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[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes of heart murmur?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "If it is innocent murmur that means a normal heart. it is common in newborns and children. An abnormal heart murmur is more serious. In children, usually the cause congenital heart disease. In adults, it is due to acquired heart valve problems.\nPhysical activity or exercise Pregnancy Fever Not enough red blood cells to carry oxygen (anemia) An increase in the amount of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)\nIn children the cause mostly due to structural problems of the heart (congenital heart defects). examples: Holes in the heart. Abnormal blood flow between the heart chambers or blood vessels(shunt) Heart valve abnormalities. Congenital heart valve abnormalities are present at birth, but sometimes aren't discovered until much later in life.\nIn older children or adults causes of abnormal heart murmurs include infections or conditions that damage the structures of the heart for example: Hardening or thickening of valves, as in mitral stenosis or aortic valve stenosis, can occur as you age. Endocarditis. This infection of the inner lining of your heart and valves when bacteria or other germs lodge in your heart. endocarditis if left untreated can destroy your heart valves in people who already have heart valve abnormalities. Rheumatic fever. rare in the United States." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Heart murmur ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Family history of a heart defect. Uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension). Infection of the lining of the heart (endocarditis),\nFactors that increase your baby's risk of developing a heart murmur include: Illnesses during pregnancy. such as uncontrolled diabetes or a rubella infection. Taking certain medications or illegal drugs during pregnancy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Heart murmur ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Most heart murmurs aren't serious, but if you think you or your child has a heart murmur, make an appointment to see your family doctor. Get medical help if you feel: Chest pain,Breathlessness, fatigue, or fainting for no reason, heart palpitations." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Heart murmur (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Innocent heart murmurs, the prognosis is excellent. For people with other types of heart murmurs, the prognosis depends on the type of heart problem and its severity. In general, even when heart surgery is required, the prognosis is good." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Why the Procedure is Performed?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A heart transplant may be done to treat:\nSevere angina that can no longer be treated with medications or other surgeries Severe heart failure, when medicines, other treatments, and surgery no longer help Severe heart defects that were present at birth and cannot be fixed with surgery Life-threatening abnormal heartbeats or rhythms that do not respond to other treatments\nHeart transplant surgery may NOT be used in patients who:\nAre malnourished Are older than age 55 - 60 Have had a severe stroke or dementia Have had cancer Have HIV infection Have infections such as hepatitis that are active Have insulin-dependent diabetes and other organs that aren't working correctly Have kidney, lung, nerve, or liver disease Have no family support and do not follow their treatment Have other diseases that affect the blood vessels of the neck and leg Have pulmonary hypertension (thickening of blood vessels in the lung) Smoke or abuse alcohol or drugs, or have other lifestyle habits that may damage the new heart\nThe doctor may not recommend a heart transplant if the patient may not be able to keep up with the many hospital and doctor's office visits, tests, and medications needed to keep the new heart healthy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the Risks?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Reactions to medications Problems breathing\nBleeding Infection\nBlood clots (deep venous thrombosis) Damage to the kidneys, liver, or other organs from anti-rejection medications Development of cancer from the drugs used to prevent rejection Heart attack or stroke Heart rhythm problems High cholesterol levels, diabetes, and bone thinning from the use of rejection medications Increased risk for infections due to anti-rejection medications Rejection of the heart Severe coronary artery disease Wound infections" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the Outlook/Prognosis?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "You should expect to stay in the hospital for 7 to 21 days after a heart transplant. The first 24 to 48 hours will likely be in the intensive care unit (ICU). During the first few days after a transplant, you will need close follow-up to make sure that you do not get an infection and your heart is working well.\nThe recovery period is about 6 months. Often, your transplant team will ask you to stay fairly close to the hospital for the first 3 months. You will need to have regular check-ups with blood tests, x-rays, and echocardiograms for many years.\nFighting rejection is an ongoing process. The body's immune system considers the transplanted organ an infection and fights it. For this reason, organ transplant patients must take drugs that suppress the body's immune response. Taking medicines and following your doctor's instructions carefully is very important to preventing rejection.\nBiopsies of the heart muscle are often done every month during the first 6 to 12 months after transplant, and then less often after that. This helps the doctor determine if your body is rejecting the new heart, even before you have symptoms.\nYou must take drugs that prevent transplant rejection for the rest of your life. You will need to understand how to take these medications, and know their side effects.\nYou can go back to your normal activities as soon as you feel well enough, and after talking with your doctor. However, avoid vigorous physical activity.\nTo make sure that you do not develop coronary disease after a transplant, you will have cardiac catheterization every year.\nHeart transplant prolongs the life of patients who would otherwise die. About 80% of heart transplant patients are alive 2 years after the operation. At 5 years, 70% of people will still be alive after a heart transplant.\nThe main problem, as with other transplants, is rejection. If rejection can be controlled, survival increases to over 10 years." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hemangioma?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A red to reddish-purple, raised sore (lesion) on the skin A massive, raised tumor with blood vessels Most hemangiomas are on the face and neck." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hemangioma?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "About 30% of hemangiomas are present at birth. The rest appear in the first several months of life.\nThe hemangioma may be:\nIn the top skin layers (capillary hemangioma) Deeper in the skin (cavernous hemangioma) A mixture of both" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hemangioma ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "All birthmarks, including hemangiomas, should be evaluated by the health care provider during a routine examination.\nHemangiomas of the eyelid may interfere with the development of normal vision and must be treated in the first few months of life. Hemangiomas that interfere with breathing, feeding, or other vital functions should also be treated early." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hemangioma (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Small, superficial hemangiomas often disappear on their own. About 50% go away by age 5, and 90% are gone by age 9." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Where is HFRS found?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "HFRS is found throughout the world. Haantan virus is widely distributed in eastern Asia, particularly in China, Russia, and Korea. Puumala virus is found in Scandinavia, western Europe, and western Russia. Dobrava virus is found primarily in the Balkans, and Seoul virus is found worldwide. Saaremaa is found in central Europe and Scandinavia. In the Americas, hantaviruses cause a different disease known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How do humans get HFRS?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hantaviruses are carried and transmitted by rodents. People can become infected with these viruses and develop HFRS after exposure to aerosolized urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents or after exposure to dust from their nests. Transmission may also occur when infected urine or these other materials are directly introduced into broken skin or onto the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. In addition, individuals who work with live rodents can be exposed to hantaviruses through rodent bites from infected animals. Transmission from one human to another may occur, but is extremely rare." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which rodents carry the hantaviruses that cause HFRS in humans?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Rodents are the natural reservoir for hantaviruses. Known carriers include the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), the reservoir for both the Saaremaa and Hantaan virus; the brown or Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), the reservoir for Seoul virus; the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), the reservoir for Puumala virus; and the yellow-necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), which carries Dobrava virus." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of HFRS?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Symptoms of HFRS usually develop within 1 to 2 weeks after exposure to infectious material, but in rare cases, they may take up to 8 weeks to develop. Initial symptoms begin suddenly and include intense headaches, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, and blurred vision. Individuals may have flushing of the face, inflammation or redness of the eyes, or a rash. Later symptoms can include low blood pressure, acute shock, vascular leakage, and acute kidney failure, which can cause severe fluid overload. The severity of the disease varies depending upon the virus causing the infection. Hantaan and Dobrava virus infections usually cause severe symptoms, while Seoul, Saaremaa, and Puumala virus infections are usually more moderate. Complete recovery can take weeks or months." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How is HFRS diagnosed?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Several laboratory tests are used to confirm a diagnosis of HFRS in patients with a clinical history compatible with the disease. Such patients are determined to have HFRS if they have serologic test results positive for hantavirus infection, evidence of hantavirus antigen in tissue by immunohistochemical staining and microscope examination, or evidence of hantavirus RNA sequences in blood or tissue." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How is HFRS treated?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Supportive therapy is the mainstay of care for patients with hantavirus infections. Care includes careful management of the patient’s fluid (hydration) and electrolyte (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride) levels, maintenance of correct oxygen and blood pressure levels, and appropriate treatment of any secondary infections. Dialysis may be required to correct severe fluid overload. Intravenous ribavirin, an antiviral drug, has been shown to decrease illness and death associated with HFRS if used very early in the disease." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Is HFRS ever fatal?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Depending upon which virus is causing the HFRS, death occurs in less than 1% to as many as 15% of patients. Fatality ranges from 5-15% for HFRS caused by Hantaan virus, and it is less than 1% for disease caused by Puumala virus." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How is HFRS prevented?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Rodent control is the primary strategy for preventing hantavirus infections. Rodent populations near human communities should be controlled, and rodents should be excluded from homes. Individuals should avoid contact with rodent urine, droppings, saliva, and nesting materials, and the safety measures described below should be followed when cleaning rodent-infested areas." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hemothorax?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Anxiety Chest pain Low blood pressure Pale, cool and clammy skin Rapid heart rate Rapid, shallow breathing Restlessness Shortness of breath" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hemothorax?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The most common cause of hemothorax is chest trauma. It can also occur in patients who have:\nA defect of blood clotting Death of lung tissue (pulmonary infarction) Lung or pleural cancer Placement of a central venous catheter Thoracic or heart surgery Tuberculosis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hemothorax ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call 911 if you have:\nAny serious injury to the chest. Chest pain or shortness of breath\nGo to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have:\nDizziness, fever, or a feeling of heaviness in your chest Severe chest pain Severe difficulty breathing" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hemothorax (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The outcome depends on the cause of the hemothorax and how quickly treatment is given." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hunter syndrome?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Juvenile form (early-onset, severe form):\nAggressive behavior Hyperactivity Mental function gets worse over time Severe mental retardation Spasticity\nLate (mild) form:\nMild to no mental deficiency\nBoth forms:\nCarpal tunnel syndrome Coarse features of the face Deafness (gets worse over time) Increased hair (hypertrichosis) Joint stiffness Large head (macrocephaly)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hunter syndrome?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hunter syndrome is an inherited condition. Boys are most often affected.\nThe condition is caused by a lack of the enzyme iduronate sulfatase. Without this enzyme, mucopolysaccharides build up in various body tissues, causing damage.\nThe early-onset, severe form of the disease begins shortly after age 2. A late-onset, mild form causes less severe symptoms to appear later in life." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hunter syndrome ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call your health care provider if:\nYou or your child has a group of these symptoms You know you are a genetic carrier and are considering having children" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hunter syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "People with the early-onset (severe) form usually live for 10 - 20 years. People with the late-onset (mild) form usually live 20 - 60 years." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hurler syndrome?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Symptoms of Hurler syndrome most often appear between ages 3 and 8. Infants with severe Hurler syndrome appear normal at birth. Facial symptoms may become more noticeable during the first 2 years of life.\nSymptoms include:\nAbnormal bones in the spine Claw hand Cloudy corneas Deafness Halted growth Heart valve problems Joint disease, including stiffness Mental retardation that gets worse over time Thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hurler syndrome?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Persons with Hurler syndrome do not make a substance called lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase. This substance, called an enzyme, helps break down long chains of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans (formerly called mucopolysaccharides). These molecules are found throughout the body, often in mucus and in fluid around the joints.\nWithout the enzyme, glycosaminoglycans build up and damage organs, including the heart. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.\nHurler syndrome is inherited, which means that your parents must pass the disease on to you. Both parents need to pass down the faulty gene in order for you to develop Hurler syndrome.\nHurler syndrome is a type of mucopolysaccharidosis called MPS I. Hurler syndrome is the most severe type. It is categorized as MPS I H.\nThe other subtypes of MPS I are:\nMPS I H-S (Hurler-Scheie syndrome) MPS I S (Scheie syndrome)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hurler syndrome ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call your health care provider if:\nYou have a family history of Hurler syndrome and are considering having children Your child begins to show symptoms of Hurler syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hurler syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hurler syndrome is a disease with a poor outlook. Children with this disease develop nervous system problems, and can die young." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hypercholesterolemia?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A lipid disorder increases your risk for atherosclerosis, and thus for coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure (hypertension), and other problems.\nThere are many types of cholesterol. The ones talked about most are:\nTotal cholesterol: all the cholesterols combined High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: often called good cholesterol Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: often called bad cholesterol\nThere are several genetic disorders (passed down through families) that lead to abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. They include:\nFamilial combined hyperlipidemia Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia Familial hypercholesterolemia Familial hypertriglyceridemia\nAbnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels may also be caused by:\nBeing overweight or obese. (See: Metabolic syndrome) Certain medications, including birth control pills, estrogen, corticosteroids, certain diuretics, beta blockers, and certain anti-depressants Diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and kidney disease Excessive alcohol use Fatty diets that are high in saturated fats (found mainly in red meat, egg yolks, and high-fat dairy products) and trans fatty acids (found in commercial processed food products) Lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyle Smoking (which reduces HDL \"good\" cholesterol)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hypertension?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Most of the time, there are no symptoms. For most patients, high blood pressure is found when they visit their health care provider or have it checked elsewhere.\nBecause there are no symptoms, people can develop heart disease and kidney problems without knowing they have high blood pressure.\nIf you have a severe headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion, changes in your vision, or nosebleeds you may have a severe and dangerous form of high blood pressure called malignant hypertension (patient information)|malignant hypertension" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hypertension?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypertension is generally sub divided into 2 types:\nEssential hypertension is the most prevalent hypertension type, affecting 90-95% of hypertensive patients.Although there is no direct cause or mechanism identified some factors are considered to cause Essential Hypertension.\nSedentary Lifestyle Obesity accounts for 80-85% of essential hypertension Increased salt intake Increased youalcohol intake Vitamin D Deficiency Family history of high blood pressure Genetic diseases Renin -a hormone produced by the kidneys is thought to activate sympathetic system which functions to control most of body' internal organs under different conditions. High fructose (sugar)corn syrup Metabolic syndrome -in which body develops insulin resistance due to obesity and has high blood pressure, sugar,cholesterol and increased waist circumference.\nSecondary hypertension by definition results from an identifiable cause. This type is important to recognize since it's treated differently than essential hypertension, by treating the underlying cause of the elevated blood pressure. Hypertension results compromise or imbalance of the pathophysiological mechanisms, such as the hormone-regulating endocrine system, that regulate blood plasma volume and heart function. Many conditions cause hypertension, some are common and well recognized secondary causes such as\nRenovascular Hypertension: Due to fibromuscular dysplasia and renal artery stenosis. In both conditiions, increased blood pressure occurs due to narrowing of arteries supplying to the kidney. Pheochromocytoma: Caused by an excessive secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine which promotes vasoconstriction Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome): Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, Liddle's syndrome (also called pseudoaldosteronism), glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism Cushing's syndrome - an excessive secretion of glucocorticoids causes the hypertension Hyperparathyroidism Acromegaly Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Chronic Kidney disease Coarctation of Aorta Drugs: Oral Contraceptives, steroids, NSAIDs, nasal decongestants with adrenergic effects, MAOIs, adrenoceptor stimulants. Scleroderma Neurofibromatosis Pregnancy -unclear mechanism Obstructive sleep apnea Fever: unclear etiology Liquorice White coat hypertension: that is, elevated blood pressure in a clinical setting but not in other settings, probably due to the anxiety some people experience during a clinic visit. Perioperative hypertension is development of hypertension just before, during or after surgery. It may occur before surgery during the induction of anesthesia; intraoperatively e.g. by pain-induced sympathetic nervous system stimulation; in the early postanesthesia period, e.g. by pain-induced sympathetic stimulation, hypothermia, hypoxia, or hypervolemia from excessive intraoperative fluid therapy; and in the 24 to 48 hours after the postoperativ period as fluid is mobilized from the extravascular space. In addition, hypertension may develop perioperatively because of discontinuation of long-term antihypertensive medication." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Hypertension ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Essential hypertension which is the more common form has several risk factors.Of most importance are\nIncreased salt intake in diet Obesity Smoking Increased alcohol intake Family history where parents are hypertensive High cholesterol diet Certain personality traits like in general people who are more commmonly impatient,suffer from high anxiety state and have hostile attitudes.\nThere is a debate over Hypertension to be more common among black population as compared to whites.It is seen to be more common though exact though there is no exactt reason or mechanism for it.Currently, healthcare professionals identify it to be more common due to\nIncreased salt intake and cholesterol diet Lower socioeconomic status/stress" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypertension ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There is no specific rule of thumb.But, one should have have blood pressure every 2 years by the primary care doctor if it is below 120/80 and yearly if blood pressure ranges from 120-139/80-89 according to the 2007 United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)guidelines. \nIn the setting of blood pressure >120/80 with severe headaches,vision difficulty,dizziness,loss of consciousness,chest pain,leg and arm weakness,nausea,vomiting and fatigue one should seek for urgent medical care.Hypertension is generally associated with a wide variety of symptoms but generally causes problems to the heart,brain,eyes/vision,kidneys,nerves and arm/leg weakness." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hypertension (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypertension cannot be completely cured.It can be well controlled under the normal limits if one tries to follow lifestyle preventive measures like exercising, eating a heart healthy diet, avoiding the different risk factors like high cholesterol salty diet, smoking alcohol intake,stress.Besides that medications are given as mentioned above.But if not well-controlled it can lead to various complications as are described below.So it is always important to maintain a healthy diet and active lifestyle.<refhttp://www.americanheart.org/</ref>" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hypertensive nephropathy?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Most of the patients with hypertensive nephropathy have no specific symptoms, although a majority have a history of chronic high blood pressure.\nIf high blood pressure left untreated or uncontrolled can accelerate the kidney damage, which leads to failure of the kidneys to work correctly.\nSymptoms of kidney failure is similar to chronic kidney disease, including:\nWeakness Fatigue Headache Nausea loss of appetite weight loss increased or decreased in urine volume itchy skin dry skin Muscle weakness swelling of face, arms and legs Sleep difficulties difficulties in concentration and memory" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hypertensive nephropathy?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypertensive nephropathy develops as a result of high blood pressure for many years. High blood pressure is known as the second cause of end stage renal disease." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Hypertensive nephropathy ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Certain conditions increase your risk for hypertensive nephropathy, including:\nhigh blood pressure for a long time, especially untreated or uncontrolled blood pressure. Diabetes Smoking Obesity African Americans" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypertensive nephropathy ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "You must make an appointment with the doctor if you have any symptoms and signs listed above. If you have high blood pressure or have other conditions that increase your risk for hypertensive nephropathy, your doctor might do a regular check of your Blood pressure and kidney function with some urine and blood tests." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hypertensive nephropathy (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Without dialysis or a kidney transplant, death will occur from the buildup of fluids and waste products in the body. Both of these treatments can have serious risks and consequences. The outcome is different for each person." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Some patients have no symptoms. They may not even realize they have the condition until it is found during a routine medical exam. Chest pain, Dizziness, Fainting, especially during exercise Heart failure (in some patients) High blood pressure (hypertension) Light-headedness, especially with or after activity or exercise Sensation of feeling the heartbeat (palpitations) Shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur are:\nFatigue, Reduced activity tolerance, Shortness of breath when lying down (orthopnea)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is often asymmetrical, meaning one part of the heart is thicker than the other parts. The condition is usually passed down through families (inherited). It is believed to be a result of several problems (defects) with the genes that control heart muscle growth.\nYounger people are likely to have a more severe form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, the condition is seen in people of all ages." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a major cause of death in young athletes who seem completely healthy but die during heavy exercise. However, certain normal changes in athletes' hearts can confuse the diagnosis.\nThe first symptom of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy among many young patients is sudden collapse and possible death. This is caused by very abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), or from the blockage of blood leaving the heart to the rest of the body." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:\nYou have any symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy You develop chest pain, palpitations, faintness, or other new or unexplained symptoms" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Some people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may not have symptoms and live a normal lifespan. Others may get worse gradually or rapidly. The condition may develop into a dilated cardiomyopathy in some patients.\nPeople with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at higher risk for sudden death than the normal population. Sudden death can occur at a young age.\nHypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a well-known cause of sudden death in athletes. Almost half of deaths in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy happen during or just after the patient has done some type of physical activity.\nIf you have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, always follow your doctor's advice concerning exercise and medical appointments. Patients are sometimes advised to avoid strenuous exercise." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hypokalemia?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A small drop in potassium usually doesn't cause symptoms. However, a big drop in the level can be life threatening.\nSymptoms of hypokalemia include:\nAbnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias), especially in people with heart disease Constipation Fatigue Muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) Muscle weakness or spasms Paralysis (which can include the lungs)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hypokalemia?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Potassium is needed for cells, especially nerve and muscle cells, to function properly. You get potassium through food. The kidneys remove excess potassium in the urine to keep a proper balance of the mineral in the body.\nHypokalemia is a metabolic disorder that occurs when the level of potassium in the blood drops too low.\nPossible causes of hypokalemia include:\nAntibiotics (penicillin, nafcillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, amphotericin B, foscarnet) Diarrhea (including the use of too many laxatives, which can cause diarrhea) Diseases that affect the kidneys' ability to retain potassium (Liddle syndrome, Cushing syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, Bartter syndrome, Fanconi syndrome) Diuretic medications, which can cause excess urination Eating disorders (such as bulimia) Eating large amounts of licorice or using products such as herbal teas and chewing tobaccos that contain licorice made with glycyrrhetinic acid (this substance is no longer used in licorice made in the United States) Magnesium deficiency Sweating Vomiting" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypokalemia ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call your health care provider if you have been vomiting or have had excessive diarrhea, or if you are taking diuretics and have symptoms of hypokalemia." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hypokalemia (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Taking potassium supplements can usually correct the problem. In severe cases, without proper treatment a severe drop in potassium levels can lead to serious heart rhythm problems that can be fatal." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "At first, a newborn with hypoplastic left heart may appear normal. Symptoms usually occur in the first few hours of life, although it may take up to a few days to develop symptoms. These symptoms may include:\nBluish (cyanosis) or poor skin color Cold hands and feet (extremities) Lethargy Poor pulse Poor suckling and feeding Pounding heart Rapid breathing Shortness of breath\nIn healthy newborns, bluish color in the hands and feet is a response to cold (this reaction is called peripheral cyanosis).\nHowever, a bluish color in the chest or abdomen, lips, and tongue is abnormal (called central cyanosis). It is a sign that there is not enough oxygen in the blood. Central cyanosis often increases with crying." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypoplastic left heart is a rare type of congenital heart disease. It is more common in males than in females. As with most congenital heart defects, there is no known cause. Approximately 10% of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome also have other birth defects.\nThe problem develops before birth when there is not enough growth of the left ventricle and other structures, including the:\nAorta - the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the entire body Entrance and exit of the ventricle Mitral and aortic valves\nThis causes the left ventricle and aorta to be incompletely developed, or hypoplastic. In most cases, the left ventricle and aorta are much smaller than normal.\nIn patients with this condition, the left side of the heart is unable to send enough blood to the body. As a result, the right side of the heart must maintain the circulation for both the lungs and the body. The right ventricle can support the circulation to both the lungs and the body for a while, but this extra workload eventually causes the right side of the heart to fail.\nThe only possibility of survival is a connection between the right and the left side of the heart, or between the arteries and pulmonary arteries (the blood vessels that carry blood to the lungs). Babies are normally born with two of these connections:\nForamen ovale (a hole between the right and left atrium) Ductus arteriosus (a small blood vesel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery)\nBoth of these connections normally close on their own a few days after birth.\nIn babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, blood from the right side of the heart travels through the ductus arteriosus. This is the only way for blood to get to the body. If the ductus arteriosus is allowed to close in a baby with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the patient may quickly die because no blood will be pumped to the body. Babies with known hypoplastic left heart syndrome are usually started on a medicine to keep the ductus arteriosus open.\nBecause there is little or no flow out of the left heart, blood returning to the heart from the lungs needs to pass through the foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (a hole connecting the collecting chambers on the left and right sides of the heart) back to the right side of the heart. If there is no foramen ovale, or if it is too small, the baby could die. Patients with this problem have the hole between their atria opened, either with surgery or using heart catheterization." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Hypoplastic left heart syndrome ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypoplastic left heart is more common in males than in females. Approximately 10% of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome also have other birth defects." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypoplastic left heart syndrome ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Contact your health care provider immediately if your infant:\nEats less (decreased feeding) Has blue (cyanotic) skin or mucus membranes Has new changes in breathing patterns" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "If left untreated, hypoplastic left heart syndrome is fatal. Survival rates for the staged repair continue to rise as surgical techniques and postoperative management improve. Survival after the first stage is more than 75%.\nThe size and function of the right ventricle are important in determining the child's outcome after surgery." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hypotension?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Symptoms may include:\nBlurry vision Confusion Dizziness Fainting Light-headedness Sleepiness Weakness" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hypotension?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Blood pressure that is borderline low for one person may be normal for another. Most normal blood pressures fall in the range of 90/60 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) to 130/80 mm Hg. But a significant drop, even as little as 20 mm Hg, can cause problems for some people.\nThere are three main types of hypotension: Orthostatic hypotension, including postprandial orthostatic hypotension Neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) Severe hypotension brought on by a sudden loss of blood (shock), infection, or severe allergic reaction\nOrthostatic hypotension is brought on by a sudden change in body position, most often when shifting from lying down to standing. This type of hypotension usually lasts only a few seconds or minutes. If this type of hypotension occurs after eating, it is called postprandial orthostatic hypotension. This form most commonly affects older adults, those with high blood pressure, and persons with Parkinson's disease. NMH most often affects young adults and children. It occurs when a person has been standing for a long time. Children usually outgrow this type of hypotension. Low blood pressure is commonly caused by drugs such as: Alcohol Anti-anxiety medications Certain antidepressants Diuretics Heart medicines, including those used to treat high blood pressure and coronary heart disease Medications used for surgery Painkillers Other causes of low blood pressure include: Advanced diabetes Anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic response) Changes in heart rhythm (arrhythmias) Dehydration Fainting" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypotension ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "When you have symptoms from a drop in blood pressure, you should immediately sit or lie down and raise your feet above heart level.\nIf low blood pressure causes a person to pass out (become unconscious), seek immediate medical treatment or call the local emergency number (such as 911). If the person is not breathing or has no pulse, begin CPR.\nCall your doctor immediately if you have any of the following symptoms:\nBlack or maroon stools Chest pain Dizziness, lightheadedness Fainting Fever higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit Irregular heartbeat Shortness of breath\nAlso call your doctor if you have:\nBurning with urination or other urinary symptoms Cough with phlegm Inability to eat or drink Prolonged diarrhea or vomiting" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Hypotension (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Low blood pressure can usually be treated with success." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When could I drive after i underwent Implantable cardiac defibrillator insertion discharge instructions ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "You should not drive after the procedure without asking your doctor when you could do that. This is different for everyone." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What medications should I take after Implantable cardiac defibrillator insertion discharge instructions ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Ask your doctor whether you should go back to taking the medications you were on before the procedure. Be sure your doctor knows about everything you are taking." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What precautions should I take?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Most devices will not interfere with your defibrillator, but some with strong magnetic fields might. Ask your doctor or nurse if you have questions about any specific device. Most appliances in your home are safe to be around. This includes your refrigerator, washer, dryer, toaster, blender, personal computer and fax machine, hair dryer, stove, CD player, remote controls, and microwave. There are several devices you should keep at least 12 inches away from the site where your ICD is placed under your skin. These include:\nBattery-powered cordless tools (such as screwdrivers and drills) Plug-in power tools (such as drills and table saws) Electric lawn mowers and leaf blowers Slot machines Stereo speakers\nTell all health care providers that you have an ICD. Some medical equipment may harm your ICD. Because MRI machines have powerful magnets, talk to your doctor before having an MRI. Stay away from large motors, generators, and equipment. Do not lean over the open hood of a running car. Also stay away from:\nRadio transmitters and high-voltage power lines Products that use magnetic therapy, such as some mattresses, pillows, and massagers Electrical or gasoline powered appliances\nIf you have a cell phone:\nDo not put it in a pocket on the same side of your body as your ICD. When using your cell phone, hold it to your ear on the opposite side of your body.\nBe careful around metal detectors and security wands.\nHandheld security wands may interfere with your ICD. Show your wallet card and ask to be hand searched. Most security gates at airports and stores are okay. But do not stand near these devices for long periods. Your ICD may set off alarms." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When may I resume my regular activities?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Do not use your arm on the side where your pacemaker is inserted to lift, push or pull anything weighing more than five pounds, at least for the first 6 weeks. You may do the daily activities like face washing, hair combing, and tooth brushing. You should avoid swimming, playing golf or playing tennis after the procedure." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When can I go back to work after Implantable cardiac defibrillator insertion discharge instructions ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "It depends on the type of your work. You can ask your doctor when you can go back to work." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Implantable cardiac defibrillator insertion discharge instructions ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "You should tell your doctor about every shock you feel from your ICD. The settings of your ICD may need to be adjusted, or your medicines may need to be changed. Also call your doctor if:\nYour wound looks infected. Signs of infection are redness, increased drainage, swelling, and pain. You are having the symptoms you had before your ICD was implanted. You are dizzy, have chest pain, or are short of breath. You have hiccups that do not go away. You were unconscious for a moment. Your ICD has sent a shock and you still do not feel well or you pass out. Talk to your doctor about when to call the doctor's office." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Interrupted aortic arch?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The signs and symptoms of interrupted aortic arch depend on the site of the arch interruption. Usual symptoms include:\nCyanosis Rapid breathing Fast heart rate Weakness or fatigue Poor feeding\nOther health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Interrupted aortic arch ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Like many congenital heart disease, the cause of interrupted aortic arch is not clear. Clinical surveys and basic research suggest that the gene mutation may play an important role during the pregnancy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Interrupted aortic arch ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call your health care provider if your baby has interrupted aortic arch and symptoms do not improve with treatment, or if new symptoms appear. If your baby experiences either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:\nSudden shortness of breath Cyanosis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Interrupted aortic arch (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The prognosis of interrupted aortic arch depends on the effect of surgery. In most cases, the prognosis is excellent with good surgical repair." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How to Evaluate the post-stent-deployment angiogram?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Following coronary stent implantation, the following set of steps is one way to systematically evaluate the post-stent-deployment angiogram.\nIs there any injury to the proximal vessel from guide catheter manipulation? Is the stent well expanded throughout its length, or are there residual stenoses? Does the stented segment of the vessel appear hazy? Did the stent deployment compromise blood flow in any branch vessels? Are there any tears in the vessel such as proximal or distal edge dissection, or dye extravasation to the vessel wall or the pericardium? How is the flow in the coronary artery and the myocardium that it supplies? Is there any distal microvasculature perforation secondary to the guide wire manipulation?\nIn addition to the angiographic interpretation, clinical assessment is very important. Chest discomfort, arrhythmia, ischemic ECG changes, and hypotension may all result following stent deployment." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Intracranial aneurysms?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A person may have an aneurysm without having any symptoms. This kind of aneurysm may be found when an MRI or CT scan of the brain is done for another reason.\nA cerebral aneurysm may begin to \"leak\" a small amount of blood. This may cause a severe headache that a patient may describe as \"the worst headache of my life.\" Another phrase used to describe this is a sentinel headache. This means the headache could be a warning sign of a rupture days or weeks after the headache first happens.\nSymptoms may also occur if the aneurysm pushes on nearby structures in the brain or breaks open (ruptures) and causes bleeding into the brain. Symptoms depend on the location of the aneurysm, whether it breaks open, and what part of the brain it is pushing on, but may include:\nDouble vision Loss of vision Headaches Eye pain Neck pain Stiff neck\nA sudden, severe headache is one symptom of an aneurysm that has ruptured. Other symptoms of an aneurysm rupture may include:\nConfusion, lethargy, sleepiness, or stupor Eyelid drooping Headaches with nausea or vomiting Muscle weakness or difficulty moving any part of the body Numbness or decreased sensation in any part of the body Seizures Speech impairment Stiff neck (occasionally) Vision changes (double vision, loss of vision)\nNOTE: A ruptured aneurysm is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical help." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Intracranial aneurysms?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Aneurysms in the brain occur when there is a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm may be present from birth (congenital) or it may develop later in life, such as after a blood vessel is injured.\nThere are many different types of aneurysms. A berry aneurysm can vary in size from a few millimeters to over a centimeter. Giant berry aneurysms can reach well over 2 centimeters. These are more common in adults. Multiple berry aneurysms are inherited more often than other types of aneurysms.\nOther types of cerebral aneurysm involve widening of an entire blood vessel, or they may appear as a \"ballooning out\" of part of a blood vessel. Such aneurysms can occur in any blood vessel that supplies the brain. Atherosclerosis, trauma, and infection, which can injure the blood vessel wall, can cause cerebral aneurysms." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Intracranial aneurysms ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Family history of cerebral aneurysms Polycystic kidney disease Coarctation of the aorta High blood pressure" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Intracranial aneurysms ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have a sudden or severe headache, especially if you also have nausea, vomiting, seizures, or any other neurological symptoms.\nAlso call if you have a headache that is unusual for you, especially if it is severe or your worst headache ever." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Intracranial aneurysms (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The outcome varies. Patients who are in deep comas after an aneurysm rupture generally do not do as well as those with less severe symptoms. Ruptured cerebral aneurysms are often deadly. About 25% of people die within 1 day, and another 25% die within about 3 months. Of those who survive, about 25% will have some sort of permanent disability." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Ischemic colitis?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Abdominal pain Blood in the stool (may be bright red or maroon). Diarrhea Fever Vomiting" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Ischemic colitis?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Ischemic colitis mainly affects people over 50. Many of them have a history of peripheral vascular disease." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Ischemic colitis ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Risk factors include:\nAtrial fibrillation Blockage of the large bowel Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Congestive heart failure Diabetes High blood pressure Irritable bowel syndrome Low blood pressure Past aortic surgery in which damage occurred to the artery that supplies the colon. Rheumatoid arthritis Use of medications that cause constipation" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Ischemic colitis ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of ischemic colitis." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Ischemic colitis (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Most cases of ischemic colitis are mild and will improve on their own. They do not need surgical treatment. The death rate is high when gangrene occurs because there is not enough blood supply." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Kawasaki disease?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kawasaki disease often begins with a high and persistent fever greater than 102 °F, often as high as 104 °F. A persistent fever lasting at least 5 days is considered a classic sign. The fever may last for up to 2 weeks and does not usually go away with normal doses of acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen.\nOther symptoms often include:\nExtremely bloodshot or red eyes (without pus or drainage) Bright red, chapped, or cracked lips Red mucous membranes in the mouth Strawberry tongue, white coating on the tongue, or prominent red bumps on the back of the tongue Red palms of the hands and the soles of the feet Swollen hands and feet Skin rashes on the middle of the body, NOT blister-like Peeling skin in the genital area, hands, and feet (especially around the nails, palms, and soles) Swollen lymph nodes (frequently only one lymph node is swollen), particularly in the neck area Joint pain and swelling, frequently on both sides of the body\nAdditional symptoms may include:\nIrritability Diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain Cough and runny nose" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Kawasaki disease?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kawasaki disease is a poorly understood illness. The cause has not been determined. It may be an autoimmune disorder. The disorder affects the mucus membranes, lymph nodes, walls of the blood vessels, and the heart.\nKawasaki disease can cause inflammation of blood vessels in the arteries, especially the coronary arteries. This inflammation can lead to aneurysms. An aneurysm can lead to a heart attack, even in young children, although this is rare." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Kawasaki disease ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kawasaki disease occurs most frequently in Japan, where the disease was first discovered. In the United States, after congenital heart defects, Kawasaki disease is the leading cause of heart disease in children. Most of these patients are younger than age 5. The disease occurs more often in boys than in girls." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Kawasaki disease ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call your health care provider if symptoms of Kawasaki disease develop. A persistent high fever that does not come down with acetaminophen or ibuprofen and lasts more than 24 hours should be evaluated by a health care provider." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Kawasaki disease (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "With early recognition and treatment, full recovery can be expected. However, about 1% of patients die from complications of coronary blood vessel inflammation. Patients who have had Kawasaki disease should have an echocardiogram every 1 - 2 years to screen for heart problems." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Hyperlipidemia?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hyperlipidemia itself usually does not produce any symptoms and is often discovered during routine screening. Family history of premature coronary heart disease and severe hyperlipidemia may be present. Patient may have symptoms consistent with its complications." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Hyperlipidemia?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A lipid disorder increases your risk for atherosclerosis, and thus for heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure (hypertension), and other problems.\nThere are many types of cholesterol. The ones talked about most are:\nTotal cholesterol - all the cholesterols combined High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol - often called \"good\" cholesterol Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol - often called \"bad\" cholesterol\nThere are several genetic disorders (passed down through families) that lead to abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. They include:\nFamilial combined hyperlipidemia Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia Familial hypercholesterolemia Familial hypertriglyceridemia\nAbnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels may also be caused by:\nBeing overweight or obese. See: Metabolic syndrome Certain medications, including birth control pills, estrogen, corticosteroids, certain diuretics, beta blockers, and certain antidepressants Diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and kidney disease Excessive alcohol use Fatty diets that are high in saturated fats (found mainly in red meat, egg yolks, and high-fat dairy products) and trans fatty acids (found in commercial processed food products) Lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyle Smoking (which reduces HDL \"good\" cholesterol)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Lipoprotein disorders ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "If you have high lipid levels or other risk factors for heart diseases, like smoking, diabetes or high blood pressure make appointments as recommended by your doctor." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Lipoprotein disorders (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hyperlipidemia can lead to hardening of the arteries, also called atherosclerosis. This occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries and form hard structures called plaques. Over time, these plaques can block the arteries and cause heart disease, stroke, and other symptoms or problems throughout the body. If you are diagnosed with high cholesterol, you will probably need to continue lifestyle changes and drug treatment throughout your life. Periodic monitoring of your lipid profile may be necessary. Reducing high cholesterol levels will slow the progression of atherosclerosis and prevent complications." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the Symptoms of Lyme Disease?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "It's important to know the symptoms of Lyme disease and to seek medical help if you think have Lyme disease. Early signs and symptoms (3 to 30 days after tick bite): The first symptom is usually a red rash at the site of tick bite, which may look like a bullseye, but not all people with Lyme disease have a rash. The rash is called erythema chronicum migrans or erythema migrans (EM). EM occurs in approximately 70 to 80 percent of infected persons. EM begins at the site of a tick bite after a delay of 3 to 30 days (average is about 7 days). EM expands gradually over a period of days reaching up to 12 inches or more (30 cm) across. EM may feel warm to the touch but is rarely itchy or painful. Sometimes, EM clears as it enlarges, resulting in a target or bullseye appearance. EM may appear on any area of the body but is usually present on areas including the axilla, inguinal region, popliteal fossa, or along belt line. The rash may or may not be associated with flu-like symptoms including: Fever and/or chills Headache Body aches Joint aches Stiff neck Fatigue Classic Lyme disease rash - Source: CDC.gov\nLate Signs and Symptoms (days to months after tick bite): Severe headaches and neck stiffness Multiple erythema migrans rashes on other areas of the body. Arthritis with severe joint pain and swelling, particularly of the knees and other large joints. Facial palsy (loss of muscle tone or droop on one or both sides of the face). Intermittent pain in tendons, muscles, joints, and bones. Heart palpitations or an irregular heart beat (Lyme carditis). Episodes of dizziness or shortness of breath. Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Nerve pain. Shooting pains, numbness, or tingling in the hands or feet. Problems with short-term memory.\nNotes Fever and other flu-like symptoms may occur in the absence of rash. A small bump or redness at the site of a tick bite that occurs immediately and resembles a mosquito bite, is common. This irritation generally goes away in 1-2 days and is not a sign of Lyme disease. A rash with a very similar appearance to EM occurs with Southern Tick-associated Rash Illness (STARI), but is not Lyme disease. Ticks can spread other organisms that may cause a different type of rash. What Causes Lyme disease? Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial infection you get from bite of an infected tick. The majority of Lyme disease in North America is caused by bite of black-legged tick, or deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). Other ticks that transmit Lyme disease are the sheep tick, castor bean tick, or European castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) in the Europe, the Western black legged tick (Ixodes pacificus) in the Pacific region of North America, and the taiga tick (Ixodes persulactus) in Europe, Central and Northern Asia, China, and Japan. Only 20% of individuals infected with Lyme disease by the deer tick are aware of having had any tick bite. I. scapularis, the primary vector of Lyme disease in Eastern North America - Source: Gross L (2006) A New View on Lyme Disease: Rodents Hold the Key to Annual Risk. PLoS Biol 4(6): e182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040182" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who is at highest risk for Lyme disease ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Individuals who spend time outdoors and/or have pets that go outdoors in endemic regions are at risk for tick-borne disease.\nExposure to ticks: Individuals with frequent exposure to dogs and who reside near wooded areas or areas with high grass may also be at increased risk of tick-borne infection. Individuals with outdoor occupations and who work outside with bare or exposed skin are at a high risk of contracting Lyme disease. Failing to remove a tick as soon as you see it on your skin (the longer a tick is attached to your skin, the greater your risk of developing Lyme disease) also increases risk of developing Lyme disease.\nEndemic Regions: About 95% of all reported cases are confined to 14 states including Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Any individual traveling or living within these five geographic areas including New England, Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, and West North-Central is at a heightened risk of exposure to Lyme disease.\nSeasonal Variation: The majority of Lyme disease cases are reported during the summer months of May to August. Case incidence increases in May, peaks in June and July, and tapers off in August.\nRarer forms of Transmission: Cases of blood transfusion and organ transplantation have been recorded as methods of transmission but transmission through this avenue is rare." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Lyme disease ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "You should seek medical care if:\nYou are bitten by a tick. You have a rash similar to erythema migrans (even if you do not remember getting bitten by a tick). After removal of a tick with the proper procedure." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Where to find Medical Care for Lyme Disease?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Medical care for Lyme disease can be found here." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Lyme disease (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "For early cases, prompt treatment is usually curative. However, the severity and treatment of Lyme disease may be complicated due to: Late diagnosis Failure of antibiotic treatment Coinfection with other tick-borne diseases including Ehrlichiosis and Babesiosis Immune suppression in the patient Some patients with Lyme disease have fatigue, joint and/or muscle pain, and neurocognitive symptoms persisting for years despite antibiotic treatment. Patients with late stage Lyme disease have been shown to experience a level of physical disability similar to that seen in congestive heart failure. Though rare, Lyme disease can be fatal." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Malignant hypertension?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Blurred vision Change in mental status Anxiety Confusion Decreased alertness, decreased ability to concentrate Fatigue Restlessness Sleepiness, stupor, lethargy\nChest pain (feeling of crushing or pressure) Cough Headache Nausea or vomiting Numbness of the arms, legs, face, or other areas Reduced urine Seizure Shortness of breath Weakness of the arms, legs, face, or other areas" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What causes Malignant hypertension?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The disorder affects about 1% of people with high blood pressure, including both children and adults. It is more common in younger adults, especially African-American men.\nIt also occurs in people with:\nCollagen vascular disorders Kidney problems Toxemia of pregnancy\nYou are at high risk for malignant hypertension if you have had:\nKidney failure Renal hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "When to seek urgent medical care when I have Malignant hypertension ?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Go to the emergency room or call your local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of malignant hypertension. This is an emergency condition and it can be life-threatening.\nCall your health care provider if you know you have poorly controlled high blood pressure." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What to expect if I have Malignant hypertension (Outlook/Prognosis)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Many body systems are at serious risk from the extreme rise in blood pressure. Many organs, including the brain, eyes, blood vessels, heart, and kidneys may be damaged.\nThe blood vessels of the kidney are very likely to be damaged by pressure. Kidney failure may develop, which may be permanent and need dialysis (kidney machine).\nIf treated right away, malignant hypertension can often be controlled without causing permanent problems. If it is not treated right away, complications may be severe and life-threatening." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the symptoms of Mediastinitis?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Chest pain Chills Coughing up blood Fever Malaise Shortness of breath" } ]