010 he attended the launch of The Reluctant Taoiseach, a book about former Taoiseach John A. Costello written by David McCullagh. He also appeared in public for the Centenary of the Easter Rising in 2016, watching on from a car as the military parade marched through Dublin. On 8 May 2016, in a joint appearance with the grandsons of Eamon Ceannt and Cathal Brugha, he unveiled a plaque commemorating the 1916 Rising at St. James's Hospital, the former site of the South Dublin Union. He received an annual pension payment of €133,082. He lived in Knocklyon. Family His wife, Vera Cosgrave, died on 15 September 2016, aged 90. His son, Liam T. Cosgrave, was also an Irish politician. Death Cosgrave died on 4 October 2017 at the age of 97 of natural causes. He had been at Tallaght Hospital for several months prior to his death there. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar said "Liam Cosgrave was someone who devoted his life to public service; a grateful country thanks and honours him for that and for always putting the nation first. Throughout his life he worked to protect and defend the democratic institutions of our State, and showed great courage and determination in doing so. He always believed in peaceful co-operation as the only way of achieving a genuine union between the people on this island, and in the 1970s he celebrated that this country had embarked, in his own words, ‘on a new career of progress and development in the context of Europe’. I had the honour on a few occasions to meet and be in the presence of Liam Cosgrave, and I was always struck by his commanding presence and great humility, which in him were complementary characteristics." His funeral was held on 7 October 2017, after which he was interred alongside his father at Inchicore's Goldenbridge Cemetery. He was the longest-lived Taoiseach, dying at the age of , on 4 October 2017. Government The following government was led by Cosgrave: 14th Government of Ireland (March 1973 – July 1977)

Zoe Freney

Zoe Freney is a South Australian artist, arts writer and arts educator. She and her husband, Martin Freney, have also built Australia’s first council-approved Earthship. Biography Freney has a Diploma of Visual Art from Adelaide Central School of Art (2005), a Bachelor of Visual Art from Adelaide Centre for the Arts (2006), and a Master in Art History from the University of Adelaide (2010). Freney lectures in art history at Adelaide Central School of Art. As an arts writer, she has written several catalogue essays and reviews (see Bibliography) and in 2017, she was one of four artists (including Daniel Connell) who travelled to India as part of a South Australian Government Arts Engagement Program. She is married to Martin Freney and they have two sons. Together,they built a strawbale house and followed this by building Australia’s first council-approved Earthship, Earthship Ironbank, which they rent out as a B&B. Artistic style and subject Freney is a painter whose paintings examine motherhood and often feature herself as model, as seen in the group exhibition, Good Mother, her solo exhibition, Motherology, and the group exhibition, Labors: An Exhibition Exploring the Complexities of Motherhood at Pearl Conard Gallery, Ohio State University (2018). Awards and prizes She has been a finalist in the Heysen Landscape Art Prize (2018), the Prospect Portrait Prize (2017), the Fleurieu Biennale (2018) and the Emma Hack Art Prize (2017). Freney was also a joint winner of the inaugural Queen of Clubs Art Prize from Peter Lehmann Wines in 2000. Bibliography Review: Tom Phillips, Suburban Castaway, Art Guide Australia Online, January 2018 These Four Walls, Catalogue Essay, Jess Mara, Floating Goose, Adelaide, February 2018 Preview: Confluence, Art Guide Australia Online, September 2017 Preview: Tarnanthi at JamFactory, Art Guide Australia, print edition, August–September 2017 Feature: Deidre But-Husaim, bees, curiosity and coincidence, Art Guide Australia Online, July 2017 Review, Emmaline Zanelli, Art Guide Australia Online, May 2017 Preview: Both diggers and artists turn shrapnel into art, Art Guide Australia Online, November 2016 Preview: Artists examine fallout of atomic age in Nuclear, Art Guide Australia Online, August 2016 Preview: Nine collaborators unravel the elusive thread of art, Art Guide Australia Online, July 2016 Non-Space generator, Catalogue Essay, Lily Ahlefeldt, CACSA Project Space, July 2016 Vasari and the Perfect Wife: ‘fempathy’ as a strategic method in teaching art histories and theories,’ ACUADS Conference 2015: Art and Design Education in the Global 24/7, 24–25 September 2015, School of Art, Architecture and Design, University of South Australia

From the Basement

From the Basement is a web television series created by music producer Nigel Godrich and producer Dilly Gent. It features live music performances without a host or audience. Development In September 2006, it was announced that Godrich, along with producer Dilly Gent, producer James Chads and John Woollcombe, were shooting the music series From the Basement, filmed from London’s Maida Vale Studios. Godrich took inspiration from The Old Grey Whistle Test, a BBC music television series that broadcast in the 1970s and 1980s, and the 1996 concert film Rock and Roll Circus, which documents concerts by the Rolling Stones and other acts. He told Pitchfork: "[It was amazing] to see such a snapshot of that time: you get to see [the musicians], warts and all... [We were] just saying what a shame it was that there wasn't anything that really felt as honest as that any more." Godrich conceived From the Basement to capture "the true representation" of the artists' work without the pressure of television promotion or interference from presenters and audiences. He wrote that he wanted to make "bands as comfortable as possible so that they can give great performances without the usual agony of TV promo which everyone has to do but no one seems to enjoy." Godrich produced the From the Basement pilot as an internet-only show, but needed more funding to produce a series. The show received additional funding from Sky Arts in the UK and Rave and IFC in the USA. Broadcast The podcast launched on 18 December 2006. The first UK broadcast was on Sky Arts on 1 December 2007 and premiered in the US on Rave HD on the 22 February 2008, followed by a run on the Independent Film Channel in the fall of 2008. The IFC chose to split the episodes listed below into shorter, half-hour segments. They were also amongst the final programmes broadcast by the now defunct YLE Extra in Finland. MHD (Music High Definition) network on Comcast cable in the US is now broadcasting a Radiohead-only version of the program. It is unclear whether the show was produced all at once, or was recorded over multiple sessions. A second series of shows ran on Sky Arts from 3 December 2008 to 7 January 2009. On 10 March 2009 the series of performances was released on DVD. Episodes Each episode of From The Basement features performances from several musical artists. The first podcast episode of the series featured Thom Yorke performing songs from the Radiohead album In Rainbows (2007), the White Stripes, and a collaboration between Four Tet's Kieran Hebden and drummer Steve Reid. The episode was filmed by director Sophie Muller. Episode 6 of series 1 was filmed in Bob Clearmountain's Berkeley Street Studio in Los Angeles rather than in London’s Maida Vale Studios. There are also two full episodes of Radiohead performances, released as In Rainbows – From the Basement (2008) and The King of Limbs: Live from the Basement (2011). Pilot Series 1 Series 2

Esprit Holdings

Esprit Holdings Limited () is a publicly owned manufacturer of clothing, footwear, accessories, jewellery and housewares under the Esprit label. The company is headquartered in Kowloon, Hong Kong, and Ratingen (near Düsseldorf), Germany. In the 2018–2019 business year, Esprit generated a worldwide sales of around €1.5 billion (as of 30 June 2019). Esprit operates 429 retail stores worldwide and distributes products to more than 4,900 wholesale locations around the globe. Esprit has more than 255,000 square meters of retail space in 40 countries. The ESPRIT brand name is licensed to other manufacturers. In addition, the group owns the Red Earth cosmetics brand. The Esprit flagship stores feature both current Esprit fashion lines and licensee products under one roof. Esprit has an architecture department that is responsible for the worldwide design of its stores. On 27 September 2011 Esprit Holdings Ltd. was valued at just $1.4 billion, a loss of more than 90 percent from a $20 billion valuation four years prior. According to Credit Suisse, Esprit's brand is valued at $3.4 billion since 2012 Esprit has lost its global recognition and is in decline. Esprit has pulled out of most global markets, reducing stores in China, Australia, Hong Kong and closing North America. In 2013 Esprit appointed a new CEO who was from a successful competitor (New Look) to tackle this decline, which has brought great success for Esprit and the company is fast becoming a recognized brand once again. History The first joint fashion line established by Susie and Doug Tompkins (who had previously founded The North Face) was sold from a VW bus and their headquarters was the Tompkins' apartment in San Francisco. Susie assumed the creative and Doug Tompkins the financial role in the business. At that time ( mid-60's ) their sales success was due to their original "Big Mama", Helene W. Japhe, who agreed to represent them exclusively as their sales agent, taking their line "on the road" and having great success. After Helene Japhe's departure from the company and San Francisco, the business continued to flourish under more professional administration and management until its US downturn and eventual sale to a Hong Kong firm. In 1979, the Esprit logo was developed by John Casado. The 1980s saw the introduction of the "Real People Campaign", which was shot by photographer Oliviero Toscani, using architects and designers for its projects, starting with Italian Ettore Sottsass, who developed the first Esprit Europe Headquarters in Düsseldorf. He established the overall concept of the stores in the style of the Memphis design movement. Architects and designers included Antonio Citterio and Norman Foster. In February 2012, Esprit announced that it planned to close all retail stores in North America because they were not competitive in this market and were losing money. In December 2015, Esprit announced it would be returning to the Canadian market. Since the announcement, Esprit has opened two stores, one at Metrotown in Metro Vancouver, and one at West Edmonton Mall, with plans to open a third store in fall 2016, in Mississauga. In May 2018, it was announced that Esprit will close all 67 stores in New Zealand and Australia. Product lines Esprit's products include casual sportswear and "collection" business clothing for both men and women; "de.corp" urban casual clothing for young women; "kids" clothing for children 7 to 14 years old; sports wear including skiwear, fitness fashion and streetwear; accessories such as bags; shoes; and bodywear, day and night underwear and swimwear for men, women and children. In 1998, the "edc" of young people's clothing was founded. Since 1990, Esprit has grown through licensees. More than 30 license holders include Coty/Lancaster (scents) and Falke (socks and stockings). Under the name "Esprit timewear + jewel", Egana Holdings Ltd. produces watches and jewellery. Esprit home sells furniture, carpets, wallpaper, lighting, living accessories, home textiles and bathrooms; Esprit kids’ world sells maternity wear, toys, buggies and nursery furniture. Company In the 2018/2019 business year, Esprit Holdings Limited reported worldwide sales of €1.5 billion. The Group operates more than 429 directly managed retail stores worldwide and distributes its products via more than 4,900 wholesale locations around the globe. The company has more than 255,000 square metres of sales area in more than 40 countries.

Momentum (finance)

In finance, momentum is the empirically observed tendency for rising asset prices to rise further, and falling prices to keep falling. For instance, it was shown that stocks with strong past performance continue to outperform stocks with poor past performance in the next period with an average excess return of about 1% per month. Momentum signals (e.g., 52-week high) have been shown to be used by financial analysts in their buy and sell recommendations. The existence of momentum is a market anomaly, which finance theory struggles to explain. The difficulty is that an increase in asset prices, in and of itself, should not warrant further increase. Such increase, according to the efficient-market hypothesis, is warranted only by changes in demand and supply or new information (cf. fundamental analysis). Students of financial economics have largely attributed the appearance of momentum to cognitive biases, which belong in the realm of behavioral economics. The explanation is that investors are irrational, in that they underreact to new information by failing to incorporate news in their transaction prices. However, much as in the case of price bubbles, recent research has argued that momentum can be observed even with perfectly rational traders.

Adriana Angeles

Adriana Angeles (born 19 January 1979) is a Mexican judoka. She competed in the women's extra-lightweight event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Crum & Forster Building

The Crum & Forster Building is a 1928 three-story building with a Renaissance façade with columns and arches located at 771 Spring Street at Tech Square in Midtown Atlanta. History The building was designed in 1926 by a team of New York and Atlanta architects, Ed Ivey and Lewis Crook, who were both Georgia Tech graduates and helped establish the Architecture program at Georgia Tech in 1908, and opened in 1928 as a regional office for a national insurance firm. In 2007, the Georgia Tech Foundation purchased the building, and sought permits to demolish the building as part of a plan to expand Technology Square. Preservationists fought the demolition and in August 2009, the Atlanta City Council and Mayor Shirley Franklin granted the building protective status as a historic landmark. The Georgia Tech Foundation appealed this decision. They instead purchased an adjoining property where a SunTrust Banks branch was previously located. In September 2013, the Georgia Tech Foundation demolished two-thirds of the Crum & Forster Building, leaving only part of its facade, to clear space for a High Performance Computing Center mid-rise. As of late 2017, there are plans to build an restaurant in the remaining portion of the building, adjacent to a new food hall at the adjacent new CODA mixed-used development.

Haqiqa

Haqiqa (Arabic "truth") is one of "the four stages" in Sufism, shari’a (exoteric path), tariqa (esoteric path), haqiqa (mystical truth) and marifa (final mystical knowledge, unio mystica). The four stages Shariat Shari’a is Islamic law or Islamic jurisprudence as revealed in the Qur'an and Sunna. The first step in Sufism is following every aspect of the law perfectly. The purpose of this is to prove their love for God, by rigorous self-discipline and constant attention to their conduct. When the Sufi fully lives his or her life according to the Shari’a he or she is ready to progress to the second stage. This conformity to earthly rules is important because it recognizes that the spirit of a man or woman is affected by the actions of the body. In this way, bringing the body under the will of God also purifies the spirit and a pure spirit is essential for the second step. Tariqat Tariqa in Arabic means path and it denotes a Sufi brotherhood or chain or order. The orders are governed by shaykhs, spiritual leaders that mentor Sufis. Shaykhs are identified by the signs of God's grace that are evident, such as the ability to perform miracles. They take on people, usually male, that are committed to the Sufi lifestyle and want to progress further in their spiritual education. It is common for the shaykh to test a new disciple by ignoring them, assigning humiliating tasks or being rude to them. When the disciple has passed these tests, he is introduced to the awrad, a series of prayers particular to that order. These prayers must be studied before they are recited, because mistakes made in the prayer are sins. When the disciple has studied and recited the awrad for an indeterminate amount of time, he is expected to experience visions and revelation from God. Sufis believe that at this point the disciple is able to see spiritual things that are veiled from most people. In Universal Sufism, tariqat is the "phase" during which a seeker becomes increasingly aware of and responsive to inner guidance. His spiritual path through life begins to appear more clearly as a palimpsest of views and behavioral options which become available as his consciousness expands. This phase generally ensues after initiation in a Sufi order has been taken. Haqiqat Haqiqa is a difficult concept to translate. The book Islamic Philosophical Theology defines it as "what is real, genuine, authentic, what is true in and of itself by dint of metaphysical or cosmic status", which is a valid definition but one that does not explain haqiqa's role in Sufism. Haqiqa may be best defined as the knowledge that comes from communion with God, knowledge gained only after the tariqa is undertaken. For instance, a shaykh that has advanced through tariqa has haqiqa and can see into the lives of his disciples in a spiritual sense. He has knowledge of pregnancies and sicknesses before his disciples tell him. He can see beyond the physical world because of his proximity to God and possession of haqiqa. Haqiqa is less a stage in itself and more the marker of a higher level of consciousness, which precedes the next and final stage, marifa. In Universal Sufism, Haqiqat is the "phase" in which the central ongoing question/concern of the seeker is subsistent (as opposed to transient) reality. The life of the seeker becomes a fathoming device in which what is timeless, formless, weightless etc, is recognized and valued above all. Marifat Marifat (), which literally means knowledge, is the term used by Sufi Muslims to describe mystical intuitive knowledge of spiritual truth reached through ecstatic experiences, rather than revealed or rationally acquired. Entering into marifat in Universal Sufism, the seeker no longer asserts or defines anything. Talking about anything, such as "the four stages" of realization, is of little interest to the Sufi who has reached this stage. Or better said, all conversation topics are of equal interest. The seeker's life is then, itself, revelation.

Ali Otayf

Ali Otayf (; born on 1 March 1988) is a Saudi Arabian football player who plays as a midfielder. He played in the Pro League for Al-Shabab, Al-Raed, Al-Ettifaq and Al-Orobah. External links slstat.com Profile

François-Alphonse Forel

François-Alphonse Forel (February 2, 1841 – August 7, 1912) was a Swiss scientist who pioneered the study of lakes, and is thus considered the founder of limnology. Born in Morges on Lake Geneva, he worked as a professor of medicine at the University of Lausanne. But his real love was the lake; his investigations of biology, chemistry, water circulation, and sedimentation, and most importantly their interactions, established the foundation of a new discipline. In his chief work, Le Léman, published in three volumes between 1892 and 1904, he named his activity limnology in analogy with oceanography ("limnography" could have been confused with the limnograph, which measures water level in lakes). He discovered the phenomenon of density currents in lakes, and explained seiches, the rhythmic oscillations observed in enclosed waters. In collaboration with Wilhelm Ule, developed the Forel-Ule scale, used to evaluate the colour of a body of water. In a totally different field, in cooperation with the Italian seismologist Michele Stefano de Rossi, he developed the Rossi–Forel scale to describe the intensity of an earthquake. The Institute F.-A. Forel of the University of Geneva is named after Forel. Foreltinden, a mountain at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, is named after him. Forel (station) in Maule, Chile is named after him after he lived close to the station.

Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing

Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing is an application software program designed to teach touch typing. History The typing program was initially released in late 1987 by The Software Toolworks and has been published regularly ever since. The original version was written by Charles R Haymond, an independent computer programmer living in Berkeley California who later worked for the Department of Homeland Security. The first version written for MS-DOS was created by Norm Worthington, Walt Bilofsky, and Mike Duffy. Editions of Mavis Beacon are currently published by Encore Software (hybrid Mac and Windows) and Software MacKiev (macOS only) and are available throughout the retail sales world. An early version supported both QWERTY and the alternative Dvorak Simplified Keyboard layout. Later versions supported only QWERTY until the 2011 Ultimate Mac Edition from Software MacKiev which returned full Dvorak keyboard lessons to the product. Earlier versions were made for Apple II, Commodore 64, Atari 400/800 (version 1 only), Apple IIGS, Atari ST, Mac OS, Windows, Palm OS (version 16), and Amiga systems. The current Windows and Mac versions are published under the Brøderbund trademark by both Encore and Software MacKiev. Features The program includes a number of speed tests and constantly tracks the user's words-per-minute typing speed. It also includes a number of typing games of which some versions have been included since the first release. (The 2011 Ultimate Mac Edition for macOS, published by Software MacKiev, also includes two-player competitive typing network games, integration with iTunes, Dvorak keyboard support, practice typing song lyrics, RSS news feeds and classic novels.) A certificate of achievement can be printed by the user upon the completion of tests. This program is also used in many schools and homes to improve typing skills. Name Mavis Beacon is not a real person. The original photo of Mavis Beacon was of Caribbean-born model Renee L'Esperance. She was introduced to Les Crane, the former talk-show host, while he was shopping at Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills. Crane, who was then a partner in The Software Toolworks, invented the sobriquet. Mavis Beacon's first name was taken from Mavis Staples, lead vocalist for the Staple Singers. The surname derives from beacon, as in a light to guide the way. Reception A favorable review in 1987 by Peter Lewis, technology writer for The New York Times, gave the program an early boost. Compute! favorably reviewed the program in 1989, stating that children, adults, and experienced typists would find it useful, and citing its support of Dvorak training.

Lunyovo

Lunyovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Alexandrovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Capehart

Capehart can refer to: Persons Charles E. Capehart Edward Capehart O'Kelley Henry Capehart Homer E. Capehart - U.S. Senator from Indiana (1945-63) - supporter of military family housing James Capehart Jerry Capehart Jonathan Capehart - American journalist and television personality Places Capehart, Indiana Capehart, West Virginia Capehart House other Capehart, a luxury home radio-phonograph popular in the 1930s and 1940s. Capehart-Farnsworth, a luxury home television popular in the 1950s; often sold under the "Capehart" name.

Traffik

Traffik is a 1989 British television serial about the illegal drugs trade. Its three stories are interwoven, with arcs told from the perspectives of Afghan and Pakistani growers, dealers and manufacturers, German dealers, and British users. It was nominated for six BAFTA Awards, winning three. It also won an International Emmy Award for best drama. The 2000 crime drama film Traffic, directed by Steven Soderbergh, was based on this television serial. In turn, the 2004 American television miniseries Traffic was based on both versions. Background The 1989 six-part serial was produced by Britain's Channel 4, written by Simon Moore and directed by Alastair Reid. In the United States, it first aired on Masterpiece Theatre in 1990. Cast Bill Paterson as Jack Lithgow, a Scottish Home Office minister in the United Kingdom government engaged in combating heroin importation from Pakistan. Julia Ormond as his drug addicted daughter Caroline. Juraj Kukura as Karl Rosshalde, a German drug smuggler. Lindsay Duncan as Rosshalde's English wife Helen. Fritz Müller-Scherz and Tilo Prückner as the German detectives attempting to bring down Rosshalde with the help of informer Jacques Ledesert (Peter Lakenmacher) Jamal Shah as Pakistani opium poppy grower Fazal, who is evicted from his land as a result of policies encouraged by the British government. Talat Hussain as Pakistani drug lord Tariq Butt, the supplier of Rosshalde's European heroin network. Rahat Kazmi Latif Kapadia Ismat Shahjahan as Sabira Episode list Reception The miniseries currently has an average rating of 83% on Rotten Tomatoes. Writer Suan C. Boyd acknowledges the miniseries for giving different perspectives of the global war on drug trade, going as far as to claim that Traffik is the only film sample that includes the poppy grower in depth. Home Video The entire miniseries was released on DVD on June 26, 2001 by Acorn Media.

Euphorbia itremensis

Euphorbia itremensis is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Gargiulo's Italian Restaurant

Gargiulo's is an Italian restaurant established in 1907 in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. The restaurant was started and run by Gus Garguilo, and later he was joined by his brother Louis and sisters Tessie and Angelina, with other family members working in the kitchen. Large parties were often held in the spacious dining room with its large maroon drapes and the parties often spilled out into the small courtyard in the back on warm days. Pictures of these parties lined the walls in the entrance hall, many with recognizable faces such as Jimmy Durante. In April 1965, the Russo brothers (Michael, Victor and Nino) bought the restaurant from the Gargiulo family. Louis, Rachael, Mike, Nino & Anthony Russo are the current owners. In June 2007, they celebrated the restaurant's 100th anniversary, and in November 2015, they celebrated 50 years of Russo family ownership.”’ ''' In 2014, waiters started using iPads to take orders, discontinuing their former practice of using pen and paper. ‘In late 2019, this Brooklyn tradition opened an additional location in Tinton Falls, New Jersey.”’

Denise Andrews

Denise Andrews (born July 14, 1959) is an American politician from Western Massachusetts. A Democrat, she was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives representing the 2nd Franklin district from 2011 to 2015. The 2nd Franklin district comprises twelve communities, Athol, Belchertown precinct A, Erving, Gill, New Salem, Orange, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Templeton, Warwick, and Wendell. Andrews, who is gay, was born in Orange and still lives there with her partner Candi Fetzer. Andrews earned a bachelor's degree from UMass Amherst and an MBA from Xavier University before embarking on a 25-year career with Procter & Gamble (P&G). Her first P&G positions were in Quincy, Massachusetts and she later moved to the company's headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio. She left P&G in 2006 after four years as the company's global diversity & inclusion manager. She then established her own consulting business, Legacy Unlimited. Following incumbent state representative Chris Donelan's announcement that he would run for Franklin County sheriff rather than seek re-election in 2010, Andrews launched a bid to succeed him in the state house. In the Democratic primary election held on September 14, 2010, Andrews polled 37% in a five candidate race, finishing 519 votes ahead of the second-place finisher, who took 24%. In the general election held on November 2, she polled 6,885 (53%), finishing over 1,300 votes ahead of the Republican nominee (who took 42%) and an independent (on 5%). She first took office on January 5, 2011. She was defeated for re-election by Republican Susannah Whipps Lee in November 2014; her term ended January 7, 2015.

De La Salle Zobel Chorale

The De La Salle Zobel Chorale (DLSZ Chorale) is a musical group from De La Salle-Santiago Zobel School in Muntinlupa City, Philippines. The DLSZ Chorale consists of two sub-groups, Grade School Choir and High School Choir. The Chorale's elite group, "Young Singers" or "YS", are members that are specially selected from SSA (Soprano 1-Soprano 2-Alto) section from the High School Chorale. Composition The De La Salle Zobel Chorale is composed of students of De La Salle Zobel who have undergone and passed the auditions that are conducted one week after the orientation for the general music courses. These students are given the opportunity to develop their singing talents through individual and group choral activities. The Chorale is composed of two groups, composed of Grade School and High School students. Musical concepts, such as melody, rhythm, form, tempo, and dynamics are integrated into the group's repertoire, which includes songs ranging from the sacred to the contemporary and pop. The repertoire are also in Latin, English, and Filipino. The group performs annually during the Angelo King Center's Performing Arts Festival that are held on February. The current principal conductor is Marites Panaligan. Young Singers The Young Singers (Popularly known as YS) is the special elite group from the SSA Section of the High School Choir. A separate audition is done for an eligible member to get in the elite group. Also, they have a separate recital which showcases the songs they learned in the whole school year. Their repertoire consists of classical music, ethnic music and folk songs which are arranged into harder pieces.

Sedgwick Middle School

Sedgwick Middle School is a school in the town of West Hartford, Connecticut, and is one of the West Hartford Public Schools. History Feeder schools for Sedgwick include Braeburn, Duffy, Charter Oak, Webster Hill and Wolcott. Sedgwick was a Blue Ribbon School in 1999-2000.

Pedro Cavadas (surgeon)

Pedro Carlos Cavadas Rodríguez (born November 1965, in Valencia) is a Spanish surgeon known for directing world-pioneering interventions. Education Cavadas graduated as a doctor from the University of Valencia in 1989 with honours, and served as an intern at Hospital La Fe de Valencia, where he specialised in plastic surgery. Notable Surgeries In December 2006, he performed the first double hand transplant on a woman. In July 2013, he performed a world-first double leg transplant on a 20-year-old male amputee. The double leg transplant took 10 hours to perform due to connecting nerves, blood vessels, muscles, tendons and bone structure. In June 2013, the unnamed patient encountered an unrelated illness which "forced the man to stop taking anti-rejection drugs". His legs were then required to be amputated once again.

Julio Pichardo

Julio Enrique Pichardo Ramos (born 10 January 1990) is a Cuban football goalkeeper. Club career Pichardo moved abroad to play for Antiguan side Five Islands alongside compatriots Sánder Fernández, Yoandir Puga, Armando Oramas and Yusvani Caballero. International career Pichardo made his international debut for Cuba in a June 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against El Salvador and has earned a total of 2 caps, scoring no goals. His second cap was a November 2012 Caribbean Cup qualification match against Trinidad & Tobago.

William Fletcher (rugby union)

William Fletcher was a rugby union international who represented England from 1873 to 1875. Early life William Fletcher was born on 10 December 1851 in Kensington. He attended Marlborough College and went on to study at Oxford University. Rugby union career At Oxford, Fletcher won four blues (1872, 1873 (2), 1874) and played in the first varsity match against Cambridge University in 1872. Fletcher made his international debut on 3 March 1873 at Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow in the Scotland vs England match. He played his final match for England on 8 March 1875 at Edinburgh in the Scotland vs England match. Career Fletcher became a merchant in London.

Open Court Publishing Company

The Open Court Publishing Company is a publisher with offices in Chicago and La Salle, Illinois. It is part of the Carus Publishing Company of Peru, Illinois. History Open Court was founded in 1887 by Edward C. Hegeler of the Matthiessen-Hegeler Zinc Company, at one time the largest producer of zinc in the United States. Hegeler intended for the firm to serve the purpose of discussing religious and psychological problems on the principle that the scientific world-conception should be applied to religion. Its first managing editor was Paul Carus, Hegeler's son-in-law. For the first 80 years of its existence, the company had its offices in the Hegeler Carus Mansion. Open Court specializes in philosophy, science, and religion. It was one of the first academic presses in the country, as well as one of the first publishers of inexpensive editions of the classics. It also published the journals Open Court and The Monist— the latter is still being published. The Open Court Monthly Magazine's motto was "Devoted to the Science of Religion, the Religion of Science, and the Extension of the Religious Parliament Idea." Popular Culture & Philosophy series One of Open Court Publishing's best-selling series is its semi-annual Popular Culture & Philosophy series, under the editorship of George Reisch. Volumes on the philosophy underpinning such television shows as Star Trek, Seinfeld, The Simpsons, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer propelled the series into the limelight.

Scheduler (disambiguation)

Scheduler is a person responsible for making a particular schedule. Scheduler could also refer to: Scheduler (computing) Network scheduler, program that manages network queues for transmitting and receiving packets Job scheduler, a class of software for controlling unattended background program execution Job shop scheduling, the algorithmic problem of assigning jobs to processors in order to minimize the total makespan I/O scheduler, software deciding the order of block I/O operations will be submitted to storage volumes Process scheduler, a part of operating system's kernel

Tamagusuku, Okinawa

was a village located in Shimajiri District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 10,486 and a density of 621.58 persons per km². The total area was 16.87 km². On January 1, 2006, Tamagusuku, along with the town of Sashiki, and the villages of Chinen and Ōzato (all from Shimajiri District), was merged to create the city of Nanjō. In Tamagusuku, to the south-east of Naha, the Gyokusendo cave with a total length of five kilometers is known for its beautiful stalagmites and stalactites. 850 metres of these caves are open to tourists.

Humpback Rock

Humpback Rock is a massive greenstone outcropping near the peak of Humpback Mountain in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Augusta County and Nelson County, Virginia, United States, with a summit elevation of . The rock formation is so named for the visual effect of a "hump" it creates on the western face of the mountain. Located six miles (10 km) south of the northern entrance to the Blue Ridge Parkway near Waynesboro, Virginia, Humpback Rock stands out from many other mountain summits in the Blue Ridge due to its exposed rocky summit, in contrast to the heavily vegetated peaks of surrounding mountains. The location features a well-maintained trail and visitor's center. Geology As is the case for most of the surrounding mountains, such as Old Rag Mountain, Humpback Rock is underlain by an enormous granite formation created during the Grenville Orogeny on the ocean floor about a billion years ago. About 400 million years later, during the Catoctin Formation, basaltic magma was deposited, forming a layer of greenstone over the granite. Over time, sand and rock sedimented on the ocean floor, forming quartzite and sandstone deposits. Finally, sedimentation of shells and skeletons of foraminifera resulted in deposition of a layer of limestone. Approximately 700 million years after the Grenville Orogeny, the Iapetus Ocean began to close, resulting in the Alleghenian Orogeny, where slabs of granite and rock were transported westward and eventually thrust up over the limestone bed around it, forming Humpback Rock and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Humpback Gap Overlook From 1851 until the early 20th century, wagoners hauling cargo used the bygone road Howardsville Turnpike to go between Howardsville and the Shenandoah Valley. Often the travelers camped at Humpback Gap. Nearby are the of Humpback Rocks Recreation Area. Notable is the rock fence, reputedly built by slaves of a plantation owner, that separates the gap and Greenstone Overlook. Just beyond, at milepost 5.8, are the Humpback Rocks. The early European settlers of the Appalachian Mountains forged a living from the native materials so abundant around them. Hickory, chestnut and oak trees provided nuts for food, logs for building and tannin for curing hides, while the rocks were put to use as foundations and chimneys for the houses and in stone fences to control wandering livestock. Many self-sufficient farms sprang up in the Humpback Mountain area. Today, visitors can tour a collection of 19th-century farm buildings. The Mountain Farm trail provides access to the cabin and various outbuildings. The area also houses a visitor center with new exhibits, a picnic area, and trails. Hiking Overview Hiking Humpback Rocks is a relatively short hike following a trail loop. With a roughly 45 minute hike to ascend to the peak, and a 20–25 minute descent, the trail ranks as one of the shorter hikes along the Blue Ridge. The peak affords a spectacular 360-degree view of the surrounding terrain. To the north you can see into the southern section of Shenandoah National Park, to the east a patchwork of farms, to the southwest thick woods and mountain ridges of the George Washington National Forest. Hikers may continue to follow the trail for , passing along the top of a cliff with views to the south and east before descending to a blue blaze trail. This trail leads into the Humpback Rocks Picnic Area. The distance between Humpback Gap and the Humpback Rocks Picnic Area is . A map of the hike and of the Humpback Gap Overlook is available through the Blue Ridge Parkway website. Continuing past Humpback Rocks itself, the summit of Humpback Mountain is only a few minutes further. The Appalachian Trail passes a short distance to the north, at milepost 6. Directions The Humpback Rocks Visitors Center is located at mile marker 5.8, six miles south of the Rockfish Gap Interchange of I-64 and US 250. It is most easily accessed by either one of these two highways. Head south on the Blue Ridge Parkway for to reach the Humpback Rocks Visitors Center, or continue another to arrive at the Humpback Gap parking area on the left. A map of the Blue Ridge Parkway including Humpback Rocks can be found at the Texas Library webpage. Camping Camping is available nearby in the Sherando Lake Recreation Area in the George Washington National Forest off the Blue Ridge Parkway a few miles south. Coming from the north on the Appalachian Trail there is an AT shelter called the Paul C. Wolfe shelter. Appalachian Trail The Appalachian Trail can also be accessed from the Humpback Gap parking area. Southbound hikers can reach it by continuing south on the Humpback Rocks trail. Northbound hikers can reach it taking the one-mile (1.6-km) blue blazed path at the northern end of the parking lot, or the one-mile (1.6-km) white blazed path just off of the Howardsville Turnpike. External links George Washington and Jefferson National Forests Blue Ridge Parkway info Humpback Rocks - HikingUpward

1995 Oakland Raiders season

The Oakland Raiders season was the franchise's 26th season in the National Football League, the 36th overall, and their 1st back in Oakland since 1981. The Raiders announced their return to Oakland on June 25, 1995, and the Alameda County Board of Supervisors approved it the next month. While the Raiders raced out to an impressive 8–2 start, a number of key injuries (including the loss of starting quarterback Jeff Hostetler) caused them to lose their final six games and miss the playoffs. Offseason Roster Schedule Game summaries Week 1 Standings

Shallowater, Texas

Shallowater is a city in Lubbock County, Texas, United States. Shallowater is on U.S. Route 84 and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe line, northwest of Lubbock. The population was 2,484 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Lubbock Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography Shallowater is located on the high plains of the Llano Estacado at (33.6889728 -101.9982275). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Climate According to the Köppen climate classification system, Shallowater has a semiarid climate, BSk on climate maps. History As early as 1909 J. C. (Jim) Bowles, whose ranch was adjacent to the site of what is now Shallowater, persuaded Bob Crump, a member of a ranching family, to help form a townsite company and attract a railroad to go through the area. Land was purchased for the townsite on May 18, 1909. A school was built at that time. After Santa Fe railroad officials received a bonus from rancher George W. Littlefield of the Yellow House Ranch, negotiations were finally completed. The originators of the plan, and other interested individuals, formed the Ripley Townsite Company, which was named after a Santa Fe railroad official and was incorporated on May 22, 1909. The company decided to name the new town Shallowater to attract settlers. On June 26, 1913, a celebration was held to note the founding of the town and completion of the railroad. By the time the town was established, the ranching industry in the area was waning and many of the large ranches were being divided into smaller lots for farmers. Cotton became an important cash crop. During the 1920s, Shallowater grew rapidly, and the town had a hotel, a lumberyard, and various filling stations, grocery stores, cotton gins, drugstores, barbershops, garages, blacksmith shops, and other businesses. Several churches and schools were also built. A county park with a clubhouse was established, a public well was constructed, and a real depot building was built to replace the boxcar the town had been using for years. From 1920 to 1922, the railroad station was known as Pacita. In 1928, the town had an estimated population of 250. In 1955, Shallowater was incorporated with a mayor-council form of city government, and during the 1960s, the town had five churches, a school, a bank, a library, and a newspaper. The community in 1970 had 30 businesses, including one of the largest hatcheries in the county. The population of Shallowater was 1,001 in 1960 and 1,339 in 1970. In the late 1980s, Shallowater had a post office, 17 businesses, and a population of 2,107. It was a farm marketing center with processing and storing facilities. In 2010, the population was 2,484. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,084 people, 745 households, and 590 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,272.7 people per square mile (875.4/km²). There were 784 housing units at an average density of 854.2 per square mile (329.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.99% White, 0.67% African American, 0.86% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 6.42% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.20% of the population. There were 745 households out of which 42.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.8% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was spread out with 29.8% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24 males. The median income for a household in the city was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $44,491. Males had a median income of $32,383 versus $21,964 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,752. About 8.6% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over. Education Shallowater is served by the Shallowater Independent School District, and is home to the 2004 Boys and Girls State Championship basketball teams. Religion The City of Shallowater is served by five churches: First Baptist Church Shallowater, New Hope Community Church, Shallowater United Methodist Church, St. Philip Catholic Church, and the Twelfth Street Church of Christ. The churches meet once a year for a community Thanksgiving service.

The Soul of a New Machine

The Soul of a New Machine is a non-fiction book written by Tracy Kidder and published in 1981. It chronicles the experiences of a computer engineering team racing to design a next-generation computer at a blistering pace under tremendous pressure. The machine was launched in 1980 as the Data General Eclipse MV/8000. The book won the 1982 National Book Award for Nonfiction and a Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. Plot The book opens with a turf war between two computer design groups within Data General Corporation, a minicomputer vendor in the 1970s. Most of the senior designers are assigned the "sexy" job of designing the next-generation machine in North Carolina. Their project, code-named "Fountainhead", is to give Data General a machine to compete with the VAX computer from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), which is starting to take over the new 32-bit minicomputer market. Meanwhile, at the corporate headquarters at Westborough, Massachusetts, the few remaining senior designers there are assigned the much more humble job of improving Data General's existing products. Tom West, the leader of the Westborough designers, starts a skunkworks project. Code-named "Eagle", it becomes a backup plan in case Fountainhead fails, and then the company's only hope in catching up with DEC. In order to complete the project on time, West takes risks: he elects to use new technology, and he relies on new college graduates (who have never designed anything so complex) as the bulk of his design team. The book follows many of the designers as they give almost every waking moment of their lives to design and debug the new machine. Themes The work environment described in the book is in many ways opposite of traditional management. Instead of top-down management, many of the innovations are started at the grassroots level. Instead of management having to coerce labor to work harder, labor volunteers to complete the project on time. The reason for this is that people will give their best when the work itself is challenging and rewarding. Many of the engineers state that, "They don't work for the money", meaning they work for the challenge of inventing and creating. The motivational system is akin to the game of pinball, the analogy being that if you win this round, you get to play the game again; that is, build the next generation of computers. A running theme in the book is the tension between engineering quality and time to market: the engineers, challenged to bring a minicomputer to market on a very short time-frame, are encouraged to cut corners on design. Tom West describes his motto as "Not everything worth doing is worth doing well," or "If you can do a quick-and-dirty job and it works, do it." The engineers, in turn, complain that the team's goal is to "put a bag on the side of the Eclipse" – in other words, to turn out an inferior product in order to have it completed more quickly. Tom West practices the "Mushroom Theory of Management" – "keeping them in the dark, feeding them shit, and watch them grow." That is, isolating the design team from outside influences and, instead, using the fear of the unknown to motivate the team. The "Soul" of the new machine comes from the dedicated engineers who bring it to life with their endless hours of attention and toil. The soul is theirs, stored in silicon and microcode. Sources Kidder, Tracy. The Soul of a New Machine. Back Bay Books, 2000.

Jurassic Park Adventures: Prey

Jurassic Park Adventures: Prey is the second installment of the Jurassic Park Adventures book series by Scott Ciencin. Similar to the original script for Jurassic Park III, the book tells the story of a group of teenagers that end up stranded on Isla Sorna after Alan Grant and Eric Kirby escape the island. Plot summary Prey reveals that Alan Grant has become part of a U.N. project to protect the dinosaurs of Isla Sorna. He is forced to stay on the island coordinating a crew of scientists and other experts. It is decided to return balance to the dinosaur ecosystem by relocating some predators to other parts of the island. Eric Kirby blackmails Alan so that he will let him go to the island. Alan agrees, but tricks Eric, taking him during Christmas time where there are no operations going on at the island. Meanwhile, a group of teenagers, led by 18-year-old Simon Tunney, lands on Isla Sorna and attempts to film a movie about the island to become celebrities. Simon is obsessed with becoming a rich celebrity, even if that means to endanger his peers. Upon realizing this, Grant and his team go to the jungle and try to find them, while Eric escapes the headquarters and finds them himself. The teenagers then provoke a herd of Triceratops, but Eric saves the group by mimicking a Velociraptor'''s call for help. Eric tries to convince them to go to Grant's headquarters but Simon refuses, fearing that Grant will confiscate his footage. Simon continues his trip. Angered, Eric follows, knowing that they are getting in the territory of large predators. Later, both Grant's and Simon's teams are attacked by three Carnotaurus. Grant realizes that the leader of the pack has a personal vendetta against him and runs away from the group to save the others. But the Carnotaurus keep chasing the teenagers and almost devours Simon's little brother. Eric saves the group in the nick of time and the Carnotaurus'' are startled by Grant's full team. With recorded video evidence of his behavior, Simon is now trapped and is taken to prison while Grant praises Eric's braveness and allows him to become a temporal member of his team.

Abdukadyr Urazbekov

Abdukadyr Urazbekov (; 1889–1938) was the first Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1927–1937). He was born (1889) in Ohna (ОХНА Айылы) village, Kadamjai district. He was executed during the Great Purge.

Werner Lorant

Werner Lorant (born 21 November 1948) is a German former football player who played as a defender or as a defensive midfielder. He later became a manager, notably managing TSV 1860 Munich for nine years between 1992 and 2001. Playing career Born in Welver, North Rhine-Westphalia, Lorant commenced his professional career 1970 in the second division with Westfalia Herne. 1971 he moved to Borussia Dortmund. There he was part of a side that lost 1–11 against Bayern Munich and was relegated in 1972. He stuck with the club in its first second division club, but the joined in 1973 Rot-Weiss Essen, a side that just won promotion to the Bundesliga. He stayed with the struggling club around their star Willi Lippens and players like Manfred Burgsmüller and Horst Hrubesch until relegation in 1977. Then he joined 1. FC Saarbrücken for a season, experiencing his third relegation. The next four-and-a-half years he spent with Eintracht Frankfurt. With this club he won the UEFA Cup 1980, prevailing in the finals against Borussia Mönchengladbach. In 1981, he helped win the German Cup with a 3–1 victory in the final against 1. FC Kaiserslautern. With Eintracht Lorant played amongst others alongside the World Cup winners of 1974 Jürgen Grabowski and Bernd Hölzenbein. Other notable players were Norbert Nachtweih, Bernd Nickel and the Austrian international Bruno Pezzey. He left Eintracht mid-season 1982–83 for just promoted FC Schalke 04. By the end of the season he had to face the fourth relegation of his career. He then quickly moved on to second division side Hannover 96, where he ended his time as a professional player after one season. Coaching career After a brief stint as part-time coach of an amateur side in 1982 he commenced a full-time coaching career as player manager of SV Heidingsfeld in the Bavarian town of Würzburg from 1984 to 86 and 1986 to 90 with 1. FC Schweinfurt 05, with which he achieved the then amateur third division championship and promotion. From 1990 to 1992 he coached Viktoria Aschaffenburg, also in the third division, where he won the championship in 1992. After this he was hired by TSV 1860 Munich, a team that then had been dwelling for some years in the third division. He took the club inside two years to the first division and in 1997 qualified for the UEFA Cup, where 1860 was ousted in the first round by Austrian side Rapid Wien. In 2000, he led 1860 into the qualification for the Champions League, where the team lost against Leeds United with 1–2 and 0–1. In the ensuing UEFA Cup campaign 1860 was stopped by Italian club AC Parma: after a respectable 2–2 draw away, 1860 lost the home leg 0–2. In the season a sweltering conflict with club president Wildmoser came to a head after the team lost in the derby against Bayern Munich 1–5 and Lorant was let go. Notable players during his tenure with 1860 were the German internationals Thomas Häßler and Martin Max who played there from 1999 in the autumn of their careers. Max became twice top scorer of the Bundesliga in this phase. German international Jens Jeremies was discovered at the club during Lorant's tenure. Foreign internationals were amongst others Abédi Pelé from Ghana, Harald Cerny from Austria, Miroslav Stevic from Serbia as well as the Australians Paul Agostino and Ned Zelic. Horst Heldt, Olaf Bodden, Manfred Schwabl and Bernd Trares were further players of note in this era. In the ensuing years Lorant coached SpVgg Unterhaching and LR Ahlen in Germany, Fenerbahçe, Sivasspor, Kayseri Erciyesspor and Kasımpaşa SK in Turkey, APOEL in Cyprus, Saipa Teheran in Iran, Incheon United in South Korea, Liaoning Hongyun in China and DAC Dunajská Streda in Slovakia. Most of these engagements ended up being very short term and the sides were often struggling to retain the class. With Apoel in Cyprus, where Lorant spent two months in 2005, he became runner-up in the championship, however, the club hoped that he would take them to the title. In March 2010, he was appointed sports manager of fourth division side Tennis Borussia Berlin, however, the club folded in May. In April 2015, Lorant was appointed as manager of TSV Waging until the end of the season. In January 2017, he took charge of ÖTSU Hallein. In April 2019, he took charge of FC Hallein 04 until the end of the season.

Madera Police Department

The Madera Police Department is responsible for policing the city of Madera, California. The Chief of Police is Dino Lawson. Ranks Fallen Officers In the history of the department, 3 officers have died in the line of duty. Assignments Sworn Assignments Investigations Patrol Animal Control School Resource Officer Detectives Traffic K9 Non-Sworn Assignments Alarm Ordinance Special Investigation Unit (SUI) Public Records Dispatch Volunteers Property & Evidence

Bicycle accessories

For bicycle accessories see: Accessories Accessories, repairs, and tools Bicycle Tools

Wager Mutiny

The Wager Mutiny was the mutiny of the crew of the British war ship after she was wrecked on a desolate island off the south coast of Chile in 1741. The ship was part of a squadron commanded by George Anson and bound to attack Spanish interests in the Pacific. Wager lost contact with the squadron while rounding Cape Horn, ran aground, and wrecked on the island in May 1741. The main body of the crew mutinied against Captain David Cheap, abandoned him and his loyal crew members, and returned to England in a modified open boat via the Strait of Magellan. Most of the crew died on the journey, but the mutiny's ring-leaders were among those who survived. Captain Cheap and a smaller group made their way north to an inhabited region of Chile, guided by natives. Most of them also died on their journey, but Cheap and three others survived and returned to England in 1745, two years after the mutineers. The adventures of the crew of the Wager were a public sensation. They inspired many narratives written by survivors and others. HMS Wager Wager was originally an East India Company ship, an armed trading vessel built mainly to accommodate large cargoes of goods from the far east, but also capable of carrying significant firepower for protection. The Admiralty purchased her in 1739 to form part of a squadron under Commodore George Anson to attack Spanish interests on the Pacific west coast of South America. Commodore Anson's squadron The squadron consisted of some 1,980 men (crew plus infantry), of whom only 188 survived the voyage. It included six warships and two victuallers (supply ships) in addition to Wager: , the flagship (a fourth-rate ship of 1,005 tons, 60 guns, and 400 men) (866 tons, 50 guns, 300 men) (683 tons, 50 guns, 300 men) (559 tons, 40 guns, 250 men) (559 tons, 24 guns, 120 men) Tryal (201 tons, 8 guns, 70 men) The two merchant vessels were Anna (400 tons, 16-men) and Industry (200 tons), and they carried additional stores. The squadron also included 470 invalids and wounded soldiers from Chelsea hospital under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Cracherode. Most of these men were the first to die during the hardships of the voyage. Their inclusion in place of regular troops was severely criticized as cruel and ineffective. Spithead to Staten Island The squadron took 40 days to reach Funchal where they replenished supplies of water, wood, and food before making the Atlantic crossing to Santa Catarina. Two weeks into this leg of the journey, the store ship Industry signaled to the Commodore that it required to speak to him. The Captain of Industry told Anson that his contract had been fulfilled and Industry needed to turn back for England. Her stores were distributed among the remaining ships, with a large quantity of rum sent aboard Wager. Her cargo now consisted of rum, siege guns to attack fortified Spanish holds, and trading goods for use with coastal inhabitants, to be traded for supplies for the squadron and used to subvert Spanish rule. Many men in the squadron died of scurvy due to lack of fresh citrus fruits or meats. The high contingent of invalids in the squadron and the outbreak of scurvy meant that Anson's squadron was in poor condition for the arduous rounding of the Horn. Anson moved Captain Dandy Kidd from Wager to the Pearl and Captain Murray to Wager. Kidd died after the squadron left Santa Catarina and before they reached the straits of Staten Island. He allegedly made a deathbed prediction of success and riches for some, but death and devastating hardship for the crew of Wager. Anson now moved Captain Murray from Wager to Pearl, and he moved Lieutenant David Cheap from the small sloop Tryal and promoted him to captain of Wager. Cheap was in command of a large vessel for the first time, crewed by sick and dispirited men. He compounded these handicaps by denigrating the technical abilities of many of the officers, and being easily moved to fits of rage. He was, however, a capable seaman and navigator, a big man who feared nobody, and a loyal and determined officer. Anson impressed on Cheap the importance of the Wager and her role in the mission, as the squadron would draw on Wager store of small arms and ammunition to attack shore bases along the west coast of Chile. The rounding of the Horn The delays of the voyage were most keenly felt when the squadron rounded the Horn. The weather conditions were atrocious; high sea states and contrary winds meant that progress west was very slow. Added to this was the deteriorating health of the crew: because of scurvy, few able-bodied seamen were available to work the ship and carry out running repairs to the continually battered rigging. After many weeks working westwards to clear the Horn, the squadron turned north when navigational reckoning suggested enough westerly had been made. At this time latitudinal determination was relatively easy with the use of a sextant; however, longitudinal determination was much harder to predict: it required accurate time-pieces or a good view of the stars on stable ground, neither of which were available to the squadron. Longitude was predicted by dead reckoning, an impossible task given the storm conditions, strong currents and length of time involved. The intention was to turn north only when Anson was reasonably certain that the Horn had been cleared. The result was nearly a complete disaster. In the middle of the night, the moon shone through the cloud for a few minutes, revealing to diligent sentinels aboard Anna towering waves breaking onto the Patagonian coastline. Anna fired guns and set up lights to warn the other ships of the danger. Without this sighting, the whole of Anson's squadron would have been wrecked, with the likely loss of all hands. This was a severe disappointment. The ships turned around and headed south again into huge seas and a foul wind. During one particularly severe night, Wager became separated from the rest of the squadron, and would never see it again. The wrecking of the Wager As Wager, now alone, continued beating to the west, the question remained, when to turn north? Do it too early and the risk of running the ship aground was very high; which the crew already realized. But, they were severely depleted with scurvy – every day more victims were going down with the condition – and there was a shortage of seamen to handle the ship. The dilemma became contentious when Captain Cheap stated his intention to make for Socorro Island (now Guamblin Island). The gunner, John Bulkley, objected strongly to this proposal. He argued to make the secondary squadron rendezvous, the Island of Juan Fernandez, their primary destination, since it was not as close to the mainland as Socorro and was less likely to result in the wrecking the ship on a lee shore. Bulkley was recognized as probably the most capable seaman on the ship; as gunner, he had officer rank. Navigation was technically the responsibility of the master, Thomas Clark, but he, along with most of the officers on board, was held in thinly-disguised contempt by Cheap. Bulkley repeatedly tried to persuade Cheap to change his mind, arguing that the ship was in such poor condition that the crew's ability to carry the required sail-plan to beat off a lee-shore or come to anchor was compromised, making Cheap's decision to head for Socorro too hazardous, especially given that the whole area was poorly charted. In the event Bulkley was to prove exactly correct, but Cheap refused to change course. What Bulkley did not know was that Cheap was following his orders and it was impressed upon him that the siege guns in the hold of the Wager were required for attacking Valdivia. These orders were secret and the rumours that the Gunner perpetuated that Juan Fernández Islands should be their destination was not correct. On 13 May 1741, at 9 am, John Cummins, the carpenter, went forward to inspect the chain plates. Whilst there he thought he caught a fleeting glimpse of land to the west. The lieutenant, Baynes, was also on deck but he saw nothing, and the sighting was not reported. Baynes was later reprimanded at a Court Martial for failing to alert the Captain. The sighting of land to the west was thought to be impossible. But, Wager had entered a large uncharted bay, now called Golfo de Penas, and the land to the west was later to be called the Tres Montes Peninsula. At 2 pm land was positively sighted to the west and northwest. All hands were mustered to make sail and turn the ship to the southwest. During the frantic operations which followed, Cheap fell down the quarterdeck ladder and dislocated his shoulder and was confined below. There followed a night of terrible weather, with the ship in a disabled and worn-out condition, which severely hampered efforts to get her clear of the bay. At 4:30 am, the ship struck rocks repeatedly, broke her tiller, and although still afloat was partially flooded. The invalids below who were too sick to move were drowned. Bulkley and another seaman, John Jones, began steering the ship with sail alone towards land, but later in the morning the ship struck again, this time fast. Shipwrecked on Wager Island Wager struck rocks on the coast of a small, uninhabited island. Some of the crew broke into the spirit room and got drunk, armed themselves, and began looting, dressing up in officers' clothes and fighting, while 140 other men and officers took to the boats and made it safely to shore. Their prospects were desperate, as they were shipwrecked far into the southern latitudes at the start of winter with little food on a desolate island without resources to sustain them. The crew were dangerously divided, with many blaming the captain for their predicament. On Friday 15 May, the ship bilged amidships, and many of the drunken crew drowned. The only members of the crew left on board Wager were boatswain John King and a few of his followers, and King was a rebellious and difficult individual. Mutiny The crew of Wager were frightened and angry with their captain, and dissent and insubordination grew. King fired a four-pounder cannon from Wager at the captain's hut to induce someone to collect him and his mates once they began to fear for their safety on the wreck. The crew knew that they were in danger of harsh justice if they mutinied, so they worked to build a story to justify their actions. Full mutiny would likely not have occurred had the captain agreed to a plan of escape devised by Bulkley, who had the confidence of most men. He proposed that Cummins the ship's carpenter would lengthen the longboat and convert it into a schooner which could accommodate more men. They would make their way home via the Strait of Magellan to Portuguese Brazil or the British Caribbean, and then home to England. The smaller barge and cutter would accompany the schooner and be important for inshore foraging work along their journey. Bulkley was skilful enough to give the plan a chance of success. Despite much prevarication, Captain Cheap would not agree to Bulkley's plan. He preferred to head north and try to catch-up with Anson's squadron. Cheap was in a difficult predicament. He would automatically be subject to court martial, and he could be thrown out of the Navy and into a lifetime of poverty and isolation, at best. At worst, he could be found guilty of cowardice and executed by firing squad, as demonstrated by the 1757 execution of Admiral John Byng. Cheap wanted to head north along the Chilean coast to rendezvous with Anson at Valdivia. His warrant officers had warned him against some of his actions, which would reflect badly on him when the Admiralty investigated the loss of his ship. This impasse led to the mutiny. The mutineers justified their actions based on other events, including Cheap shooting Cozens. Cheap heard an altercation outside his tent, came out in a rage, and shot Cozens in the face at point blank range without any warning. This incident further raised tensions, as Cheap refused to allow medical aid for Cozens, who took ten days to die of his wound. The carpenter continued modifying the boats for an undetermined plan of escape, and outright mutiny remained only a possibility so long as his work continued. Once the schooner was ready, however, events happened quickly. Bulkley set the wheels in motion by drafting the following letter for the captain to sign: Whereas upon a General Consultation, it has been agreed to go from this Place through the Streights of Magellan, for the coast of Brazil, in our way for England: We do, notwithstanding, find the People separating into Parties, which must consequently end in the Destruction of the whole Body; and as also there have been great robberies committed on the Stores and every Thing is now at a Stand; therefore, to prevent all future Frauds and Animosoties, we are unanimously agreed to proceed as above-mentioned.Pack, S (1964), p. 87–88 Baynes was presented with the letter to read, after which he said: I cannot suppose the Captain will refuse the signing of it; but he is so self-willed, the best step we can take, is to put him under arrest for the killing of Mr. Cozens. In this case I will, with your approbation, assume command. Then our affairs will be concluded to the satisfaction of the whole company, without being any longer liable to the obstruction they now meet from the Captain's perverseness and chicanery. Cheap refused to sign Bulkley's letter, and armed seamen entered his hut on 9 October and bound him, claiming that he was now their prisoner and they were taking him to England for trial for the murder of Cozens. Lieutenant Hamilton of the Marines was also confined, the mutineers fearing his resistance to their plan. Cheap was completely taken aback, having no real idea how far things had gone. He said to Lieutenant Baynes, "Well 'Captain' Baynes! You will doubtless be called to account for this hereafter." The voyage of the Speedwell At noon on Tuesday, 13 October 1741, the schooner, now named the Speedwell, got under sail with the cutter and barge in company. Cheap refused to go, and to the relief of the mutineers, he agreed to be left behind with two marines who were earlier shunned for stealing food. Everyone expected Cheap to die on Wager Island, making their arrival in England much easier to explain. Bulkley assumed this by writing in his journal that day, "this was the last I ever saw of the captain". In the event, both would make it back to England alive to tell their version of events, Cheap some two years after Bulkley. Initially the voyage got off to a bad start. After repeatedly splitting sails, the barge was sent back to Wager Island, where there were additional stores. Two midshipmen, John Byron and Alexander Campbell, who had been tricked into thinking Cheap would be taken home with them, quietly slipped aboard and formed part of the nine who returned. When Bulkley realised they were onboard he tried to get them to return but the barge set sail quickly and rounded the point of land whilst the schooner was at anchor. Once back at Wager Island, they were greeted by Captain Cheap, who was delighted to hear of their wish to remain with him. By the time Bulkley sailed back to Wager Island in search of the barge and its men, all had disappeared. The Speedwell and the cutter turned around and sailed south. The journey was arduous and food was in very short supply. On 3 November the cutter parted company; this was serious as she was needed for inshore foraging work. By now Bulkley was despairing of the men in the Speedwell. Most were in the advanced stages of starvation, exposed in a desperately cold, open boat, and had lapsed into apathy. Some days later they had good news, sighting the cutter and rejoining it. Soon after, at night, she broke loose from her consort's tow line and was wrecked on the coast. Of the eighty-one men who had departed about two weeks before, ten had already perished. As food began to run out, the situation became desperate. Ten men were picked out and forced to sign a paper consenting to being cast ashore on the uninhabited frozen bog-ridden southern coast of Chile, a virtual death sentence. Sixty men remained in the Speedwell. Eventually the improvised vessel entered the Strait of Magellan, in monstrous seas which threatened the boat with every wave. Men were dying from starvation regularly. Some days after exiting The Straits, the boat moved closer to land in order to take in water and hunt for food. Later, as the last of their supplies were being taken on board, Bulkley made sail, abandoning eight men on the desolate shore 300 miles south of Buenos Aires. For the second time, Bulkley would abandon men to a certain death, only to confront them back in England years into the future. Three of the party he left behind, after much exertion, made it back to England alive. Only thirty-three men remained in the Speedwell. Eventually, and after a brief stop at a Portuguese outpost on the River Plate, where the crew were fleeced by the locals for meagre provisions and cheated by a priest who disappeared with their fowling pieces (shotguns) on the promise of returning with game, the Speedwell set sail once more. On 28 January 1742, it sighted the Rio Grande, southern Brazil, after a journey of over two-thousand miles in an open boat over fifteen weeks. Of the eighty-one men who set off from Wager Island, thirty arrived at Rio in a desperate condition. Captain Cheap's group Twenty men remained on Wager Island after the departure of the Speedwell. Poor weather during October and November continued. One man died of exposure after being marooned for three days on a rock for stealing food. By December and the summer solstice, it was decided to launch the barge and the yawl and skirt up the coast 300 miles to an inhabited part of Chile. During bad weather, the yawl was overturned and lost, with the quartermaster drowned. There was not enough room for everyone in the barge, and four of the most helpless men, all marines, were left on the shore to fend for themselves. In his account, Campbell describes events thus: "The loss of the yawl was a great misfortune to us who belonged to her (being seven in number) all our clothes, arms, etc. being lost with her. As the barge was not capable of carrying both us and her own company, being in all seventeen men, it was determined to leave four of the Marines on this desolate place. This was a melancholy thing, but necessity compelled us to it. And as we were obliged to leave some behind us, the marines were fixed on, as not being of any service on board. What made the case of these poor men the more deplorable, was the place being destitute of seal, shellfish, or anything they could possibly live upon. The captain left them arms, ammunition, a frying pan, and several other necessaries." Fourteen men were now left, all in the barge. After repeated failed attempts to round the headland, they decided to return to Wager Island and give up all hope of escape. The four stranded marines were looked for but had disappeared. Two months after leaving Wager Island, Captain Cheap's group returned. The thirteen survivors were close to death, and one man died of starvation shortly after arriving. Back at Wager Island Captain Cheap was observed to deteriorate markedly in health with his legs swelling to twice their normal size, and he also attracted criticism in Byron's subsequent narrative for taking more food than the others but did less work. Fifteen days after returning to Wager Island, the men were visited by a party of indigenous Chono nomads led by Martín Olleta, who were astonished to find castaways there. After some negotiation, with the surgeon speaking Spanish, the Chono agreed to guide Cheap's group to a small Spanish settlement up the coast, using an overland route to avoid the peninsula. The castaways traded the barge for the journey. Iron was highly valued by the Chono as this metal was even scarce in the Spanish settlements further north. Martín Olleta led the survirors trough an unusual route across Presidente Ríos Lake in Taitao Peninsula avoiding the common route through San Tadeo River and San Rafael Lake. In his book, John Byron gives a detailed account of the journey to the Spanish village of Castro in Chiloé Archipelago, as does Alexander Campbell. The ordeal took four months, during which another ten men died of starvation, exhaustion and fatigue. Marine Lieutenant Hamilton, Midshipman Campbell, Midshipman Byron, and Captain Cheap were the only survivors. Before handing over the English to Spanish authorities Martín Olleta's party stopped somewhere south of Chiloé Island to hid all iron objects, likely to avoid have them confiscated. Scholar Ximena Urbina conjectures that Martín Olleta must have lived close to the Spanish and heard from other natives of the wreckage. Thus the rescue was not by chance but an enterprise done with prior knowledge of the Spanish interest in foreigners and of the valuable loot to be found at the wreckage. Bulkley and the Speedwell survivors return to England The 30 mutineers had an anxious time before eventually securing passage to Rio de Janeiro on the brigantine Saint Catherine, which set sail on Sunday 28 March 1742. Once in Rio de Janeiro, internal and external diplomatic wrangling continually threatened to terminally complicate either their lives, or at least their return to England. John King did not help. He formed a violent gang that spent most of its time repeatedly terrorising his former shipmates on various pretexts. They moved to the opposite side of Rio to avoid King. After many episodes of fleeing their accommodations in terror of King and his gang (who referred to him as their 'commander'), Bulkley, Cummins and the cooper, John Young, eventually sought protection from the Portuguese authorities. Captain Stanley Walter Croucher Pack describes these events: "As soon as the ruffians had gone [Kings gang], the terrified occupants left their house via the back wall and fled into the country. Early the next morning they called on the consul and asked for protection. He readily understood that they were all in mortal peril from the mad designs of the boatswain [King] and placed them under protection and undertook to get them on board a ship where they could work their passage." They eventually secured passage to Bahia in the Saint Tubes, which set sail on 20 May 1742. They gladly left the boatswain John King behind to continue causing criminal havoc in Rio de Janeiro. On 11 September 1742, the Saint Tubes left Bahia bound for Lisbon, and from there they embarked in HMS Stirling Castle on 20 December bound for Spithead, England. They arrived on New Year's Day 1743, after an absence of more than two years. Events were also reported back to London from the British Consul in Lisbon, in a dispatch dated 1 October 1742 (see images): "Last week four officers of the Wager which went out with Mr Anson, viz the Lieutenant of the ship [illegible, Bulkley?], two lieutenants of marines and four sailors arrived here in a Portuguese vessel; they say they were cast away upon an uninhabited island in the South Seas in May last twelvemonth, after they had lost their ship they lengthened their longboat and threw a deck over her in which & two open boats the whole crew being 81 in number resorted to put to sea, except their Captain who said it was as well to starve as be drowned which he was persuaded would be their fate [this is a lie]. One of the boats put back again immediately [the barge], the others proceeded, sailed the Straights of Magellan, kept along the coast 'till they got to Rio Grande, where they say they were well received by the Portuguese. But before they got there several of the people died in the voyage, others ran away there [meaning Isaac Morris and others, this is also a lie]. The rest sailed again from thence and went to Rio de Janeiro, what numbers landed there they do not remember. The whole event the Lieutenant [Baynes] says must be very important for [Page 2] the sailors were become masters and would not suffer him to keep a journal. When they got to the Rio de Janeiro there were lots of their companions who left them at Rio Grande had been there & were gone away in His Majesty's ship commanded by Captain Smith who sailed for the West Indies seven or eight days before they got in. The officers gone home of this Packet [HMS Stirling Castle] & the sailors are put on board His Majesty's ship the Greyhound." Stanley Walter Croucher Pack's book describes a similar report: "Arrival of some of the castaways from the loss of H.M.S. Wager in the South Pacific. Were well treated by Portuguese at Rio de Janeiro, but sailors were mutinous against their officers. King of Portugal has had another seizure and his departure for Caldas is postponed... etc." Lieutenant Baynes, in order to exonerate himself, rushed ahead of Bulkley and Cummins to the Admiralty in London and gave an account of what happened to Wager which reflected badly on Bulkley and Cummins but not himself. Baynes was a weak man and an incompetent officer, as was recorded by all those who provided a narrative of these events. As a result of Baynes' report, Bulkley and Cummins were detained aboard HMS Stirling Castle for two weeks whilst the Admiralty decided how to act. It was eventually decided to release them and defer any formal court martial proceedings until the return of either Commodore Anson or Captain Cheap. When Anson did return in 1744, it was decided that no trial would proceed until Cheap returned. Bulkley asked the Admiralty for permission to publish his journal. It responded that it was his business and he could do as he liked. He released a book containing his journal, but the initial reaction from some was that he should be hanged as a mutineer. Bulkley found employment when he assumed command of a forty-gun privateer Saphire. It was not long before Bulkley's competence and nerve found him success as he tricked his way around a superior force of French frigates which his vessel encountered when cruising. As a result, Bulkley found his successes being reported in popular London papers and gained some celebrity. He began thinking that it would not be long before the Admiralty would offer him the coveted command of a Royal Navy ship. On 9 April 1745, however, Cheap arrived back in England. Survivors of Captain Cheap's group return to England By January 1742 (January 1743 in modern calendar, the year changed on 25 March in those days), as Bulkley was returning to Spithead, the four survivors of Cheap's group had spent seven months in Chacao. Nominal prisoners of the local governor, they were allowed to live with local hosts and were left unmolested. The biggest obstacle in Byron's efforts to return to England began firstly with the old lady who initially looked after him (and her two daughters) in the countryside before his move to the town itself. All of the ladies were fond of Byron and became extremely reluctant to let him leave, successfully getting the governor to agree to Byron staying with her for a few extra weeks. He finally left for Chacao, amidst many tears. Once in Chacao, Byron was also offered the hand in marriage of the richest heiress in the town. Her beau said, although "her person was good, she could not be called a regular beauty", and this seems to have sealed her fate. On 2 January 1743, the group left on a ship bound for Valparaíso. Cheap and Hamilton removed to Santiago, as they were officers who had preserved their commissions. Byron and Campbell were unceremoniously jailed. Campbell and Byron were confined in a single cell infested with insects and placed on a starvation diet. Many locals visited their cell, paying officials for the privilege of looking at the 'terrible Englishmen', people they had heard much about, but never seen before. But, the harsh conditions moved not only their curious visitors but also the sentry at their cell door, who allowed food and money to be taken to them. Eventually Cheap's whole group made it to Santiago, where things were much better. They stayed there on parole for the rest of 1743 and 1744. Exactly why becomes clearer in Campbell's account: "The Spaniards are very proud, and dress extremely gay; particularly the women, who spend a great deal of money upon their persons and houses. They are a good sort of people, and very courteous to strangers. Their women are also fond of gentlemen from other countries, and of other nations." After two years, the group were offered passage on a ship to Spain; they all agreed, except Campbell. He chose to travel overland with some Spanish naval officers to Buenos Aires and from there to connect to a different ship also bound for Spain. Campbell deeply resented Captain Cheap's giving him less money in a cash allowance than he gave to Hamilton and Byron. Campbell was suspected to be edging toward marrying a Spanish colonial woman, which was against the rules of the British Navy at that time. Campbell was furious at this treatment. He wrote: "...the misunderstanding between me and the Captain, as already related, and since which we had not conversed together, induced me not to go home in the same ship with a man who had used me so ill; but rather to embark in a Spanish man-of-war then lying at Buenos Aires." On 20 December 1744, Cheap, Hamilton and Byron embarked on the French ship Lys, which had to return to Valparaiso after springing a leak. On 1 March 1744 (modern 1745) Lys set out for Europe, and after a good passage round the Horn, she dropped anchor in Tobago in late June 1745. After managing to get lost and sail obliviously by night through the very dangerous island chain between Grenada and St Vincent, the ship headed for Puerto Rico. The crew was alarmed at seeing abandoned barrels from British warships, as Britain was now at war with France. After narrowly avoiding being captured off San Domingo, the ship made her way to Brest, arriving on 31 October 1744. After six months in Brest being virtually abandoned with no money, shelter, food or clothing, the destitute group embarked for England on a Dutch ship. On 9 April 1745 they landed at Dover, three men of the twenty who had left in the barge with Cheap on 15 December 1741. News of their arrival quickly spread to the Admiralty and Buckley. Cheap went directly to the Admiralty in London with his version of events. A court martial was duly organised. After all he had been through and survived, Bulkley was in danger for his life, and at risk of execution. Abandoned survivors of the Speedwell group return to England Left by Bulkley at Freshwater Bay, in the place where today stands the resort city of Mar del Plata, were eight men who were alone, starving, sickly and in a hostile and remote country. After a month of living on seals killed with stones to preserve ball and powder, the group began the 300-mile trek north to Buenos Aires. Their greatest fear, correctly as it would transpire, were the Tehuelche nomads, who were known to transit through the region. After a 60-mile trek north in two days, they were forced to return to Freshwater Bay because they were unable to locate any water resources. Once back they decided to wait for the wet season before making another attempt. By autumn they were starving for lack of food. They became more settled in Freshwater Bay, built a hut, tamed some puppies they took from a wild dog, and began raising pigs. One of the party spotted what they described as a 'tiger' reconnoitering their hut one night. Another sighting of a 'lion' shortly after this had the men hastily planning another attempt to walk to Buenos Aires (they actually saw a jaguar and a cougar). One day, when most of the men were out hunting, the group returned to find the two left behind to mind the camp had beenback murdered, the hut torn down, and all their possessions taken. Two other men who were hunting in another area disappeared, and their dogs made their way back to the devastated camp. The four remaining men left Freshwater Bay for Buenos Aires, accompanied by 16 dogs and two pigs. They eventually reached the mouth of the River Plate, but, unable to negotiate the marshes on the shores of Samborombon Bay, the party was forced to make their way back to Freshwater Bay. Shortly afterwards a large group of Tehuelches on horseback surrounded them, took them all prisoner, and enslaved them. After being bought and sold four times, they were eventually taken before Cangapol, a chieftain who led a loose confederation of nomad tribes dwelling between the rivers Negro and Lujan. When he learned they were English and at war with the Spanish, he treated them better. By the end of 1743, after eight months as slaves, they eventually told the chief that they wanted to return to Buenos Aires. Cangapol agreed but refused to give up John Duck, who was mulatto. An English trader in Montevideo, upon hearing of their plight, put up the ransom of $270 for the other three and they were released. On arrival in Buenos Aires, the Spanish governor put them in jail after they refused to convert to Catholicism. In early 1745 they were moved to the ship Asia, where they were to work as prisoners of war. After this they were thrown in prison again, chained, and placed on a bread and water diet for fourteen weeks, before a judge eventually ordered their release. Then Midshipman Alexander Campbell, another of Wager crew, arrived in town. Midshipman Alexander Campbell's overland trek to Buenos Aires On 20 January 1745 Alexander Campbell and four Spanish naval officers set out across South America from Valparaiso to Buenos Aires. Using mules, the party trekked into the high Andes, where they faced precipitous mountains, severe cold and, at times, serious altitude sickness. First a mule slipped on an exposed path and was dashed onto rocks far below, then two mules froze to death on a particularly horrendous night of blizzards, and an additional 20 died of thirst or starvation on the remaining journey. After seven weeks travelling, the party eventually arrived in Buenos Aires. Campbell and the Freshwater Bay survivors return to England It took five months for Alexander Campbell to get out of Buenos Aires, where he was twice confined in a fort for periods of several weeks. Eventually the governor sent him to Montevideo, which was just 100 miles across the Río de la Plata. It was here that the three Freshwater Bay survivors, Midshipman Isaac Morris, Seaman Samuel Cooper and John Andrews were languishing as prisoners of war aboard the Spanish ship Asia, along with sixteen other English sailors from another ship. Campbell had finally converted to Catholicism, which helped him. While his fellow shipmates were treated harshly and confined aboard the Asia, Campbell wined and dined with various captains on the social circuit of Montevideo. All four Wager survivors departed for Spain in the Asia at the end of October 1745, but the passage was not without incident. Having been at sea three days, eleven Indian crew on board mutinied against their barbaric treatment by the Spanish officers. They killed twenty Spaniards and wounded another twenty before briefly taking control of the ship (which had a total crew of over five hundred). Eventually the Spaniards worked to reassert control and through a 'lucky shot', according to Morris, they killed the Indian chief Orellana dead. His followers all jumped overboard rather than submit to Spanish retribution. The Asia dropped anchor at the port Corcubion, near Cape Finisterre on 20 January 1746. The authorities chained together Morris, Cooper and Andrews and put them in jail. Campbell went to Madrid for questioning. After four months held captive in awful conditions, the three Freshwater Bay survivors were eventually released to Portugal, from where they sailed for England, arriving in London on 5 July 1746. Bulkley had to confront men he assumed had died on a desolated coastline thousands of miles away. Campbell's insistence that he had not entered the service of the Spanish Navy, as Cheap and Byron had believed, was apparently confirmed when he arrived in London during early May 1746, shortly after Cheap. Campbell went straight to the Admiralty, where he was promptly dismissed from the service for his change in religion. His hatred for Cheap had, if anything, intensified. After all he had been through, he completes his account of this incredible story thus: "Most of the hardships I suffered in following the fortunes of Captain Cheap were the consequence of my voluntary attachment to that gentleman. In reward for this the Captain has approved himself the greatest Enemy I have in the world. His ungenerous Usage of me forced me to quit his Company, and embark for Europe in a Spanish ship rather than a French one." Court martial into the loss of Wager Proceedings for a full court martial to inquire into the loss of Wager were initiated once Cheap had returned and made his report to the Admiralty. All Wager survivors were ordered to report aboard HMS Prince George at Spithead for the court martial. Bulkley on hearing this reacted in his typical style of being overly clever and devious. He arranged to dine with the Deputy Marshal of the Admiralty (the enforcing officer of the Royal Navy command) but kept his true identity concealed. Bulkley wrote about his prepared conversation with the Deputy Marshal at the Paul's Head Tavern in Cateaton Street: "Desiring to know his opinion in regard to the Officers of the Wager, as their Captain was come home; for that I had a near relation which was an Officer that came in the long-boat from Brazil, and it would give me concern if he would suffer: His answer was that he believ'd that we should be hang'd. To which I replied, for God's Sake for what, for not being drown'd? And is a Murderer at last come home to their Accuser? I have carefully perused the Journal, and can't conceive that they have been guilty of Piracy, Mutiny, nor any Thing else to deserve it. It looks to me as if their Adversaries have taken up arms against the Power of the Almighty, for delivering them." At which point the Marshal responded: "Sir, they have been guilty of such things to Captain Cheap whilst a Prisoner, that I believe the Gunner and Carpenter will be hang'd if no Body else." Bulkley told the Marshal of his true identity, who immediately arrested him. Upon arrival aboard Prince George, Bulkley sent some of his friends to visit Cheap to gauge his mood and intentions. Their report gave Bulkley little comfort. Cheap was in a vindictive frame of mind, telling them: Gentlemen, I have nothing to say for nor against Villains, until the Day of Tryal, and then it is not in my Power to be off from hanging them." Upon securing the main players, trial was set for Tuesday 15 April 1746, presided by Vice Admiral of the Red Squadron James Steuart. Much of what happened on the day land was first sighted off Patagonia as recounted here came out in sworn testimonies, with statements from Cheap, Byron, Hamilton, Bulkley, Cummins and King (who had also returned to England, under unknown circumstances) and a number of other crew members. Cheap, although keen to charge those who abandoned him in the Speedwell with mutiny, decided not to make any accusations when it was suggested to him that any such claims would lead to his being accused of murdering Midshipman Cozens. None of the witnesses was aware at this point that the Admiralty had decided not to examine events after the ship foundered as part of the scope of the court martial proceedings. After testimony and questioning, the men were all were promptly acquitted of any wrongdoing, except for Lieutenant Baynes. He was admonished for not reporting the carpenter's sighting of land to the west to the captain, or letting go the anchor when ordered. Aftermath The mutineers argued that, since their pay stopped on the day their vessel was wrecked, they were no longer under naval law. Captain Stanley Walter Croucher Pack, in his book about the mutiny, describes this and the Admiralty's decision not to investigate events after the Wager was lost in more detail: "Their Lordships knew that a conviction of mutiny would be unpopular with the country. Things were bad with the Navy in April 1746. Their Lordships were out of favour. One of the reasons for this was their harsh treatment of Admiral Vernon, a popular figure with the public... The defence that the Mutineers had was that as their wages automatically stopped when the ship was lost, they were no longer under naval law. Existence of such a misconception could lead, in time of enemy action or other hazard, to anticipation that the ship was already lost. Anson realised the danger and corrected this misconception. As Lord Commissioner he removed any further doubt in 1747. An Act was passed "for extending the discipline of the Navy to crews of his majesty's ships, wrecked lost or taken, and continuing to receive wages upon certain conditions... The survivors of the Wager were extremely lucky not to be convicted of mutiny and owe their acquittal not only to the unpopularity of the Board, but to the strength of public opinion, to the fact that their miraculous escapes had captured the public fancy." Captain Cheap was promoted to the distinguished rank of post captain and appointed to command the forty-gun ship , demonstrating that the Admiralty considered his many faults secondary to his steadfast loyalty and sense of purpose. He captured a valuable prize soon after, which allowed him to marry in 1748. He died in 1752. His service records, reports, will and death are recorded in the National Archives.Admiralty Archive: Will of Captain David Cheap PROB 11/797 Midshipman John Byron was promoted to the rank of master and commander, and appointed to command the twenty-gun ship Syren. He eventually rose to the rank of vice admiral. Byron had a varied and significant active service history which included a circumnavigation of the globe. He married in 1748 and raised a family. His grandson George Gordon Byron became a famous poet. He died in 1786. Robert Baynes' service records exist from prior to the sailing of Anson's squadron. Upon his return to England after the Wager affair, he never served at sea again. Instead, in February 1745, before the court martial, he was given a position onshore running a naval store yard in Clay near the Sea, Norfolk. Apart from some reports of thieving from his yard, his life did not create other records. He remained in this capacity until his death in 1758.Robert Baynes, death recorded by Admiralty ADM 354/160/116 Shortly after the court martial, John Bulkley was offered command of the cutter Royal George, which he declined, thinking her "too small to keep to the sea". He was right in his assessment, as the vessel subsequently foundered in the Bay of Biscay, with the loss of all hands.Pack, S (1964), p.244 Alexander Campbell completes his narrative of the Wager affair by denying he had entered the service of the Spanish Navy; however, in the same year his book was published, a report was made against him. Commodore Edward Legge (formerly captain of in Anson's original squadron) reported that whilst cruising in Portuguese waters, he encountered a certain Alexander Campbell in port, formerly of the Royal Navy and the , enlisting English seamen and sending them overland to Cadiz to join the Spanish service. Further reading John Bulkeley & John Cummins: A Voyage to the South-Seas, in the Years 1740-1: Containing a Faithful Narrative of the Loss of His Majesty's Ship the Wager on a Desolate Island. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015. James Burney: A Chronological History of the Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. Forgotten Books, London 2016. John Byron: Byron's Narrative of the Loss of the Wager. Forgotten Books, London 2016. Isaac Morris. A narrative of the dangers and distresses which befel Isaac Morris, and seven more of the crew, belonging to The Wager store-ship. Gale, Andover 2010. Alexander Campbell: The sequel to Bulkeley and Cummins's Voyage to the South-Seas. Gale, Andover 2012. Lt. Col. Hon. Arthur C. Murray: An Episode in the Spanish War 1739-1744. Seeley, London 1952 Captain Stanley Walter Croucher Pack, CBE: The Wager Mutiny. Alvin Redman, London 1952. Richard Walther: Anson's Voyage Around the World: In the Years, 1740-1744. The Narrative Press, London 2001, Glyn Williams: The Prize of All the Oceans: Anson's Voyage Around the World. Penguin Books, New York 2000. Rear Admiral C.H. Layman: The Wager Disaster: Mayhem, Mutiny and Murder in the South Seas. Unicorn Press, London 2015. References Bulkeley, John; Cummins, John. A Voyage to the South-Seas in the Years 1740-1. London: Jacob Robinson, 1743. Second edition, with additions, London (1757) Bulkeley, John; Cummins, John; Byron, John; Gurney, Alan. The Loss of the Wager: The Narratives of John Bulkeley and the Hon. John Byron, Boydell Press (2004). Byron, John. Narrative of the Hon. John Byron; Being an Account of the Shipwreck of The Wager; and the Subsequent Adventures of Her Crew, 1768. Second edition, 1785. Byron, John; Morris, Isaac. The Wreck of The Wager and subsequent Adventures of her Crew, Narritives of The Hon. John Byron and his fellow midshipman Isaac Morris. 1913. Blackie & Son Ltd., London. Campbell, Alexander. The sequel to Bulkeley and Cummins's voyage to the South-seas. London, W. Owen (1747) Morris, Isaac. A Narrative of the Dangers and Distresses Which Befel Isaac Morris, and Seven More of the Crew, Belonging to the Wager Store-Ship, Which Attended Commodore Anson, in His Voyage to the South Sea: Containing an Account of Their Adventures. London: S. Birt, 1752. Vignati, Milcíades Alejo: Viajeros, obras y documentos para el estudio del hombre americano: Obras y documentos para el estudio del hombre americano. Editorial Coni, Buenos Aires, 1956, p. 86 Walter, Richard (1749), A voyage round the world, in the years 1740-44 (5th Edition). John and Paul Knapdon, London Williams, Glyn (1999). The Prize of All the Oceans''. Viking, New York.

2008 FINA Youth World Swimming Championships

The 2nd FINA World Youth Swimming Championships, or 2008 Youth Worlds, were held on July 8–13, 2008, in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. The Championships were held at the Aquatics Center of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Centro Acuático Olímpico Universitario). In May 2008, this same pool hosted the swimming portion of the 2008 Mexican National Olympiad, which served as the country's selection meet for Mexico's teams to the 2008 Olympics. The male participants had to be 18 years or younger on the 31 December 2008 (i.e. born 1990 or later). The female participants had to be 17 years or younger on the 31 December 2008 (i.e. born 1991 or later). Medals table Medal summary Boy's events Girl's events

Alexandra Podryadova

Alexandra Podryadova (11 May 1989) is a Kazakhstani judoka from Shymkent who competes in the women's 48 kg category. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she was defeated in the second round.

Confession (Lutheran Church)

In the Lutheran Church, Confession (also called Holy Absolution) is the method given by Christ to the Church by which individual men and women may receive the forgiveness of sins; according to the Large Catechism, the "third sacrament" of Holy Absolution is properly viewed as an extension of Holy Baptism. Beliefs The Lutheran Church practices "Confession and Absolution" [referred to as the Office of the Keys] with the emphasis on the absolution, which is God's word of forgiveness. Indeed, Lutherans highly regard Holy Absolution. They, like Roman Catholics, see and as biblical evidence for confession. Confession and absolution is done in private to the pastor, called the "confessor" with the person confessing known as the "penitent". In confession, the penitent makes an act of contrition, as the pastor, acting in persona Christi, announces the formula of absolution. Prior to the confession, the penitent is to review the Ten Commandments to examine his or her conscience. In the Lutheran Church, like the Roman Catholic Church, the pastor is bound by the Seal of the Confessional. Luther's Small Catechism says "the pastor is pledged not to tell anyone else of sins to him in private confession, for those sins have been removed." If the Seal is broken, it will result in excommunication. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, private confession fell into disuse; at the present time, it is, for example, expected before partaking of the Eucharist for the first time. It is also encouraged to be done frequently in a year (specifically before Easter). In many churches, times are set for the pastor to hear confessions. In line with Luther's initial statement in his Large Catechism, some Lutherans speak of only two sacraments, Baptism and the Eucharist, although later in the same work he calls Confession and Absolution "the third sacrament." The definition of sacrament in the Apology of the Augsburg Confession lists Absolution as one of them. Luther went to confession all his life. Although Lutherans do not consider the other four rites as sacraments, they are still retained and used in the Lutheran church. Philipp Melanchthon speaking about the Confession in the Lutheran Church, claims that "we do not wish to sanction the torture [the tyranny of consciences] of the Summists, which notwithstanding would have been less intolerable if they had added one word concerning faith, which comforts and encourages consciences. Now, concerning this faith, which obtains the remission of sins, there is not a syllable in so great a mass of regulations, glosses, summaries, books of confession. Christ is nowhere read there". Martin Luther on Confession In his 1529 catechisms, Martin Luther praised confession (before a pastor or a fellow Christian) "for the sake of absolution", the forgiveness of sins bestowed in an audible, concrete way. The Lutheran reformers held that a complete enumeration of sins is impossible and that one's confidence of forgiveness is not to be based on the sincerity of one's contrition nor on one's doing works of satisfaction imposed by the confessor (penance). The Roman Catholic church held confession to be composed of three parts: contritio cordis ("contrition of the heart"), confessio oris ("confession of the mouth"), and satisfactio operis ("satisfaction of deeds"). The Lutheran reformers abolished the "satisfaction of deeds," holding that confession and absolution consist of only two parts: the confession of the penitent and the absolution spoken by the confessor. Faith or trust in Jesus' complete active and passive satisfaction is what receives the forgiveness and salvation won by him and imparted to the penitent by the word of absolution. Form of Confession Lutheran confession (in the same manner as confession in the Catholic Church) can be done in the church chancel with the penitent kneeling at the altar rail and the pastor sitting in front of them, in the privacy of the pastor's office, or sometimes in a confessional. The words below, taken from the Lutheran Service Book and used in most confessions, say: The penitent begins by saying: Here, the penitent is to confess whatever they have done against the commandments of God, according to their own place in life. The penitent continues. The pastor continues: The penitent will say: The pastor places his hand on the head of the penitent and says the following: The pastor dismisses the penitent. The penitent responds: Another suggested form for Confession was outlined by Luther himself in the Small Cathechism of 1529 (Part V. HOW THE UNLEARNED SHOULD BE TAUGHT TO CONFESS): You speak unto the confessor thus: Proceed! A master or mistress may say thus: And whatever else he has done against God's command and his station, etc. But if any one does not find himself burdened with such or greater sins, he should not trouble himself or search for or invent other sins, and thereby make confession a torture, but mention one or two that he knows. Thus: Let this suffice. But if you know of none at all (which, however, is scarcely possible), then mention none in particular, but receive the forgiveness upon the general confession which you make before God to the confessor. Then shall the confessor say: Furthermore: Answer: Then let him say: But those who have great burdens upon their consciences, or are distressed and tempted, the confessor will know how to comfort and to encourage to faith with more passages of Scripture. This is to be merely a general form of confession for the unlearned.

Martin Creek (Sausal Creek tributary)

Martin Creek, known locally as Dennis Martin Creek, is a north by northeastward-flowing stream originating just east of Skyline Boulevard in the Santa Cruz Mountains, near the community of Skylonda in San Mateo County, California. It flows through the town of Woodside before joining Sausal Creek on Stanford University lands just across the border from Woodside. Sausal Creek enters Searsville Reservoir, which flows to San Francisco Bay via San Francisquito Creek. History The namesake of Dennis Martin Creek has a fascinating history. Dennis Martin was the Canadian-American son of William Martin, who with his parents and siblings, began a cross-country trek from Missouri to California in 1844. At the urging of a Jesuit priest, the Martin family had joined two other Irish families—the Murphys and the Sullivans—to leave Missouri in search of “Catholic institutions” in the West. The Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party party became the first pioneers to cross the Sierra Nevada into California. Their route was the same as that chosen by the ill-fated Donner Party two years later. Upon reaching Truckey's Lake (now Donner Lake) on November 14, 1844, the party left six of their eleven wagons because of difficulties getting the wagons over what would become Donner Pass. Eighteen-year-old Moses Schallenberger spent the winter there alone watching over the wagons, surviving the impassably deep snows only by trapping High Sierra foxes for food. The rest of the party spent the winter in the upper Yuba River valley, until most of the men were enticed to fight with Captain John Sutter for Mexican California Governor Manuel Micheltorena in exchange for promises of land grants. Instead of joining them, Dennis Martin returned to the upper Yuba with supplies for the women and children. Upon learning of the plight of Moses Schallenberger, twenty-three-year-old Martin crossed the snowbound Sierras in mid-winter to rescue Schallenberger at Donner Lake in February, 1845. Martin showed Schallenberger how to construct proper snowshoes and successfully the two recrossed the Sierras to the Central Valley. Martin worked for Captain John A. Sutter in the summer of 1845, who sent him to supervise three Indians cutting redwood on the San Francisco Peninsula. While so employed, Dennis Martin met a fellow Irishman, John Coppinger. Then Martin sought and found gold on the Mokelumne and Stanislaus Rivers in partnership with Daniel Murphy, his transcontinental companion, and Charles Maria Weber, the founder of Stockton. Quickly making his fortune in gold, Martin bought 1,500 acres of land north of San Francisquito Creek from his friend John Coppinger, the grantee of Rancho Cañada de Raymundo, for $1,500. This property is now marked by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Then he purchased the wooded slopes of the creek he named for himself from the Rancho Corte de Madera including much of the modern day Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, the Ladera subdivision and the Webb Ranch. Martin established an upper and lower sawmill on Dennis Martin Creek, the lower mill about a half-mile downstream from Schilling Lake. Martin encouraged his relatives and friends in Canada and Missouri to join him, and many of these made up the early population of the historic mill town of Searsville, inundated by Searsville Dam in 1892. After financial misfortune and land disputes typical of the era, his lands were bought by Leland Stanford in November, 1882. Dennis Martin died in June 1890 and was buried at the St. Dennis Cemetery (Martin had built his own church) on his former property (by then Stanford's). The creek's watershed includes the historic Thornewood House, a 1920s estate built by Julian Thorne and surrounded by 3.5 acres of landscaping and gorgeous valley views. This 87-acre estate was willed to the Sierra Club Foundation and later given to the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District. Currently, the house and 10-acre private leasehold are closed and under restoration. Schilling Lake is named for August Schilling, the “King of Spice”, who founded A. Schilling & Company in San Francisco in 1881. Schilling purchased the land from Julian Thorne, who purchased it from Edward Preston (attorney), who purchased it from the pioneer and lumberman, Dennis Martin. Ecology Dennis Martin Creek and the other Corte Madera Creek tributaries and mainstem were historically Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) streams; however, access to the creek has been blocked since 1890 by Searsville Dam. In the spring of 1991, an adult steelhead (0.74m) was observed jumping at the base of Searsville Dam. According to local historian Dorothy Regnery's notes from her 1966 interview with Edgar H. Batchelder, who was 2 years old when his father became caretaker of Searsville dam in 1897, his "favorite place to fish for trout was in Dennis Martin Creek." Watershed Dennis Martin Creek drains second growth Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forest as it descends the northeastern slope of the Santa Cruz Mountains. It traverses the Thornewood Open Space Preserve where it is met by an ephemeral stream that drains Schilling Lake. Shortly after crossing under Old La Honda Road the creek reaches the San Andreas Fault zone and crosses Portola Road where the ground becomes nearly level and it is one of a nexus of half a dozen creeks that coalesce in a large freshwater marsh to form Corte Madera Creek. Dennis Martin Creek flows into Sausal Creek just upstream of the reservoir area at the Family Farm Road bridge. From there Sausal Creek joins enters Searsville Reservoir. Old maps suggest that Dennis Martin Creek and Alambique Creek were tributary to Sausal Creek. Recreation Hiking trails are available in the 167 acre Thornewood Open Space Preserve, part of the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District system, including the Bridal Trail and an easy walk to Lake Schilling along the wooded 3/4 mile Schilling Lake Trail. The preserve is accessed from the south side of La Honda Road (Highway 84), 1.6 miles past its intersection with Portola Road in Woodside.

2011 South Korean university tuition crisis

The 2011 South Korean University Tuition Crisis is a socio-political dispute among the conservative Grand National Party, the liberal Democratic Party, and various citizen groups on reduced university tuition fees for South Korean university students. The reduced tuition is one of the main commitments during the start of the GNP-led Lee Myung-bak government in 2008. This commitment made by the GNP has not been manifested, or potentially ignored, as of 2011. This could be due to the government's big business-oriented policies overshadowed the education-related domestic issues. This resulted in several university student protests across South Korea in 2011. Background The Lee Myung-bak government's policy of easing the expensive tuition fees is proposing the deferred payment system. But some university organizations openly oppose this as it could "silence the main commitment of the government" since 2009, a year after the Lee Myung-bak government.

Jack Bridger Chalker

Jack Bridger Chalker (10 October 1918 – 15 November 2014), was a British artist and teacher best known for his work recording the lives of the prisoners of war building the Burma Railway during World War Two. Biography Chalker was born in London, the son of a railway stationmaster who had been awarded the MBE for his work in World War One. After attending Alleyn's School in Dulwich and training in graphics and painting at Goldsmiths College, Chalker won a scholarship to the Painting School of the Royal College of Art in London. However, Chalker was conscripted into the British Army before he could take up his scholarship. While serving in Singapore as a bombardier with the Royal Field Artillery in February 1942, Chalker was captured by the invading Japanese forces during the fall of Singapore. Chalker was held as a prisoner of war, first in Changi prison then two labour camps before being sent to work on the Burma Railway. On a part of the line in Kanchanaburi, Chalker used stolen paper and other materials to record the torture, malnutrition and illnesses endured by the prisoners. Although he risked being badly beaten, or worse, for doing so he managed to produce, and keep hidden, over one hundred paintings and drawings during his captivity between 1942 and 1945. He met the Australian surgeon Colonel Edward Dunlop in 1944 and agreed, again at great personal risk, to make detailed records of the prisoner's medical conditions to help Dunlop in his work. When released in 1945, Chalker spent some time at the Australian Army HQ in Bangkok working as an official war artist. Chalker's works, together with those of fellow POW artists Philip Meninsky, Ashley George Old and Ronald Searle form a unique record of prisoners' suffering during the building of the railway and were used in evidence at the subsequent Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. Many of these paintings are now located at the Australian War Memorial and the Imperial War Museum. In 1995 an exhibition of the works of the four artists was held at the State Library of Victoria under the title 'The Major Arthur Moon Collection'. Chalker returned to England at the end of 1945 and he graduated from the Royal College of Art in 1946. He was appointed Director of Art at the Cheltenham Ladies College and also worked as a visiting tutor at the Cheltenham College of Printing. In 1950 he became the Principal of Falmouth College of Art and after some years working as an advisor in local government Chalker took the same post at the West of England College of Art in Bristol in 1958. When that college became part of Bristol Polytechnic in 1969 Chalker became Head of the Faculty of Art and Design in the new institution and retained that post until he retired in 1974. Chalker also worked as a medical illustrator, made anatomical models for a medical company and was elected a fellow of the Society of Medical Artists of Great Britain. He was awarded an honorary degree by the University of the West of England in 2003. Ill-health resulting from his wartime treatment led to Chalker selling many of his Burma sketches in 2002 in an auction that gained worldwide attention. Bibliography Burma Railway Artist (1994) Burma Railway: Images of War (2007)

Imtan

Imtan () is a village in As Suwaydā' Governorate, southern Syria. Imtan is located 37 km south-east of the city of As Suwaydā', 1189 meters above sea level in the southern part of Jabal el Druze. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Imtan had a population of 2,495 in the 2004 census. History It is believed that the village has been inhabited since 6000 BCE, although there is little evidence supporting this. Imtan has many archeological sites spanning many eras, including the ruins of Roman public baths. The village played a major role in the Great Syrian Revolution against France in 1925. In 1596 Imtan appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as al-Mubattan and was part of the nahiya of Bani Malik as-Sadir in the Qada of Hauran. It had an all Muslim population consisting of 7 households and 2 bachelors. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 20% on agricultural products, including on wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and/or beehives; a total of 3,400 akçe. Demographics The village is mainly inhabited by Druze. The inhabitants are predominantly poor. The inhabitants are well educated and the village is home to over 300 university graduates, amongst them are 80 engineers and 68 doctors. The inhabitants look to collaborative work as a way to compensate for the absence of government services. They collaborated to build a school, medical center, and cooperative retail store. They have also established a farmer's union and community fund which offers help to the poorest families.

Holy Spirit Chapel

The Holy Spirit Chapel in Firesteel, South Dakota was built in 1923. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It was designed by architect Alfred Morton Githens and was built by stonemason and contractor Frank Waggoner. It is in plan. It was deemed notableas the representative work of a master architect, Alfred Morton Githens and possesses statewide significance. Aside from its partner church on the Pine Ridge Reservation, which has been substantially altered, it is one of the few buildings in South Dakota designed by an architect educated at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. The other most prominent example in the state is Sioux Falls' St. Joseph Cathedral designed by Emmanuel Masquerey which was listed on the register in 1974. The remote location of this property, the native stone used in construction, its interesting vernacular Gothic styling and the fact it was designed by a well known eastern architect contribute to its significance.

Đuka Begović

Đuka Begović is a Croatian film directed by Branko Schmidt. It was released in 1991. This film is based on Ivan Kozarac's novel which tells the life of a fictional character named Đuka from childhood to his material and spiritual ruin.

Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation

The Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation is an addiction treatment and advocacy organization that was created in 2014 with the merger of the Minnesota-based Hazelden Foundation and the Betty Ford Center in Rancho Mirage, California in the United States. The organizations have a long history together. Hazelden was founded in 1949, and Betty Ford herself visited its Minnesota headquarters in 1982 when she was planning to open the facility in Rancho Mirage. The Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation bases its residential and outpatient services on a Twelve Step, abstinence-based treatment model for individuals with addiction to alcohol and other drugs. The Foundation also includes the nation's largest addiction and recovery publishing house, a fully accredited graduate school of addiction studies, an addiction research center, prevention training and an education arm for medical professionals, family members and other loved ones, as well as a children's program.

Buhre Avenue station

Buhre Avenue () is a local station on the IRT Pelham Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Buhre and Westchester Avenues in the Pelham Bay neighborhood of the Bronx, it is served by the train at all times except weekdays in the peak direction, when the <6> train takes over. __TOC__ Station layout There are three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is not used in regular service. It resembles other elevated stations along the line in that it has a wood mezzanine and no windscreens along the platform edges. The platform lights are sodium vapor, but the wood mezzanine only has old-style lights that are quite dim. There are non-working old lights on the platform, covered old signs, and two extra exits from the fare control area. Holding lights have been added in two places along the uptown platform, so that trains can be kept at this station when the two tracks at the Pelham Bay Park terminal are occupied. From July 2014 to April 2015, this station, along with Zerega Avenue, was closed for station rehabilitation work. Exits The station's only exit is a mezzanine beneath the tracks. Outside fare control, stairs lead to the northern, western, and southern corners of the seven-pointed intersection of Westchester, Buhre, Crosby, and Edison Avenues.

2009–10 Peterborough United F.C. season

During the 2009–10 Peterborough United F.C. season saw the club play in the Football League Championship after promotion from Football League One in 2008–09. Squad Competitions Championship Table FA Cup League Cup

Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board

The Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board is the Catholic school board for the city of Hamilton, Ontario which includes the former Wentworth County. It currently operates 54 schools: 46 elementary, 7 secondary and 1 adult school. History The Hamilton Separate School Board (HSSB) was established in 1855 and the seven other boards were formed for the next 114 years in Wentworth County. In 1969, the boards became known as the Hamilton-Wentworth Roman Catholic Separate School Board (HWRCSSB). Following the Ontario government's passage of the Fewer School Boards Act of 1997, the HWRCSSB became the English-language Separate District School Board No. 47 in 1998 and was renamed to the Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board in 1999. French language schools operated by its francophone unit, the Le conseil des écoles séparées catholiques romaines de Hamilton-Wentworth became part of French-language Separate District School Board No. 58, which later became the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud. Schools Adult Schools/Continuing Education Centres St. Charles Secondary Schools Bishop Ryan Bishop Tonnos Cardinal Newman Cathedral St. Jean de Brébeuf St. Mary St. Thomas More Elementary Schools Annunciation of Our Lord Blessed Sacrament Canadian Martyrs Corpus Christi Guardian Angels Holy Name of Jesus Holy Name of Mary Immaculate Conception Immaculate Heart of Mary Our Lady of Lourdes Our Lady of Mount Carmel Our Lady of Peace Our Lady of the Assumption Regina Mundi Sacred Heart of Jesus St. Agnes St. Ann (Ancaster) St. Ann (Hamilton) St. Anthony Daniel St. Augustine St. Bernadette St. Brigid St. Clare of Assisi St. David St. Eugene St. Francis Xavier St. Gabriel St. James the Apostle St. Joachim St. John Paul II St. John the Baptist St. Joseph St. Kateri Tekakwitha St. Lawrence St. Luke St. Margaret Mary St. Marguerite d'Youville St. Mark St. Martin of Tours St. Matthew St. Michael St. Patrick St. Paul St. Teresa of Avila St. Teresa of Calcutta St. Thérèse of Lisieux St. Thomas the Apostle St. Vincent de Paul Sts. Peter and Paul

Pugal Sillathur

Pugal Sillathur is a village in the Orathanadu taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. Demographics As per the 2001 census, Pugal Sillathur had a total population of 598 with 304 males and 294 females. The sex ratio was 967. The literacy rate was 36.26.

Nesta Helen Webster

Nesta Helen Webster (24 August 1876 – 16 May 1960) was an English conspiracy theorist, who revived theories about the Illuminati. She claimed that the secret society's members were occultists, plotting communist world domination, through a Jewish cabal, the Masons and Jesuits. She blamed the group for events including the French Revolution, 1848 Revolution, the First World War, and the Bolshevik Revolution. In 1920, Webster was one of the contributing authors who wrote The Jewish Peril, a series of articles in the London Morning Post centred on the document The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. These articles were compiled and published in the same year in book form under the title of The Cause of World Unrest. Webster claimed that the authenticity of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion was an "open question". Early years Born in 1876 in the stately home Trent Park, Webster was the youngest daughter of Robert Cooper Lee Bevan and Emma Frances Shuttleworth. She was educated at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London. When she became an adult, she travelled around the world, visiting India, Burma, Singapore, and Japan. In 1904, she married Arthur Templer Webster, Superintendent of the British Police in India. Writing Reading the letters of the Countess of Sabran, Webster believed herself to be a reincarnation of somebody alive during the time of the French Revolution. Her first book on the subject of the French Revolution was The Chevalier de Boufflers, followed by The French Revolution: A study in democracy, in which she credited a conspiracy based around Freemasonry as responsible for the French Revolution. She wrote that "the lodges of the German Freemasons and Illuminati were thus the source whence emanated all those anarchic schemes which culminated in the Terror, and it was at a great meeting of the Freemasons in Frankfurt-am-Main, three years before the French Revolution began, that the deaths of Louis XVI and Gustavus III of Sweden were first planned." Webster differentiated between "Continental Freemasonry" and "British Freemasonry"; while the former was a subversive force in her mind, she considered the latter "an honourable association" and a "supporter of law, order and religion". Masons of the United Grand Lodge of England supported her writings. Political views The publication of antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion led Webster to believe that Jews were the driving force behind an international conspiracy, which in World Revolution: the Plot Against Civilization she developed into a "Judeo-Masonic" conspiracy behind international finance and responsible for the Bolshevik revolution. Following this, she became the leading writer of "The Patriot", an anti-Semitic paper financed by Alan Percy. Winston Churchill praised her in a 1920 article entitled "Zionism versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People," in which he wrote "This movement among the Jews is not new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky (Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosa Luxembourg (Germany), and Emma Goldman (United States), this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing. It played, as a modern writer, Mrs. Webster, has so ably shown, a definitely recognisable part in the tragedy of the French Revolution." Webster became involved in several far-right groups including the British Fascists, the Anti-Socialist Union, The Link, and the British Union of Fascists. In her books, Webster argued that Bolshevism was part of a much older and more secret, self-perpetuating conspiracy. She described three possible sources for this conspiracy: Zionism, Pan-Germanism or "the occult power". She claimed that even if the Protocols of the Elders of Zion were fake, they still described how Jews behave. Webster dismissed much of the persecution of the Jews by Nazi Germany as exaggeration and propaganda, having abandoned her anti-German views due to her admiration for Hitler. She came to oppose Hitler after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Webster favoured "traditional roles for women and believed women should primarily influence men to be better men", but was frustrated by limits on the careers open to women, because she believed jobs should not just be for the money but should be purposeful professions. She saw marriage as limiting her choices, although her wedding financially allowed her to be a writer. She believed in raising women's education, and that the education they had been receiving was inferior to men's, making women less capable than they could be. She believed that, with better education, women would have substantial political capabilities to a degree considered "non-traditional", but without that education they'd be only as men imagined all women to be, the suppliers of men's and children's "material needs". "[S]he implied ... [that] women and men might well be true equals." She believed there had been "women's supremacy ... [in] pre-revolutionary France, when powerful women never attempted to compete directly with men, but instead drew strength from other areas where they excelled. She favoured women being allowed to vote and favoured keeping the British Parliamentary system for the benefit of both women and men, although doubted that voting would provide everything women needed, and thus did not join the suffrage movement. In the 1920s, "her views on women had become more conservative", and she made them secondary to her conspiracy writing. Criticism In February 1924, Hilaire Belloc wrote to an American Jewish friend regarding one of Webster's publications which purported to expose evidence of Jewish conspiracy. Though Belloc's record of writing about Jews has itself attracted accusations of antisemitism, his contempt for Webster's own efforts was evident: Umberto Eco, whose novel The Prague Cemetery recounts the development of the Protocols, has characterised Webster's propagation of the document as evidence of a delusional tendency: Works The Chevalier De Boufflers. A Romance of the French Revolution, E.P. Dutton and Company, 1927. [1st Pub. London, John Murray, 1910. Reprints: 1916; 1920; 1924; 1925; E.P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1926]. Britain's Call to Arms: An Appeal to Our Women, London, Hugh Rees, 1914. The Sheep Track. An aspect of London society, London, John Murray, 1914. The French Revolution: A Study in Democracy, London, Constable & Co., 1919. The French Terror and Russian Bolshevism, London, Boswell Printing & Publishing Co., 1920 [?]. OCLC: 22692582. World Revolution. The Plot Against Civilization, Small, Maynard & Company, 1921 [1st Pub. London, Constable & Co., 1921. Reprints: Constable, 1922; Chawleigh, The Britons Publishing Co., 1971; Sudbury, Bloomfield Books, 1990?]. The Revolution of 1848, Kessinger Publishing, 2010. The Past History of the World Revolution. A Lecture, Woolwich, Royal Artillery Institution, 1921. with Kurt Kerlen, Boche and Bolshevik, being a series of articles from the Morning Post of London, reprinted for distribution in the United States, New York, Beckwith, 1923. Reprint: Sudbury, Bloomfield Books [1990?]. . Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, London, Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. London, 1924. Reprints: Boswell, 1928 and 1936; London, The Britons Publishing Co., London, 1955 and 1964; Palmdale, Christian Book Club of America and Sudbury and Sudbury, Bloomfield Books, 198 [?]; Kessinger Publishing, 2003. . The Socialist Network, London, Boswell Printing & Publishing Co., 1926. Reprint: Boswell, 1933; Sudbury, Bloomfield (1989?); Noontide Press, 2000. . The Need for Fascism in Britain, London, British Fascists, Pamphlet No. 17, 1926. The Surrender of an Empire, London, Boswell Printing & Publishing Co., 1931. Reprints: Angriff Press, 1972; Gordon Press Publishers, 1973; Sudbury, Bloomfield Books (1990?). The Origin and Progress of the World Revolution, London, Boswell Printing & Publishing Co. (1932). (with the pseudonym of Julian Sterne), The Secret of the Zodiac, London, Boswell Printing & Publishing Co., 1933. Germany and England (reprinted from The Patriot and revised), London, Boswell Publishing Co. (1938). Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette before the Revolution, G.P. Putnam's sons, 1938. [1st. Pub. London, Constable & Co., 1936. Reprint: Constable, 1937]. Spacious Days: An Autobiography, London, Hutchinson, 1949 and 1950. Crowded Hours: Part Two of her Autobiography; manuscript "disappeared from her publisher's office". It remains unpublished. Marie-Antoinette Intime, Paris, La Table ronde, 1981 (French translation). . Selected articles “Conservatism – A Living Creed,” The Patriot, Vol. I, No. 1, 9 February 1922. "Danton," The Patriot, Vol. II, No. 16, 22 May 1922. "Saint Just," The Patriot, Vol. II, No. 18, 8 June 1922. "A Few Terrorists," The Patriot, Vol. II, No. 19, 15 June 1922. "The Marquis De Sade," The Patriot, Vol. II, No. 20, 22 June 1922. “'Beppo' and Bakunin," The Patriot, Vol. II, No. 22, 6 July 1922. Bibliography Gilman, Richard M., Behind "World Revolution": The Strange Career of Nesta H. Webster, Ann Arbor, Insights Books, 1982. Lee, Martha F., Nesta Webster: The Voice of Conspiracy, in Journal of Women's History, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 81 ff. Fall, 2005. Biography.

Traffic-light signalling and operation

The use of traffic lights to control the movement of traffic differs regionally and internationally in certain respects. This article describes some of these non-universal features. Note that the color phase commonly known as "yellow" is often referred to, especially in official usage, as "amber"; for consistency this article uses "yellow" throughout. Flashing signals In the United States, a flashing red light is the equivalent of a stop sign. In the United States and Australia, flashing yellow does not require traffic to stop, but drivers should exercise caution since opposing traffic may enter the intersection after stopping. This may be used when there is a malfunction with the signals, or late at night when there is little traffic. A single four-way flashing light showing only one color in each direction may be used at intersections where full three-color operation is not needed, but stop or yield signs alone have not had acceptable safety performance. Yellow lights are displayed to the main road, to highlight the intersection and inform drivers of the need for caution. Red lights supplement stop signs on the side road approaches. All-way red flashing lights can supplement all-way stop control, but all-way yellow signals are prohibited by United States regulations. In New Zealand, paired red/red traffic lights are often installed outside fire and ambulance stations on major roads, which when activated by the station, flash alternatively (so that at any time one red light is always showing), the purpose being to cause traffic to stop for a set amount of time to allow emergency vehicles to exit their station safely. In some parts of Canada, a flashing green (known as Advanced Green) light signals permission for a left turn before the opposing traffic is allowed to enter the intersection, i.e., oncoming traffic is facing a RED light. Similarly, a flashing green may be an Extended Green, for left turns after the opposing traffic's full green phase. The flashing light may be a "full" green, or a green left arrow, both meaning the same thing. At least one traffic light in Montreal (on the Island of Montreal, 'Right-on-Red' is not allowed), has a flashing right-turn arrow, indicating that the pedestrian crossing has a red light, so it is safe to turn right and drive across it. At some intersections in Winnipeg, Manitoba, a flashing green right-turn arrow appears with a red light when traffic from the right has a green flashing left-turn arrow and is not allowed to make a U-turn. In other parts of the same country (e.g., Vancouver) a flashing green light conveys a very different meaning: the crossing road has stop signs with no lights of its own, and oncoming traffic also has a flashing green, not a red stop-light. This functions the same as a European "priority" sign (a yellow-and-white diamond shaped sign indicating that the current street is a Priority or "main" road, which cross streets must yield to at uncontrolled junctions, opposite to the usual arrangement in many European countries), for which there is no direct equivalent in North America. The US 2009 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices specifically prohibits flashing any green signal indication. Unusual traffic light phases Turn indications Turn prohibition Some signals have a special phase with a red light illuminated simultaneously with a green arrow. This means that a motorist may only proceed in the direction of the arrow. In the Province of Quebec, a signal may display a green straight arrow alone, usually for 5 to 9 seconds, and then the full green (or right turn arrow) illuminates. This allows pedestrians to emerge into the roadway, and therefore (in theory) increases safety. At a few intersections green arrows appear with the red ball to allow traffic to travel in a particular direction, but the red ball is always illuminated. Examples of where this occurs include the intersection of Delaware Avenue at Harrison Street in Wilmington, Delaware, and at the intersection of West 3rd Street and Mesaba Avenue in Duluth, Minnesota. This is also true in Chicago; the straight off straight on ramps from Lake Shore Drive to N Fullerton Ave display a red light and left turn arrow or a red light, never just a green arrow. On the island of Montréal, Québec, Canada, it is forbidden to turn right while a red signal is present. At many intersections, lights will change from red to a green arrow permitting drivers to proceed straight through the intersection. After approximately 5 seconds, the green arrow is replaced with a green ball signal allowing drivers to proceed forward or turn as they wish. In the United Kingdom, there are no red or yellow "arrow" lights. Layouts are typically simple: either a plain three-disc all-directions signal; the same with a green left or right "filter" arrow which lights up either independently of the main green (permitting a left or right turn at an otherwise red light) or along with it (showing that any conflicting traffic has been stopped so turning traffic does not need to yield); or in multiple full sets where the horizontal positioning and lane layout (particularly where lanes are segregated by kerbs or islands) denotes which directions are stopped or free to move. However, the lack of red and yellow arrows can lead to unusual setups with non-standard road layouts, such as a staggered entrance to and exit from a busy retail park at one side of a mostly two-lane (plus turning lane) road. The exit crossing has a normal set of three-way lights (with the slight oddity that small numbers of vehicles can be momentarily "trapped" inside the junction by the inward-facing red light), as exiting traffic conflicts with both travel directions on the main road. However, the entrance crossing (from the side opposite the complex) only conflicts with oncoming traffic as it is a one-way system, and traffic on that side of the road conflicts with nothing; indeed at times it is itself mostly exit-traffic. Stopping it at the same time as the entrance flow would cause unnecessary congestion. With multi-colour arrows available, a simple all-turn red/yellow/green set could be installed, and the turning lane slightly kerbed off to make the division plain. In their absence, it is easy to mistake a red disc as an "all stop" signal... so, the straight ahead direction gets a solo permanently lit straight-ahead arrow, bolted onto the side of a red disc, yellow disc, and conflicting-turn green arrow triplet. In the United States, some intersections have a three-lens signal without arrows with an adjoining three-lens signal (with arrows) governing exclusive left- or right-turns. Signals with circular lenses generally control all movements. At such intersections, the exclusive turn signals indicate that there are no permissive turn movements at that intersection, and that only exclusive turn movements are allowed. At those intersections, the signals with circular lenses govern movements in all directions except those in the direction which the turn signal controls. This means that if there is a left-turn signal and a circular-lens signal at an intersection, the latter signal controls right turns and straight movements, but not left turns. If the former signal is showing a red arrow, and the latter signal is showing a green ball, then motorists cannot turn left even though the latter light is showing a green ball. Indication of protected turn Throughout most of the United States a protected turn (a turn that can be made without conflicting traffic) is indicated by a steady burning green arrow pointing in the direction of the turn. This indication may be displayed in a separate traffic signal head or may be in combination with other arrows or a green ball indication on the same signal such as with the Dallas Phasing configuration described below. Modern signal standards require that a yellow "clearance" interval be displayed for not less than three seconds prior to the protected turn interval ending. Throughout Canada, as in the United States, a green arrow indicates protected movement in the direction of the arrow. In British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, green turn arrows may or may not flash; both cases indicate a protected turn phase, but a flashing green arrow indicates that the protected phase will be followed by a permissive phase. In parts of Canada (the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Saskatchewan and Alberta), a flashing circular green light indicates right-of-way to proceed in any direction; all other entrances to the intersection will face red lights, and all pedestrian signals will indicate do-not-cross. Ontario formerly used a flashing circular green for this purpose but officially discontinued this practice on January 1, 2010. The flashing-green phase usually precedes a normal green phase, in which case it is known as an advanced green, and an sign will often be mounted next to the signal, possibly with a corresponding (or similar) sign facing oncoming traffic. When a flashing-green phase occurs after a normal green phase, it as known as an extended green, but this sequence is much less common, as it can create a hazardous yellow trap for oncoming left turns. The advanced green was originally chosen to be represented by flashing green because at the time of its introduction, in Ontario, a green arrow had meant that all traffic *must turn* in the direction of the arrow, although this is no longer the case. Additionally, an advanced green could be more easily added to existing 3-lamp signals than could a green arrow, since it didn't require physically installing a fourth lamp for the arrow. In Regina, Saskatchewan left-turn signals are designated by a two-bulb light configuration with one (or two) red balls and one LED arrow. When a left-turn cycle begins the red ball will change to a flashing green arrow to permitted all traffic turning left. When the left-turn cycle ends the flashing green arrow will turn to a solid amber arrow for 5 to 3 seconds then change back to a red ball. Protected flashing green is now used in parts of California and Ontario as part of traffic signal preemption for emergency vehicles. This does not conform to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. In Ireland and the UK, a right arrow may sometimes be displayed alongside a green light to indicate that oncoming traffic has been stopped and that it is safe to turn right, however this does not necessarily mean that the turn is fully protected and road users should always check that there is no oncoming or approaching traffic before turning. In Japan, a green arrow with the circular green is never shown. Instead, green arrows must be shown with the circular red. This means a signal may display green arrows pointing in all possible directions with the circular red. Another unusual sequence is that the circular red changes to circular yellow whenever some or all of the arrows end, and then changes back to red after the clearance period. Indication of permissive turn Flashing yellow arrow A new configuration involving a flashing yellow arrow has been introduced and is gaining acceptance across the US. This configuration prevents the "yellow trap" when properly implemented. First observed in Oregon, but was started in Michigan and then spread elsewhere in the United States, like Fullerton, California; Lawrence, Kansas; Tyler, Texas; Gainesville, Florida; across Georgia, North Carolina and Poughkeepsie, New York; and New York City—the signals displaying a flashing yellow arrow are being phased in to replace the 5-lamp protected/permissive signals that are still in widespread use. Four models of this signal exist. The one with 4 lamps is the most common. It has a steady red arrow, a steady yellow arrow, a flashing yellow arrow, and a steady green arrow. Another version has five lenses, with a steady red arrow, two steady yellow arrows, a flashing yellow arrow, and a steady green arrow, and is only used sometimes, when there is a leading protected left turn. There are also two with 3 lamps. One signal has a steady red arrow, a steady yellow arrow, and a "dual indication" third lamp which can display either a steady green arrow or a flashing yellow arrow. The other 3-lamp signal has a steady red arrow, a steady yellow arrow and a flashing yellow arrow, with no green arrow; this can be used for either left or right turns, and is used to prevent yellow trap where no green arrow left turn phase exists on the approach. This cannot be done with the circular green without causing yellow trap, because a circular green releases other movements. The steady arrows all have their usual meanings. A flashing yellow arrow indicates a "permitted" left turn, where drivers may turn left without stopping (same as a Yield Sign), but opposing traffic has the right-of-way. The flashing yellow arrow must always be followed by either a steady yellow arrow or a steady green arrow. The purpose of these signals is to allow traffic signal controllers to safely select movements as needed to maximize traffic flows, and to prevent vehicles from stacking up in left turn pockets to the point that they block through lanes of traffic. It also gives traffic engineers more flexibility with the leading and lagging protected left turn phase configurations, allowing for better progression (coordination) between signals. This saves gasoline by stopping fewer vehicles. The flashing yellow arrow is also meant to prevent yellow trap, which occurs when the circular signal turns yellow, and then red, while oncoming traffic still has a circular green. This traps left turning cars in the intersection while oncoming traffic continues to flow. It can also fool drivers into mistakenly assuming that oncoming traffic also has a yellow light, so they turn across live traffic, causing an accident. When the opposing direction has both a circular green and a protected left turn green arrow, the flashing yellow or a flashing red arrow—signifying caution or stop before turning, respectively—can be used for turns across oncoming traffic, but a steady green arrow cannot be used because the turn is not protected. The yellow trap issue was originally addressed by the configuration known as Dallas phasing; however, engineers changed the configuration for two reasons: a flashing yellow arrow was less confusing than a louvered green ball, and problems might ensue if the left turn signal comes out of adjustment and its indications are visible to through traffic. The flashing yellow arrow was introduced not because of a perceived lack of understanding of the circular green. For turning drivers, there is no perceptible difference between the flashing yellow arrow and the circular green, because both mean the same thing; however, the meaning of the flashing yellow arrow is different for drivers who are not making the indicated turn. To the driver turning left, the flashing yellow arrow means exactly the same as a Yield Sign, and a flashing red arrow means exactly the same as a Stop sign. Left turning drivers facing a flashing yellow arrow are allowed to make a left turn if there is a gap in oncoming traffic, however when facing a flashing red arrow drivers must come to a complete stop before making a left turn. (However, the MUTCD requires that a traffic study be performed before installing a flashing red arrow signal.) With the flashing yellow arrow or flashing red arrow, opposing straight-ahead traffic has a circular green at the same time. With the steady green arrow, opposing traffic must have a circular red. The flashing yellow arrow has an important safety advantage because it can be shown while the through signals on the same approach are red. The circular green cannot do this because the circular green controls all vehicular movements, while the flashing yellow arrow only controls movement in the direction indicated. If oncoming traffic has a lagging protected left turn (with circular green and green left turn arrow indications), the flashing yellow arrow can continue to flash to drivers turning left across the oncoming traffic, even though the straight-ahead signals are red. This indication avoids the yellow trap problem. The flashing yellow arrow is now a standard configuration for protected/permissive turn signals in the new US 2009 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, released on December 16, 2009. Only three states are not using the flashing yellow arrows at all. In 2008, Maryland had planned to require that all new signals have flashing yellow arrows; however, their new state MUTCD prohibits the flashing yellow arrow in favor of the flashing red arrow Maryland has used for years. The other states are Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Hawaii formerly did not have a flashing yellow arrow; however, its first installation was in 2014. NCHRP Report 493 and the associated Web-only document 123 shows how most subjects understood a flashing yellow arrow better than any other permissive left turn indication, and how left turn crashes were reduced after a circular green permissive left turn signal was changed to a flashing yellow arrow left turn signal. Another advantage of the flashing yellow or red arrow face is that its operation can be changed by time of day or traffic conditions between the following modes: Exclusively protected (turns on green arrow, but no permissive turn) Protected/permissive after Yielding (turns on green arrow or flashing yellow arrow) Protected/permissive after Stopping (turns on green arrow or flashing red arrow) Exclusively permissive after Yielding (flashing yellow arrow, but no green arrow) Exclusively permissive after Stopping (flashing red arrow, but no green arrow) Prohibited (red arrow remains lit, to prevent traffic from turning across an approaching train) The flashing yellow arrow is not allowed where left turns and other traffic share the same lane. The circular green is still allowed as a permissive left turn display, but has new restrictions: It may not be placed over or in front of the left turn lane in new installations. Any yellow trap caused by a circular green must be eliminated or warned with a sign. If one lane is shared by left turning and straight ahead traffic, the left turn movement (protected or permissive) and the straight ahead movement must begin together and must end together at the same time in the signal cycle. In this case, a green left turn arrow may not be shown with a circular red, and a red left turn arrow may not be shown with a circular green or a straight ahead green arrow. Dallas phasing In the configuration commonly known as Dallas phasing that began in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, the five-light left turn signal head is used in a different manner than standard signals of this type. The left turn signal head operates independently from the signals for straight through traffic. This allows permissive turning even when straight through traffic is shown a red light, avoiding yellow trap. Louvers are fitted over the green and yellow balls of the left turn signal head to prevent driver confusion. The left turn signal head is also accompanied by a sign indicating its special use. In this configuration, the left-turn signal will display circular green from the leading protected left turn phase until the lagging permissive left turn phase, but the green arrow will only be displayed during the leading protected left-turn phase. During the lagging permissive left-turn phase, it is assumed that opposing traffic has both a permissive left turn phase and a straight-through green light. This can also be used in the opposite configuration, with leading permissive and lagging protected left-turn phases. Dallas phasing gives traffic engineers more flexibility with the leading and lagging protected left turn phase configurations allowing for better coordination between signals. There are also yellow and green arrows on Dallas phasing signals, permitting exclusive protected left-turn phases as well as protected/permissive left-turn phases. The new 2009 Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices prohibits this display for new installations in favor of the flashing-yellow-arrow left-turn signal, which accommodates both permissive and protected left turns. Older installations are allowed to stay until they are replaced. Flashing red ball, yellow ball, or red arrow Michigan uses a 3-lamp traffic signal, with a red ball, yellow arrow, and green arrow; during the permissive turn, the red ball flashes. At about 372 locations a flashing red ball signal on a "protected" left turn traffic signal indicates that left turning traffic may, after a full stop, complete their turn if and only if there is a long enough break in oncoming traffic. The flashing red usually occurs when the oncoming traffic has a green signal. This function is not enabled at intersections where it may not be safe to do so (restricted view of oncoming traffic, heavy pedestrian crossings, or double-lane left turns are good examples). Michigan usually indicates signals that are dedicated to turning traffic with a sign displaying "LEFT" or "RIGHT". This sign is normally illuminated at night. More recent installations in Michigan, however, have used flashing yellow arrow signal heads, which typically have not included left-turn signal signage. All flashing red ball signals in Michigan will gradually be phased out in favor of the flashing yellow arrow. The flashing red ball was also used in Maryland. Delaware and Maryland have also been known to place flashing red arrows at certain intersections, especially when no signal is needed for cross traffic. The driver is required to come to a complete stop before turning. This has been published in the 2009 MUTCD as an alternative to the flashing yellow arrow. However, this was allowed only when an engineering study determined that a "stop condition" must be imposed during the permissive left turn movement. Cupertino, California, also used a 4-lamp signal, with a steady red arrow, a flashing red arrow, a steady yellow arrow, and a steady green arrow; during the permissive turn, the flashing red arrow is displayed. These flashing red arrows were later replaced with flashing yellow arrows. Washington state, particularly Seattle, used a flashing yellow ball in the left turn signal for the same purpose. Seattle also used a 4-lamp signal at about 20 locations, with a red ball, a steady yellow ball, a flashing yellow ball, and a dual-mode yellow and green arrow; during the permissive turn, the flashing yellow ball was displayed. No turn arrow In Australia and New Zealand, an absent left or right turn arrow means traffic turning in the direction of the arrow may turn when the main light is green, provided they give way to pedestrians and other traffic. In the state of Victoria, some intersections of this type employ a turn arrow without the red arrow. This would turn green with the main signal, before turning yellow, then off, giving priority to oncoming traffic. The nationwide standard seems to now include a red arrow that turns off. This arrow turns red simultaneously with the main light. After the cross traffic has had its turn, the arrows on opposite sides would both turn green, until one side runs out of right-turn traffic. In any case, when both sides of the intersection turn green, the corresponding arrow will turn off after a short delay, thus working similarly to the old Victorian standard. This method has the advantage of being controlled during peak-hours, where controllers would be able to prevent the arrow from turning off in extreme peak-hour traffic, but causes confusion as drivers expect a light to be on when three are present. In New Zealand, where they drive on the left, when a road is given a green light from an all direction stop, a red arrow can continue to display to turning traffic, holding traffic back while the pedestrian crossing on the side road is given a green signal (for left turns) or while oncoming traffic goes straight ahead and there is no permissive right turn allowed (for right turns). As soon as the pedestrian signal changes to flashing red, the red arrow extinguishes. Traffic turning may now proceed provided they give way to oncoming traffic (for right turns) or pedestrians (for left turns). This method is becoming common in many states of Australia. When an intersection is given a protected turn prior to the pedestrian crossing on the side road given the green signal, the lights change to yellow and red, and then the red arrow disappears as soon as the pedestrian crossing is given a flashing red signal. The 5-light protected permissive signals in the US are the same. Yellow arrow and ball Around Richmond, a suburb of Vancouver, British Columbia, some left turn signals use a dual-indication LED lamp; these signals display a green arrow, a yellow arrow in addition to a yellow ball, and a red ball. A traffic signal on the intersection of the Westminster Highway and Knight Street does the same with dual-indication through and right turn arrows. All intersections with this picture are city operated. Crosswalks Flashing green light In British Columbia, a flashing green globe signal is used at a pedestrian crossing or intersection, at which pedestrians have the ability to stop traffic to allow a safe crossing. They may also be used at a drawbridge. The flashing green indicates that the signal is not currently in use. After the pedestrian pushes the button to trigger the signal, the light becomes a steady green until the sequence of yellow, then red (at which time the pedestrian crossing gives a signal) as in a conventional set of traffic lights, then returns to flashing green until another crossing is requested. This indication is also used in Massachusetts at fire stations. In several European countries and Mexico, a flashing green light is used in crosswalks to indicate that signal is going to change from green to red soon. Therefore, flashing green has roughly the same meaning to pedestrians as ordinary yellow signal has for motorists. Slow-moving pedestrians are warned about oncoming signal change and have opportunity to wait for next signal cycle. Motorists are more likely to notice flashing signal. Drivers of vehicles about to cross pedestrian crossings should be more aware of incoming pedestrians. Current users of flashing green signal are Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Great Britain, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Mexico, Poland, Spain and Sweden. France, Portugal and Switzerland make limited use of flashing green. Flashing red lights In Australia, New Zealand, some SADC countries (such as South Africa), Canada and most of the United States, a flashing red or orange pedestrian signal is used at between green and steady red; it means "complete crossing but do not start to cross". This has a similar meaning to European flashing green, but means that if a pedestrian glances at it, they will not enter an intersection without enough time to leave. In the United States and in parts of Canada, Australia and New Zealand (e.g., Auckland CBD) pedestrian signals which count down the number of seconds (see Timers below) until cross traffic has the right of way are becoming popular at heavily used pedestrian crossings such as in urban shopping districts. Red and yellow light In Massachusetts only, simultaneous red and yellow lights in all directions allow a pedestrian to cross diagonally. This replaces the extra "WALK"/"DON'T WALK" or white Ampelmanchen/hand signal, but is in violation of the MUTCD. This practice is obsolescent but it remains in the Commonwealth's driver's manual. Other Traffic lights for pedestrians are usually different; see pedestrian crossing. Traffic lights at level railroad crossings are again different. Both of these are to avoid confusion as to whom the signal applies. Special signals Transit priority signal In Oregon, Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Alberta, traffic signals may also have an extra white rectangular light mounted above the red light. This phase indicates that a public transit vehicle may proceed through an intersection in any direction while all other traffic faces a red light. In some areas such as Boston, Massachusetts, a trolley may have its own traffic signals, indicating that it is okay for it to cross an intersection. These signals are all white, and the top section (stop) is a horizontal bar, the middle (caution) is an upright triangle, and the bottom (go) is a vertical bar. In Australia and New Zealand, buses and trams may have a white "B" and "T" light respectively to indicate they may proceed through the intersection in any direction. A white arrow indicates that they only may proceed in the arrow's direction, common for trams to indicate that they may proceed and the points are set for proceeding that direction. Transit signals may be accompanied by red and yellow B/T signals indicating to buses and trams stop and caution respectively. Singapore uses a similar "B" light for buses, but it is green. In many parts of Western Europe transit signals (for trams, and in some cases buses as well) employ traffic signals that are phased similarly to main traffic signals but replace the green light with a vertical white bar, the red light with a horizontal white bar and the yellow with a white dot or diamond. This is intended to avoid confusion between transit signals and main traffic signals at intersections where both sets are visible. Emergency priority signal At many intersections in the United States, intersections use traffic signal preemption to give priority to emergency vehicles. These preemption applications often include an illuminated "notifier" signal. A notifier is a secondary lighting device usually mounted independently of the traffic signal, such as a standard or strobing light bulb in an omnidirectional enclosure or spotlights aimed at oncoming traffic lanes. The colors of these secondary lighting devices vary regionally depending upon the operational policies of the local traffic management and emergency service agencies. Reverse side red light indicator Some jurisdictions use special small blue lights on the reverse of signal heads to indicate a red light lit on that head. They are used to communicate the presence of a red signal to police so they can view the situation without having to traverse the intersection. Other jurisdictions simply drill a small hole in the red signal visor to allow police to see the status of the signal from a wide angle (but not directly opposite the signal). In France and, perhaps, Vietnam, the back of the red lights are sometimes designed with a red cross to indicate that the light is red. Warnings that light will change Change from green to yellow In Austria, Cambodia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, most of Israel, Malaysia, parts of Mexico, Turkey, and in certain other parts of Europe, the green lights will start flashing at the end of the Go or Turn phase to indicate that the yellow (Caution phase) lights are about to be engaged. This is useful in fast-paced roads to allow for longer slowing down time, and for pedestrians crossing broad streets. Some traffic lights in Pennsylvania illuminate the yellow light a few seconds before the green light turns off, to give this same warning. Note that the 2009 Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices prohibits any display that gives warning of an upcoming signal change, unless that display is placed well upstream of the signal (See "Warnings of traffic light ahead" below), so traffic at the stop line can not see it. Change from yellow to red At some intersections in Quebec, Canada, the yellow and red lights will appear together to indicate that the light is about to change to red. This mitigates the fact that at most Quebec intersections, there is no delay between the time that the lights in one direction turn red and the lights in the perpendicular direction turn green. However, this is considered redundant in other places, as the yellow light itself indicates that the light is about to change to red. Change from red to green In most European countries (including Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom), as well as in Argentina, Botswana, Colombia, Hong Kong, India, some places in Indonesia, Israel, Liberia, Macau, Pakistan, Paraguay, and South Africa, the red and yellow lights are displayed together for one, two, or three seconds at the end of the red cycle to indicate that the light is about to change to green. This phase aids the drivers of vehicles to turn on the engines again (there are requests/advice to turn off engine in front of red traffic lights in some countries, e.g. Switzerland), or drivers with manual gearboxes, giving them time to change into first gear during the short phase, as well as drivers of vehicles that may have been yellow-trapped whilst turning right a chance to clear the intersection in more safety. It also informs drivers who may be approaching the intersection at speed that a green light is imminent, so they may proceed through the junction without having to stop (or, with enough of a lead distance, even having to slow), reducing the potential annoyance (and safety risk) of braking sharply to a halt only to have the green light appear immediately after. Warnings of traffic light ahead Flashing yellow lights In some areas, a "prepare to stop" sign with two alternately flashing yellow lights is installed in locations where a high-speed road (design speed usually at least 55 mph / 90 km/h) leads up to a traffic light, where the traffic light is obscured from a distance (or both conditions), or before the first traffic signal after a long stretch of road with no signals. This is installed so that drivers can view it from a distance. This light begins blinking with enough time for the driver to see it and slow down before the intersection light turns yellow, then red. The flashing yellow light can go out immediately when the light turns green, or it may continue for several seconds after the intersection light has turned green, as it usually takes a line of cars some time to accelerate to cruising speed from a red light. These are relatively common in areas such as the United States, Canada, Western Australia, New South Wales, New Zealand and Liberia. Japan uses a variant signal with two lamps, a green one and a flashing yellow one, for the same purpose. Red signal ahead A common way of warning that an obscured traffic light ahead is red is a red-signal-ahead sign. It is shaped like a standard yellow diamond shape sign with LEDs spelling out "Signal Ahead". Just before the traffic light goes yellow, the word "Red" will light up above Signal Ahead and they will begin to flash alternately. Strobed red lights In some parts of the United States, a few traffic lights have slowly flashing white strobe lights superimposed on the center of the red light, which are activated when the red light itself is illuminated. These are common on highways with few traffic signals, in high-traffic, and/or high-speed areas (where drivers running red lights are a major problem), in a place where a regular traveler wouldn't expect a signal (such as a newly erected signal or one put up for construction) in other situations where extra work may be needed to draw attention to the status of the light (such as in an area where many other red lights approximate the brightness, placement and color of a red traffic signal), or the strobe may also be a flash from a camera located within the traffic signal itself (there has been much dispute as to whether this is legal or not). These are also used in areas prone to fog, as the strobing white light may be visible from a distance while the standard red light is not. A newer variant uses a flashing white LED ring located on the outer edge of the red indication as opposed to in the center of the red. Typically one strobe equipped signal is mounted as a supplement between two normal signal heads. It is worthy of note that such strobe installations have been prohibited by the FHWA since 1990; however, individual states have been slow to conform. The current MUTCD (2009 edition) contains an explicit prohibition against their use; therefore, it is still FHWA's position that strobe lights are not allowed in traffic signals and no further experimentations with these types of strobe lights in traffic signals will be approved. An example of this is located at the end of the Massachusetts I-90 Exit 6 in Chicopee, where the ramp ends at I-291. Unusual traffic light designs Double red lights The Canadian provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island generally use horizontal traffic lights with red to the left and green to the right. These signals also use specific shapes for each color, which aids color-blind people in distinguishing signal aspects: green – an ordinary "ball" shape, yellow – a diamond shape, and red – a square (somewhat larger than the ball shape). In Quebec, most horizontal traffic lights have a red signal on both sides of the fixture (left and right). They are also now replacing the shaped traffic lights for color-blind people with regular round signals. Some signals have two red lights, one on each end. In some Texas urban areas including Houston and Dallas, the use of a double red light is different. It is typically used on left turn signals. For horizontally mounted signals, typically hung or mounted over the lanes, it is configured with two red balls or arrows, one yellow arrow or ball, and a green arrow (from left to right). For vertically mounted signals, the two red balls or arrows are on the top, then a yellow arrow or ball, and a green arrow. It is usually accompanied by signs saying "left turn signal" or "left on arrow only". Signals for traffic going straight use standard signals, usually mounted horizontally over the road. The use of two red lights on the left turn signal allows for redundancy in case one of the red lights burns out, while saving money by requiring only one signal for left turns per direction that needs one. It also prevents the yellow trap that would occur at night if a single red signal burned out, and left-turning vehicles obeyed the circular signals instead. One type of installation in Texas uses a double red light instead of a single red light to make the red light more pronounced and visible from a distance. In this installation, it is the first traffic light on a rural highway for miles, and traffic approaches at highway speed (65 mph). The double red light makes the red phase of the light visible at a greater distance than the yellow and green on the same signal. This installation is also used on rural highways in California, always in a vertical configuration, and in either configuration in some cities of Mexico such as Guadalajara. The double-red light also makes an appearance in North Carolina in left-hand turn lanes. It serves the same purpose as the vertical Texan configuration, and mainly appears on boulevards with multiple lanes of traffic where a left turn may become catastrophic due to visibility. Double red arrows are used for left turn installations on some county-managed roads in Henrico County, Virginia and Baltimore County, Maryland. The double-red ball aspect is used in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, to indicate a protected-prohibited left turn signal. A sign with the universal no left turn symbol and a depiction of the double red light is mounted near the signal to indicate that no left turns are permitted on a double-red light. Intersections with this configuration are quite common in Saskatoon, Calgary, and Edmonton. According to Transportation Alberta, there is no legal significance to a double red light. In some cities in Mexico, the double red light is treated as a standard red signal, with the double light's purpose being to increase the signal's visibility as well as providing a redundant light in case one of failure of one of them. Traffic lights in Tianjin, China Tianjin in the People's Republic of China has two very special systems of traffic lights, in use since : "Bar" lights One system is where there is a horizontal bar in a specific colour, with the colour changing and the bar shrinking. The shrinking bar indicates the time remaining in that colour. The colour itself is either red (stop), yellow or green (go). A blinking green one-third-full bar means "reduce speed now", and a blinking yellow full-bar indicates "proceed with caution". When lights of this system turn from green to red, the diminishing green bar will flash once two-thirds (note: not the full bar) of the green bar is "eaten up", with the remaining third intact. A full, uninterrupted yellow bar will appear for a few seconds before, after a short blink, lights turn red. Immediately after the full red bar appears, a tiny (almost unnoticeable) split/division appears to signify the bit that will not be "eaten up". This corresponds to the usual position of a red light (leftmost, or rightmost if at the other end of the road and at the other side of the pavement; or the upper third). When two-thirds of the red bit is "eaten up", the red light extinguishes, only to be replaced nearly immediately with a full chunk of green (again with the minute division). The process then repeats itself. Arrow lights Another system, which is also common in the other cities in China, is where there is a set of three lights as traffic lights. Every light is an arrow pointing in a different direction and every arrow has a colour of its own, to show whether traffic flow is permitted or prohibited in that direction. The major disadvantage of this system of traffic light is that it is unfamiliar to those who are used to seeing specific colours of the traffic lights at the various ends of a normal traffic light itself (e.g. green rightmost, red leftmost, etc.) as well is being problematic for the color blind (although by Chinese traffic laws, people who are color blind are not permitted to drive). It does, however, conserve space. The other disadvantage of it is it does not have indication of when a turn can be made without yielding and when the turn can made only after yielding to the oncoming traffic. Although by Chinese traffic laws, turning is always supposed to be made after yielding to oncoming traffic. Elsewhere in China, a blinking green light means "reduce speed now", attempting to stop cars from passing (if that car can still safely stop in time) and is nearly universal in appearance. Some cities or parts of cities show the number of seconds remaining in a specific traffic light colour (a so-called "countdown meter"). Another type of signal that can be found in China is the Unilight signal that displays all three colours in one signal section. Unusual uses of traffic lights Ramp metering A ramp meter or metering light is a device, usually a basic traffic light or a two-phase (red and green, no yellow) light, that regulates the flow of traffic entering freeways according to current traffic conditions. They are intended to reduce congestion on the freeway in two ways. One is to ensure that the total flow entering the freeway does not exceed the capacity at a downstream bottleneck. A second is to break up platoons of vehicles entering freeways, ensuring that traffic can merge more easily. Some metered ramps have bypass lanes for high-occupancy vehicles, allowing car-poolers and buses to skip the queue and get directly on the highway. Meters often only operate in rush hour periods. On some large toll bridges, such as the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, red/green traffic lights, similar to ramp meters, are used to stagger traffic leading into the bridge. In the Bay Bridge's case, approximately 25 lanes of toll booth traffic are reduced to five lanes of bridge traffic in about 1/2 mile. To accomplish this, an overhead red/green traffic light is visible above each lane, several hundred feet beyond the toll plaza. Green is illuminated for 2 seconds, signalling the first driver in that lane to begin acceleration. Then the signal jumps to red for eight seconds. Using this method, there are always five lanes with a "green" signal, staggered throughout the 25 lanes of traffic. Timers Traffic lights are sometimes accompanied by timers that indicate how much longer a certain phase will last. This is especially common for pedestrian crossing lights in high-traffic areas. Timers have been extensively used in India, Indonesia, China, Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam for both pedestrian and vehicular traffic but in Vietnam, they are rarely used for pedestrians. In Canada and the United States, most pedestrian signals now have countdown timers in the flashing hand symbol/"Don't Walk" phase. All new installations of pedestrian signals in the United States must include a countdown timer, unless the countdown timer is less than seven seconds long, per the 2009 MUTCD. In New York City, however, this is not the case, as only streets that are wide enough will get countdown timers, regardless of the length of the countdown. Countdown pedestrian signals are also used in London, United Kingdom. In some cities (such as Newberg, Oregon; Kiev, Ukraine; or Kraków, Poland) there are signs displaying how fast one has to drive in order to reach the next intersection at the exact time when the light turns green, thus allowing the driver to ease into a green wave. Other Other places where there may be traffic lights (normal or special ones): flashing signals used in conjunction with warning signs (such as dangerous curves, speed limit reductions, school zones, signal ahead, low clearance, flooding, icing, or fog) and regulatory controls (such as Stop and Yield signs). on waterways with signs to implement special reduced speed "no wake" zones for watercraft. at public boat ramps to warn drivers before accidentally driving into the water. at the landing-stage of a ferry and aboard the ferry. at the entrance and exit of a parking place or garage. at the entrance and exit of some car washes, to indicate when the engine should be in gear and whether the brakes may be operated at a given time. at drive through lanes such as those at banks. at an international Port of Entry inspection station. at highway inspection and/or weigh stations. before a drawbridge. before a narrowing of the road. at a fire station or medical emergency entrance. at a tunnel entrance. in some HOV lanes. to allow cattle to cross – as on the A470 in Wales or A65 in North Yorkshire, England. at road construction sites to regulate temporary two-way traffic over a single open lane. at airports to regulate aircraft taxiways. adjacent to some airports where vehicular traffic on highways (crossing just past the end of a runway) must stop or yield during aircraft takeoffs and landings. at the entrance to water slides where they are used as a safety feature to prevent people going down slides too soon after each other. on automobile racing circuits to advise race drivers whether they can race or must slow or stop at the end of a dead-end road to warn that the road ends, usually installed in locations where many accidents have occurred. reversible 'one way' signs to indicate to occupiers of a traffic light controlled, narrow road which direction the traffic is currently expected in, such as the 2 in High Street Paulton, England

Mahimaganj Union

Mahimaganj () is a union parishad under Gobindaganj Upazila, Gaibandha District, Rangpur Division, Bangladesh. It is located east of Gobindaganj. There is a sugar mill named Rangpur Sugar Mills Limited. There is a railway station. There are many primary school, high school, madrasha and college in Mahimaganj. Mahimaganj Alia Kamil Madrasha is one of the largest madrasha institution in North Bengal which is situated in Mahimaganj. Geography Mahimaganj Union has a total area of . The Bangali River is the union's approximate eastern boundary (across which lies Saghata Upazila). Demographics According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Mahimaganj Union had 9,252 households and a population of 36,791. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 44.4%, compared to the national average of 51.8%. Organization Sugar mills Rangpur Sugar Mills Limited has a daily capacity of 1,500 metric tons. Prodhan Group Rice mills M/s. Prodhan Traders (Explorer & Importer). {Est.-1988} M/s. Nehan Traders (Explorer & Importer). {Est.-1988} M/s. Prodhan Agro Food Industries has a daily capacity of 100 metric tons. {Est.-2010} M/s. Tania Agro Food Industries has a daily capacity of 100 metric tons. {Est.-2011} Prodhan Food Agro Industries Limited has a daily capacity of 350 metric tons. {Est.-2013} Nehan Agro Industries has a daily capacity of 50 metric tons. {Est.-2014} Oil mills Prodhan Oil Mill's Limited has a daily capacity of 250 metric tons. (Rice Bran Oil). {Est.-2016} Nehan Group M/s. Nehan Traders (Explorer & Importer) {Est.-2014} M/s. Nehan Agro Industries. {Est.-2015} Sports organizations Mahimaganj Town Club XI Mahimaganj Kheloar Kallyan Club Cultural Organizations: Mahimaganj Shilpakala Academy Administration Mahimaganj Union is divided into 11 mauzas: Balua, Baman Hazra, Bochadaha, Jagadishpur, Jibanpur, Jirai, Khurda Gopalpur, Kumiradanga, Pantair, Panthamari, and Sreepatipur. Transport The Mahimaganj Railway Station is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. Education M A Motalib technical & BM College, Mahimaganj Degree College, founded in 1972 and Mahimaganj Women's College, founded in 1999 are the major college in the union. According to Banglapedia, Rangpur Sugar Mills KG High School, founded in 1962, is a notable secondary school. The madrasa education system includes one kamil madrasa, Mahimaganj Alia Kamil Madrasa, founded in 1937. Notable residents Ahmed Hossain (Chairman Rangpur District Board, Minister for Agriculture, Forest & Fisheries)

Orr's Hill Vivekananda College

Orr's Hill Vivekananda College (; ) is a provincial school in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.

Sava Caracaș

Sava Caracas (1890–1945) was a Romanian Brigadier-General during World War II. In 1941, he became Chief of Staff 4th Corps Area. In 1942, he was Commanding Officer Infantry 10th Division and then Acting General Officer Commanding 10th Division. He began 1942 by becoming General Officer Commanding 10th Division, and then went into reserve that year. In 1944, he became General Officer Commanding 7th Training Division, and then General Officer Commanding 20th Training Division.

Visst katten har djuren själ!

Visst katten har djuren själ - En samling historier av och för djurvänner in Swedish and Jovisst har dyrene sjel in Norwegian (in English Sure an Animal Has a Soul - An Anthology of Tales about and for our Animal Friends; this book has not been translated into English) is a non-fictional theme book about animals written by Norwegian-Swedish author Margit Sandemo. There is a word play in the original Swedish title of book, because the word "katten," in addition to meaning "cat," is also used in the Swedish phrase which means "damn it!" As literally translated, the title of book is An Animal Has a Soul, (a Cat) Damn It! This book was created in the same way as Vi är inte ensamma, a book about guardian angels. Sandemo asked readers of the Norwegian weekly magazine Hjemmet and the Swedish Hemmets Journal if they believed that animals have souls. She received over 1500 letters from magazine readers, without a single negative answer among them. These answers were used as the primary material of the book. Visst katten har djuren själ consists of several humorous short stories and photographs chiefly about pets, as well as wild animals. The stories quote from reader responses, and the book contains very little text by the author herself—primarily the foreword, the afterword and a few casual comments. Margit Sandemo has always loved animals, and it stands out in her novels. She is an honorary member of the Kjemp för Dyrene, the Norwegian animal rights organization. Content Some words about grasped soul - 7 Animals care for each other - 11 Personalities - 39 Proud, hurt or offended - 55 Grief - 61 Humour and joy of life - 75 Intelligence and cooperation - 97 Cleverness, exhibition and practical jokes - 123 Inexplicable - 141 Postscript - 163

Philogaeus

Philogaeus is a genus of spiders in the Thomisidae family. It was first described in 1895 by Simon. , it contains 2 species, found in Brazil and Chile.

Kansallis-Osake-Pankki

Kansallis-Osake-Pankki (KOP) was a Finnish commercial bank operating from 1889 to 1995. It was created by the fennoman movement as a Finnish language alternative to the largely Swedish language bank, Suomen Yhdyspankki (Swedish: Föreningsbanken i Finland). The two banks were merged in 1995 to form the Merita Bank. Merita Bank was later merged with Swedish Nordbanken to form Nordea. Directors Otto Hjelt (1889 – 1892) Fredrik Nybom (1892 – 1914) J.K. Paasikivi (1914 – 1934) Mauri Honkajuuri (1934 – 1948) Matti Virkkunen (1948 – 1975) Veikko Makkonen (1975 – 1983) Jaakko Lassila (1983 – 1991) Pertti Voutilainen (1991 – 1995) External links Panu Moilanen: Kämpin peilisalista Savoyn juhlakerrokseen. 105 vuotta Kansallis-Osake-Pankkia

Dąbrowa Leśna, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Dąbrowa Leśna is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Czarna Dąbrówka, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

Bob Kerr (musician)

Robert Kerr (born 14 February 1940, Kensington, west London, England) is a comic musician who plays trumpet and cornet. He was originally a member of the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and was persuaded by Geoff Stephens to join The New Vaudeville Band, before forming his own Bob Kerr's Whoopee Band. Kerr was a part of a reunited Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band line-up of surviving members, which toured in 2006 and 2008. He and his son, Matt, also operate a t-shirt printing business. Kerr's musical career is described in David Christie's Doo Dah Diaries.

Generalized lymphadenopathy

Generalized lymphadenopathy is swollen lymph glands in many areas of the body. Usually this is in response to a body-wide infectious disease such as influenza and will go away once the person has recovered, but sometimes it can persist long-term, even when there is no obvious cause of disease. This is then called persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL). Causes of generalized lymphadenopathy Infection : Viral : Infectious mononucleosis, Infective hepatitis, AIDS Bacterial : Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, secondary syphilis, Tularemia Protozoal : Toxoplasmosis Fungal : Histoplasmosis Malignant : Leukaemia Lymphoma Metastatic carcinoma Immunological : Systemic lupus erythematosus Felty's syndrome Still's disease Drug hypersensitivity as Hydantoin, Hydralazine, Allopurinol Misc. : Sarcoidosis Amyloidosis Lipid storage disease Hyperthyroidism

Joe Kelly (footballer, born 1907)

Joe Kelly (7 June 1907 – 17 June 1998) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League before becoming a coach. Kelly was a left footed wingman with considerable pace and played 137 games for Carlton between 1926 and 1934. He began his coaching career in 1937 with Footscray where he took over from Syd Coventry mid-season. The following year he led the club to their first ever finals appearance, finishing the home and away season in third position. He moved to South Melbourne in 1941 and in 1942 led them all the way to the Preliminary Final where they went down to eventual premiers Essendon.

Toni Villa

Laureano Antonio "Toni" Villa Suárez (born 7 January 1995), commonly known as just Toni, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Real Valladolid as a left winger. Club career Born in Murcia, Toni represented Real Valladolid as a youth. He made his senior debut with the reserves on 23 April 2014, coming on as a half-time substitute in a 5–1 Tercera División home routing of Racing Lermeño CF. Toni scored his first senior goal on 28 September 2014, netting the winner in a 4–3 home success over Real Oviedo for the Segunda División B championship. On 8 June 2016 he extended his contract until 2018, but was transferred to fellow third-tier club Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa on 4 August. On 12 June 2017, after helping Cultural in their promotion to Segunda División after 42 years, Toni returned to Valladolid, with the club activating his buy-back clause, and was definitely assigned to the main squad also in the second division. He made his professional debut on 3 September, replacing Míchel in a 2–0 home win against CD Tenerife. On 4 December 2017, Toni renewed his contract until 2021. He scored his first professional goal the following 12 May in a 3–2 home defeat of Albacete Balompié, and contributed with 30 league appearances as his side achieved promotion to La Liga. Toni made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 17 August 2018, starting in a 0–0 away draw against Girona FC.

David Finfer

David Finfer (born June 7, 1942) is a film editor who was nominated at the 1993 Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the film The Fugitive. He shared the nomination with Dean Goodhill, Don Brochu, Richard Nord, Dov Hoenig and Dennis Virkler. The Fugitive (1993) was listed as the 39th best-edited film of all time in a 2012 survey of members of the Motion Picture Editors Guild. David Finfer has over 40 credits since his start in 1971. Selected filmography A Cinderella Story: If the Shoe Fits (2016) Teen Beach 2 (2015) Teen Beach Movie (2013) Geek Charming (2011) Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure (2011) Tooth Fairy (2010) Infestation (2009) Still Waiting... (2009) The Clique (2008) The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006) The Last Time (2006) Bachelor Party Vegas (2006) Waiting... (2005) Connie and Carla (2004) The Santa Clause 2 (2002) Joe Somebody (2001) The Ponder Heart (2001) The Flamingo Rising (2001) Snow Day (2000) The Runner (1999) Simon Birch (1998) Kissing a Fool (1998) Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997) Fair Game (1995) Exit to Eden (1994) The Fugitive (1993) Boxing Helena (1993) Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey (1991) Defending Your Life (1991) Heart Condition (1990) Warlock (1989) Back to the Beach (1987) Inside Out (1986) Soul Man (1986) Lost in America (1985) The Sky's No Limit (1984) I Want to Live (1983) The Fighter (1983) An Invasion of Privacy (1983) The Legend of Walks Far Woman (1982) For Ladies Only (1981) Modern Romance (1981) Defiance (1980) Real Life (1979) You've Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or You'll Lose That Beat (1971)

Causewayed ring ditch

A causewayed ring ditch is a type of prehistoric monument. It comprises a roughly circular ditch, segmented by several causeways which cross it. Within the ditch is a central area used for inhumations and cremations, usually covered beneath a barrow. They are considerable smaller than the causewayed enclosures they resemble. In the British Isles they date to the Neolithic period. External links A causewayed ring ditch at Irthlingborough

Jock Waters

J.A. "Jock" Waters was a Scottish international rugby union player, who played for and the Lions. He also played for Selkirk RFC. He was on the 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa, and the 1936 British Lions tour to Argentina.

Pakistani cricket team in England in 1978

The Pakistan cricket team toured England in the 1978 season to play a three-match Test series against England. England won the series 2-0 with 1 match drawn. Test series summary First Test Second Test Third Test One Day Internationals (ODIs) England won the Prudential Trophy 2-0. 1st ODI 2nd ODI External sources CricketArchive – tour itineraries Annual reviews Playfair Cricket Annual 1979 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1979 1978

I Often Think of Piroschka

I Often Think of Piroschka () is a 1955 German romantic comedy film directed by Kurt Hoffmann and starring Liselotte Pulver, Gunnar Möller and Wera Frydtberg. It is based on the novel of the same title by Hugo Hartung. Plot During a train journey, the writer Andreas nostalgically recalls a holiday trip he had made thirty years before in 1920s Hungary to the Lake Balaton area. While there he had enjoyed his first true romance with Piroschka, the lively and intelligent daughter of the local stationmaster. Andreas never saw Piroschka again after that summer, so in his mind she always stays seventeen. Cast Liselotte Pulver as Piroschka Rácz Gunnar Möller as Andreas Wera Frydtberg as Greta Gustav Knuth as Istvan Rácz Rudolf Vogel as Sandor Adrienne Gessner as Ilonka von Csiky Annie Rosar as Pensionsinhaberin Márton Margit Symo as Etelka Rácz Fritz Hinz-Fabricius as Johann von Csiky Otto Storr as Pfarrer Eva Karsay as Judith Reception The film is in the heimatfilm tradition which was at its height when the film was released. It was extremely popular, and Pulver became closely identified with her role as the title character Piroschka.

Czarnocin

Czarnocin may refer to the following places: Czarnocin, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland) Czarnocin, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) Czarnocin, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland) Czarnocin, Białobrzegi County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) Czarnocin, Mińsk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) Czarnocin, Mława County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) Czarnocin, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland) Czarnocin, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) Czarnocin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)

New Zealand Sevens (tournament)

The New Zealand Sevens is an annual rugby sevens tournament currently held at Waikato Stadium in Hamilton, New Zealand. For the first eighteen years of its history the event was held in Wellington. The event is the third on the World Rugby Sevens Series circuit and is generally held in late January or early February. History Wellington Wellington first hosted a tournament in 2000 as part of the inaugural Sevens World Series. The event was the first to be held in the newly-developed Westpac Stadium. The tournament built a reputation for a party atmosphere, with a large proportion of attendees choosing to wear fancy dress. Movie figures such as the Men in Black (MIB) and Austin Powers were crowd favorites and an impersonator of Austin Powers was a regular for many years performing for the crowd. Host team New Zealand dominated the sevens competition in Wellington, winning just over half of all the tournaments held. Hamilton The location of the tournament was moved to Hamilton in 2018, after attendances in Wellington had declined. The tournament was hosted as part of an integrated men's and women's event from 2019. Discussion was also begun on alternating the host location of the tournament between Hamilton and Suva, in Fiji, following the 2020 edition. Results

BM-25 (MRL)

The BM-25 Korshun (Kite) as its Russian (GRAU designation 2k5) name was a multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union. It was capable of launching ZR7 250 mm rockets from six launch tubes. The support vehicle is a YAZ-214. Development The system was developed in scientific research institute NII-88 in 1953. Its rockets were propelled by a mix of kerosene and nitric acid. It has a range of 55km but was inaccurate. Use Due to severe inaccuracy of the rocket, only a small quantity had been produced in USSR from 1957 to 1960. It was exported to South Yemen, which used them against North Yemen.

John Small (librarian)

John Small (1828 – 20 August 1886) was librarian of Edinburgh University Library. He was a member of the Smalls of Dirnanean. Life Small was born in 1828 in Edinburgh to Margaret (née Brown) and John Small. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh where he graduated with an MA in 1847. In the same year he succeeded his father, who was acting librarian of the university library until his death. In 1854 he obtained the full status of librarian, with an official residence. He held the office, also in succession to his father, of acting librarian to the College of Physicians (Edinburgh), for which he prepared a catalogue in 1863. He also served for many years as assistant clerk to the Senatus Academicus and editor of the University Calendar. He was president of the Library Association in 1880, and on 21 April 1886 the University of Edinburgh awarded him a LLD. He was for some time treasurer of the university musical society. Small devoted his leisure time to literary work. His first larger publication was a volume, English Metrical Homilies … Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, Edinburgh, 1862. He was the chief associate of Cosmo Innes in editing the Journal of Andrew Halyburton, published in 1867. Thereafter his chief labour was expended on editing, with careful glossaries and indices, the works of early Scottish poets, viz. The Poetical Works of Gavin Douglas, 4 vols. Edinburgh, 1874; Sir David Lyndesay's Monarchie for the Early English Text Society (1865–6), and The Poems of William Dunbar for the Scottish Text Society (1884–1892). In 1885 he re-edited David Laing's Remains of Early Scottish Poetry, prefixing a bibliographical notice of his predecessor. To the British and Foreign Evangelical Review he sent an elaborate article on the authorship of the Ode to the Cuckoo, and he contributed numerous papers to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Society of Antiquaries. He also gave assistance to Sir Alexander Grant in writing the History of Edinburgh University (1884). Small's brother-in-law was William Purdie Dickson, (1823-1901), a Scottish Professor of Divinity at the University of Glasgow from 1873 to 1895. The William Dickson Prize is named in his honor. Small's nephew was Andrew Munro, (1869-1935), a Scottish fellow, lecturer in mathematics and bursar at Queens' College, Cambridge from 1893 to 1935. The Munro scholarships and studentships at Queens' College, Cambridge are named in his honor. After a long illness John Small died unmarried in Edinburgh on 20 August 1886, and was buried in the Grange cemetery in Edinburgh. In 1924, the estate of John Small's sister, Jemima, left £5,000 to establish a fund in the name of both her father and her brother for the purchase of books and to subsidize general purpose expenses within the library. Works Besides the works mentioned above, Small wrote: Some Account of the Original Protest of the Bohemian Nobles, 4to, Edinburgh, 1861. Historical Sketch of the Library of the Royal College of Physicians, 4to, Edinburgh, 1863. Biographical Sketch of Dr. Adam Fergusson, 4to, Edinburgh, 1864. Biographical Sketch of Patrick Fraser Tytler, 8vo, Edinburgh, 1864. A Hundred Wonders of the World in Nature and Art, 8vo, Edinburgh, 1876. On Serfdom in Scotland, 4to, Edinburgh, 1878. The Castles and Mansions of the Lothians, 2 vols. Edinburgh, 4to, 1878. Queen Mary at Jedburgh in 1566 … 4to, Edinburgh, 1881. Small edited the following works: The Indian Primer, by John Eliot, 12mo, Edinburgh, 1878 The Image of Ireland, by John Derricke, 4to, Edinburgh, 1883 A Description of the Isles of Orkney, by James Wallace, Edinburgh, 1883

Thomas More Catholic School, Purley

Thomas More Catholic School is a Roman Catholic secondary school and sixth form, located in the Purley area of the London Borough of Croydon, England. The Margaret Roper Primary School is located adjacent to Thomas More Catholic School. The school was established in 1962 in buildings formerly used as an orphanage. It is a voluntary aided school, under the direction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark and Croydon London Borough Council. The school has also been awarded the International School Award, since 2008. Thomas More Catholic School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, whilst sixth form students can choose to study from a range of A Levels and BTEC Nationals.

Niagara Gazette

The Niagara Gazette, also referred to as The Gazette, is a morning daily newspaper published in Niagara Falls, New York, United States, which covers several parts of Niagara County, including the Town of Niagara, and the City of Niagara Falls. History The Gazette was founded in 1854 as the Niagara Falls Gazette. The Gazette was owned by Gannett from 1954 to 1997. Gannett was formed in 1923 by Frank Gannett, a noted conservative, in Rochester, New York as an outgrowth of a newspaper business he had begun in Elmira, New York in 1906. In a 1996 deal, that closed in 1997, Gannett acquired Buffalo's WGRZ. Due to U.S. Federal Communications Commission regulations, Gannett was required to sell the paper. It was bought by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc., along with other area newspapers such as the Lockport Union-Sun & Journal and the former Tonawanda News. Daily price Niagara Gazette prices are: daily, $1.25 & Weekend/Thanksgiving Day, $2.50.

MV Mar Negro

Mar Negro was an armed merchantman of the Nationalist Spanish Navy during the Spanish Civil War. The cargo ship was launched in 1930 along with her sister ship , and after five years with the Compañía Marítima Del Nervión company, she was first requisitioned by the Spanish Republican Navy in 1936. Captured by a group of Nationalist sympathizers from her crew off Algeria in 1937, she entered in service in 1938 after being converted to an auxiliary cruiser. Civilian career Mar Negro was built in 1930 along with her sister ship by the Spanish shipbuilder company Eskalduna at Bilbao. She was a 6,632-ton motor vessel and was part of a series of four ships of different tonnage. Two of them were 4,700-ton steamers (Mar Blanco and Mar Caribe), while Mar Negro and Mar Cantábrico were propelled by two diesel engines. The merchantmen were owned by the Compañía Marítima del Nervión, based at Bilbao. The cargo vessels were engaged in trade between Spain and United States ports at the Gulf of Mexico. Both of them ended up as auxiliary cruisers of the Nationalist navy. Under Republican flag At the beginning of the war in 1936, Mar Negro was moored at Barcelona, a city which remained under the control of the Government. She was fitted out as a troop transport, and was one of the Republican ships which took part of the abortive landing on Mallorca in August 1936. Months later, she became involved in the maritime traffic between the Soviet Union and the Spanish Republic, and survived the attack of an Italian submarine. Career as Nationalist auxiliary cruiser In September 1937, the ship, bound to Barcelona from Odessa, was diverted by her captain and part of the crew towards Cagliari, Sardinia, where the Nationalists had an improvised naval base with the support of Fascist Italy. After seeing some activity as a supply ship, Mar Negro was converted into a naval unit at the same shipyard where she and her sister had been built, the SECN facilities on the Nervion River, near Bilbao. She was equipped with four 152 mm Vickers main guns, four 88 mm, four 47 mm Armstrong, three 20 mm Scotti and three depth-charge launchers. Completed in May 1938, the auxiliary cruiser joined the maritime blockade on Republican ports in the Mediterranean. Between 19 and 22 December 1938, Mar Negro seized three Greek steamers in short succession near the channel of Sicily; the tanker Atlas, and the freighters Aris and Oropus, without opposition of non-intervention forces. On 28 January 1939, the Nationalist cruiser shelled Palamós, one of the last Republican-held ports in Catalonia, scoring several hits on a British freighter and damaging some shore facilities. Mar Negro was fired on by an enemy 155 mm coastal gun during this action. Spanish Republican sources say that the only British steamer at Palamós at the time was the largely disabled Lake Lugano, damaged by a flying boat attack on 6 August 1938 and later beached outside the docks. The complement, with the exception of his captain, had abandoned the ship after a second airstrike on 9 August 1938. She endured further bombings from German and Italian aircraft, and after the naval shelling of 28 January the vessel became a wreck. A local report says that the naval bombardment was carried out by the heavy cruiser . She landed the 105 Infantry division on Mahón, Menorca, after the Republican surrender of this island, on 9 February 1939, with the support of the minelayer Júpiter. After the fall of Catalonia, the cruiser led a naval parade off Tarragona with General Franco aboard on 22 February 1939. Mar Negro took part of the aborted landing on Cartagena on 6 March, when she assisted her sister ship Mar Cantábrico in the rescue of a German flying boat damaged by Republican aircraft and the capture of an armed tug. End of the war On 8 March 1939, Franco's government decreed a ban on shipping around three miles from the coast of Levante, between the ports of Adra and Sagunto. After objections from the British government, the Nationalists soften this declaration by replacing the word "ban" for "restrictions" to shipping. Admiral Moreno, commander in chief of the Nationalist fleet, also played down the scale of the operation during a private meeting with the British consul at Palma de Mallorca. Indeed, the Nationalist deployment was reduced to submarine patrols around Cartagena and the presence of an auxiliary cruiser and a destroyer off Valencia. In the latter case, there was a rotation between the auxiliary cruiser Mar Cantábrico and Mar Negro and the old destroyers Ceuta and Melilla. Incident with HMS Sussex On 16 March 1939, two incidents between Mar Negro and the British heavy cruiser took place off Valencia, with the result of a British steamer captured and another damaged. The Spanish auxiliary cruiser also suffered some scratches on her stern in the aftermath. Mar Negro and the Italian-built World War I destroyer Melilla were enforcing the blockade outside Valencia's port. Shortly before the departure of Melilla back to Palma for refueling, they spotted a cargo ship steaming for Valencia. She was the British freighter Stangate, of 1,289 tons. At 10:00 AM, while clearing for action, the cruiser's commander warned the vessel that she will be fired on if she entered Spanish waters. Apparently ignoring the threat, Stangate was within the three-mile limit by 10:30. The vessel was maneuvering near the beach of Saler, where the Republicans had mounted a 381 mm battery, which kept silent during the incident. Then Mar Negros commander ordered the merchantman to stop, but her captain steered to the east, toward international waters. Stangate eventually came to a stop outside the three miles, approximately at . At the same time, the British cruiser HMS Sussex appeared on scene. Mar Negros commander reacted quickly: a prize crew of 13 men was dispatched by boat to board the British cargo ship, after the auxiliary cruiser got close to Stangate. The merchant was then taken under control by the Nationalist warship. Sussexs commander requested an explanation regarding the position of Stangate at the time of her capture, and sent a party on board the British vessel. The officer in charge of the party, after realising that the ship was now manned by the Spaniards, communicated the news to his superior, who eventually conceded the capture. Stangate was then sailed to Palma by the prize crew at 2:00 PM. During the evening of that day, while on patrol off Sagunto, Mar Negro spotted another British steamer, Stanhope, just outside territorial waters. Nevertheless, Mar Negro ordered the ship to stop, on the basis that the merchant had departed from Valencia, thus breaching the restrictions on shipping around the three mile zone. The captain of the merchantman refused to submit, and made a distress call to HMS Sussex. A stand-off ensued, which ended abruptly at 8:30 PM when the British cargo ship, according to the Spanish version, attempted to ram Mar Negro. The Nationalist warship maneuvered to port to avoid the collision, but the port bow of the merchant bounced her port quarter off. The incident resulted in some damaged on both ships. All units involved fled the scene afterwards, Stanhope with the help of HMS Sussex. Mar Negro was also mentioned in the House of Commons on 20 March 1939 in connection with the confinement of seven British subjects on board the cruiser. They were members of the crew of the small British steamer Stangrove, of 550 tons. The vessel had been captured in February off Cap de Creus by the Nationalist gunboat Dato, which was patrolling Catalonia's coast from Palamós to the French border assisted by the minelayer Vulcano. Stangrove was sent first to Barcelona and then to Palma, where she was lost under suspicious circumstances, wrecked by a gale. Her master, Captain William Richards, died in the incident. The ship was saved by the Spanish right after the war, and subsequently renamed Castilla del Oro and later Condestable. Stangate was the last merchantman captured on the high seas during the Spanish Civil War. The cargo ship and her crew were held by the Spanish authorities several weeks after the end of the war at Palma, where she remained under the supervision of the British consul until her release. Fall of Gandía On 25 March 1939, Mar Negro rotated duties with her sister ship Mar Cantábrico as usual. Meanwhile, on the political front, secret negotiations between Franco and Colonel Casado, a Republican leader who had formed the National Defence Council to replace the government after a coup against the communist party, were going on. These talks included the mediation of the British consul at Valencia, Mr. Godden. Franco gave unwritten assurances that he will not ordered the occupation of Madrid to his army before the main Republican anti-communist leader came to exile. The agreement also implied the evacuation by sea of a large number of Republican sympathizers from the port of Gandia, south of Valencia. The British manager of this port, a Mr. Apfel, was a key figure in the rescue of refugees, who were taken a board the British cruisers and HMS Sussex, as well as the hospital ship Maine and several freighters. Conversely, the deal allowed the repatriation of Italian prisoners still held by the Republicans in British ships bounded for Palma. Indeed, just hours before her replacement by Mar Negro, Mar Cantábrico stopped and searched the London-registered steamer Stanland, but following orders from the Nationalist high command the auxiliary cruiser allowed her to proceed to Valencia. On 26 March there were three minor incidents with units of the French Navy, and on the 27 the cruiser successfully protected a Nationalist flying boat which was being chased by the still active Republican air force. The enemy aircraft were forced to disengage by the 88 mm guns of Mar Negro. On 29 March, the cruiser headed for Gandía, where the evacuation sanctioned by Franco was taking place. After the last refugee was on board the British vessels, a party of 22 men, led by the 2º commander of Mar Negro landed in a boat. They took control of the port and the hulls of the Spanish steamer Vicente, of 534 tons, the British Dellwyn of 1,420 and a dredger, all of them sunk in shallow waters by earlier air attacks. The cargo ships were later raised and put in service under Spanish Nationalist flag, Dellwyn under the name Castillo Montesa. Before returning to Gandía and get some time to rest, the auxiliary cruiser made a full reconnaissance of the small ports of Denia and Jávea. On 31 March they informed to the British consul, after a request by the commander of HMS Galatea, that all Spanish ports were open to British shipping. Mar Negro eventually returned to civilian service in October 1939, seven months after the war was over. Last years After being handed back to her original owners, Mar Negro operated on the route between Spain and North American ports until 11 September 1962, when the ship was partially destroyed by an accidental fire at Port Arthur, Texas. Rebuilt in 1968 as Rio Pisueña and successively sold to several Spanish companies from Bilbao, she ended her days owned by the Mexican Navimex S.A. as Rio Frio. Her hull was eventually scrapped at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, on 5 January 1973. Notes

Nickelodeon (Hungarian TV channel)

Nickelodeon is a Hungarian channel that is aimed at children. The channel launched in 1999, based on a block that the channel M-Sat launched in 1998. It broadcasts several Nickelodeon programs. History It was originally launched as a short block on August 1, 1998 on the youth entertainment channel M-Sat. On April 25, 1999 it had expanded to 12 hours, starting at 7AM. After M-Sat closed on October 5, 1999, the block was so successful that MTV Networks Europe decided to make a 12-hour channel out of the block. Nickelodeon Hungary started on October 6, 1999 in the place of formerly M-Sat. It aired a feed of Nickelodeon Russia from 2002 to 2010, when Nickelodeon Hungary could run without a feed again. Programming Current SpongeBob SquarePants (SpongyaBob Kockanadrág) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Tini Nindzsa Teknőcök) Winx Club (Winx Club) Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn (Nicky, Ricky, Dicky es Dawn) Henry Danger (Veszélyes Henry) The Thundermans (The Thundermans) Detective Conan Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Adventures of Kid Danger Love Divina The Loud House Dawn of the Croods Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh Zak Storm Turbo FAST OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes Dream High Fanboy & Chum Chum Kally's Mashup Digimon Universe: Appli Monsters Reruns Sam & Cat (Sam és Cat) Drake & Josh (Drake és Josh) Nick Jr. Programming History Dora the Explorer (Dóra, a felfedező) Go, Diego, Go! (Go Diego Go!) The Wonder Pets (Csudalények – Minimentők) Tickety Toc (Tickety Toc) PAW Patrol (A mancs őrjárat) Shimmer and Shine Sunny Day Abby Hatcher, Fuzzly Catcher Top Wing Rusty Rivets Former programming Rugrats (Fecsegő tipegők) All Grown Up! (Felnövekvö fecsegők) Hey Arnold! (Hé, Arnold!) CatDog (MacsEb) The Mighty B! (B, a szuperméh) True Jackson, VP (True Jackson VP) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (Jimmy Neutron kalandjai) Mr. Meaty House of Anubis (Anubisz házának rejtélyei) The Wild Thornberrys (A Thornberry család legújabb kalandjai) Rocket Power (Rocket Power) Rocko's Modern Life (Rocko) The Angry Beavers (Hódító hódok) Power Rangers Samurai (Power Rangers Samurai) Supah Ninjas (Supah Nindzsák) The Ren & Stimpy Show (Ren és Stimpy show) Aaahh!!! Real Monsters (Jaj, a szörnyek!) Invader Zim (Invader Zim) As Told by Ginger (Ginger naplója) Fred: The Show (Fred) Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures (Bucket és Skinner hősies kalandjai) Marvin Marvin (Marvin, Marvin) Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (Kung Fu Panda: A rendkívüliség legendája) Rabbids Invasion (Rabbids: Invázió) The Penguins of Madagascar (A Madagaszkár pingvinjei) The Fairly OddParents (Tündéri keresztszülők | Season 5-present) T.U.F.F. Puppy (S.T.R.A.M.M - A Kém Kutya) Sanjay and Craig (Sanjay és Craig) Bella and the Bulldogs (Bella és a Bulldogok) Harvey Beaks (Csõrös Harvey) Big Time Rush (Big Time Rush) Victorious (V, mint Viktória) iCarly (iCarly) The Haunted Hathaways (A Hathaway Kisértetlak) Avatar: The Last Airbender (Avatár - Aang Legendája) The Legend of Korra (Korra Legendája) Life with Boys (Fiúkkal az élet) Robot and Monster (Robot és Mumus) Bubble Guppies (Bubbi Gubbik) Olivia (Olivia) Ni Hao Kai-Lan (Ni Hao Kai-lan) Team Umizoomi (Umizoomi csapat) Max & Ruby (Max és Ruby)

Eurybia divaricata

Eurybia divaricata (formerly Aster divaricatus), commonly known as the white wood aster, is an herbaceous plant native to eastern North America. It occurs in the eastern United States, primarily in the Appalachian Mountains, though it is also present in southeastern Canada, but only in about 25 populations in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. In the U.S. it is abundant and common, but in Canada it is considered threatened due to its restricted distribution. It can be found in dry open woods as well as along wood-edges and clearings. The species is distinguished by its flower heads that have yellow centers and white rays that are arranged in flat-topped corymbiform arrays, emerging in the late summer through fall. Other distinguishing characteristics include its serpentine stems and sharply serrated narrow heart-shaped leaves. The white wood aster is sometimes used in cultivation in both North America and Europe due to it being quite tough and for its showy flowers. Description Eurybia divaricata is a late summer to fall-flowering herbaceous perennial, typically growing to heights between 30 and 90 cm, though some specimens may be up to tall. The plant emerges each year from rhizomes and forms dense colonies of clones that lack sterile rosettes. The rhizomes are branched, elongated and become woody with age. One simple erect stem is present per plant. It is flexible and nearly hairless to finely hairy near the base, though densely covered with fine hair towards the extremities. It is very similar to and often confused with E. chlorolepis, E. schreberi and Symphyotrichum cordifolium, though E. schreberi differs in having wider leaves with more teeth, while E. chlorolepis has more rays, longer involucres, and only occurs in the southern U.S. from Virginia to Georgia. Three types of leaves with differing morphology are present: cauline leaves, or those that appear on the stem from the middle of the plant upwards; basal leaves, or those that are present at the base of the plant; and distal leaves, which are those found on the extremities of the plant. All types are thin and sharply serrated with 6 to 15 pointed teeth per side. They are ciliate, meaning they have small hairy projections emerging from the margins of the leaf, while the apices, or tips of the leaves, are acuminate, meaning they taper to a point. The adaxial (i.e. upper) surfaces of the leaves are nearly hairless or sparsely hairy, while the abaxial (i.e. lower) surfaces are sparsely hairy with the veins being more villous, or covered in shaggy hairs. The basal leaves are ovate, or egg-shaped, with bases that are cordate, or heart-shaped. The blades measure 1.9 to 6.5 cm in length by in width and have petioles ranging in length from 2 to 7 cm. They wither when the plant flowers. The cauline leaves have petioles measuring long that are often winged. Their blades are also ovate, though the bases may be cordate to rounded. They measure long by wide, making them often much longer than the basal leaves. The distal leaves are typically sessile, meaning that no petiole is present, though they are sometimes subpetiolate, meaning a very short petiole is present. The blades are ovate to lanceolate, meaning lance-shaped, with rounded bases and are long by wide. The capitula, or flower heads, are arranged in relatively flat-topped corymbiform arrays. The capitula number anywhere from 4 to 50 and up to 100 or more in exceptional cases. The peduncles, i.e. the flower stalks, are up to in length and are densely covered with non-glandular hairs. Bracts, modified leaves that appear at the axil of a peduncle, are typically absent, though in some cases up to two are present. The involucres, which are the whorls of small, scale-like modified leaves that appear at the base of the capitulum, are in between cylindric and campanulate (i.e. bell-shaped) in shape and measure long, making them much shorter than the pappi. The phyllaries, which are the small leaves that make up the involucre, number from 25 to 30 and are arranged in 4 to 5 series. The inner phyllaries are between linear and lanceolate in shape with a purplish colouration towards the apices, while the outer ones are more oblong. All of the phyllaries are strongly unequal with hardened bases, margins that are somewhat scarious (i.e. thin, membranous and dry) as well as fimbriate-ciliate, meaning fringed with hair at the margins. Their apices are rounded to acute in shape, while the surfaces are sparsely haired, though sometimes sparsely covered in stipular glands. Their chlorophyllous zones, a darker green zone where chlorophyll is concentrated, appear on the upper half of the outer phyllaries, to the upper third or along the outer midveins of the inner phyllaries. The outer phyllaries typically measure wide with the lengths rarely exceeding 2.5 times the width. As with most members of the composite family, the actual flowers appear in two different forms: as ray florets, which have strap-like appendages that look like petals and project around the outside of the capitulum, and as disc florets, which appear at the center of the flower head and are very small. The ray florets number between 5 and 10, though as many as 12 may be present. Their straps are white and measure 6 to 12 mm long by 1.5 to 2.2 mm wide. The disc florets number from 12 to 19 and up to 25 and have yellow corollas (i.e. petals, though they are fused into a tube) that are 4.1 to 4.8 and exceptionally 5.5 mm long. Their corollas are abruptly ampliate, or enlarged, with tubes that are longer than their campanulate throats. The tubes measure 2.3 to 2.6 mm while the throats are typically only 0.9 to 1.2 mm long. The lobes, i.e. the friges of the throat, are reflexed and lanceolate in shape, measuring 0.7 to 1.4 mm. The fruit are cypselae, a type of achene, which are brown in colour, slightly compressed and are between cylindric and obovoid, or inversely egg-shaped. They are between in length and sparsely strigillose, or set with stiff bristly hairs, with 7 to 10 ribs, which themselves are tan to stramineous (i.e. straw-coloured). The pappi, which are modified sepals, are made up of reddish to cream-coloured bristles that are long, making them equal to or longer than the disc corollas in length. The bristles are fine and barbellulate, or barb-like, though they may be sometimes more or less clavate, or club-shaped, towards their apices. Similar species Several different plants are superficially quite similar to the white wood aster, but close examination as well as knowledge of the plants' differing habitats and ranges can readily distinguish them. The most similar species is the mountain wood aster (Eurybia chlorolepis), which was previously considered conspecfic with E. divaricata. E. chlorolepis differs in having flower stalks that are longer than 1.5 cm, while those of E. divaricata are shorter than this. The involucres of the mountain wood aster are generally between 6.5 and 9 mm in length, while those of the white wood aster are normally from 4.2 to 6.5 mm long, but in rare cases they may be as long as 7.5 mm. The mountain wood aster almost always has more rays than the white wood aster: the former usually has 12 to 16, but occasionally as few as 10, while the latter generally has 5 to 10 and never more than 12. The rays are also longer on the mountain wood aster at 17 to 18 mm in most cases, while the white wood aster's are generally only 10 to 15 mm. Lastly, E. chlorolepsis is present only from southern Virginia south to Georgia in the Appalachian Mountains at altitudes of , while E. divaricata can be found from southern Canada south to Alabama, meaning their ranges only overlap in the southern United States, and there only at high elevations. Another species commonly confused with the white wood aster is Schreber's aster (Eurybia schreberi). Schreber's aster is typically found on moister soils, though it can also be found on mesic sites. While much of their ranges overlap, Schreber's aster is not found south of Virginia or Tennessee. Schreber's aster can also be distinguished by the more numerous teeth on the leaves, typically numbering 15 to 30 per side to the white wood aster's 6 to 15 per side. The leaves are wider on Schreber's aster with broader sinuses at the bases. The flower stalks are also densely hairy on the white wood aster, while they are only sparsely haired on Schreber's aster. Lastly, the clones of E. schreberi have sterile rosettes, while those of E. divaricata do not. Two other superficially similar plants include the bigleaf aster (Eurybia macrophylla) and the heartleaf aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), though both usually have blue or pale blue rays, while those of E. divaricata are always white. Both species sometimes have white rays in rare cases, but E. macrophylla can still be distinguished by its larger and broader leaves and S. cordifolium by its straighter and branched stems. Distribution and habitat Eurybia divaricata is present primarily in the Appalachian Mountains in eastern North America, with some populations in adjacent lowlands. It can be found on dry to mesic sites in eastern deciduous and mixed deciduous woods as well as on edges, clearings, and roadsides. It is most common at altitudes ranging from , though it can be found as high as . In Canada, it is present in Ontario and Quebec, while in the United States it can be found in all states from Maine south as far as Alabama and west to Ohio and Kentucky. It also has been introduced to Europe, particularly to the Netherlands. The species is known from only 25 locations in Canada, and is considered threatened. Cultivation and uses While the white wood aster does not compare in popularity to the other cultivated asters, such as the New England aster, it does have its niche, especially in North American native gardens. The plant flowers earlier than many other asters, does not require any staking to support it and flowers well in shade. It is attractive to gardeners due to its showy white flowers that emerge in mid to late summer, its prostrate habit, as well as its hardiness and the minimal maintenance it requires. It has little problem with both disease and insects. They do require partial shade, however, and they perform best when given about 4 hours of sunlight. The plants can be cut to in the spring in order to delay flowering and increase the number of branches. It is marginally hardy in USDA zone 3, and fully hardy from zones 4 to 8. It is commonly available in North American nurseries and several cultivars have been selected, including: 'Fiesta', which has leaves streaked with white, giving the effect of confetti, and flowers that are light lavender. The selection was made in Waseca, Minnesota. 'Raiche Form', which has white flowers that are larger than usual and darker, thin, sinewy stems. The cultivar was found by Roger Raiche. 'Snow Heron', which has white flowers and dark green leaves splotched and streaked with white. The cultivar was selected from a chance seedling grown at the Heronswood Nursery in Washington. The young leaves of the plant can be cooked and eaten.

Max Sirena

Massimiliano "Max" Sirena (born in 1973 in Rimini) is an Italian sailor who has competed in multiple America's Cups. Sirena sailed with Luna Rossa Challenge in their 2000, 2003 and 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup campaigns as a mid-bowman. Sirena was the wing mast manager for Oracle Racing when they won the 2010 America's Cup. Sirena skippered Luna Rossa Challenge in the 2013 Louis Vuitton Cup. The team won the 2011 Extreme Sailing Series. After Luna Rossa withdrew from the 2017 America's Cup, Sirena joined Team New Zealand in a management role.

Romeo Shahinas

Romeo Shahinas (born 25 February 1996) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club Arce and the Albania national under-21 football team. Club career Early career Shahinas was born in Korçë, Albania and at age of 9 he moved to Italy alongside his family. A year after he made his first steps to football as he was registered at Fabrica Carbognano, a comune (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region Latium, located about northwest of Rome, where he played for 3 years. During his time with Fabrica Carbognano he caught attention of A.S. Roma scouts and when they saw him during a tournament they invited him for a trial. During his trial Roma's scouts said that they were pleasured with his form and will offer him to sign a contract after a year. He had offers from different Italian clubs such as S.S. Lazio, ACF Fiorentina and Empoli F.C. but decided to sign with Roma in 2009. Latina On 28 July 2014 he signed for U.S. Latina and was put into the primavera team. During the second-half of the 2014–15 season of Serie B he gained entry with the first team and participated in 4 matches. He made it his first professional debut on 2 April 2016 against Avellino coming on as a substitute in place of Pasquale Schiattarella. Partizani Tirana Following arrival of Mark Iuliano as a head coach of FK Partizani Tirana, he brought along Shahinas and Andrea Selvaggio with parameters 0. Shortly after the departure of coach Mark Iuliano, Partizani announced to have interrupted contracts by mutual consensus with Shahinas along Andrea Selvaggio, Eric Herrera and Milan Basrak. In summer 2019, Shahinas signed for US Arce after a spell at Rotonda Calcio. International career Shahinas received his first Albania under-17 call-up by manager Džemal Mustedanagić for a friendly tournament developed in August 2012 in Romania. Shahinas participated with the Albania national under-17 football team in the 2013 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualifying round during October 2012. Under the national coach Dzemal Mustedanagić he played in 2 matches, 1 as a starter and 1 as a substitute, also being an unused substitute on the bench for 1 match. He was invited once at the Albania national under-19 football team by coach Foto Strakosha for the friendly match against Italy U19 on 14 May 2014. Personal life Shahinas has declared that he is a fan of A.S. Roma and that was the reason that he signed immediately with them in first offer, despite other offers. His inspirations are Daniele De Rossi at Roma and Lorik Cana, the Albania national team's captain for their style of warriors on the pitch. Career statistics Club

Palisades Amusement Park

Palisades Amusement Park was a 38-acre amusement park located in Bergen County, New Jersey, across the Hudson River from New York City. It was located atop the New Jersey Palisades lying partly in Cliffside Park and partly in Fort Lee. The park operated from 1898 until 1971, remaining one of the most visited amusement parks in the country until the end of its existence. After the park closed in 1971, a high-rise luxury apartment complex was built on its site. Trolley park era: 1898-1910 The park overlooked the Hudson River on of New Jersey riverfront land. It straddled what is now Cliffside Park and Fort Lee, and facing the northern end of Manhattan. In 1898, before common use of automobiles, the Bergen County Traction Company conceived the park as a trolley park to attract evening and weekend riders. It was originally known as "The Park on the Palisades". In 1908, the trolley company sold the park to August Neumann and Frank Knox, who hired Alven H. Dexter to manage it. Dexter imported a crude assortment of attractions which included a Ferris wheel, a baby parade, and diving horses. Schenck brothers' ownership: 1910-1934 By 1908, the park was renamed Palisades Amusement Park, and the new owners began adding amusement rides and attractions. In 1910 the park was purchased by Nicholas and Joseph Schenck and their Realty Trust Company. The Schencks were brothers who were active in the nascent motion picture industry in nearby Fort Lee, as well as operated the Fort George Amusement Park in New York City, across the Hudson River to the east. They renamed the park once again, naming it Schenck Bros. Palisade Park. In 1912 the park added a salt-water swimming pool. It was filled by pumping water from the saline Hudson River, 200 feet (60 m) below. This pool, 400 by 600 feet (120 meters by 180 meters) in surface area, was advertised as the largest salt-water wave pool in the nation. Behind the water falls were huge pontoons that rose up and down as they rotated, creating a one-foot wave in the pool. As the park added more and more attractions, it became so famous by the 1920s that the Borough of Palisades Park, located just west of the amusement park, considered changing its name to avoid confusion among amusement park visitors. In 1928 the park introduced the Cyclone roller coaster, the third of Harry Traver's "Terrifying Triplets". Due to the high maintenance costs, the ride was removed six years later. Rosenthal brothers' ownership: 1934-1971 In 1934 or 1935, Nicholas and Joseph Schenck sold the site for $450,000 to Jack and Irving Rosenthal. The brothers and entrepreneurs had made a fortune as concessionaires at Coney Island in Brooklyn. They also owned some concessions and a carousel at Savin Rock Park in Connecticut. The Rosenthals built the Coney Island Cyclone, a wooden coaster (completely different from the Travers' Triplets), in 1927. In 1935 the park was partially damaged by fire. In 1944, a second fire forced the park to close until the start of the 1945 season. The Rosenthals reverted the park's name to the more recognizable Palisades Amusement Park. One of the many attractions, rebuilt and redesigned by construction superintendent Joe McKee, was the Skyrocket roller coaster. The Rosenthals named the newly repaired coaster the "Cyclone", after their Coney Island coaster. In 1958, Joe built the Wild Mouse roller coaster with his construction foreman Bert Whitworth,. The park's reputation and attendance continued to grow throughout the 1950s and 1960s, largely due to saturation advertising and the continued success of the park's music pavilion and Caisson bar erected during that time. During the mid-1950s the park started featuring rock and roll shows hosted by local radio announcers Clay Cole and "Cousin Brucie" Morrow, and starting during the 1960s, Motown musical acts were performed there. Advertisements for the park were frequently printed in the back pages of 1950s and 1960s comic books. The Rosenthals realized that youths in the New York metropolitan area represented the largest single market for comic books in the nation, and that comic book advertising was a cheap way to reach thousands of potential customers. Segregation In 1946, the park formed the Sun and Surf Club and restricted pool access to members only. In the book Palisades Amusement Park: A Century of Fond Memories, the author Vince Gargiulo writes that "In reality, the club allowed park officials to discriminate according to the color of the patron's skin". He cites an example in July 1946, where eight black and two white people entered the park together; the white people were allowed to purchase tickets while the black people were prohibited from doing so. In response, African Americans started protesting against the Palisades Amusement Park pool's segregation policy; some protesters held signs that stated "Protest Jim Crow". On July 13, 1947, Melba Valle, a 22-year-old African-American woman, tried to use a pool admission ticket from a Caucasian friend, but was not allowed to enter the pool. Valle was then "'forcibly dragged and ejected' from the Park", as described in several newspapers; as a result, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) started protesting at the Palisades Amusement Park entrance. Even though police detained 11 CORE members, the group stated that they would protest at the park entrance on Sundays, and would only stop their protests when the pool started allowing African Americans. The protesters handed out the following flyer in 1947, which is now on exhibit in the Fort Lee Museum. The policy was dropped by the 1950s. "Palisades Park" song and boom in popularity In 1962, Chuck Barris composed and Freddy Cannon recorded a song about the park entitled "Palisades Park". The song was an up-tempo rock and roll tune initiated by a distinctive organ part. The song also incorporated amusement park sound effects. "Palisades Park" received nationwide radioplay and increased the park's fame even more. The "Palisades Park" song generated a surge of park visitors. There was a hole in the fence behind the amusement park's music stage, which was used by local children to sneak into the park without paying admission. Although the Rosenthal brothers knew about the hole, they did not repair it. Unlike some modern amusement parks that sell passes to enter the grounds themselves, Palisades Amusement Park also charged individual fees for each ride and attraction inside the park. Irving Rosenthal, who loved children even though he had none of his own, allowed this "secret" entrance to remain and instructed security personnel to ignore anyone sneaking through it. He felt that children, who had little money to start with, would be more willing to spend their limited funds inside the park if they got in for free. Irving Rosenthal also printed free-admission offers on matchbooks and in other media. He owned an advertising company that put up billboards known as "three sheeters" all over New York City. Parking was free for the same reasons. However, as the park began attracting bigger and bigger crowds in later years, the on-site parking lot became less and less adequate, often rapidly filling to capacity. An overflow parking lot was opened at the bottom of the cliff in Edgewater, and shuttle buses carried visitors up to the park. The overflow lot sometimes also reached capacity, and when this happened, motorists were directed to park on local streets anywhere between the nearby George Washington Bridge and the Lincoln Tunnel several miles south. This reduced parking for local residents and businesses, as well as added to street congestion. From 1947 to 1971 Palisades Park averaged 6 million visitors. Peak attendance was reached in 1969 with 10 million visitors. Radio and television commercials broadcast in the greater New York area encouraged the public to, "Come on over!" They did just that. Demise Three factors contributed to the eventual closing of Palisades Amusement Park: inadequate parking facilities; growing uncertainty about the park's future; and an increase in the number of incidents where visitors got injured or killed. By 1967, Jack Rosenthal had died of Parkinson's disease, leaving his brother Irving as sole owner. Irving, in his 70s, was not expected to manage the park for much longer. Without family heirs, it was unclear as to who would eventually assume ownership. Meanwhile, the park had become so popular that the towns of Cliffside Park and Fort Lee saw increased and worsening congestion from park patrons who did not live in the area. Local residents objected to the traffic jams, litter, changing racial demographics, and other effects of the park's immense popularity. They demanded action from local elected officials. Developers wanted to profit by the Palisades' view of Manhattan, and they successfully pressured the local government to re-zone the amusement park site for high-rise apartment housing and condemn it under eminent domain. During the next few years, the land was surveyed by a number of builders who made lucrative offers, but Rosenthal tried to postpone the park's inevitable closing and refused to sell. During the heyday of "Palisades Park" in the 1950s and 1960s, Irving would refer to Fort Lee as his town. In January 1971 a Texas developer, Winston-Centex Corporation, acquired the property for $12.5 million and agreed to lease it back to Irving Rosenthal so that Palisades Amusement Park could operate for one final season. The park permanently closed on Sunday, September 12, 1971. After it closed, Morgan "Mickey" Hughes and Fletch Creamer, Jr. tried to reopen the park for one more season and obtained a lease from Winston-Centex. However, the town of Fort Lee would not issue a business license until the next spring, and even then the town could not guarantee such a license. The buildings were subsequently demolished; the rides sold, dismantled and transported to other amusement operators in the United States and Canada. The towns of Cliffside Park and Fort Lee considered using the park's salt-water swimming pool for municipal recreation, only to find that its filtration system had been damaged beyond repair by vandals. Four high-rise luxury apartment buildings stand on the old park site today. The first two built were Winston Towers. Carlyle Towers followed and then the Royal Buckingham. In 1998, on the centennial of the opening of the original Park on the Palisades, Winston Towers management dedicated a monument to Palisades Amusement Park on its property. The monument is a small park, with the names of the rides inscribed on its bricks, named "The Little Park of Memories." In June 2014, five original roller coaster cars from The Cyclone that were "gathering dust for decades" were returned to Bergen County from Pennsylvania, and were planned to undergo a restoration project, more than 40 years after the park's closing. Though the cars are not functional, they were anticipated to be publicly showcased and displayed. In popular culture In the sixth episode of Mad Men, Don Draper is carrying Sally Beth Draper to bed after an outing for Mother's Day. Sally is holding a pink helium bloom that reads "Palisades Amusement Park".

Guilin Qifengling Airport

Guilin Qifengling Airport is a military airport in Guilin, Guangxi, China. Built in 1958, the airport originally served all commercial traffic to Guilin. It was poorly equipped to handle the rapid increase in tourism to the city during the 1990s. As a result, Liangjiang International Airport was opened in 1996 and all commercial flights shifted to it. History During World War II, the airport was known as Kweilin Airfield and was used by the United States Army Air Forces Fourteenth Air Force as part of the China Defensive Campaign (1942–45). Kweilin was the headquarters of the 23d Fighter Group, the "Flying Tigers" during late 1943 and through most of 1944 and also its command and control unit, the 68th Composite Wing. The unit flew P-40 Warhawk and later P-51 Mustang fighter bombers from the airport, attacking Japanese targets and supporting Chinese army units. In support of the combat units, Kweilin was also the home of the 8th Reconnaissance Group, which operated unarmed P-38 Lightning aircraft equipped with an array of mapping cameras to gather intelligence over Japanese-held areas. The Flying Tigers departed the base in late 1944, being replaced by elements of the Chinese-American Composite Wing (CACW), which flew B-25 Mitchell and P-51 Mustang fighters from the airport on combat missions until the end of the war in September 1945. The Americans closed their facilities after the war ended in September 1945. Qifengling Airport was rebuilt in 1958, serving both civil and military air traffic. During the 1990s, tourism to Guilin rose significantly. The majority of tourists came from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan and travelled to Guilin by air. In 1982, Qifengling Airport received 471,200 passengers; in 1991, the airport handled 1,456,000 passengers and was serving 16 airlines. The runway and the small terminal and apron of the airport grew inadequate. Work on a new airport started in 1993 and was completed in 1996. Commercial flights shifted to the new Liangjiang International Airport upon its opening in October 1996. Airfield Qifengling Airport has one runway, 18/36, with dimensions . Accidents and incidents On 26 April 1982, a Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E operating CAAC Flight 3303 was on approach to Qifengling Airport when it crashed into a mountain in Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County, about southeast of Guilin. All 112 passengers and crew on board were killed. On 14 September 1983, a CAAC Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E was taxiing onto the runway at Qifengling Airport when a Harbin H-5 belonging to the Chinese military crashed into it, leaving a hole in the front right side of the Trident and killing 11 of its passengers. On 24 November 1992, a Boeing 737-300 operating China Southern Airlines Flight 3943 crashed about form Guilin while it was approaching Qifengling Airport. The incident killed all 141 occupants of the aircraft.

Mark Shelley

Mark Shelley was the Senior Series Producer for National Geographic Television & Film. He is also the founder and the Executive Director of Sea Studios Foundation, a non-profit team of film-makers, environmentalists and scientists who create films that raise public awareness of major issues facing the planet. Biography Mark received his B.S. from Stanford University with honors in Biology, and conducted research at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for two years. Over the years, he has created exhibit and television programs for aquariums, zoos, and natural history visitor centers around the world, working for National Geographic Television & Film, Turner Broadcasting (National Audubon) and the PBS Nature series. He specializes in underwater filmmaking and has developed deep sea imaging system, and is an expert diver and U.S. Navy certified submersible co-pilot. His award-winning works are: "Jellies and Other Ocean Drifters", "Sea Nasties", "Desperately Seeking Sanctuary", "Aunt Merriwether's Adventures in the Backyard", "A World Alive", "Wild California, Wild California", "Explore Missouri Streams!" and "Live from Monterey Canyon". Mark founded the Sea Studios Foundation in order to leverage the power of film and bring public awareness on major issues affecting our planet's health. In partnership with National Geographic Society, the Sea Studios Foundation has created a film series that brings focus on the Earth and its biodiversity, as well on the oceans. In collaboration with PBS, he worked on the films projects Strange Days, The Shape of Life, and Oceans in a Glass.

Buck Creek (Delaware River tributary)

Buck Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River, rising in Lower Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania and meeting its confluence at the Delaware River's 138.00 river mile. Statistics Buck Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System of the U.S. Geological Survey on 2 August 1979 as identification number 1170509, U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey I.D. is 02944. Course Mirror Lake Road passes between two small unnamed lakes at an elevation of , the head waters of Buck Creek. The creek runs easterly for about then turns northerly for about , then slowly curves to the east receiving a unnamed tributary from the left, entering Yardley Borough, receiving Brock Creek from the right, then meeting with the Delaware River at its 138 river mile at an elevation of , resulting in an average slope of . Municipalities Bucks County Lower Makefield Township Yardley Borough Crossings and Bridges

Notah Begay III

Notah Ryan Begay III (born September 14, 1972) is an American professional golfer. He is the only full-blood Native American golfer on the PGA Tour. Since 2013, Begay has served as an analyst with the Golf Channel and NBC Sports. Amateur career Begay was born and raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and graduated from a private high school, Albuquerque Academy. He attended Stanford University, where he was a three-time All-American and a teammate of Tiger Woods. He was a member of Stanford's 1994 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship team. After graduation, Begay turned professional in 1995. Professional career Nike Tour In 1998, Begay shot a 59 in the second round of the Nike Tour Dominion Open, to join the few golfers to ever shoot a 59 in a professional tournament. He placed 10th on the Nike Tour money list that year, earning a place on the PGA Tour for 1999. PGA Tour Begay had a pair of wins in each of his first two seasons on the Tour. From late September 1999 to early July 2000, a period of just over nine months, Begay recorded four PGA Tour wins, with the third and fourth wins coming in successive weeks. Since then, he was plagued by back trouble which put his future as a professional golfer in doubt. In 2005, he played under a "Major Medical Exemption" with little success. In 2006, he played on the Nationwide Tour. At the end of 2006, he successfully earned a card for the European Tour from their qualifying school. In December 2008, he regained his playing card for the 2009 PGA Tour season at Q-school. Begay has been featured in the top 20 of the Official World Golf Rankings. He successfully utilized a unique putting method. Using a putter with playing faces on both the front and back of the head, he putted right-to-left-breaking putts right-handed, and left-to-right-breaking putts left-handed. Begay is the first top player to use such a technique and putter. Personal life Begay is a full-blood Native American; who is one-half Navajo, one-quarter San Felipe and one-quarter Isleta. He graduated from Albuquerque Academy in 1990 and earned a bachelor of science degree in Economics in 1995 from Stanford University. In January 2000, Begay was arrested for what he admitted, in court, was actually his second DUI incident. He was sentenced to 364 days in jail with all but seven days suspended. Begay was named one of Golf Magazine’s Innovators of the Year in 2009 and has also been named one of the Top 100 Sports Educators in the world by the Institute for International Sport. He owns a golf course development company, NB3 Consulting, and works with Native American communities to develop world-class golf properties. Begay suffered a heart attack in 2014, while practicing on the putting green at Dallas National Golf Club. He was quickly taken by ambulance to Dallas' Methodist Hospital and a stent was placed in his right coronary artery. Notah Begay III Foundation In 2005, Begay established the non-profit Notah Begay III Foundation. The immediate goal of the foundation was to provide health and wellness education to Native American youth in the form of soccer and golf programs. The broader purpose of the foundation was to stand as a catalyst for change in the Native American community. On August 26, 2008, the foundation hosted the first Notah Begay III Foundation Challenge at the Turning Stone Resort & Casino, a skins golf match to raise money for the foundation. The five players for the tournament were Begay, Stewart Cink, Vijay Singh, Camilo Villegas and Mike Weir. On August 24, 2009, the foundation hosted its second annual Notah Begay III Foundation Challenge at the Turning Stone Resort & Casino. Amateur wins (1) this list may be incomplete 1995 Northeast Amateur Professional wins (5) PGA Tour wins (4) PGA Tour playoff record (1–0) Other wins (1) 1998 New Mexico Open Results in major championships CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (2000 Masters – 2000 PGA) Longest streak of top-10s – 1 U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1995 Professional Presidents Cup: 2000 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 2000 (winners)

China Doll (band)

China Doll was a pop duo of the early 1980s comprising singer songwriter Fay Goodman and keyboard player Mark Wolski. They were signed to the EMI Parlophone label and had a hit single in Europe (Top 10 in France) with "Turkish Delight". Fay Goodman went on to become a martial arts teacher and writer. Discography Singles 1980: "Oysters and Wine", B-side "Past Tense" 1981: "China Doll", B-side "Jade" 1983: "Turkish Delight", B-side "Red Lantern"

Musée de la Serrure

The Musée de la Serrure, also known as the Musée de la Serrurerie or the Musée Bricard, was a private museum of locks and keys located in the 3rd arrondissement at 1 rue de la Perle, Paris, France. The museum closed in 2003. The museum was established by the Bricard Company, and was located within the Hôtel Libéral Bruant (1685), the home of Libéral Bruant (1635-1697), Parisian architect of Les Invalides. It was dedicated to the art of keys, locks, and door knockers, and displayed an assortment of locks from Roman times to the present, including keys made of bronze and in Gallo-Roman iron, knockers from the Middle Ages, and locks and keys from the 16th through 19th centuries. The museum also had a locksmith's workshop, plus displays of ironworks.

The Real McCoy (album)

The Real McCoy is the seventh album by jazz pianist McCoy Tyner and his first released on the Blue Note label. It was recorded on April 21, 1967 following Tyner's departure from the John Coltrane Quartet and features performances by Tyner with Joe Henderson, Ron Carter and Elvin Jones. Producer Alfred Lion recalls the recording session as a "pure jazz session. There is absolutely no concession to commercialism, and there's a deep, passionate love for the music embedded in each of the selections". Reception The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected this album as part of its suggested "Core Collection" calling it "A key album in Tyner's discography... Very highly recommended." The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states that "Tyner was entering a period of struggle, although artistically his playing grew quite a bit in the late '60s... easily recommended". The pieces In the liner notes, Tyner talks about the pieces selected for this album. The titles for "Passion Dance" and "Contemplation" came to the pianist only after he'd written the pieces. Whilst the former sounds like "a kind of American Indian dance, evoking trance-like states", the latter has "the sound of a man alone. A man reflecting on what religion means to him, reflecting on the meaning of life." Tyner titled the fourth piece "Search for Peace" because of its tranquil feeling; it "has to do with a man's submission to God" and the "giving over of the self to the universe". The album closes with an upbeat, merry piece called "Blues on the Corner", a reminiscent musical portrait of Tyner's childhood: "When I was growing up in Philadelphia, some of the kids I knew liked to hang out on the corner [...] youngsters talking, kidding around, jiving." Track listing All compositions by McCoy Tyner "Passion Dance" – 8:47 "Contemplation" – 9:12 "Four by Five" – 6:37 "Search for Peace" – 6:32 "Blues on the Corner" – 5:58 Personnel McCoy Tyner - piano Joe Henderson - tenor saxophone Ron Carter - bass Elvin Jones - drums

Menlo F. Smith

Menlo F. Smith (born 1927) is a prominent St. Louis businessman. He has also been a leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) both in St. Louis and in the Philippines. He is also a benefactor of Brigham Young University and the founder of Enterprise Mentors International now known as Mentors, International.. Smith was born in St. David, Arizona. He graduated from the University of Utah. He is the founder of the Sunmark Corporation. During the 1980s, Smith served as president of the LDS Church's Philippines Baguio Mission. There he saw many people living in poverty and suffering from having to borrow money at rates at times as high as 300%. After ending his service as mission president he formed Enterprise Mentors International as a 3rd world development and micro-credit organization. Besides helping people in the Philippines, it also has helped people start small businesses in numerous Latin American countries as well as in Africa. From 1997 to 2000 Smith was the first president of the LDS Church's St. Louis Missouri Temple. He has also been a Regional Representative of the Twelve and a bishop in the LDS Church. Smith served as a member of the board of directors of the Mercatus Center of George Mason University. Smith is also a donor to BYU and recognized as one of the founders of the Center for Entrepreneurship of the Marriott School of Management.

Primavalle

Primavalle is the 27th quarter of Rome. It is part of the Municipio XIV. History The area was used since the times of the Roman Empire for cultivation and was largely uninhabited, forming part of the vast Agro Romano, with scattered huts and buildings. At the end of the 19th century the area near the Sacchetti Pinewood was subdivided and some buildings were built with a view to minimally invasive urbanization. Later, starting in 1936, the area re-entered the project of the Roman Borgates wanted by Fascism to welcome the displaced people from the center of Rome following the creation of large arterial roads such as Via della Conciliazione or Via dei Fori Imperiali. The construction of the first buildings was flanked by the barracks built by the laborers who already lived there and continued after the Second World War. The area was particularly poor and with scarce social services. Starting in the 1950s, the area of Torrevecchia began to develop unevenly. The latter, in 1961, together with the settlement of the same name, was included in the new Primavalle district. In the 2000s they were introduced to some redevelopment interventions that will determine the current structure. Education Public libraries include Franco Basaglia in Primavalle.