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3of the House of Capulet. 5GRegory: A my word wee'l not carry coales. 6Greg. No, for then we should be Colliars. 7Samp. I mean, if we be in choller, wee'l draw. 10Samp. I strike quickly, being mou'd. 11Greg. But thou art not quickly mou'd to strike. 12Samp. A dog of the house of Mountague, moues me. 14Therefore, if thou art mou'd, thou runst away. 15Samp. A dogge of that house shall moue me to stand. 16I will take the wall of any Man or Maid of Mountagues. 18kest goes to the wall. 23Greg. The Quarrell is betweene our Masters, and vs (their men. 26Maids, and cut off their heads. 27Greg. The heads of the Maids? 29Take it in what sence thou wilt. 30Greg. They must take it sence, that feele it. 32And 'tis knowne I am a pretty peece of flesh. 35the House of the Mountagues. 38Gre. How? Turne thy backe, and run. 40Gre. No marry: I feare thee. 41Sam. Let vs take the Law of our sides: let them begin. 44which is a disgrace to them, if they beare it. 45Abra. Do you bite your Thumbe at vs sir? 46Samp. I do bite my Thumbe, sir. 47Abra. Do you bite your Thumb at vs, sir? 48Sam. Is the Law of our side, if I say I? Gre. No. 50I bite my Thumbe sir. 51Greg. Do you quarrell sir? 52Abra. Quarrell sir? no sir. 54Abra. No better? Samp.Well sir. 56Gr. Say better: here comes one of my masters kinsmen. 65Hindes? Turne thee Benuolio, looke vpon thy death. 67Or manage it to part these men with me. 70Haue at thee Coward. Fight. 71Enter three or foure Citizens with Clubs. 73Downe with the Capulets, downe with the Mountagues. 74Enter old Capulet in his Gowne, and his wife. 75Cap. What noise is this? Giue me my long Sword ho. 76Wife. A crutch, a crutch: why call you for a Sword? 78And flourishes his Blade in spight of me. 79Enter old Mountague, & his wife. 812. Wife. Thou shalt not stir a foote to seeke a Foe. 82Enter Prince Eskales, with his Traine. 90And heare the Sentence of your mooued Prince. 54 The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet. 99Your liues shall pay the forfeit of the peace. 105Once more on paine of death, all men depart. Exeunt. 106Moun. Who set this auncient quarrell new abroach? 114Who nothing hurt withall, hist him in scorne. 117Till the Prince came, who parted either part. 118Wife. O where is Romeo, saw you him to day? 119Right glad am I, he was not at this fray. 132And gladly shunn'd, who gladly fled from me. 144Vnlesse good counsell may the cause remoue. 145Ben. My Noble Vncle doe you know the cause? 146Moun. I neither know it, nor can learne of him. 147Ben. Haue you importun'd him by any meanes? 155Or dedicate his beauty to the same. 157We would as willingly giue cure, as know. 160Ile know his greeuance, or be much denide. 162To heare true shrift. Come Madam let's away. Exeunt. 164Rom. Is the day so young? 165Ben. But new strooke nine. 167Was that my Father that went hence so fast? 168Ben. It was: what sadnes lengthens Romeo's houres? 173Rom. Out of her fauour where I am in loue. 175Should be so tyrannous and rough in proofe. 178Where shall we dine? O me: what fray was heere? 187This loue feele I, that feele no loue in this. 189Ben. No Coze, I rather weepe. 190Rom. Good heart, at what? 191Ben. At thy good hearts oppression. 192Rom. Why such is loues transgression. 196Doth adde more griefe, to too much of mine owne. 203Ben. Soft I will goe along. 204And if you leaue me so, you do me wrong. 206This is not Romeo, hee's some other where. 207Ben. Tell me in sadnesse, who is that you loue? 208Rom. What shall I grone and tell thee? 209Ben. Grone, why no: but sadly tell me who. 212In sadnesse Cozin, I do loue a woman. 213Ben. I aym'd so neare, when I suppos'd you lou'd. 215Ben. A right faire marke, faire Coze, is soonest hit. 219From loues weake childish Bow, she liues vncharm'd. 221Nor bid th'incounter of assailing eyes. 224That when she dies, with beautie dies her store. 225Ben. Then she hath sworne, that she will still liue chast? 226Rom. She hath, and in that sparing make huge wast? 228Cuts beauty off from all posteritie. 232Do I liue dead, that liue to tell it now. 233Ben. Be rul'd by me, forget to thinke of her. 234Rom. O teach me how I should forget to thinke. 244Where I may read who past that passing faire. 351Enter Capulets Wife and Nurse. 352Wife Nurse wher's my daughter? call her forth to me. 355Where's this Girle? what Iuliet? 357Iuliet. How now, who calls? 359Iuliet. Madam I am heere, what is your will? 56 The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet. 363my daughter's of a prety age. 364Nurse. Faith I can tell her age vnto an houre. 368I haue but foure, shee's not fourteene. 369How long is it now to Lammas tide? 370Wife. A fortnight and odde dayes. 393crying, & said I: to see now how a Iest shall come about. 397Old La. Inough of this, I pray thee hold thy peace. 405Iule. And stint thou too, I pray thee Nurse, say I. 408liue to see thee married once, I haue my wish. 411How stands your disposition to be Married? 412Iuli. It is an houre that I dreame not of. 414say thou had'st suckt wisedome from thy teat. 420The valiant Paris seekes you for his loue. 422the world. Why hee's a man of waxe. 423Old La. Veronas Summer hath not such a flower. 424Nurse. Nay hee's a flower, infaith a very flower. 425Old La: What say you, can you loue the Gentleman? 432Find written in the Margent of his eyes. 434To Beautifie him, onely lacks a Couer. 440By hauing him, making your selfe no lesse. 441Nurse. No lesse, nay bigger: women grow by men. 442Old La. Speake briefly, can you like of Paris loue? 443Iuli. Ile looke to like, if looking liking moue. 445Then your consent giues strength to make flye. 450beseech you follow straight. Exit. 451Mo. We follow thee, Iuliet, the Countie staies. 452Nurse. Goe Gyrle, seeke happie nights to happy daies. 456Rom. What shall this speeh be spoke for our excuse? 457Or shall we on without Apologie? 461Skaring the Ladies like a Crow-keeper. 463Weele measure them a Measure, and be gone. 464Rom. Giue me a Torch, I am not for this ambling. 465Being but heauy I will beare the light. 466Mer. Nay gentle Romeo, we must haue you dance. 469So stakes me to the ground, I cannot moue. 471And soare with them aboue a common bound. 475Vnder loues heauy burthen doe I sinke. 477Too great oppression for a tender thing. 479Too rude, too boysterous, and it pricks like thorne. 485Here are the Beetle-browes shall blush for me. 487But euery man betake him to his legs. 492The game was nere so faire, and I am done. 494If thou art dun, weele draw thee from the mire. 496Vp to the eares, come we burne day-light ho. 497Rom. Nay that's not so. 501Fiue times in that, ere once in our fine wits. 503But 'tis no wit to go. 504Mer. Why may one aske? 505Rom. I dreampt a dreame to night. 506Mer. And so did I. 507Rom. Well what was yours? 508Mer. That dreamers often lye. 509Ro. In bed a sleepe while they do dreame things true. 554Turning his side to the dew dropping South. 556Supper is done, and we shall come too late. 562By some vile forfeit of vntimely death. 564Direct my sute: on lustie Gentlemen. 569Ser. Where's Potpan, that he helpes not to take away? 570He shift a Trencher? he scrape a Trencher? 572hands, and they vnwasht too, 'tis a foule thing. 576Susan Grindstone, and Nell, Anthonie and Potpan. 579for, in the great Chamber. 581Be brisk awhile, and the longer liuer take all. 590She Ile sweare hath Cornes: am I come neare ye now? 596 Musicke plaies: and the dance. 599And quench the fire, the Roome is growne too hot. 6052. Capu. Berlady thirty yeares. 609Some fiue and twenty yeares, and then we Maskt. 6123. Cap. Will you tell me that? 613His Sonne was but a Ward two yeares agoe. 616Ser. I know not sir. 624And touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. 58 The Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet. 626For I neuer saw true Beauty till this night. 627Tib. This by his voice, should be a Mountague. 630To fleere and scorne at our Solemnitie? 632To strike him dead I hold it not a sin. 637To scorne at our Solemnitie this night. 638Cap. Young Romeo is it? 639Tib. 'Tis he, that Villaine Romeo. 649An ill beseeming semblance for a Feast. 652Cap. He shall be endu'rd. 657You will set cocke a hoope, youle be the man. 658Tib. Why Vncle, 'tis a shame. 660You are a sawcy Boy, 'ist so indeed? 662You must contrary me, marry 'tis time. 665Ile make you quiet. What, chearely my hearts. 669Now seeming sweet, conuert to bitter gall. Exit. 673To smooth that rough touch, with a tender kisse. 675You do wrong your hand too much. 678And palme to palme, is holy Palmers kisse. 679Rom. Haue not Saints lips, and holy Palmers too? 680Iul. I Pilgrim, lips that they must vse in prayer. 682They pray (grant thou) least faith turne to dispaire. 684Though grant for prayers sake. 686Thus from my lips, by thine my sin is purg'd. 687Iul. Then haue my lips the sin that they haue tooke. 689Giue me my sin againe. 691Nur. Madam your Mother craues a word with you. 692Rom. What is her Mother? 699Rom. Is she a Capulet? 700O deare account! My life is my foes debt. 701Ben. Away, be gone, the sport is at the best. 702Rom. I so I feare, the more is my vnrest. 705Is it e'ne so? why then I thanke you all. 707More Torches here: come on, then let's to bed. 712Nur. The Sonne and Heire of old Tyberio. 713Iuli. What's he that now is going out of doore? 714Nur. Marrie that I thinke be young Petruchio. 715Iul. What's he that follows here that would not dance? 718My graue is like to be my wedded bed. 720The onely Sonne of your great Enemie. 724That I must loue a loathed Enemie. 725Nur. What's this? whats this? 727Of one I dan'st withall. 728 One cals within, Iuliet. 730Come let's away, the strangers all are gone. 736With tender Iuliet matcht, is now not faire. 746Temp'ring extremities with extreame sweete. 748Rom. Can I goe forward when my heart is here? 749Turne backe dull earth, and find thy Center out. 751Ben. Romeo, my Cozen Romeo, Romeo. 753And on my life hath stolne him home to bed. 754Ben. He ran this way and leapt this Orchard wall. 771That in thy likenesse thou appeare to vs. 772Ben. And if he heare thee thou wilt anger him. 779I coniure onely but to raise vp him. 782Blind is his Loue, and best befits the darke. 793That meanes not to be found. Exeunt. 795But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? 804She speakes, yet she sayes nothing, what of that? 809To twinckle in their Spheres till they returne. 815See how she leanes her cheeke vpon her hand. 817That I might touch that cheeke. 826And sailes vpon the bosome of the ayre. 827Iul. O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? 830And Ile no longer be a Capulet. 831Rom. Shall I heare more, or shall I speake at this? 846Hence foorth I neuer will be Romeo. 848So stumblest on my counsell? 853Had I it written, I would teare the word. 855Of thy tongues vttering, yet I know the sound. 856Art thou not Romeo, and a Montague? 857Rom. Neither faire Maid, if either thee dislike. 858Iul. How cam'st thou hither. 867Therefore thy kinsmen are no stop to me. 868Iul. If they do see thee, they will murther thee. 871And I am proofe against their enmity. 872Iul. I would not for the world they saw thee here. 876Then death proroged wanting of thy Loue. 877Iul. By whose direction found'st thou out this place? 882I should aduenture for such Marchandise. 60 The Tragedie of Romeoand Iuliet. 895So thou wilt wooe: But else not for the world. 904Which the darke night hath so discouered. 906That tips with siluer all these Fruite tree tops. 909Least that thy Loue proue likewise variable. 910Rom. What shall I sweare by? 915Rom. If my hearts deare loue. 924Come to thy heart, as that within my brest. 925Rom. O wilt thou leaue me so vnsatisfied? 926Iuli. What satisfaction can'st thou haue to night? 927Ro. Th'exchange of thy Loues faithfull vow for mine. 929And yet I would it were to giue againe. 940Stay but a little, I will come againe. 943Too flattering sweet to be substantiall. 951And follow thee my Lord throughout the world. 954I do beseech theee Within: Madam. 957To morrow will I send. 958Rom. So thriue my soule. 959Iu. A thousand times goodnight. Exit. 962But Loue frõ Loue, towards schoole with heauie lookes. 969With repetition of my Romeo. 970Rom. It is my soule that calls vpon my name. 972Like softest Musicke to attending eares. 976Shall I send to thee? 977Rom. By the houre of nine. 979I haue forgot why I did call thee backe. 980Rom. Let me stand here till thou remember it. 982Remembring how I Loue thy company. 984Forgetting any other home but this. 990So louing Iealous of his liberty. 991Rom. I would I were thy Bird. 996That I shall say goodnight, till it be morrow. 997Iul. Sleepe dwell vpon thine eyes, peace in thy brest. 1002From forth dayes pathway, made by Titans wheeles. 1004His helpe to craue, and my deare hap to tell. Exit. 1005Enter Frier alone with a basket. 1019None but for some, and yet all different. 1023But to the earth some speciall good doth giue. 1025Reuolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse. 1027And vice sometime by action dignified. 1032Being tasted slayes all sences with the heart. 1036Full soone the Canker death eates vp that Plant. 1039What early tongue so sweet saluteth me? 1048Or if not so, then here I hit it right. 1049Our Romeo hath not beene in bed to night. 1050Rom. That last is true, the sweeter rest was mine. 1051Fri. God pardon sin: wast thou with Rosaline? 1053I haue forgot that name, and that names woe. 1054Fri. That's my good Son, but wher hast thou bin then? 1061My intercession likewise steads my foe. 1063Ridling confession, findes but ridling shrift. 1071That thou consent to marrie vs to day. 1072Fri. Holy S. Francis, what a change is heere? 1075Not truely in their hearts, but in their eyes. 1077Hath washt thy sallow cheekes for Rosaline? 1079To season Loue that of it doth not tast. 1083Of an old teare that is not washt off yet. 1085Thou and these woes, were all for Rosaline. 1087Women may fall, when there's no strength in men. 1088Rom. Thou chid'st me oft for louing Rosaline. 1089Fri. For doting, not for louing pupill mine. 1090Rom. And bad'st me bury Loue. 1092To lay one in, another out to haue. 1095The other did not so. 1101To turne your houshould rancor to pure Loue. 1102Rom. O let vs hence, I stand on sudden hast. 1103Fri. Wisely and slow, they stumble that run fast. 1108Ben. Not to his Fathers, I spoke with his man. 1110saline torments him so, that he will sure run mad. 1112ter to his Fathers house. 1113Mer. A challenge on my life. 1114Ben. Romeo will answere it. 1115Mer. Any man that can write, may answere a Letter. 1123Ben. Why what is Tibalt? 1130immortall Passado, the Punto reuerso, the Hay. 1141Ben. Here comes Romeo, here comes Romeo. 1147and Harlots: Thisbie a gray eie or so, but not to the purpose. 62 The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet. 1153Mer. The slip sir, the slip, can you not conceiue? 1155such a case as mine, a man may straine curtesie. 1157strains a man to bow in the hams. 1159Mer. Thou hast most kindly hit it. 1160Rom. A most curteous exposition. 1161Mer. Nay, I am the very pinck of curtesie. 1164Rom. Why then is my Pump well flowr'd. 1170Soly singular for the singlenesse. 1171Mer. Come betweene vs good Benuolio, my wits faints. 1173Swits and spurs, or Ile crie a match. 1177with you there for the Goose? 1179thou wast not there for the Goose. 1180Mer. I will bite thee by the eare for that iest. 1181Rom. Nay, good Goose bite not. 1183It is a most sharpe sawce. 1184Rom. And is it not well seru'd into a Sweet-Goose? 1186an ynch narrow, to an ell broad. 1188to the Goose, proues thee farre and wide, abroad Goose. 1193vp and downe to hid his bable in a hole. 1194Ben. Stop there, stop there. 1195Mer. Thou desir'st me to stop in my tale against the (haire. 1196Ben. Thou would'st else haue made thy tale large. 1199indeed to occupie the argument no longer. 1200Enter Nurse and her man. 1203Mer. Two, two: a Shirt and a Smocke. 1207Mer. Good Peter to hide her face? 1208For her Fans the fairer face? 1209Nur. God ye good morrow Gentlemen. 1210Mer. God ye gooden faire Gentlewoman. 1213Dyall is now vpon the pricke of Noone. 1214Nur. Out vpon you: what a man are you? 1216That God hath made, himselfe to mar. 1222him: I am the youngest of that name, for fault of a worse. 1225Very well tooke: Ifaith, wisely, wisely. 1227I desire some confidence with you? 1228Ben. She will endite him to some Supper. 1229Mer. A baud, a baud, a baud. So ho. 1230Rom. What hast thou found? 1232that is something stale and hoare ere it be spent. 1239Rom. I will follow you. 1244that was so full of his roperie? 1257good quarrell, and the law on my side. 1266fered to any Gentlewoman, and very weake dealing. 1270Lord, Lord she will be a ioyfull woman. 1274take it, is a Gentleman-like offer. 1277Be shriu'd and married: here is for thy paines. 1278Nur. No truly sir not a penny. 1279Rom. Go too, I say you shall. 1280Nur. This afternoone sir? well she shall be there. 1285Must be my conuoy in the secret night. 1287Farewell, commend me to thy Mistresse. 1289Rom. What saist thou my deare Nurse? 1291may keepe counsell putting one away. 1292Ro. Warrant thee my man as true as steele. 1299so, shee lookes as pale as any clout in the versall world. 1300Doth not Rosemarie and Romeo begin both with a letter? 1305would do you good to heare it. 1306Rom. Commend me to thy Lady. 1307Nur. I a thousand times. Peter? 1309Nur. Before and apace. Exit Nurse and Peter. 1316Driuing backe shadowes ouer lowring hils. 1321I three long houres, yet she is not come. 1327Vnwieldie, slow, heauy, and pale as lead. 1329O God she comes, O hony Nurse what newes? 1330Hast thou met with him? send thy man away. 1331Nur. Peter stay at the gate. 1333O Lord, why lookest thou sad? 1334Though newes, be sad, yet tell them merrily. 1336By playing it to me, with so sower a face. 1338Fie how my bones ake, what a iaunt haue I had? 1340Nay come I pray thee speake, good good Nurse speake. 1341Nur. Iesu what hast? can you not stay a while? 1342Do you not see that I am out of breath? 1344To say to me, that thou art out of breath? 1346Is longer then the tale thou dost excuse. 1349Let me be satisfied, ist good or bad? 1356waies wench, serue God. What haue you din'd at home? 1358What saies he of our marriage? what of that? 1359Nur. Lord how my head akes, what a head haue I? 1360It beates as it would fall in twenty peeces. 1363To catch my death with iaunting vp and downe. 1364Iul. Ifaith: I am sorrie that thou art so well. 1365Sweet sweet, sweet Nurse, tell me what saies my Loue? 1368And I warrant a vertuous: where is your Mother? 1369Iul. Where is my Mother? 1370Why she is within, where should she be? 1376Is this the Poultis for my aking bones? 1377Henceforward do your messages your selfe. 1378Iul. Heere's such a coile, come what saies Romeo? 1379Nur. Haue you got leaue to go to shrift to day? 1389But you shall beare the burthen soone at night. 1390Go Ile to dinner, hie you to the Cell. 1391Iui. Hie to high Fortune, honest Nurse, farewell. Exeunt. 1394That after houres, with sorrow chide vs not. 1398Do thou but close our hands with holy words. 1400It is inough. I may but call her mine. 1405And in the taste confoundes the appetite. 1407Too swift arriues as tardie as too slow. 64 The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet. 1413And yet not fall, so light is vanitie. 1414Iul. Good euen to my ghostly Confessor. 1415Fri. Romeo shall thanke thee Daughter for vs both. 1416Iul. As much to him, else in his thanks too much. 1422Receiue in either, by this deere encounter. 1427I cannot sum vp some of halfe my wealth. 1430Till holy Church incorporate two in one. 1431Enter Mercutio, Benuolio, and men. 1435hot dayes, is the mad blood stirring. 1440er, when indeed there is no need. 1441Ben. Am I like such a Fellow? 1444soone moodie to be mou'd. 1464Mer. The Fee-simple? O simple. 1465Enter Tybalt, Petruchio, and others. 1466Ben. By my head here comes the Capulets. 1467Mer. By my heele I care not. 1468Tyb. Follow me close, for I will speake to them. 1469Gentlemen, Good den, a word with one of you. 1471something, make it a word and a blow. 1476Tib. Mercutio thou consort'st with Romeo. 1484Or else depart, here all eies gaze on vs. 1485Mer. Mens eyes were made to looke, and let them gaze. 1486I will not budge for no mans pleasure I. 1488Tib. Well peace be with you sir, here comes my man. 1489Mer. But Ile be hang'd sir if he weare your Liuery. 1491Your worship in that sense, may call him man. 1493No better terme then this: Thou art a Villaine. 1497Therefore farewell, I see thou know'st me not. 1499That thou hast done me, therefore turne and draw. 1504As dearely as my owne, be satisfied. 1506Alla stucatho carries it away. 1507Tybalt, you Rat-catcher, will you walke? 1508Tib. What woulds thou haue with me? 1513hast, least mine be about your eares ere it be out. 1514Tib. I am for you. 1515Rom. Gentle Mercutio, put thy Rapier vp. 1516Mer. Come sir, your Passado. 1520Forbidden bandying in Verona streetes. 1525Is he gone and hath nothing? 1526Ben. What art thou hurt? 1528Where is my Page? go Villaine fetch a Surgeon. 1529Rom. Courage man, the hurt cannot be much. 1533I warrant, for this world: a plague a both your houses. 1537tweene vs? I was hurt vnder your arme. 1538Rom. I thought all for the best. 1540Or I shall faint: a plague a both your houses. 1542I haue it, and soundly to your Houses. Exit. 1549And in my temper softned Valours steele. 1553Which too vntimely here did scorne the earth. 1555This but begins, the wo others must end. 1557Ben. Here comes the Furious Tybalt backe againe. 1558Rom. He gon in triumph, and Mercutio slaine? 1560And fire and Fury, be my conduct now. 1565Either thou or I, or both, must goe with him. 1568Rom. This shall determine that. 1573If thou art taken: hence, be gone, away. 1574Rom. O! I am Fortunes foole. 1575Ben. Why dost thou stay? 1578Citi. Which way ran he that kild Mercutio? 1579Tibalt that Murtherer, which way ran he? 1580Ben. There lies that Tybalt. 1582I charge thee in the Princes names obey. 1585Prin. Where are the vile beginners of this Fray? 1589That slew thy kinsman braue Mercutio. 1593For bloud of ours, shed bloud of Mountague. 1595Prin. Benuolio, who began this Fray? 1613Of stout Mercutio, and then Tybalt fled. 1619This is the truth, or let Benuolio die. 1623And all those twenty could but kill one life. 1625Romeo slew Tybalt, Romeo must not liue. 1627Who now the price of his deare blood doth owe. 1634My bloud for your rude brawles doth lie a bleeding. 1636That you shall all repent the losse of mine. 1638Nor teares, nor prayers shall purchase our abuses. 1640Else when he is found, that houre is his last. 1642Mercy not Murders, pardoning those that kill. 1648And bring in Cloudie night immediately. 1664Come gentle night, come louing blackebrow'd night. 1669And pay no worship to the Garish Sun. 66 The Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet. 1679Now Nurse, what newes? what hast thou there? 1680The Cords that Romeo bid thee fetch? 1681Nur. I, I, the Cords. 1682Iuli. Ay me, what newes? 1683Why dost thou wring thy hands. 1685We are vndone Lady, we are vndone. 1686Alacke the day, hee's gone, hee's kil'd, he's dead. 1687Iul. Can heauen be so enuious? 1689Though heauen cannot. O Romeo, Romeo. 1690Who euer would haue thought it Romeo. 1692That dost torment me thus? 1697I am not I, if there be such an I. 1699If he be slaine say I, or if not, no. 1700Briefe, sounds, determine of my weale or wo. 1708To prison eyes, nere looke on libertie. 1710And thou and Romeo presse on heauie beere. 1713That euer I should liue to see thee dead. 1714Iul. What storme is this that blowes so contrarie? 1715Is Romeo slaughtred? and is Tybalt dead? 1718For who is liuing, if those two are gone? 1720Romeo that kil'd him, he is banished. 1723It did, it did, alas the day, it did. 1724Nur. O Serpent heart, hid with a flowring face. 1725Iul. Did euer Dragon keepe so faire a Caue? 1734In mortall paradise of such sweet flesh? 1737In such a gorgeous Pallace. 1740Ah where's my man? giue me some Aqua-vitae? 1748O what a beast was I to chide him? 1751Iul. Shall I speake ill of him that is my husband? 1753When I thy three houres wife haue mangled it. 1754But wherefore Villaine did'st thou kill my Cozin? 1761All this is comfort, wherefore weepe I then? 1774Which moderne lamentation might haue mou'd. 1780In that words death, no words can that woe sound. 1781Where is my Father and my Mother Nurse? 1783Will you go to them? I will bring you thither. 1785When theirs are drie for Romeo's banishment. 1789But I a Maid, die Maiden widowed. 1791And death not Romeo, take my Maiden head. 1795Ile to him, he is hid at Lawrence Cell. 1797And bid him come, to take his last farewell. 1803And thou art wedded to calamitie. 1805What is the Princes Doome? 1807That I yet know not? 1810I bring thee tydings of the Princes Doome. 1814Not bodies death, but bodies banishment. 1817Much more then death: do not say banishment. 1819Be patient, for the world is broad and wide. 1826And smilest vpon the stroke that murders me. 1827Fri. O deadly sin, O rude vnthankefulnesse! 1830And turn'd that blacke word death, to banishment. 1831This is deare mercy, and thou seest it not. 1842Still blush, as thinking their owne kisses sin. 1844And saist thou yet, that exile is not death? 1845But Romeo may not, hee is banished. 1848But banished to kill me? Banished? 1853To mangle me with that word, banished? 1854Fri. Then fond Mad man, heare me speake. 1855Rom. O thou wilt speake againe of banishment. 1858To comfort thee, though thou art banished. 1862It helpes not, it preuailes not, talke no more. 1863Fri. O then I see, that Mad men haue no eares. 1865When wisemen haue no eyes? 1874Taking the measure of an vnmade graue. 1877Good Romeo hide thy selfe. 1880Mist-like infold me from the search of eyes. 1887What simplenesse is this: I come, I come. 1890Whence come you? what's your will? 1894I come from Lady Iuliet. 1897Where's my Ladies Lord? where's Romeo? 1899With his owne teares made drunke. 1906Why should you fall into so deepe an O. 1908Nur. Ah sir, ah sir, deaths the end of all. 1909Rom. Speak'st thou of Iuliet? how is it with her? 1912With blood remoued, but little from her owne? 1914My conceal'd Lady to our conceal'd Loue? 1918And then downe falls againe. 1928The vnreasonable Furie of a beast. 1932I thought thy disposition better temper'd. 1933Hast thou slaine Tybalt? wilt thou slay thy selfe? 1935By doing damned hate vpon thy selfe? 1936Why rayl'st thou on thy birth? the heauen and earth? 68 The Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet. 1938In thee at once, which thou at once would'st loose. 1946Killing that Loue which thou hast vow'd to cherish. 1951And thou dismembred with thine owne defence. 1953For whose deare sake thou wast but lately dead. 1955But thou slew'st Tybalt, there art thou happie. 1957And turn'd it to exile, there art thou happy. 1962Take heed, take heed, for such die miserable. 1971Then thou went'st forth in lamentation. 1974Which heauy sorrow makes them apt vnto. 1977To heare good counsell: oh what learning is! 1978My Lord Ile tell my Lady you will come. 1979Rom. Do so, and bid my Sweete prepare to chide. 1981Hie you, make hast, for it growes very late. 1982Rom. How well my comfort is reuiu'd by this. 1990Giue me thy hand, 'tis late, farewell, goodnight. 1994Enter old Capulet, his Wife and Paris. 1998And so did I. Well, we were borne to die. 2001I would haue bin a bed an houre ago. 2003Madam goodnight, commend me to your Daughter. 2005To night, she is mewed vp to her heauinesse. 2008In all respects by me: nay more, I doubt it not. 2012But soft, what day is this? 2017Will you be ready? do you like this hast? 2023And there an end. But what say you to Thursday? 2025I would that Thursday were to morrow. 2028Prepare her wife, against this wedding day. 2032Enter Romeo and Iuliet aloft. 2037Beleeue me Loue, it was the Nightingale. 2043I must be gone and liue, or stay and die. 2047And light thee on thy way to Mantua. 2048Therefore stay yet, thou need'st not to be gone. 2050I am content, so thou wilt haue it so. 2052'Tis but the pale reflexe of Cinthias brow. 2056Come death and welcome, Iuliet wills it so. 2057How ist my soule, lets talke, it is not day. 2060Straining harsh Discords, and vnpleasing Sharpes. 2062This doth not so: for she diuideth vs. 2067O now be gone, more light and it light growes. 2068Rom. More light & light, more darke & darke our woes. 2073The day is broke, be wary, looke about. 2074Iul. Then window let day in, and let life out. 2075Rom. Farewell, farewell, one kisse and Ile descend. 2080Ere I againe behold my Romeo. 2083That may conuey my greetings Loue, to thee. 2084Iul. O thinkest thou we shall euer meet againe? 2086For sweet discourses in our time to come. 2090Either my eye-sight failes, or thou look'st pale. 2092Drie sorrow drinkes our blood. Adue, adue. Exit. 2099Lad. Ho Daughter, are you vp? 2100Iul: Who ist that calls? Is it my Lady Mother. 2101Is she not downe so late, or vp so early? 2102What vnaccustom'd cause procures her hither? 2103Lad. Why how now Iuliet? 2104Iul. Madam I am not well. 2105Lad. Euermore weeping for your Cozins death? 2106What wilt thou wash him from his graue with teares? 2109But much of griefe, shewes still some want of wit. 2110Iul. Yet let me weepe, for such a feeling losse. 2114I cannot chuse but euer weepe the Friend. 2116As that the Villaine liues which slaughter'd him. 2118Lad. That same Villaine Romeo. 2121And yet no man like he, doth grieue my heart. 2122Lad. That is because the Traitor liues. 2124Would none but I might venge my Cozins death. 2125Lad. We will haue vengeance for it, feare thou not. 2130And then I hope thou wilt be satisfied. 2140Vpon his body that hath slaughter'd him. 2141Mo. Find thou the meanes, and Ile find such a man. 2142But now Ile tell thee ioyfull tidings Gyrle. 2144What are they, beseech your Ladyship? 2145Mo. Well, well, thou hast a carefull Father Child? 2148That thou expects not, nor I lookt not for. 2149Iul. Madam in happy time, what day is this? 2153Shall happily make thee a ioyfull Bride. 2155He shall not make me there a ioyfull Bride. 2161Rather then Paris. These are newes indeed. 2163And see how he will take it at your hands. 2168How now? A Conduit Gyrle, what still in teares? 2169Euermore showring in one little body? 2176Thy tempest tossed body. How now wife? 2177Haue you deliuered to her our decree? 2180I would the foole were married to her graue. 2182How, will she none? doth she not giue vs thanks? 2189But thankfull euen for hate, that is meant Loue. 2191How now? Chopt Logicke? what is this? 2192Proud, and I thanke you: and I thanke you not. 70 The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet. 2196Or I will drag thee, on a Hurdle thither. 2199Lady. Fie, fie, what are you mad? 2201Heare me with patience, but to speake a word. 2204Or neuer after looke me in the face. 2205Speake not, reply not, do not answere me. 2212You are too blame my Lord to rate her so. 2214Good Prudence, smatter with your gossip, go. 2220For here we need it not. 2221La. You are too hot. 2233I am too young, I pray you pardon me. 2234But, and you will not wed, Ile pardon you. 2236Looke too't, thinke on't, I do not vse to iest. 2242Trust too't, bethinke you, Ile not be forsworne Exit. 2244That sees into the bottome of my griefe? 2248In that dim Monument where Tybalt lies. 2250Do as thou wilt, for I haue done with thee. Exit. 2252O Nurse, how shall this be preuented? 2258Vpon so soft a subiect as my selfe. 2259What saist thou? hast thou not a word of ioy? 2264Or if he do, it needs must be by stealth. 2274As liuing here and you no vse of him. 2275Iul. Speakest thou from thy heart? 2277Or else beshrew them both. 2283To make confession, and to be absolu'd. 2284Nur. Marrie I will, and this is wisely done. 2285Iul. Auncient damnation, O most wicked fiend! 2292If all else faile, my selfe haue power to die. Exeunt. 2293Enter Frier and Countie Paris. 2294Fri. On Thursday sir? the time is very short. 2296And I am nothing slow to slack his hast. 2297Fri. You say you do not know the Ladies mind? 2298Vneuen is the course, I like it not. 2301For Venus smiles not in a house of teares. 2307May be put from her by societie. 2308Now doe you know the reason of this hast? 2309Fri. I would I knew not why it should be slow'd. 2310Looke sir, here comes the Lady towards my Cell. 2312Par. Happily met, my Lady and my wife. 2313Iul. That may be sir, when I may be a wife. 2314Par. That may be, must be Loue, on Thursday next. 2315Iul. What must be shall be. 2316Fri. That's a certaine text. 2317Par. Come you to make confession to this Father? 2318Iul. To answere that, I should confesse to you. 2319Par. Do not denie to him, that you Loue me. 2320Iul. I will confesse to you that I Loue him. 2321Par. So will ye, I am sure that you Loue me. 2323Benig spoke behind your backe, then to your face. 2324Par. Poore soule, thy face is much abus'd with teares. 2326For it was bad inough before their spight. 2327Pa. Thou wrong'st it more then teares with that report. 2329And what I spake, I spake it to thy face. 2330Par. Thy face is mine, and thou hast slaundred it. 2331Iul. It may be so, for it is not mine owne. 2333Or shall I come to you at euening Masse? 2334Fri. My leisure serues me pensiue daughter now. 2335My Lord you must intreat the time alone. 2338Till then adue, and keepe this holy kisse. Exit Paris. 2340Come weepe with me, past hope, past care, past helpe. 2344On Thursday next be married to this Countie. 2349And with his knife, Ile helpe it presently. 2362If what thou speak'st, speake not of remedy. 2365As that is desperate which we would preuent. 2371And if thou dar'st, Ile giue thee remedie. 2383To liue an vnstained wife to my sweet Loue. 2401And then awake, as from a pleasant sleepe. 2412Shall Romeo beare thee hence to Mantua. 2415Abate thy valour in the acting it. 2416Iul. Giue me, giue me, O tell not me of care. 2419To Mantua with my Letters to thy Lord. 2424Seruing men, two or three. 2426Sirrah, go hire me twenty cunning Cookes. 2429Cap. How canst thou trie them so? 2434time: what is my Daughter gone to Frier Lawrence? 2437A peeuish selfe-wild harlotry it is. 2442Where haue you bin gadding? 2448Henceforward I am euer rul'd by you. 2450Ile haue this knot knit vp to morrow morning. 2453Not stepping ore the bounds of modestie. 72 The Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet. 2456I marrie go I say, and fetch him hither. 2458All our whole Cittie is much bound to him. 2461As you thinke fit to furnish me to morrow? 2462Mo. No not till Thursday, there's time inough. 2464Weele to Church to morrow. 2465 Exeunt Iuliet and Nurse. 2472Ile play the huswife for this once. What ho? 2476Since this same way-ward Gyrle is so reclaim'd. 2477 Exeunt Father and Mother. 2483Which well thou know'st, is crosse and full of sin. 2485Mo. What are you busie ho? need you my help? 2491In this so sudden businesse. 2493Get thee to bed and rest, for thou hast need. Exeunt. 2495God knowes when we shall meete againe. 2498Ile call them backe againe to comfort me. 2499Nurse, what should she do here? 2501Come Viall, what if this mixture do not worke at all? 2502Shall I be married then to morrow morning? 2507Because he married me before to Romeo? 2509For he hath still beene tried a holy man. 2513Shall I not then be stifled in the Vault? 2515And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes. 2528That liuing mortalls hearing them, run mad. 2531And madly play with my forefathers ioynts? 2532And plucke the mangled Tybalt from his shrow'd? 2534As (with a club) dash out my desperate braines. 2538Romeo, Romeo, Romeo, here's drinke: I drinke to thee. 2539Enter Lady of the house, and Nurse. 2541Take these keies, and fetch more spices Nurse. 2542Nur. They call for Dates and Quinces in the Pastrie. 2553All night for lesse cause, and nere beene sicke. 2555But I will watch you from such watching now. 2556 Exit Lady and Nurse. 2559Enter three or foure with spits, and logs, and baskets. 2560Fel. Things for the Cooke sir, but I know not what. 2561Cap. Make hast, make hast, sirrah, fetch drier Logs. 2562Call Peter, he will shew thee where they are. 2564And neuer trouble Peter for the matter. 2566Thou shalt be loggerhead; good Father, 'tis day. 2570Nurse, wife, what ho? what Nurse I say? 2727Lifts me aboue the ground with cheerefull thoughts. 2731That I reuiu'd and was an Emperour. 2733When but loues shadowes are so rich in ioy. 2735Newes from Verona, how now Balthazer? 2736Dost thou not bring me Letters from the Frier? 2737How doth my Lady? Is my Father well? 2739For nothing can be ill, if she be well. 2740Man. Then she is well, and nothing can be ill. 2746Since you did leaue it for my office Sir. 2747Rom. Is it euen so? 2748Then I denie you Starres. 2750And hire Post-Horses, I will hence to night. 2755Leaue me, and do the thing I bid thee do. 2756Hast thou no Letters to me from the Frier? 2757Man. No my good Lord. 2760And hyre those Horses, Ile be with thee straight. 2775Were thinly scattered, to make vp a shew. 2779Here liues a Caitiffe wretch would sell it him. 2781And this same needie man must sell it me. 2783Being holy day, the beggers shop is shut. 2786App. Who call's so low'd? 2794Doth hurry from the fatall Canons wombe. 2796Is death to any he, that vtters them. 2802The world affords no law to make thee rich. 2803Then be not poore, but breake it, and take this. 2804App. My pouerty, but not my will consents. 2805Rom. I pray thy pouerty, and not thy will. 2808Of twenty men, it would dispatch you straight. 2812Then these poore compounds that thou maiest not sell. 2814Farewell, buy food, and get thy selfe in flesh. 2816To Iuliets graue, for there must I vse thee. 2818Enter Frier Iohn to Frier Lawrence. 2819Iohn. Holy Franciscan Frier, Brother, ho? 2821Law. This same should be the voice of Frier Iohn. 2822Welcome from Mantua, what sayes Romeo? 2823Or if his mind be writ, giue me his Letter. 2831So that my speed to Mantua there was staid. 2832Law. Who bare my Letter then to Romeo? 2835So fearefull were they of infection. 2842Iohn. Brother Ile go and bring it thee. Exit. 2851Enter Paris and his Page. 2860Giue me those flowers. Do as I bid thee, go. 2862Here in the Churchyard, yet I will aduenture. 2868Nightly shall be, to strew thy graue, and weepe. 2872To crosse my obsequies, and true loues right? 2873What with a Torch? Muffle me night a while. 2880And do not interrupt me in my course. 2892Then emptie Tygers, or the roaring Sea. 2895Liue and be prosperous, and farewell good fellow. 2897His lookes I feare, and his intents I doubt. 2901And in despight, Ile cram thee with more food. 2906To the dead bodies: I will apprehend him. 2908Can vengeance be pursued further then death? 2909Condemned vallaine, I do apprehend thee. 2920A mad mans mercy bid thee run away. 2922And apprehend thee for a Fellon here. 2923Ro. Wilt thou prouoke me? Then haue at thee Boy. 2924Pet. O Lord they fight, I will go call the Watch. 2926Open the Tombe, lay me with Iuliet. 2931He told me Paris should haue married Iuliet. 2932Said he not so? Or did I dreame it so? 2935One, writ with me in sowre misfortunes booke. 2936Ile burie thee in a triumphant graue. 2939This Vault a feasting presence full of light. 2940Death lie thou there, by a dead man inter'd. 2949And Deaths pale flag is not aduanced there. 2950Tybalt, ly'st thou there in thy bloudy sheet? 2953To sunder his that was thy enemie? 2956Shall I beleeue, that vnsubstantiall death is amorous? 2958Thee here in darke to be his Paramour? 2962Heere's to thy health, where ere thou tumblest in. 2964Thy drugs are quicke. Thus with a kisse I die. 76 The Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet. 2977Thy drugs are quicke. Thus with a kisse I die. 2978Enter Frier with Lanthorne, Crow, and Spade. 2980Haue my old feet stumbled at graues? Who's there? 2981Man. Here's one, a Friend, & one that knowes you well. 2985It burneth in the Capels Monument. 2987And there's my Master, one that you loue. 2990Fri. How long hath he bin there? 2991Man. Full halfe an houre. 2992Fri. Go with me to the Vault. 2993Man. I dare not Sir. 2996If I did stay to looke on his entents. 2997Fri. Stay, then Ile go alone, feares comes vpon me. 2998O much I feare some ill vnluckie thing. 3001And that my Maister slew him. 3004The stony entrance of this Sepulcher? 3006To lie discolour'd by this place of peace? 3007Romeo, oh pale: who else? what Paris too? 3009Is guiltie of this lamentable chance? 3011Iul. O comfortable Frier, where's my Lord? 3013And there I am, where is my Romeo? 3021Stay not to question, for the watch is comming. 3022Come, go good Iuliet, I dare no longer stay. Exit. 3024What's here? A cup clos'd in my true lo:es hand? 3029To make me die wth a restoratiue. 3032Watch. Lead Boy, which way? 3034Then ile be briefe. O happy Dagger. 3035'Tis in thy sheath, there rust and let me die Kils herselfe. 3040Go some of you, who ere you find attach. 3043Who here hath laine these two dayes buried. 3048We cannot without circumstance descry. 3051We found him in the Churchyard. 3052Con. Hold him in safety, till the Prince come hither. 3053Enter Frier, and another Watchman. 3056As he was comming from this Church-yard side. 3057Con. A great suspition, stay the Frier too. 3060That calls our person from our mornings rest? 3061Enter Capulet and his Wife. 3062Cap. What should it be that they so shrike abroad? 3063Wife. O the people in the streete crie Romeo. 3065With open outcry toward out Monument. 3066Pri. What feare is this which startles in your eares? 3071Seeke, and know how, this foule murder comes. 3076O wife looke how our Daughter bleedes! 3079And is misheathed in my Daughters bosome. 3081That warnes my old age to a Sepulcher. 3084To see thy Sonne and Heire, now early downe. 3087What further woe conspires against my age? 3088Prin. Looke: and thou shalt see. 3090To presse before thy Father to a graue? 3097Bring forth the parties of suspition. 3102My selfe condemned, and my selfe excus'd. 3103Prin. Then say at once, what thou dost know in this? 3105Is not so long as is a tedious tale. 3111For whom (and not for Tybalt) Iuliet pinde. 3117Or in my Cell there would she kill her selfe. 3124Being the time the Potions force should cease. 3131Till I conueniently could send to Romeo. 3134The Noble Paris, and true Romeo dead. 3139But (as it seemes) did violence on her selfe. 3143Vnto the rigour of seuerest Law. 3144Prin. We still haue knowne thee for a Holy man. 3145Where's Romeo's man? What can he say to this? 3148To this same place, to this same Monument. 3151If I departed not, and left him there. 3152Prin. Giue me the Letter, I will look on it. 3153Where is the Counties Page that rais'd the Watch? 3154Sirra, what made your Master in this place? 3159And then I ran away to call the Watch. 3164Came to this Vault to dye, and lye with Iuliet. 3169Haue lost a brace of Kinsmen: All are punish'd. 3177As that of True and Faithfull Iuliet. 3179Poore sacrifices of our enmity. 3183Some shall be pardon'd, and some punished.

2019-04-22T03:06:56Z

http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/doc/Rom_F1/complete/

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You can easily use of which to your own advantage. Make sure an individual know and even understand how to use these opportunities. Tailor your articles carefully to be able to bring in that the crowd that anyone want. Tailoring great content material starts from how you publish on your web site to the free of charge downloads available you offer. You might develop newsletters to keep your own prospects informed. With any house business blueprint, produce sure that you speak your message clearly which your passion comes through in the writing. Sometimes it requires a while to transfer a prospective lead into a good actual buyer since they may possibly need information or that they may possibly require some variety of guarantee that anyone know what you are talking about. Are the pro that can answer queries in advance of they even make within your sales lead’s thoughts. When you come off sounding like a good expert, your current sales leads may possibly change to be your very best advertisers if they estimate you or maybe refer men and women to your site for facts. This step is just where you really elevate your own personal home business blueprint. Quite a few people may not like looking at all that much or they might like image assists instead of unlimited paragraphs. Just be sure you cater for different needs. People access facts in different approaches on the Internet. Many count with social advertising, which would require a person to make short but engaging emails; some will like to get the honest information a publication would allow you to make, others sites whilst some others are best gotten to by means of video. It is better to make content that results around all mediums. This kind of means that you should develop videos, use infographics or maybe host webinars. I can not necessarily care who an individual are, but anyone that provides developed and uses a new home business-enterprise blueprint, uses many sort of social websites. In case you don’t, you possibly have sufficient cash in the bank already, or even most likely about to go shattered because no one understands you. Social platforms have become the more effective stands for of getting information by and getting an quick response. When you set upwards social media pages just be sure you keep them updated together with that you engage with people today who leave comments. This kind of shows that you care about your online business and it helps create associations. Getting online good friend, or “followers” does not transpire overnight. Just like a new lot of the items inside your home business system, it takes hours, days plus several weeks of being on the net, connected to the right people on Twitter through in whose following you might opportunity upon leads. Participate inside of Twitter chats that are relevant to your organization. One you get these loves and followers operate at building relationships plus eventually wok with converting our Twitter close friends to actual clients. Once again, social media platforms including Facebook enable people to make groups. Find types which have been relevant to your own business and join. Make sure that the sets anyone join are productive, there are no dead silences the fact that last for months; otherwise you may end upwards being the lone manifesto who annoys everybody otherwise. You can actually go unnoticed around teams but to help make sure that people realize you are there; anyone need to engage. Turn out to be cheery… this is precisely what makes your home based business blueprint enjoyable. Ask questions, would like anyone a happy birthday bash, now have conversations. Find somebody who may have worked as hard while you have to build a good network and locate ways for you to collaborate. The best collaborations are with people as their business enterprise would enhance the one you have together with vice versa. Anyone might collaborate upon some sort of webinar to talk what exactly you are an expert in and in addition they may well accomplish the same for yourself. Often the internet is a very big planet, there is definitely no home business method to get accomplishment. It is definitely easy to get shed in the world wide web as well as to merely exist without the need of one at any time seeing an individual, if it takes latching on somebody to be noticed, and then latch on. Who’s Paying For Overall health Treatment? Who’s having to pay the invoice? The “invoice payers” fall into a few distinctive buckets: men and women paying out out-of-pocket, non-public insurance firms, and the authorities. We can seem at these payors in two different ways: one) How a lot do they pay out and 2) How numerous people do they spend for? The greater part of people in America are insured by personal insurance firms by means of their companies, adopted second by the federal government. These two sources of payment merged account for shut to eighty% of the funding for well being care. The “Out-of-Pocket” payers slide into the uninsured as they have chosen to carry the threat of health care price independently. When we look at the quantity of funds every of these teams spends on wellness treatment every year, the pie shifts dramatically. The government at the moment pays for forty six% of national health care expenses. How is that achievable? This will make a lot more sense when we examine every single of the payors separately. A choose part of the inhabitants chooses to carry the threat of health care expenses on their own relatively than buying into an insurance policy prepare. This group tends to be youthful and healthier than insured clients and, as these kinds of, accesses healthcare care significantly significantly less frequently. Simply because this team has to pay for all incurred fees, they also have a tendency to be much a lot more discriminating in how they accessibility the technique. The consequence is that individuals (now much more properly termed “shoppers”) comparison store for checks and elective techniques and wait for a longer time ahead of seeking healthcare attention. The payment method for this team is straightforward: the medical professionals and hospitals demand established charges for their providers and the affected person pays that quantity immediately to the doctor/clinic. This is in which the whole technique will get a good deal more complex. Personal insurance coverage is obtained possibly individually or is provided by companies (most men and women get it through their employer as we talked about). When it comes to private insurance policies, there are two primary sorts: Price-for-Service insurers and Managed Care insurers. These two groups technique spending for care extremely differently. This team makes it reasonably basic (imagine it or not). The employer or personal buys a wellness program from a private insurance policies organization with a described established of rewards. This advantage package will also have what is known as a deductible (an sum the affected person/specific have to spend for their well being care companies ahead of their insurance policy pays anything at all). After Surrogacy in Georgia is achieved, the health strategy pays the expenses for providers offered through the overall health treatment method. Frequently, they will pay out a maximum price for a service (say $100 for an x-ray). The program will require the person to pay a copayment (a sharing of the expense in between the well being plan and the personal). A standard sector standard is an 80/20 split of the payment, so in the situation of the $a hundred x-ray, the well being plan would shell out $eighty and the client would shell out $twenty…bear in mind those annoying medical charges stating your insurance did not include all the expenses? This is exactly where they occur from. Yet another downside of this product is that overall health treatment suppliers are both financially incentivized and lawfully sure to execute far more exams and processes as they are paid added expenses for every single of these or are held lawfully accountable for not buying the tests when items go mistaken (known as “CYA or “Cover You are A**” medication). If ordering more checks provided you with more legal defense and more compensation, wouldn’t you get anything justifiable? Can we say misalignment of incentives? Now it will get mad. Managed care insurers pay out for care although also “handling” the care they shell out for (really clever title, right). Managed care is outlined as “a set of tactics employed by or on behalf of purchasers of overall health care benefits to deal with health care fees by influencing client care choice making through scenario-by-scenario assessments of the appropriateness of care prior to its provision” (two). Yep, insurers make health-related decisions on your behalf (sound as frightening to you as it does to us?). The unique concept was pushed by a desire by businesses, insurance policy companies, and the general public to control soaring well being treatment fees. Isn’t going to seem to be doing work very yet. Managed care teams either give medical care straight or agreement with a choose team of wellness treatment suppliers. These insurers are more subdivided dependent on their own personalized management variations. You could be familiar with numerous of these sub-types as you’ve experienced to decide on in between then when selecting your insurance policy. Desired Provider Organization (PPO) / Distinctive Company Business (EPO):This is the closet managed treatment will get to the Payment-for-Provider design with a lot of of the identical traits as a Payment-for-Support plan like deductibles and copayments. PPO’s & EPO’s agreement with a established record of suppliers (we’re all familiar with these lists) with whom they have negotiated set (read through discounted) costs for care. Sure, individual physicians have to demand significantly less for their providers if they want to see individuals with these insurance policies plans. An EPO has a smaller and more strictly regulated listing of medical professionals than a PPO but are in any other case the very same. PPO’s control costs by requiring preauthorization for several providers and next views for key techniques. All of this aside, many customers really feel that they have the best sum of autonomy and flexibility with PPO’s. Wellness Management Firm (HMO): HMO’s combine insurance policies with well being treatment supply. This design will not have deductibles but will have copayments. In an HMO, the firm hires physicians to provide care and both builds its personal medical center or contracts for the companies of a medical center in the group. In this product the doctor performs for the insurance coverage service provider straight (aka a Employees Design HMO). Kaiser Permanente is an case in point of a quite massive HMO that we’ve heard mentioned frequently throughout the modern debates. Because the business paying out the monthly bill is also delivering the care, HMO’s greatly emphasize preventive medicine and main treatment (enter the Kaiser “Thrive” campaign). The more healthy you are, the much more money the HMO will save. The HMO’s emphasis on maintaining sufferers healthier is commendable as this is the only model to do so, even so, with intricate, lifelong, or advanced diseases, they are incentivized to supply the minimum volume of care essential to decrease fees. It is with these situations that we hear the horror stories of inadequate care. This being mentioned, doctors in HMO options proceed to practice drugs as they really feel is needed to greatest care for their individuals even with the incentives to lessen charges inherent in the technique (remember that doctors are typically salaried in HMO’s and have no incentive to get far more or less checks). As it pertains to creating an email marketing campaign, you will frequently be necessary to send bulk e-mails and track them. Email platforms are ill prepared for that, so it’s strongly recommended that you take into account choosing and applying email marketing service suppliers like Send Chimp. Send Chimp enables you to create and manage email databases, as well as furnishes you with campaign management companies and free to use customizable email templates, thus simplifying your process actually further. Make sure to transfer the email addresses of one’s existing and potential customers and set up email lists within Send Chimp. Applying Mail Chimp, build and title your email marketing campaign with something concise that you could identify without any risk of confusing it with other following email marketing campaigns. One great advice is always to title your campaign with the purpo se, followed by the date. And, create checking measures. You’ll consequently have the ability to view them through the Reports Overview page. Following the strategy is established and named, you will be expected to generate the email that is usually to be sent to current or potential customers. Email marketing platforms like Mail Chimp generally aids by providing customizable themes that people could make modifications to. Include the emblem, handle and contact facts of your organization with hyperlinks to cultural sites and your company website. Develop strong matter lines to further compel viewers in to opening your e-mails, contain beautiful headlines, and advantage/feature pushed content. The content of your email should be engaging but short, with huge concentrate on often functions or advantages that are useful to email readers. Furthermore, the email should also contain a good text to image percentage, managing out the complete visible aspect. Email is popular method to connect and contact clients and is acknowledged by many people. Most consumers see it as typical training to offer their email address to a business entity when they make a obtain online. But when a business has an email address of a customer or possibility, just how can email marketing benefit the business enterprise? To cultivate your organization you will need to build a set of e-mails of equally consumers and prospects. The best way to complete get the email of a prospective client is to provide something of price for free as a swap for their email address. If a possibility offers you their email address it shows that they are enthusiastic about your organization and want to hear more from you. Email marketing is one of the very most, if not probably the most, effective types of marketing. Email marketing still likes an increased ROI (return on investment) than any other Ethical Evergreen Wealth Formula 2.0 reviews method. The transformation charge for email marketing is demonstrated to be 4% to 7% over time. That is because a possibility needs to see your information 7 to 8 situations before they trust you enough to get something. Email is an ideal way to complete that. The easiest way to improve sales is to help keep your customers happy so they become replicate customers. It fees 6 to 7 occasions more to acquire a new customer than hold a current one. When somebody has bought a product from you and you’ve their email, you are able to now email them unique offers and more value. Email marketing tells your visitors about different offerings that they may be involved in. We all want to experience special and most people enjoy a bargain. Upon completion, your strategy has become ready to deliver and test out. Routine your emails and try the efficiency of one’s e-mails based on the open and click rates. Experiment with various timings and days to see if the effectiveness increases. That will allow you to primarily learn the perfect timing for the messages to be received- exactly the same moment can be utilized for different email marketing campaigns subsequently. Determine a certain length of time for the email marketing campaign before you take a go through the performance results. Mail Chimp allows users to monitor both open costs along with press rates. Have a look at how often your messages are exposed, identify which links are visited on probably the most and analyses different appropriate information which can be of use to your next marketing strategy. This lets you produce improvements for re-targeting and further increase results. When you have managed to perform all the above mentioned mentioned steps, you would have properly developed your initial email marketing campaign! MP3 packages are getting hugely popular these days, since they allow a few tracks or bits of music to be stored without occupying a massive amount storage space. Some computers available on the market, now come preloaded with computer software that enables mp3 get, their storage, in addition to their playing. Appropriate music downloads are distributed, to a system which allows users to share digital media such as for example mp3’s. How might you like to downloads any audio you need and carry it when you go? To manage to allow you to discovered the best getting site on the web, I strongly recommend to at the least follow that easy guidelines. Find Site which are providing Unlimited Mp3 Downloads first time small fee. Several folks are keen to get website that may let them to acquire for free. But you need to remember that nothing these days is free. You have to think about that some web sites continue to be govern by the so named “DRM”! You have to also look at the pace of the Mp3 getting site. Most music obtain sites will usually have an easy-to-use people region with step-by-step manuals or films that’ll take you by the give and will show you just how to obtain movies, music, and games. You’ll find audio obtain internet sites that offer various programs of time for the membership. Many on the web mp3 music downloads sites provides you with the capability of giving you access not to only mp3 music packages, but additionally will provide you with usage of movies and activities, as you are able to download at your leisure. Be cautious to get an on the web mp3 music downloads site that offer infinite top quality packages to find the best probable price. Consider the grade of the Music. It should have a CD quality audio, distinct and easy to be hear to. It will have free support. The accessing website must be there 24/7. Ready to help you in case there are any difficulty that you could encounter. Number spyware or adware. 100 safe and legal. Largely you have to remember to share responsibly. To date, Mp3 Room Seasoned is one of many remarkable MP3 accessing site that I previously tried. And I can say that with the 15 billions files they are giving is irresistible. They actually make it simple for his or her member to locate any music or film fast. You are able to transfer file to your personal computer and burn unrestricted Cd’s definitely free. I will say that having a one time little charge for whole life unrestricted Mp3 Download is a lot more rewarding than I actually imagine. There is without doubt that free MP3 download documents are the most saved items from the Web — whether they are movies, songs, music videos, instrumentals, or what-have-you. This is probably since these types of documents are available for free download or peer-to-peer sharing. Obviously, this is way better than having to spend a couple of pounds on an music producing record where we are not really certain if we are planning to like all of the tunes it contains. Free MP3 packages are similar to the free food trying booths you find in food stores. When you listen in to some tracks of a newly-released record and discover that you want them, then you may carry on forward and get the real album. Once you think about it, free MP3 packages are not bad alternatives at all. There are many internet sites offering free Mp3 downloads for listeners who want to hear new audio launched by established musicians or listen to unheard-of music from unsigned groups or musicians. Guidelines a number of these web sites where you are able to find free MP3 downloads. Driving schools are getting very popular by the day. Every one wants to learn more and more about them. This includes teenagers who can not watch for the ability to take the wheel in their fingers, and also the worried parents buying good school to send their kids. Removed are the days when men used to get their kids from the town to guide them how to drive. Responsibility it on the concern of time and their working hours which do not let them to do it. Now nevertheless, thanks to the number of driving schools around, their issues may be set to rest. Driving schools might help small people are more alert to proper driving techniques and etiquette. Driving schools take care of almost anything that has to deal with driving; from training the students about driving different cars, to training about the motors and also about defensive driving. Numerous about joining a driving school is that by joining at a competent driving school you can decrease the tickets and fines you receive, and you might also reduce your auto insurance premiums. Nevertheless the problem is how to locate a qualified or perhaps a good driving school? Remember that the most effective driving school can be one that has been encouraged for your requirements by a friend or relative. You can even rely on the local automobile insurance dealer or contact people protection company in your state. Even with selecting a driving school, you will find certain points that you need to enquire about, that might support you choose if that driving school is for you. The driving instructor ought to be your first concern. Ask just how long your trainer has been a driving instructor. The instructor must have the ability to give you mixed and incorporated tuition providing both theoretical and sensible training. Ask about the vehicles they choose, how old they are and in the event that you will have a person grab service. It’s also advisable to find out about their charges or if they’ve savings for stop booking. Locating a great driving school is the first step in City Driving School permit that is required in all the countries of the entire world to manage to drive an car for the reason that country. Learning to get may be easy, but being allowed to operate a vehicle could be the essential thing. Provided the character of driving and the potential hazards of speed, it’s no wonder that driving regulations are very strict. Certainly, finding one can be an achievement and an occasion to celebrate. Getting a great driving school is key to finding a driving license. Even great drivers need driving lessons. Particularly should they come from still another state, they have to relearn driving, based on the driving rules of that country, like the medial side of the street you’re supposed to help keep, the medial side the steering wheel, and the penalty framework for driving offenses. In this program you’d learn to establish conditioning of your self and your car or truck for safe driving. That is for all driving; a generator car for private, or professional use. They would show you how to operate a vehicle defensively, and the importance of applying protection straps and air bags. You would also be taught about just how to look out for pedestrians and different vehicles and so on which are utilizing the street along with you, as many folks often ignore or skip them causing undesirable accidents. If you’re participating a driving school for a certain purpose, maybe you are needed to go to certain driving schools specified by the agency for which you hope to receive credit. Additionally there are several on line colleges now on the internet that you can easily enroll. You have to flick through and be aware of the school that matches you best. These driving schools offer quality programs for safe driving in both content and consumer interface. Many individuals join these programs which are well prepared, and might contain text, videos, and animations to help you become a better driver in a fascinating and involved way. They protect everything from the traditional driving safety information to certain principles and regulations such as the pace restricts and therefore on. The University of Paris 06 is the very best college in France in accordance to the Educational Ranking of Entire world Universities (ARWU). The ARWU is revealed by the Institute of Higher Education and learning at the Shanghai Jiao Tong College and numerous indicators of educational or study performance are employed to create the rating, these incorporate extremely cited researchers, articles or blog posts indexed in significant citation indices and staff successful Nobel Prizes. There are 20-a few French universities in the Word’s Prime-five hundred universities (2008). The Top-five universities in France are: 1. University of Paris 6 (ranked forty second in the globe) two. University of Paris eleven (rated 49th) three. Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris (73rd) four. University of Paris seven (101-151) and College of Strasbourg(101-151). The University of Paris six has been the best university in France considering that 2003, when the ARWU was very first printed. Universities in France are predominantly public establishments. Curiously, the greatest learners go to the ‘Grandes Ecoles’ [‘Grand Schools’] (a increased training establishment outside the house the mainstream framework of the general public universities method). While the universities are open up to all pupils who finish their large school training (with a ‘Baccalauréat’), the ‘Grandes Ecoles’ call for an added entrance examination which is very competitive. In comparison to French universities, the ‘Grandes Ecoles’ are fairly tiny institutions. For example, the University of Paris six (ranked 42rd in the globe) has thirty,000 students even though the Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris (ranked 73rd in the world) only has two,000 learners. In comparison to other OECD international locations, France has an typical density of leading universities (.four universities per one million inhabitants in France compared to .four for OECD international locations as a total. It is hanging to notice that nine out of the 23 universities (39%) that show up in the ARWU are positioned in Paris. The historic University of Paris was founded in the mid twelfth century, In 1970 it was reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I-XIII). The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne. yüksek lisans are now in essence unbiased of every single other. In spite of this link, and the historical ties, there is no College of Paris technique that binds the universities at an tutorial degree. The college rankings across the nations and the planet are outlined by thinking about several things. Of system, it is the powerful college, the intelligence of the students and the scholarly excellence that occur 1st to estimate the rankings. Next the campus, the ambiance, the services that the universities offer you the pupils and the involvement of the institutions in generating the new researchers, engineers, academics and physicians of the potential are judged to incorporate the names of the Universities amongst the toppers. Although, it is a quite complex and demanding process to select the prime 10 best universities in the planet since how an American University can be the best between the universities in China and vice-versa! On the opposite, it is fairly tough to organize a difficult fight among the Ivy League institutes with that of the century-outdated educational institutes of the European countries, specially United kingdom -The Excellent Britain. Even yüksek lisans of California is counted by numerous amongst the top ten, but it is not an Ivy League. Then how can any individual judge that the excellent point out university is anyhow inferior to the Ivy Leagues? Here is the record of the leading ten best universities in the Planet following counting and judging the numbers of the college members who are Nobel Laureates. Winners of Philosophical Culture, Winners of the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, users of the Nationwide Academy of Science, MacArthur Fellows and the significantly prestigious Pulitzer Prize winners of the wonderful universities. Harvard University is a yardstick to evaluate the analysis requirements of other folks. This is one of the premier properties of schooling that has been at any time challenged. Located in the Cambridge, US the University was established in 1636. The school designed its money from $four.six billion to $twenty five.8 billion in the previous 15 a long time under the leadership of Jack Mayer. Besides fiscal wealth, the true treasures of the Leading College are the 47 Nobel Laureates, forty eight Pulitzer Prize winners, 32 Heads of Condition it has developed from its law, health care and business colleges. The university offers on its Widener Library – the world’s best tutorial library with over six million volumes of textbooks of various disciplines. Located in the heart of the Californian Silicon Valley, the Stanford College was launched in 1891. This is the world’s second very best study and teaching college focused to supplying the greatest high quality education to acquire leadership through the seven educational institutions- Humanities & Sciences, Enterprise, Engineering, Regulation, Drugs, Education, and Earth Sciences. Given that its foundation back in 1861, MIT slowly has turn into the world’s preeminent heart of scientific lookups and instructing. The Faculty features on the legions of experts and engineers it has created. There are 80 Nobel Laureates, 43 McArthur Fellows, 28 winners of Countrywide Medal of Technologies and Innovation, 56 National Medal of science winners. Berkeley is one particular of the elite universities throughout the world. Far more than 350 packages are offered to 36,000 college students and the university is greatest recognized for the PhDs it creates every year. There are seventy seven Fulbright Students, 39- Associates of the American Philosophical Culture, 32 MacArthur Fellows, and 22 Nobel Laureates and amid the Nobel laureates 8 of them are present school customers. Started in 1209, Cambridge is a single of the world’s oldest establishments. It has constantly been 1 of the greatest rivals of its modern Oxford. It is really tough for the US university toppers universities to give a hard struggle from the overseas. There are over 18,000 learners throughout 135 nations around the world and there is a file of earning 80 Nobel Prizes by their school. Today it’s! Personal loans are creating feasible for everyone else to use income for almost any requirement. Personal loans practically mould themselves to reconcile with the financial wants of any borrower. “Personal loans” may be the universal expression for loans. Personal loans are actually a mass sum which will be borrowed from a bank or building culture or some other lender. Great personal loans really are a uncommon breed. Like all better things in life it comes with courtesy, patience and regular effort. Personal loans industry is big and therefore aggressive that everyone else is now able to avail tailored particular loans. Particular loans are regarded as equally attached and unsecured; but, several lenders turn particular loans as unsecured loans. Key characteristic of unsecured personal loan is no collateral. This assures that tenants also provide a way to use for loans. But, lack of safety or collateral with unsecured personal loans is translated as high curiosity charges in loan credit terms. That makes guaranteed particular loans a much sensible selection for guaranteed loans have comparatively minimal fascination rate. Reduced interest rates for secured particular loans are due to the undeniable fact that a protection has been offered because of their approval. Uses of particular loans are endless. Personal loans may be put to any use and there’s number limitation by the lender as to how you’d use particular loans. Many generally particular loans are useful for vehicle purchase, do-it-yourself, holiday, wedding etc. Debt consolidation is another way to utilize particular loans for constructive purposes. Debt consolidation consolidates high curiosity charge debts in to simple low curiosity consolidated loan. Particular loans are much cheaper than different alternatives like charge cards, overdraft etc. Eligibility conditions for private loans is normally reliant on credit score. Whoever has ever participated in loan credit includes a credit score how he or she has done earlier. Credit rating is really a three digit number with that the creditor decides whether to extend you loan or not. Before using for private loans, always check your newest credit score. Credit score stages from 300-850. Credit rating lower than 580 is considered to be having credit problems. Bad credit score, nevertheless regarded an obligation doesn’t prevent anybody from finding accepted for private loans. Personal loans for bad credit are offered to people with almost any bad credit problems. Late funds, arrears, foreclosures, bankrupts, foreclosures etc. receive quick reaction when applying for personal money loan singapore. Particular loans for poor credit not merely give you the finances when needed but give a chance to increase credit. This certainly has longterm benefits for those who have poor credit. Various personal loans lenders have different criteria. Thus, various lenders may present different phrases and situations for personal loans. Borrowers have all the choices for private loans. Spend some time and assess loans. Evaluating loans provides you with the ability to make better choice. Evaluating loans is not too difficult and needs some simple calculations. Many personal loans websites have the provision to examine loans. All this advice comes in convenient once you have compensated heed to the very first standard principle of loan borrowing. While funding almost any particular loans, consider around the actual fact – could it be absolutely necessary to borrow particular loans. Take personal loans only if it’s affordable. Eventually personal loans would be needed to be compensated back. Finances are always securing their get a grip on around us. We are continually in the struggle to develop funds to supply for anything or the other. You will find answers around the globe for your financial need. However, the one which most readily useful suits them is particular loans. Copyright © territerri.com - All Rights Reserved.

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The model is someone who demonstrates the latest fashion products of a brand. Usually a model of ideal stature characterized by tall, slim, and proportionate. However, the public in general are not all ideal stature. There are approximately proportional bodied women because of excess fat, so that no one bodied with plus size models. Now has come a plus bodied models, it has recently signed a contract with fashion label. Wow. Reported by Brit.co, Tess Holiday, size bodied models who have signed a contract with reputable modeling agency. If you are not yet familiar with Tess who is now 29 years old. He is a regular LA models exist in social media. She is lucky to have 19 thousand followers on Twitter and 375 thousand followers on Instagram, the photo sharing diligently himself through his Instagram page. Of course he uses the hashtag itself, namely #effyourbeautystandards. Although he was not the first plus-bodied models who signed the contract, it is a model that has the shortest height measuring only 5.5 inches and 22. Anna Shillinglaw, designer and owner of Milk Model Management, an agency signed her, saying that the average sized models plus between 5.8 or higher than that, and between size 8 to 16 in the United States. Before joining Curves part-owned milk, she has done quite well for himself. After he was rejected by the other model agency, she posted a photo of herself on the popular site, Model Mayhem. Since then he’s got a fortune into the pages of Vogue Italia, for campaign purposes Benefit Cosmetics and even has worked with renowned photographer David LaChapelle. In a statement on Instagram inspirational, Tess told his followers that do not let you size restrictions, make yourself lose the world have you, this is the ‘Zero’ who do everything that is always associated with health and all to do with trusting yourself. What do you think, ladies? 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2019-04-21T22:38:19Z

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Footage of postwar Berlin showing Wilhelmstraße, Berliner Stadtschloss, Friedrich der Große, Berliner Dom, Brandenburger Tor, Funkturm Olympiastadion and Märzfeld. From 1837 two buildings together housed the Prussian Interior Ministry, which Hermann Goering assumed control of in 1933. Through it he controlled the Prussian police force numbering 50,000 'auxiliary policemen', mostly recruited form the SA and ϟϟ and used to persecute opponents. On November 1, 1934 it was merged with the Reich Interior Ministry headed by Wilhelm Frick who was responsible for drafting many of the "Gleichschaltung" laws that consolidated the Nazi regime and was instrumental in passing laws against Jews such as the notorious Nuremberg Laws, in September 1935. He was succeeded in the post in 1943 by Himmler. Annex of the former Reich Ministry of the Interior at Dorotheenstraße No. 93, later used by the GDR Ministry of Justice and now by the Bundestag. The building was constructed from 1935 to 1937 to a design by Konrad Nonn who had been a NS party member and activist of the Kampfbund Deutscher Architekten und Ingenieure. It was one of the first government buildings erected by the Nazis. [Chancellor Konrad] Adenauer's chief personal aide is Dr. Hans Globke, State Secretary of the Bonn Chancellery. Though not a member of the Nazi Party, he was a high official of the Nazi Interior Ministry and co-author of a legal interpretation of the 1935 Nuremberg racial laws. Those laws, defining a Jew as anyone with a Jewish grandparent, laid the legal basis for the persecution of all Jews in Germany. Wilhelmstrasse, site of the Third Reich's most important ministries and embassies. Apart from the Air Ministry, all the major public buildings along the Wilhelmstrasse were destroyed by Allied bombing during 1944 and early 1945. The Wilhelmstrasse as far south as the Zimmerstrasse was in the Soviet Zone of occupation, and apart from clearing the rubble from the street little was done to reconstruct the area until the founding of the DDR in 1949. The communist DDR regime regarded the former government precinct as a relic of Prussian and Nazi militarism and imperialism, and had all the ruins of the government buildings demolished in the early 1950s. In the late 1950s there were almost no buildings at all along the Wilhelmstrasse from Unter den Linden to the Leipziger Strasse. In the 1980s, apartment blocks were built along this section of the street. Site of the former headquarters of the Reich Colonial office, set up to reclaim the colonies lost through the treaty of Versailles. Wilhelmstrae 64 then and in 2007. Built by Carl Vohl in 1903, the building used to be the liaison office of the Prussian king and the kaiser to the government, housing the Privy Civil Cabinet of the Prussian king and German Emperor. During the Weimar Republic the building served as part of the Prussian Ministry of State. Between 1922 to 1932 Prussian Minister President Otto Braun of the Social Democrat Party lived and worked here. From 1932 to 1933 the president of the Prussian Council of State (and future West German chancellor) Konrad Adenauer, used this as his apartment whilst serving as a Centre Party politician and chief mayor of Cologne. Upon taking power, this is where Hitler put Ribbentrop's office and the Nazis' liaison office, both under the authority of deputy Fuhrer Rudolf Hess who was made responsible for ensuring that all laws, statutes, regulations, promotions and so forth conformed to National Socialist ideology. After his mysterious flight t0 Scotland in 1941, Martin Bormann took over. After the war the building's damage was repaired and the building was used as a student residence. Until 1970 the East German State Secretariat for Professional Schools was based here, followed by the East German state publishing house until the demise of the DDR in 1990. It now serves as the Berlin office of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Under the Nazis the Prussian Ministry of Justice was merged with the Reich Ministry of Justice and headed by Franz Gürtner who was responsible for coordinating jurisprudence in the Third Reich. Detesting the cruel ways of the Gestapo and SA in dealing with prisoners of war, he protested unsuccessfully to Hitler, nevertheless staying on in the cabinet, hoping to reform the establishment from within. Instead, he found himself providing official sanction and legal grounds for a series of criminal actions under the Hitler administration. His successor, Otto Thierack, forwent any pretence of legality and simply began handing undesirable groups over to the ϟϟ having come to an understanding with Heinrich Himmler that certain categories of prisoners were to be, to use their words, "annihilated through work". Lengthy paperwork involved in clemency proceedings for those sentenced to death was greatly shortened and, at his personal instigation, the execution shed at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin was outfitted with eight iron hooks in December 1942 so that several people could be put to death at once by hanging. At the mass executions beginning on 7 September 1943, it also happened that some prisoners were hanged "by mistake". Thierack simply covered up these mistakes and demanded that the hangings continue. The building was demolished in 1950 after having been badly damaged during the war, and today the site serves as the embassy of Afghanistan. The Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education in July, 1943 and the site today. It was headed by Bernhard Rust who had tried to bring the school system into line with Nazi ideology whilst discharging those regarded as politically or racially "undesirable" from scientific and research work. The building received minimal damage during the war and in August 1945, some of its rooms were set aside for the German Central Authority for Public Education. In October 1949 upon the official creation of the DDR, this became the East German Ministry of Public Education. From 1963 until 1989 the ministry was headed by the wife of East Germany's last Head of State, Margot Honecker. From 1970 until the dissolution of East Germany in 1990 it housed the East German Academy of Educational Science. Today it serves as offices for members of the Bundestag. [t]he most interesting example of Berlin‟s impassive popular mood was the attitude toward the tightly closed British Embassy which is just around the corner from the Adlon. There it stands, with gilded lions and unicorns upon its portals. I had rather expected that this diplomatic seat of the arch-enemy would attract some attention, especially on a Sunday, when this part of town was thronged with outside visitors. Yet, though I watched closely for some time, I never saw a soul give the building more than a passing glance, much less point to it or demonstrate in any way. Originally this was the site of a palace built in 1735 and obtained by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and had been the residence of the Hohenzollern princes until the revolution in 1918. The Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture (RMEL) from 1919 to 1945. It had been bombed during the war, after which the office became the Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests under the communist authorities. It was finally demolished in 1962 and remained vacant until the mid 1980s when the East Germans began building high-rise apartment blocks. Standing among the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, designed by architect Peter Eisenman and engineers Buro Happold and consisting of a 19,000 square metre site covered with 2,711 stelae arranged in a grid pattern on a sloping field. Incredibly, the company employed to produce anti-graffiti coating for the blocks was Degussa, a big German chemical company, which once owned Degesch- the firm that produced the Zyklon B used to gas Jews in concentration camps. My students in 2016 standing among the stelae which vary in height from eight feet to just under sixteen feet and three feet wide, supposedly designed to produce an uneasy, confusing atmosphere; a supposedly ordered system that has lost touch with human reason. A 2005 copy of the Foundation for the Memorial's official English tourist pamphlet, however, states that the design represents a radical approach to the traditional concept of a memorial, partly because Eisenman did not use any symbolism. An attached underground "Place of Information" holds the names of all known Jewish Holocaust victims, obtained from the Israeli museum Yad Vashem. They are found underground- not marked prominently, not easy to find, and not integral to the display. it would be impossible to know what the structure is meant to commemorate; there’s nothing about these concrete slabs that signifies any of the words of the title, except, perhaps, “memorial”—insofar as some of them, depending on their height, may resemble either headstones or sarcophagi. So it’s something to do with death. And as for the title itself—which murdered Jews? When? Where? Does the list include Rosa Luxemburg, who was killed in Berlin by rightist thugs in 1919, or the foreign minister Walther Rathenau, also killed here by rightist thugs, in 1922? Or Isaac Babel and Osip Mandelstam, who died in Soviet captivity? Or, pardon my sarcasm, Claude Lanzmann’s uncle, who was killed in Paris by his jealous mistress? Easyjet was forced to apologise after fashion photographs shot at the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin were published in its in-flight magazine. In the pictures, models pose in designer clothes among the concrete blocks of the "Field of Stelae". The budget airline said it was unaware of the images until they appeared in the magazine, which is published by a company called INK whose relationship with Easyjet was under review. Men cruising men. At the Berlin Holocaust Memorial. Note the man bottom left who stripped off. Despite, this, Grindr's CEO Joel Simkhai has declared himself to be "deeply moved" by how app members "take part in the memory of the holocaust" The Foreign Office was [...] not a hoard of resistance. It was also no retreat of old-ministerial bureaucrats, who, under a bad government, would not abandon their country and simply continue their ministry. There was also no targeted infiltration by national socialists, which was not necessary at all. What was more characteristic of AA was the "self-equalisation. An antidemocratic and an anti-Semitic consensus prevailed among the officials in the Wilhelmstrasse and the Hitler government. The most aristocratic diplomats represented the traditional upper-class anti-Semitism, which was less radical than the genocidal anti-Semitism of the national socialists. But both wanted to overcome the "plague of peace" of Versailles and make Germany a great power again. There were only differences in the assessment of the risk of war. Nothing is left of it today, but the Reich Aviation Ministry can be seen in the background. In 1939 the office issued a formal statement about the so-called Jewish question as a factor of foreign policy. Among other things, "[t]he realisation that Judaism in the world will always be the implacable opponent of the Third Reich forces the decision to prevent any strengthening of the Jewish position. A Jewish state [ie: British Palestine] would, however, bring a legal system of international law to world Jewry. " The research results published in October 2010 by the independent historian commission, convened by the then Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer in 2005, show that "after the attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Foreign Office took the initiative to solve the 'Jewish question' at European level. Eckart Conze (historian and spokesman of the commission) said in a 2010 interview that the Foreign Office "was actively involved in all measures of persecution, deprivation, expulsion and extermination of the Jews from the beginning... The target 'final solution' was already very early recognisable." After the end of the Second World War, a number of leading members of the Office in the so-called Wilhelmstraßen process. Then and now as seen from Voßstraße. It had been built in 1884-86 by Boeckmann architects as a residential building. In 1925 the house was extended and fitted to the neighbouring German Railway Company. Today it is the only house of the old Voßstraße still existing. With the founding of the Ministry of Aviation on May 5, 1933, the Reichsverkehrsministerium lost the jurisdiction over the Department of Aviation. The Department of Motor Transport and Shipping was divided into two separate departments as Erich Klausener became head of the shipping division. After Klausener's assassination during the so-called Röhm-Putsch on June 30, 1934, the division received a new department head with Max Waldeck at the beginning of 1935. In the same year, the two railway divisions were merged after the head of the administrative department had retired. As of March 20, 1935, the Reichsverkehrsminister (Minister of Transport and Transport) was named "The Reich and Prussian Transport Minister" after the corresponding tasks had been taken over from the Prussian Ministry of Transport. Added to this were other transport tasks from the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Agriculture. The Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (Reichsbahn Company) was placed under the Act for the Reorganisation of the Reichsbank and the German Reichsbahn Act (Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft) on 30 January 1937, and received the name "Deutsche Reichsbahn". The Reichsbahn committees were taken over to the ministry as department head in the rank of ministerial directors. Until the end of the Second World War the structure changed only insignificantly. In the operational and construction department E II was the unit 21 "mass transport", which from 1940 was responsible for the organization and timetable of the special trains for the deportation of Jews from Germany ordered by the ϟϟ. This meant that the Reichsverkehrsministerium was responsible for a substantial part of the Holocaust. At the western entrance to the subway station "Kaiserhof" at Berlin, Wilhelmplatz (today station "Mohrenstraße", line U2); built 1908 after a design by Alfred Grenander, destroyed in 1936. For some years a regular daily meeting had taken place in the Propaganda Ministry on the Wilhelmplatz in Berlin, attended by Goebbels, senior officials of the RMVP and liaison and media staff from other ministries, the Party Chancellery and the Wehrmacht. These press conferences would normally begin at 11.am (although the time could vary from 10.00 am to noon) and lasted for half an hour to forty-five minutes. Goebbels dominated proceedings and the only other regular speaker was the OKW liaison officer who would give a brief account of developments at the front(s). The ministerial conference was very much a platform for Goebbels to perform. The Minister would use the 'conference’ to provide guidelines and detailed instructions for the implementation of German propaganda. It was not intended to offer a dialogue with journalists. As Goebbels widened the scope of his brief during the war the conference expanded from twenty in attendance gradually increasing after the invasion of Russia to fifty or sixty persons. Wilhelmplatz was built over during the German Democratic Republic era. The Czech Embassy is visible in the foreground of the picture whilst the historic statues have since been reinstated. A member of the Hitlerjugend on a street sign where Wilhelmstrasse intersects with Wilhelmplatz, and as it appeared after the war. Directly across the street is this memorial to Georg Elser, who had concealed a time bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller, set to go off during Hitler's speech on 8 November. The bomb exploded, killing seven people and injuring sixty-three, but Hitler escaped unharmed; he had cut his speech short and left about half an hour early. Elser was arrested, imprisoned for 5 ½ years and executed shortly before the end of the war. at a window of the Kaiserhof, Rohm was keeping an anxious watch on the door from which Hitler must emerge. Shortly after noon a roar went up from the crowd: the Leader was coming. He ran down the steps to his car and in a couple of minutes was back in the Kaiserhof, As he entered the room his lieutenants crowded to greet him. The improbable had happened: Adolf Hitler, the petty official's son from Austria, the down-and-out of the Home for Men, the Meldeganger of the List Regiment, had become Chancellor of the German Reich. The bronze statue of Leopold I shown with my students during my 2016 Bavarian International School trip was moved in 2005 to its current location on Wilhelmplatz. The NSDAP leader was often in Berlin, where since February 1931 he regularly stayed in a suite at the legendary Hotel Kaiserhof at 4 Wilhelmplatz (formerly Ziethenplatz), across the street from the Reich Chancellery. The hotel was the first luxury hotel in the city, opened in 1875 and three years later one of the showpieces of the 1878 Congress of Berlin, which took place under the leadership of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Since the early 1920s, the hotel management had sympathized with the right‑wing nationalist forces operating against the Weimar state, so it was no coincidence that the top floor of the hotel turned into the NSDAP’s provisional headquarters. The Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda – RMVP), was established by a presidential decree, signed on 12 March 1933 and promulgated on the following day, which defined the task of the new ministry as the dissemination of ‘enlightenment and propaganda within the population concerning the policy of the Reich Government and the national reconstruction of the German Fatherland’. In June Hitler was to define the scope of the RMVP in even more general terms, making Goebbels responsible for the ‘spiritual direction of the nation’. Not only did this vague directive provide Goebbels with room to out-manoeuvre his critics within the Party; it also put the seal of legitimacy on what was soon to be the ministry’s wholesale control of the mass-media. Nevertheless, Goebbels was constantly involved in quarrels with ministerial colleagues who resented the encroachment of this new ministry on their old domain. Standing in front of the site in 2007. Currently serving as the German Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security, this is where Goebbels was in charge of the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (RMVP) was responsible for the content-related control of the press, literature, fine arts, film, theatre, music and broadcasting. The part of the building visible here behind my students is the Marschall House, converted by Karl Reichle in 1934 to serve as the entrance area to the Ministry of Propaganda. The walled up archways and windows of today were originally passageways to the main building of the Ministry of Propaganda. The ministry was re-established shortly after the "seizure of power" by the Nazis as the central institution of Nazi propaganda. It was in the Cabinet Hitler under the direction of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, who exerted control of all German mass media and cultural workers through his ministry and the Reich Chamber of Culture built in the fall of 1933. No one who lived in Germany in the Thirties, and who cared about such matters, can ever forget the sickening decline of the cultural standards of a people who had had such high ones for so long a time. This was inevitable, of course, the moment the Nazi leaders decided that the arts, literature, the press, radio and the films must serve exclusively the propaganda purposes of the new regime and its outlandish philosophy. Not a single living German writer of any importance, with the exception of Ernst Juenger and Ernst Wiechert in the earlier years, was published in Germany during the Nazi time. Almost all of them, led by Thomas Mann, emigrated; the few who remained were silent or were silenced. Every manuscript of a book or a play had to be submitted to the Propaganda Ministry before it could be approved for publication or production. During and after the war, the three arched windows at the front are still recognisable amidst the ruins. In 1890 Das Preussische Kriegsministerium at Leipzigerstrasse 5 was enlarged by the construction of an huge extension in Wilhelmstrasse. During the Weimar Republic it contained the offices of the Reich Defence Ministry. In 1933 the newly-formed Reich Aviation Ministry headed by Goering moved into it, at which point he ordered the complex destroyed and a monumental new building designed by Ernst Sagebiel constructed on the site, housing 2000 rooms. Historians have devoted considerable attention to Hitler’s plans for the rebuilding of Berlin, but they have rarely acknowledged their effect on both the face of tourist Berlin and the meaning of a visit to the capital between 1933 and 1945. Yet it is impossible to overestimate the degree to which Berlin’s new buildings – among them, the Reich Chancellery, the Reich Sport Field, the Reich Ministry of Transportation and the Reich Aviation Ministry – became key sights for visitors to the city. Model of the entire complex and site today. On February 2, 1933, the Ordinance on the Reichskommissar for Aviation was issued, ordering a Reichskommissar for the aviation ministry. This was a first step towards establishing an air force. In addition to the army and the navy, it would become a part of the Reichswehr. The Reichskommissar for aviation was responsible for the planning and development of aviation, directly subordinate to the Reichskanzler. To this end, he received from the Reich Ministry of Transportation and the Reich Ministry of the Interior power over all civilian aviation and air defence. To serve as Reichskommissar Hitler appointed the Jagdflieger of the First World War, Nazi politician and Prussian Minister of the Interior Hermann Goering. In January 1935, Goering laid the cornerstone of the new Air Ministry. It would occupy a four-hundred-thousand-square-foot site off the Leipziger Strasse. Hitler personally checked each façade in plaster miniature. Its central longitudinal block and side wings would house four thousand bureaucrats and officers in its twenty-eight hundred rooms. Throughout 1935 the country’s finest architects and sculptors chiselled at heroic reliefs with motifs like “Flag Company,” designed by Professor Arnold Waldschmidt of the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts. The Berliners made smug comments about this extravagance- “Pure and simple, and hang the expense!” was one; “Just humble gold” was another. As well as to the 2007 film Mein Führer - Die wirklich wahrste Wahrheit über Adolf Hitler (Mein Führer: The Truly Truest Truth About Adolf Hitler), the centre photo showing perhaps incongruously the flags of the EU and German state. The Main Hall (Ehrensaal) inside then and now. Three days after Reichskristallnacht in November 1938, Goering held a conference here (now the Euro Hall) wherein it was resolved that a thousand million Reichsmarks would be demanded from German Jews to pay for the damage caused by the pogrom. “The swine will think twice,” he said, “before they inflict a second murder on us.” But the unthinking and needlessly destructive mode of revenge that Goebbels had selected outraged him. As his limousine made its way through the shards in Berlin the next morning, November 10 he got fighting mad and called a terse meeting of the Nazi party leaders at the Air Ministry building. Walther Darré heard Göring call the pogrom “a bloody outrage.” The field marshal lectured them all on their “lack of discipline.” He reserved his most pained language for Dr. Joseph Goebbels. “I buy most of my works of art from Jewish dealers,” he cried. Goebbels rushed yelping to the Führer’s lunch table but found little sympathy. Hitler had spent the night in Munich issuing orders to stop the outrages and sending out his adjutants to protect Jewish businesses like Bernheimer’s, the antique dealers. Himmler was also furious with Goebbels for having made free with the local SS units to stage the pogrom. The building from the Nazi-era in 2007. The Reich Aviation Ministry remains the only major surviving public building in the Wilhelmstrasse from the Nazi era at Wilhelmstraße 81-85, south of the Leipziger Strasse, a huge edifice built on the orders of Hermann Göring between 1933 and 1936 based on a design by Ernst Sagebiel, who shortly afterwards rebuilt Tempelhof Airport on a similarly gigantic scale. One writer has described it as "in the typical style of National Socialist intimidation architecture." It ran for more than 250 metres along Wilhelmstraße, partly on the site of the former Prussian War Ministry that had dated from 1819, and covered the full length of the block between Prinz-Albrecht-Straße and Leipziger Straße, even running along Leipziger Straße itself to join on to the Prussian Herrenhaus, the former Upper House of the Prussian Parliament. It comprised of a reinforced concrete skeleton with an exterior facing of limestone and travertine (a form of marble). With its seven storeys and total floor area of 112,000 square metres, 2,800 rooms, seven kilometres of corridors, over four thousand windows, seventeen stairways, and with the stone coming from no fewer than fifty quarries, the vast building served the growing bureaucracy of the Luftwaffe, plus Germany’s civil aviation authority which was also located there. Yet it took only eighteen months to build, the army of labourers working double shifts and Sundays. The first thousand rooms were handed over in October 1935 after just eight months' construction. When it had been finally completed, four thousand bureaucrats and their secretaries were employed within its walls. This building escaped major damage during the war. As one of the few intact government buildings in central Berlin, it ended up being occupied by the Council of Ministers of the new German Democratic Republic in 1949. As such it was at the centre of the popular demonstrations during the workers' uprising of June 17, 1953. During the war. Ironically, this was the one building in Berlin not bombed from the air. After the war, the building housed the Soviet Military Administration, followed in turn by the National Economic Commission. On October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic was founded in the Great Hall.. Up until 1989 the building served as the East German House of the Ministries, with the complex bordering the Berlin Wall (see below). From 1991 to 1995 the building was used by Treuhand Anstalt, the trustee organisation for the privatisation of former DDR state enterprises. Since 1999 it has housed the German Ministry of Finance. The central Monument in memory of the 1953 Uprising in the East German Democratic Republic is represented by a groundfloor relief, surrounded by a low barrier, created by Wolfgang Rüppel. The groundfloor monument, in Leipziger Straße at the corner of Wilhelmstraße in front of the Federal Ministry of Finance (officially named the Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus) and an older wall-mounted plaque on the façade itself. Remarkably, Max Lingner's 3- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 school trip on the anniversary of the uprising). After the war, the slightly damaged building of the RLM was initially used by the Soviet military administration (SMAD). Later, the German Economic Commission (DWK) and then the State Plank Commission and the Economics Council of the DDR obtained parts of the building. It served as the meeting place of the German People's Council, which on October 7, 1949 founded the DDR by establishing the constitution and established itself as a provisional Volkskammer. After the establishment of the DDR, various trade ministries of the economy were accommodated in the complex. The building was now officially designated as the House of Ministries. Between the years 1950 and 1953 the monumental painting portrait and landscape painter Lingner in the northeastern pillar precinct replaced the previous large-format stone relief of marching soldiers of the Wehrmacht with the weaving hook crosses of the sculptor Arnold Waldschmidt shown above incorporating tiles from Meissner porcelain were created. The image of a restrained new beginning after the war originally conceived by the artist was revised several times at the request of the President of the Council of States, Walter Ulbricht and the Prime Minister, Otto Grotewohl, in order to present an euphoric departure of the working class. Lingner had had to revise it no fewer than five times, so that it ultimately bore little resemblance to the first draft. Originally based on family scenes, the final version had a more sinister look about it, a series of jovial set-pieces with an almost military undertone, people in marching poise and with fixed, uniform smiles on their faces. Lingner hated it (as well as Grotewohl's interference) and refused to look at it when going past. With a degree of irony, the building became the focal point a year later of the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany when, on June 17, 1953 a demonstration took place in front of the building. Today, the "monument to the events of the seventeenth of June nineteen hundred fifty-three", designed by Wolfgang Rüppel serves to commemorate the first demonstration against Soviet rule in the Eastern bloc. The Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin is the state parliament for the German state of Berlin according to the state's constitution. The parliament is based at this building on Niederkirchnerstraße, which until 1934 was the seat of the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), the second chamber of the Preußischer Landtag. Goering used it as an officers' club connected to the Air Force on the same block as his own Ministry. On the evening of March 11, 1938 Göring held a banquet at the Haus der Flieger. He took advantage of the intermissions between the artists’ performances to brief the British Ambassador Henderson and the Czechoslovakian Envoy Mastny on the events in Austria. He did not refrain from giving his word of honour that no like measures were being planned for Czechoslovakia. After midnight in the Chancellery, Hitler accepted the first congratulatory notes on bringing about a turn in the Austrian situation. The new exhibition and documentation centre with the redesigned historic grounds were opened to the public on May 7, 2010 according to a prize-winning design by the architect Ursula Wilms (Heinle, Wischer und Partner, Berlin) and the landscape architect Heinz W. Hallmann (Aachen) on the site of the GESTAPO headquarters on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse. The Reich’s Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt- RSHA) – Nazi Germany’s central authority, established on September 27, 1939, with the aim of coordinating the Nazi terror system during the war. It consisted of the former Main Security Police Office (Hauptamt der Sicherheitspolizei) and the Main SD Office (SD-Hauptamt). It brought together and controlled all the SD’s and state’s repressive bodies. Headed by Heydrich, the RSHA answered to Himmler. Following the former's death, the RSHA was run by Himmler personally until 1943 when it was taken over by E. Kaltenbrunner. The RSHA comprised seven departments: personnel, organisation and administration, security services (SD), internal and external affairs, the Gestapo, criminal police, and others. In February 1944 one of the SD departments was put in charge of Abwehr (counter-intelligence). under hideous torture in the Gestapo dungeon in the Prinz Albrechtstrasse in Berlin Colonel von Hofacker broke down and told of Rommel’s part in the conspiracy. "Tell the people in Berlin they can count on me,” Hofacker quoted the Field Marshal as assuring him. It was a phrase that stuck in Hitler’s mind when he heard of it and which led him to decide that his favourite general, whom he knew to be the most popular one in Germany, must die. The boundary between the American and Soviet zones of occupation in Berlin ran along the Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, so the street soon became a fortified boundary, and the Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989 shown here in 1990 and today in 2018 with my students from Bavarian International School. To their right is the Martin Gropius Bau which was a museum in 1945 and which suffered extensive damage during the battle, mainly due to its close proximity to the Gestapo building, which had a large courtyard that opened onto the side of the Bau. At dawn on April 29th 1945, Colonel Antonov’s 301st Soviet Rifle Division assaulted the Gestapo Headquarters and managed to capture it after heavy fighting, pouring thousands of rounds from the windows of the museum into the courtyard. The return fire from the SS defenders is clearly visible on the side wall and plasterwork of the Bau. An SS counter attack forced the Soviet troops to withdraw, leaving seven inmates who had survived a massacre of prisoners on April 23rd still confined to their cells. The last two photos show the Bau as it was at the end of the war with the Gestapo building visible on the left and a comparison shot from 2019. The Topography of Terror exhibition now occupies the site of the Gestapo HQ. Above ran the Berlin wall and on top was the Airforce HQ and later the Federal Ministry of Finance. On August 13, 1961 the construction of the wall began, which would eventually consist of a barrier system over 150 kilometres in length, built to stop the flood of refugees from East to West shown during its construction and during my 2011 class tour of Berlin. A mere two months earlier at an international press conference held on June 15 at the House of Ministries across the road, today serving as the Federal Ministry of Finance, Walter Ulbricht famously declared, “No one has any intention of building a wall!” By the fall of 1961, over 2.6 million people had managed to escape across the border between the two sectors. The 200 metre long remnant of the wall here at Niederkirchnerstrasse marked the border between the districts of Mitte (East) and Kreuzberg (West), separating the two sides of Niederkirchnerstrasse and Zimmerstrasse from one another along their entire length. The border strip here was only a few metres wide, and buildings like the one that now houses the Berlin House of Representatives and today’s Federal Ministry of Finance were integrated into the inner wall. The building then and what's left the site today. The buildings on the Prinz-Albrecht site were partly destroyed during the war or demolished after the war. In the 1970s, among other things, a building rubble company and an autodrome for driving license-free driving used the area. At the beginning of the 1980s, several initiatives were launched to build a memorial on the site. In 1987, the Museum Project Topography of Terror was created. On the premises of the former Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, now Niederkirchnerstraße 8, the museum strives to document the Nazi terrorist apparatus. The Prinz-Albrecht-Palais was located in the immediate vicinity of Wilhelmstrasse 102, which became the headquarters of the security service (SD) of the ϟϟ from 1934 onwards, and from 1939 onwards also the Reichsicherheitshauptamt (RSHA). The former Hotel Prinz-Albrecht on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 9 was, from 1934 the seat of the "Reichsführung ϟϟ". This building ensemble is today called "Prinz-Albrecht-Gelände" and the documentation centre on Niederkirchnerstraße 8 is one of the state museums in Berlin. Remains of the house prison in the cellar of the secret state police have been preserved and are now under monument protection. They are publicly accessible as part of the exhibition topography of the terror. Between 1933 and 1945, about 15,000 political prisoners were imprisoned and interrogated in prison cells. The prison was infamous for its torture methods and for many detainees through the station to the concentration camps. The bombed out shell of the Gestapo-ϟϟ headquarters, 1945 which had been defended by Henri Fenet, the surviving 'Charlemagne' battalion commander. On the right one can see the prison cell windows of the Gestapo gaol in the south wing of the building facing the inner courtyard on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8, in 1945, temporarily walled up after damage caused by bombs. Colonel Antonov's 301st Rifle Division began its assault in earnest at dawn on 29 April, not long after the newly married couple in the Fuhrer bunker had retired. Two of his rifle regiments attacked Gestapo headquarters on the Prinz-Albrechtstrasse, a building which had been heavily damaged in the 3 February air raid. In the now standard tactic, a03mm heavy howitzers were brought forward to blast open a breach at close range. Two battalions stormed in and hoisted a red banner, but the Soviet accounts fail to reveal the fact that after fierce fighting and heavy casualties they were forced to withdraw that evening by a ferocious Waffen SS counter-attack. The Russians had no idea whether any prisoners of the Gestapo remained alive inside. In fact, there were seven left who had been specially spared from the horrendous massacre which had taken place on the night of 23 April. Excavated cells from the basement of the Gestapo headquarters in 1948 and today showing images of political prisoners from the Gestapo archives. This served as an expansion of the Gestapo "house prison" in the basement of the south wing of Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, which was established in 1933 with twenty cells and expanded in 1936 by seventeen single cells and a community cell. Somewhat later, the prisoners' residence and waiting room located between the cells was upgraded to an air-raid-proof shelter. Speer had rejected this new development of the site, wanting instead to design the north-south axis not only as a street of ministries and administrative buildings, but to be used for private and commercial buildings. The Nazis' persecution and extermination policy was not only controlled bureaucratically from this area, but the Einsatztruppen were selected for subsequent mass murders of Jews and political opponents - here at this site interrogations and torture took place. Since the in-house prison was designed for only about fifty prisoners, the length of stay of the prisoners was limited- either they died as a result of torture and detention, or they were sent to other prisons and concentration camps. The excavated cells behind the museum with the Reichsluftfahrtministerium in the background.

2019-04-19T07:08:55Z

https://www.tracesofevil.com/2010/01/reich-aviation-ministry-and-gestapo.html

Butler House and Trading Station (Former), Mangonui. Copyright: Heritage New Zealand. Taken By: Martin Jones. Date: 21/09/2018. Butler House and Trading Station (Former), Mangonui. 1847 or earlier portion of Butler House, with pre-1852 rear lean-to and harbour beyond – looking northeast. Butler House and Trading Station (Former), Mangonui. Pre-1858 rear addition to Butler House, looking northwest. Butler House and Trading Station (Former), Mangonui. Butler Drying Rack. Extent includes the land described as Allot 1 Sec 2 Vill of Mangonui (RT NA509/128), Allots 2, 4-8, and 10 Sec 2 Vill of Mangonui (RT NA509/127), and Allot 9 Sec 2 Vill of Mangonui (RT NA509/129), North Auckland Land District and the building and structures known as Butler House and Trading Station (Former) thereon including the main residence and the burial ground. It also includes trees including the pohutukawa, the magnolia, and the olive. (Refer to map in Appendix 1 of the List entry report for further information). Butler House and Trading Station (Former), at the mouth of Mangonui Harbour, has special significance as an early colonial trading post connected with Māori, Pākehā and overseas commercial networks. Established in circa 1847 by Captain William Butler (1814-1875), a former whaler, the trading station is particularly important for the strength of its links with the American-based South Pacific whaling fleet, which increasingly used Mangonui after the Northern War (1845-6). Whaling was an important global industry at this time due to the demand for whale oil as lighting. Retaining a wide variety of remains dating to an early period in the country’s post-1840 history, Butler House and Trading Station (Former) includes a well-preserved residence initially built in 1847 or earlier; extensive in-ground archaeological remains linked with use as a trading station; a burial ground; and notable early trees. As well as having special value for its potential to provide public education about early colonial commerce and domestic life, it forms a key part of a notable historical and cultural landscape at the mouth of the Mangonui Harbour that demonstrates shifts from pre-1840 Māori control of the landscape to the emergence of colonial Mangonui as the administrative centre of the Far North. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) is situated at the southern end of Waikeke peninsula, within the rohe of Ngati Kahu. Widely settled in pre-European times, lands bordering the Mangonui Harbour formed a significant food production area for Māori communities. From the early nineteenth century, these communities traded produce and goods directly with visiting whaling ships, which sought supplies on their way to and from nearby hunting grounds. In 1840, whaling captain William Butler set himself up as an intermediary in this process, establishing an initial trading post at Paewhenua Island in the south-eastern part of the Mangonui Harbour. In circa 1847, Butler moved his home and business to Waikeke, closer to deep-water anchorage at the inner entrance to the harbour. This coincided with an increase in port activity at Mangonui with large numbers of whaling vessels visiting the harbour over the next decade, and colonial infrastructure emerging on the opposite side of the entrance to regulate trade. Butler’s new complex was well established by 1852, when a station that included a bonded store and other facilities, as well as his home, formed a major focal point for buying and selling goods with Māori, settlers and whalers. As the business expanded through the decade, Butler extended his residence - Butler House - from a small two-up, two-down timber cottage of Georgian influence into a more rambling, ten room structure. As well as being as a place of reception and entertainment for visiting whaling captains and others, the dwelling was the focus of family life for Butler, his wife Eliza and an increasingly large number of children. Associated trees were planted and a family cemetery established by 1856. Butler’s commercial activities shifted to Mangonui, on the opposite side of the harbour entrance, after a European township was formally established there in the 1860s. Following his death and burial in the family cemetery in 1875, the property was rented to tenants. Occupants included Hubert Dacre, a former sportsman of note from Auckland, who subsequently purchased the property in 1921 and made limited alterations to the house. In 1970, the property was bought by Lindo and Laetitia Ferguson and their family who fully restored the residence, supported archaeological investigations, and established a whaling museum at the property. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has high historical significance for the strength of its connections with the activities of the nineteenth-century whaling trade in the South Pacific, and as a notable point of contact between this global enterprise, early colonial entrepreneurship and Māori engagement in support and supply. It directly reflects immediate post-1840 relations between Māori and Pākehā, in which the supply of whaling ships shifted from direct provisioning by Māori to those mediated by early settler businesses. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has importance as a place that reflects the shifting power structures at Mangonui. The location of the place is linked to the growing importance of the colonial government at Mangonui before the township was formally established and the increased Pākehā dominance over commerce that developed during the period when Mangonui was a significant whaling port. The place also has historical significance through its links to William Butler as an early settler and important local figure in the development of Mangonui and to later owners such as Hubert Dacer and Lindo Ferguson, a former Auckland politician, who was important in the restoration and conservation of the place. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has aesthetic significance for its secluded nature, which allow feelings of proximity and connection with the past. Its location immediately beside the Mangonui Harbour - integral to its historic functioning as a trading station - enhances these aesthetic qualities through the immediate connection of the place to the harbour and the entrance as well as the township. The place also has aesthetic value for the visual appeal of its main residence and the extent to which its interiors, in particular, demonstrate the patina of age. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has high archaeological significance for the extent, nature and quality of surviving material within the place that particularly relates to its use as a trading station servicing the Pacific whaling fleet in the 1840s and 1850s. Especially notable elements include an unusually well-preserved residence dating from 1847 or earlier; in-ground archaeological deposits that encompass the remains of buildings related to the trading station; and a burial ground that includes headstones and other nineteenth-century material. Artefactual evidence retrieved from excavations from the place has included buttons, clay pipes, and glass bottles. The place also has archaeological value for containing sites linked with pre-European Māori occupation; and as a key part of a much wider archaeological landscape of importance which includes adjacent pā sites, ovens, midden, and terraces. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has architectural significance as well-preserved example of an early colonial homestead of Georgian influence. It directly reflects successive expansion of early colonial residences as circumstances and affluence change and the place has a well-preserved interior layout. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special significance for the extent which it reflects New Zealand’s connections with the international whaling trade in the mid-nineteenth century, and especially Mangonui’s emergence as a centre for the supply of the South Pacific whaling fleet as a direct consequence of the Northern War (1845-6). Commercial activity associated with the exploitation of New Zealand’s natural resources by overseas enterprises was an important feature of the early colonial period. The place is more generally significant for the extent to which it reflects the importance of maritime commerce in early, post-1840 New Zealand, and particularly that linked with the development of initial settler communities; local trade between Māori and Pākehā; and connections to global products. The place was a meeting point for multiple groups who were reliant on trade networks. The place also has high value for the extent to which one of its major components, Butler House, reflects the importance of domestic life within this commercial context, being a major and highly visible component of the trading station and its use. The place reflects an early stage in development of Mangonui as a European centre, which by the 1860s had become the administrative centre for the far north. The place is significant for the closeness and length of its connections with Captain William Butler, a Pākehā whaler and trader who was a notable figure in the development of early colonial commerce in the far north of New Zealand, especially in relation to the whaling trade. Butler was a particularly significant figure in the development of Mangonui from the early 1840s onwards, acting as a magistrate, pilot and harbourmaster in addition to his trading activities, and in the 1860s becoming Mangonui’s first elected member of the House of Representatives. The place also has some significance for its connections with Lindo Ferguson, a deputy mayor of Auckland City Council, who undertook major restoration work of Butler House and its wide site in the 1980s and 90s. It also has an association with Hubert Dacre, a local dentist who had been a prominent sportsman in his youth, and who lived in the place with his family between 1912 and 1939. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special value for the extent of its potential to provide information about a variety of matters of importance in the study of early colonial New Zealand, including the activities of the South Pacific whaling fleet; local and global commerce; early entrepreneurship involving both Māori and Pākehā; and the operation and layout of 1840s and 1850s trading stations. Its value in this regard is enhanced by the variety, well-preserved nature and comparative rarity of the remains at the place that may reveal significant further information, which include an extremely well-preserved mid-nineteenth century residence; extensive in-ground archaeological remains and associated artefacts; and other elements such as early trees and a burial ground. Systematic investigation of Butler House, in particular, can additionally provide knowledge about early colonial construction and materials; appearance including décor; and domestic layout and activity. The surviving early fabric includes rare or unusual remaining features such as a hinged louvred window in its front verandah and a smoke-blackened ceiling in its back kitchen. Catalogued wallpaper samples collected during renovation works have considerable potential to provide information about the nature and evolution of interior decoration. The place has strong potential to provide further information about ancestral Maori use of the peninsula and harbour before and during the use of the place as a trading station through the use of archaeological assessment and investigation. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special or outstanding significance for its potential to provide information about early colonial trade and commercial enterprise during this period, which connected local Māori communities and international business networks. It especially has potential for public education about the activities and reach of the South Pacific whale trade, an early example of a globalised business activity affecting New Zealand. The special or outstanding ability of the place to provide education about these matters is particularly conveyed through its extensive, well-preserved and varied remains, including Butler House; the visual and other aesthetic appeal of the place; and its use as a museum that is open and promoted to the public. Having been established within a few years of the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi / The Treaty of Waitangi (1840), Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special significance for its connections with a very early period in New Zealand’s colonial history. The house dates to 1847 or earlier with 1850s additions, and its associated trading station - of which extensive archaeological remains survive - was used from at least the late 1840s onwards. The place also contains widespread evidence of Māori use prior to European settlement. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special significance for forming a key part of a notable historical and cultural landscape at the entrance to the Mangonui Harbour, which contains a large number of ancestral Māori archaeological sites connected to the strategic importance of the peninsula including a major pa immediately to the west of the place; a number of notable colonial and later buildings at Mangonui township, a very short distance to the south of Butler Point; and the Mangonui Harbour itself. Part of the key importance of Butler House and Trading Station (Former) is its articulation of activity that connects occupation of the wider Māori landscape with the emergence and development of Mangonui township as a major centre for whaling supply and also government administration for the Far North of New Zealand. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special significance for forming a key part of a notable historical and cultural landscape at the entrance to the Mangonui Harbour, and for the extent which it reflects New Zealand’s connections with the international whaling trade in the mid-nineteenth century, and especially Mangonui’s emergence as a centre for the supply of the South Pacific whaling fleet as a direct consequence of the Northern War (1845-6). Having been established within a few years of the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi / The Treaty of Waitangi (1840), Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special significance for its connections with a very early period in New Zealand’s colonial history. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special value for the extent of its potential to provide information about a variety of matters of importance in the study of early colonial New Zealand, including the activities of the South Pacific whaling fleet; local and global commerce; early entrepreneurship involving both Māori and Pākehā; and the operation and layout of 1840s and 1850s trading stations. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) has special or outstanding significance for its potential to provide information about early colonial trade and commercial enterprise during this period, which connected local Māori communities and international business networks. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) is located on the tip of the peninsula previously known as Waikeke at the north side of the Mangonui Harbour within the rohe of Ngati Kahu. Stories connected with the eastern section of Muriwhenua of Doubtless Bay and Mangonui uncover a complex history for the tribe known as Ngati Kahu. A number of ancestral waka are associated with this area including: Ruakaramea, Mamari (Mamaru), Takitimu and Tinana. Ruakaramea was said to have landed at Mangonui. Mangonui was a strategically important place in the history of Ngati Kahu, being near the traditional pathway that linked the Mangonui Harbour to Whangaroa and inland travel networks. Of the recorded Pā sites around Mangonui two are located at the tip of Waikeke, one of these is Rangitoto, on the north side and the other is located adjacent to the subject property overlooking the inner harbour. This is a reflection of the site’s location at the harbour mouth and the importance of controlling access from the coast. Excavations of well-preserved Pā at Waikeke have found evidence of Māori occupation from the fourteenth to the late eighteenth century during which period Mangonui was a satellite centre of commerce in the north with a wide range of abundant resources which were exploited by local Māori. There are a number of recorded midden and oven sites reflecting the extensive occupation at and around the subject property. The area was once clothed in native trees used for utilitarian construction purposes by ancestral Māori. A number of local specimens retain immense cultural significance including a giant coastal Pohutukawa reputed to be over 500yo. Coinciding with the arrival of increasing numbers of Europeans from around the turn of the 19th century, the local population declined due to the introduction of new diseases and the continued northward expansion of Ngapuhi who were equipped with firearms. Disputes also broke out between Ngapuhi and Te Rarawa from the south in the Ngati Kahu rohe. Local Māori developed highly successful direct trading relationships with the European settlers and whalers who came to Mangonui. In the early decades of the nineteenth century trade at Mangonui was primarily a barter system through which Māori exchanged a range of produce including firewood, pork, potatoes, kumara, pumpkin, corn, and fruit for goods such as gunpowder, flints, fishhooks, knives and metal tools, blankets, tobacco pipes, beads and mirrors with settlers and whalers. In 1840 it was noted that Māori settled at Oruru ‘supplied dozens of vessels, chiefly whalers, with potatoes and corn, besides all the settled white population’ and that they had sold more than 200 tons of potatoes specifically. The Bay of Islands and Mangonui were an important connection in the international whaling trade. Whale products were in high demand with a wide range of uses including for lighting in which the oil was an essential component. In 1812 New Zealand’s waters were considered to be the best in the South Pacific for whaling and, while early ships came for short periods of a few weeks, by 1827 whaling stations were being established around the country by men from Australia and Europe. By the 1830s American whalers were visiting New Zealand in larger numbers than British whalers. The main port frequented by whalers in these years was Kororareka until it was sacked in 1845 during the conflict between Hone Heke and the colonial government. Mangonui became favoured as an alternative port as it was a sheltered deep water harbour that was less affected by the fighting than Kororareka and also didn’t have a customs collector until later in the decade. During this period the shore whaling industry was in decline having peaked in the 1830s and Mangonui was the one of the closest ports to ongoing whaling activity at Three Kings whaling grounds. Mangonui was also an important centre for other trading industries during the nineteenth century with flax as well as kauri timber and gum being processed, traded and exported from there. In 1840 Captain William Butler (1814-1875), the master of the whaling barque Nimrod, settled permanently at Mangonui. Butler had obtained a number of properties around Mangonui after his first visits to the area in 1838. These properties included a farm at Oruru and Paewhenua Island in the southern part of the harbour where he established his home which contained two dwelling houses, outhouses, sawpits, stock and 40 acres of ground fenced in and in part cultivated. A trading relationship developed between local Māori and Butler, who set up a trading station on the island in the early 1840s dealing in timber, cattle, and general trading between whalers, settlers and Māori. Butler sourced some goods including firewood, kauri gum, flax, pork, vegetables and fruit from Māori and supplemented these with goods that he was able to produce at Paewhenua. Butler was also becoming an important figure in the growing settler community. Butler married Elizabeth (Eliza) Merritt in April 1840 and was authorised to act as Magistrate mainly to ‘control the behaviour of whaling crews in port and organising the apprehension of deserters’ in which he coordinated efforts with local Māori. He was also appointed as Surveyor General and Chaplain by Hobson, and represented Mangonui in the forming of the New Zealand Banking Company, which closed in 1845. Butler and his family were among the few settler families to return to Mangonui following the Oruru war in 1843 during which time they temporarily evacuated to Kororareka and two of their buildings on Paewhenua were burnt down. The first European land purchase at Mangonui was by Ranulph Dacre, a timber trader and merchant, in 1831. Thomas Ryan, one of Dacre’s crewmen, settled at Mangonui on Dacre’s land working as a sawyer. In 1838 Ryan obtained Waikeke and sold part of the peninsula to Butler in 1845. Butler moved to his new property shortly afterwards in c.1847 and was advertising his re-established trading station to whaling ships in 1848. The move to the peninsula coincides with the beginning of an active colonial government presence at the settlement following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. Most importantly for trade was the 1848 appointment of a magistrate, William White, with responsibilities which included the collection of customs and other duties. By 1850 Butler was firmly established on the peninsula while White investigated the overlapping land claims of settlers at Mangonui which had been unresolved since they were first investigated in 1843. Butler formally purchased his house site from the Crown and then purchased most of the land now known Butler Point in 1852 at public auction. Butler had established a complex of buildings at the point by this year which included Butler House and four other timber buildings which were likely associated with his trading activities, notably one of these buildings was probably a bonded store which Butler had been authorised to build in 1851. Three of the commercial buildings were located south of Butler House and one was north. Also north of the House was a fenced area possibly used for keeping stock. Butler House is reported to have been brought to the Point from Paewhenua Island on rollers and floated across the harbour. In 1852 the house was a two-up, two-down one and a half storey building with an eastern verandah overlooking the harbour. The interior was comprised of a parlour, ground floor bedroom with stairs to the upper level and two small rooms. The trading station at the Point was well placed to take advantage of the increased port activity at Mangonui in the late 1840s through the 1850s. Records of whaling boats visiting the harbour indicate that there was a significant increase in American whalers visiting during this period which subsequently decreased from the 1860s. The station was located closer to the entrance of the harbour than Paewhenua Island and, as one of the main landing places, had deep water anchorage for visiting ships. The station was also near the new customhouse established in the late 1840s on the opposite side of the harbour entrance. Butler was still reliant on produce and goods traded from Māori who evidently transported goods to the Point on waka and camped on the foreshore when whaling boats came into port. The trading station was very successful through the 1850s and the Butler family prospered. In 1852 Butler was reported to be the only merchant at the port and he expanded his enterprise over the decade including constructing additional buildings at the southern tip of the Point. An archaeological excavation of these buildings found a range of artefacts including clay pipes, bottles, and buttons that date usage of this part of the station to the 1850s and mid to late 1860s. The excavation also found copper nails that were associated with boat building and repairs. Mangonui was noted for being a good anchorage to have whaling boats repaired and refitted during the period when the trading station was operating. The station supplied provisions to whaling ships in exchange for oil and whale bone and provided storage facilities where whalers could leave barrels of oil temporarily. Butler also grew his business through importing and exporting goods on his own boats. He imported goods including tobacco, spirits, and other merchandise and exported flax, kauri gum, timber, and produce to the Bay of Islands, Auckland, and Sydney. Butler also attempted to diversify his operation into whaling. He invested in a whaling venture from 1859 with a number of other investors however the enterprise lost money with only a small number of barrels of oil being obtained each voyage and the desertion of the Māori and Pākehā crew. In 1863 Butler’s trading station was described as consisting of several buildings namely a “shop, stores, including Bonded Store, Stockyard, [and a] Bowling Alley”. Butler’s operation dominated trade in Mangonui which resulted in Maori finding it difficult to compete and profit in commercial ventures. In addition to his business interests Butler was appointed Pilot for Mangonui Harbour in 1851 and Harbour Master in 1857 and was involved in the construction of a new multi-denominational place of worship in 1860. Along with the trading station, Butler House was integral to the functioning of Butler Point. William and Eliza had nine of their thirteen children after the family moved to the Point and the house was expanded significantly by 1858. The expansion was completed in multiple phases. First was a narrow single storey lean-to extension at the rear of the 1847 house that is likely associated with a layout reorganisation of the house as the staircase replaced the earlier access arrangement from the downstairs bedroom. This extension may have been completed before 1852 and a further room was also added between this extension and the front bedroom. The next phase of development added a second one and a half storey building behind the lean-to. This building also had a stair that is accessed from the lean-to and incorporated a large living room on the ground floor. A further structure with a pentice roof was built onto the back of the main extension that includes the kitchen and an additional room. The family also planted a number of plants and trees around the house including a magnolia on the south side of the house and an olive tree on the north side. Eliza provided support for whalers’ wives when they came into port including providing accommodation when required and assisting with childbirth. The Butler’s also hosted many visitors to Mangonui and the house was the social centre in the district. A burial ground was created at the property by the family where they buried William and Eliza’s sons Richard (1852-1856) and George (1850-1869) and grandson Francis (1870-1870). The burial ground was not only used for family burials. It is reported that Mary Ann Williard, the wife of a whaling captain, who died in childbirth was buried in an unmarked grave at the point and there are unverified stories that unnamed sailors were also buried at the Point in early years. In the 1860s Mangonui was formally laid out and established as a town. It was the administrative centre of the far north with government buildings and businesses being established around the customhouse opposite Butler Point. Butler was granted an allotment of land at the new township where he built a large building and likely shifted some of his trading interests to during the 1860s while he expanded his land holdings at the point. The trading station at the point continued operation through the 1860s and 70s. William Butler was elected as the first representative for Mangonui in the House of Representatives between 1861 and 1866. While representing Mangonui Butler may have stepped down from running the trading station day to day and temporarily left the settlement between 1863 and 1864. Butler advertised the business and house for lease while he was in Auckland but it is unknown if a tenant was found. Butler declined to stand again represent Mangonui after parliament was relocated to Wellington, returning instead to Butler Point until his death in 1875 following complications related to an accident. He was buried at Butler Point in the family cemetery beside his sons and grandson. William Butler’s will stipulated that his property should be undivided and, after attempts to sell part of the land to raise money for his widow were refused by the courts, Eliza rented out the house and grounds and moved to Grafton, Auckland with her younger daughters. The trading station at the point was likely closed around the time of Butler’s death and the buildings were demolished as none of the Butler’s sons were in a position to continue the business. The first known tenant of Butler House was Captain John Leslie Chapman. Chapman had been appointed to replace Butler as Pilot of the Port of Mangonui after the former’s death and lived at the house in the years before his own death in 1884. In 1895 Edward James Holmes, a farmer who had previously had a farm east of Butler Point, and his family rented the home for a number of years. At this time the house was falling into disrepair and the upstairs floors were ‘in a dangerous state’. Holmes youngest son, Edward Cheselden Holmes, died in 1900 and was also interred at the cemetery on the grounds. In 1905 the Theophilius Wake and his wife reportedly occupied Butler point with plans to improve the property and adapt it for viticulture. Wake left Mangonui shortly after unsuccessfully contesting the 1905 parliamentary election and Mogford suggests that Butler House may have been temporarily occupied by a Māori family before it was rented in 1912 to Hubert Henry Dacre, a dentist previously from Auckland. Hubert Dacre was the grandson of Ranulph Dacre who had given up his early land purchase at Mangonui in the late 1830s.. Hubert was a prominent sportsman who represented both Auckland and Wellington in rugby and helped found the reformed North Shore Football Club in 1891. Also secretary of the Auckland Swimming Club, he won competitions such as the Amateur Swimming Championship of Wellington in 1894 and was later remembered as ‘one of the best and most powerful swimmers in New Zealand’. Dacre established himself as a dentist in Mangonui district in 1908 and for a time had his practice rooms at the Mangonui Store (List No. 2584, Category 2) opposite Butler Point. Following the death of Eliza Butler in 1919, Butler Point was able to be sold and Dacre purchased the land in 1921. Dacre made a number of changes to the place including replacing the shingle roof with corrugated iron for weather proofing and an extension that was built onto the kitchen to hold a gas plant for a new cooker. Dacre planted an orchard in the grounds, landscaped the garden with shell paths and cared for the original plantings of the Butler family. Butler House continued to be a family home during the period it was owned by the Dacre family. The youngest son of Hubert and his wife Florence was born in Mangonui in 1916 and grew up at the Point. After Hubert Dacre died in 1939, Butler Point was purchased by Robert and Mary Marchant who had been employed as caretakers by Dacre. The house and grounds fell into disrepair over the next decades and stock roamed over the former store site. In 1964 there were three buildings at the property, the House, an old shed and a wool shed which was located at the southern end. Parts of the house were rotted and requiring repairs. The Marchants sold the property in 1970 to Dr Lindo Ferguson and his wife Laetitia. The Marchants and their daughter continued living at Butler House after the sale and following Mary’s death a memorial stone was placed for her in the burial grounds. Lindo Ferguson, a former deputy mayor of Auckland City Council, had a long involvement in heritage issues in the city and along with his family was keen to repair and restore Butler House and the wider property. The repairs included rebuilding the chimneys with bricks from the recently demolished bakery at Mangonui, replacement of the battens and the corrugated iron was replaced with shingles as had been originally used. The house was also reblocked and the floors levelled including the kitchen which was replaced with a kauri floor above a concrete apron. The outside privy was restored while an updated internal bathroom was installed inside the house. The other internal rooms were also restored. Wallpaper samples were collected and catalogued during the restoration of the house. Lindo and Laetitia retired to a new house they built at the property and established a whaling museum alongside the restored homestead. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) is located on the peninsula at the east side of the Mangonui Harbour mouth. The place is approximately 300m across the water from Mangonui township on the south side of the harbour mouth and overlooks the harbour. The place is part of a large pre-European archaeological landscape including a kaianga that was later fortified as a Pa immediately to the west of the place (O04/56) and another Pa in the northern part of the peninsula (O04/16). Other sites on the peninsula include midden (O04/447, O04/651, O04/652, O03/653) and terraces (O04/58, O04/466, O04/472). At Mangonui a large concentration of colonial buildings associated with the early township have been identified including Penny Cottage (pre-1856, List Number 3895, Category 2), St Andrew’s Church (1875, List Number 452, Category 2), Old Oak Hotel (1861, List Number 451, Category 2), Barrett Cottage (1875, List Number 3894, Category 2). Butler House and Trading Station (Former) is comprised of a large site that includes a number of buildings such as Butler House, a 1980s house designed by Miles Warren, a museum building and some recent outbuildings associated with the museum, macadamia processing, and the restoration of the Butler House in the 1980s-90s. The site also includes recorded and unrecorded archaeological sites. The recorded sites include midden (O04/469), terraces (O04/471), ovens (O04/578), and a historic store (O04/470) which was part Butler’s trading station. The unrecorded sites were observed along the shoreline and included midden, hangi stones, and brass objects which potentially date to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. The site also includes a burial ground. There are a large number of native and introduced trees at the site with particularly notable trees being a magnolia beside Butler House and a olive tree north of the house that were planted by the Butlers and the large pohutukawa which is believed to be over 500 years old. Butler House is a timber building that was constructed in multiple phases. The exterior is mainly clad with pit sawn kauri beaded weatherboards with a shingle roof. The earliest part of the building is the eastern section which was mainly constructed c.1847 and a series of extensions were added on the west side of the building. These were constructed during the 1850s. The house has a mixture of sash, casement windows with two horizontal pivot windows in the upper level of the 1847 part of the house. The fabric is mostly original with a small amount being replaced during the restoration of the house in the 1980s and 90s. The house has three chimneys which were re-built with bricks from the old Mangonui bakery which was demolished during the 1980s. This section of Butler House is comprised of a one and a half storey two-up, two down cottage with a full width verandah at the front and two small lean-tos, behind. The cottage has a gable roof which extends over the front and back at a shallower angle. There is a hinged louvre window in the south verandah wall. The interior of the structure is laid out with the front door opening onto the parlour with a bedroom on the north side. The earliest lean-to is accessed from the parlour and contains a passage with stairs leading to the upstairs bedrooms and joins the early part of the house to the rear structure. The later of these lean-tos contains a modernised bathroom which is accessed from the passage and from the bedroom. Evidence of changes as part of this series of extensions is evident in this part of the house with external doors and doorsteps into the bathroom, a covered four pane window from the passage wall beside the bathroom, marks in the floor and skirting board in the bedroom indicating the original location of stairs to the upper floor, and exterior weatherboards enclosed in passage. The weatherboards show little wear suggesting the lean-to and stairs could have been added fairly soon after construction. There are a number of fittings that appear to have replaced earlier arrangements. The interior lining boards appear to be pit sawn kauri. The arrangement of the rafters is an early technique that in which they are lapped over at the apex. The battens in the roof space appear to have been reused from a fire damaged building. The later part of the house is joined to the front of the house through the passage. This section also has a one and a half storey structure with a gabled roof that is a shallower pitch than the 1847 section. Cuts visible in the eastern exterior wall suggest an earlier window arrangement that has been removed. The on the west side of the main 1850s structure is another addition with a pentice roof. This addition, unlike the rest of the building is clad with vertical weatherboards. Internally this part of the house is primarily comprised of a large dining room downstairs, kitchen in the rear addition and two further rooms, one of which opens onto the garden through French doors known as ‘the flat’. The kitchen still has a fireplace and blackened ceiling. The interior is generally also primarily pit sawn kauri with some boards showing evidence of being circular sawn which are potentially associated with further changes to the internal structure. The stairs to the upper floor are also accessed from the lean-to passage and part of the stairwell contains circular sawn kauri boards. There are two rooms upstairs which are lined with mainly pit sawn boards and some circular sawn board that are associated with rosehead nails. Some furniture which belonged to the Butlers and Dacres is present in the house, notably remaining is a wooden table in the dining room and a drying rack in the kitchen which were owned by the Butlers. Butler House and Trading Station (Former) had close links to the international whaling trade through the 1840s and 1850s during a time when shore based whaling had declined and was an important place of local trade between Maori and Pakeha settlers in this period. Fyffe House was first constructed in the 1840s and expanded in the 1850s and 60s. The house was initially built as a small cottage. The owner was Fyffe House was actively whaling while living at the property and the place is the first shore based whaling station in Kaikoura. Fyffe House was later a farming property after the decline of shore whaling. Matanaka Farm is the oldest farm in Otago established c.1840. The place was started by John Jones who had interests in whaling vessels working in New Zealand from the 1830s. As whaling declined the farm became a supplier of produce for the developing settlements of Waikouaiti and Dunedin. John Jones also had a shop which was located in Dunedin (not listed). There are also a number of whaling stations around the country that were involved in the global whale trade around the country. These include Whalers Cottage (List No. 5386, Category 2) an 1860s house intended to provide on-shore accommodation for whalers visiting Pitt Island, and Kakapo Bay (not listed) where a whaling station was founded in 1929 by John Guard who has been credited with founding on-shore whaling in New Zealand. One of the earliest remaining commercial buildings in the centre of Auckland is this bonded warehouse which opened in 1864 and was in operation until the business collapsed in the 1880s. The oldest remaining building related to commerce in Tauranga. The bond store was built and opened in 1883. Many early residential buildings were linked to the activities of the CMS including: Kerikeri Mission House, 1821, (List No. 2, Category 1); Te Waimate Mission House, 1831 (List No. 3, Category 1); and The Retreat, 1850-2 (List No. 70, Category 1). Other early houses include Howell’s Cottage, 1837-8 (List No. 2540, Category 1) a timber house which was built by Captain John Howell; Subritzky-Wagener House, 1860-2, (List No. 80, Category 1) built for the Subritzky brother in mud and stud construction. The oldest surviving residential building in Auckland is Acacia Cottage, 1841, (List No. 525, Category 1) which was relocated in 1920, the oldest Auckland residential building still on its original site is Hulme Court, 1843 (List No. 19, Category 1). Construction or relocation of Butler House. Magnolia planted. More trading station buildings constructed. Butler House extended to largest extent. Shingle roof replaced with corrugated iron. Restoration of house, some replacing of timber, chimneys rebuilt. Construction of Museum and associated buildings. Excavation of Store site at Butler Point. Butler House is constructed from Kauri timber with a shingle roof and brick fireplaces and chimneys. Janice Mogford, The Butler House, Mangonui 1847-1990, Mangonui, 1992. A fully referenced New Zealand Heritage List report is available on request from the Northland Office of Heritage New Zealand.

2019-04-20T10:25:07Z

http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/0447

Looking for a summer job that takes you out of the ordinary and lands you in the middle of South Dakota’s natural resources? Consider a seasonal job with Game, Fish, and Parks. There are a variety of opportunities that offer life experiences working hand-in-hand with parks and wildlife. The normal summer season is mid-May through Labor Day. Some employees may work earlier or later. Most positions involve outdoor work and physical labor. GFP Supervisors will contact those applicants they wish to interview. Interviews will begin in February. Not all applicants will receive an interview, but all applicants will be notified in writing of the outcome of their application. These popular positions fill quickly, so please check out the following instructions and get your application submitted as soon as you can. Come and enjoy South Dakota’s great outdoors with us! Housing is the responsibility of the employee, unless otherwise noted. Transportation to and from work and associated costs is the responsibility of the employee. Positions may require employees to work holidays, weekends and irregular or rotating shifts. Some positions require specific licenses or certification as listed on the job description. Use a State of South Dakota Seasonal Application form. MAC Users:Please complete the form using Adobe Reader. Save the blank application to your computer. Open the application (file ->Open). Applications are also available at any SD Department of Labor and Regulation Job Service Office and any job site listed. Photocopies are acceptable. All applications must be sent to the address or e-mail address listed on that announcement. Only one application is needed to be considered for the positions listed below. You must include the requisition number for your application to be processed. Please list on the application the position you are applying for. Be specific in completing the application form. List any relevant licenses or certificates (e.g. driver’s license, CDL, CPR, pesticide/herbicide applicator certification, etc.) as well as any equipment or office equipment you are able to operate. Please include both the beginning and ending dates you are available for employment. It is essential that your mailing address is complete including apartment number, box number, lot number, as well as street, lane, avenue, etc. if applicable. Applicants requiring application materials in an alternate format or assistance with the application process may contact the Bureau of Human Resources at 605.773.3148 (VOICE/TYY). Position Description: Under the direct supervision of a Regional or District Park Manager and the guidance of an assigned Park Ranger as mentor, the seasonal Park Ranger enforces park regulations, boating laws, conservation laws, and criminal laws to ensure compliance, protect public resources and promote public safety. Maintains public relations with the general public, park visitors, landowners, concessionaires, business owners and other agencies to ensure departmental activities are implemented and understood and to provide comprehensive customer service. The incumbent will also perform a variety of administrative support functions to assist the park managers with park operations and performs other duties as assigned. This position involves boating-safety duties and monitoring aquatic recreation to promote safety on the water. Qualifications: Applicants must be 21 years of age by the date of employment and meet all requirements for a law enforcement officer for South Dakota. All applicants must be certified as a law enforcement officer in South Dakota. The incumbent will be required to pass firearms and PPCT (defensive tactics) proficiency tests and meet department minimum qualification standards. Background investigations will be conducted on all successful applicants prior to employment and pre-employment drug testing is required. First aid, CPR, EMT, or first responder certificates are desirable. A valid driver’s license is required. Housing is provided at some locations. Uniforms and law enforcement equipment are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress. This position requires employees to work holidays, weekends, and irregular or rotating shifts. The normal summer season is mid-May through Labor Day. All applicants must attend the Park Ranger Training held in Pierre in May. Some employees may work earlier or later. Seasonal employees are paid only for hours worked; no paid time off or benefits. Minimum salary: $17.00 per hour (S05). Locations: Department of Game, Fish, and Parks – Numerous positions available statewide; requires one application. Indicate on the application form above the position title, your location choices. Applications must be submitted on the Seasonal Parks Law Enforcement application form. *Campground/Gate Attendant: Assists in the overall operation and maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to, cleaning comfort stations and cabins/lodge, collecting camping fees, selling park passes, cleaning fire grates, managing the reservation system and providing information to the public. Requirements: Money handling experience is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Minimum salary: $9.92 per hour (S02). *Parks/Ground Maintenance: Assists with maintenance of buildings and grounds within the park including but not limited to, mowing campgrounds and day use areas, shoreline clean-up and tree removal and operating equipment such as chain saws, tractors, skid loaders, mowers, weed eaters, and trucks. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Naturalist/Program Coordinator: Develops, promotes, and presents programs on natural and cultural resources, and environmental education. Duties may include staffing the visitor centers, selling publications, developing and presenting day and evening programs, coordinating special events, and presenting living history demonstrations. Requirements: Experience and interest in teaching, public speaking, and working with children and adults is desirable. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Minimum salary: $10.62 per hour (S03). *Crew Leader: Job site supervisor for seasonal work crews and inmates performing general maintenance and project work. Duties may include working directly with seasonal employees performing building and grounds maintenance work and operating a variety of equipment including trucks, mowers, and tractors. Requirements: Supervisory experience is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Seasonal housing available (trailer house). *Lead Maintenance/Campground Worker: Primary responsibilities include being the lead worker in the Park Manager’s absence. Constant contact with the public will be maintained throughout the performance of duties. A lead worker must maintain a professional image by actions and appearance. Other duties include collection and recording of monies from self-sell license stations, and maintenance of grounds, buildings, and facilities. Other duties as assigned. ONLY ONE APPLICATION IS NEEDED TO BE CONSIDERED FOR THE POSITIONS LISTED BELOW. YOU MUST INCLUDE THE REQUISITION NUMBER FOR YOUR APPLICATION TO BE PROCESSED. PLEASE LIST ON THE APPLICATION THE POSITION* YOU ARE APPLYING FOR. *Gate Attendant: Assist in customer service duties along with the maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to selling park entrance licenses, cleaning comfort stations, collecting camping fees, managing the reservation system, and providing information to the public. *Campground Attendant: Assist in the overall operation and maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to cleaning comfort stations, collecting camping fees, cleaning fire grates, managing the reservation system and providing information to the public. *Parks/Ground Maintenance Worker: Assists with maintenance of buildings and grounds within the park and access areas, including mowing, weed whipping, spraying, watering, and operating equipment such as mowers, tractors, skid loaders, weed sprayers and trucks. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Minimum salary: $9.92 per hour (S02). *Campground Security: Work directly with the general public and department rangers to provide nighttime security of the park area for all visitors. Duties may include assisting department managers and rangers in the enforcement of park rules and regulations. Assist in the selling of entrance licenses and camping permits. Monitoring entrance license and camping permits for compliance. Requirements: Interest in park management, public safety, and law enforcement is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Campground Attendant: Assist in the overall operation and maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to cleaning comfort stations, collecting camping fees, cleaning fire grates, managing the reservation system and providing information to the public. Other duties as assigned. Requirements: Money handling experience is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Parks/Ground Maintenance Worker: Assists with maintenance of buildings and grounds within the park, including mowing, weed whipping, spraying, watering, and operating equipment such as mowers, tractors, skid loaders, weed sprayers and trucks. Other duties as assigned. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Minimum salary: $9.92 per hour (S02). *Campground Supervisor: Primary responsibilities include being the working supervisor of Gate Attendants and Park Maintenance workers in the Park Manager’s absence. Constant contact with the public will be maintained throughout the performance of duties. A supervisor must maintain a professional image by actions and appearance. Other duties include supervision, training, and assistance to gate attendants and park workers, collection and recording of monies from self-sell license stations, campground security, and maintenance of grounds, buildings, and facilities. Other duties as assigned. Requirements: Supervisory experience is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Program Coordinator: Develops, promotes, and presents programs on natural and cultural resources, and environmental education. Duties may include developing and presenting day and evening programs for all ages, coordinating special events, and presenting living history demonstrations. Programs are held at Palisades State Park, Big Sioux Recreation Area, Beaver Creek Nature Area, and Lake Vermillion Recreation Area. Other duties as assigned. *Parks/Ground Maintenance Worker: Assists with maintenance of buildings and grounds within the park, including mowing, weed whipping, spraying, watering, and operating equipment such as mowers, tractors, skid loaders, weed sprayers and trucks. *Program Coordinator: Develops, promotes, and presents programs on natural and cultural resources, and environmental education. Duties may include staffing the visitor centers, selling publications, developing and presenting day and evening programs, coordinating special events, and presenting living history demonstrations. *Park Attendant: Responsibilities include alternating between Front Desk Attendant and Campground Attendant. While working as Front Desk, the primary responsibility is to be the initial contact person for park visitors and to provide a positive image of the park and the State Park System through actions and appearance. Campground Attendants primary responsibility is assisting in the overall operation and maintenance of the campgrounds. Duties of both attendants include: collecting entrance license revenues and camping permit fees, registering campers, answering visitors questions, firewood sales, keeping of records on park attendance, custodial and maintenance of park grounds, buildings, and facilities. Also may include office duties such as answering the phone, assisting the secretary, etc. and other duties as assigned. Requirements: Money handling and customer service experience is helpful. Ability to deal with the public and unpleasant situations, work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions. Skills in carpentry, plumbing, and vehicle/equipment maintenance are helpful. Schedule: 32-40 hours a week. Mostly nights, weekends, and holidays. May thru Labor Day, weekends until October 30. Requirements: Skills in operating, maintaining, and repairing equipment such as mowers, grass trimmers, tractors, weed sprayers, and trucks. Skills in carpentry, plumbing, small engine repair, and vehicle and equipment maintenance are preferred. Ability to perform strenuous physical labor, work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions. Schedule: 32-40 hours a week. Mostly weekday hours, however weekend/evening/holiday hours may be necessary. *Campground Supervisor: Primary responsibilities include being the working supervisor of Gate Attendants and Park Maintenance workers in the Park Manager’s absence. Constant contact with the public will be maintained throughout the performance of duties. A supervisor must maintain a professional image by actions and appearance. Other duties include supervision, training, and assistance to gate attendants and park workers, collection and recording of monies from self-sell license stations, and maintenance of grounds, buildings, and facilities. Other duties as assigned. Requirements: Supervisory experience is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. *Naturalist/Program Coordinator: Develops, promotes, and presents programs on natural and cultural resources, and environmental education. Duties may include developing and presenting day and evening programs for children as well as adults (i.e. Arts and Crafts activities, movies at amphitheater, programs for scout groups, etc.), as well as coordinating special events. Along with those duties, fill needed shifts in the office or campground, and assist with various duties as needed during times of high use. Requirements: Experience and interest in teaching, public speaking, and working with children and adults is desirable. All seasonal employees report to work at Newton Hills. The Lake Alvin, Union Grove and Good Earth State Park shifts will have some time spent at Newton Hills before leaving and after returning. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Campground Attendant: Assist in the overall operation and maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to managing the reservation system, collecting camping fees, providing information to the public, cleaning comfort stations, and, cleaning fire grates. *Campground Supervisor: Primary responsibilities include being the working supervisor of Campground Attendants and Park Maintenance Workers in the Park Manager’s absence. Constant contact with the public will be maintained throughout the performance of duties. A supervisor must maintain a professional image by actions and appearance. Other duties include supervision, training, and assistance to campground attendants and park workers, collection and recording of monies from self-sell license stations, and maintenance of grounds, buildings, and facilities. Other duties as assigned. *Seasonal housing is available. The charge is $4.50 a day for dorms and cabins. Campsites are available for $4.00 a day. *Entrance Station Attendant; Meet and greet visitors coming into Custer State Park and provide information on the Park and the surrounding Black Hills. Sell entrance licenses and collect associated fees. Open, close, and keep facilities clean and orderly. Requirements: Ability to work with park visitors and associated staff. Work independently standing for long periods of time and in a variety of weather conditions. Ability to work with money, balance books, and operate a computer POS system. *Entrance Station Crew Leader: Oversee the day to day operations of one Entrance Station in Custer State Park. Maintain needed supplies, materials, and literature at the entrance station. Provide support to staff by answering their questions, providing direction, and acting as liaison between staff and supervisor. Meet and greet visitors coming into the Park and sell park entrance licenses. Requirements: Ability to provide direction to co-workers and maintain a positive work environment, oversee the trading of entrance licenses with staff. Work in a variety of weather conditions, standing for long periods of time. Operate POS program. *Campground Attendant: Assist in the overall operations and maintenance of one or more campgrounds and day use areas in Custer State Park. Clean comfort stations, day use area facilities and fire grate. Interact with park guests, providing them information on the Park and surrounding area. Requirements: Ability to work independently. Operate the POS system, collect revenues, and interact with park visitors and staff/volunteers. *Campground Supervisor: Lead seasonal campground team and/or volunteers. Assist with campground maintenance tasks. Assist with cleaning one or more campgrounds and day use areas. Interact with park guests, providing them information on the Park and surrounding area. Requirements: Supervisory experience is preferred. Ability to work independently, provide work direction to co-workers and maintain a positive work environment. Operate the POS system, collect revenues, and interact with park visitors and staff/volunteers. *Naturalist: Develop, promote, and present programs on the natural and cultural resources of Custer State Park. Duties may include staffing visitor centers, sell publications, develop and present day and evening interpretative programs, coordinate special events, living history demonstrations, and cleaning and maintaining facilities. Requirements: Appropriate educational background. Experience in teaching, public speaking, and with adults and children in an outdoor setting to enhance the educational goals of Custer State Park. *Naturalist Crew Leader: Develop, promote, and present programs on the natural and cultural resources of Custer State Park. Duties may include staffing visitor centers, sell publications, develop and present day and evening interpretative programs, coordinate special events, living history demonstrations, and cleaning and maintaining facilities The lead position is also responsible for additional administrative duties that may include; posting information on park bulletin boards, functioning as “on-call” during certain days of the week, coordinating guest speakers for Speaker Series under guidance of a Park Naturalist, and circulating information to various locations. Requirements: Ability to provide direction to co-workers and maintain a positive work environment. Appropriate educational background. Experience in teaching, public speaking, and with adults and children in an outdoor setting to enhance the educational goals of Custer State Park. *Visitor Center Conservation Technician- Assist in the overall daily operations and maintenance of the parks two visitor centers, and education center. Clean bathrooms, floors, and main areas of each facility. Assist with maintenance of the buildings and the grounds which includes but it not limited to mowing, weed whipping, watering and operation of equipment such as mowers, tractors, and trucks. *Resource Technician: Assist with controlling and monitoring noxious weeds by chemical, biological, cultural, and mechanical means according to Integrated Weed Control Plan. Use of pickup mounted sprayer, ATV mounted sprayers, and backpack sprayers. Use of hand-held GPS units to map weed infestations and bio-control sites. Assist in collection of rangeland data, plant identification skills helpful. Requirements: Experience or knowledge of Range Management preferred. Weed applicator certification required, may be obtained after beginning of employment. *Resource Technician Crew Leader: Lead seasonal crews and inmates performing work to control and monitor noxious weeds. Assist in collection of rangeland data, plant identification skill required. Requirements: Experience or knowledge of Range Management preferred. Weed applicator certification required, may be obtained after beginning of employment. Supervisory experience is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Ground Maintenance Team: Assist with maintenance of buildings and grounds within the Park including mowing, weed whipping, spraying, watering, and operating equipment such as mowers, tractors, skid loaders, weed sprayers, and trucks. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Valid driver’s license. *Technician for Water and Wastewater Systems: Assist with the daily operation, maintenance and record keeping for the six waste water systems throughout the park. Collect water samples for testing. Chlorinate water systems as needed to specifications. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Valid driver’s license. Appropriate background in equipment operation, ability to take and maintain accurate records for all work completed. *Mickelson Trail Crew: Perform general trail maintenance of the 111 mile Mickelson Trail. Have appropriate knowledge of equipment operation to perform tasks along the trail. Clean and maintain facilities along the trail. Requirements: Ability to work out doors in all kinds of weather. *CSP Trail Crew: Perform general trail maintenance of the 50 miles of trails in Custer State Park. Have appropriate knowledge of equipment operation to perform tasks along the trails. Clean and maintain facilities along the trails. *Custer State Park Fire Tower/Radio Dispatch Operator – Maintain watch over Custer State Park in Mt. Coolidge Fire Tower while also serving as Custer State Park radio dispatch operator. Operate radio, telephone, and computer equipment and receive reports from park employees on issues, fires, medical and law enforcement emergencies and non-emergencies. Work with campgrounds to look up reservations on POS system. *Seasonal housing may be available (camper). *Crew Leader: Job site supervisor for seasonal work crews performing general maintenance and project work. Duties may include working directly with seasonal employees performing building and grounds maintenance work and operating a variety of equipment including trucks, mowers, and tractors. Other duties as assigned. *Campground/Grounds Attendant: Assist in the overall operation and maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to cleaning comfort stations, collecting camping fees, cleaning fire grates, managing the reservation system and providing information to the public. *Seasonal housing available (trailer house at Angostura and camper at Sheps Canyon near shop). *Facility Maintenance Worker: Assist with cleaning of buildings and grounds within the park including modern and basic restroom facilities, picnic shelters, fish cleaning stations, camping cabins, lodge and litter. Requirements: Utilization of modern cleaning products and tools, power washers and sprayers, and how to stock supplies. *Parks/Ground Maintenance Crew Leader: Job site supervisor responsible for the general park grounds, building and campground upkeep. Responsibilities include but are not limited to building cleaning, mowing, spraying, and operating equipment such as mowers, tractors, skid loaders, weed sprayers and trucks. Responsible for assigning and directing personnel and equipment and for completing and inspecting projects. Requirements: Supervisory experience is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Minimum salary: $10.62 per hour (S03). *Visitor Center/Campground Attendant: Assist in the overall operation and maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to cleaning comfort stations, collecting camping fees, cleaning fire grates, managing the reservation system and providing information to the public. *Visitor Center/Campground Crew Leader: Job site supervisor for the Visitor Services at Fort Sisseton Historic State Park. Duties may include but are not limited to working directly with seasonal staff and volunteers conducting tours, maintaining the visitor center and museum, cleaning, managing the reservation system, planning and coordinating special events, and running the gift shop. Will be responsible for assigning and directing personnel and volunteers for completing these tasks. Requirements: Supervisory experience is helpful. Effective communication skills experience and or interest in history or public relations, and be enthusiastic about working with a wide range of people is desired. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Festival Parks/Ground Maintenance Worker: Varying hours and days between Mid-April thru Mid-June. Assist with the maintenance of buildings and grounds to prepare for the June Festival. Responsibilities include but are not limited to cleaning buildings, setting up stages and grounds, general maintenance and operating equipment such as tractors, skid loaders, and trucks. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Valid driver’s license required. *Festival Gate Attendant: Works at the park’s entrance welcoming guests to the parks, collecting entrance license revenues and camping permit fees, managing the reservation system and providing information to the public. Assist with daily maintenance activities that may include cleaning comfort stations, cabins, or lodges. Requirements: Money handling experience is helpful. Ability to deal with people, to work independently, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Valid driver’s license required. *Crew Leader/Campground Supervisor: Primary responsibilities include being the working supervisor of Gate Attendants and Park Maintenance workers in the Park Manager’s absence. Constant contact with the public will be maintained throughout the performance of duties. A supervisor must maintain a professional image by actions and appearance. Other duties include supervision, training, and assistance to gate attendants and park workers, collection and recording of monies from self-sell license stations, and maintenance of grounds, buildings, and facilities. Other duties as assigned. *Crew Leader: Primary responsibilities include being the working supervisor of Gate Attendants and Park Maintenance workers in the Park Manager’s absence. Constant contact with the public will be maintained throughout the performance of duties. A supervisor must maintain a professional image by actions and appearance. Other duties include supervision, training, and assistance to gate attendants and park workers, collection and recording of monies from self-sell license stations, and maintenance of grounds, buildings, and facilities. Other duties as assigned. Parks/Ground Maintenance: Assists with maintenance of buildings and grounds within the park including but not limited to, mowing, trail maintenance, tree removal, building maintenance and operating equipment such as mowers, weed eaters, chain saws, gators, and trucks. *Seasonal housing available at West Bend (trailer house). *General Maintenance Worker: Work outdoors at area parks, maintenance duties include: maintenance buildings, trails, grounds that will include mowing, cultivating, weeding, refuse collection, cleaning, janitorial duties, fencing, painting, cutting trees, and firewood splitting. Requirements: Ability to work in a variety of weather conditions. Day shifts and some weekend work and holidays. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Gate Attendant: Work primarily at park entrance office greeting customers, selling entrance licenses, camping permits, answering questions, and entry into computer sales system. This position will also be utilized for some general maintenance duties. Requirements: Position requires the ability to enthusiastically greet people and deal with problems in a positive way. Alternating day and night hours, as well as weekend and holidays. Money handling experience is helpful. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Campground Supervisor: Work outdoors within area parks. Fee collection, campgrounds, and park maintenance are the primary areas of work. Employees will need to complete work in all areas of the park. Duties include but not limited to selling entrance licenses, camping permits, meeting and greeting the public, janitorial work, pickup garbage, clean fire grate ashes, and assisting in the education of the public relating to park rules and behavior. Requirements: Ability to work on your own late into the evening. Ability to interact with campers and other visitors during evening shift informing them of park rules and hours of operation. Evening hours primarily and weekends. Money handling experience would be helpful. Uniform shirts and provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Sprayer is responsible for controlling and monitoring noxious weeds throughout the district using an ATV with a sprayer unit in the back for application purposes. Applicant should be comfortable working outside, alone, early hours, and with noxious weed control chemicals while driving over varying terrain. Plant identification skills helpful but not required. Other job duties would include mowing, refuse collection, janitorial duties, and other general buildings and grounds maintenance responsibilities as part of the general maintenance team. Requirements: Valid Driver’s License and Weed applicators certification. License can be obtained after beginning of employment. Minimum salary: $10.62 per hour (SO3). *General Maintenance Worker: Work outdoors at area parks. Maintenance duties include: maintenance of buildings, trails, & grounds: to include mowing, weeding, refuse collection, cleaning, janitorial duties, fencing, painting, tree trimming, and preparing firewood. Requirements: Ability to work in a variety of weather conditions. Day shifts and some weekend work and holidays. Uniforms shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Campground Supervisor: Work either at park entrance (Gate) office greeting customers, selling entrance licenses & camping reservations, answering questions, with product entry into computer sales system. Other CG Supervisors, work outdoors within area parks. Fee collection in campgrounds and some general park maintenance are the primary areas of work. Employees will need to complete work in all areas of the park. Duties include but not limited to selling entrance licenses, camping reservations, meeting and greeting the public, janitorial work, pickup garbage, clean fire grate ashes, and assisting in the education of the public relating to park rules and behavior. Requirements: Position requires the ability to enthusiastically greet people and deal with problems in a positive way. Positions can work both, day and evening shifts, as well as weekend and holidays. Money handling experience is helpful. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Crew Leader: Job site team-leader for seasonal work crews performing general maintenance work. Duties include building and grounds maintenance, janitorial duties, planting, weeding, mowing, fencing, and operating a variety of equipment including trucks, mowers, and tractors. Requirements: Team-leader for personnel and equipment as to accomplish assigned tasks. Completion and inspection of various district projects required. Day shifts and some weekend work and holidays. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Program Coordinator: Specific duties include: organizing and facilitating scheduled park programs and events; ability to attend a state-wide coordinator training that is conducted early summer after Memorial Day; ability to work under limited supervision developing and conducting new or established programs within your district’s park settings; ability to maintain a flexible schedule to meet the needs of scheduled events; a task oriented, well organized individual capable of networking with local businesses to conduct a variety of programs throughout the park. Requirements: Interest in recreational programming, or education or a combination of education and experience. Work outdoors in a variety of weather. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Campground Attendant: Work primarily at park entrance office greeting customers, selling entrance licenses, camping reservations, answering questions, and entry into computer sales system. This position will also be utilized for general maintenance and custodial duties. Requirements: Position requires the ability to enthusiastically greet people and deal with problems in a positive way. Alternating day and night hours, as well as weekend and holidays. Customer Service and money handling experience is helpful. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *General Maintenance Worker: Work outdoors at area parks. Maintenance duties include: maintenance of buildings, trails and grounds. Tasks will include mowing, planting, weeding, cleaning, janitorial duties, fencing, painting, cutting trees, and firewood splitting. Custodial Maintenance Worker: Assist with cleaning of buildings and grounds of our area parks, including modern and basic restroom facilities, picnic shelters, fish cleaning stations and camping cabins. Requirements: Knowledge and utilization of modern cleaning products and tools, power washers and sprayers, and how to stock supplies. Alternating between weekday and weekend shifts while working with a crew. Valid driver’s license required. *Crew Leader: Job site supervisor for seasonal work crews performing general maintenance work. Duties include building and grounds maintenance, janitorial duties, planting, weeding, mowing, fencing, and operating a variety of equipment including trucks, mowers, and tractors. Requirements: Responsible for directing personnel, quality control and equipment to accomplish assigned tasks to parks standards. Day shifts and some weekend work and holidays. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Naturalist/Program Coordinator: Specific duties include: organizing and facilitating scheduled park programs and events; ability to attend a state-wide coordinator training that is conducted early summer after Memorial Day; ability to work under limited supervision developing and conducting new or established programs within your district’s park settings; Mostly Weekend and Holidays shifts to meet the needs of scheduled events; a task oriented, well organized individual capable of networking with local businesses to conduct a variety of programs throughout the park. Requirements: Interest in recreational programming, or education or a combination of education and experience. Work outdoors in a variety of weather. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Schedule: 32-40 hours a week. Mostly weekday hours, however weekend, evening, and holiday hours may be necessary. Requirements: Responsible for directing personnel and equipment to accomplish assigned tasks. Completion and inspection of various district projects required. Day shifts and some weekend work and holidays. Uniform shirts are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Trail Attendant: This position is primarily out on the trail checking on users, help people that need assistance for any reason, and perform minor maintenance functions. Maintenance is conducted on foot equipped with small tools to be able to fix things such as broken boards, washouts, signs, etc. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors, have good customer service skills and willing to work the Education Center. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Campground Attendant: Assist in the overall operation and maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to collecting camping fees, managing the reservation system, providing information to the public, cleaning comfort stations, cleaning fire grates, mowing, and weed whipping. *Crew Leader: Job site supervisor for seasonal work crews performing Campground Attendant and general maintenance work. Duties may include, but not limited to managing the reservation system, collecting camping fees, providing information to the public, cleaning comfort stations, cleaning fire grates, and working directly with seasonal employees performing building and grounds maintenance work including operating a variety of equipment including trucks, mowers, and tractors. *Seasonal housing available at Pelican Lake (camper). *Campground Supervisor: Primary responsibilities include being the working supervisor of Campground Attendants in the Park Manager’s absence. Constant contact with the public will be maintained throughout the performance of duties. Duties may include, but not limited to managing the reservation system, collecting camping fees, providing information to the public, cleaning comfort stations, cleaning fire grates, and working directly with seasonal employees performing building and grounds maintenance work including operating a variety of equipment including trucks, mowers, and tractors. Requirements: Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. Must be at least 18 years of age. *Program Coordinator: Develops, promotes, and presents programs on natural and cultural resources and environmental education. Duties may include staffing the visitor centers, selling publications, developing and presenting day and evening programs, coordinating special events, and presenting living history demonstrations. *Public Water Access (PWA) Ground Maintenance Worker: Assists with maintenance of public water access areas throughout northeastern South Dakota, including mowing, weed whipping, spraying, tree trimming and operating equipment such as mowers, tractors, skid loaders, weed sprayers, road groomers, trucks and pulling trailers w/heavy loads. Overnight travel throughout the region is required occasionally up to three nights a week. *Front Desk Attendant: Assist in customer service duties along with the maintenance of assigned campgrounds and day use facilities including but not limited to selling park entrance licenses, cleaning restrooms, collecting camping fees, managing the reservation system, and providing information to the public. *Custodial Maintenance Worker: Assist with cleaning of buildings and grounds within the park including modern and basic restroom facilities, picnic shelters, fish cleaning stations and camping cabins. *Custodial Maintenance Crew Leader: Job site supervisor for seasonal custodial work crews and inmates performing facility and grounds cleaning. Duties may include working directly with seasonal employees performing building and grounds cleaning. Perform minor facility repairs. *Maintenance Crew Leader: Job site supervisor for seasonal work crews and inmates performing general maintenance and project work. Duties may include working directly with seasonal employees performing building and grounds maintenance work and operating a variety of equipment including trucks, mowers, and tractors. *Campground Ranger: Work directly with the general public and department Rangers to provide nighttime security of the park area for all visitors. Duties may include assisting department managers and rangers in the enforcement of park rules and regulations. Assist in the selling of entrance licenses and camping permits. Monitoring entrance license and camping permits for compliance. Assist with the cleaning of buildings and grounds. Requirements: Interest in park management, public safety and law enforcement is helpful. Ability to work independently, manage time well, and work in a variety of weather conditions out of doors. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license required. *Naturalist/Program Coordinator: Specific duties include: organizing and facilitating scheduled park programs and events; ability to attend a state-wide coordinator training that is conducted early summer after Memorial Day; ability to work under limited supervision developing and conducting new or established programs within your district’s park settings; ability to maintain a flexible schedule to meet the needs of scheduled events; a task oriented, well organized individual capable of networking with local businesses to conduct a variety of programs throughout the park. Position purpose: Assist fisheries managers and biologists with management and research activities on Missouri River reservoirs. Primary duties: Assist in fish spawning and stocking operations, fish population sampling using gill nets, trap nets, seines and electrofishing, and angler use and harvest surveys. Assist with data entry and equipment maintenance. Essential requirements: Valid driver’s license, the ability to perform strenuous physical labor, and the ability to work nights and weekends. Ability to communicate effectively with the public. Beneficial abilities: Operation and maintenance of boats, motors, and trailers, basic vehicle and equipment maintenance, knowledge of fisheries management principles and techniques, fish identification and basic computer operation. Habitat Technician: Provides technical assistance to habitat managers in tree planting, cultivation, fence construction, weed control, prescribed burning, and habitat plantings. May serve as lead worker on projects. This position may assist Fisheries Managers with capture surveys and Wildlife Damage Managers with various projects. Requirements: Knowledge of and experience in land management techniques and equipment, fencing equipment, and spraying equipment. Must be able to perform strenuous physical labor. Ability to work out of doors in a variety of weather. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Valid driver’s license. Provide technical assistance to habitat managers in tree planting, cultivation, fence construction, weed control, prescribed burning, and habitat plantings. May serve as crew leader or lead worker on projects. Requirements: Knowledge of and experience in land management techniques and equipment, fencing equipment, and spraying equipment. Technician must be able to perform strenuous physical labor. Technician must be able to work out of doors in a variety of weather. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Technician must have a valid driver’s license. Ability to obtain a SD Commercial Applicators License. Position to start approximately April 8th and end around October 15th. Position purpose: Assist fisheries managers and biologists conducting a variety of fisheries management and research activities on waters in Management Region II and on Missouri River reservoirs. Technician will work with fisheries staff during normal scheduled activities conducting fish population surveys, fish spawning, trap and transfer of fish, fish stocking, sampling fish utilizing netting and electrofishing equipment, analyzing age and growth, data entry, and equipment maintenance. In addition, technician will be assigned to occasionally assist with game management surveys and wildlife habitat work. Requirements: Technician must be able to complete strenuous activities in an outdoor environment in al weather conditions and be able to work in and operate boats and outboard motors. Technician will be overtime eligible, but the normal work schedule will be 40 hours per week. Technician must be available to complete night and weekend work when requested and to accompany fisheries crew on overnight trips. Technician will receive pay for hours worked and be eligible for travel reimbursement when working away from home workstation, but not eligible for other compensation or benefits. Requirements: Knowledge of and experience in land management techniques and equipment, fencing equipment, and spraying equipment. Technician must be able to perform strenuous physical labor. Technician must be able to work out of doors in a variety of weather. Uniforms are provided and employees must comply with uniform dress code. Technician must have a valid driver’s license and ability to obtain a SD commercial applicator license. Position to start: Approximately April 9th and end around October 15th. Habitat Technician: Provides technical assistance to habitat managers in food plot planting, tree planting and cultivation, native grass seeding, fence construction, weed control, and posting property boundaries. May serve as lead worker on projects. Position purpose: Assist the GFP southeast area fisheries management team with fisheries management, fisheries research, aquatic habitat, aquatic access and aquatic invasive species activities on southeastern South Dakota waters. Primary duties: Fish spawning and stocking operations, fish population sampling using gill nets, trap nets, seines and electrofishing, aquatic habitat improvement, fishing access improvement, data entry, lab work, creel surveys, Aquatic Invasive Species outreach, and equipment maintenance. Essential requirements: Valid driver’s license, the ability to perform strenuous physical labor, and the ability to work nights and weekends.

2019-04-24T22:04:25Z

https://bhr.sd.gov/job-seekers/seasonal/gfp/

Ruconest is a C1 esterase inhibitor [recombinant] indicated for the treatment of acute attacks in adult and adolescent patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE). Limitation of Use: Effectiveness was not established in HAE patients with laryngeal attacks. Initiate treatment with Ruconest under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional experienced in the treatment of HAE. Appropriately trained patients may self-administer upon recognition of an HAE attack. The recommended dose of Ruconest is 50 U per kg with a maximum of 4200 U to be administered as a slow intravenous injection over approximately 5 minutes. If the attack symptoms persist, an additional (second) dose can be administered at the recommended dose level. Do not exceed 4200 U per dose. No more than two doses should be administered within a 24 hour period. Store Ruconest in the original carton and protect from light prior to reconstitution. Do not use after expiration date on the product vial label. Water for Injection is not included in the Ruconest package. Use aseptic technique to reconstitute, mix the solution, and to combine the reconstituted solution from more than one vial ( see Reconstitution [ 2.3] and Administration [ 2.4]). Do not mix or administer Ruconest with other medicinal products or solutions. Discard all partially used vials after treatment. Sterile Water for Injection (diluent) - At least 14 mL per vial of Ruconest requiring reconstitution. Commercially available vial adapter and syringe luer lock or large bore needle. If using a syringe with vial adapter, use a new vial adapter for each vial of Ruconest and diluent. The procedures below are provided as general guidelines for the reconstitution and administration of Ruconest. Ensure that the Ruconest vial and diluent vial are at room temperature. Remove the flip caps from the Ruconest and diluent vials. Treat the vial stoppers with the antiseptic wipe and allow to dry. Using the syringe/needle or syringe/vial adapter, withdraw 14 mL of sterile water for injection from the diluent vial. Remove the syringe and transfer the diluent to the Ruconest vial. Add the diluent slowly to avoid forceful impact on the powder. Swirl the vial slowly to mix and avoid foaming. Repeat this procedure using another 14 mL of diluent and a second vial of Ruconest. If the same patient is to receive more than one vial, the contents of multiple vials may be pooled into a single administration device (i.e., syringe). Inspect Ruconest visually for particulate matter and discoloration after reconstitution and prior to administration. The reconstituted solution should be colorless, clear, and free from visible particles. Do not use if the solution is cloudy, colored, or contains particulates. Ruconest vial is for single-use only. Use the reconstituted product immediately, or within 8 hours stored at 36ºF - 46ºF (2º - 8ºC). Discard partially used vials. Do not mix Ruconest with other medicinal products. Administer Ruconest by a separate infusion line. Use aseptic technique when administering Ruconest. Follow recommended venipuncture guidelines for initiating intravenous therapy. Administer Ruconest by slow intravenous injection over approximately 5 minutes. For self-administration, provide the patient with instructions and training for intravenous injection outside of a clinic setting so patients may self-administer Ruconest upon recognition of symptoms of an HAE attack ( see Patient Counseling Information [ 17]). After administration, immediately discard any unused product and all used disposable supplies in accordance with local requirements. Ruconest is available as a lyophilized powder for reconstitution for injection in a single-use 25 mL glass vial. Each vial contains 2100 U of rhC1INH. Ruconest is contraindicated in patients with a history of allergy to rabbits or rabbit-derived products. Ruconest is contraindicated in patients with a history of life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity reactions to C1 esterase inhibitor preparations, including anaphylaxis. Severe hypersensitivity reactions may occur [see Patient Counseling Information (17)]. The signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions may include hives, generalized urticaria, tightness of the chest, wheezing, hypotension, and/or anaphylaxis during or after injection of Ruconest. Should symptoms occur, discontinue Ruconest and institute appropriate treatment. Because hypersensitivity reactions may have symptoms similar to HAE attacks, treatment methods should be carefully considered. The serious adverse reaction in clinical studies of Ruconest was anaphylaxis. The most common adverse reactions (≥ 2%) reported in all clinical trials were headache, nausea, and diarrhea. The Ruconest clinical development program evaluated a combined total of 940 administrations in 236 subjects (symptomatic and non-symptomatic). In clinical studies, a total of 205 symptomatic HAE patients received treatment with Ruconest for a combined total of 650 acute angioedema attacks. Among these HAE patients, 83 were treated for a single HAE attack and 122 were treated for multiple attacks. Three randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were conducted in which 137 patients experiencing acute HAE attacks received Ruconest (either an initial 50 U/kg or 100 U/kg body weight dose) or placebo (saline solution). Table 2 shows all adverse reactions (ARs) in the RCTs, compared with the placebo group. MedDRA: Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities, version 15.0. ** Events only occurring in placebo patients are not listed. In a total of seven RCT and OLE studies, 205 patients experiencing acute HAE attacks were treated with Ruconest for a total of 650 HAE attacks. Included in this population were 124 patients who were treated at the 50 U/kg dosage strength for one or more attacks. Table 3 shows adverse reactions in ≥ 2% of patients in any Ruconest group for the integrated dataset combining all seven RCT and OLE studies in patients experiencing acute HAE attacks. As with all therapeutic proteins, there is potential for immunogenicity. Pre- and post-exposure samples from 205 HAE patients treated for 650 acute attacks with Ruconest were tested for the antibodies against plasma-derived C1INH or rhC1INH and for antibodies against host-related impurities (HRI). Testing was performed prior to and after treatment of a first attack and subsequent repeated attacks at 7, 22 or 28, and 90 days after Ruconest treatment. Prior to the first exposure to Ruconest, the frequency of anti-C1INH antibodies varied from 1.2% to 1.6% of samples. After the first exposure, the frequency of anti-C1INH antibodies varied from 0.6% to 1.0% of samples tested. After repeated exposures, the frequency of anti-C1INH antibodies varied from 0.5 to 2.2% of samples tested. The frequency of anti-HRI antibodies was 1.0% in pre-exposure samples, and after the first exposure varied from 3.5% to 4.6%. After repeated exposure, the frequency of anti-HRI antibodies varied from 5.7% to 17% of samples. At least 10% of subjects formed a specific antibody response to Ruconest after five treated HAE attacks. No anti-C1INH neutralizing antibodies were detected. Observed anti-C1INH and anti-HRI antibodies were not associated with adverse clinical findings. The detection of antibody formation is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibody (including neutralizing antibody) positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to Ruconest with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading. Pregnancy Category B. Studies performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 12.5 times the human dose of 50 U/kg could not exclude an effect on embryofetal development. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, Ruconest should only be used during pregnancy if clearly needed. The safety and efficacy of Ruconest administration prior to or during labor and delivery have not been established. Use only if clearly needed. It is not known if Ruconest is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Ruconest is administered to a nursing woman. The safety and efficacy of Ruconest were evaluated in 17 adolescent patients (13-17 years of age) treated for 52 HAE attacks. Eight out of 17 (47%) adolescent patients experienced adverse reactions. No serious adverse reactions were reported in these patients. The most common reactions (occurring in at least 2 patients) were: abdominal pain, headache, and oropharyngeal pain. The clinical studies of Ruconest included seven patients older than 65 years. The clinical studies included an insufficient number of patients in this age group to determine if they respond differently from younger patients. Ruconest is a recombinant analogue of human complement component 1 esterase inhibitor for intravenous injection. Ruconest is purified from the milk of transgenic rabbits, and supplied as a sterile, preservative-free, white/off-white lyophilized powder for reconstitution for injection. One U of rhC1INH activity is defined as the equivalent of C1 esterase inhibiting activity present in 1 mL of pooled normal plasma. Ruconest is a soluble, single-chain glycoprotein containing 478 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 68 kDa, of which approximately 22% comprises oligosaccharide structures. The primary and secondary structures of the molecule and target protease selectivity are consistent with those of plasma-derived C1 esterase inhibitor. Each vial of Ruconest contains 2100 U of rhC1INH, 937 mg of sucrose, 83.3 mg of sodium citrate dihydrate and 1.0 mg of citric acid monohydrate. After reconstitution with 14 mL of sterile Water for Injection, each vial of Ruconest contains 150 U of rhC1INH per 1 mL in a 20 mM sodium citrate buffer with a pH of 6.8. Ruconest does not contain preservatives and each vial is for single use only. Ruconest is purified from the milk of transgenic rabbits. The rabbits are maintained in a closed colony that is controlled and routinely monitored for specific pathogens. The skimmed milk is screened for adventitious contaminants prior to further manufacture. The manufacturing process has been validated to demonstrate adequate capacity for removal and/or inactivation of viruses ( Table 4). Ruconest contains less than 0.002% of host-related impurities. e Not tested because SD chemicals are present in the starting material. C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) is a normal constituent of human blood and is one of the serine protease inhibitors (serpins). The primary function of C1INH is to regulate the activation of the complement and contact system pathways. Regulation of these systems is performed through the formation of complexes between the protease and the inhibitor, resulting in inactivation of both and consumption of the C1INH. C1INH exerts its inhibitory effect by irreversibly binding several proteases (target proteases) of the contact and complement systems. The effect of Ruconest on the following target proteases was assessed in vitro: activated C1s, kallikrein, factor XIIa and factor XIa. Inhibition kinetics were found to be comparable with those observed for plasma-derived human C1INH. Administration of Ruconest increases plasma levels of functional C1INH activity. The complement component (protein) C4 is a substrate for activated C1. Patients with HAE have low levels of C4 in the circulation; Ruconest shows a dose-dependent restoration of complement homeostasis of C4 in HAE patients. A dose of 50 U/kg of Ruconest increases plasma C1INH activity levels to greater than 0.7 U/mL (the lower limit of normal) in HAE patients. The pharmacokinetics of Ruconest was evaluated in a study of 12 asymptomatic HAE patients (dose ranged from 6.25 U/kg to 100 U/kg). Pharmacokinetics evaluation was performed by non-compartmental analysis, using functional C1INH levels. Following administration of Ruconest (50 U/kg) in asymptomatic HAE patients ( Table 5), the mean Cmax was 1.2 U/mL, and the elimination half-life was approximately 2.5 hours. The clearance of Ruconest was nonlinear (clearance decreased with increasing dose) over the dose range of 25-100 U/kg. Studies have not been conducted to evaluate the PK of Ruconest in special patient populations, identified by race, age (pediatric or geriatric), or the presence of renal or hepatic impairment. No animal studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of Ruconest on carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. Fertility was not evaluated in animal studies. Single- and repeat-dose studies of up to 14 days in rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys with daily doses of Ruconest up to 80 times the human dose (50 U/kg) were conducted. In a 14-day monkey toxicology study of intravenous doses up to 2000 U/kg twice daily, increases in AST and ALP were observed at doses of 500 U/kg and higher. No histopathological correlates were observed in the liver and the increases in liver enzymes were reversible. Histologic findings included changes in the size of thymic cortex and medulla, and microvacuoles in the epithelial cells lining the renal tubules. The renal tubular vacuolation was dose dependent, but was not accompanied by other histological changes in the kidney. This finding was only partially reversible at the highest dose level of 2000 U/kg twice daily. It was concluded that the NOAEL of Ruconest was 1000 U/kg twice daily in this species. There were no adverse findings in a safety pharmacology study in dogs and a local tolerance study in rabbits. It is concluded that preclinical toxicology data for daily doses up to 40 times the proposed human dose of Ruconest (50 U/kg) do not indicate a safety concern for the use of Ruconest in humans. Embryo-fetal studies have been conducted in rabbits and rats at a dose of Ruconest 12.5 times the human dose of 50 U/kg. In rats, no malformed fetuses were observed. In rabbits, an increase in the incidence of fetal cardiac vessel defects was observed (1.12% [2 cases] in the treatment group compared to 0.03% in historical controls). These defects are considered to be a chance finding, but a Ruconest-related effect cannot be excluded. The safety and efficacy of Ruconest for treatment of acute angioedema attacks in patients with HAE was established in Study 1, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) which included an open-label extension (OLE) phase; and supported by the results of 2 additional RCTs and 2 additional OLE studies. The safety and efficacy of Ruconest in the treatment of acute attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema were demonstrated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study (Study 1). Supportive evidence of effectiveness is provided by two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies (Studies 2 and 3). Evidence for the efficacy of repeat treatment of HAE attacks is provided from the open-label extensions (OLE) of each of the three randomized studies. Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that included an open-label extension (OLE) phase to assess the efficacy and safety of Ruconest 50 U/kg in the treatment of acute attacks in patients with HAE. Seventy-five (75) adults and adolescent patients were randomized (3:2) to receive Ruconest 50 U/kg (N = 44) or placebo (N = 31). Patients ranged in age from 17 to 69 years of age; 63% were female and 37% were male; 96% were Caucasian. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time to beginning of relief of symptoms, assessed using patient-reported responses to two questions from a Treatment Effect Questionnaire (TEQ). The TEQ required patients to assess the severity of their attack symptoms at each affected anatomic location, using a seven-point scale (“much worse” to “much better” [TEQ Question 1]), and whether their symptoms had begun to decrease notably since receiving the study medication (“yes” or “no” [TEQ Question 2]). To achieve the primary endpoint, a patient had to have a positive response to both questions along with persistence of improvement at the next assessment time (i.e., the same or better response). Rescue treatment with Ruconest was available for patients who did not experience the beginning of relief at 4 hours after study drug administration, or earlier to patients who experienced life-threatening oropharyngeal-laryngeal angioedema symptoms. If a patient received a medication which could have impacted the efficacy evaluation or open-label Ruconest as rescue medication, prior to achieving beginning of relief of symptoms, the time to beginning of relief of symptoms was censored at the last assessed time prior to medication use. In the RCT phase, the median time to beginning of relief of symptoms was statistically significantly shorter in patients treated with Ruconest 50 U/kg compared with patients treated with placebo as assessed by the TEQ; ( Table 6, Figure 1). Values that are not estimable are displayed as ‘- ’. Among several planned subgroup analyses, descriptive statistics showed that in US patients a median time to beginning of relief of symptoms with persistence at the primary attack location (based on TEQ) was 98 minutes [95% CI:(45, 240); n=22] for those receiving Ruconest and 90 minutes [95% CI: (50, -); n=16] for those receiving placebo. The hazard ratio for time to the beginning of relief of symptoms in this subpopulation was 1.20 [95% CI: 0.48 to 3.01] for patient receiving Ruconest as compared with patient receiving placebo. Non-US patients receiving Ruconest had a median time to beginning of relief of 90 minutes [95% CI: (63, 120); n=22] and non-US patients receiving placebo had a median time to beginning of relief of 334 minutes [95% CI: (150, -); n=15]. The hazard ratio for the non-US subgroup was 4.82 [95% CI: 1.58 to 14.72] for patients receiving Ruconest compared to placebo. Examination of gender subgroups suggested a larger treatment effect in men than women. For women receiving Ruconest, the median time to beginning of relief was 113 minutes [95% CI: (63, 151); n=28], and for women receiving placebo, the median time to beginning of relief was 105 minutes [95% CI: (60, 334); n=19]. The hazard ratio for women receiving Ruconest versus placebo was 1.22 [95% CI: 0.60 to 2.48]. For men receiving Ruconest, the median time to beginning of relief was 75 minutes [95% CI: (45, 210); n=16], and for men receiving placebo, the median time to beginning of relief was 480 minutes [95% CI: (150, -) n=12]. The hazard ratio for men receiving Ruconest versus placebo was 3.94 [95% CI: 1.23 to 12.68]. No plausible biological explanations for the regional or gender subgroup effects were found. One possible explanation is a larger-than-expected placebo response among US women. None of the subgroup confidence intervals were adjusted for multiplicity. Because almost all of the patients were Caucasian and were between 18 and 65 years of age, race and age subgroup analyses were not considered meaningful. Among patients who achieved relief within 4 hours, there were 4 (27%) patients in the placebo group who had a relapse of their symptoms within 24 hours as compared with 1 (3%) in the Ruconest group. The proportion of patients who received Ruconest as rescue medication was greater in patients randomized to placebo (13 of 31 patients; 42%) than in patients randomized to Ruconest (5 of 44 patients; 11%). The efficacy of Ruconest 50 U/kg for different anatomical locations of HAE attacks is summarized in Table 7. In the OLE phase of Study 1, patients were treated with open-label Ruconest 50 U/kg for repeated attacks of HAE. Forty-four patients who completed the RCT phase were enrolled into the OLE phase where they were treated for a total of 170 attacks. In this phase, the median time to beginning of relief of symptoms was 75 minutes (95% CI: 64, 90), consistent with the results of the RCT phase of the study ( Table 6). Results were also comparable across attacks, suggesting that the efficacy of Ruconest 50 U/kg was maintained over repeated attacks of HAE. In the OLE phase of Study 1, 5/170 (3%) attacks received a second dose of Ruconest 50 U/kg. In Study 2 (North American RCT), patients were randomized to receive a single administration of either Ruconest 50 U/kg (N=12), Ruconest 100 U/kg (N=13) or placebo (N=13). Patients ranged in age from 17 to 66 years of age; 74% were female and 26% were male; and 92% were Caucasian. In Study 3 (European RCT), patients were randomized to receive a single administration of either Ruconest 100 U/kg (N=16) or placebo (N=16). Patients ranged in age from 17 to 71 years of age: 53% were female and 47% were male; and 100% were Caucasian. Patients scored their symptoms using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 0-100 mm. A VAS decrease of > 20 mm compared with baseline with persistence of the improvement at two consecutive time points was considered the onset of relief in Studies 2 and 3. In both Study 2 and 3, the efficacy of Ruconest in the treatment of acute angioedema attacks was demonstrated by significantly shorter times to beginning of relief of symptoms based on the VAS (Figure 2). In open-label extension studies of Study 2 and 3, 119 patients were treated with Ruconest for a total of 362 acute angioedema attacks. As observed in Study 1, the efficacy of Ruconest was maintained for repeat attacks. Sulikowski T, Patston PA. The inhibition of TNK-t-PA by C1-inhibitor. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2001 Jan;12(1):75-7. Chandler WL, Alessi MC, Aillaud MF, Henderson P, Vague P, Juhan-Vague I. Clearance of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and TPA/plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) complex: relationship to elevated TPA antigen in patients with high PAI-1 activity levels. Circulation. 1997 Aug 5;96(3):761-8. Huisman LG, van Griensven JM, Kluft C. On the role of C1-inhibitor as inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator in human plasma. Thromb Haemost. 1995 Mar;73(3):466-71. Gurewich V, Pannell R. Recombinant human C1-inhibitor prevents non-specific proteolysis by mutant pro-urokinase during optimal fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost. 2009 Aug;102(2):279-86. Caliezi C, Wuillemin WA, Zeerleder S, Redondo M, Eisele B, Hack CE. C1-esterase inhibitor: an anti-inflammatory agent and its potential use in the treatment of diseases other than hereditary angioedema. Pharmacol Rev. 2000 Mar;52(1):91-112. German Medical Profession’s Drugs Committee [Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Arzteschaft]. Severe thrombus formation of Berinert ® HS [Schwerwiegende Thrombenbildung nach Berinert ® HS]. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2000 April 2000; 97(Heft 15): A-1016. Horstick, G, Berg O, Heimann A, Gotze O, Loos M, Hafner G, et al. Application of C1-esterase inhibitor during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium: dose-related beneficial versus detrimental effects. Circulation. 2001 Dec 18;104(25):3125-31. Ruconest is supplied in single-use 25 mL glass vials with a stopper (siliconized chlorobutyl rubber) and a flip-off seal (aluminum and colored plastic). Each carton contains one single-use vial. Each vial contains 2100 U rhC1INH lyophilized powder for reconstitution for injection. Shelf life: 48 months when stored at 36ºF - 77ºF (2ºC - 25ºC). Each vial of Ruconest should be reconstituted with 14 mL Water for Injection (not supplied). The reconstituted solution contains 150 U/mL rhC1INH and is clear and colorless. Each vial of Ruconest is for single use only. Ruconest contains no preservative. Any product that has been reconstituted should be used immediately, or within 8 hours stored at 36ºF - 46ºF (2ºC - 8ºC). Discard partially used vials after treatment. Advise the patient to read the FDA-Approved patient labeling (Product Information and Instructions for Use). Patients being treated with Ruconest should receive the following information and instructions. This information is intended to aid the patient in the safe and effective use of Ruconest. Advise female patients to notify their physician if they are pregnant or intend to become pregnant during the treatment of acute attacks of HAE with Ruconest. Advise patients to notify their physician if they are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Inform patients of the risks and benefits of Ruconest before prescribing or administering it to the patient. Signs and symptoms of allergic hypersensitivity reactions, such as hives, urticaria, tightness of the chest, wheezing, hypotension and/or anaphylaxis experienced during or after injection of Ruconest ( see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS/Hypersensitivity [ 5] ). Ruconest ® is a registered trademark of Pharming Intellectual Property B.V. Product protected by U.S patent Nos. 7,067,713 and RE43691. Please see www.Ruconest.com for patent information. This leaflet summarizes important information about Ruconest. Please read it carefully each time before using Ruconest. There may be new information provided. This information does not take the place of talking with your healthcare provider, and it does not include all of the important information about Ruconest. If you have any questions after reading this, ask your healthcare provider. Ruconest is an injectable medicine that is used to treat acute angioedema attacks in adult and adolescent patients with Hereditary Angioedema (HAE). HAE is caused by a shortage of a protein called C1 esterase inhibitor, that is present in your blood and helps control inflammation (swelling) and parts of the immune system. A shortage of C1 esterase inhibitor can lead to repeated attacks of swelling, pain in the abdomen, difficulty breathing and other symptoms. Ruconest contains C1 esterase inhibitor. Who should not use Ruconest? You should not use Ruconest if you have a known or suspected allergy (hypersensitivity) to rabbits or rabbit-derived products. You should not use Ruconest if you have experienced life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, to Ruconest or to any other C1 esterase inhibitor product. Ruconest is not indicated for use in children under the age of 13 years. What should I tell my healthcare provider before using Ruconest? have an allergy to rabbits since this can put you at high risk of a serious allergic reaction with Ruconest. These allergy symptoms could include runny nose, itchy nose, sneezing, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing or watery eyes when you are near rabbits. are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. It is not known if Ruconest can harm your unborn baby. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if Ruconest passes to your milk and if it can harm your baby. Tell your healthcare provider and pharmacist about all of the medicines you take, including all prescription and non-prescription medicines such as over-the-counter medicines, supplements, or herbal remedies. Ruconest will be slowly injected into your vein (intravenous injection). Before injection, the Ruconest powder must be dissolved using sterile Water for Injection. The dose will be determined based on your weight. Most of the time a single dose of Ruconest is enough to treat an attack, but a second dose may be needed. What are the possible side effects of Ruconest? Like all medicines, Ruconest can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. In clinical studies, the most severe side effect reported in a person who received Ruconest was a severe allergic reaction in a subject who was allergic to rabbits. If any of the side effects get serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in the leaflet, please inform your healthcare provider or pharmacist. You can also report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch or contact Pharming Healthcare Inc. at 1-800-930-5221. You can ask your healthcare provider for information about Ruconest that is written for healthcare providers. Do not use Ruconest for a condition for which it is not prescribed. If you would like more information, talk to your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about Ruconest that was written for healthcare professionals. For more information go to www.Ruconest.com or call 1-800-930-5221. Use aseptic (sterile) technique when preparing and administering Ruconest. Step 1: Assemble supplies from medication box on a clean flat surface. Sterile Water for Injection (diluent), 14mL per vial of Ruconest to be reconstituted. Needle-free, vented or non-vented vial adapters (or large bore needle). Use a new vial adapter for each vial of Ruconest and diluent. Discuss this section with your healthcare provider to ensure that the correct dose of Ruconest is administered. The dose of Ruconest and volume (mL) of reconstituted solution to be administered is based on body weight show in the chart below. No more than 2 vials may be combined for a single dose. The procedures below are provided as general guidelines for the reconstitution of Ruconest. Step 1: Ensure that the Ruconest vials and the diluent vial are at room temperature (range of 68°F - 77°F or 20°C - 25°C). Wipe the vial stoppers with the antiseptic wipes provided and allow to dry for 30 seconds. Do not blow on the stoppers after wiping. Do not touch the stopper with your hands, or allow it to touch any surface. Step 3: Peel back the covers from the clear plastic vial adapter packages. Leave the adapters in their packages. Step 4: While holding the adapter in its package, place the first adapter over the diluent vial and press down until the device snaps into place. Leave the package on the adapter until you are ready to attach the syringe. Step 5: Now, place a 2nd adapter over a Ruconest vial and press down until it snaps into place. Repeat if your dose requires a 2nd Ruconest vial. Step 6: Lift the package away from the diluent adapter. Step 7: Remove syringe from package and withdraw sterile water for injection from the diluent vial. With vial on a flat surface, attach syringe to adapter on diluent vial by rotating syringe clockwise. Turn diluent vial upside down and slowly withdraw either 14 mL (if using 1 Ruconest vial) or 28 mL (if using 2 Ruconest vials) of diluent into syringe by gently pulling back on the plunger. There will still be some diluent left in the vial. Place the diluent vial back on a flat surface and detach syringe by gently pulling the syringe and rotating counterclockwise. Step 8: Transfer the diluent to the Ruconest vial. Remove the package from the adapter connected to one of the Ruconest vials. Attach the syringe holding the diluent to the adapter on the Ruconest vial by inserting the tip into the adapter opening while firmly pushing and rotating the syringe clockwise. Slowly press 14 mL of diluent into the Ruconest vial. Add the diluent slowly to avoid forceful impact on the powder. Note: Leave the syringe attached to the vial after adding the diluent. Step 9: Swirl the vial to mix. Do this slowly to avoid foaming. Repeat Steps 8 and 9 if you are using a second Ruconest vial. Remove syringe from the first Ruconest vial prior to attaching to the second vial. Step 10: Inspect Ruconest vial(s) visually. After reconstitution and prior to administration, inspect the Ruconest vials visually for particulate matter and discoloration. The reconstituted solution should be colorless, clear, and free from visible particles. Do not use the vial if it looks cloudy, contains particles, or has changed color. Step 11: With the syringe still connected to the Ruconest vial, turn the vial upside down. Slowly withdraw your dose of Ruconest by gently pulling back on the plunger. Once you have withdrawn your dose, turn the vial right side up and place on a flat surface. Disconnect the syringe by gently pulling and rotating counterclockwise. Step 12: Repeat Step 11 and withdraw additional reconstituted Ruconest from the second Ruconest vial (if needed). Withdraw only as much as is needed based on your body weight. Disconnect the syringe, for use as described in the next section. Your healthcare provider will teach you how to safely administer Ruconest. It is important that you inject Ruconest directly into a visible vein. Do not inject into surrounding tissues or an artery. Once you learn how to self-administer, follow the instructions provided below. The reconstituted solution should be used within 8 hours and should be cooled but not be frozen. Thoroughly clean a table or other flat surface using one or more of the antiseptic wipes. Step 3: Prime the infusion set. To prime (fill) the infusion tubing, connect the syringe filled with Ruconest to the infusion set tubing and gently push on the syringe plunger to fill the tubing with Ruconest. Step 4: Prepare the approved IV injection site. Apply a tourniquet above the site of the infusion. Prepare the injection site by wiping the skin well with an antiseptic wipe, beginning at the center and working outward in a circular motion. Allow the site to dry. Follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider. Take off the needle sheath. Hold both wings of the butterfly between the thumb and the index finger with the obliquely cut (slanted) opening of the butterfly needle pointing upward. Insert the butterfly needle of the infusion set into your vein (insert as flat to skin surface as possible). Use sterile gauze and tape or transparent dressing to hold the needle in place. Gently pull back on the syringe plunger and check to see if blood is in the tubing. If there is blood present, then the needle is in a vein. If there is no blood, remove the needle and repeat this step using a new needle, new administration tubing, and a different injection site. Note: Inject Ruconest slowly over approximately 5 minutes. Step 6: Cover the injection site and clean up. Withdraw the butterfly needle along the line that it was inserted. Cover the injection site with a bandage, holding pressure on the site for a few minutes. Dispose of all unused solution, empty vials, and used needles and syringe in an appropriate container used for medical waste. The procedures below are provided as general guidelines for after the infusion of Ruconest. Record each injection into treatment journal. Record the lot number from the Ruconest vial label. Enter the date and time of your injection. This Patient Package Insert has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Product protected by U.S. patent Nos. 7,067,713 and RE43691. See prescribing information for directions for use.

2019-04-24T17:52:34Z

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How Much Revenue from Limiting Deductibility? One unattractive aspect of having certain expenditures be deductible in the U.S. tax code is that any deduction is worth more to someone in a higher tax bracket. Thus, when it comes to typical deductions like the mortgage interest deduction, the deduction for state and local taxes, the deduction for charitable contributions, or the deduction for large out-of-pocket health care expenditures, someone in a 35% tax bracket saves 35 cents off their tax bill for each $1 of deductible expense, while someone in a 15% tax bracket saves only 15 cents off their tax bill for each $1 of deductible expense. Of course, the two-third of taxpayers who don't have enough of these specific expenses to make it worthwhile to itemize their deductions just take the standard deduction, and get nothing extra off their tax bill for these expenses. Proposals are always kicking around to reduce deductibility, by limiting the tax savings from a deductible expense to say, 28% or even 15%. How much revenue might such proposals raise? What about limiting deductibility to 28%? [A] proposal from the Obama Administration ... would limit the benefit of itemized deductions to 28 percent. .. Thus, for example, an additional $100 of itemized deductions would save a taxpayer in the 35 percent bracket only $28 rather than $35. The 28 percent limitation on itemized deductions would raise an estimated $288 billion over the next ten years compared with current law ... Relative to current policy, the proposal would raise $164 billion. The 5.3 million affected households in the top quintile would see their taxes go up by an average of about $2,900. The average tax increase for the 697,000 affected households in the top 1 percent would be about $13,300. Almost all of the tax increase—99.8 percent—would fall on households in the top quintile of the income distribution—those with cash incomes greater than $111,000. ... The top 1 percent would bear 61 percent and the top 0.1 percent would pay a little more than one-third." What about limiting deductibility to 15%? The Congressional Budget Office does a regular report called "Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options." In the March 2011 report, Revenues--Option 7 is ""Limit the Tax Benefit of Itemized Deductions to 15 Percent." CBO estimates that this change could raise $1,180 billion over the next 10 years relative to current law, which is roughly four times as much as the 28% limitation would raise. The CBO doesn't do a distributional analysis, but this change would only affect those who already itemize deductions, and would have by far its largest effect on those with higher incomes. Of course, there are justifications for the existing tax deductions, and reasons and history behind the justifications, and interest groups behind it all. But in a situation where all the meaningful options for long-term deficit reduction are going to be painful in one way or another, limiting deductibility has some advantages. It would raise revenue from those with higher incomes without increasing the marginal income tax rates, or part of the revenue could even be used to reduce the top marginal rates. Limiting deductibility also reduces the role of the federal government in certain aspects of the economy like providing incentives for greater mortgage borrowing. It should be in the mix of possibilities. For a related post several weeks ago, see "Tax Expenditures: One Way Out of the Budget Morass." dollar didn’t have reserve status, it would have collapsed a long time ago." "In China today, half of GDP is in the form of fixed investment, while consumption is only 35 percent – and falling. That is not sustainable because no country can productively invest half its GDP for very long. Historically, every case of over-investment – the Soviet Union, East Asia in the 90s – has ended in a hard landing." The recovery in the Asian emerging markets has been a “V” [rather than a “U”] because their financial fundamentals were much sounder and they don’t have balance sheet problems comparable to the U.S. and Europe. In some countries, though, that recovery’s now leading to overheating. therefore Asia is in danger of both goods and asset inflation." "Tim Geithner and others say they’re in favor of a strong dollar. But we actually need a weaker dollar, maybe 15 percent on a trade-weighted basis. Think about it rationally. Because of the asset bubble collapse, domestic demand is going to be anemic. So in order to maintain growth even close to potential, we need to reduce our trade deficit. How do you reduce this trade deficit? We have to have more private and public savings – but that’s going to slow down domestic demand even more. Therefore we need a weaker exchange rate to gradually improve the trade balance." capacity is currently not used. Why would you want to do a lot of investment where there is excess capacity?" A standard pattern in economic growth is that a rise in per capita GDP is accompanied by a larger share of the population living in urban areas. Thomas Nechyba and Randall Walsh describe the U.S. experience in a Fall 2004 article on "Urban Sprawl" in my own Journal of Economic Perspectives: "Only slightly more than 5 percent of the U.S. population lived in urban areas in 1790, a figure that had tripled by 1850 and surpassed 50 percent by 1920. By the 2000 Census, 79 percent of all Americans lived in areas designated as “urban” by the Census Bureau. But the trend toward urbanization is international, as the UNFPA noted in its 2007 State of World Population report on the theme: "Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth." "In 2008, the world reaches an invisible but momentous milestone: For the first time in history, more than half its human population, 3.3 billion people, will be living in urban areas." The McKinsey Global Institute has published a couple of interesting reports on global urbanization recent months. "Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities," came out in March 2011. the same. ... Today, major urban areas in developed regions are, without doubt, economic giants. Here are predictions from McKinsey on the world's top 25 cities in 2025, ranked by GDP, per capita GDP, GDP growth, and Total population. Cities in blue are in the developing world, and they dominate the last two columns. Cities in economic terms are bundles of economies of scale and agglomeration. For example, cities can act as a hub for economies of scale in production and lower transportation costs. They can provide a density of potential workers, employers, and customers, in a way that reduces risk for all parties and enables a greater division of labor. They can facilitate spillovers of information and skills, and serve as a breeding ground for entrepreneurship. However, the power of scale and agglomeration have a negative side, as well. The cost of living and especially housing is typically higher in cities. Agglomeration can lead to pollution and stress on infrastructure, including congested transportation facilities and issues in providing water and electricity. Urban networking can can also facilitate criminal activity. Cities often create extremes of wealth and poverty rubbing shoulders, which can create political and social stresses. (For an exposition of cities along these lines, see Edward L. Glaeser's article "Are Cities Dying" in the Spring 1998 issue of the Journal of Economic Perspectives, which is too far back to be freely available on-line, but can be downloaded if you have access to JSTOR). The McKinsey Global Institute makes this point as well: "As urban centers grow, they benefit from agglomeration—or economies of scale—that enable many industries and service sectors to have higher productivity than they do in a rural setting. It is also much less expensive to provide goods and services in concentrated population centers. Our research indicates that the cost of delivering basic services such as water, housing, and education is 30 to 50 percent cheaper in concentrated population centers than it is in sparsely populated areas. Very large cities attract the most talent and inward investment, and they are often at the center of a cluster of smaller cities, which creates network effects that spur economic growth and productivity." But as McKinsey also argues that while huge cities are engines of economic growth, they can become so large that their diseconomies begin to slow them down. The largest future growth may not be in the largest cities: "Contrary to common perception, megacities have not been driving global growth for the past 15 years. In fact, many have not grown faster than their host economies, and we expect this trend to continue. We estimate that today’s 23 megacities will contribute just over 10 percent of global growth to 2025, below their 14 percent share of global GDP today. Instead, we see the 577 fast-growing middleweights in the City 600 contributing half of global growth to 2025, gaining share from today’s megacities." The McKinsey Global Institute has takes up these issues of how the cities can contribute to growth, but also how the size of cities can limit their growth, in a series of reports, including a February 2009 report on cities in China, and an April 2010 report on urbanization in India. "Cities are critical to Latin America’s overall economy. The region’s 198 large cities—defined as having populations of 200,000 or more—together contribute over 60 percent of GDP today. The ten largest cities alone generate half of that output. Such a concentration of urban economic activity among the largest cities is comparable with the picture in the United States and Western Europe today but is much more concentrated than in any other emerging region. China’s top ten cities, for instance, contribute around 20 percent of the nation’s GDP." "Yet Latin America has already won a large share of the easy gains that come from expanding urban populations. Today, many of Latin America’s largest cities are grappling with traffic gridlock, housing shortages, and pollution, all symptoms of diseconomies of scale. For the region’s largest cities to sustain their growth, they need to be able to address challenges not only to their economic performance but also to the quality of life experienced by their citizens, sustainable resource use, and the strength of their finances and governance." "Between 2007 and 2025, we expect the region’s top ten cities to display below-average growth in both population and GDP, while the rest of Latin America’s large cities are likely to expand their populations at an above-average rate. These cities are projected to generate almost 40 percent of the region’s overall growth between 2007 and 2025, almost 1.5 times the growth the top ten cities are expected to generate. What accounts for this shift in the balance of economic power? In Latin America’s largest cities, signs of diseconomies of scale such as congestion and pollution have started to outweigh scale benefits, diminishing the quality of life they can offer citizens and sapping their economic dynamism. At the same time, economic liberalization across the region has reversed the centralizing bias that concentrated economic activity in the largest cities. The more decentralized economic approach has given middleweight cities a boost. These medium-sized urban centers lag behind larger cities in their per capita GDP today, but many have not yet run into the diseconomies of scale faced by larger cities." High textbook prices are modest problem in the context of soaring costs of higher education, but many of the costs of tuition and room and board are more-or-less concealed from many students, while textbook costs are in their faces and their pocketbooks. According to a recent short story in the Chronicle of Higher Education, 7 in 10 Students Have Skipped Buying a Textbook Because of Its Cost, Survey Finds." The article refers to a survey done by the U.S. Public Interest Research Group of 1,905 students at a range of 13 campuses. "Separate analyses from the U.S. Public Interest Research Group have found that textbook costs are typically comparable to 26 percent of tuition at state universities and 72 percent of tuition at community colleges." “Annual per student expenditures on textbooks can easily approach $700 to $1,000 today." “Increasing at an average of 6 percent per year, textbook prices nearly tripled from December 1986 to December 2004, while tuition and fees increased by 240 percent and overall inflation was 72 percent." "While many factors affect textbook pricing, the increasing costs associated with developing products designed to accompany textbooks, such as CD-ROMs and other instructional supplements, best explain price increases in recent years." "U.S. college textbook prices may exceed prices in other countries because prices reflect market conditions found in each country, such as the willingness and ability of students to purchase the textbook." Economics textbooks are not exempt from these trends, of course. Take a look at prices for the best-selling and best-known introductory economics textbooks. A copy of the full-year, micro and macro version will typically list at more than $200, although students can often get discounted copies at sellers like Amazon.com for about $170-$180. My solution is my own introductory textbook, "Principles of Economics." The second edition of this text is out this fall through Textbook Media, Inc. The pricing works this way: $17 for access to an online e-textbook which has search, notes, and chat options, but that can't be printed; $22 for the e-textbook along with the ability to print out PDF files of the chapters; and $33 for the e-textbook along with a black-and-white printed softcover version of the book. Textbook Media is a small company. It has no sales force to knock on the doors of professors and take them to lunch. It sponsors no junkets. The book is printed in black and white. But it does have e-textbook functionality, a workbook of problems and answers, a test bank, and some other add-ons. If you want a micro or a macro split, they are available. Of course, I think the content and exposition of the book is excellent on its own merits. But given the issue of soaring textbook prices, the price alone should make it worth a look. ADDED: Arnold Kling at Econlog responds with a tough-minded comment about college faculty in a post titled "But Why Would Greg Mankiw Adopt?": "I can see why students would have an incentive to adopt a cheaper textbook. But professors, and particularly professors who author competing textbooks, have no such incentive. And they are the ones who drive adoption." Unrequited Economic Optimism from the Congressional Budget Office? The Congressional Budget Office has just published its August 2011 "The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update." Although the language of the report is concise and unemotional, many elements of the report seem to me to carry a message that the worst of our economic travails are over. However, the report also points out that its economic forecasting and analysis was completed in early July, and the economy has had some worse-than-expected news since then. Here, I'll start with optimism, and then finish with the more grim recent economic news. The CBO believes that the bursting bubble of housing prices has just about run its course. This figure shows two housing price series: Federal Housing Finance Agency and the Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller index. As CBO explains: "The FHFA index covers only homes financed using mortgages that have been purchased or securitized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. TheS&P/Case-Shiller index also includes sales financed with mortgages that do not conform to the size or credit criteria for purchase by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac." But the CBO is predicting that for the country as a whole, housing prices are soon going to start rising again. The good news here is that the bad news is diminishing. The first figure shows the ratio of unemployed people to job openings. After the 2001 recession, the ratio of unemployed to job openings rose to almost 3:1, before falling back to 1.5:1 in about 2007. Then during the recession, the ratio took off and reached almost 7:1, before now falling to about 4.5:1. The second figure shows net job gains in recent months, which aren't large, but are better than a sharp stick in the eye. The third figure shows that the unemployment rate peaked at 10.1% in November 2009, but was down to 9.1% by July 2011. The CBO projections are for the unemployment rate to fall modestly to 8.5% by fourth quarter 2012, and then to fall more rapidly. Much of business investment just replaces worn-out capital. Net investment takes total investment and subtracts out the depreciation of existing capital, so that it is only looking at the addition to the capital stock. During the recession, many firms were postponing this new investment, but the CBO predicts that a bounceback is near. potential output) by 2017." As with the unemployment rate, the forecast here is for modestly good news in 2012, followed by much better news in 2013 and after. Is all this too optimistic? The CBO makes a point of emphasizing that its economic forecasts were completed in early July. Since then, the European debt crisis has exploded, the federal government seemed unable to grapple seriously with debt issues and raising the debt ceiling, the stock market fell, economic statistics were released suggesting that the recession was deeper than previously believed, and more. Some of the figures above have little break in the line between present data and the forecast: the forecasts are based on the earlier uncorrected data, which after revision was worse than previously known. At least for me, it's a natural reaction to look at these CBO forecasts that economic turnaround and catch-up are around the corner and roll my eyes in disbelief. Pessimism seems so worldly-wise; optimism seems so naive. But if the CBO is correct, whoever is elected president in 2012 is going to look like a miracle worker for the economy--mainly because by 2013 the U.S. economy will finally be escaping the sluggishness of the Long Slump and experiencing a robust economic recovery. a distinguishing characteristic of the U.S. economy." Molloy, Smith and Wozniak offer evidence that the decline in U.S. mobility is a very broad-based--and not a trend that has been made notably worse by the recent woes in the U.S. economy and housing market. They write: "By most measures, internal migration in the United States is at a 30-year low. Migration rates have fallen for most distances, demographic and socioeconomic groups, and geographic areas. The widespread nature of the decrease suggests that the drop in mobility is not related to demographics, income, employment, labor force participation, or homeownership. Moreover, three consecutive decades of declining migration rates is historically unprecedented in the available data series. The downward trend appears to have begun around the 1980s, pointing to explanations that should be relevant to the entire period, rather than specific to the current recession and recovery—that is, the decline in migration is not a particular feature of the past five years, but has been relatively steady since the 1980s." In an article by Jens Ludwig, Jeffrey R. Kling and Sendhil Mullainathan in the Summer 2011 issue of my own Journal of Economic Perspectives, called "Mechanism Experiments and Policy Evaluations," they introduced me to the "metallic rules" of the eminent sociologist Peter H. Rossi. The rules come from Rossi's 1987 article,“The Iron Law of Evaluation and Other Metallic Rules,” Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, vol. 4, pp. 3–20. The article is pre-web, and the publication is not easily available, but David Roodman at the Center for Global Development tracked down the article a couple of years ago, and posted an excerpt summarizing the rules on his Microfinance Open Book Blog. Rossi died in 2006; a brief obituary and some remembrances from colleagues are available at the website of the American Sociological Association. A dramatic but slightly overdrawn view of two decades of evaluation efforts can be stated as a set of “laws,” each summarizing some strong tendency that can be discerned in that body of materials. Following a 19th Century practice that has fallen into disuse in social science, these laws are named after substances of varying durability, roughly indexing each law’s robustness. This law means that the more technically rigorous the net impact assessment, the more likely are its results to be zero—or no effect. Specifically, this law implies that estimating net impacts through randomized controlled experiments, the avowedly best approach to estimating net impacts, is more likely to show zero effects than other less rigorous approaches. In the late 1950s, epidemiologists believed that a fetus was a “perfect parasite” that was “afforded protection from nutritional damage that might be inflicted on the mother.” The placenta was regarded as a “perfect filter, protecting the fetus from harmful substances in the mother’s body and letting through helpful ones.” Nonchalance existed with regard to prenatal nutrition. During the 1950s and 1960s, women were strongly advised against gaining too much weight during pregnancy. During the baby boom, “pregnant women were told it was fine to light up a cigarette and knock back a few drinks.” Roughly half of U.S. mothers reported smoking in pregnancy in 1960. But what if the nine months in utero are one of the most critical periods in a person’s life, shaping future abilities and health trajectories—and thereby the likely path of earnings? This paper reviews the growing literature on the so-called “fetal origins” hypothesis. The most famous proponent of this hypothesis is David J. Barker, a British physician and epidemiologist, who has argued that the intrauterine environment—and nutrition in particular—“programs” the fetus to have particular metabolic characteristics, which can lead to future disease." 1) There's a long-standing argument in the social sciences about nature vs. nurture, but arguments over genetic influence are getting a lot more complex these days than what I learned back in grade-school about Gregor Mendel and his pea plants. The current subject of epigenetics explores how the same genes can lead to different characteristics. As Almond and Currie write in this context about fetal effects: "[T]he hypothesized effects reflfl ect a specific biological mechanism, fetal “programming,” possibly through effects of the environment on the epigenome, which are just beginning to be understood. The epigenome can be conceived of as a series of switches that cause various parts of the genome to be expressed—or not. The period in utero may be particularly important for setting these switches." 2) While this literature is still young and growing, it could turn out to be true that one of the most important ways to help children is to help their pregnant mothers. Almond and Currie write: "[O]ne of the most radical implications of the fetal origins hypothesis may be that one can best help children (throughout their life course) by helping their mothers. That is, we should be focusing on pregnant women or perhaps even women of child-bearing age if the key period turns out to be so early in pregnancy that many women are unaware of the pregnancy. Such pre-emptive targeting would constitute a radical departure from current policies that steer nearly all healthcare resources to the sick, i.e., the “pound of cure” approach. That said, the existing evidence is not sufficient to allow us to rank the cost-effectiveness of interventions targeted at women against more traditional interventions targeted at children, adolescents, or adults." "Divide the world into a “rich” region, where one billion people earn $30,000 per year, and a “poor” region, where six billion earn $5,000 per year. Suppose emigrants from the poor region have lower productivity, so each gains just 60 percent of the simple earnings gap upon emigrating—that is, $15,000 per year. This marginal gain shrinks as emigration proceeds, so suppose that the average gain is just $7,500 per year. If half the population of the poor region emigrates, migrants would gain $23 trillion—which is 38 percent of global GDP. For nonmigrants, the outcome of such a wave of migration would have complicated effects: presumably, average wages would rise in the poor region and fall in the rich region, while returns to capital rise in the rich region and fall in the poor region. The net effect of these other changes could theoretically be negative, zero, or positive. But when combining these factors with the gains to migrants, we might plausibly imagine overall gains of 20–60 percent of global GDP." Of course, Clemens goes into considerably more depth in the article, and argues that gains of this magnitude are plausible given the studies that have been done and the current state of knowledge of this area. I would emphasize further that many studies of migration look either at effects on those in the receiving country, or on those in the sending country, but somehow seem to leave out the gains to the migrants themselves--which may well be the dominant part of a broad social welfare calculation. 2) Remittances sent back to their country of origin by migrants now top$300 billion per year. Dean Yang discusses this point in "Migrant Remittances," along with going into more detail on why remittances are sent and how they are used. Yang offers this striking figure comparing the level of remittances over time to official development assistance, foreign direct investment, and portfolio investment. He writes: "But since the late 1990s, remittances sent home by international migrants have exceeded offifi cial development assistance and portfolio investment, and in several years have approached the magnitudes of foreign direct investment flows." Yang also provides a table showing which countries depend most heavily on remittances, including 22 countries where remittances are more than 10% of GDP. investment and expertise from the global Indian diaspora. The problem of ‘brain drain’ has been converted happily into the opportunity of ‘brain gain’ ..." and Canada in the 1950s and 1960s." I'm the managing editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives, published by the American Economic Association. It's an academic journal, but it's meant to be a journal that's readable by those who have some background in economics--like those who took several undergraduate courses in college in the subject. The AEA makes all of the articles the journal freely available on-line to all, and the Summer 2011 issue is now available. I'll comment on the specifics of some of these articles over the next week or so, but here's the table of contents for the issue. Again, all of these articles are available on-line at the JEP website. The Strategy, Policy, and Review Department of the IMF published a paper on "Changing Patterns of Global Trade" on June 15. I think students of economics often get a good sense of how international trade can benefit all nations participating, but at least at the intro level, they often get a less good sense of the actual patterns of international trade. One emphasis of the report is on longer global supply chains. Here are a few patterns and facts. 1) The share of foreign content embedded in gross exports is rising. A country can import certain goods or services, use them in production, and then export them again. The share of foreign value-added in exports measures this process, and it has been steadily rising since the 1970s. Here's a table combining several studies, showing a rise in foreign value-added in exports from 18% in 1970 to 24% in 1990, 27% in 1995, and 33% by 2005. This is a sign of longer global supply chains and rising global interconnectedness. 2) For some countries, gross exports can be less useful as a measure of what the country produces for export than the domestic value-added content of exports. This figure shows gross exports as the dark line for each country, and domestic value added as the shaded line--the difference between the two is foreign value-added that is re-exported. For a number of countries like Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand, there's a big gap between the two. 3) The rise in foreign value-added in exports varies across countries and across industries. Here's a table I compiled out of statistics in the report. In China and Japan, the share of foreign-value added almost doubled from 1995 to 2005--which is a signal of the Asian regional economy becoming much more integrated, with inputs often crossing borders several times at different stages of production. The rise in foreign value-added as a share of total exports is noticeable but lower in the U.S. and Germany. If one looks just at the rise in foreign value-added as a share of exports in the high technology sector, these patterns are even more pronounced. 4) World trade has tripled since the 1950s. trade rising to more than 20 percent of global GDP in 2008." Although the growth in world trade over time looks bumpy but more-or-less continual, the type of trade is changing. The growth in trade in the 1950s and 1960s was often a result of lower tariffs, for example. But in recent years, the growth in trade stems from an increasingly interconnected web of countries, who often are producing increasingly similar products. 5) Trade in higher technology goods has led the rise in international trade. intensive export structures generally offer better prospects for future economic growth. Trade in high-technology products tends to grow faster than average, and has larger spillover effects on skills and knowledge-intensive activities. The process of technological absorption is not passive but rather “capability” driven and depends more on the national ability to harness and adapt technologies rather than on factor endowments." Marco Lagi, Karla Z. Bertrand and Yaneer Bar-Yam of the New England Complex Systems Institute have a working paper up about "The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East." This figure tells the heart of the story. The black line shows the two recent spikes in global food prices, one in 2008 and one in 2011. The vertical red lines show the dates of various food riots and/or civil disruptions, with the number of deaths shown in parentheses.Of course, food prices aren't the only factor in causing such disruptions, but the fact that such riots and disruptions essentially vanished in 2009 and 2010, in the time period between the two price spikes, is nonetheless striking. Thanks to the Instapundit website for the pointer to this study. I've posted a couple of times recently on the subject of the global spike in food prices in 2008 and again in 2011 (see here and here). I've also posted a couple of times in the last few months on how unemployment and poor economic conditions have contributed to political unrest in the Middle East (for example, here and here). "However, a major change in the relationship between the credit rating agencies and the U.S. bond markets occurred in the 1930s. Bank regulators were eager to encourage banks to invest only in safe bonds. They issued a set of regulations that culminated in a 1936 decree that prohibited banks from investing in “speculative investment securities” as determined by “recognized rating manuals.” “Speculative” securities (which nowadays would be called “ junk bonds”) were below “investment grade.” Thus, banks were restricted to holding only bonds that were “investment grade”—in modern ratings, this would be equivalent to bonds that were rated BBB– or better on the Standard & Poor’s scale. With these regulations in place, banks were no longer free to act on information about bonds from any source that they deemed reliable (albeit within oversight by bank regulators). They were instead forced to use the judgments of the publishers of the “recognized rating manuals”—which were only Moody’s, Poor’s, Standard, and Fitch. Essentially, the creditworthiness judgments of these third-party raters had attained the force of law." "In the following decades, the insurance regulators of the 48 (and eventually 50) states followed a similar path. State insurance regulators established minimum capital requirements that were geared to the ratings on the bonds in which the insurance companies invested—the ratings, of course, coming from the same small group of rating agencies. Once again, an important set of regulators had delegated their safety decisions to the credit rating agencies. In the 1970s, federal pension regulators pursued a similar strategy." "The Securities and Exchange Commission crystallized the centrality of the three rating agencies in 1975, when it decided to modify its minimum capital requirements for broker-dealers, who include major investment banks and securities firms. Following the pattern of the other financial regulators, the SEC wanted those capital requirements to be sensitive to the riskiness of the broker-dealers’ asset portfolios and hence wanted to use bond ratings as the indicators of risk. But it worried that references to “recognized rating manuals” were too vague and that a bogus rating fifi rm might arise that would promise AAA ratings to those companies that would suitably reward it and “DDD” ratings to those that would not." valid for the determination of the broker-dealers’ capital requirements. Other financial regulators soon adopted the NRSRO category and the rating agencies within it. In the early 1990s, the SEC again made use of the NRSROs’ ratings when it established safety requirements for the commercial paper (short-term debt) held by money market mutual funds." "Taken together, these regulatory rules meant that the judgments of credit rating agencies became of central importance in bond markets. Banks and many other financial institutions could satisfy the safety requirements of their regulators by just heeding the ratings, rather than their own evaluations of the risks of the bonds." White goes on to discuss how the NRSRO category has evolved over time, and how Congress more-or-less bludgeoned the Securities and Exchange Commission into allowing some additional NRSROs in the last decade. His article, written in 2010, also points out that one reason why the housing bubble spread through mortgage-backed securities and into the banking system was that the NRSRO's like Standard & Poor's gave some of that debt a tremendously misguided AAA rating. Far too many banks and bank regulators just accepted that rating, although S&P and the other credit rating agencies had no particular history or expertise in evaluating these somewhat complex financial instruments based on subprime mortgage debts. White and others have long argued that while it's perfectly fine to have firms which sell their expertise and opinions about the riskiness of bonds, there's no reason to anoint some of them in such a way that banks and bank regulators legally outsource judgment and prudence to them. Maybe S&P is wrong to downgrade the U.S. credit rating. But after it whiffed so spectacularly and totally missed the riskiness of the subprime-related mortgage backed securities, it's seems a bit unsporting to turn around and criticize them for being too vigilant now. And if the U.S. government doesn't like the power wielded by S&P--well, it has only itself to blame for bestowing so much of that power in the first place. Can Bernanke Unwind the Fed's Policies? The Federal Reserve has taken five main policy steps since the financial crisis started to become apparent in late 2007. I supported each of those five steps when they were taken, given the economic situation at the time. But the recession and financial crisis were largely over in June 2009, even if what followed has been an unpleasantly stagnant recovery. The Fed needs to be clear that as conditions warrant, it will be willing to unwind its earlier policies. Thus, when the Fed Open Market Committee announced last week on a 7-3 vote that it would extend its near-zero federal funds interest rates for the next two years, it seemed to me a misstep. Narayana Kocherlakota, who moved from a position as professor of economics at the University of Minnesota to become President of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve, took the unusual step of explaining publicly why he dissented, and even recording a short video clip of his explanation, which is posted at the Minneapolis Fed website. But I'm getting ahead of the story. Here are the Fed's five main policy steps since 2007. 1) From May 2006 through September 2007, the federal funds interest rate was about 5%. As the financial crisis began to become apparent in fall 2007 and as the recession started in December 2007, the Fed cut the federal funds rate to 2% by April 2008, where it remained until September 2008. This change can be thought of as the standard Fed reaction to a recession. As Rick Mishkin, who was a member of the Fed Board of Governors at the time, notes an article in the Winter 2011 issue of my own Journal of Economic Perspectives, even in late summer 2008 mainstream forecasters like the Congressional Budget Office were predicting only a short, shallow recession. Rick wrote: " In summer of 2008, when I was serving on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, there was even talk that the Fed might need to raise interest rates to keep inflation under control." 2) When the financial crisis hit with hurricane force in September 2008, the Fed then took the federal funds target rate down to near-zero. As noted earlier, at its August 9 meeting last week, the Open Market Committee voted to keep this interest rate target for two more years, at which time the policy of a near-zero federal funds rate would have lasted about five years. the Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF); the Money Market Investor Funding Facility (MMIFF); the and Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF). For a readable overview of these efforts aimed at teachers of economics, this is a good starting point. From my point of view, the key fact about all these agencies is that they have all been closed down. Thus, I consider them a success. They helped to assure that short-term credit was available during a financial crisis, and then they went away. 4) The Fed started buying mortgage-backed securities early in 2009. At this time, in the depths of the financial crisis, the high level of uncertainty over what these securities were truly worth was in danger of making the market for these securities illiquid, which in turn could have made the financial crisis even worse. As the New York Fed explains: "The FOMC directed the Desk to purchase $1.25 trillion of agency MBS [mortgage-backed securities]. Actual purchases by the program effectively reached this target. The purchase activity began on January 5, 2009 and continued through March 31, 2010. ... On August 10, 2010, the FOMC directed the Desk to keep constant the Federal Reserve’s holdings of securities at their current level by reinvesting principal payments from agency debt and agency MBS in longer-term Treasury securities. As a result, agency MBS holdings will decline over time." 5) The Fed started buying and holding new Treasury debt. The Fed has always held some Treasury debt as part of its normal operations, and in particular as part of carrying out its open market operations and buying and selling bonds. But that amount swelled from about $480 billion back in summer 2008 to about $1.6 trillion now. The Federal Reserve now holds more in U.S. Treasury debt than the China and Japan combined. While the plan to purchase more Treasury debt known as QE2 (that is, "quantitative easing part 2") officially stopped at the end of June, as noted a moment ago, the Fed is now moving from holding mortgage-backed securities to holding Treasury debt, in such a way that its overall holdings of financial securities does not decline. Overall, here's where the Fed stands in unwinding the crisis-driven policies enacted since 2007. The many short-term lending facilities have been phased out. The ownership of mortgage-backed securities is being phased down. What is not yet being phased down are the ultra-low interest rates and buying Treasury securities. I'm not brash enough to say just when these policies should be reversed, but I do know this: A central bank can't just keep pumping out money and credit until unemployment is back to normal levels and hearty growth has resumed. At that point, the central bank has overreacted, potentially by a lot. When the Fed decides that it is time to change these policies, the U.S. probably won't be at full employment and resurgent growth--and so its decision is certain to be controversial. Here's a graph showing the effective federal funds interest rate since the 1950s, using the ever-helpful FRED website at the St. Louis Fed. Notice that when recessions (the shaded bars) occur, the Fed typically cuts this interest rate, but then when recovery has begun, it raises the rate again. But now the federal funds rate has been at a rock-bottom near zero for more than two years, and in its August 9 meeting, the Federal Open Market Committee voted to leave the rate near-zero until summer 2013. Kocherlakota of the Minneapolis Fed explained his dissent from the policy this way: "I believe that in November , the Committee judiciously chose a level of accommodation that was well calibrated for the prevailing economic conditions. Since November, inflation has risen and unemployment has fallen. I do not believe that providing more accommodation—easing monetary policy—is the appropriate response to these changes in the economy." From an outsider's point of view, it sure looks as if the Federal Reserve action at its August 9 meeting was a response to headlines from the week before: headlines about the difficulties in hashing out an agreement to raise the federal borrowing ceiling, headlines about Standard & Poor's downgrading the credit rating of the federal government, headlines about the stock market falling. But monetary policy decisions setting expectations for the next couple of years shouldn't be responding to yesterday's headlines. As one looks at the federal funds interest rate over time, other troubling issues become apparent. One is that the federal funds interest rate has been gradually moving downward, a step at a time, since it was raised sky-high to stop the inflation of the 1970s. With the federal funds rate at near-zero, this process of stepping interest rates lower and lower has now stopped. Another concern is that the Bank of Japan has run a near-zero interest rate for more than a decade, while failing to stimulate its economy. There is a possible theoretical argument--far from proven, but still a concern--that an economy can get stuck in a situation with near-zero interest rates and stagnant growth. In this kind of model, explained for example by James Bullard of the St. Louis Fed, "Seven Faces of `The Peril'", a central bank can't wait for a full recovery before raising interest rates, because the hyper-low near-zero interest rates are part of what's blocking the economy from resuming growth. I wouldn't advocate a sharp or immediate rise in the federal funds interest rate. But I would have voted with Kocherlakota against committing to two more years of near-zero rates. After all, part of what encouraged so much overborrowing in the years leading up to the financial crisis was that the Fed kept interest rates so low for a couple of years after the end of the 2001 recession. The answer to a financial crisis rooted in overborrowing is not to encourage the next wave of overborrowing! The Fed should be thinking about when and how it could get the federal funds target rate up into the 1-2% range--which after all seemed a reasonable interest rate when the economy was in an actual recession back in 2008. Having the Fed buy Treasury debt starting in 2009 during the worst of the financial crisis and its aftermath was a fully defensible decision. I sometimes say that it's generally a bad idea to shoot torrents of water at high speed through an office building--but if there's a fire, it's a policy that can make sense. During an emergency, steps that wouldn't make sense at other times sometimes need to be taken. But the recession has now been over for a couple of years. If the U.S. government wishes to run continuing large deficits, it needs to start facing the economic consequences of doing so. The Fed is already helping the federal government to borrow this money by holding interest rates so low, and in time will probably help the federal government further by creating some inflation to reduce the real value of what has been borrowed. It's time for the Fed to back away from being the actual default buyer for new federal debt. This step doesn't require any big announcement, only that the Fed refrain for now from announcing a QE3 program for buying more Treasury debt. If another financial crisis surfaces, after all, the Fed should try to hold something in reserve. Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney put together a background paper for a Hamilton Project conference called "A Dozen Economic Facts About Innovation." Why is innovation and increased productivity important? Two of the main measurable reasons are how it increases incomes and life expectancy. It may be that the worst economic event to befall the U.S. economy in the last 40 years is not relatively recent shock of the Great Recession, terrible though that has been, but the productivity slowdown that hit in the early 1970s. Greenstone and Looney write: "If TFP [total factor productivity] had continued growing at the pre-1973 trend and that productivity gain were reflected in workers’ compensation, compensation could be 51 percent higher, or about $18 per hour more than today’s average of $35.44 per hour. This calculation highlights that small changes in innovation and annual TFP growth lead to large differences in long-run standards of living." Economic growth and innovation have also helped to generate longer life expectancies, partly through reductions in infectious disease, but also through better diets and cleaner water and sanitation. The gains in health have huge value. Kevin Murphy and Robert Topel estimated the long-term value of gains in health in a 2006 article in the Journal of Political Economy (pp. 871-904).From their abstract: "Cumulative gains in life expectancy after 1900 were worth over $1.2 million to the representative American in 2000, whereas post-1970 gains added about $3.2 trillion per year to national wealth, equal to about half of GDP. Potential gains from future health improvements are also large; for example, a 1 percent reduction in cancer mortality would be worth $500 billion." Here's a Greenstone-Looney figure on gains in life expectancy and reductions in infectious disease. One of the most striking areas of innovation in recent years, of course, is the electronics industry. Here's a graph showing what it would have cost to buy the computing power of an iPad 2 over recent decades. Notice that the vertical scale is a logarithmic graph: that is, it is descending by powers of ten as the price of computing power halves and halves and halves over and over again. What's to be done to improve the prospects for innovation and economic growth for the future? There is a broad productivity agenda of improving human capital, investing in plant and equipment, and getting America's financial and budgetary problems under control. But there is also a more narrow technology-focused agenda. For example, every politician in the U.S. talks has been talking about the importance of technology for decades--but government spending on research and development has actually been sinking. Corporate spending on R&D has taken up some of the slack, but government R&D is far more likely to be focused on the basic research that generates new industries, not the tightly-focused process companies often use to update their products. Another issue is to have America's higher education system focus more heavily on the so-called STEM fields: that is, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The share of total U.S. degrees being granted in these fields has fallen since the mid-1980s, and compared to other countries, the U.S. higher education system grants a lower proportion of its degrees in STEM fields. A final issue is to improve the U.S. patent system. There are lots of subtle issues about what kind of innovation deserves a patent, or what doesn't, and how much a patent is really worth in an intellectual property showdown. But at a more basic level, a slow patent system is less useful for everyone--and the time to get a decision from the U.S. Patent Office has been rising. "Not that many years ago, a lot of middle-class Americans felt as if they had built a close and personal relationship with Mr. or Ms. Economy (depending on your gender preference). The rules of the relationship were clear: Get skills and training, and after spending young adulthood sampling jobs, buckle down to a long-term career choice. Borrow heavily to buy a house early in life, and then benefit from rising house prices. Save for the long term by putting money in the stock market. Do these things, the understanding was, and the Economy would reciprocate -- with rising income, reasonable job security and a comfortable retirement. Of course, no long-term relationship is perfect. The Economy might occasionally lash out: perhaps with a dot-com boom, followed by a stock market crash, a recession and higher unemployment. Many of us misbehaved in this relationship, too. Sometimes we ran bloated credit cards bills and didn't save the way we should have. Yet even in the hard times, this relationship was supposed to be long-term. But in this grim and prolonged aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009 -- some economists are calling it the Long Slump -- millions of Americans are feeling that they have been dumped by the economy." Can Later Retirement Ages Save Social Security and Medicare? Social Security and Medicare have both made promises about future benefits that their current sources of financing won't allow them to keep. If we moved back the retirement age, would it fix these programs? Short answer: moving back the retirement age could have a large effect in addressing the financial problems of Social Security, but would have a much smaller effect in helping Medicare. For Social Security, the website of the Office of the Chief Actuary has estimates of the cost savings from a wide variety of proposals. Proposal C2.6, for example, reads: "Increase the normal retirement age (NRA) 3 months per year starting in 2017 until reaching 70 for those attaining age 62 in 2032. Then increase the NRA 1 month every 2 years thereafter. Note that the NRA would increase from 66 to 67 faster than under current law. Increase the earliest eligibility age (EEA) from 62 to 64 at the same time the NRA would increase from 67 to 69; that is, for those attaining age 62 in 2021 through 2028. Keep EEA at 64 thereafter." Those who will be 62 in 2032 are currently about 41 years old. Telling them now that early retirement will be 64 for them, instead of 62, and that normal retirement will be 70 for them, instead of the 67 years for this group in current law, seems to me completely reasonable. This change alone doesn't fix Social Security completely, but it would close about 70% of the projected funding gap for the program over the next 75 years. For federal spending, the older age of eligibility saves $31.1 billion for Medicare. However, a number 65 and 66 year-olds who were not eligible for Medicare would lack health insurance, and thus would be eligible for either Medicaid or for subsidized insurance under the new "health exchanges" in the health care legislation that President Obama signed into law in 2010. In addition, those 65 and 66 year-olds wouldn't be paying premiums into the Medicare system. After these offsets are taken into account, overall federal spending would be reduced by only $5.7 billion. "In addition, costs to employers are projected to increase by $4.5 billion in 2014 and costs to states are expected to increase by $0.7 billion. In the aggregate, raising the age of eligibility to 67 in 2014 is projected to result in an estimated net increase of $3.7 billion in out-of-pocket costs for those ages 65 and 66 who would otherwise have been covered by Medicare." "Medicare Part B premiums would increase by three percent in 2014, as the deferred enrollment of relatively healthy, lower-cost beneficiaries would raise the average cost across remaining beneficiaries." A key underlying issue here, of course, is that health care spending tends to rise with age. Pushing back the age of Medicare eligibility affects the relatively health group a little above age 65, but it doesn't affect the health care bills of the more aged, and so it offers relatively small cost savings for the Medicare program. In a study from last year, Gerald F. Riley and James D. Lubitz report on ""Long-term trends in Medicare payments in the last year of life" (Health Services Research, April 2010, 45(2):565-76). They point out that Medicare spending on those who die in a given year is much higher than on those who survive the year: in 2006, Medicare spending in 2006 on those who died in that year was $38,975, while Medicare spending in 2006 on those who survived the year was $5,993. Their estimates show that 25-30% of all Medicare spending is on patients in their last year of life, and that this number hasn't changed much over time, and isn't much affected by adjusting for changes in age or gender of the elderly over the last 30 years. The Dispute over "Core Inflation"

2019-04-19T23:05:08Z

http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2011/08/

PRESORTED STANDARD U.S. POSTAGE PAIDThe Jewish Press Group of Tampa Bay, Inc.The Jewish Press Group of Tampa Bay, Inc. Jewish Press of Pinellas County P. O. Box 6970 Clearwater, FL 33758-6970KNOW continued on PAGE 15ADVERTISEMENT www.jewishpresspinellas.com VOL. 32, NO. 17 ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 20 PAGES See inside for details. WIN SHOW TICKETS Jewish Press Online Ticket Contest WIN SHOW TICKETS Jewish Press Online Ticket Contest Passover the Festival of FreedomFirst Seder Friday, March 30 Join our page @ www.facebook.com/jfed.pinellas Meet This Guy, Did you know?one of the featured individuals in the Humans of Tel Aviv photography exhibit that will delight at the April 15th Israel Independence Day Celebration. Whats his story? Attend to nd out! Federation Jewish Heritage Funding, matched by the State of Floridas Arts & Culture Division: $48,000. rfntb The Jewish FederationOF PINELLAS & PASCO COUNTIES, FL nntbb fnn fnf DO GOOD EVERYWHERE. FROM ANYWHERE. fIsrael turns 70 this year! A 70th anniversary is traditionally marked with gifts of platinum, known for its strength and rarity, and holding higher esteem than gold or other metals. While a number of Israeli collectible medals are minted in platinum, its not mined in Israel. Tidbits you (probably)dont know about PassoverMy Jewish Learning via JTA news service1. In Gibraltar, theres dust in the charoset. The traditional charoset is a sweet Passover paste whose texture is meant as a reminder of the mortar the enslaved Jews used to build in ancient Egypt. The name itself is related to the Hebrew word for clay. In Ashkenazi tradition, it is traditionally made from crushed nuts, apples and sweet red wine, while the tiny Jewish community of this small Peninsula takes the brick symbolism to another level, using the dust of actual bricks in their recipe. 2. Arizona Is a hub for matzah wheat. increasingly sourcing wheat for their Passover matzah from farmers in Arizona. Excessive moisture in wheat kernels can result in fermentation, rendering the harvest unsuitable for Passover use. allows for a stricter standard of matzah production. Rabbis from New York travel to Arizona in the days leading up to the harvest, where they inspect the grains meticulously to ensure they are cut at the precise moisture levels. 3. At the Seder, Persian Jews whip each other with scallions. Many of the Passover Seder rituals are intended to re-create the sensory experience of Egyptian slavery, from the eating of bitter herbs and matzah to the dipping of greenery in saltwater, which symbolizes the tears shed by the oppressed Israelites. Some Jews from Iran and Afghanistan have the tradition of whipping each other with green onions before the singing of Dayenu. 4. Karaite Jews skip the wine. Karaite Jews reject rabbinic Judaism, observing only laws detailed in the Torah. Thats why they dont drink the traditional four cups of wine at the Seder. Wine is fermented, and fermented foods are prohibited on Passover, so instead they drink fruit juice. (Mainstream Jews hold that only fermented grains are prohibited.) The Karaites also eschew Israels 70th birthday bash offers something for all It will be an afternoon of speeches, food, family fun, photographic art, music and festivities when the Pinellas/ Pasco Jewish community celebrates the 70th anniversary of the birth of Israel on Sunday, April 15 in Largo. Hosted by the Jewish Federation of Pinellas and Pasco Counties, the free celebration will be held at the Creative Pinellas/Pinewood Cultural Center, 12211 Walsingham Road, Largo, from 1 to 4 p.m. One of the featured guests will be Israeli photographer Erez Kaganovits, who will talk about an exhibit of his work, ISRAEL continued on PAGE 17 A sampling of the photographic exhibit that will be on display at the event. PAGE 4 JEWISH PRESS of PINELLAS COUNTY MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 rfrfn tbfbfbbfbfbrbb nbbbbbbbbbbb rrbnbb fffbffbrfnt nbbnnbr rfrbbb rrbtr r rent-all cityinc.From Simchas to Seders Your Event HeadquartersVISIT OUR SHOWROOM7171 22nd Ave. N., St. Petersburg(just west of Tyrone Square Mall)Tables, Chairs, Linens, Chair Covers, China, Silver, Stemware, Tents, Stages, Dance Floors, Star of David Candelabras, Chuppah and much more!Serving Extended Tampa Bay Area(727) 381-3111 www.rentallcity.com Owned and operated by the Pinsker family since 1960From our family to yours Happy Passover Visit us on both sides of the Bay Shipping and Gift Wrapping Available Hyde Park Village St. Petersburg 1619 W Snow Circle Tampa, FL 33606 813.831.2111 Shabbat Candlesticks Hamsa Necklace 300 Beach Drive NE St. Petersburg, FL 33701 727.894.2111 www.shapirogallery.com You can also shop online! Former Israeli Ambassador to the U.S. Danny Ayalon will be guest speaker at a free Jewish National Fund breakfast for Israel  on Tuesday May 1 from 9-10 a.m. at the Bryan Glazer Family JCC in Tampa. Ayalon was born in Tel Aviv in 1955, viewing himself as the product of the ingather ing of the exiles, the intersection between the Jewish Diasporas of East and West, Sephardic and of Israels reestablishment. His father came to Israel from Algeria before the War of Independence in 1948 and fought in the Golani Brigade. His mother immigrated there in 1937 from Poland, escaping the Holocaust, in which members of her extended family perished. She also fought in the War of Independence in Jerusalem and was wounded in battle. Ayalon served in Israels Foreign Service for more than 20 years, beginning in Panama, and then the UN mission in New York. He was political adviser to three different prime ministers: Ehud Barak, Benjamin Netanyahu, and Ariel Sharon. In 2002, he was named Israels ambassador in the U.S., serving in that capacity for four years. During my ambassadorial tenure, Israel-US relations increased and improved, with American support of Israel reaching an all-time high in many areas, Ayalon writes on his website. Upon retirement from the diplomatic service in 2006, he joined Nefesh BNefesh, an organization committed to revitalizing Aliyah, and the Or Movement for settlement in the Negev and the Galilee, both issues he believes should be top national priorities. Thats not but a Zionist imperative and also a moral obligation upon us and future generations, he says. In February 2009, he was elected a member of the Knesset and soon after was named deputy foreign minister, serving in the parliament until 2013. Among his many pursuits since then, Ayalon has served as a visiting professor of foreign policy at Yeshiva University. He recently founded The Truth About Israel, a attempts to delegitimize Israel and strengthen its political status and image. Chair for the breakfast program is Lynne Merriam. RSVPs are requested to jnf.org/ tampabreakfast by April 20. Dietary laws will be observed. The JCC is at 522 N. Howard Ave., Tampa.JNF breakfast to feature former Israeli Ambassador Ayalon Danny Ayalon Florida Gov. Rick Scott has signed a bill that prohibits state agencies and local governments from contracting with companies that are boycotting Israel. Scotts bill-signing ceremony Wednesday, March 21, at the Or lando Torah Academy, a Jewish day school, also allowed him to highlight the $2 million that was included in the state budget to allow such schools to harden security against terrorist and other potential attacks. Funding will be used to help provide upgrades such as video cameras, fences, bulletproof glass, alarm systems and other safety equipment.  Last year, the state legislature approved more than $650,000 for security at Jewish day schools. The governor touted the states strong relationship with Israel in signing the anti-BDS legislation. with our ally Israel. In 2016, I was proud to sign legislation that prohibited the state, or administration, from investing in companies that boycott Israel. Today Im proud to sign HB 545, an important piece of legislation that builds on our efforts by prohibiting any state agency and local governments from contracting with companies that boycott Israel, said Scott. In 2016, Gov. Scott signed legislation that prohibits the State Board of Administration from investing in companies that boycott Israel. Gov. Scott also supported the U.S. Embassy moving from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. In December, he led a delegation of Florida business and education leaders on a second trade mission to Israel. During the 2011 mission, Scott signed the Florida-Israel Memorandum of Understanding Agreement between Space Florida and Israel, to support research, development and aerospace and technology projects. Floridas total economic development and trading partnership with Israel exceeds $283 million a year.Students from the Orlando Torah Academy look on as Gov. Rick Scott signs a bill that prohibits public entities from dealing with companies that boycott Israel. Scott signs pro-Israel bill; touts $2m in budget for Day School securityCorrectionCongregation Beth Am in Tampa is sending 11 teens and three chaperones to the March for Our Lives in Washington. D.C. on March 24. Temple Bnai in Clear water is sending eight teens and three chaperones; Temple Beth-El in St. Petersburg is sending four teens and two chaperones and Temple Ahavat Shalom in Palm Harbor is sending one teen. A story in the March 9 issue of the Jewish Press contained incorrect numbers for how many people were going to the march from each congregation. Temple Bnai Israel ClearwaterPassover Yizkor: On Friday, April 6 at 10:30 a.m. there will be a memorial service in the temple chapel in conjunction with Temple Beth-El in St. Petersburg. Tot Shabbat: Bring the little ones for a special Shabbat service that is tailored for the children on Saturday, April 7, from 10-11 a.m. Cinema Caf: Take in a movie on Sunday, April 8 at 1 p.m. at the temple. Turn Left at the End of the World on the Moroccan and Indian communities in Israel through a funny and heartwarming coming of age story, will be shown. Popcorn and non-alcoholic beverages are provided. There is no charge for members and friends. Theater excursion: The Adults at Leisure group will visit the Francis Wilson Playhouse on Sunday April 8 at 2 p.m. to see the comedy Once in a Lifetime Tickets are $26. Call the theater at (727) 446-1360 to reserve your seats. For more information call Linda Goldman at (727) 536-7076. Trivia Night: Tickets are on sale for Trivia Night on Saturday, April 21 at 5:30 p.m. The cost is $36 for adults and $18 for kids. Tickets include dinner and two drinks. Bible study: Explore the Second Book of Samuel and discover a unique period of Jewish history. Rabbi Daniel Treiser leads the classes on Wednesdays from 7-8 p.m. There is no fee for members; $30 for non-members for the year. Adult playtime: Play mah jongg, Mexican Train Dominoes or Bridge on Thursdays at 1 p.m. Join active seniors and play the game of your choice. Coffee and cake is served. For more information, contact Linda White at [email protected] or (727) 688-0626. Sunday funday: Preschoolers and their parents can enjoy playtime on Sunday, April 29 from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. when the children can meet one another and engage in fun activities. for full schedule and pricing information at (727) 531-5829.Cong. Beth Shalom ClearwaterUnited Faiths Walk of Peace: Everyone is invited to walk, talk, connect, and strive for peace on Sunday, April 8 at 2 p.m. Meet at John R. Lawrence Pioneer Park, 400 Main St., Dunedin, and walk together for about 2 miles through on peace from a variety of faith leaders. The rabbis from Congregation Beth Shalom will be participating. For more information, go to www. UnitedFaithsWalkofPeace.org. Couple to be honored: A youth scholarship Shabbat honoring Dr. Avery and Claire Stiglitz, will be held on Saturday, April 14 at 9 a.m. Movie time: Join Jews from across the globe When the Smoke Clears, which shows how a group of wounded Israeli solIsraeli organization JerusalemU, will be shown on Wednesday, April 18 at 7 p.m. at the synagogue. Happy Birthday, Israel: A musical Shabbat is planned for Friday, April 20 at 6:30 p.m. to celebrate Israels 70th birthday. The event includes a dinner at $18 for adults and $10 for children 12 Talmud classes: On Mondays and most Wednesdays, explore ancient legal tradition with Dr. Priscilla Nathanson The class is open to all levels of knowledge. The Monday class is held after minyan from 10 11:15 a.m. and the WednesLox & Learn: Led by Rabbi David Weizman, explore the weekly Torah portion every Thursday following minyan. Breakfast begins at 9:45 a.m. and the study session at 10 a.m. Haftarot study: This study will be led by Johanna Bromberg in the synagogue library on Wednesday, April 11 at 10 a.m. Meditation series: Rabbi Danielle Upbin, leads a course that combines guided meditameets next on Thursday, April 5 at 2 p.m. These sessions offer the Jewish tools to nurture selfgrowth and spiritual awareness. New participants Yoga Shacharit: Open to all levels, join in a blend of gentle yoga and chant from the Jewish tradition on Saturday, April 7 at 9:15 a.m. Wear comfortable clothes for movement. Bring your own mat and towel.Chabad of ClearwaterTorah and tea: Rebbetzin Miriam Hodakov leads a Torah and Tea exclusively for women on Wednesdays at 11:15 a.m. There is no charge to attend. RSVP to MiriamHodakov@ gmail.com or (727) 265-2770. Pray, eat, watch video: On Sundays from 9-10 a.m., feed your body and soul with a bagel short video presentation. There is no charge, and everyone is welcome. Study groups: Probe the ideas and issues presented in each weeks Torah portion on Mondays from 7-8 p.m. The Torah studies classes offer timely lessons for living. The class is free. Tanya class: A new weekly Tanya class, A Tale of Two Souls, meets on Saturdays from 10:15-11 a.m. The Tanya offers a roadmap for emotional healthy living. The in-depth study will ask such questions as What is a soul? What is our purpose here on earth? The class is free.Temple Beth-El St. PetersburgBreaking bread: The congregation will celebrate the end of Passover with pizza and beer on Friday, April 6 at 6 p.m. Seniors lunch and learn: The SAGE (Seniors for Arts, Growth and Education) group will meet on Monday, April 16 at 11 a.m. in the all-purpose room at the temple to hear Cantor Pamela Siskin discuss Israel Then and Now. Following lunch, Beth Gelman, the executive director at the Florida Holocaust Museum in St. Petersburg, will be the guest presenter. There is no cost for the program. Lunch will be $8 or you can bring your own. RSVP to Cantor Siskin at [email protected]. Daystar lunch making: Help feed the homeless and families at the Daystar Life Center by gathering in the social hall on Sunday, April 8 at 9:30 a.m. to schmooze and make sandwiches for folks at Daystar. Sisterhood to meet: The Sisterhood will hold a general membership meeting on Sunday, April 15 from 10 a.m. to noon in the temple All members and prospective members are welcome. RSVP by April 1 to Pamela Katz-Alston at [email protected] or call (727) 502-7108. Mitzvah Day: The congregation will be distributing toiletries and clothing to the needy, as well as performing other acts of kindness on Mitzvah Day on Sunday, May 11 from 8:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. The event will begin with a light breakfast and an orientation before teams are formed and sent out into the community to do good deeds that include beach or nature park cleanup, painting rooms, light housekeeping, making food and a sing-a-long for the elderly. For more information, call (727) 347-6136.Chabad of St. PetersburgMoshiach meal: Join in a traditional Moshiach meal on the last day of Passover, Saturday, April 7 at 7:15 p.m. The Haftorah reading for this day describes the promised future era of universal peace and divine perfection. A meal will be served, complete with salmon, salads, wine and matzah. All are welcome and there is no charge. RSVP is appreciated at [email protected]. Womens Book Club: Chaya Korf leads a roundtable discussion every Tuesday from 10:3011:30 a.m., about the book for this year, Towards a Meaningful Life, by Simon Jacobson. The group PAGE 6 JEWISH PRESS of PINELLAS COUNTY MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 Congregations PINELLAS COUNTYReformTemple AHAVAT SHALOM 1575 Curlew Rd., Temple BETH CHAI DAVID Temple BETH-EL Congregation BNAI EMMUNAH 57 Read Temple BNAI ISRAEL ConservativeCongregation BETH SHALOM Congregation BETH SHOLOM Congregation BNAI ISRAEL OrthodoxCHABAD of CLEARWATER CHABAD JEWISH CENTER OF GREATER ST P ETERSBURG CHABAD of PINELLAS COUNTY Road, Palm Harbor, 34683 PASCO COUNTY ConservativeBETH TEFILLAH/JCC OF WEST PASCO OrthodoxCHABAD OF WEST P ASCO HERNANDO COUNTY Reform Temple BETH DAVID Religious Directory Shabbat and Passover Candle Lighting Times Take a peek into any preschool classroom and you will likely see a crowd of darling little children all gathered in one corner of the room where the dress-ups are kept. Hats, scarves, suits, skirts, shoes, costume jewelry, boas and other articles of clothing, help children to engage in playacting and to escape into a world of make-believe in which they can become anything or anyone they want to be. A recent article in Very Well Family magazine tells us that by using their imagination, preschoolers can gain vocabulary skills ing, especially when it happens with other children, encourages taking turns, cooperation, and socialization. Taking on another persona and dramatically telling a story, brings the event to life in a way we might not otherwise experience through a simple reading. Play acting should not solely be the domain of preschoolers. At this time of year, Jews throughout the world join with family, friends and strangers around tables laden with mostly edible props. Using the Haggadah as our script, we engage in a form of role play by re-telling the story of our miraculous redemption from servitude in Egypt. And although most of us will Give props to the Passover storyBy RABBI LEAH M. HERZ Director of Spriritual Care, Menorah Manor Rabbinically Speaking Rabbinically Speaking Rabbinically Speaking Rabbinically Speaking Rabbinically Speaking Rabbinically Speaking not be costumed during our Seders, we will nevertheless do our best to convey the story of the Exodus according to the commandment that we see ourselves in the narrative. This is not a tale about something that happened thousands of years ago to someone else in a place far, far away. This is a story that we are to experience as if happening in real time, right here and right now. Our props take on mixed with wine becomes mortar for bricks. Salt water morphs into the bitter tears of slavery. We sing. We dip. We lean. We praise. We talk about the types of slavery that still exist in our world today. We do all that we can to transform ourselves into the lead acPeople. We can all learn a lot from preschoolers. This year may we too let down our guard and allow our imaginations to run free so that we might experience yeztiat mitzrayim, the coming out of Egypt, in a deeper and more meaningful way. Wishing all a Siesen Pesach. The Rabbinically Speaking column is provided as a public service by the Jewish Press in cooperation with the Pinellas County Board of Rabbis. Columns are assigned on a rotating basis by the board. The views expressed in the column are those of the rabbi and do not necessarily of the Jewish Press or the Board of Rabbis. others; those considering adopting Judaism as their faith, and those who are already Jewish who wish to enhance their knowledge of Judaism. New students are welcome anytime. Cost is $100 per person or couple, for non-members; free for temple members. Misfortune and grief: An adult education class is underway on Tuesdays at 11 a.m. with Rabbi Klein focusing on misfortune and grief. He will attempt to provide tools from the social sciences and from our Jewish tradition that will help us cope with our own suffering and help us assist others in dealing with theirs. He will use, as primary text the book, Option B, by Facebook CEO Sheryl Sandburg. 8811 to join.Cong. Bnai Emmunah Tarpon SpringsIntroduction to Judaism: This class is offered at the synagogue on Mondays and Tuesdays from 5-7 p.m. weekly through May, except on April 30. Learn about Israel: A class titled Israels Milestones and Their Meanings will be offered on Mondays April 2, 9, 16, 23 and May 7 and 14 from 7-9 p.m. This class is in celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the state of Israel and is a course designed by the Shalom Hartman Institute. The course will include video lectures from the Hartman faculty. JCC of West Pasco Port RicheyUnderstanding prayer: A class focused on the history, meaning, and relevance of Shabbat service prayers meets on Wednesdays through May at 7 p.m. Knowledge of Hebrew is not required. There is no fee, and all are welcome.Chabad of West PascoClasses with the rabbi: Rabbi Yossi Eber will teach classes on Mondays at 7 p.m. The classes alternate between Torah study and the Tanya. Pray, eat, watch video: On Sundays from 9-10 a.m., feed your body and soul with a bagel and will be a short video presentation. There is no charge, and everyone is welcome. Tanya class: A new weekly Tanya class, A Tale of Two Souls, meets on Saturdays from 10:15-11 a.m. The Tanya offers a roadmap for emotional healthy living. The in-depth study will ask such questions as What is a soul? What is our purpose here on earth? The class is free.Temple Beth David Spring HillArt show: Temple Beth David will host its third annual Nature Coast Art Show on Saturday and Sunday, April 7-8. There will be an artists reception from 4:30-8 p.m. Saturday with an evening of refreshments and conversations with the artists. Previewing and pur chasing available art can be done at this time. The show and sale will continue on Sunday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Admission is free to the public. There will be food, a silent auction, and original artworks by emerging and professional artists from Floridas Nature Coast. For more information, call Barb at (352) 686-7034. Torah study: Rabbi Paul Schreiber conducts Torah study classes on Mondays at 10:30 a.m. and 7 p.m. Free for members and $5 per class for non-members. Judaism class: A free Judaism conversion class will be held on Saturdays at 1 p.m., conducted by Rabbi Schreiber. Talmud for beginners: This class, already under way, is held every Wednesday at 8 p.m., except for the third Wednesday of the month. It is free for members and $5 per class for non-members.Chabad of Spring HillTorah studies: The com munity is invited to attend Torah study classes on Wednesdays from noon to 1 p.m. The classes, taught by Rabbi Chaim Lipszyc, are not sequential, so drop-ins are welcome. Bagesl will be served. The For more information, call Ro Kerschner at (352) 746-6258. Some of you who met me probably heard me speaking about my familys heritage my mother was born in Germany and my dad was born in Israel but grew up in Morocco. Given that background, my brothers and I grew up with two different cultures in our household. A lot of the traditions I was accustomed to were so entwined in my life that only when I grew up did I realize which tradition belonged to which background. But one thing I can tell you for sure when it came to food, the Moroccan side was always clearly present and if I had to compare it with the east European food, it almost always won (with the exception of Cremeschnittean amazing European cake). Both of my grandmothers were cooks in their profession at one point of their lives and later on my mom joined the tradition, becoming the kibbutz main chef. Needless to say, I was never the skinniest girl in class. Both my mom and her mother (who was born in Europe), at some point of their lives, decided to adopt the rich, colorful and tasty Moroccan cuisine into their kitchen because once you taste it, all you want to do is just keep on eating it. I can go on and on about the food event which happens every year, when Moroccan food culture stands out all across Israel the Mimouna. Mimouna is the name for a big feast that is celebrated at the end of Passover and the beginning of spring. After eight days of observing Passover, most Jews happily put down their matzot and reach for the leavened breads, pasta, cookies, and other foods that had been forbidden during the holiday. At that time, the Moroccan-Israelis will begin the celebration of Mimouna. They, too, will begin to eat hametz (leavened foods), but unlike others, they make a party out of it with food, music, dancing, and sometimes even costumes. The Mimouna started as a tradition in Morocco that came to symbolize good relations with the Muslim neighbors. Jewish families in Morocco gave or sold their leavened foods to their Muslim neighbors for the duration of the holiday and when Passover ended, they invited their neighbors into their homes for a feast. Moroccan Jews who immigrated to Israel in the states early days brought the celebration with them, and it has grown ever since. Today Mimouna is a national holiday in Israel with big family or public outdoor parties that begin at sundown and often last into the next day. Frequently, politicians attend the celebrations, and it is a badge of honor to have a member tion. One of the traditions that Israelis kept for the celebration of the Mimouna is open doors. People are free to come and join the feast without any invitation or any announcement in advance. Some people make a night out of it going from one Mimouna to the other throughout the whole night. Now, once you go inside a house that is hosting a Mimouna the one thing you go running to is the food table. It is a beautiful sight a colorful table covered with traditional and less traditional jams, marzipans, nut cookies, candied fruit and stuffed dates. The most recognized food and cooked in a greased frying pan until it is yellowbrown in color. It is usually eaten warm and prepared on site, normally spread with butter, honey, syrup, jam, walnut, pistachios or dried fruits. Besides that, there will be dablas (North African fried ribbons of rolled dough in Many traditional Mimouna tables are set with symbols wheat for a full harvest; a hamsa, or hand-shaped amulet, to ward off evil; and honey and dates for sweetness. As a child, I remember loving Pesach just because I knew that by the end of it, my parents are taking my brothers and me for an hour-long drive only to get to my grandparents house and celebrate the Mimouna. The house was always full with people, the table was always colorful and the food was always sweet and comforting. JEWISH PRESS of PINELLAS COUNTY MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 Congregations Mor About Israel Mor About IsraelYAEL MORIsrael Shlicha [Emissary] Yael, in costume, with her aunt, Karin Rauch, from Germany at a Mimouna celebration.Celebrating the end of Passover in an oh so sweet way in Israel Yael Mors yearlong visit to the community is sponsored by the Jewish Federation of Pinellas and Pasco Counties. She can be reached at (727) 530-3223 or by email at [email protected] www.sartorialinc.com (727) 290-6783 Affordable Made-to-Measure Dresswear Linen & Silk World Class Shirts, Jeans, Tees, Performance Wear 400 Beach Drive NE Unit 169 Downtown St. Petersburg will share strategies for not only discovering where your true meaning lies, but also in actually making it a part of your daily life. Coffee, fruit and homemade pastries will be served at these free sessions. Walkins are welcome. RSVP to Chaya@ ChabadSP.com. Lunch and Learn: Women are invited to share an hour of camaraderie, inspiration and delicious lunch at a Lunch and Learn session at the Chabad Jewish Center on Tuesday, April 17 at noon. There is no charge for the event. RSVPs are appreciated but not necessary. To RSVP: [email protected] or call (727) 344-4900.Cong. Bnai Israel St. PetersburgPassover BBQ: Leave the Passover cooking to someone else for the night at CBIs annual Passover BBQ hosted by the Mitzvah Mens Club on Wednesday, April 4 at 6p.m. On the menu are hot dogs, hamburgers and chicken or grilled vegetables. Sides include garden salad, potatoes, all the matzoh you can eat, assorted condiments, dessert and beverages. Cost is $20 per adult, $10 per child. RSVP to Alan Gross at (727) 327-0100 by Friday, March 30. Walk-in availability will be limited. Celebrating Israel with food: Join in a Kabbalat Shabbat service on Friday, April 20 at 6 p.m. followed by Got Shabbat? Israeli-style dinner for those with reservations. Then come back Saturday, April 21 at 9 a.m. for Shabbat services, followed by an Israelistyle kiddush. Cost for the dinner is $20 per person and children eat free. RSVP by Friday, April 13 to Pam Askin at (727) 381.4900 or Beatles-themed Shabbat: Come dressed. in your grooviest clothes and celebrate as the Kabbalat Shabbat service is set to Beatles melodies on Friday, April 27 at 6:30 p.m. Arrive at 5:30 p.m. for a Beat Bugs style jam session for families with young children with Maureen prior to the service. Come together after the service for a casual Shabbat dinner and build a Yellow Submarine sandwich (vegan & gluten-free options available). Cost for dinner is $5 per person or $10 per family; RSVP by Friday, April 20 to Liz Sembler at lizsembler@ aol.com or (727) 381-4900. Dinner is open to all ages and hosted by the CBI Jewbilees (the synagogues Baby Boomers social group). Talmud Made Easy: On Tuesdays, March 20 at 5 p.m., Steve Wein will lead a study of Talmudic text and selected commentaries. All materials will be provided. The class involves textual analysis, lively discussion and is open to all. The class is free; no previous knowledge is needed. 381-4900 or [email protected] for details.Temple Ahavat Shalom Palm HarborPoker tourney: The Brotherhood will sponsor the 2nd Annual Texas Hold em Poker Tournament on Saturday, April 7 at 7 p.m. The evening will include food, drinks and prizes for the winners. Buyin is $40. For more information or to RSVP, contact Scott Alalof at (904) 994-3820 or visit http:// ahavatshalom.org/navigation-3/ brotherhood. Toddler time: There will be an hour of activities incorporating music, literacy, Judaics and snacks for children ages 1-4 on Sunday, April 8 at 10 a.m. Tots are invited to bring a special adult with them. Lunch n learn: Congregant Susan Segal teaches a Torah study class on Thursdays from noon to 1:15 p.m. Bring a lunch, and of course, opinions. No prior knowledge or attendance is required. The class will use the bookThe Torah: A Womans Commentary. Judaism basics: An Introduction to Judaism class is offered on Sundays at 10:30 a.m. This class, taught by Rabbi Gary Klein is appropriate for nonJewish spouses and significant TRAVEL AGENCY, INC.4300 Central Avenue, St. PetersburgDUGGARMemberAmerican Society of Travel AgentsEugenia K. Duggar, CTCDirector of OperationsTerry W. CoxAssistant Manager Hy Pvr r rnrs rv! PAGE 12 JEWISH PRESS of PINELLAS COUNTY MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 Organizations The Jewish Burial Society of Pinellas County, Inc. would like to recognize and send a heartfelt thank you to the Federations, families, Synagogues and Temples that helped fund our Hurricane Irma cleanup. Over the past 6 months, your commitment to Chapel Hill Memorial Park has helped us come a long way with repairing, replacing and replanting. Were still accepting additional Thank You! Thank You! www.chapelhillmemprk.orgThe Jewish Burial Society of Pinellas County Inc. dba Chapel Hill Memorial Park Diane Cohen Congregation Bnai Israel Dr. Mark and Judi Gordon David and Pati Gross Anita Helfand Beverly Helie-Pollack Sam and Sandy Janofsky Jewish Federation of North America Jewish Federation of Pinellas and Pasco Counties, FL Jewish United Fund/Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago Anne and Robin LaMaire Rabbi Jacob and Joanne Luski Howard Miller Doug and Joan Negretti Dr. Marc and Laurie Reiskind David and Teddi Robbins Maurice A. Rothman and Thelma P. Rothman Family Foundation Sharlene Sakol Dr. Harold and Joyce Seder Greg and Liz Sembler Mel and Betty Sembler Shumaker, Loop, & Kendrick, LLP Dr. Mike and Sandy Slomka Tampa JCCs and Federation Inc. Temple Beth-El Jim and Vicki Trombly UJA-Federation of New York Ralph Wescott The Jewish Burial Society of Pinellas County Inc. dba Chapel Hill Memorial Park your commitment to Chapel Hill Memorial Park has helped us come a long way with repairing, replacing and replanting. Were still accepting additional SUSHI TUESDAY 6 pm close Reservations recommended DRINK SPECIALS 4 pm 6 pm $5 House Wine $5 Single Shot well drinks or martinis Floral Design Studio 6700 Central Ave., St. Petersburg local and worldwide delivery Weddings Events Bar/Bat Mitzvahs Redman Steele 727.343.1020 RedmanSteeleFlorist.net HadassahMah jongg fundraiser: The Lylah Pinellas Chapter of Hadassah will have a fundraising mah jongg event on Wednesday, April 25 from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. at Countryside Country Club, 3001 Countryside Blvd., Clearwater. The event will include a salad buffet luncheon and the cost is $25 per person. To make arrangements for payment and to RSVP contact Lynne Brubaker at [email protected] or (727) 782-3086. If you can, bring your card and your game.JWIFor the kids: Jewish Women International North Pinellas will enjoy brunch as they hold a fun draiser for the Childrens Home on Sunday, April 22 at 10:30 a.m. with a Table for Two demonstra tion by Chef Warren Caterson The event will be at East Lake Woodlands Country Club, with valet parking. The cost is $38 per person. For more information, con tact Amy Richman at richman. [email protected] or (727) 5430108. Meet Rabbi Dani: On Tuesday, April 24 at 7 p.m., learn how a girl from Great Neck, NY, becomes a rabbi of today. JWI will welcome Rabbi Danielle Upbin associate rabbi and prayer leader at Congregation Beth Shalom in Clearwater, as guest speaker. Ordained from Jewish Theo logical Seminary, she holds a BA in political science, and is cur rently president of the Pinellas County Board of Rabbis. She is an educator and trainer of all things Jewish, a professionally trained singer and yoga instructor. She is married to Rabbi David Weizman, senior rabbi at Beth Shalom, and is mother of four children. All are welcome. For more information, contact Lynn Brodsky (727) 787-6154Genealogical SocietyThe Jewish Genealogical Society of Tampa Bay will meet on Sunday April 8 at 2 p.m. at Gulf Coast Jewish Family & Community Services, 14041 Icot Blvd., Clearwater, for a hands-on working session for individual research using the Internet and library resources of the organization. Experienced society mentors will be on hand to provide guidance and assistance. Free access to Ancestry.com and to MyHeritage. com (Premium), will be offered on several computers and available for use. Attendees are asked to bring their own research materials and information and their own laptop computer if they have one. A presession social with refreshments and library access begins at 1:30 p.m. For information about the organization or directions to the meeting, call Bruce Hadburg at (727) 796-7981.Young Adults#Gather offers a mix of social and interactive activities designed to help young adults connect. It is open to young adults of all faiths and backgrounds. For more information or to RSVP for any #Gather events, visit: www.bry anglazerfamilyjcc.com/gather or contact Lisa Robbins at lisa.rob [email protected] or (813) 769-4723. Flavor tripping: The #Gather group will meet Monday, April 9 from 6:30-8:30 p.m. at 81 Bay Brewing Company, 4465 W. Gandy Blvd, Tampa, to experience the miracle berry from West Africa that turns tart and savory foods denly tastes like lemonade. Cheese tastes like frosting. Vinegar tastes like apple juice. The cost is $5 for members and of beer will be available for $5. Spin class: Join in a high-energy spin class with other #Gather members at the Glazer JCC on Monday, April 23 at 6:30 p.m. This is free for members and $7 for guests and includes access to the entire JCC for the day. Pedal through hill climbs, sprints and interval training with motivational music to help push you through the challenge. Cool down with a smoothie by the pool together. Reserve your bike today. Job-LinksMonday Morning Links: Free sessions of Monday Morning Links are offered at the Jack Roth Center for Career Development at TampaBay-Job-Links, 4100 W. Kennedy Blvd., Suite 206, Tampa from 9:30 11 a.m. On April 2 the topic is Whats Your Nonverbal Communication Saying? On April 9 the topic is The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Job Seekers and on April 16 the topic is How to Work the Room at a Networking Event or Job Fair. Monday Morning Links is supported by the Vinik Family Foundation. Job-search aids: The next Success workshop will be Thurs day, April 5 from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. The topic is Steps to Negotiate a Job Offer and on April 12 it is Mastering Change and Transition. The workshops are free for TampaBay Job-Links full program participants and $15 for guests. Reservations required for all programs. T To RSVP, call (813) 344-0200, email [email protected]. Support groupsAlzheimers caregiver group: Menorah Manor offers a support group meeting in the Sam son Nursing Center at Menorah Manor, 255 59th St. N., St. Peters month from 3:30-5 p.m. For more information, call Gwen Kaldenberg at (727) 302-3750. JEWISH PRESS of PINELLAS COUNTY PAGE 13 MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 www.MenorahManor.org 240 59th Street North, St. Petersburg FL 33710 AL#10306 Personalized Support Respite Stays Available Large Private Apartments Life Enriching Programs SPRING SPECIAL!$2,500 Community Entrance Fee Waived AND $500 OFF Monthly Rental for 1st 6 MonthsOFFER EXPIRES APRIL 30, 2018Call 727.302.3800 to schedule a tour and ask about a free 2 night trial! Street North, St. Petersburg FL 33710 This coupon is not valid in combination with any other coupon, special, promotional offer or team member discount. Coupon only valid at the Whole Foods Market Carrollwood, Clearwater and Tampa locations. No duplications, copies, facsimiles or mobile coupons will be accepted. This coupon may not be used towards the purchase of a Whole Foods Market Gift Card. No cash value. Please, only one coupon per household per day. Coupon good for $10 off total one-time purchase of $50 or more. Coupon valid through 4/8/2018. Mon. Fri. 6:00 am Noon Sat. & Sun. 6:00 am 1:00 pmBoiled & Baked the traditional way at the same location for over 30 years!1871 Gulf To Bay Blvd. (Clearwater)~ Next to Clearwater High School ~(727) 446-7631 JP A feature-length documentary, GI Jews: Jewish Americans in World War II, will air nationwide on PBS stations on Wednesday, April 11 at 10 p.m. 550,000 Jewish Americans who served their country in all branches of the military during World War II. Filmmaker Lisa Ades (American Experience: Miss America) brings the struggles of these brave men more personal war to liberate loved ones in Europe. After years of battle, these pioneering servicemen and women emerged transformed: more profoundly American, more deeply Jewish, and determined to GI Jews premieres April 11 on PBS (check local listings) in honor of Holocaust Remembrance Day following day on pbs.org and PBS apps. GI Jews features more than 25 original interviews with veterans who speak candidly about the impact served in the Army; Henry Kissinger, a refugee from Nazi Germany who was drafted into the Army; Carl Reiner, the son of Jewish immigrants, who traveled vices Entertainment Unit; the late Bea Cohen, who the 1st infantry division and was the cantor at a Jewish service in Aachen, Germany, broadcast by NBC in 1944. While Jewish Americans relationship to the Holowell-known saga of World War II to life in a new way who produced and directed the documentary. In addition to battling the enemy, Jewish Americans fought a second, more private battle against antiSemitism within the ranks. They sought to observe their religion far from home while enduring slurs and even violence from their fellow servicemen. These Jewish Americans were often felt forced to prove their courage and patriotism. Fighting together they forged deep friendships across religious lines and learned to set aside their differences for the greater good. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, Americas Jewish community was now the largest in the world, and by the end of World War II, the United States had begun to embrace its Jewish citizens as true Americans. With their new responsibility as international leaders, many Jews became passionate about postwar culture Film on PBS documents service of Jews during World War II From the documentary GI Jews, which will air in honor of Holocaust Remembrance Day. JEWISH PRESS of PINELLAS COUNTY PAGE 15 MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 727.789.2000 Obituaries 12905 Wild Acres Rd. Largo, FL 33773 Serving the Pinellas County Jewish Community since 1968The Jewish Burial Society of Pinellas County Inc. dba Chapel Hill Memorial Park is a 501 (c) (3) non-prot corporation licensed by the State of Florida 6366 Central Avenue St. Petersburg Fl 33707DAVI D C. GROSSFUNERAL HOMES727.381.4911Reform Conservative OrthodoxTHE JEWISH FUNERAL HOME OF PINELLAS COUNTY830 N. Belcher Road Clearwater, Fl 33765 Michael, Mandi, David, Pati and Steven Gross Happy Passover! Freedom Deliverance Reflection Freedom Deliverance Reflection EDWARD CLARK, 94, of Gulfport died March 7. Born in Boston, he was a veteran of the United States Army and was stationed in the Philippines as a store manager for Zayre Department Store. Survivors include his wife of 70 years Marilyn; son and daughter-in-law, Larry Clark and Ellen Moss; daughter and son-in-law, Diane and Russell Cantwell; two sisters, Rhoda Silverman and Helen Irving; two grandsons and a great-granddaughter. (David C. Gross Funeral Homes, St. Petersburg Chapel) HAROLD HAFTEL, 92, of Tarpon Springs, died March 13. Born in Brooklyn, his family moved to Flemington, NJ where they had a chicken farm. He studied agriculture in Pennsylvania and worked for the Department of Agriculture. In the 1960s he was sent to Dunedin to be the inspector of HP Hood & Tarpon Springs to build a chicken farm for his father and brought his parents to Florida. The 40 acres eventually became an orange grove. He was one of Shalom in Clearwater, when services took place in a storefront, and he rethe years he also supported Temple kibbutz and discovered the Weizmann Institute of Science, where he learned about drip irrigation being developed in Israel and used the technology in his own orange grove. He became a maInstitute and sat on its board. Active within the community, he was a memthe Jewish Federation. He also volunteered for the Rotary Club and picking up donated eyeglasses at local libraries. He was one of the recipients of the the Jewish and general community. (David C. Gross Funeral Homes, Clearwater Chapel) EARL WALLACE SKIP MOORE JR. Clearwater, died March 16. He was born and raised in Parsons and Elkins, WV, and lived many years in Baltimore and Virginia Beach moving to Clearwater 10 years ago. He served in the United States Navy. Later he became a licensed electrician in Maryland. He worked in corporate sales for many years and then became a business owner with multiple retail locations throughout Virginia. In recent years, he held the position of Fleet Captain for the Clearwater Yacht Club. Survivors include his wife Sharon Nusman Foster; son Earl Chip Moore III (Lisa Guzzardo); step-sons, Samuel Foster (Leigh Ferguson), Richard Yarrow (Debra), Brian Yarrow (Robin); two grandchildren and six step-grandchildren. The family suggests memorials to Suncoast Hospice. (David C. Gross Funeral Homes, Clearwater Chapel) MACK MITCHELL SHUMAN of St. Petersburg, died March 13. KNOWother staples of the traditional Seder, including the Seder plate and charoset. Their maror (bitter herbs) is a mixture of lemon peel, bitter lettuce and an assortment of other herbs. Israeli Jews observe only one Passover Seder, unlike everywhere else where traditionally two Seders are held, one on Known as yom tov sheni shel galuyot literally the second festival day of the Diaspora the practice was begun 2,000 years ago when Jews were informed of the start of a new lunar month only after it salem. Because Jewish communities outside of Israel were often delayed in learning the news, they consequently couldnt be sure precisely which day festivals were meant to be observed. As a result, the practice of observing two Seder days was instituted just to be sure. Some progressive Jews have adopted the practice of including an orange on the Seder plate as a symbol of inclusion of gays, lesbians and other groups marginalized in the Jewish community. The story goes that the practice was instituted by the feminist scholar Susannah Heschel after she was told that a woman belongs on the synagogue bimah, or prayer podium, like an orange belongs on a Seder plate. But according to Heschel, that story is false. In that apocryphal version, she said, a womans words are attributed to a man, men is erased. Isnt that precisely whats happened over the centuries to womens ideas? In truth, the idea occured after a visit to a university where some students had been putting bread crusts on the Seder plate as a symbol of protest against the exclusion of women, gays and lesbians. Heschel liked the idea but instead proposed an alternative that did not bring hametz onto the seder table. The orange was to be consumed and the seeds spit out representing the rejection of homophobia. The 16th American president was shot at Fords Theatre on a Friday, April 14, 1865, which coincided with the fourth night of Passover. The next morning, Jews who wouldnt normally have attended services on the holiday were so moved by Lincolns passing they made their way to synagogues, where the normally celebratory Passover services were instead marked by acts of mourning and the singing of Yom Kippur hymns. American Jews were so affected by the presidents death that Congregation Shearith Israel in New York recited the Kaddish usually said only for Jews on Lincolns behalf. For many Seder participants, the highken piece of matzah that the Seder leader hides and the children search for; the pera small reward. Most scholars believe the word for dessert. Others say it refers to a kind of post-meal revelry common among thing eaten at the Seder. Donald Trumps new national security adviser John Bolton is a hawk who has said military strikes may be inevitable as a means of preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon. Naming Bolton suggests that Trump is ready to pull out of the 2015 Iran nuclear deal by May 12, the deadline to waive sanctions. The agreement trades sanctions relief for a rollback of Irans nuclear program. Bolton is a staunch opponent of the deal, as is Mike Pompeo, the CIA chief Trump just nominated to replace Rex Tillerson as secretary of state. Bolton has said on multiple occasions that striking Iran to stop it from going nuclear may be inevitable. I dont make any disguise of the idea that ultimately it may take an Israeli strike against Irans nuclear program to stop it, he told the conservative Washington Free Beacon in August. Tillerson and outgoing national security adviser H.R. McMaster both dont like the deal but counseled against pulling out of it because Iran is complying with its narrow strictures, and leaving would remove whatever leverage the United States has with its allies to pressure Iran outside the deals tis, the defense secretary, as the opposes leaving the deal. Bolton has close relations with the pro-Israel community stemming from his success in 1991 in getting the United Nations to rescind its Zionism is racism resolution. Bolton at the time was the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs under nominated Bolton as ambassador to the United Nations in 2005 and named him acting ambassador. Bolton never cleared the Senate nominating process, in part because of his hawkishness on because subordinates at the State Department emerged to describe him as an abusive boss. Bolton under the younger Bush had been the undersecretary of state for arms control and international security affairs. Pro-Israel groups, including the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, at the time broke with their protocol against endorsing a nominee and lobbied for Boltons Bolton was forced to step down from the U.N. post. McMaster got along well with his Israeli counterparts, but angered some on the right wing of the pro-Israel community because of reports that he blocked Trumps recognition of Jerusalem as Israels capital. Trump ultimately recognized Jerusalem in December and announced plans to open a temporary embassy there in May. Morton Klein, who heads the hawkish Zionist Organization of America, called Bolton a spectacular choice to lead the NSC. He understands the Arab Islamic war against Israel and the West, Klein tweeted. Bolton is a patriot and an ardent clear thinking Iran Deal. Rep. Adam Schiff, D-CA, the ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee, was alarmed by Boltons appointment. Its hard to escape the disquieting conclusion that the mass exodus of the adults from this Administration is putting our nations security at risk, he tweeted. Ambassador Boltons hawkish and conspiratorial thinking will only make matters dangerously worse. In February, Bolton wrote an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal urging the United States to use force to solve the nuclear standoff with North Korea.New Trump advisor is Iran hawk, close to pro-Israel groupsHe was born in Baltimore. Survivors daughter and son-in-law Meredith and Paul Leonhirth; stepdaughter, Tanya Tostado; and four grandchildren. The family suggests memorials to Temple Hospice. JEWISH PRESS of PINELLAS COUNTY PAGE 17 MARCH 23 APRIL 5, 2018 Weekly Kosher Shabbat Dinners Traditional Jewish holiday Celebrations Private Van Service 250 58th Street North, St. Petersburg, FL 33710 Ad sponsored by Benjamin Tower FoundationStudio and one bedroom apartments are available through rental programs that offer affordable housing to seniors living on a limited income. Daily Activities 24 Hour Front Desk Coverage Reserved Parking Activities, Activities, Activities Weekly Kosher Shabbat Dinners Traditional Jewish holiday Celebrations Private Van Service 250 58th Street North, St. Petersburg, FL 33710 Ad sponsored by Benjamin Tower FoundationStudio and one bedroom apartments are available through rental programs that offer affordable housing to seniors living on a limited income. Daily Activities 24 Hour Front Desk Coverage Reserved Parking Activities, Activities, Activities Wishing you a Happy Passover! Wishing you a Happy Passover! Wishing you a Happy Passover! Wishing you a Wishing you a Happy Passover! Wishing you a Happy Passover! Wishing you a Humans of Tel Aviv, that will be on display throughout the day. My goal is to give people around the world an inside look into the rich and remarkably diverse lives of Tel Avivians and showcase Israeli multiculturalism and its vibrant civil society, Kaganovits said. Kaganovits photos reach as many as 500,000 people per month including many in the Arab world through his blog, which he began in 2012. Accompanying each photo is a brief story about the person he has captured with his camera. What I love most about this project is that I can reach people in a way that Im not forcing my ideas upon others, but rather simply taking a photo, telling a story, and letting it speak for itself, the photographer said. You can see religious Orthodox Jews, Muslims and Christians alongside gays, lesbians, and transsexuals; you can see refugees sophisticated people from Rothschild Boulevard, Kaganovits explained in an interview with Israel21c.org. A variety of other speakers also will be on hand to remind folks of the importance of the Jewish state and what the nation faces as it continues to grow and bloom. Rabbi Ed Rosenthal of Hillels of the Florida Suncoast will speak about the challenges Jewish students face on college campuses around the Tampa Bay area when speakers and student groups voice positions against Israel. Two authors will discuss their Jewish-themed books. Roslyn Franken of Seminole will talk about her book, Meant To Be: A True Story of Might, Miracles and Triumph of the Human Spirit. It is a love story about how her mom, who survived Nazi concentration camps, and dad, who was in a Japanese prisoner of war camp, met and fell in love. Author Lynda Lippman-Lockhart of St. Petersburg will also speak about her book, The Laundry Room, which is a tale of Israeli resistance in 1946, two years before the state of Israel was created. Both authors will be available for sales and signings of their books. Another speaker, Eric Lynn of St. Petersburg played a large role during the Obama administration in getting approval and funding for Israels Iron Dome rocket defense system. Lynn will discuss his work on the project, which is credited with saving hundreds of civilian lives. For musical entertainment, Rabbi Danielle Upbin of Congregation Beth Shalom of Clearwater will lead a sing-a-long, accompanied on guitar by Blake Lenett, a congregant at Beth Shalom. Food will be complimentary with traditional Israeli and Jewish food, provided by Jo-Els Delicatessen and Marketplace of St. Petersburg. For the kids there will be a bounce house, an archeological dig, face painting, balloon art and Walsingham Rd.SEMINOLE BLVD. 113th St. / Ridge Rd.ULMERTON RD.Starkey Rd.Heritage VillageWalsingham ParkTAMPA Walsingham Rd. E W N SLARGOPINEWOOD CULTURAL PARK Botanical Gardens LARGO MALL BEACHES 12211 Walsingham Rd. Largo, FL 33778More information about the Israel Independence Day celebration can be found on the Federations website, www.jewishpinellas.org or by calling (727) 530-3223.ISRAEL Photographer Erez Kaganovits, creator of the Humans of Tel Aviv exhibit, will be at the Pinellas Israel Independence Day event on Sunday, April 15. the opportunity to make Israeli For all ages, there will be Krav Maga self defense demonstrations and Israeli dancing. A committee of individuals representing synagogues and agencies has worked to create a day of fun and celebration for everyone, said Maxine Kaufman, the Federations director of arts, culture, and education. This is a very special year for Israel, and were bringing together the entire community in recognition of this big event. The venue will offer both indoor and outdoor space, some of it under tents, for the festivals activities, so folks can get out of the heat if needed. The celebration is being sponsored by the Florida Arts and Culture Division.

2019-04-19T11:20:49Z

http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00032765/00182

2005-04-28 Assigned to MOBILE PRODUCTIVITY, INC. reassignment MOBILE PRODUCTIVITY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BEARD, CALEB J., ROBERTSON, JOHN MICHAEL, ROGERS, KEVIN B. 2011-01-06 Assigned to WELLS FARGO CAPITAL FINANCE, LLC, AS AGENT reassignment WELLS FARGO CAPITAL FINANCE, LLC, AS AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AUTO POINT, INC., INDENTIFIX, INC., INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICIANS' NETWORK, INC, MOBILE PRODUCTIVITY, INC., SERVICE REPAIR SOLUTIONS, INC. 2016-02-04 Assigned to MOBILE PRODUCTIVITY, LLC reassignment MOBILE PRODUCTIVITY, LLC CERTIFICATE OF CONVERSION AND NAME CHANGE Assignors: MOBILE PRODUCTIVITY, INC. A graphical user interface is configured to display information related to diagnosis and/or repair of various objects, such as automobiles. The GUI displays relevant reference information, of any type, next to procedure steps of a selected diagnostic or repair procedure. Advantageously, reference information from multiple sources may be automatically selected for display in the GUI according to a current task that is selected by the user. Accordingly, a technician viewing the GUI does not need to access any other reference information, valuable man hours are spared, and efficiency increases. In one embodiment, the layout and immediate availability of relevant reference information may also increase the learning capabilities of the viewing technician. Thus, the layout of information in the GUI as described herein may facilitate increased employee productivity and increased employee learning. This invention relates generally to management of information useful in diagnosing and repairing various objects, and more particularly to improved user interfaces for viewing and managing information related to vehicles. In the automotive repair industry, access to information regarding particular specifications of automobiles may be important, and sometimes essential, for properly diagnosing a symptom of an automobile and determining an appropriate repair procedure. Currently, many automobile manufacturers publish specification manuals that include detailed information regarding one or more automobiles. These manuals typically include a table of contents, multiple chapters directed to various portions of the automobiles, and an index. A technician at an automobile repair shop may use these specification manuals extensively in identifying symptoms and performing repair procedures. In the recent past, many of the automobile specification manuals have been made available in an electronic format, such as in Adobe pdf format, so that users may store the manuals on a computer and view portions of the manual on a display device, as necessary. However, searching of these electronic specification manuals is generally limited, or, in some cases, not possible at all. Thus, the user typically must view the index or table of content portion of a manual on a display device in order to determine which pages of the electronic specification manual contain the desired information. Systems and methods for allowing the information in electronic specification manuals to be more easily and comprehensibly available to a user are desired. Information that may be relevant to a particular diagnostic or repair procedure may be found in multiple locations within a specification manual. Thus, locating all of the information that may be relevant to a given procedure (including both diagnostic and repair procedures) is often complex and time consuming. Similarly, information that may be relevant to a particular system, or subsystem, of an automobile may be found in multiple locations within a specification manual, in multiple specification manuals, or in other reference materials, including materials that are available on the Internet. Accordingly, improved systems and methods for organizing the information contained in these various reference materials and providing the information to a user, such as via a graphical user interface (GUI), are desired. A typical automobile repair shop may, for example, use a specification manual for a certain make and model of automobile in order to diagnose symptoms of a subject automobile. During the diagnosis, certain reference information, such as the location of particular electrical components, the manufacturer's suggested torque settings, or instructions for using a particular tool referred to in the diagnosis procedure, may not be located on the same page as the diagnosis procedure. In fact, the reference information may be in another book or another section of the specification manual, for example. In either case, additional effort and time is required for the technician to locate the desired reference information. Accordingly, improved systems and methods for displaying related information, such as in a GUI on a display device, are desired. In addition, improved systems and methods for updating a GUI with information obtained from various sources according to the current task being performed by the technician are desired. In one embodiment, a computer executable program executing on a computing device is configured to generate a graphical user interface including information related to a vehicle. The graphical user interface may comprise a procedure pane including procedure information, wherein the procedure information comprises a plurality of sub-procedures describing respective steps of the procedure, and the computer executable program is configured to display one of the plurality of sub-procedures in the procedure pane in response to communication with an input device. The graphical user interface further comprises a reference pane including selectable reference information tabs, each of the reference information tabs being related to the displayed one of the plurality of sub-procedures, wherein the reference information tabs are updated in response to changing which of the one of the plurality of sub-procedures is displayed. In another embodiment, a method of displaying information on a display device of a computing system, wherein the information is related to an object, comprises receiving an input from a user of the computer system indicating a selected object, receiving an input from the user indicating a selected procedure related to the selected object, allocating a total display area of the display device into two non-overlapping panes, namely, a procedure pane and a reference pane, displaying in the procedure pane information related to performing the selected procedure on the selected object, and displaying in the reference pane information related to the selected object and the selected procedure. In another embodiment, information for display on a portable computing device comprises task information displayed in a task pane and reference information displayed in a reference pane, wherein the task and reference information are concurrently displayed on the portable computing device. A method of selecting information for display comprises selecting a vehicle on which to perform a procedure, wherein the procedure is selected from the group comprising a diagnostic procedure and a repair procedure, receiving one or more symptoms from an input device, and determining the procedure that is to be performed on the vehicle based on the selected vehicle and the one or more symptoms. In another embodiment, a portable computing device has a display configured to concurrently display a procedure pane including procedure information related to a procedure that may be performed on an automobile, wherein the procedure information comprises a plurality of sub-procedures related to steps of the procedure, and the display is configured to display one of the plurality of sub-procedures in the procedure pane in response to communication with an input device, the procedure pane further comprising one or more selectable items each associated with a respective sub-procedure, and a reference pane including one or more reference information tabs each corresponding to a particular piece of reference information that is related to the displayed one of the plurality of sub-procedures, wherein the one or more reference information tabs are updated in response to changing which of the plurality of sub-procedures is displayed. In another embodiment, a computer executable program executing on a computing device is configured to generate a graphical user interface including information related to a procedure, wherein the graphical user interface comprises a first pane displaying vehicle information regarding a specific vehicle, a second pane displaying procedure information, wherein the procedure information comprises information for performing a procedure on the specific vehicle and is selected from the group comprising a repair procedure and a diagnostic procedure, and a third pane displaying reference information regarding the specific vehicle, wherein the vehicle information, the procedure information, and the reference information are each related to the procedure and are each concurrently displayed on a display device. In another embodiment, a method of updating a database with information regarding a plurality of procedures corresponding to a vehicle symptom comprises receiving information from one or more vehicle service centers rating one or more of the plurality of procedures according to the effectiveness of the respective procedures in reducing the vehicle symptom, ranking the plurality of procedures according to the information received from the one or more vehicle service centers, and providing a highest ranked procedure to a vehicle service center in response to a request for a procedure corresponding to the vehicle symptom. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the top-level components used in an exemplary system for converting data from one or more formats into a known useful format. FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating modules that are included in the information management module of FIG. 1. FIG. 2B is a perspective view of an exemplary computer system. FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the movement of data that is received from various information sources in the generation of knowledge streams. FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrating a data store configured so that labels may be more easily updated according to the rules. FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method of updating an automotive repair and/or diagnosis database with information regarding the usefulness of particular repairs and/or diagnosis procedures. FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of information in a graphical user interface (“GUI”). FIG. 7 is an exemplary GUI including the configuration of panes as discussed above with respect to FIG. 6. FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of information in a GUI. FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram of a GUI including two primary panes, specifically, a repair order/task information pane and a solution/search/reference information pane. FIG. 10A is an exemplary GUI that is configured similar to the layout of the simplified GUI of FIG. 9. FIG. 10B is a partial screen shot illustrating the task information pane when the RO list tab is selected. FIG. 10C is a partial screen shot illustrating the task information pane when the RO in progress tab is selected. FIG. 10D is a partial screen shot illustrating the task information pane when the Scan/Oscope tab is selected. FIG. 10E is a partial screen shot illustrating an exemplary display of the reference information pane when the solutions button is selected. FIG. 10F is a partial screen shot illustrating an exemplary reference information pane when the search button is selected. FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of selecting information for display, and displaying the selected information, on a display device. The term “module,” as used herein, means, but is not limited to, a software or hardware component, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which performs certain tasks. A module may advantageously be configured to reside on an addressable storage medium and be configured to execute on one or more processors. Thus, a module may include, by way of example, components, such as software components, object-oriented software components, class components and task components, processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuitry, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, and variables. The functionality provided for in the components and modules may be combined into fewer components and modules or further separated into additional components and modules. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the top-level components used in an exemplary system for converting data from one or more formats into a known useful format. As shown in FIG. 1, multiple reference information sources 102 are each in data communication with an information management module 105. In one embodiment, each of the reference information sources provides information regarding automobile specifications to the information management module 105. For example, Reference Information Source A may contain data regarding a Ford automobile, Reference Information Source B may contain data regarding a Toyota automobile, and Reference Information Source C may contain data regarding a Mitsubishi automobile. In one embodiment, one or more of the reference information sources 102 provides scanned images of specification manuals. In another embodiment, one or more of the reference information sources 102 provides digital character data, such as ASCII text, that corresponds to the text information in a specification manual. In this embodiment the reference information source 102 may also include images, such as may be stored in jpg (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format, that correspond to images included in a specification manual. The information management module 105 is configured to receive data from multiple reference information sources 102, in various formats, and convert the information into a known format that may be stored in a data store 104 and accessed by a user interface. The information management module 105 is coupled to the data store 104, which is configured to store the converted information in the known format. Because all of the data is stored in a known format, users may more easily search information from multiple specification manuals and access the information with a single interface. As will be described in further detail below, the data stored in the data store 104 is advantageously tagged so that pages of a specification manual that may be relevant to a specific diagnostic procedure, repair procedure, or system of the automobile may be easily located and transmitted to the user. FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating modules that are included in the information management module 105 of FIG. 1. In one embodiment, each of the modules illustrated in FIG. 2A is located at the same location and interface with one another via direct data cable connections or a wired or wireless local area network (“LAN”), for example. In another embodiment, one or more of the modules illustrated in FIG. 2 are located remote from the other modules and communicate with the document manager 115 via a wide area network (“WAN”), such as the Internet. In another embodiment, the modules illustrated in FIG. 2A are each software objects stored on a single computing device. As shown in FIG. 2A, the exemplary information management module 105 includes a document manager 115 coupled to each of the other illustrated modules. In an advantageous embodiment, the document manager 115 comprises a computing device running an operating system, such as a PC, MAC, or LINUX based operating system. The document manager 115 is advantageously configured to communicate with various devices and receive input in various formats. In addition, the document manager 115 is configured to output information to various devices and in various formats. FIG. 2B is a perspective view of an exemplary computer system 200. In one embodiment, the document manager 115 comprises a computing device, such as the computer system 200. In addition, each of the users, such as an automobile repair shop, comprises one or more computing devices that are similar to the computer system 200. The exemplary computer system 200 comprises a display 210 coupled to a computer 220. The computer system 210 may be coupled to one or more computing devices via any type of networking connection. A plurality of user input devices may be coupled to the computer 200, such as a keyboard 230 and a mouse 240. The user input devices may also include a touch screen, joystick, trackball, and microphone, for example. The peripheral devices listed above, and any other available peripheral devices, may be coupled to the computer 110 via wired or wireless connections, and the computer 220 may be coupled to a network via a wired or wireless connection. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the technology, the computer system 200 as described herein is not limited to the device illustrated in FIG. 2, but may be, for example, a personal digital assistant (PDA), cellular telephone, pager, or any computing device configured to display text, images or sounds (signs) to a user. In the embodiment of FIG. 2B, a portable computing device 250 is in communication with the computer 220 via a wireless communication link. In one embodiment, the portable computing device 250 comprises a notebook or tablet computer. In another embodiment, the portable computing device 250 comprises a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cell phone, or any other suitable electronic device comprising a display and an information processor. In an advantageous embodiment, the data generated by the information management module 105 may be accessed by the computer system 200, which may be located at an automobile repair shop, for example. Returning to FIG. 2A, the Data conversion modules 1 10 are each configured to receive data from one or more different data sources, such as information providers at Mitsubishi, Honda, Ford, General Motors (“GM”). For example, one of the data conversion modules 110 may be configured to receive automobile specification data in XML format from Mitsubishi Motors, while another data conversion module 110 may be configured to receive automobile specification data in PDF format from Ford Motors and yet another data conversion module 110 is configured to receive automobile specification data in another format from GM. In an advantageous embodiment, the data conversion modules 110 convert the received information into a known format and classify portions of the information into one or more of several views. In one embodiment, these views include a table of contents view, a type view, and an extracted view. The table of contents view indicates the hierarchal organization of pages included in the specification manual. In one embodiment, each of the pages of a specification manual is stored in a database. An identifier for each of the pages may then be stored in a separate page list, and references to the identifiers of these pages may be organized in various manners. Each of these various organizations of pages, or organizations of page identifiers, comprises a page view. For example, a table of contents view may contain section headings included in the specification manual along with a pointer to the identified pages stored in a storage device. Thus, the table of contents view provides a sequential hierarchy of the information contained in a specification manual. In one embodiment, a type view classifies pages of the specification manual into page types, which may include, for example, component, diagnostic, and special tools pages. The type view may further classify the pages into procedures so that by accessing the type view, a user may determine all pages that relate to a particular procedure category. For example, a type view may classify pages into one of multiple different procedure types, such as DTC trouble shooting procedures, component inspection procedures, or repair procedures. Thus, a user may easily locate all circuit diagrams, for example, by accessing the circuit diagram section within the type view of a manual. In one embodiment, many of the pages in the table of contents view are also referenced in the type view. For example, in one embodiment the table of contents view includes all pages, while the type view includes a subset of the pages in the table of contacts view. Thus, identifiers for many pages may be included in multiple views and the identified pages may be located from different views. For example, a specification manual may be converted by the data conversion module 110 to include a special tools view, including an identifier for a page dealing with the use of an oil filter removal tool. The identifier for this same page may also be listed in the table of contents view as a subtopic of an engine care section of the specification manual, for example. In another embodiment, identifiers for some pages of the specification manual are included in an extracted view, which further classifies content on the pages. For example, portions of a procedure page in the type view may be classified as (1) steps in the procedure or (2) reference information that is specific to that procedure. In some instances, the data received from a data source identifies pages that correspond with each of the views used by a particular data conversion module 110. In this embodiment, the pages may be classified into one or more views according to the data received from the data source. In another embodiment, the data received from the data source does not include any information that classifies pages into views. Thus, in this embodiment, the pages are analyzed, by machine and/or human recognition, in order to classify the pages into one or more views. The information management module 105 also includes a data store 125, which may be any type of storage device, such as a hard drive or optical storage device. The information stored on the data store 125 may be organized and physically stored on data store 125 according to any methods known in the art. When the various views, discussed above, are generated from the data received from one or more data sources, the views are stored in the data store 125. The data store 125 is advantageously electronically coupled to the other modules of the information management module 105 so the views may be accessed by any of these modules and so that additional information may be stored and accessed on the data store 125. Rule engine 120 is configured to receive the pages that have been accessed by the data conversion modules 110 and to classify the pages into one or more categories. The rule engine assigns tags or labels to each page in the page store. The tags reflect the various categorizations of each page. These tags are later used by the knowledge stream assembly module 130. In one embodiment, pages received from the data conversion modules may be classified into one or more of three groups, namely, global reference information, system reference information, or procedure descriptions. Global reference information may include, for example, pages including information that a user will want to access no matter what task they are working on. For example, pages including contact information for the vehicle manufacturer and information regarding translation of a VIN number into a model number may be classified as global reference information. System reference information is information that relates to a particular automobile system, such as the transmission, engine, or brakes, for example. In one embodiment, subsystems, such as fuel injection, heating/cooling, and electrical subsystems related to an engine, for example, may also be included as automobile systems. Thus, the pages from the various specification manuals may be categorized at varying levels according to the systems, or subsystems, to which the information relates. Procedure descriptions generally describe a diagnostic, maintenance, or repair procedure (referred to herein generally as procedures). Typically, these procedures have specific steps for performing the procedures, and may also have pieces of reference information within them that are specific to each procedure. For example, repair procedures included in many specification manuals are organized into tables that include steps to be taken in performing each procedure. In one embodiment, a procedure description is in the form of a table or a list. In other embodiment, the procedure descriptions are organized in other formats known in the art. A symptom extraction module 190 is coupled to the document manager 115 and is configured to identify symptoms for which diagnostic procedures may be relevant. The association of symptoms to a specific procedure may be useful in further categorizing those pages into a more granular view of the data. A knowledge stream assembly module 130 is coupled to the document manager 115. After the data pages have been categorized using the above-described modules, the knowledge stream assembly module compiles the pages into multiple enhanced procedure lists, referred to herein as “knowledge streams.” In one embodiment, the knowledge stream assembly module 130 processes the categorizations of the rules engine 120 in order to generate knowledge streams. For example, all categorized data that is relevant to a specific procedure may be combined into a knowledge stream including the procedure itself with steps of the procedure having links to all of the reference information related to that step, or the entire procedure. Further details regarding the generation and content of knowledge streams are included below with reference to FIG. 3. An export module 195 is coupled to the document manager 115 and is configured to change the format of the data maintained in the data store 125 according to the various requirements of users. For example, some users request that knowledge streams, or other data, be formatted for viewing on a portable device with specific dimensions, while other users may request knowledge streams in other formats and may also request copies of all specification manual pages referenced in a knowledge stream. In one embodiment, the pages, or other data, requested by users is converted by the export module 195 and stored in a data store 135 until retrieved by the requesting user. For example, the requested data may be formatted for storage as one or more XML documents. In another embodiment, the converted data may be stored in the data store 135 even after the requesting user has retrieved a copy of the data. Thus, the data may be retrieved by other users that request the same data in the same format. This may be advantageous, for example, if a chain of automobile repair shops require data in a particular format. In this example, by storing the converted data in the data store 135, the data may be accessed by any of the chain of repair shops without the need to reconvert the same data. When a requesting user receives the requested data, such as a knowledge stream (discussed in further detail with respect to FIG. 3), the user may manipulate the data for presentation on one or more display devices. For example, portions of the requested data may be extracted for viewing in separate panes that are presented on a display device. FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the movement of data that is received from various information sources in the generation of knowledge streams. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the process has been divided into steps performed by the data conversion module 110, the rule engine 120, the knowledge stream assembly module 130, and the symptom extraction module 190. While methods are described below with respect to specific modules, any of the steps illustrated in FIG. 3 may be performed by any of the other illustrated modules, or any other component of the information management module 105. In a step 105, data from a data source is received by the data conversion module 10. As described above, the data may be in one of many different formats and may be received from various data sources. In one embodiment, pages of a specification manual are received by the data conversion module 110 in a graphic format, such as in PDF, JPG, or TIF format. For purposes of illustration, the description below often refers to classification of pages, referring to pages of an automobile specification manual. However, any reference herein to a page should be read to cover any other data, such as a portion of a page or electronic data. Continuing to a step 115, the data conversion module 115 classifies portions of the data into one or more of several views. In one embodiment, each page of a specification manual is included in one or more views. In one embodiment, these views include a table of contents view, a type view, and an extracted view. In another embodiment, additional, or fewer, views may be used in categorizing received data. Moving to a step 122, the rule engine 120 classifies and labels data, such as pages or portions of pages, into one or more classifications. These classifications may then be stored in the data store 125 for access by other modules of information management module 105. As described above, in one embodiment, pages may be classified into one or more of three classifications, namely, global reference information, system reference information, or procedure descriptions. In one embodiment, rules are applied to the content of the received data, such as on a per page basis, in order to categorize and label each page, or portion of a page, properly. In one embodiment, automatic rules, manual rules, and inherited rules may each be used to classify data. In an advantageous embodiment, the automatic rules are applied first, followed by inherited rules, and then manual rules. Thus, after application of the automatic rules, data that was not classified automatically may be classified according to manual or inherited rules. Each of these rule types is described further below. In addition, other types of rules may also be applied to the received data. Automatic rules are typically applied by a computing device without the need for human input. For example, in one embodiment, an automatic rule includes an algorithm that identifies certain features on a page, assigns a score for each of these features, and based upon the total of the scores for the page, determines that the page should be classified into a particular category. Automatic rules may be generated by a human or by artificial intelligence training, for example. In either case, automatic rules are able to automatically take a piece of content, analyze the content, and determine one or more labels that should be applied to the content. Automatic rules may be defined to identify certain features of a procedure description, for example, so that a procedure description may be automatically identified. For example, if a symptom table, which is basically a table with a list of symptoms, includes a link to a particular page, the automatic rules may score the particular page as including a procedure description. If the word “procedure” appears in bold letters in a heading position, the data may get another score indicating that the data includes a procedure description. Other scores may also be assigned to a page indicating that the page is another category of information, such as a symptom table, for example. After the rules are applied to a page, the scores are summed and the page is categorized based on the various sums. In one embodiment, threshold score totals for categorizing data into a specific category are established. For example, if four scores indicate that data contains a procedure description, and no other category received more than one score, the data may be categorized as containing a procedure description. In a similar manner, other categories may be assigned to data based upon common features that are in each type of information. In another embodiment, automatic categorization of pages, such as categorization of pages as procedure descriptions, may be performed by the data conversion module 110. In one embodiment, information that cannot satisfactorily be classified automatically may be classified manually by a person. For example, if a page has not been classified by an automatic rule, a person may view the page on a computer display device and determine the appropriate label, or labels, that should be applied to the page. This process generates a manual rule that the system can reapply in the future. Thus, the manual rule generation effort must be performed only once for a particular data set. Inherited rules are a collection of manual rules applied to a new data set. In one embodiment, the system automatically determines which rules from the collection are productive within the new data set. The inherited rules look for sections of data that correspond with data that has already been categorized. The section of data, such as a page, a portion of a page, or multiple pages, may then inherent the same classifications as the data that was previously categorized. For example, if a set of classification rules is developed that applies to the specification manual for the 2003 Galant, the system may determine that some of the classification rules are applicable to the specification manual for the 2004 Galant. Thus, portions of the data from the 2004 Galant manual may be categorized using the categorizations that were used for the 2003 Galant manual. In an advantageous embodiment, inherited rules that apply to particular data are determined automatically so that manually generated rules may be used to categorize any portions for which inherited rules are not appropriate. In one embodiment, inherited rules are developed based on the analysis of multiple manuals and the determination of structures that are common across the analyzed manuals. Accordingly, the common structures in multiple manuals may be used to generate a template for inheritable rules. After the data pages have been categorized using the above-described processes, a knowledge stream assembly module 130 generates multiple enhanced procedure lists, referred to as Knowledge Streams, based on the page categorizations received from the data conversion module 110 and rule engine 120. At this point, all pages are labeled as a complete process description, a step in a process, a piece of reference material related to a particular process, a piece of reference information related to a particular system in the automobile, or a piece of reference information that is generally related to an automobile, for example. The knowledge stream assembly module 130 accesses these categorizations in order to generate knowledge streams. In a step 135, the knowledge stream assembly module 130 generates global reference information for use in all knowledge streams. In one embodiment, a knowledge stream may be directed specifically to global reference information so that a user may retrieve any global reference information from a single knowledge stream. The global reference information may also be compiled for use in other knowledge streams. In a step 140, the knowledge stream assembly module 130 generates system reference information for use in one or more knowledge streams. For example, all information regarding a transmission system may be compiled for use in one or more knowledge streams. This exemplary compilation of transmission system information may include links to other similar procedures relating to the transmission system. As described above, a system may be either a broad system of the automobile, such as transmission, engine, or electrical, or system may include a subsystem, such as fuel injection, power seats, or brake pads, for example. Thus, depending on the level of granularity to which the information management module 105 is set, information regarding fewer or more automobile systems may be generated at step 140. In a step 150, the knowledge stream assembly module 130 collects procedure description information for use in creating knowledge streams. In one embodiment, a procedure description is linked to information regarding a specific system by identifying a procedure as applying to that system. In one embodiment, the data that has been categorized as a procedure description may be further categorized. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, at a step 160, steps of a procedure are processed and at a step 170 reference information included in a procedure description is processed. In one embodiment, steps 160 and 170 categorize the entire procedure description, or portions of the description, as either steps to be performed in a repair or diagnostic procedure, or as reference information. Thus, the data that is categorized as a procedure description in step 150 may be split into more narrow categorizations. For example, one type of reference information may include probable cause information, such as a list of things that might have caused the condition that is being diagnosed. Another type of reference information may be Diagnostic Trouble Codes (“DTC”), which is information read from an automobile's computer. Continuing to a step 180, data that is categorized and processed by the previous steps, is combined into knowledge streams. As noted above, a knowledge stream may include a procedure itself, along with steps of the procedure, and include links to reference information corresponding to specific steps, or corresponding to the entire procedure or the automobile in general. In one embodiment, knowledge streams are organized in a hierarchical structure. For example, a top level of the hierarchy may identify the specific knowledge streams, as well as other information that may help to identify the knowledge stream, such as a type of the knowledge stream. In a next level of the hierarchy, a number of folders may be linked to each knowledge stream, where the folders contain the various content items associated with the knowledge stream. For example, a knowledge stream may contain individual steps in a process, pieces of reference information that are specific to a procedure, reference information for a system, and global reference information. Thus, by selecting a particular knowledge stream, various informational items may be easily retrieved by the user. FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrating a data store 405 configured so that labels may be more easily updated according to the rules. In the past, pages were typically associated directly with one or more labels for that page. However, if one of the rules responsible for applying a label to a page was changed so that a label for a page should be changed, there was no easy way to update labels based on the current rules. As shown in FIG. 4, the data store 405, which may be a data base, for example, stores a page list, rules associated with each page, and labels for each of the pages, as generated by the rules. In one embodiment, the page list includes an identifier for each page, where the actual pages are stored separately. The page references stored in the page index may be viewed according to one or more views, which may also be stored in the data store 405. Advantageously, rules are generated for classification of particular pages (listed in the page index) so that a page may be classified according to the generated rules. Because rules are generated and stored, rather than just the specific classifications for the pages, these rules may be applied to subsequent pages, thus reducing the effort required to classify subsequent pages. For example, related pages, such as pages of a specification manual for a different year of the same model automobile, may be classified using the same rules. Accordingly, rules may be generated once and applied multiple times to a collection of pages if necessary. This approach accommodates the need to regenerate the base data (as changes are made, etc.) without losing the labeling effort that has already been performed. FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method of updating an automotive repair and/or diagnosis database with information regarding the usefulness of particular repairs and/or diagnosis procedures. More generally, the method illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 5 may be applied to updating a database with information indicating the usefulness of particular informational items by users. In block 510, a technician inspects an automobile. The technician may inspect various components of the vehicle based upon, for example, information provided by an owner of the vehicle or standard checkup items. The technician typically inspects at least one component of the automobile and records the status of that component. For purposes of illustration, FIG. 5 will be described with specific reference to inspection and diagnosis of automobile brakes. However, the systems and methods described herein are not only applicable to brake systems, but may be applied to any component that may be analyzed, diagnosed, and serviced. With reference to an exemplary automobile brake inspection, a technician may analyze and record brake fluid levels, brake pad thickness, and caliper wear, for example. The technician may then record observations relating to each of these items in various formats. For example, in one embodiment, the technician simply notes whether the item is within allowable specifications or if the item needs further diagnosis and/or repair. In another embodiment, the technician records more exact data for each item, such as an estimate of the brake fluid level and a thickness of the brake pads. Moving to a block 520, the results of the inspection performed by the technician are entered into a computing device. The computing device may be one of many devices, but advantageously is a mobile device that is configured to communicate with a central computer. For example, in one embodiment a tablet computer or a personal digital assistant (“PDA” ) may be used by a technician to enter the inspection data. With respect to the above example of automobile brake inspection, the technician may enter one or more inspection results for each item inspected. For example, in one embodiment, the technician enters a thickness of brake pads, such as 2 mm. In another embodiment, the technician may simply note that the pads require repair and/or further diagnosis or that the pads are of an acceptable thickness. After the inspection results are entered into the computing device, the results are advantageously transmitted to a central computer, typically having greater storage and processing capabilities than the computing device. Transmission of the results may be performed either via a wired or a wireless link and may be accomplished using any available communication protocol. Next, at a block 530, one or more diagnostic and/or repair procedures are selected, based upon the inspection results and the acceptable specifications for the inspected items. In one embodiment, the central computer determines the one or more diagnostic and/or repair procedures that should be performed by the technician. In another embodiment, a mobile computing device that the technician uses to enter the inspection results may be configured to determine the one or more diagnostic and/or repair procedures. In any case, the one or more determined procedures are advantageously displayed to the technician on the computing device. In an advantageous embodiment, the displayed information includes specific steps to be performed in completing the one or more procedures. For example, if the central computer or the technician computing device determines that a brake pad is too thin, the determined procedure may be to replace the brake pad. Thus, the technician is informed of this diagnosis on the technician computing device. In addition, the technician may also be provided with specific steps to be performed in replacing the brake pad. Moving to a block 540, the recommended procedure is performed by the technician. For example, the brake pad is replaced by following the procedure provided on the technician computing device. Continuing to a block 550, an effectiveness of the performed procedure is reported. The effectiveness of some procedures may be determined by the technician immediately after performing the procedure, while the effectiveness of other procedures may not be determined until after the automobile has been returned to the owner and the vehicle has operated for a period of time. In either case, an effectiveness determination is entered into either the technician computing device, the central computer, or any other computing device that is in communication with the central computer. For example, if a particular procedure does not remedy the diagnosed symptom, a poor rating may be assigned to the procedure. Likewise, if a particular procedure does remedy the diagnosed symptom, an excellent rating may be assigned to the procedure. These ratings may be numerical, ranging from 1 to 10 or 1 to 100, for example, or composed of alphabetic ratings, such as A-F, for example. Any other rating system may also be used in conjunction with the described systems and methods. Proceeding to a block 560, the effectiveness of the performed procedure is recorded in a database. In an advantageous embodiment, the diagnosis for which the procedure was recommended is also recorded in the database. The central computer, or other computing device, may then analyze the effectiveness of the recommended procedure with respect to the diagnosis that caused the procedure to be recommended. If multiple procedures have been performed in response to the same or similar symptoms, the central computer may then determine which procedures are the most effective for remedying the symptoms. In this way, the effectiveness of multiple procedures for treating a diagnosed symptom may be rated. Thereafter, the database that stores recommended procedures linked to diagnoses may be updated so that the most effective procedure for each diagnosed symptom is provided to the technician as the most effective procedure. In one embodiment, the technician is provided with multiple choices for procedures to perform in response to a diagnosis. For example, the technician computing device may list up to three procedures that have the highest effectiveness rating for a diagnosed symptom. The technician may then have the opportunity to select one of the procedures and, in response to the selection, may be presented with a knowledge stream for the selected procedure, or a list of steps to perform in completing the procedure. FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of information in a graphical user interface (“GUI” ) 600. While the configuration of information illustrated in FIG. 6 may be used for display of information related to any object, the GUI 600 illustrates information related to a vehicle, such as an automobile. The exemplary GUI 600 includes a vehicle information pane 610, task information pane 620, and reference information pane 630. The arrangement of information as illustrated in FIG. 6 advantageously provides a viewer with various types of information that are each related to a particular task. For ease of description, FIG. 6 is described below with specific reference to display of information related to vehicles. However, the display configuration and methods for displays discussed herein are expressly contemplated for use with information related to any object. The vehicle information pane 610 contains information regarding a particular vehicle that is being diagnosed, repaired, and/or otherwise inspected. For example, the vehicle information pane may contain a make, model, year, and options of an automobile. The vehicle information pane 610 may further include customer information, such as address, phone number, and prior repair orders and invoices. Thus, a user viewing the GUI 600 may view many types of information regarding the vehicle under inspection. The task information pane 620 contains information regarding a particular task (referred to herein also as a procedure) that may be performed on the vehicle indicated in the vehicle information pane 610. The procedures that may be displayed in the task information pane 620 include, for example, diagnostic and repair procedures. Thus, the task information pane 620 may include multiple steps that may be performed in diagnosing a symptom and may later display multiple steps in repairing a particular diagnosed symptom. For example, if a user is an automobile repair technician, the task information pane 620 may include steps for diagnosing a problem with an automobile's brake system. The steps may be divided into several sub steps, or categories, that may be iteratively displayed in the task information pane 620. The reference information pane 630 contains various types of reference information, from various reference sources, that is related to the currently displayed task information for the vehicle indicated in the vehicle information pane 610. For example, if the task information pane 620 includes a diagnostic procedure for checking a leaking dump valve of an automobile, the reference information pane 630 may display reference information indicating the proper method for removal and installation of a hydraulic control unit. As another example, if a repair procedure is displayed in the task information pane 620, the reference information pane 630 may display items such as wiring diagram or special tool information that may be useful for completion of the indicated task. In one embodiment, the task information pane 620 includes one or more buttons or tabs that may be selected in order to display particular reference information in the reference information pane 630. In particular, a button or tab may be labeled to indicate a type of reference information that is available for viewing, such as symptom help, components/tools, system info, and general info. Thus, the user may determine which type of reference information may be most useful in completing the task and may select one or more of the types of reference information available with respect to a particular task. Because every technician has unique training and experience, not every technician requires the same reference information. Accordingly, the buttons and/or tabs located in the task information pane 620 advantageously allow each technician to determine which types of reference information they would like to view in order to more efficiently complete the task. The configuration of information as shown in exemplary FIG. 6 provides information that typically may only be found in multiple information sources. For example, a typical automobile repair shop may use a specification manual for a certain make and model of automobile in order to diagnose symptoms of a subject automobile. During the diagnosis, certain reference information, such as the location of particular electrical components, the manufacturer's suggested torque settings, or instructions for using a particular tool referred to in the diagnosis procedure, may not be located on the same page as the diagnosis procedure. In fact, the reference information may be in another book or another section of the specification manual. In either case, additional effort and time is required for the technician to locate the proper reference information. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the relevant reference information, of any type, is advantageously displayed next to the procedure steps. In an advantageous embodiment, the reference information is automatically updated as the information in the task information pane 620 is changed. Accordingly, a technician viewing the GUI 600 does not need to access any other reference information, valuable man hours are spared, and efficiency increases. In addition to reducing effort and time required to locate relevant reference information, the layout and immediate availability of relevant reference information may also increase the learning capabilities of the viewing technician. In particular, because the technician is not required to shift their mental focus from the task indicated in the task information pane 620 to the more menial task of locating reference information that may be helpful or required to complete the task, the technician is more likely to understand and retain the task information and the related reference information. In this way, the layout of information as illustrated in FIG. 6 may increase employee productivity by increasing employee learning capacity. FIG. 7 is an exemplary GUI 700 including the configuration of panes as discussed above with respect to FIG. 6. In particular, FIG. 7 includes a vehicle information pane 710 a task information pane 720 and a reference information pane 730. In the exemplary GUI 700, the vehicle information pane indicates that the information in the vehicle information pane 710, the task information pane 720, and the reference information pane 730 is related to a Ford E-series 2004 vehicle. The vehicle information pane 710 also includes a customer concerns/request portion 712, wherein a customer's concerns, along with the status of resolving each concern, may be tracked. A technician's symptoms portion 714 is linked to the customer concerns/request portion 712 and includes a technician's notes related to the particular customer concern. A task type menu 716 lists one or more tasks that may be selected for display in the task information pane 720. In one embodiment, the available tasks listed in the task type menu 716 include DTC troubleshooting; symptom troubleshooting; remove, replace, install, and repair; service, adjust and clean; and test, check and inspect. In other embodiments, additional types of tasks may be included and the task types may be further divided into more task types. A system menu 717 lists one or more systems, or subsystems, of the vehicle on which the task selected in the task type menu 716 may be performed. For example, if the symptom troubleshooting task is selected in the task type menu 716, the system menu 717 may list vehicle systems on which knowledge streams for symptom troubleshooting are available. These systems may include, for example, exhaust system, support system, engine, steering system, power train, electrical system, coolant system, fuel system, and brake system. In one embodiment, the system menu 717 may also include subsystems, such as, muffler, tailpipe, fuel tank, shock absorbers, coil springs, drum brake, fuel line, accelerator, brake pedal, distributor, differential, master break cylinder, disk brake, transmission, spark plug wires, exhaust manifold, engine, radiator, alternator, coolant reservoir, intake manifold, batteries, break line, and steering wheel. In one embodiment, the system menu 717 is populated with selectable items in response to the selection of a task type from the task type menu 716. Thus, for each task type there may be different systems that are displayed in the system menu 717. In one embodiment, the systems that are displayed in the system menu 717 are those systems for which task information is available on the currently selected vehicle. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 7, a Ford E-Series 2004 vehicle is selected. If a remove, replace install and repair task type is selected in the task type menu 716, the system menu 717 may display, among other systems, manual transmission and automatic transmission. However, if another vehicle is selected that is not available with a manual transmission, the system menu 717 may not display manual transmission as a selection option. In another embodiment, the systems displayed in the system menu 717 for a selected task type are the same for any vehicle, but only certain systems are selectable by a user. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the task information pane 720 includes information for repairing soft/excessive brake pedal travel. In one embodiment, the specific task display in the task information pane 720, e.g., “soft/excessive brake pedal travel . . . ” is selected from a list of one or more tasks related to the selected task type and the selected system. As illustrated in FIG. 7, a first procedure in this particular task is titled “Check for leaking dump valve.” One of the steps in this procedure includes, “Remove the rubber caps from the two HCU low pressure accumulators.” In an advantageous embodiment, as a result of having selected a specific task, the reference information pane 730 displays relevant reference information. For example, in the illustration of FIG. 7, the reference information pane displays information regarding the removal and installation of a Hydraulic Control Unit. As shown in FIG. 7, the reference information pane 730 includes multiple tabs 732A-732D, which may be selected in order to change the type of reference information displayed. For example, if the user selects the components/tools tab 732B, the reference information pane 730 will be updated with information regarding special tools that are relevant to the procedure for repairing soft/excessive brake pedal travel. In one embodiment, the reference information tabs 732 may be automatically updated, or added to, based upon the information displayed in the vehicle pane 720 and/or the task information pane 720. For example, various steps of a task that are displayed in the task information pane 720 may have specific reference information that is relevant to the particular step. Accordingly, as the information in the task information pane 720 changes, such as by moving from one step to another in a procedure, the reference information tabs 732 may be automatically updated to include additional tabs corresponding to relevant reference information. The tabs 732 may then be selected in order to display the corresponding reference information in the reference information pane 730. FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of information in a GUI 800. While the configuration of information illustrated in FIG. 8 may be used for display of information related to any object, the GUI 800 illustrates information related to a vehicle, such as an automobile. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, a task information pane 810 is located next to a reference information pane 820. The GUI 800 does not include a separate pane for vehicle information. However, in one embodiment, the vehicle information may be displayed in a separate window, or in either the task information pane 810 or reference information pane 820 when selected. For example, the vehicle information may be displayed on a display device as an alternate to display of the task information pane 810 and the reference information pane 820 as shown in FIG. 8. Similar to the embodiments discussed above, the GUI 800 updates the reference information according to the currently displayed task information. Accordingly, the user is provided with reference information that may otherwise only be found in multiple separate reference manuals. Because the relevant reference information is easily available to the user, the user's focus on the displayed task is maintained and the user's comprehension of the task may be enhanced. FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram of a GUI 900 including two primary panes, specifically, a repair order/task information pane 910 (also referred to herein as a task information pane) and a solution/search/reference information pane 920 (also referred to herein as a reference information pane). In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the two primary panes are divided by an adjustable divider 930 that may be moved in either direction to change the sizes of the primary panes. FIG. 10A is an exemplary GUI 1000 that is configured similar to the layout of simplified GUI 900. For ease of illustration, FIGS. 9 and 10A will be described together below. As shown in FIG. 10A, the GUI 1000 includes a task information pane 910, a reference information pane 920, and adjustable divider 930 in the same orientation as FIG. 9. Referring to both FIGS. 9 and 10A, a repair order/task navigation pane 950 may include one or more tabs, buttons, or other selection indicator, related to repair orders, tasks, and diagnostic information from a scanning device, such as a PicoScope. The navigation pane 950 may include other tabs that may be selected in order to display various types of information in the task information pane 910. With reference to FIG. 10A, the repair order/task navigation pane 950 includes a repair order (“RO” ) list tab 952, an RO in progress tab 954, a task/completion chart tab 956, and a scan/oscilloscope (Oscope) tab 958. In the embodiment of FIG. 10A, each of the tabs 952, 954, 956, and 958 initiate display of different types of information in the task information pane 910. For example, in the specific illustration of FIG. 10A, the task/completion chart tab 956 is selected. Accordingly, task information is displayed in the task information pane 910. However, if RO list tab 952 is selected, the task information pane 910 will display a list of one or more repair orders that have been entered into the database. FIG. 10B is a partial screen shot illustrating the task information pane 910 when the RO list tab 952 is selected. If RO in progress tab 954 is selected, the task information pane 910 will display a list of one or more customer concerns/requests, along with corresponding technician's symptoms for each concern/request. FIG. 10C is a partial screen shot illustrating the task information pane 910 when the RO in progress tab 954 is selected. Finally, if the Scan/Oscope tab 958 is selected, the task information pane 910 displays information regarding available diagnostic tests. FIG. 10D is a partial screen shot illustrating the task information pane 910 when the Scan/Oscope tab 958 is selected. As shown in exemplary FIG. 10D, two diagnostic tests, a car code scan tool application and a PicoScope application, are available for use. Referring again to FIGS. 9 and 10A, a task information navigation pane 960 includes tabs, buttons, or other navigation indicators, allowing the user to navigate task information displayed in the task information pane 910. As illustrated in FIG. 1OA, the task information navigation pane 960 includes several groups of selectable buttons. Notably, the task information navigation pane 960 includes multiple task step tabs 962. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, task step tabs the labeled 1-11 are illustrated. The task step tab 962A corresponding to a task step tab 3, is selected in the GUI 1000. Accordingly, the task information pane 910 displays information regarding a third step in the selected task. The user may jump to any numbered step in the task by selecting the corresponding task step tab 962. Referring again to FIGS. 9 and 10A, a solution/search/reference navigation pane 970 includes one or more tabs, buttons, or other selectable indicators that allow the user to select a type of information for display in the solution/search/reference information pane 920. With reference to FIG. 10A, this pane includes a solutions button 972, a search button 974, and a reference button 976. In one embodiment, the solutions button 972 selects for display in the reference information pane 920, a list of possible tasks that may be performed on the selected vehicle for the selected symptoms. FIG. 10E is a partial screen shot illustrating an exemplary display of the reference information pane 920 when the solutions button 972 is selected. In one embodiment, the search button 974 selects for display in the reference information pane 920 one or more search fields that may be used to search the database of procedures. FIG. 10F is a partial screen shot illustrating an exemplary reference information pane 920 when the search button 974 is selected. Referring again to FIG. 10A, when a reference button 976 is selected, information related to one of multiple types of reference information is displayed in the reference information pane 920. In one embodiment, the reference type navigation pane 980 indicates the type of reference information displayed in the reference information pane 920 when the reference button 976 is selected. With specific reference to exemplary FIG. 10A, reference button 976 is selected and a task is selected for identifying fluid leaks. Accordingly, the software application locates reference information related to the task of identifying fluid leaks, which includes a fuel injection line routing diagram, such as displayed in FIG. 10A. In one embodiment, the diagram displayed in the reference information pane 920 of FIG. 10A may be selected for display by selecting an electrical/diagrams button 984 from the reference type navigation pane 980. If other types of reference information are desired, the other reference type navigation buttons 981 - 987 may be selected. In one embodiment, if no reference information of the type selected in the reference type navigation pane 980 is available, the particular reference type navigation button will not be selectable by the user. Advantageously, the reference information displayed in the reference information pane 920, of any type available, relates to the current task information displayed in the task information pane 910. Accordingly, the user may more easily visualize the procedures necessary to complete a task using all available reference information. FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of selecting information for display, and displaying the selected information, on a display device. In one embodiment, the method of FIG. 11 is performed by a computer system 200 (FIG. 2) located at an automobile repair shop. In an advantageous embodiment, the computer system 200 includes the portable computing device 250 that is wirelessly coupled to the computer 220. In this embodiment, the portable computing device includes a display on which the procedure and reference information is displayed. Alternatively, the method of FIG. 11 may be performed by the document manager 115 or any other computing device that has access to the information generated by the document manager 115. For ease of description, exemplary FIG. 11 is described as performed by a computer system 200 located at an automobile repair shop, wherein the task and reference pane are displayed on a portable computing device 250 that is in communication with the computer 220. In this embodiment, the completion of the various method steps may be performed solely by the portable computing device, the computer 210, or by a combination of the portable computing device 250 and the computer 210. Those of skill in the art will also recognize that the method may be performed by other computing devices or combinations of computing devices. Starting at a block 1110, an input is received indicating a selected object. As noted above, the object may be any object on which procedures, such as diagnostic or repair procedures, may be performed. In an exemplary embodiment, the object comprises a vehicle. In one embodiment, a user selects a particular make, model, and year of an automobile using an input device, such as a keyboard 230 and/or a mouse 240 that is coupled to the computer 220. In another embodiment, the user enters information into the portable computing device 250 using a stylus, keypad, keyboard, or microphone of the portable computing device. For example, the user may select a 1998 Ford Mustang by navigating one or more pull-down menus displayed on the portable computing device 250. Alternatively, the input device may be an on-board diagnostic (OBD) system scanning tool connected to an OBD connector of an automobile. In this embodiment, the OBD system scanning tool may determine the make, model, and year of the automobile and provide this data to the computer system 200 via the portable computing device 250, for example. Moving to a block 1120, an input is received at the portable computing device 250 indicating a procedure that has been selected. In one embodiment, the procedure is automatically selected based on information received from an OBD connector of the selected vehicle. In another embodiment, a procedure, such as a diagnostic or repair procedure is selected by the user based on one or more symptoms of the vehicle. In one embodiment, the user of the computer system 200, such as an automobile technician, enters one or more symptoms of the automobile into the portable computing device 250 that is wirelessly coupled to the computer system 200 and the computer system 200 determines one or more procedures that may be performed on the automobile. Alternatively, this determination may be performed entirely by the portable computing device. The user may then select a specific procedure from the recommended procedures that are selected by one or more devices of the computer system 200. Continuing to a block 1130, a display area of the display device, such as an LCD screen of the portable computing device 250, is allocated for concurrent display of the task pane and the reference pane. For example, the portable computing device 250 that is carried by the automobile technician may be horizontally divided into two panes, such as is illustrated in FIG. 10A. The area of the panes may be automatically adjusted by the computing device that is displaying the panes or, alternatively, may be manually adjusted by the user of the portable computing device 250. In one embodiment, the panes may be displayed on any other computing device, such as the display device 210. Next, in a block 1140 the portable computing device 250 displays procedure information in the procedure pane (which is synonymous with task pane). For example, FIG. 10A illustrates a task pane 910 that displays a task step and multiple task step tabs 962. As explained above, the task pane 910 displays information regarding a particular procedure that may be performed on the automobile. The user may move from one task step to another by selecting a corresponding task step tab 962. Alternatively, the user may jump to a next step by selecting a next step link 963, such as the next step link 963 labeled “Go to Step 4” in FIG. 10A. In one embodiment, the next step link 963 is included as a portion of the task step information. In one embodiment, a particular task step may include more than one next step link 963 for selection by a user. Using the methods described above, the user may navigate between multiple task steps in various manners. Proceeding to a block 1150, the portable computing device 250 displays reference information in the reference pane, such as the reference pane 920 of FIG. 10A. As explained above, the reference pane 920 displays information that is related to the information currently displayed in the task pane 910 and the selected vehicle. Thus, the reference information contains information that may be useful to the technician in completing the selected procedure. The reference information may include information regarding symptoms, components, tools, system info, and general info, for example. In one embodiment, the user may select from multiple reference information items that are related to the current procedure and/or task step. Accordingly, the user may determine which type of reference information may be most useful in completing the task and may select one or more of the types of reference information available with respect to a particular task. Because every technician has unique training and experience, not every technician requires the same reference information. Accordingly, the buttons and/or tabs located in the reference pane 920 advantageously allow each technician to determine which types of reference information they would like to view in order to more efficiently complete the task. In one embodiment, the reference pane 920 includes a toolbar 990 that displays reference information tabs 992 that are currently available for selection by the user. Any of these tabs 992 may be selected by the user in order to change the display of reference information in the reference pane 920. In another embodiment, the toolbar 990 also includes a history of the reference information that has previously been displayed. As illustrated in FIG. 10A, for example, reference information related to “FUEL INJECTION LINE” is currently displayed in the reference pane, while reference information tabs 992 correspond to “Component Locations”, “SMU-REVISED FUEL SYSTEM”,” and “TSBs” reference information. These additional reference information tabs 992 may correspond to reference information that has previously been displayed in the reference pane 920 and/or the tabs 992 may correspond to additional reference information that is related to the information currently displayed in the task pane 910. Thus, the user may easily re-display a reference information item that has already been viewed by clicking on the appropriate tab 992 in the toolbar 990. By displaying task and reference information as described above, the graphical user interface displays information that may reduce the time required to perform a selected procedure. For example, the automatic display of reference information related to the specific procedure or sub-procedure that is currently displayed in the task pane reduces the need for the technician to locate the reference information in another source. In addition, the display of reference information that is related to the information in the task pane reduces the need for the technician to memorize or otherwise become familiar with the reference information. Much of the reference information may be information that is infrequently used by the technician and, thus, requiring the technician to commit the reference information to memory or locate the reference information in one or more reference materials may reduce the efficiency and increase the time required to complete the procedure. Specific parts, shapes, materials, functions and modules have been set forth, herein. However, a skilled technologist will realize that there are many ways to fabricate the system of the present invention, and that there are many parts, components, modules or functions that may be substituted for those listed above. While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the components illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the invention. a reference pane including selectable reference information tabs, each of the reference information tabs being related to the displayed one of the plurality of sub-procedures, wherein the reference information tabs are updated in response to changing which of the one of the plurality of sub-procedures is displayed. 2. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the reference information displayed in the reference pane is updated in response to selection of one or the selectable reference information tabs, each of the reference information tabs being associated with different reference information. 3. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the graphical user interface is displayed on a portable computing device wirelessly coupled to a computing system. 4. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the procedure information is selected from the group comprising: an inspection procedure, a diagnostic procedure, and a repair procedure. 5. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the graphical user interface comprises one or more tabs that, when selected by the input device, initiate change of the sub-procedure displayed in the procedure pane. 6. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the information displayed in the reference pane is automatically updated in response to a change in the sub-procedure displayed in the procedure pane, wherein the information displayed in the reference pane is related to the sub-procedure displayed in the procedure pane. 7. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the reference pane comprises a history window including one or more selectable areas corresponding to respective information that has previously bee n displayed in the reference pane. 8. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the procedure pane and the reference pane are generally rectangular shaped. 9. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein the first procedure and reference panes are horizontally aligned side by side in the graphical user interface. 10. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein a link included in the procedure pane indicates a change in reference information displayed in the reference pane. 11. The computer executable program of claim 1, wherein a link included in the procedure pane indicates a change in the procedure information displayed in the procedure pane. displaying in the reference pane information related to the selected object and the selected procedure. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the display device is disposed in a portable computing device. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the selected procedure comprises a plurality of sub-procedures. updating the information in the reference pane in response to receiving the input indicating the one sub-procedure. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the object comprises a vehicle. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the selected procedure comprises a repair procedure that may be performed on the selected object. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the selected procedure comprises a diagnostic procedure that may be performed on the selected object. determining the procedure that is to be performed on the vehicle based on the selected vehicle and the one or more symptoms. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of selecting is performed by a user interacting with the portable computing device. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of selecting is performed by the portable computing device in response to information receive from an OBD connector of the vehicle. a reference pane including one or more reference information tabs each corresponding to a particular piece of reference information that is related to the displayed one of the plurality of sub-procedures, wherein the one or more reference information tabs are updated in response to changing which of the plurality of sub-procedures is displayed. 23. The portable computing device of claim 22, wherein the selectable items are selected from the group comprising tabs, buttons, icons, and menus. 24. The portable computing device of claim 22, wherein the portable computing device is selected from the group comprising a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), and a cell phone. a third pane displaying reference information regarding the specific vehicle, wherein the vehicle information, the procedure information, and the reference information are each related to the procedure and are each concurrently displayed on a display device. providing a highest ranked procedure to a vehicle service center in response to a request for a procedure corresponding to the vehicle symptom.

2019-04-24T04:46:44Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060161313A1/en

You could get a loan of £250 – £50,000, with approval on the same day! Rogate Logbook Loans could be taken on Cars, Vans and Motorbikes. Apply now for a quote, it only take a few minutes. Our V5 lenders accept applications from the majority of the UK mainland, that means your local area is covered. At Coney Hall, our sole aim is to put you in touch with a leading UK provider of Rogate logbook loans. Our free service is convenient, and in many cases you can get your loan decision on the same day. Compare our lenders to other market competitors like Rogate Cash Converter Logbook Loans, Wonga and QuickQuid. If you would like to find out more information about Rogate logbook loans, then simply complete the form at the top of the page to hear direct from a leading UK logbook loan provider. They will be able to advise on any queries you may have, and provide a quote direct. Please also note that as an intermediary website, we are not qualified to offer advice about Rogate logbook loans or any policies you may have taken out. Please contact the loan provide direct for further information. Looking for logbook loans in Rogate on cars over 8 years old? Looking for logbook loans in Rogate on cars over 10 years old? Rogate Logbook loans are secured against your vehicle and are subject to affordability. Missed payments may result in additional fees and/or the repossession of your vehicle. Over 18s only, T&Cs apply. Why Rogate Logbook Loans Online? The age of your car isn’t a concern… if it has value then there’s a good chance you could lend against it! You may find other Rogate lenders refuse to lend against older cars (typically over 8 years), in fact you may have been refused a loan before for this reason. This isn’t the case when you lend against a car’s value rather than it’s age, and since the loans can vary from £250 right up to £50,000 you’ll find most car models can be borrowed against. Enter your car model online to enquire. If you’re in Rogate and self-employed then you are probably aware how difficult it can be to get a personal loan of any sort as most money lenders want to see regular guaranteed income to cover payments. Logbook Loans use your vehicle as collateral which means you might still be eligible for a loan as it reduced the risk to a logbook lender. However, it’s important to remember though that as part of responsible lending you will need to prove to the lender that you can cover the repayments. Can a Rogate Businesses Get a V5 Loan? If you’ve got any questions about Rogate logbook loans then you may well find the answer in the list of FAQs we have compiled below. If not then please get in touch via our form and we’ll happily advise further. How do Rogate Logbook Loans work then? The theory of borrowing against your car is an easy one… use your car’s V5 title document as security to borrow against the value of your car. You can lend anything up to 80% of the car’s value up to a maximum of £50,000. The logbook loan application process is simple, and this type of v5 loan is popular among Rogate residents as they are often accessible to those with poor credit scores (Due to CCJ’s) as the vehicle is used as security. Once your loan is repaid, you receive your V5 document back and carry on driving the car as normal. One requirement of taking out Rogate V5 Loans is that you can prove to the lender that you can afford the repayments. It’s part of a responsible lending approach, this helps to ensure you do not default on any loan payments. Therefore even if you are unemployed in Rogate, but can still prove you can afford the repayments then you may be eligible for a loan. Complete the online logbook loan form to see if you are eligible. A HPI check will clearly show a loan present as a ’Bill of Sale Agreement’. A rule was introduced that requires all Rogate V5 lenders to register any current loans against a vehicle with companies such as HPI. If for any reason you find that there is already a loan against your vehicle which was not visible on a HPI chekc then you are entitled to a reimbursement of up to £30,000 under the HPI guarantee. You’ll need to provide several forms of documentation before your loan can be approved. The most important of these are your valid photo identification and your V5 documents, or logbook, as these will prove that you are the rightful owner of the car you want to use as security. You should also provide a current MOT, proof of insurance, and a copy of your most recent utility bill (in your name) to prove your Rogate residency. You will also need to prove your able to afford the repayments. i.e. with payslips or bank statements that show your income. Taking out a loan when you’ve bad credit score is tough for many Rogate customers. Because of the bad credit score, major loan lenders like banks are less likely to approve your loan application. Rogate V5 lenders might be able to provide a more feasible option despite the bad credit. Although you will still have to experience a credit check, V5 lenders can be more understanding to bad credit scores; as responsible Rogate V5 lenders, they will have to assess the loan applicant’s ability to repay the loan, and their vehicle’s value to ensure that the loan can be guaranteed. Are Rogate Logbook Loans a good idea for me? If your circumstances mean that you have been refused a loan elsewhere then applying for this type of V5 loan could help you borrow the money you need. By using your car, van or motorbike as security, V5 loans are more feasible to Rogate residents who have less-than-perfect credit scores, or simply need to release some quick money from the value of their car. If you own your car and can afford the repayments then a V5 loan may be a good idea. Those who are self employed or have a bad credit history in Rogate can benefit from the V5 loans; they will need to prove that they are able to make the repayments. As part of responsible lending, it’s important for Rogate V5 loan applicants to prove that they have the ability to make prompt repayments to avoid losing possession of their car. Since different people have different situations, get in contact today to discuss your particular needs. You could get a loan of £250 – £50,000, with approval on the same day! Elsted Logbook Loans could be taken on Cars, Vans and Motorbikes. Apply now for a quote, it only take a few minutes. Our V5 lenders accept applications from the majority of the UK mainland, that means your local area is covered. At Coney Hall, our sole aim is to put you in touch with a leading UK provider of Elsted logbook loans. Our free service is convenient, and in many cases you can get your loan decision on the same day. Compare our lenders to other market competitors like Elsted Cash Converter Logbook Loans, Wonga and QuickQuid. If you would like to find out more information about Elsted logbook loans, then simply complete the form at the top of the page to hear direct from a leading UK logbook loan provider. They will be able to advise on any queries you may have, and provide a quote direct. Please also note that as an intermediary website, we are not qualified to offer advice about Elsted logbook loans or any policies you may have taken out. Please contact the loan provide direct for further information. Looking for logbook loans in Elsted on cars over 8 years old? Looking for logbook loans in Elsted on cars over 10 years old? Elsted Logbook loans are secured against your vehicle and are subject to affordability. Missed payments may result in additional fees and/or the repossession of your vehicle. Over 18s only, T&Cs apply. Why Elsted Logbook Loans Online? The age of your car isn’t a concern… if it has value then there’s a good chance you could lend against it! You may find other Elsted lenders refuse to lend against older cars (typically over 8 years), in fact you may have been refused a loan before for this reason. This isn’t the case when you lend against a car’s value rather than it’s age, and since the loans can vary from £250 right up to £50,000 you’ll find most car models can be borrowed against. Enter your car model online to enquire. If you’re in Elsted and self-employed then you are probably aware how difficult it can be to get a personal loan of any sort as most money lenders want to see regular guaranteed income to cover payments. Logbook Loans use your vehicle as collateral which means you might still be eligible for a loan as it reduced the risk to a logbook lender. However, it’s important to remember though that as part of responsible lending you will need to prove to the lender that you can cover the repayments. Can a Elsted Businesses Get a V5 Loan? If you’ve got any questions about Elsted logbook loans then you may well find the answer in the list of FAQs we have compiled below. If not then please get in touch via our form and we’ll happily advise further. How do Elsted Logbook Loans work then? The theory of borrowing against your car is an easy one… use your car’s V5 title document as security to borrow against the value of your car. You can lend anything up to 80% of the car’s value up to a maximum of £50,000. The logbook loan application process is simple, and this type of v5 loan is popular among Elsted residents as they are often accessible to those with poor credit scores (Due to CCJ’s) as the vehicle is used as security. Once your loan is repaid, you receive your V5 document back and carry on driving the car as normal. One requirement of taking out Elsted V5 Loans is that you can prove to the lender that you can afford the repayments. It’s part of a responsible lending approach, this helps to ensure you do not default on any loan payments. Therefore even if you are unemployed in Elsted, but can still prove you can afford the repayments then you may be eligible for a loan. Complete the online logbook loan form to see if you are eligible. A HPI check will clearly show a loan present as a ’Bill of Sale Agreement’. A rule was introduced that requires all Elsted V5 lenders to register any current loans against a vehicle with companies such as HPI. If for any reason you find that there is already a loan against your vehicle which was not visible on a HPI chekc then you are entitled to a reimbursement of up to £30,000 under the HPI guarantee. You’ll need to provide several forms of documentation before your loan can be approved. The most important of these are your valid photo identification and your V5 documents, or logbook, as these will prove that you are the rightful owner of the car you want to use as security. You should also provide a current MOT, proof of insurance, and a copy of your most recent utility bill (in your name) to prove your Elsted residency. You will also need to prove your able to afford the repayments. i.e. with payslips or bank statements that show your income. Taking out a loan when you’ve bad credit score is tough for many Elsted customers. Because of the bad credit score, major loan lenders like banks are less likely to approve your loan application. Elsted V5 lenders might be able to provide a more feasible option despite the bad credit. Although you will still have to experience a credit check, V5 lenders can be more understanding to bad credit scores; as responsible Elsted V5 lenders, they will have to assess the loan applicant’s ability to repay the loan, and their vehicle’s value to ensure that the loan can be guaranteed. Are Elsted Logbook Loans a good idea for me? If your circumstances mean that you have been refused a loan elsewhere then applying for this type of V5 loan could help you borrow the money you need. By using your car, van or motorbike as security, V5 loans are more feasible to Elsted residents who have less-than-perfect credit scores, or simply need to release some quick money from the value of their car. If you own your car and can afford the repayments then a V5 loan may be a good idea. Those who are self employed or have a bad credit history in Elsted can benefit from the V5 loans; they will need to prove that they are able to make the repayments. As part of responsible lending, it’s important for Elsted V5 loan applicants to prove that they have the ability to make prompt repayments to avoid losing possession of their car. Since different people have different situations, get in contact today to discuss your particular needs. You could get a loan of £250 – £50,000, with approval on the same day! East Harting Logbook Loans could be taken on Cars, Vans and Motorbikes. Apply now for a quote, it only take a few minutes. Our V5 lenders accept applications from the majority of the UK mainland, that means your local area is covered. At Coney Hall, our sole aim is to put you in touch with a leading UK provider of East Harting logbook loans. Our free service is convenient, and in many cases you can get your loan decision on the same day. Compare our lenders to other market competitors like East Harting Cash Converter Logbook Loans, Wonga and QuickQuid. If you would like to find out more information about East Harting logbook loans, then simply complete the form at the top of the page to hear direct from a leading UK logbook loan provider. They will be able to advise on any queries you may have, and provide a quote direct. Please also note that as an intermediary website, we are not qualified to offer advice about East Harting logbook loans or any policies you may have taken out. Please contact the loan provide direct for further information. Looking for logbook loans in East Harting on cars over 8 years old? Looking for logbook loans in East Harting on cars over 10 years old? East Harting Logbook loans are secured against your vehicle and are subject to affordability. Missed payments may result in additional fees and/or the repossession of your vehicle. Over 18s only, T&Cs apply. Why East Harting Logbook Loans Online? The age of your car isn’t a concern… if it has value then there’s a good chance you could lend against it! You may find other East Harting lenders refuse to lend against older cars (typically over 8 years), in fact you may have been refused a loan before for this reason. This isn’t the case when you lend against a car’s value rather than it’s age, and since the loans can vary from £250 right up to £50,000 you’ll find most car models can be borrowed against. Enter your car model online to enquire. If you’re in East Harting and self-employed then you are probably aware how difficult it can be to get a personal loan of any sort as most money lenders want to see regular guaranteed income to cover payments. Logbook Loans use your vehicle as collateral which means you might still be eligible for a loan as it reduced the risk to a logbook lender. However, it’s important to remember though that as part of responsible lending you will need to prove to the lender that you can cover the repayments. Can a East Harting Businesses Get a V5 Loan? If you’ve got any questions about East Harting logbook loans then you may well find the answer in the list of FAQs we have compiled below. If not then please get in touch via our form and we’ll happily advise further. How do East Harting Logbook Loans work then? The theory of borrowing against your car is an easy one… use your car’s V5 title document as security to borrow against the value of your car. You can lend anything up to 80% of the car’s value up to a maximum of £50,000. The logbook loan application process is simple, and this type of v5 loan is popular among East Harting residents as they are often accessible to those with poor credit scores (Due to CCJ’s) as the vehicle is used as security. Once your loan is repaid, you receive your V5 document back and carry on driving the car as normal. One requirement of taking out East Harting V5 Loans is that you can prove to the lender that you can afford the repayments. It’s part of a responsible lending approach, this helps to ensure you do not default on any loan payments. Therefore even if you are unemployed in East Harting, but can still prove you can afford the repayments then you may be eligible for a loan. Complete the online logbook loan form to see if you are eligible. A HPI check will clearly show a loan present as a ’Bill of Sale Agreement’. A rule was introduced that requires all East Harting V5 lenders to register any current loans against a vehicle with companies such as HPI. If for any reason you find that there is already a loan against your vehicle which was not visible on a HPI chekc then you are entitled to a reimbursement of up to £30,000 under the HPI guarantee. You’ll need to provide several forms of documentation before your loan can be approved. The most important of these are your valid photo identification and your V5 documents, or logbook, as these will prove that you are the rightful owner of the car you want to use as security. You should also provide a current MOT, proof of insurance, and a copy of your most recent utility bill (in your name) to prove your East Harting residency. You will also need to prove your able to afford the repayments. i.e. with payslips or bank statements that show your income. Taking out a loan when you’ve bad credit score is tough for many East Harting customers. Because of the bad credit score, major loan lenders like banks are less likely to approve your loan application. East Harting V5 lenders might be able to provide a more feasible option despite the bad credit. Although you will still have to experience a credit check, V5 lenders can be more understanding to bad credit scores; as responsible East Harting V5 lenders, they will have to assess the loan applicant’s ability to repay the loan, and their vehicle’s value to ensure that the loan can be guaranteed. Are East Harting Logbook Loans a good idea for me? If your circumstances mean that you have been refused a loan elsewhere then applying for this type of V5 loan could help you borrow the money you need. By using your car, van or motorbike as security, V5 loans are more feasible to East Harting residents who have less-than-perfect credit scores, or simply need to release some quick money from the value of their car. If you own your car and can afford the repayments then a V5 loan may be a good idea. Those who are self employed or have a bad credit history in East Harting can benefit from the V5 loans; they will need to prove that they are able to make the repayments. As part of responsible lending, it’s important for East Harting V5 loan applicants to prove that they have the ability to make prompt repayments to avoid losing possession of their car. Since different people have different situations, get in contact today to discuss your particular needs. You could get a loan of £250 – £50,000, with approval on the same day! Buriton Logbook Loans could be taken on Cars, Vans and Motorbikes. Apply now for a quote, it only take a few minutes. Our V5 lenders accept applications from the majority of the UK mainland, that means your local area is covered. At Coney Hall, our sole aim is to put you in touch with a leading UK provider of Buriton logbook loans. Our free service is convenient, and in many cases you can get your loan decision on the same day. Compare our lenders to other market competitors like Buriton Cash Converter Logbook Loans, Wonga and QuickQuid. If you would like to find out more information about Buriton logbook loans, then simply complete the form at the top of the page to hear direct from a leading UK logbook loan provider. They will be able to advise on any queries you may have, and provide a quote direct. Please also note that as an intermediary website, we are not qualified to offer advice about Buriton logbook loans or any policies you may have taken out. Please contact the loan provide direct for further information. Looking for logbook loans in Buriton on cars over 8 years old? Looking for logbook loans in Buriton on cars over 10 years old? Buriton Logbook loans are secured against your vehicle and are subject to affordability. Missed payments may result in additional fees and/or the repossession of your vehicle. Over 18s only, T&Cs apply. Why Buriton Logbook Loans Online? The age of your car isn’t a concern… if it has value then there’s a good chance you could lend against it! You may find other Buriton lenders refuse to lend against older cars (typically over 8 years), in fact you may have been refused a loan before for this reason. This isn’t the case when you lend against a car’s value rather than it’s age, and since the loans can vary from £250 right up to £50,000 you’ll find most car models can be borrowed against. Enter your car model online to enquire. If you’re in Buriton and self-employed then you are probably aware how difficult it can be to get a personal loan of any sort as most money lenders want to see regular guaranteed income to cover payments. Logbook Loans use your vehicle as collateral which means you might still be eligible for a loan as it reduced the risk to a logbook lender. However, it’s important to remember though that as part of responsible lending you will need to prove to the lender that you can cover the repayments. Can a Buriton Businesses Get a V5 Loan? If you’ve got any questions about Buriton logbook loans then you may well find the answer in the list of FAQs we have compiled below. If not then please get in touch via our form and we’ll happily advise further. How do Buriton Logbook Loans work then? The theory of borrowing against your car is an easy one… use your car’s V5 title document as security to borrow against the value of your car. You can lend anything up to 80% of the car’s value up to a maximum of £50,000. The logbook loan application process is simple, and this type of v5 loan is popular among Buriton residents as they are often accessible to those with poor credit scores (Due to CCJ’s) as the vehicle is used as security. Once your loan is repaid, you receive your V5 document back and carry on driving the car as normal. One requirement of taking out Buriton V5 Loans is that you can prove to the lender that you can afford the repayments. It’s part of a responsible lending approach, this helps to ensure you do not default on any loan payments. Therefore even if you are unemployed in Buriton, but can still prove you can afford the repayments then you may be eligible for a loan. Complete the online logbook loan form to see if you are eligible. A HPI check will clearly show a loan present as a ’Bill of Sale Agreement’. A rule was introduced that requires all Buriton V5 lenders to register any current loans against a vehicle with companies such as HPI. If for any reason you find that there is already a loan against your vehicle which was not visible on a HPI chekc then you are entitled to a reimbursement of up to £30,000 under the HPI guarantee. You’ll need to provide several forms of documentation before your loan can be approved. The most important of these are your valid photo identification and your V5 documents, or logbook, as these will prove that you are the rightful owner of the car you want to use as security. You should also provide a current MOT, proof of insurance, and a copy of your most recent utility bill (in your name) to prove your Buriton residency. You will also need to prove your able to afford the repayments. i.e. with payslips or bank statements that show your income. Taking out a loan when you’ve bad credit score is tough for many Buriton customers. Because of the bad credit score, major loan lenders like banks are less likely to approve your loan application. Buriton V5 lenders might be able to provide a more feasible option despite the bad credit. Although you will still have to experience a credit check, V5 lenders can be more understanding to bad credit scores; as responsible Buriton V5 lenders, they will have to assess the loan applicant’s ability to repay the loan, and their vehicle’s value to ensure that the loan can be guaranteed. Are Buriton Logbook Loans a good idea for me? If your circumstances mean that you have been refused a loan elsewhere then applying for this type of V5 loan could help you borrow the money you need. By using your car, van or motorbike as security, V5 loans are more feasible to Buriton residents who have less-than-perfect credit scores, or simply need to release some quick money from the value of their car. If you own your car and can afford the repayments then a V5 loan may be a good idea. Those who are self employed or have a bad credit history in Buriton can benefit from the V5 loans; they will need to prove that they are able to make the repayments. As part of responsible lending, it’s important for Buriton V5 loan applicants to prove that they have the ability to make prompt repayments to avoid losing possession of their car. Since different people have different situations, get in contact today to discuss your particular needs. You could get a loan of £250 – £50,000, with approval on the same day! Petersfield Logbook Loans could be taken on Cars, Vans and Motorbikes. Apply now for a quote, it only take a few minutes. Our V5 lenders accept applications from the majority of the UK mainland, that means your local area is covered. At Coney Hall, our sole aim is to put you in touch with a leading UK provider of Petersfield logbook loans. Our free service is convenient, and in many cases you can get your loan decision on the same day. Compare our lenders to other market competitors like Petersfield Cash Converter Logbook Loans, Wonga and QuickQuid. If you would like to find out more information about Petersfield logbook loans, then simply complete the form at the top of the page to hear direct from a leading UK logbook loan provider. They will be able to advise on any queries you may have, and provide a quote direct. Please also note that as an intermediary website, we are not qualified to offer advice about Petersfield logbook loans or any policies you may have taken out. Please contact the loan provide direct for further information. Looking for logbook loans in Petersfield on cars over 8 years old? Looking for logbook loans in Petersfield on cars over 10 years old? Petersfield Logbook loans are secured against your vehicle and are subject to affordability. Missed payments may result in additional fees and/or the repossession of your vehicle. Over 18s only, T&Cs apply. Why Petersfield Logbook Loans Online? The age of your car isn’t a concern… if it has value then there’s a good chance you could lend against it! You may find other Petersfield lenders refuse to lend against older cars (typically over 8 years), in fact you may have been refused a loan before for this reason. This isn’t the case when you lend against a car’s value rather than it’s age, and since the loans can vary from £250 right up to £50,000 you’ll find most car models can be borrowed against. Enter your car model online to enquire. If you’re in Petersfield and self-employed then you are probably aware how difficult it can be to get a personal loan of any sort as most money lenders want to see regular guaranteed income to cover payments. Logbook Loans use your vehicle as collateral which means you might still be eligible for a loan as it reduced the risk to a logbook lender. However, it’s important to remember though that as part of responsible lending you will need to prove to the lender that you can cover the repayments. Can a Petersfield Businesses Get a V5 Loan? If you’ve got any questions about Petersfield logbook loans then you may well find the answer in the list of FAQs we have compiled below. If not then please get in touch via our form and we’ll happily advise further. How do Petersfield Logbook Loans work then? The theory of borrowing against your car is an easy one… use your car’s V5 title document as security to borrow against the value of your car. You can lend anything up to 80% of the car’s value up to a maximum of £50,000. The logbook loan application process is simple, and this type of v5 loan is popular among Petersfield residents as they are often accessible to those with poor credit scores (Due to CCJ’s) as the vehicle is used as security. Once your loan is repaid, you receive your V5 document back and carry on driving the car as normal. One requirement of taking out Petersfield V5 Loans is that you can prove to the lender that you can afford the repayments. It’s part of a responsible lending approach, this helps to ensure you do not default on any loan payments. Therefore even if you are unemployed in Petersfield, but can still prove you can afford the repayments then you may be eligible for a loan. Complete the online logbook loan form to see if you are eligible. A HPI check will clearly show a loan present as a ’Bill of Sale Agreement’. A rule was introduced that requires all Petersfield V5 lenders to register any current loans against a vehicle with companies such as HPI. If for any reason you find that there is already a loan against your vehicle which was not visible on a HPI chekc then you are entitled to a reimbursement of up to £30,000 under the HPI guarantee. You’ll need to provide several forms of documentation before your loan can be approved. The most important of these are your valid photo identification and your V5 documents, or logbook, as these will prove that you are the rightful owner of the car you want to use as security. You should also provide a current MOT, proof of insurance, and a copy of your most recent utility bill (in your name) to prove your Petersfield residency. You will also need to prove your able to afford the repayments. i.e. with payslips or bank statements that show your income. Taking out a loan when you’ve bad credit score is tough for many Petersfield customers. Because of the bad credit score, major loan lenders like banks are less likely to approve your loan application. Petersfield V5 lenders might be able to provide a more feasible option despite the bad credit. Although you will still have to experience a credit check, V5 lenders can be more understanding to bad credit scores; as responsible Petersfield V5 lenders, they will have to assess the loan applicant’s ability to repay the loan, and their vehicle’s value to ensure that the loan can be guaranteed. Are Petersfield Logbook Loans a good idea for me? If your circumstances mean that you have been refused a loan elsewhere then applying for this type of V5 loan could help you borrow the money you need. By using your car, van or motorbike as security, V5 loans are more feasible to Petersfield residents who have less-than-perfect credit scores, or simply need to release some quick money from the value of their car. If you own your car and can afford the repayments then a V5 loan may be a good idea. Those who are self employed or have a bad credit history in Petersfield can benefit from the V5 loans; they will need to prove that they are able to make the repayments. As part of responsible lending, it’s important for Petersfield V5 loan applicants to prove that they have the ability to make prompt repayments to avoid losing possession of their car. Since different people have different situations, get in contact today to discuss your particular needs. You could get a loan of £250 – £50,000, with approval on the same day! South Harting Logbook Loans could be taken on Cars, Vans and Motorbikes. Apply now for a quote, it only take a few minutes. Our V5 lenders accept applications from the majority of the UK mainland, that means your local area is covered. At Coney Hall, our sole aim is to put you in touch with a leading UK provider of South Harting logbook loans. Our free service is convenient, and in many cases you can get your loan decision on the same day. Compare our lenders to other market competitors like South Harting Cash Converter Logbook Loans, Wonga and QuickQuid. If you would like to find out more information about South Harting logbook loans, then simply complete the form at the top of the page to hear direct from a leading UK logbook loan provider. They will be able to advise on any queries you may have, and provide a quote direct. Please also note that as an intermediary website, we are not qualified to offer advice about South Harting logbook loans or any policies you may have taken out. Please contact the loan provide direct for further information. Looking for logbook loans in South Harting on cars over 8 years old? Looking for logbook loans in South Harting on cars over 10 years old? South Harting Logbook loans are secured against your vehicle and are subject to affordability. Missed payments may result in additional fees and/or the repossession of your vehicle. Over 18s only, T&Cs apply. Why South Harting Logbook Loans Online? The age of your car isn’t a concern… if it has value then there’s a good chance you could lend against it! You may find other South Harting lenders refuse to lend against older cars (typically over 8 years), in fact you may have been refused a loan before for this reason. This isn’t the case when you lend against a car’s value rather than it’s age, and since the loans can vary from £250 right up to £50,000 you’ll find most car models can be borrowed against. Enter your car model online to enquire. If you’re in South Harting and self-employed then you are probably aware how difficult it can be to get a personal loan of any sort as most money lenders want to see regular guaranteed income to cover payments. Logbook Loans use your vehicle as collateral which means you might still be eligible for a loan as it reduced the risk to a logbook lender. However, it’s important to remember though that as part of responsible lending you will need to prove to the lender that you can cover the repayments. Can a South Harting Businesses Get a V5 Loan? If you’ve got any questions about South Harting logbook loans then you may well find the answer in the list of FAQs we have compiled below. If not then please get in touch via our form and we’ll happily advise further. How do South Harting Logbook Loans work then? The theory of borrowing against your car is an easy one… use your car’s V5 title document as security to borrow against the value of your car. You can lend anything up to 80% of the car’s value up to a maximum of £50,000. The logbook loan application process is simple, and this type of v5 loan is popular among South Harting residents as they are often accessible to those with poor credit scores (Due to CCJ’s) as the vehicle is used as security. Once your loan is repaid, you receive your V5 document back and carry on driving the car as normal. One requirement of taking out South Harting V5 Loans is that you can prove to the lender that you can afford the repayments. It’s part of a responsible lending approach, this helps to ensure you do not default on any loan payments. Therefore even if you are unemployed in South Harting, but can still prove you can afford the repayments then you may be eligible for a loan. Complete the online logbook loan form to see if you are eligible. A HPI check will clearly show a loan present as a ’Bill of Sale Agreement’. A rule was introduced that requires all South Harting V5 lenders to register any current loans against a vehicle with companies such as HPI. If for any reason you find that there is already a loan against your vehicle which was not visible on a HPI chekc then you are entitled to a reimbursement of up to £30,000 under the HPI guarantee. You’ll need to provide several forms of documentation before your loan can be approved. The most important of these are your valid photo identification and your V5 documents, or logbook, as these will prove that you are the rightful owner of the car you want to use as security. You should also provide a current MOT, proof of insurance, and a copy of your most recent utility bill (in your name) to prove your South Harting residency. You will also need to prove your able to afford the repayments. i.e. with payslips or bank statements that show your income. Taking out a loan when you’ve bad credit score is tough for many South Harting customers. Because of the bad credit score, major loan lenders like banks are less likely to approve your loan application. South Harting V5 lenders might be able to provide a more feasible option despite the bad credit. Although you will still have to experience a credit check, V5 lenders can be more understanding to bad credit scores; as responsible South Harting V5 lenders, they will have to assess the loan applicant’s ability to repay the loan, and their vehicle’s value to ensure that the loan can be guaranteed. Are South Harting Logbook Loans a good idea for me? If your circumstances mean that you have been refused a loan elsewhere then applying for this type of V5 loan could help you borrow the money you need. By using your car, van or motorbike as security, V5 loans are more feasible to South Harting residents who have less-than-perfect credit scores, or simply need to release some quick money from the value of their car. If you own your car and can afford the repayments then a V5 loan may be a good idea. Those who are self employed or have a bad credit history in South Harting can benefit from the V5 loans; they will need to prove that they are able to make the repayments. As part of responsible lending, it’s important for South Harting V5 loan applicants to prove that they have the ability to make prompt repayments to avoid losing possession of their car. Since different people have different situations, get in contact today to discuss your particular needs.

2019-04-20T14:55:41Z

https://www.coneyhall.co.uk/tag/logbook-loans-in-gu31/

The question is, quite often, broached by a lot of people about the Islamic legal view-point on celebrating the anniversary birthday (Mawlid) of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), keeping vigil in the meantime, and extending peace greeting to him, etc., such as what is quite often done on the feasts (Mawalid). be upon him) as well as in observing his tradition. It is established as valid that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: (If anyone introduces into this affair of ours anything which does not belong to it, it is rejected.) In another tradition he said: (You must observe my own precepts [Sunnah], and the precepts of the Rightly Guided True Caliphs after me. Let all of you abide by them, and cling stubbornly to them, and beware of novelties, since each novelty is a heresy, and each heresy is an error). Both traditions involve a strong admonition against bringing about and acting on the strength of heresies. Allah - glory be to Him - says in His Glorious Quran: (And so take what the Apostle assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from you). He-glory be to Him-also says: (then let those beware who withstand the Apostle's order, lest some trial should befall them, or a grievous Penalty be inflicted on them). The Almighty - praise be to Him - also says: (Verily in the Apostle of Allah ye have a good example for him who looketh unto Allah and the Last Day, and remembereth Allah much). He says too: (The vanguard [of Islam] the first of those who forsook [their homes] and of those who gave them aid, and [also] those who follow them in [all] good deeds, - well- pleased is Allah with them, as are they with Him: for them hath He prepared Gardens under which rivers flow to dwell therein for ever: that is the supreme Felicity). Allah also says: (This day I have perfected your religion for you Islam as your religion). The verses to that effect are numerous. To bring about such birthday celebrations (Mawalid) purports that Allah-praise be to Him-has not yet completed the religion to this nation, and that the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did not announce what should be observed by the nation, till those later people came up, and introduced into the Religion of Allah what Allah has not sanctioned, on the pretence that this matter enables them to get close to the consent of Allah, despite the fact that it, sure enough, involves a serious menace, and an opposition to Allah-praise be to Him-as well as to His Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) at a time when the Almighty Allah-glory be to Him- had perfected the religion for His human beings, and completed His favour upon them. As also the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) had fulfilled his plain true mission, and left no means leading to paradise, and keeping away from the Fire without being elucidated. It is established as valid in the authentic Hadith (traditions) that 'Abdullah ibn 'Amr -may Allah be pleased with both of them-passed on a report where in the Apostle of Allah-peace be unto him-said: (Never was a Prophet sent out by Allah without being assigned the task of guiding his people to the best of what he teaches them, and warning against the malice of what he teaches them)-Muslim transmitted it in his Sahih. Consider the fact that our Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is, no doubt, the most distinguished, and the Seal of the prophets; let alone the fact of his precedence with respect to information and guidance. If birthday celebrations (Mawalid) were considered religious, and sanctioned by Allah -praise be to Him-the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) would have expounded the matter to the people, or done it himself in his lifetime; or his companions-may Allah be pleased with them- would have performed it themselves at least. Since celebrations such as these were never performed, it has become known that they have absolutely nothing to do with Islam. The matter of such celebrations is rather one of the evil innovations against which the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) admonished his people, as it was demonstrated in the aforesaid traditions. There are many other traditions to that effect, such as the saying of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in the course of a Friday sermon: (and now to our topic: the best speech is that of the Qur'an, and the best guidance is that of Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the most wicked matter is that of heretic innovations, and each heresy is an error). Imam Muslim transmitted it in his Sahih. Verses and traditions about this matter are a great many. A group of scholars has declared rejection of, and warning against such celebrations as these (Mawalid), in pursuance of the aforementioned evidences and their likes. Some later scholars, however, were at variance with the others, and approved of such celebrations, provided they are free from such reprehensible actions as being immoderate in their view about the characteristics of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the company of men and women, and using musical instruments, and such other things as rejected by the immaculate Revelation, and still they held them to be good innovations. The Islamic legal standard is to refer the case at issue among people to the Scripture (Quran) of Allah and the precepts (Sunnah) of His Apostle Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) Allah glory be to Him- also says: (O he who believe, obey Allah, and obey the Apostle, and those charged with authority among you. If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and his Apostle, if ye do believe in Allah and the Last Day: That is best, and most suitable for final determination). The Almighty also says: (Whatever it be wherein ye differ, the decision thereof is with Allah). We have referred this matter, to wit, Mawalid celebrations, to the Scripture of Allah-glory be to Him- and found out that it enjoins on us the duty of obeying the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in what he brought forth, admonishes us against what he prohibited us from doing, and informs us that Allah-glory be to Him- has perfected the religion for this nation. Since this sort of celebration is not part of what the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did brought forth, it has nothing to do with the religion Allah perfected for us, and enjoined us therein to obey the Apostle. We have, too, referred the matter to the precepts (Sunnah) of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and found therein that he never performed such a thing, nor enjoined on us to do it, and neither did his companions - may Allah be pleased with them. We have, thus, learned that such a matter has nothing whatsoever to do with religion, and that it is rather a kind of heretic innovations, and imitation of the people of the Scripture-Jews and Christians- in their festivals. Such being the case, it becomes quite clear for any person possessed of the least power of mental perception, the desire to know the truth as well as being fair in seeking it, that birthday celebrations (Mawalid) have nothing to do with Islam; yet they are rather some kinds of heretic innovations that Allah-glory be to Him- and His Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) enjoined us to abandon and to be cautious of. Any sensible person should not be dazzled by the great number of people doing such a thing in all countries, since truth is not to be recognized through the numerousness of doers, but it is recognized through the Islamic legal evidences, as the Almighty Allah says on Jews and Christians: (And they say: "None shall enter Paradise unless he be a Jew or Christian." ...Those are their [vain] desires. Say: "Produce your proof if ye are truthful). The Almighty also says: (Wert thou to follow the common run of those on earth, they would lead thee away from the Way of Allah). Furthermore, most of these (Mawalid) - heretic as they are- are not quite free from other reprehensible actions, such as the company of men and women, use of songs and musical performances, drinking alcoholic beverages and narcotics as well as other evils. Besides, there may occur what is more tremendous; that is, gross polytheism through exaggeration and exceeding the proper characteristics of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) or those of others of holymen, as well as invoking him, appealing to him for aid, petitioning him, and believing that he is cognizant of the Unseen, and such other atheistic things as practiced by lots of people in the course of their celebrating the Mawlid of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and of others of the so-called holymen. In the authentic hadith, the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: (Beware of exceeding the proper limits of religion; since people, earlier on, were perished with this matter). He (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also said: (Do not lavish praise on me, as did the Christians with the Son of Miriam. Only I am a human being. Say the Servant and the Apostle of Allah). AI-Bukhari excerpt it in his Sahih from the account of 'Omar-may Allah be pleased with him. The remarkable and astonishing thing about the matter is that lots of people attend actively to these innovated celebrations and uphold them, while they fail to do what Allah made incumbent upon them such as attending Friday and congregational prayers. In spite of it, they pay no attention to them. Neither do they think they had committed a gross vile deed. This is due, beyond doubt, to weakness of faith and lack of discernment as well as to copiousness of various trespasses and sins reigning over the hearts. May Allah favour us and all Muslims with the grace of safety from these evils. Among other things, some of them think that the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) attends the mawlid. They, therefore, rise in honour of him with pin arms. This is a sort of patent falsehood and the vilest ignorance, as the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) shall not rise out of his grave before the Day of Judgment, neither does he contact any human beings nor does he attend their meetings. He is rather abiding in his grave until the Day of Judgment, with his soul quite settled with his Rub highly elevated in the Eternal Abode, as Allah-glory be to Him-says in the Quranic Chapter "AI-Mu'minoun": (After that, at length, ye will die. Again, on the Day of Judgment, will ye be raised up). The Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: (I am the first, whose grave will split on the Day of Judgment, and then I shall be the first intercessor, and the first to be granted the right of interceding). May Allah grant us, along with all Muslims, success in comprehending his religion and maintenance of it. May He, too, favour us all with sticking fast to the Sunnah and caution against the heresy. Allah is All-kind and Magnanimous, and may peace and blessing of Allah be unto our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and his companions. ANNIVERSARY NIGHT OF ISRA' AND MI'RAJ. The event of Isra' and Mi'raj is, beyond doubt, one of the great prodigies of Allah denoting the truthfulness of His Apostle Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the lofty position which Allah-glory be to Him- gas granted him. It is, as well, an evidence of the surpassing Omnipotence of the Almighty and His Exaltedness-glory be to Him-above all His human beings. The Almighty Allah says: (Glory be to [Allah] who did take His Servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque, whose precincts we did bless, -in order that we might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the one who heareth and seeth [all things].) It has been transmitted in uninterrupted succession that the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was ascended into the Heavens, the gates whereof were opened for him, until he passed through the seventh firmament when his Rub addressed him of what he willed, and enjoined upon him the five prescribed prayers. The Almighty Allah had previously prescribed them at first as fifty prayers, but our Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) continued to demand easing, till the Almighty made them only five prayers. As duties they are only five, yet they are still fifty as far as recompense is concerned, since a good deed is worth the tenfold of it. Praise be to Allah for all His favours. The night wherein the event of Isra' and Mi'raj occurred had not been particularized in the authentic Hadith. All that was in this concern, according to the scholars of Hadith, has not been asserted as valid by the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Such is the extensive judiciousness of the Almighty Allah that He made people forget it. Even if its particularization had been asserted, Muslims should have not favoured it with any devotional services whatsoever. They are not permitted to celebrate its anniversary, since the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and his companions -May Allah be pleased with them- never did it. Neither did they favour it with certain acts of devotion. Should such celebration of the Night be a licit matter, the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), would have expounded it to the nation, either by word or by deed. And if such a thing had occurred, it would have been known and become common, and the companions-may Allah be pleased with them- would have transmitted it to us. They, in fact, passed on from their Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), everything Muslims are in need of. Never were they remiss with regard to religion, nay, they were out strippers to every good. Should celebration of this anniversary Night were licit, they would have been the first to do it. The Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), is most sincere in guiding people. He most truly fulfilled his mission, and performed his noble duty. If the glorification and celebration of that Night had something to do with Islam, the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), would have never neglected it. Neither would he have concealed it. And since nothing of such a matter have ever occurred, it has become known that glorification and celebration of that Night has absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with Islam, because the Almighty Allah has perfected for this nation its religion, completed His favour upon it, and rebuked the innovators who introduce in religion that which Allah had not allowed. The Almighty-glory be to Him- says in the Quranic Chapter Al-Ma'ida: (This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion). [5:3]. Allah -may He be exalted- also says in Chapter ALShura: (What! Have they partners [godhead], who have established for them some religion without the permission of Allah? Had it not been for the Decree of Judgment, the matter would have been decided between them [at once]. But verily the wrongdoers will have a grievous Penalty). Warning against heresies, and declaring that they are errors by way of reminding the nation of their gruesome peril, and estranging people from committing them, have been established as valid in the authentic Hadith of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). It has been asserted as valid, among other traditions, in both Sahih Muslim and Sahih Al-Bukhari, on the authority of A'isha -may Allah be pleased with her- that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), said: (If anyone introduces into this affair of ours anything which does not belong to it, it is rejected). In another version by Muslim, the Prophet said: (Whoever performs a deed inconsistent with our principles, it will be rejected). Muslim transmitted in his Sahih, on the authority of Jabir-may Allah be pleased with him- that the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), was always used to saying in his speech on Fridays: (and now to our topic; the best speech is that of the Quran, and the best guidance is that of Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and the most wicked matter is that of heretic innovations and each heresy is an error). It is reported in the Sunan (precepts) on the authority of AI-'irbad ibn Sariah-may Allah be pleased with him-who said: the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) gave us an eloquent exhortation that scared the hearts, and shed tears from the eyes. We said: O Apostle of Allah, it looks as if it were a farewell exhortation. Admonish us. Hethen said: "I enjoin you to fear Allah, and to hear and obey your commander even if he were a slave; for those of you who live after me will see great disagreement. You must therefore follow my Sunnah and that of the rightly guided Caliphs. Hold to it, and stick fast to it. Avoid novelties; for every novelty is an innovation, and every innovation is an error). The traditions to that effect are numerous. Caution and intimidation against heresies have been established as a matter of fact, on the authority of the companions of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and the pious ancestors thereafter. Such was the case only for its being an unnecessary addition to religion, a prescription of something novel without the permission of Allah, and an imitation of the adversaries of Allah, as did the Jews and the Christians with regard to making additions to their religion, and inventing what was beyond the permission of Allah, since that act of theirs was attended by their being prejudicial to Islamic religion, and accusing it of lack of perfection. This matter is quite known to be rife with a great deal of gross corruption, ignominious file actions, contradiction with the saying of the Almighty Allah: (This day I have perfected your religion for you....), and an obvious contrast to the traditions of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), that caution against, and estrange from heresies. I hope that the aforementioned evidences are quite enough for the truth seeker to reject this heresy, namely, that of celebrating the anniversary Night of 'Isra' and Mi'raj, and to caution against it, considering that it has absolutely nothing to do with Islam. In view of the fact that Allah has enjoined the duty to give Muslims sincere advice, to elucidate the divine prescription for them, and to proscribe concealing of knowledge to them, I decided to call the attention of my Muslim brethren to this heresy which became so rife in a lot of countries that some people deemed it pertaining to religion. We ask Almighty Allah for the betterment of all Muslims, to grant them success in comprehending the religion, and to give us, along with them, success to abide by truth, maintain it, and relinquish what is incompatible with it. He -glory be to Him- is the omnipotent Lord of it. May peace and blessings of Allah be unto His Servant and Apostle, our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and his companions. THE ISLAMIC LEGAL VIEWPOINT ON CELEBRATING THE ANNIVERSARY OF MID-SHA'BAN NIGHT. The Almighty Allah says: (This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion). [V:3]. Allah also says: (what! Have they partners [in godhead], who have established for them some religion without the permission of Allah)[XLII:21]. It is established as valid in both Sahih Muslim and Sahih AI-Bukhari, on the authority of A'isha -may Allah be pleased with her- that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), said: (If anyone introduces into this affair of ours anything which does not belong to it, it is rejected). In another version by Muslim, the Prophet said: (Whoever performs a deed inconsistent with our principles, it will be rejected). Muslim transmitted in his Sahih, on the authority of Jabir-may Allah be pleased with him- that the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), was always used to saying in his speech on Fridays: (and now to our topic; the best speech is that of the Quran, and the best guidance is that of Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and the most wicked matter is that of heretic innovations and each heresy is an error). The verses and traditions to that effect are numerous. They distinctly prove that Allah-glory be to Him- has perfected for this nation its religion, and completed his favour upon it. The Almighty Allah ha not taken His Prophet unto Him except after he had fulfilled his plain mission, and expounded to the nation all the words and deeds such as were prescribed by Allah. He (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), had made it clear that all what people after him innovate, either by words or by deeds, and attribute to Islam, shall be considered a rejected heresy, even if it is done with good intention. The companions of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), were acquainted with such a matter, and so were the scholars of Islam afterwards, in such a manner that they rejected and admonished against heresies, as was the case with all who compiled books on glorification of Sunnah and rejection of heresies, such as ibn Waddah, AI-Tartushi, Abu Shamah, and other. Among the heresies brought about by some people is that of celebrating the anniversary of mid-Sha'ban Night, and favouring its daytime with fasting. There are no reliable evidences of such a matter. It is true that there have been transmitted some traditions (Ahadith) on the merit of the Night, but they are too vulnerable to rely upon. As to what has been said concerning the merit of performing prayers in that Night it is entirely spurious, as is the opinion of so many learned men. A portion of such opinion is going to be mentioned later on, Allah willing. There are also traditions that have been transmitted on the authority of some ancestors of Syria and others, with regard to the merit of the Night. The majority of the well-known authorities are or the opinion that it is heretic to celebrate it, that all the traditions pertaining to its merit are vulnerable, and that some of them are spurious. Among those who admonished against the matter is AI-Hafiz Ibn Rajab in his book "Lata'if El-ma'aref" (Nice Lore) and in other books. The vulnerable traditions are only valid on the religious observances the basis whereof has been established by true evidences, whereas celebrating the anniversary of mid-Sha'ban Night, on the other hand, is too lacking for true basis to heed the vulnerable traditions. This significant rule was stated by AI-Imam Abul Abbas Shaikhul-Islam ibn Taymia-may Allah have mercy upon him. I am going, O my reader, to cite what has been said on this issue by some learned men, in order that you may be fully aware of it. The consensus of the scholars-may Allah have mercy upon them- is that we must refer such an issue as we differ in to the Scripture of Allah-glory be to him- and to the precepts (Sunnah) of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). It is the opinion expressed by both or by one of them that constitutes the Divine Law that ought to be followed, whereas we, on the other hand, should reject what goes contrary to them. Any acts of devotion such as were not mentioned by the Quran and the Sunnah are to be considered heresies that should not be pursued, to say nothing of preaching and approving of them. One of them is that it is desirable to commemorate the Night congregational in mosques. It was the habit of Khalid Ibn Ma'dan, Luqman Ibn 'Amer, and others on the occasion to be richly clad, to be perfumed with incense, to colour the edges of their eyelids with Kohl, and to keep vigil during their Night. Ishaq Ibn Rahawaih agreed with them on the matter, saying that it was not heretic to keep a congregational vigil during the Night. The other opinion purports that it is reprehensible to congregate during the Night in the mosques for prayers, narratives, and invocations, despite the fact that it is not detested that one may perform one's prayers individually. The opinion is based on the authority of AI-Awza'iy; imam, jurisprudent, and scholar of the Syrian people, and it comes fairly close to the truth, Allah willing, until he said: (We have known no words of Imam Ahmad on the mid-Sha'ban Night. As for the desirability of keeping vigil during the Night there are, on his authority, two accounts emanating from another two accounts of his, on keeping vigil in both feast Nights. In one account he find it undesirable to keep congregational vigil in both feast Nights, as it has never been transmitted that either the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), or his companions did so, while he in the other account, finds it desirable to keep vigil, since one of the followers, namely, Abdul Rahman ibn yazid Ibn AI-Aswad kept such a vigil. Such being the case with the feast Nights, it is likewise the same case as to the mid-Sha'ban Night, in view of the fact that such an act has not been established as valid, either on the part of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), or on that of his companions-may Allah be pleased with them-at the same time when it has been established on the part of a group of followers of the eminent Syrian jurisprudence). Here is the conclusion of the purport of what was said by AI-Hafiz Ibn Rajab-may Allah have mercy upon him. The statement purports a declaration of his, that it has been established as valid that either the Prophet peace be unto him- nor his companions -may Allah be pleased with them-did such a thing in the mid-Sha'ban Night. As to what AI-Awza'iy-may Allah have mercy upon him-maintained on the desirability of keeping vigil individually during that Night, and as to this opinion being quoted by AI-Hafiz Ibn Rajab it is an odd and vulnerable saying, since whatever matter the legitimacy whereof was not established through religious legal evidences, a Muslim is not allowed to introduce into the religion of Allah, no matter whether he did it individually or congregationally, and whether he did it secretly or openly, due to the general saying of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), (Whoever performs a deed inconsistent with our principles, hid deed will be rejected) and the like of evidences demonstrating rejection of and cautioning against heresies. The Imam Abu Bakr AI-Tartushi-may Allah have mercy upon him-said in his book "AI-Hawadeth Wal-Bida"' [Events and Heresies]: (Ibn Waddah, based on Zaid ibn Aslam, said : "We have never come up with anyone of our sheikhs or jurisprudents who made a special meritorious consideration to the mid-Sha'ban Night, or even took into account the saying of Makhoul"). Ibn Abi Mulaikah was told that ziad AINumairi had said the recompense for the mid-Sha'ban Night is as much as that of the Night of Power (Qadr), but Ibn Mulaikah commented: should I have heard him and had a stick in my hand I would have beaten him. Ziad was a storyteller. The scholar AIShawkany-may Allah have mercy upon him-in his work "AI-Fawa'id AI-Majmou'ah" (Collected Benefits) said verbatim: (a tradition: O Aly! Whoever performs a hundred-raka'at prayer in the mid-Sha'ban Night, and reads in each rak'ah the opening Chapter of the Quran and the Chapter of AlIkhlas ten times, Allah shall provide for all his needs ...etc). It is a spurious tradition, and such is its declared version with the credit its doer gets, that no sensible man can doubt its spuriousness, especially that its informants are unknown. It has been transmitted in a second and third version the purport whereof is entirely fictitious, let alone the unknown nature of its transmitters. AI-Shawkany said too in his work "AI-Mukhtasar' (The Synopsis): (The tradition on the mid-Sha'ban prayers is untrue. According to Ibn Hibban out of the speech of 'Ali, "Let yourself keep vigil in the mid-Sha'ban Night, and let yourself keep fasting on its daytime"). This is a vulnerable saying: He also said in his work "AI-La'ali" (The pearls): (A hundred rak'at in the mid-Sha'ban Night, with reading Ikhlas Chapter ten times a rak'ah, and so forth. This tradition, narrated by AI-Dailamy and others, is spurious. Furthermore, most of its transmitters in the three versions are anonymous as well as feeble). He also said: the tradition of performing twelve rak'at with reading Ikhlas Chapter thirty times a rak'ah is spurious as also the tradition of performing fourteen rak'at. Such was the so-called tradition that it beguiled a group of jurisprudence as the author of "AI 'Ihia"' (Revival of Religious Sciences) and others, as well as so many exegetists. The prayers of the Night that is the mid-Sha'ban Night have been reported in various respects, all of which are untrue and fictitious. This is not contrary to the account of Tirmizy, on the authority of `A'isha'a report, on the visit of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), to Baqi'graveyard, and the descending of the Lord to our world's heavens in the mid-Sha'ban Night, adding that the Almighty Allah grants His pardon to as many people as the number of hairs on the sheep of kalb Tribe. It is the invented prayers in that Night which is the topic of the narrative. However, the account reported by `A'isha is discredited by weakness and interruption. Likewise, the tradition of 'Aly as already mentioned on keeping vigil at the Night, vulnerable as it is, as we have already said, does not contradict the fact that these prayers are fictitious. AI-Hafiz A]-"Iraqi said the tradition on the mid-Sha'ban prayers is trumped up against the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), quite as it is a lie fabricated against him. AI-Imam AI-Nawawy, in his work "AI-Majmou"', said: (Prayers known as the desiderata prayer, consisting of twelve rak'at to be performed at a time between Maghreb prayer and 'Isha' prayer, at the night of the first Friday of Rajab, as well as performing a hundred-rak'at prayer in the mid-Sha'ban Night, both of them are objectionable heresies. One has not to be duped by their being mentioned in the work of Qout EIQuloub as well as in "'Ihia' Uloum Eddine" (Revival of the Religious Sciences). Nor should one be fooled with the tradition therein, since the matter is, in its entirety, groundless. Nor, too, should one be deceived by imams to whom the matter appeared doubtful, and then accordingly they compiled some papers on their desirability, namely, of both the desiderata and the mid-Sha'ban Night prayer, since they are only blunderers in that respect. AI-Shaikh AI-Imam Abu Muhammad Abdul Rahman Ibn Isma'il AI-Maqdisi compiled a valuable work invalidating both prayers, wherein he did such a good thing as to be commendable. So much is the talk of learned men on the question that we cannot cite. Should we have cited all that we have come to know of their talk our discussion would have been too long. Perhaps the truth-seeker may content himself with that we have mentioned. In consideration of the afore-cited verses and traditions as well as the discussions of the learned men, it becomes clear for the truth-seeker that celebrating the mid-Sha'ban Night by performing prayers or such like, and by favouring its daytime with fasting is a reprehensible heresy according to most scholars, since it is of no origin whatsoever in the immaculate Religion, nay, it belongs to what was introduced into Islam after the era of companions-may Allah pleased with them. It will be enough to convince the truth-seeker about this matter and the like, if he acquaints himself with what the Almighty Allah says: (This day I have perfected for you your religion), and other verses to the same effect, as well as the tradition of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), purporting that (If anyone introduces into this affair of ours anything which does not belong to it, It is rejected) and the like of traditions. In Sahih Muslim, on the strength of Abi Hurairah's account, the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), said: (Let not yourself favour the Friday night and no other night with keeping vigil, nor do you favour its daytime and no other days with fasting, except that you are in the course of a prescribed fasting). If it was permissible to favour some nights with some acts of devotion, the Friday night would have been worthier than any other night; since its day is the best day the sun has shone on, according to the authentic Hadith of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). In as much as the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), admonished against favouring it and no other night with keeping vigil, it has become a proof of the inadmissibility of the other nights, with all the more reason, being favoured with some acts of devotion, except on the strength of a true evidence demonstrating such favour. Since it is licit to keep vigil, and to put oneself out in the Night of Qadr as well as in the Ramadan nights, the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), called the attention thereto, and urged people to keep vigil during them by so doing it himself, as it was reported in both Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bukhari that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), said: (Whoever keeps vigil in Ramadan out of faith, and seeking the reward of Allah, Allah shall forgive him his earlier sins, and whoever keeps vigil in the Night of Rajab or the Night of isra' and Mi'raj with celebration or some acts of devotion, the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), would have guided people thereto, or would have done it himself. Should such a matter have occurred, it would have been transmitted to people by the companions-may Allah be pleased with them. Neither would they have concealed it from people, considering the fact that they are the second-best advisers to people after the prophets-(Peace and blessings of Allah be upon them), and may Allah be pleased with the companions of His Apostle. You have thus previously known, on the strength of neither the Apostle of Allah nor his companions, that they made a merit of the first Friday Night of Rajab, nor of the mid-Sha'ban Night. It has been learned, thereupon, that to celebrate both nights is a heresy that was introduced into Islam. To favour them with some acts of devotion is equally considered a reprehensible heresy, and so is the night of the 27th of Rajab, which is held by some people to be the night of Isra' and Mi'raj. It is not permissible accordingly either to celebrate or to favour it with any devotional services, due to the foregoing evidences. Such would be the judgment if its date was determined. Why shouldn't it be so since the authentic statements of the scholars purport that such a date is unknown. As to the report of whomsoever that it is the night of the 27th of Rajab, it is a false account with no origin whatsoever in the authentic Ahadith (Traditions). May Allah grant us, along with all Muslims, success in maintenance of and abiding by the Sunnah as well as caution against its transgressors. Allah is All-kind and magnanimous. May peace and blessings of Allah be unto His Servant and Apostle, our Prophet Muhammad, as unto all his family and companions. From Abdul Aziz ibn Abdullah ibn Baz to every Muslim who happens to be acquainted with this statement may all Muslims be protected by Allah with Islam-and may He guard us as well all Muslims against the evil of the lies fabricated by the ignorant rabble-rousers, Amen. I have known of a few words reportedly written by a Sheikh Ahmad, attendant of the Sacred Shrine of the Prophet ENTITLED (This is an admonition from Al-Madina AI-Munawara, by Sheikh Ahmad attendant of the Sacred Shrine of the Prophet.) In these words he says: "I was sitting up late at a Friday night, reciting the Glorious Quran. Having finished reciting the Holy Attributes of Allah, I was prepared for going to bed, when I saw Sayyedina Muhammad the Apostle of Allah-with his radiant countenance, (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), who brought to us the Quranic verses and the holy orders of the Shari'a as mercy to the universe, He said: "O sheikh Ahmad" I replied, "Here I am -Labbaik-O messenger of Allah, O noblest creature of Allah." He said to me, "I am so ashamed of the vile deeds of people that I could meet neither my Lord nor the Angels, since from Friday to Friday, a hundred and sixty thousand people died without faith in Islam. Then the Prophet reportedly mentioned some of the sins committed by people, adding that this admonition is mercy bestowed upon them by the Almighty. The Prophet then reportedly alluded to some portents of the Day of Judgement till he said, "Tell them this admonition, O Sheikh Ahmad, since it is transmitted by the Pen of the Almighty from the Guarded Tablet. He who writes and communicates it from country to country and from place to place shall have a palace builtfor him in the Heaven, but in case he does not do such an act he is to be deprived of my intercession on the Day of Judgement. And whoever writes it, Allah shall enrich him if he is poor, settle his debts if he is indebted, or pardon him and his parents if sinful; thanks to the blessings of this admonition. He who does not write it, his face shall blacken both in this world and in the Hereafter. Sheikh Ahmad then swore thrice by the name of Extolled Allah that he says the truth, and that if he was a liar, he would die as an infidel. He concluded that whosoever believes it, shall be delivered from the torment of the Fire, and who denies it shall become an atheist). (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), as he was prepared for going to bed, and not while actually sleeping. That is to say, the vision of the Prophet appeared to him while being in a state of wakefulness. The liar claimed in this admonition a lot of things, which are among the most lucid lies, and the most obvious falsehoods, against which I am going soon to caution you, Allah willing. I have been warning against them, during the last years, and have explained to the people that these things are the most vivid lying, and the most distinct untruth. Having been informed with this recent handbill, I was reluctant to write anything about it, for its clear untruthfulness as well as for the great deal of boldness on the part of its fabricator in the field of lying. I could not conceive that its falsehood could fool anyone possessing the least power of mental perception or sound disposition. Yet several brethren informed me that it fooled many people among whom it was rife, and some of them gave it their credence. On this account, I saw that it was the duty of persons such as myself to write about it, so as to throw light upon its falsehood, as well as to demonstrate that it was invented against the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), so that no one may be deceived by it, and whoever considers it of those cognizants and faithful, or those possessed of sound disposition and sound mind, should come to know that it is nothing but pure lying and falsehood in many respects. I have inquired of some relatives of Sheikh Ahmad about this lie of admonition ascribed to him. They replied that it is invented against Sheikh Ahmad, adding that he by no means, said it, and that the so-called Sheikh Ahmad had died quite long ago. Supposing that the so-called Sheikh Ahmad or anyone of even much higher standing than he, had in fact claimed that the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), appeared to him in a vision during sleep or wakefulness, and assigned to him this admonition, we would be convinced that he is a liar, or that it was the Devil rather than the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), that told him so in many respects. Among other things, the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), after his death, never appears in a vision to a wakeful person. He, of the ignorant Sufis, who claims that he sees, while being vigilant, the vision of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), or that the vision attends the (Mawlids) or the like, would have been guilty of the foulest error, and have been exceedingly obscured. He would also have made a big mistake, and have gone against the Quran, the Sunnah, and the consensus of scholars; due to the fact that the dead never rise out of their graves in this world save on the Day of Judgment; as has been mentioned by Allah in connection with the attributes of believers: (And then at length you will certainly die: and again on the Day of Judgment you will be raised up) [XXII: 15-16]. Thus Allah had informed us that the resurrection of the dead would take place on the Day of Judgment, and not in this world. Whosoever holds an opinion contrary to this is either an obvious liar or an obscured blunderer, who has failed to perceive the truth recognized by our pious ancestors, and pursued favourably by the companions and followers of the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). As for the second aspect, the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), never said untruth, either during his lifetime or thereafter. This admonition goes openly counter to his Shari'ah in many respects such as follows. The Prophet -peace unto him-might be seen during sleep, and he to whom he appears in his holy figure during slumber has actually seen him, since the Devil never finds visual expression in the shape of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), as has been stated in the authentic holy prophetic traditions. The whole consequence, however, depends upon the faith of the visioner, his truthfulness, honourable record, correctness, creed, trustworthiness, and whether he saw the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), in his own countenance, or not. If it even happened that a tradition was imputed to the Prophet -peace unto him- as being said by him during his lifetime, and it came down to us not through the equitable and reliable sources of good reputation, it would not be an authoritative and reliable tradition. Supposing that the tradition was transmitted through the reliable equitable sources of good reputation, yet it happened to be in conflict with another tradition which was passed on by a better and more reliable memoriser, and the difference was too enormous to reconcile both traditions, one of them must be abrogated and ineffective, and the other is abrogative and valid wherever possible and in conformity with its conditions. Should this be impossible, and both traditions could not be reconciled, the one passed on by the less memorizing and less equitable source must be discarded and considered anomalous as well as invalid. Just imagine how much less is an admonition whose transmitter who reported it from the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), is anonymous, not to mention the fact that his impartiality and trustworthiness is unknown. Such being the case, it deserves to be rejected without consideration, ever though it is devoid of anything incompatible with the Revelation. And how much less, if the admonition contains many points demonstrating that it is invalid and trumped up against the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and comprising the start of a new creed unheralded by the Almighty Allah. The Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), said: "He who imputes to me something, which I have not said, let him settle down in the Fire." The man who invented this lie against the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), said what the Prophet did not say, and invented against him an open and grave lie. How proper for him this severe threat is, and how more deserving of it he is, unless he hastens to turn to Allah in repentance, and announces publicly that he had fabricated this admonition against the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), since whoever publicizes untruth imputing it to religion, his repentance is not true unless it is announced publicly and made clear, so that people might know that he retracted his lie and refuted himself. Allah-glory be to Him- says: (Verily, those who conceal the clear Signs and the Guidance which we have sent down, after we have made it clear for the people in the Book, they are the ones cursed by Allah and cursed by the cursers. Except those who repent and make amends and openly declare [the Truth, which they concealed]. These it is whom I will accept their repentance. And I am the One Who accepts repentance, the most Merciful). In this holy verse, Allah-praise and glory be to Him- made it clear that he who conceals any part of the Truth his repentance of this shall not be right, save after correction and exposition. Allah -praise and glory be to Him - has perfected the true religion for his human beings, and brought about for them His grace by sending us His Apostle Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), as well as the perfect Revelation He sent down with him. Allah made him die only after consummation and demonstration; as Allah glory be to Him- says: (This day I have perfected your religion for you and completed My favour unto you, and have chosen for you as religion AI-Islam). The calumnious inventor of this admonition has come in the fourteenth century, with his desire to start a new creed for the people, with the result that whoever adopts this creed shall be admitted to Paradise, while he who does not shall be deprived of it and settle down in the Fire. He wants to assign this invented admonition a position even greater and higher than the Quran; since he claims that he who writes and communicates it from country to another country, or from place to another place shall have a palace built for him in Heaven, and whoever does not, shall be deprived of the intercession of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), on the Day of Judgment. Verily, it is of the vilest lying, and of the most obvious indications that this admonition is invented, and its author is impudent and bold in lying, since he who writes the Glorious Quran, and communicates it from country to another country or from place to another place, shall not have this favour, unless he acts on the strength of the Glorious Quran. Then how does the writer of this lie and its communicator from country to another country enjoy this favour, while on the other hand, he who does not write the Quran, nor communicates it from country to another country shall not be deprived of the intercession of the Prophet (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), as long as he has faith in him, and adheres to his Religion. Suffice it to mention this only piece of calumny in this admonition to prove its untruthfulness, the deceit of its propagator as well as his impudence, stupidity, and ignorance of the guidance brought about by the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). This admonition comprises, aside from what has been already mentioned, several other points, all of which demonstrate its untruthfulness and falsehood. And even if its inventor had sworn, a thousand times or more, that it is true, although he had invoked the greatest torment and exemplary punishment upon himself that he is truthful, he was not so, and neither was the admonition. Rather it is, by Allah (twice), of the most abominable lying and the vilest falsehood. We ask Allah -praise and glory be to Him- and make the angels attending to us as well as him who knew of this writing to be witnesses that this admonition is false and fabricated against the Apostle of Allah-peace be unto him. Such a testimony with which we shall meet out Lord-glory be to Him- and may Allah disgrace him who wrote it, and treat him with what he deserves. The falsehood and untruthfulness of the admonition is demonstrated by many points other than the aforementioned. First of these points is the liar's statement (since from Friday to Friday a hundred and sixty thousand people died Without faith in Islam), because this is a pretence to know unseen matters. As to the Apostle (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the Revelation ceased to be sent down upon him after his death. Considering the fact that the Apostle during his lifetime was not to know the divine secrets, how then is he to know them after his death; because Allah-glory be to Him-says: (Say: "I tell you not that with me are the Treasures of Allah, nor do I know what is hidden"), and says: (Say: None in the Heavens or on earth, except Allah knows what is hidden). In the authentic Hadith, it is reported that the Prophet-peace be unto him- said : (On the Day of Judgment, I assume the defense of some men by saying : "O Lord, (but they are) my companions, my companions". Then I will be told, "Verily, you do not know what heresy they brought about after your death." Then I will say as the virtuous man said "And I was a witness over them whilst I dwelt amongst them; when Thou didn't take me up Thou wast the Watcher over them, and Thou art a witness to all things). Secondly: among the points indicating its falsehood and untruthfulness is the author's contention that: (He who writes it, Allah shall enrich him if he is poor, settle hid debts if indebted, or pardon him as well as his parents if sinful; thanks to the blessings of this admonition) etc. Surely, this is of the foulest lying, and of the most manifest proofs, that the inventor of this admonition is a liar and impudent towards Allah and Him human beings; since these three matters do not come about by merely copying the Glorious Quran. Then how do they occur to him who copies this untruthful admonition? Rather, this wicked liar wants to dupe people, and to set their hopes on this admonition, so that they may write it, become attached to this so-called favour, and abandon the reasons that Allah prescribed to mankind, and made them the proper means of richness, discharged of debt, and pardon of sins. May Allah keep us away from the reasons of disappointment, and submissiveness to the Devil, and to evil inclinations. deceit of its author. How can a man sane in mind, deem it permissible that he who does not write this admonition brought about by an anonymous man in the fourteenth century (of Higrah) who trumped it up against Allah's Apostle-peace be unto him- and who claims that he who does not write it, his face shall blacken both in this world and in the Hereafter, and that he who writes it shall be rich after poverty, free from debts after being lost in them, and shall have his sins forgiven. Praise be to Allah, what a big lie! Both evidence and reality confirm the deceit of this liar, his gruesome boldness against Allah, and his shamelessness in front of Allah and people. There were too many people who did not write it, yet their faces did not blacken, and here is a large crowd of people, innumerable save by Allah, who wrote it a lot of times, but their debt was not settled and their poverty did not come to an end. May Allah guard us against the deviation of hearts as well as the prevalence of sins. These are attributes and requitals which the holy Revelation did not bring about for him who does not copy the greatest and most meritorious book, namely, the Glorious Quran. How, then, does it occur to him who copies a falsified admonition comprising a variety of untruths as well as several kinds of infidelity. Glory be to Allah, how Clement He has been, towards the man who was daring with Him to lie. Fourthly: Among the points demonstrating that this admonition being of the most untruthful falsehoods and the most vivid lying is the statement, (Whoever gives credence to it, shall be delivered from the torment of the Fire, and whoever denies it, shall be an atheist). This, too, is of the most terrible boldness in deceit, and the most foul untruth. The liar calls upon all people to believe in his lie, claiming that thus they shall be saved from the torment of the Fire, and that whoever denies it shall be an atheist. What a prodigious terrible lie this liar has told against Allah. He, by Allah, said nothing but untruth. And it is rather he who believes it that deserves to be an atheist, than he who denies it; since it is a lie, untruth and completely unfounded falsehood. We ask Exalted Allah to be a witness for its untruthfulness as well as its falsifier's deceit; since he is willing to prescribe to the people what is not authorized by Allah, and to introduce into their religion what is alien to it, despite the fact that Allah had perfected and completed the religion for this nation, about fourteen centuries before this calumny was fabricated. Light and render His religion victorious, even though the devils and their followers of the unbelievers and atheists (enemies of Allah) may detest it. As to the emergence of various evils mentioned by the slanderer, that indeed is a matter of fact against which the Glorious Quran and the Immaculate Sunnah, both of them being full of divine guidance and sufficiency, had extremely warned. We ask Allah for the betterment of Muslims, and to bless them with the favour of observance of truth, of rightness and of turning to Allah-praise be to Him- in repentance of all sins, as He is most Merciful and omnipotent. As for what was mentioned, however, about the portents of the Day of Judgment, the traditions of the Prophet have illustrated what shall be of those portents. The Glorious Quran, too, has indicated some of them. He who wants to know that, shall find it in its proper place in the works of scholars possessed of sound knowledge and true faith. People are in no need for an explanation from such a liar, who mixes up truth with falsehood. Allah is quite sufficient for us, and what a perfect trustee He is. There is no power and no strength save that of Allah, the all-Exalted and the all-Great. Praise be to Him, Lord of the worlds, and peace be unto His devout servant and Apostle, truthful and honest as well as unto his family, companions, and those following him with good faith, until the Day of Judgment.

2019-04-22T12:30:01Z

http://www.islambasics.com/book/5196

Murph (Co. Galway): Well what to say, I have never seen him play and only read the stories but how do you describe him in a few words. Yep, that sums it up for me. Stephen Thornton: Congratulations on receiving this award, thoroughly deserved. Wish I'd had the chance to see you play as you are revered by so many. Andy Brown (badbear): Congratulations Jimmy. I never actually got to see you in the claret and blue but having talked to you and heard the stories from parents and friends it's a well deserved honour. I know you will be saying the all team deserve it not just me because that's the type of guy you are a true gent. Brian Sagar: I last saw Jimmy McIlroy as we both walked towards the Turf in time for the match when all the ex Clarets were coming to pay their respects/tribute to Brian Miller shortly after his untimely death. I just said something like "Hello! sad day eh?" and told Mr Mac how big Dusty and me played football together in Hapton as kids and went on the same train to school. He listened and we agreed that Brian was one of the good guys. We shook hands, and went our different ways into the ground, and I just felt so proud. Jimmy Mac looked fit enough to still play ball. He was our hero, great to watch, and whenever you think about him you also think "If only he still did play for us". But most importantly he is a really nice man, and I really hope he enjoys his big day. Brian Sellers: Thanks Jimmy for wonderful memories of a fantastic era for Burnley Football Club. You are a true ambassador for the club and your honour is richly deserved. I was very fortunate enough to see you in action during the late 50's and until your departure to Stoke in '63. It is hard to put into words what you and the team meant to the supporters of Burnley Football Club during those vintage years of League Champions, FA Cup finalists and wonderful European evenings on the Turf. Probably the best example I can give relates to my father who was a lifelong Burnley fan. When he heard the news of your departure he was so incensed, upset and shocked, he vowed never to pass through a Turf Moor turnstile again and, despite my best efforts during the 'Adamson era' he kept to his word. Jimmy, you leave many lasting memories of how the 'wonderful game' should be played. I can still vividly recall you with the ball at your feet by the opposition corner flag surrounded by 2, 3 or even 4 defenders. Moments later, following a shimmy or two and magic footwork you would be bearing down on goal, leaving the defenders in your wake. Then there was the penalty taking where you almost seemed to mesmerise the opposition goalkeeper, like a rabbit trapped in car headlights. Three or four steps up to the ball, a sway of the hips to leave the keeper rooted to his spot and you would stroke the ball into the bottom corner of the net. Absolutely brilliant. Thanks Jimmy and enjoy your day. Dale Scott: I was 16 when I first began following Burnley coming over from Bradford.Jimmy McIlroy was my boyhood hero. In those days you could buy rubber stick on soles to mend your shoes, and I had McIlroy's name in nails in them for when I went to school.I was proud he was my idol. He was a classy player , always passing on the ground, as was - and still is - Burnley's style. To see him send Ray Pointer and John Connelly away with those beautiful through balls was a joy to behold. I went all over the north of England on my Lambretta scooter to see him and the rest of a wonderful Burnley team in the snow, rain and fog and was worth every mile. And I was there on the terraces at Maine Road to see us win the Championship. No young person could have had a better role model than gentleman Jim. The prima donnas of today aren't fit to tie his bootlaces. Thank you sir, and congratulations on your award. Howard Fothergill: Jimmy Mac my childhood hero. How I enjoyed watching him torment defences, a marvellous player in a very good team. They were great days and nights at Turf Moor with Jimmy Mac centre stage. He was and still is a credit to the club, a real gentleman and a thoroughly nice guy. God bless you Jimmy and thank you for all the pleasure you gave. Andy Woodward (Exmouth): Jimmy, I am thrilled to hear that you have been granted this much deserved honour. I was born the year we won the First division championship so I never saw you play for Burnley in anger (John Angus' testimonial apart) but my mum still talks about you. There is no doubt that you were a truly great player and from what I have seen and heard over the years a truly great man. I am sure that you are enjoying this season as much as the rest of us and lets hope we can end it in the promised land and that we can also see you arise Sir Jimmy with another long over due honour. Peter Brunskill: I had the privilege of meeting Jimmy on my first day at school almost 50 years ago and afterwards saw him play many times. Rosehill was a football mad school and we went though the traumas of his transfer together. Sadly his loss led to the subsequent decline of the club, yet throughout all Jimmy has remained a man of dignity and honour. He has forgotten more about football than most people ever knew, and continues to set the standard for today's Burnley players to emulate. There has never been a greater player in Claret and Blue and no finer person has ever worn the shirt. The honour of Freedom of Burnley is overdue and well deserved, just the knighthood to go now. John Rigby: Long overdue and much deserved of the Greatest Claret of them all!! Congratulations from a lifelong fan in Cape Town, South Africa. Shaun (irish_claret): Even though I never had the privilege to see you play, I encounter many occasions when it is clear to me that you are the embodiment of all that is great about Burnley Football Club. Wherever I travel in the world, the mention of Burnley Football Club always bring the same response... ah, Jimmy McIlroy. Alan Green of the BBC said the following in this week's "Irish Examiner", "......... it was terrific to be reminded of the Irish connection to the town for it was announced last week that Jimmy McIlroy is to be given the freedom of the borough. Jimmy, one of the nicest men I've ever met in football, is still beloved in Burnley. And it is true Jimmy, you are one of the nicest men in football and very much beloved of not just the town of Burnley but the whole Clarets' diaspora. Steven Heaton: Jimmy Mac - I never saw him play but I was fortunate enough to meet him several times. The most recent time was at the Supporters Groups Player of the Year Evening, I was even fortunate enough to be able to sit next to him. I found him to be such a gentleman, and a wonderful person. I only wish I had been fortunate enough to have been able to see him play. What a legend!! I hope you really enjoy your day. All the best. Steve Ashley: A fabulous footballer in his playing days and a true gentleman, an absolute pleasure to talk to nowadays. Jimmy McIlroy a Burnley legend on and off the pitch, an honour well deserved. Tony Armstrong: You continue to be an inspiration to the town. Very pleased for you and not before time !!! John Devitt: I wish to offer my personal congratulations to Jimmy McIlroy for the well deserved honour which is being bestowed on him this evening. I had the privilege of being a spectator at a number of matches during the late fifties and the championship year when Burnley were a really great team. At that time Chelsea were the subject of music hall jokes by the celebrity radio comedians. How times change and all because of TV and money ! I look back now and believe that Burnley supporters were truly spoilt in terms of the quality football entertainment which was put on by the Clarets then. The combination of the two Jimmies - McIlroy and Adamson was the brains and driving force for the team's success. They played with great vision and their ball skills and creativity would put to shame many of today's so called mega stars and overpaid prima donnas. I just hope that the current economic downturn brings some commonsense into the game and a level playing field where smaller clubs can compete on sporting merit instead of waving a cheque book. Daniel Fitton: Congratulations to a legendary player and a legendary gentleman! I am not old enough to have seen Jimmy in his playing days. However, like many fans of my age watching the TV footage of him terrorising defenses we can imagine the excitement he brought to the terraces of the turf. I have been lucky enough to meet Jimmy on a number of occasion as a lad when he was writing the sports articles for the paper. I was the Lowerhouse Cricket Club scorer and whether he came down to a game, or I called through the results, he was always a top man. Always friendly, always had a story to tell, and will ALWAYS be a Burnley legend. Gerard Bradley: Congratulations and thankyou for the memories. In my mind's eye I can still see you in the right wing corner of the cricket field end doing a shimmy and then bursting through past defenders to centre for someone to score. You have been a great, gentlemanly ambassador for the town and the club and long may that continue. Scott Atkinson: Jimmy, Jimmy, oh Jimmy Mac, when are you coming back! I wish I'd seen you play in the flesh, but I don't need to have to appreciate what a LEGEND you were and what an INSPIRATION you continue to be. Simon Chamberlain: Thank you for your fantastic contribution to our town and football club over the years. You will always be a legend and deserve the highest accolades. Arthur Leeming: CONGRATULATIONS JIMMY on your award of freedom of the borough. I never saw you play having started watching the clarets in 1966. You will go down in history as THE GREATEST Burnley player of all time . Enjoy your night on Tuesday - lets hope its a Clarets victory for you. Tim Redman: Well done Jimmy. I was born 8 years after Jimmy last played for the clarets so obviously never saw him play but there has never been any doubt in my mind that Jimmy Mac is the greatest claret of them all. Gareth Lane (ClaretGaz): Many congratulations Jimmy on a fantastic achievement that you thoroughly deserve. Unfortunately I'm not old enough to have witnessed your talents but have heard many great stories from my dad about how special you were. I was even at a wedding once and got talking to Ronnie Clayton who described you as his toughest opponent! Dave Alty: I have supported and watched Burnley since being a young teenager way back in 1958. I was very fortunate to have seen most of the home games in the Championship winning season. Like a lot of the young fans my favourite player was Ray Pointer, however the outstanding player of a brilliant side was the inside-right Jimmy McIlroy. He was superb and an absolute joy to watch. Jimmy still lives in the town and can be seen at home games in the James Hargreaves Stand. My congratulations and best wishes to Jimmy Mac on receiving this great honour by the Borough of Burnley. Very well deserved. David Couch: Congratulations Jimmy - very well deserved. I am 66 yrs old now and watched you throughout your career. There is no one who has played for the Clarets who has given me more pleasure. With best wishes for your health and future. Les Leaver: Have a great day Jimmy Mac you deserve this accolade for all you have done for this proud and great club. I am a follower of 43 years but now live in Florida so I don't get to games now I listen and watch when ever I can an I am excited about this year. Phil Richardson: You gave me such pleasure with your delightful skills. This award to you today is well and truly deserved. You are as ever a gentleman. Bernard Daley: Congratulations Jimmy. The best Burnley footballer ever and a true gentleman. Whenever I have passed you in the street to say hello, as a child in the 60s or as an adult, you have always been gracious enough to return the complement even though you have no idea who I am. You are a very, very nice man. John Lingard: 29th August 1959 was my first visit to Turf Moor, the start of a lifetime sentence. In those days Burnley had a good following in Littleborough and to a 14 year old this was growing up. Turf Moor was a sea of green with little claret and blue on display. The pitch was a lush green for the only time in the season, soon to turn brown and muddy as autumn rains took hold; the stands were painted green as were the spectator barriers and fences of the Longside. Out there on the pitch the finest XI to don the claret and blue was taken apart by a modest West Ham. We lost 1-3 after an early John Connelly strike cutting in from the right wing at the Beehole End. The West Ham fullbacks ominously included one John Bond! However that day I fell in love and was hooked by the Burnley number 8 - Jimmy Mac. What a player! The finest to ever grace the Turf without doubt. Deceptively fast, an incisive finisher when he wanted to be, master of the slowly struck penalty after sending the keeper (Springett) the wrong way, the original short-corner maestro, Mac had it all. Often with thigh heavily bandaged he took teams apart and I well remember him roasting England fullback Don Howe of West Brom when injury forced him to take berth on the right wing. His many excellent performances over the years are too numerous to recall. In that fine championship winning side of 1960, Mac, along with Jimmy Adamson, was both the creative engine and "icing on the cake". We were all amazed and mightily distressed when Bob Lord butchered him in his prime and sold him to Stoke. Why? What for? Since then Jimmy McIlroy, an Ulsterman, has led a mature and dignified life within the town he now calls home. It is most fitting that Burnley is finally honouring and recognising its finest son. A true gentleman, Jimmy Mac, we salute you! Bob Clegg: I was fortunate to watch the great man play in his hey days for Burnley and Northern Ireland. I will never forget the feeling I had when I found out he had been transferred to Stoke. This was my worst moment in football. However the great man still goes to Burnley and must be pleased with the way we are playing now. Congratulations on your award. It should have come sooner. Martin Dempsey: Many many thanks for signing what is probably one of my prized possessions, that is, 'Right inside football' the copy of your own book published by the sportsman's book club in 1962.This really is a fascinating and wonderful insight into the game and how it was to progress and change. Your influence goes without say at BFC but this is well worth a read by anyone seriously interested in the game. All the very best and much deserved recognition from all Clarets everywhere. Bryden Holden: One of the greatest footballers to ever grace the hallowed ground of Turf Moor and a true gentleman as well. Congratulations Jimmy on an honour you most definitely deserve and one you should have received a lot earlier in your life. Enjoy the day and know all Clarets think this award is fully justified and that you deserve it. HERO! HERO! HERO! David Baxter: We used to sing the following song to acclaim the mesmerising Irish magician. All the team's a better team thanks to McIlroy. And so say all of us. Congratulations. HolyCustard: Jimmy McIlroy, a true Burnley legend and fully deserves his special day. Best wishes and all the very best. George & Susan Grimshaw: Jimmy, you have been a credit to our football club and to our town. Your name will be spoken for many more years to come and rightly so. You were born too early to "enjoy" the mega bucks earned by today's players, but none of these current stars can hold a candle to you as a gentleman and role model you will be unequalled. Lee & Brooklyn Cross: As a Burnley fan of 36 years of age I never had the chance to see "Jimmy Mac" play and my dad was only 10 when he left Burnley. Speaking to some of the older fans and reading books I can only imagine what a player he must have been back then and how he would have been if he was born in this era with better pitches, equipment and fitness levels. Funny thing how so many ex-players have still stayed in the area after they stop playing the game either with Burnley or come back from another team. All the best and well deserved to a great player on and off the field. Chris Bradley: A class act and the best Burnley player in my lifetime. Anth Pearson: You were my first hero. Whenever I recite my 'best ever Burnley eleven', "Jimmy Mac" is always first on the list. It's you I build my team around It's because of you that I still support Burnley 50 years later. Thanks for all the memories. Tony Lee: I have supported Burnley since I was a little lad (I was born in the town but moved away when I was six). To me Jimmy Mac certainly was the greatest player to wear the claret shirt and it was a privilege to see him play, unfortunately only in away matches in the London area. I remember particularly the superb match at Tottenham, Spurs 4 Burnley 4. A tremendous match with marvellous players on both sides. Jimmy, you were my idol - and you still are. Many congratulations - if anyone deserves the freedom of the town, you do. Pete Ellis: I would just like to convey my very best wishes to arguably the best player to ever pull on a CLARET shirt. I witnessed some of his sublime skill for real and it just left you speechless, there wasn't anything he couldn't do with a football, and the pleasure he gave us Burnley supporters was immense. So God bless and all the very best Jimmy Mac, it's the very least you deserve and thank you. Joe Nick: Many congratulations Jimmy, I've been following the Clarets for 50 years, and you're, 'without question', the best Burnley player I've ever seen. Thanks for all the great entertainment and I hope you'll enjoy tonight's game, because this is one of the best Burnley sides for a long time, playing the kind of football that, I know, you'll appreciate. Keith Nuttall: Not before time for Jimmy Mac, the very best Burnley player to ever wear the claret and blue shirt. Jeff Nutter: Thanks for many hours of wonderful memories. I can still see you taking short corners, dragging defenders out, nutmegging them and then crossing for others to score. Football has never been the same since. For me you were the best footballer ever. Many congratulations on your latest honour. Brian Dobney: I watched you as a kid Jimmy...you were brilliant. Still got your autograph that my dad got for me when I was about 11. (I'm 57 now). We all mourned when you were sold. I worked alongside you somewhat (was in Circulation) in your newspaper days. You deserve your award. Congratulations Mr. Mac. I could say much more. Mark Leach: Good luck Jimmy and Well Done. I was born in 63 but through my formative years I heard wonderous stories of your skill and ability from my Great Grand parents, Grand parents and my Mum. It's great you have been honoured in this fashion. I though you got the Freedom of the Town the night we played Hamburg at the Turf. David Wilkinson: "Mac the knife" would slice through any defence. Faithful to theTurf through and through. Shabbily treated at the end. He often played carrying an injury but was still magic. Time after time he would cut through a defence to reach that dead ball line to feed superb crosses into the box. A legend but modest. Magical memories!! Congratulations and good health. Best Wishes for the future. Have a great day. Michael Timberlake: I have been a lifelong supporter of Burnley Football Club and watched my first game in 1958, when Burnley F.C. were one of the top teams in the country. During those fifty years I have purchased many replica Burnley shirts but the 'replica shirt' I most remember is the first one I received from my grandfather as a Christmas present about fifty years ago. That shirt had a number eight on the back because the number eight shirt in the Burnley team was worn by my favourite player Jimmy McIlroy !! It was a pleasure to watch you play in those days and it has been a pleasure to meet you on several occasions since then. Congratulations on receiving the Freedom of the Borough. a thoroughly deserved accolade for the best player in the history of Burnley Football Club. P.S. My father was one of the many supporters who refused to visit Turf Moor again after Jimmy McIlroy had been sold to Stoke City in the early sixties!! Les: Hope you enjoy your day and many more of them. I am one of the fortunate few left perhaps who saw you play many times and queued up for your autograph after the game. I can remember that you would only sign once settled in your car (possibly a Singer Gazelle or similar) and only if we formed an orderly queue around the car. The secret was t find out where you had parked it. Once again congratulations and enjoy. Patrick & Barbara Spencer: On a Tuesday evening in August, 1957 my cousin and I were taken on a Wildes coach trip from Barnoldswick to watch Burnley play Preston at Turf Moor. That night we were treated to an exceptional exhibition of high quality football orchestrated by the Burnley inside right Jimmy McIlroy, and from that game we became dedicated lifelong Clarets. For the ensuing five or so years we were privileged to witness and marvel at his outstanding football skills, where he was able to totally dictate and control the pace and direction of each game utilising his unquestionable vision. Whilst Adamson was organising his solid defence it was McIlroy who was the genius and creator for the Robson and Pointer goals, which came in abundance. Without a doubt, the wizardry and flair provided by McIlroy was the catalyst for making Burnley into the best club in the land and the envy of all other teams. In over a half a century of watching football I place Jimmy McIlroy alongside the two other outstanding players I have been lucky enough to watch ie. Tom Finney and George Best. Jimmy McIlroy is probably the greatest player to wear the claret and blue of Burnley and furthermore he is the Club's finest ambassador. An unquestionable legend. Alan Bolton: A worthy honour for a real gentleman and a great footballer. Anthony McNee: Well done Jimmy , have a great day and evening. I've seen some good players (and bad!!!) in my time supporting Burnley, the only regret I have is not seeing you play. I'm sure you would have walked into this current Burnley side!!! Tony Levine: As a Burnley supporter living in London I had the privilege of seeing you play against the Capital's teams in the First Division and, of course, the Wembley Final. The team you played in (late 50's early 60's) was a great one containing many international representatives but for me you were the guile and the midfield skill; the play-maker, the heart of the team. You are always remembered and admired. Dermot Martin: To Sir Jimmy. Long overdue. Pride of Burnley and pride of Belfast. Clive Leah: Congratulations and good luck for the future. As a young boy growing up in the Rosehill area of Burnley in the 1950s we were privileged to have quite a few Clarets stars around us and I remember that you lived on the road opposite Rosehill school. As I recall there was a little park at the bottom of Moorland Road/Reynolds Street where we used to play football and I vividly remember you joining in for a while one day. Ray Pointer and Jimmy Robson often did...much to the disgust of the "Parky ". Those happy days are indelibly etched in my memory and I distinctly remember the adulation for you of my father (now 95 ) who still talks fondly of "Jimmy Mac " and who never went to Turf Moor again after you were transferred. As I too get older those happy days become more important and I thank you for your huge part in formulating those wonderful memories. Abs Orton: I'm an ex Rawtenstall lad only 3 years younger than you. I left the area in'57 for a whole career in the Royal Navy. You and your fellow team mates, Adamson, Pilkington, etc (not forgetting Mr Jock Winton) proved and inspiration to me as a schoolboy, and as an adult. Congratulations on your special day, and thank you for your amazing talent and dedication to our team and the game. Derek: Jimmy Mac, not only a great football player, a great man too. Good luck Jimmy, you gave me many hours of pleasure watching you from the terraces and on the training ground in the hay days of the clarets when I was a junior player at the club. Tom O'Brien: I would like to congratulate Jimmy McIlroy on his latest honour and it goes without saying that this is long overdue. I spent many hours at Turf Moor as a schoolboy notably. I was privileged to start supporting Burnley in 1959 when Jimmy used to come along to St James the Less school in Rawtenstall and coach us every Tuesday (come rain, snow or whatever). Jimmy was and still is a gentleman and deserves all the accolades he is receiving. Mick Simmons: Congratulations Sir Jimmy you well and truly deserve this recognition. It is well overdue. Dave Thomas: When Burnley 'lost' the title which was within their grasp at the end of season 61/62 it was the result of winning just one game out of the last ten. Up to then we were a dazzling football side, and had scored 90 goals already. What is seldom mentioned is that of those last ten stuttering games, Jimmy Mac missed five of them with injury. If only... the two biggest words in football. It is reasonable to suppose that if only he had been fit during those last games, another title would have come Burnley's way. That's how important he was. Jimmy Mac - my boyhood hero. Roger Cunliffe: Congratulations - A fitting tribute to a talented star. Mike Sagar: Congratulations Jimmy, you deserve it. You were my hero as a young kid in my formative years watching the Clarets. You were the reason I followed Stoke when you left, and you are the reason why I returned to the fold, just as you have. I'll be standing up at half time giving you one hell of a cheer. Chris Redman: It is not possible to describe the sheer joy and privilege of watching the Clarets football in the late 50's and early 60's. Jimmy was of course the catalyst, sheer genius, his skill often defied belief, as you often couldn't believe what you were seeing! But more than that Jimmy is still as ever, a wonderful, shy, unassuming perfect Irish gentleman, and he so richly deserves this accolade which his adopted town is bestowing. Thank you Jimmy for what you have brought into my life and the lives of so many. Andrew Nixon: To the greatest Claret of them all. On this very special day, I would like to wish Jimmy Mac all the best and to thank him for his efforts in the Claret and Blue. I saw you play for the Clarets for many years and you were the best without any doubt. In fact, you were so good that you overshadowed so many other excellent Burnley players. Thank you for the exciting play. Thank you for the memories. Thank you for staying so loyal to our fabulous club and the town. It's been a pleasure ! Roy Asten: Congratulations Jimmy, you more than deserve this honour, I am old enough to have watched you play in the 50s. There was never a more accomplished, midfielder, ever to grace Turf Moor. Ian Gregory: Congratulations on your special day. You were the undoubtedly the star of a team that brought success to the club which fans from the 70's onwards can only dream of. Should my generation of supporters (now in my 40's!) be able to pick one player from the list of Burnley greats who we regret never having seen play "live", I'm sure you'd be top of the list for 99% of them. Phil Sagar: With the exception of in my opinion George Best the greatest footballer of all time our Jimmy would be the greatest Irishman ever to play the beautiful game. David Lancaster: I was 12 years old at the time when Burnley won the first division title. Needless to say, Jimmy McIlroy was my favourite player. And "Right Inside Soccer" still has pride of place on my bookshelf. Many people have spoken about Jimmy as a person as well as a footballer. That echoes for me. When I was about 10 or 11, and living in Nelson, I was visiting my uncle, who lived near the McIlroy's house in Rosehill. My uncle pointed out Jimmy's house. I said I'd like to get Jimmy's autograph but my uncle said I shouldn't disturb him in his home. But the next time I was in Rosehill (and not with my uncle) I did knock on the door. I'm amazed in retrospect about the politeness with which Jimmy addressed this young lad (me) and gave me his autograph, instead of telling me not to disturb him at home. Not only a great footballer, but also a gentleman. Ian McLennan: I first became a Burnley fan, aged nine, after the FA Cup final defeat to Spurs. In my school (in Reading), I was known as the Burnley fan. Charles Buchan's Football monthly and newspaper articles about Burnley FC, were my food and drink. One man stood out then and when he left, I cried (no one knows that, so shhh!). I cannot begin to describe my turmoil at that time - probably, my first bereavement experience. Wherever I go now and football is talked about, everyone my age knows of the Burnley team of the time and happily reel off their names - and they are not Burnley fans. They also single out one man for a special mention. Congratulations and thank you Jimmy 'Burnley' McIlroy. One and the same thing to many and now it is official! Phil Sagar: My father is in hospital and not very well, and when we sit and talk about our love for Burnley Football Club one player puts a twinkle in his eye. You sir. John Woolley: A marvellous footballer and a pure gentleman. I am lucky enough to be old enough to see him from when I was six in 1958 till when Jimmy left in 1963. He was a key man in an excellent team. He could dribble past anybody and was an excellent penalty taker to mention just two aspects of his play. I remember him once tormenting Alan Hodgkinson of Sheffield United - Hodgkinson seemed to be diving all over the place on the goal line and all Jimmy was doing was standing over the ball on the penalty spot just wiggling his hips. I met him once or twice coming home from Rosehill - always the kindest of individuals. I won't be at the match tonight. I hope you have a lovely evening and are able to celebrate it watching a team play some of the football nearly up to the standard of that set by yourself in those bygone years. Mark (DingleDangle): Congratulations Jimmy on being given the Freedom of Burnley. Richly deserved and very long overdue. Gary Ingham: Although I was born in 1966 I obviously didn't see you play, but thanks to my father and grandfather and the magic of television I have realised what a great player and a legend you are. You are quite rightly deserving of this award. You opened a Christmas fair on Sunday where you asked my 3 year old son if he supported Burnley. When we got home I told him all about you and when he grows up he will know just who spoke to him when he was at that Christmas fair. PS thanks for the autograph Jimmy. Gary Jenkins: Congratulations Jimmy on your achievement. Unfortunately I wasn't old enough to see you play, but my Dad always spoke about what a superb player you were for us, and that you were the greatest player to ever wear the claret and blue jersey. Having met you several times at your home, I would just like to say what a down to earth person you are, who always has time to speak to the fans and sign autographs, and I wish you all the best for the future. Mark Williams: Congratulations on a long overdue honour, Jimmy. Like many, I am of an era that never had the privilege to witness the great team of the late 50s and early 60s, so have to make do with tales from parents, late grandparents and more senior Clarets fans that I know. One thing that remains constant in the tales of this era, is that not one of them has ever said anything less than you were the greatest player they have ever seen play for Burnley. I had the honour of meeting you in the mid 90s when I worked at the club for a few years, had a chat and you autographed a programme for someone I knew. The thing I can vouch for first hand, is that you are a true gentleman. May you enjoy many more years watching the Clarets and hoping that success comes our way once again. Mike Davies: The joy of reaching 65 is 3 fold. I watched and can still remember England winning the World Cup, Burnley beating City in1960 and watching Jimmy Mac from when he first played for us, even watching him score for Stoke against Newcastle when they were thrashed 5-2 in 1963. My best memory was in 1959-60 when an injured Mac played on the wing against WBA with his right arm strapped to his side making one if not the two goals that gave us a 2-1 win after being 1-0 down. Thanks for the wonderful memories and well done. It should be the freedom of Lancashire. Newell Thornton (Toronto): I was a juvenile season ticket holder at Turf Moor back in the 60's and stood on the terraces on a stool my father made for me to watch Jimmy McIlroy demonstrate his truly amazing footballing skills. I still remember the thrill of watching him knife through those defences. I was also standing on my stool to watch him at Wembley in the 1962 cup final. I feel privileged to have seen Jimmy play so many times and heartily endorse this recognition of a great gentleman and footballer.

2019-04-22T20:30:12Z

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Sofa-4 seater fits the back of furniture from 90", 110", wide. Driftaway Marley 100 Waterproof Furniture Protector Quilted Sofa Cover For 3 Seats Cushion Couch Dog Couch Cover Slip Cover Throw For Kids Pets Cats Dogs Machine Washable Red Sofa. Not recommended for leather furniture. Upgrade 100% waterproof / water resistant backing provide the real waterproof feature, protects your furniture from stains, rips, smells, etc. Stay In Place Silicon rubber anti-slip backing help stay in place better Thick elastic strap to help prevent sliding Under the cover, there are 3 TUCK-IN TABS to help the cover stay in right position. CLASSIC DESIGN: You will be attracted by the elegant / simple red color and design because it's perfect for any style of house and space with sofa / love seat / chair. EASY CARE SATISFACTION GUAREANTEED: Machine washable for easy care and maintenance, separately in cold water on the gentle cycle, air dry, do not bleach. It's perfect for homes with children and pets! Keep your furniture safe Drift Away 100% Waterproof Quilted Furniture cover protects your furniture from spills, stains, dirt, grime, wear and tear. Perfect for homes with kids and pets. Made of 100-percent polyester microfiber, the Marley furniture protector offers not only a luxuriously soft hand feel, but it also provides breathability, wrinkle-resistance, and long-lasting strength. Our furniture protector comes with a diamond-style pattern of quilting, which offers added visual dimension, plus helps to keep the polyester filling evenly dispersed. B) Overstretching strap may cause strap to break. FITS MOST FURNITURE STAYS IN PLACE: Sofa furniture protector fits sofa with seat width 64", 68", our love seat furniture protector fits most loveseat with seat width 40", 44", our chair furniture protector fits armchairs or recliner with seat width 18", 22". Features slip resistant backing, 7", tucking pads thick adjustable elastic strap to help prevent sliding. TIPS: A) please measure according to Guide before purchasing. Furniture Fix Set Of 18 Support For Sagging Sofa. Just place Furniture Fix under the cushion for instant firmness. Lift and fix your sagging upholstery. Experience renewed comfort. Customizable to lift and fix sagging upholstery of any size. Fix your sofa, couch, sagging mattress and more with Furniture Fix. Simple to assemble, interlocking panels give your furniture the lift and like-new firmness you've been wanting, saving you hundreds or even thousands of dollars over new! Sani Sticks Drain Cleaner and Deodorizer Non-Toxic, Enzyme Formula to Eliminate Odors and Helps Prevent Clogged Drains Septic Tank Safe 24 Pack, Lemon. Sags Away Sagging Cushion Support Insert Sofa Couch or Chair Extend Furniture Life (Extreme Regular (1.5") x 18", x 20"). Furniture Fix - Set of 6 - Support for Sagging Chair. Evelots Sagging Cushion Support for Sofa Couch Loveseat. Furniture Fix - Set of 12 - Support for Sagging Love Seat. Sags Away Sagging Cushion Support Insert Sofa Couch or Chair Extend Furniture Life (Severe Regular (1") x 18", x 20"). Sags Away Sagging Cushion Support Insert Sofa Couch or Chair Extend Furniture Life (Severe Large (1") x 20", x 27"). Bandwagon Sagging Love Seat Support. Sags Away Sagging Cushion Support Insert Sofa Couch or Chair Extend Furniture Life (Extreme Large (1.5") x 20", x 27"). Sagging Sofa Cushion Support Seat Saver. Each panel measures approximately 19", x 4.5", x 1 / 2". Stylish Furniture Cover Protector 2 Piece Stretch Sofa Slipcover For 4 Seater Cushion Couch Loveseat Sofa Cover Extra Large No Slipping Living Room Furniture Covers Oversize Sofa Chocolate. Using mild laundry detergent. The slipcover fit the sofa so suitable and they are your precious private customize home decoration. 85% Polyester, 15% Spandex Jacquard Fabric Elastic cord sewn on bottom made the stretch fabric covers more uniform style: Give furniture a whole protection and compacted effect Anti-wrinkle Slip Resistant: two piece construction with elastic corners, strapless, and a better fit because of high strethy fabric. TWO PIECES CONSTRUCTIONS: Smart slipcover with separate seat cushion cover. High elasticity, soft and anti-wrinkle, durable and long lasting. Wash separately at gentle cycle. STAY IN PLACE: Best choice for both leather / fabric sofa furniture, our patented two piece structure has elastic corners which make a better fit and perfect stretch to all edges, smooth and wrinkle free. EASY CARE: Machine washable in cold water. Tuck the extra fabric into the gap between the back and sitting cushions. Protect your furniture from spills, stains, wear and tear to prevent it from getting ruined. Do not bleach and iron. They are good protectors for homes with kids, soft and durable fabric makes for a comfortable feel. Add luxurious and refresh decor to your sofa furniture. Features Soft Material: High quality stretchy and comfortable materials. Moreover, relieve your housework to just wash the cushion cover frequently. Turquoize's jacquard covers will bring your sofa a new look. STRETCH FIT: Turquoize's sofa covers are made of 85% Polyester / 15% Spandex Fabric with Small Checks Jacquard Pattern. By covering your cushion separately, not only can tuck the extra fabric under the cushion, but also the bouncing back is definitely solved. No more slipping and constant tucking Easy to Install: Just easily slip on (Installation Instructions More Options Available in a vast array of colors: Grey, Chocolate, Dark Cyan, Khika, Wine 3 Size choosable: Chair / 1 Seater (measure furniture back width from 32", to 47"). Loveseat / 2 Seater (measure furniture back width from 57", to 66"). Sofa / 3 Seater (measure furniture back width from 72", to 88") High recommended make measurement before Warm These sofa / furniture covers are only workable for those sofas with gap between seat and backrest and armrest Machine washing with cold water, do not bleach, tumble dry low and no iron. Fit most 4-seater-sofa- back width from 92", (233 cm) to 113", (287 cm). Melissa Doug Childs Sofa Pink Plush Childrens Furniture Exclusive. Give pint-sized kids the perfect pint-sized comfy spot to curl up with a favorite stuffed animal, book, game, or activity a cozy place they can call their own! A comfy spot kids can call their own. Kid-sized sofa, ideal for toddlers and preschoolers. Sturdy construction and quality materials make this furniture that will last. Perfect for reading or snuggling. Available in several colors and fabrics to fit any with any home d cor. Sturdy construction and quality materials. Our fun and functional furniture is sized just for toddlers and preschoolers! 35.4", L x 20.4", W x 18.3", H. Form Fit Slip Resistant Stylish Furniture Shield Protector Featuring Velvet Plush Fabric Magnolia Collection Strapless Slipcover Sofa Grey Solid. It's great for homes with children and pets, or for anyone seeking an economical solution for furniture protection. FITS MOST FURNITURE: Our slipcovers are one-size-fits-most. Our slipcovers combine style with function for the perfect look and feel. We recommend measuring your furniture before purchasing. Available in a variety of solid colors that will freshen up any home d cor! PROTECT: This slipcover shields and protects your furniture from spills, stains, wear and tear to prevent it from getting ruined. Choose from a variety of attractive colors. LIGHTWEIGHT, COMFORTABLE AND EASY CARE: Features lightweight fabric in a super soft 95% polyester and 5% spandex velvet plush material for ultimate comfort. STAYS IN PLACE: This slipcover is conveniently STRAPLESS and SLIP RESISTANT with an ELASTICIZED BOTTOM, which means that there are no straps needed to secure it in place and it stays exactly where you want it to without shifting or moving. Benefits - Shields and protects furniture from everyday mishaps, including spills, stains, dirt, grime, wear and tear - Strapless and elasticized on the bottom so that it stays in place without shifting or moving - Super soft and lightweight velvet plush material made of 95% polyester and 5% spandex - Affordable prices that fit any budget - Beautiful printed patterns to complement any d cor Available in a Variety of Colors and Sizes Our slipcovers are one-size-fits most. Easy Care Stain resistant and machine washable for your convenience. Stain resistant and MACHINE WASHABLE for your convenience. A must-have for homes with children and pets! Magnolia Collection Strapless Velvet Plush Slipcover Preserve your furniture and brighten your home's decor. Baby Teething Toys - BPA Free Silicone - Easy to Hold, Soft, Bendable, Highly Effective Elephant Teether, Best for Freezer, Cool 3 6 12 Months 1 Year Old Baby Shower Gifts. Great Bay Home Modern Velvet Plush Strapless Slipcover. Twisty Pins for Upholstery, Slipcovers and Bedskirts 50 / pkg. MIULEE Pack of 2, Velvet Soft Soild Decorative Square Throw Pillow Covers Set Cushion Cases Pillowcases for Sofa Bedroom Car 18 x 18 Inch 45 x 45 cm. (Sofa, Walnut Brown). Form Fit Stretch, Stylish Furniture Cover / Protector. Phantoscope Set of 4 New Living Series Coffee Color Decorative Throw Pillow Case Cushion Cover 18", x 18", 45 cm x 45 cm. Gale Collection Brand. (Sofa, Silver Cloud). (Chair, Wild Dove Grey). (Sofa, Wild Dove Grey). Easy-Going Stretch Recliner Slipcovers, Sofa Covers, 4 Pieces Furniture Protector with Elastic Bottom, Straps, Couch Shield with Pocket, Polyester Spandex Jacquard Fabric Small Checks (Recliner, Dark Gray). Attmu Clear Heads Twist Pins for Upholstery, Slipcovers and Bedskirts, 0.75 Inches, Set of 50. They're designed to fit most sofas up to 90 inches wide, most loveseats up to 68 inches wide, most armchairs up to 40 inches wide and most recliners up to 40 inches wide. Those are the widest measurements, which means that they'll also fit slightly smaller furniture. Our Sofa Slipcover fits most sofas up to 90 inches wide, our Loveseat Slipcover fits most loveseats up to 68 inches wide, our Chair Slipcover fits most armchairs up to 40 inches wide and our Recliner Slipcover fits most armchairs up to 40 inches wide. PLEASE MEASURE BEFORE PURCHASING. Gorilla Grip Original Slip Resistant Sofa Slipcover Protector Seat Width Up To 70 Suede Like Patent Pending 2 Straps Hook Couch Cover For Kids Dogs Pets Sofa Taupe. CAN I PUT THIS COVER IN THE WASHING MACHINE? Thick padding in the middle offers a cozy and comfortable cover that will protect your furniture time and time again. NOT ALL FURNITURE PROTECTORS ARE CREATED EQUAL! Additionally, before first use we recommend pre-washing the cover. Our cover helps to protect against messy pet hair and dirt or crumbs. WILL THIS PROTECTOR REPEL PET HAIR AND STAINS? A detailed measuring guide can be found in our product photos. Selecting the right size protector is key to ensuring a secure, neat fit. WARNING: Strap should not be stretched to exceed seat width 10 in. 10-Year No Asked Warranty: If you are at all with your product, please us (through if past the standard window) and we will be happy to assist you. They may react with the PVC backing and result in damage to your furniture. Simply wash in your washing machine on cold and air dry (no dryer). Additionally, wash before first use following instructions on the wash label on the inside of your protector. Our non-slip protector works great on both fabric and leather furniture. EASY USE AND CARE: Our non-slip protector works great on both fabric and leather furniture and is easy to set up! Some materials are pre-treated. CAN I USE THIS ON LEATHER FURNITURE? Do not use on furniture treated with additives, cleaners, or conditioners. SOFT AND COMFORTABLE: Our micro-suede top is super soft to the touch. Check with furniture manufacturer and retailer before use. Simply throw in the washing machine air dry. Over-stretching strap can result in strap breaking and snapping back at you! HOW CAN I BE SURE THE PROTECTOR WILL STAY SECURE? PAWLAND Wooden Freestanding Foldable Pet Gate for Dogs, 24 inch 4 Panel Step Over Fence, Dog Gate for The House, Doorway, Stairs, Extra Wide, White. Tuck Grips Slipcover Tuck Grips - Set of 4. Easy Spirit Women's Romy Walking Shoe. MAYTEX Pixel Ultra Soft Stretch 2 Piece Loveseat Furniture Cover Slipcover, Sand. Tuck Grips Slipcover Tuck Grips - Set of 5. Philips Norelco Electric Shaver 5100 Wet Dry, S 5210 / 81. LG DP 132 H All Multi Region Code Region Free DVD Player Full HD 1080 p HDMI Up Converting Div X, USB Plus, Xvid, PAL / NTSC with Remote. MAYTEX Mills Pixel Ultra Soft Stretch 2 Piece Furniture Cover, Sand Sofa Slipcover. Pleasant Hearth 20", Electric Crackling Natural Wood Log. Gorilla Grip Original Velvet Slip Resistant Luxurious Chair Slipcover Protector, Seat Width Up to 23", Patent Pending, 2", Straps / Hook, Armchair Furniture Cover for Pets, Dogs, Kids (Chair: Beige). As each piece of furniture is unique, MEASURE your furniture prior to purchasing. Our seat widths are (measure from inside of arm to arm), Sofa Oversized (up to 78"), Sofa (up to 70"), Loveseat (up to 54"), Recliner (up to 26") and Chair (up to 23"). Not only does our protector have our exclusive GORILLA GRIP non-slip backing, it also two 2", thick metal reinforced adjustable elastic straps and two seat anchors. Our luxurious, premium covers have our GORILLA GRIP backing and two 2", thick straps to help reduce the need for adjustments on fabric or leather furniture. PERFECT FIT: Easily measure inside of arm to inside of arm. Sofa Oversized (78"), Sofa (70"), Loveseat (54"), Recliner (26") and Chair (23"). Detailed arm, front, back, and strap measurements in photos. RHF Anti Slip Sofa Cover For 3 Cushion Leather Sofa Slip Resistant Furniture Protector Couch Cover For Dogs Features Anti Slip Pad And Adjustable Elastic Strap Sofa Dark Grey. This is intentional as a waterproof cover will just result in the liquids rolling onto the floor. Can I put this in the washing machine? PROTECT: Protects furniture from stains. It saves you from the hassles of everyday life. EASY CARE: Machine wash (cold) and dry (cool). Works for LEATHER sofa! This is machine washable and dryer safe. Features anti-slip pad and elastic strap to help prevent sliding. The Rose Home Fashion Sofa Cover protects your furniture from pet hair and stains. See MEASURING GUIDE in photos. Great for homes with kids and pets. If you are looking for great and cost-effective way of re-inventing the function and protect your sofa, this is the way! Yes, it will protect your furniture from hair and dirt. Yes, it is perfect for fabric covered furniture. While it will help a little with liquids, this is not water proof. STAYS IN PLACE: No More Sliping Around! Will it protect my furniture? We want you to be happy. Twisty Pins for Upholstery, Slipcovers and Bedskirts 50 / pkg. 4 Pack of Buffalo Hornz Small Long Lasting 100% Natural Water Buffalo Horn Dog Chews. Glield Extend 20", to 78", Adjustable 4-Piece Under Sofa, Mattress, Bed Sheet Fitted Fastener, Long Strap Clip Bands BDJ 01. You can find a detailed measuring guide in the photos or measure the seat width as follows: Sofa extra-wide: seat width up to 78", Futon: seat width up to 70", Sofa: seat width up to 68", Love seat: seat width up to 54", Chair and a half: seat width up to 48", Loveseat small: seat width up to 46", Oversized recliner: seat width up to 30", Chair: seat width up to 21", Is this recommended for fabric covered furniture? PLEASE MEASURE BEFORE PURCHASING: See measuring guide in photos. PERFECT FIT: Seat Width (Sofa) up to 68", (Sofa: Extra-Wide) up to 78", (Love Seat) up to 46", (Futon) up to 70", (Recliner: Oversized) up to 30", (Recliner) up to 23", (Chair) up to 48". Ameritex Sofa Cover With Anti Skip Dog Paw Print 100 Water Resistant Quilted Furniture Protector Slipcover For Dogs Children Pets Sofa Slipcover For Leather Couch Pattern1 Green Sofa. Features a sanitized protective finish and odor prevent to keep your furniture looking and smelling fragrant. 5-LAYERS MATERIAL: This premium quilted furniture protector is constructed with multi layers fabric. They rest directly on top of your existing furniture to shield it from spills, stains and those special messes only kids and pets can make Since you don't have to wrap them over furniture, they are just as easy to take off when you want to show off the original look of your sofa. No matter what type of upholstery fabric covers your sofa, pets, children and daily use may damage it. Quilted construction adds a layer of extra comfort. PROTECT WITHOUT SACRIFICING COMFORT - Our furniture cover provides the protection you need without sacrificing. 100% SATISFACTION, TRY OUR PRODUCT RISK-FREE - Product quality and satisfaction are our priority, you can try our furniture protector risk-free as your is backed by our money back in case you are not with the product you receive simply get in touch with us for a replacement or a full we are just a message away! The choice is yours! Silicon rubber puppy paw design, keeps in space firmly better. After years of accumulating dirt, your sofa will look dingy, stained and dull. Chemicals free and ECO friendly, high safety to kids and pets. Soil and snag-resistant covers are also easy machine care What makes us the best choice? non slip backing - silicon rubber puppy paw design Quick set up, simply place over your furniture Machine washable 100% Water resistant Durable quilted texture Fit most types of furniture Product features: Upholstery Material: Polyester Pieces One Piece Product Care: Machine washable What are you waiting for? Dirt, dust and debris cling to any upholstery and typically will not budge until you clean them away. By using the right protection, you can keep your sofa looking good for years to come Our anti-skid quilted furniture cover offers a five layers of protection with great look! Additionally it features a storage pocket on both sides, perfect for your remote control. Now you can maintain your sofa long-term! ANTI-SKID: Compare the normal slipcover, this innovated sofa cover has more highlights on stay in place. 100% WATERPROOF: Crafted from unique fabric and specially technology, highlights on against spills, pets fur, stains, and normal wear and tear or any possible mess and accidents. Suitable for every style of furniture (leather or cloth sofa), dress your room in sophistication and ultimate elegancy. Kenley Pet Sofa Couch Cover Pet Proof Furniture Protector From Cats Dogs Waterproof Clear Plastic Shield Covers For Couch Recliner Love Seat Outdoor Patio Furniture Cat Claw Scratch Deterrent. Made of thick, waterproof plastic, this furniture protector is designed to be long lasting. Sofa and furniture protector from cat scratches, claws, urine, hair and more. Can be used for recliners, love seats, outdoor and patio furniture. Ideal couch cover during renovations or painting work. Couch covers for cats can be particularly valuable as your furry pet's sharp claws, hair and urine can wreck a couch quickly. Tried and tested to prevent cat scratching damage. For example, if your pets are mistreating your couch, simply put the sofa cover on when you go to bed and remove it in the morning or after you from work. some seasons of life can destroy your couch in seconds. Easy to use daily Sitting on a plastic wrapped couch is no fun, so choose this couch cover that's simple to put on and off when you need it. Keep your couch safe and clean with this furniture protector. Clear waterproof plastic covers for furniture 96 x 42 x 40 in. Keep your couch clean Muddy footprints, splashes of paint, cat scratches, renovation dust, pet hair, potty training accidents, cat pee. It can be used with any appropriately sized couch, small or large, and is also suitable for outdoor furniture. If your cat is struggling with appropriate behavior, perhaps due to illness or age, a couch cover can be a life saver. FURZY Flea and Tick Prevention Collar for Cats 13", Length 100% Natural Essential Oil Formula Effective Repellant Waterproof 8 Months Protection. Calily Life Organic Arabica Coffee Scrub with Dead Sea Minerals, 24 Oz. Furniture Sofa / Couch Cover (1 Pack) protects during moving 152", x 45". Joy Grace 100% Bamboo Wood Butler Serving Tray with Handles - Breakfast / Coffee Table Tray, Decorative Ottoman Tray, Serving Platter for Party, 17", 13". 40 Realistic Palm Leaves for Tropical Jungle Theme Party, Hawaiian Luau Party Supplies Decorations. Low Light Environment Clear Vision Black 24 Month Warranty. Mayershop Catch Ball Paddle Game-with 2 Ball / Small / Normal Size, 2 Adjustable Paddle Made Plastic Flexible Form Fitting Durable and Soft Materials More Confortable for Kid Catch Ball Game. Uboxes Set of 2 (76 x 46") Chair Covers 2 MIL Heavy Duty Polyethylene to Protect Items From Dust Dirt and Spills From Dust Dirt and Spills. Plastic Couch Cover For Pets Cat Scratching Protector Clawing Deterrent Heavy Duty Water Resistant Thick Clear Vinyl Sofa Slipover For Moving And Long Term Storage. Plastic Recliner Armchair Cover for Pets Cat Scratching Protector Clawing Deterrent Heavy Duty Thick Clear Vinyl Chair Slipcover Waterproof Plastic Furniture Covers for Storage and Moving. Power Bear Binoculars (12 x 25) Compact Ultra Sharp Binoculars Nature, Birds, Outdoors, Concerts, Operas, Games, and More! The furniture protector is 96 in (244 cm) wide, 42 in (107 cm) high and 40 in (102 cm) deep. TOYABR 2 Piece Jacquard Stretchy Fabric Sofa Cover Living Room Polyester Sofa Slipcovers Fitted Couch Protector For Furniture Gray Sofa. Step 2: grab elastic band corner with back mark, cover it down the back of sofa. There are 11 colors that meet your multiple needs. It's great for homes with children and pets, or for anyone seeking an economical solution for furniture protection. Due to the shooting light, filming angle and chromatic aberration displayed on the screen, the object may be slightly different from the photos, all are subject to the phisical product. The role of sofa slipcovers: This basic slipcover shields and protects your furniture from spills, stains, wear and tear to prevent it from getting ruined. You don't have to worry that the cover will shift. Step 1: tuck the excess fabric into corners, smoothen the fabric on all surface. EASY TO CLEAN: You can use the washing machine to save time and energy so that you can enjoy the good time with your family and friends. This sofa cover fits many sizes of sofa. It is an economical and practical method. Do not use bleach and wash it with same / similar colours. And known as sofa protector. Washing method: EASY CARE: machine wash (cold) and dry (cool). Concise designs and various colors, traditional and modern home decoration styles are very suitable. The bottom of the slipcover features an elastic strap that prevents sliding. Pull draped fabcric over the seat area. OCCASION: It can be used in various places, such as bedroom, living room, hotel, homestay. FEATURES: It protects your sofa from pet scratches, stains and dust, keeping your sofa fresh. The size of sofa covers: Please measure the width of your sofa back, then choose the suitable size. 1 seat: 32-47 inch Chair -2 seat: 57-70 inch Loveseat -3 seat: 72-92 inch Sofa Instruction for installation: Step 1: hold the 4 corners, straighten the elastic band, find the back mark. MATERIAL: Stretchy jacquard fabric, 85% polyester and 15% spandex, safe and healthy, not easy to fade, doesn't pill, excellent flexibility and ductility, giving you a comfortable experience. SIZE COLOR: Please measure the width of your sofa back, then choose the suitable sofa slipcover's size. Chair (32", 47"), Loveseat (57", 70"), Sofa (72", 92"). Easy Going Stretch Micro Fiber Sofa Slipcovers 2 Piece Sofa Covers Furniture Protector With Elastic Bottom 2 Piece Couch Shield Super Soft Fabric Couch Slipcovers Sofa Camel. Various colors are prepared, you can choose the color you like to cover. EASY INSTALLATION: Check the installion guide carefully, it can be finished within 10 minutes by one person. HIGH QUALITY MATERIAL: 20% spandex 80% polyester, with high elasticity, softness and abrasion resistance. The brand's goal: to make homes more comfortable. Easy-Going brand household, the factory has been developing and producing high-quality environment-friendly household articles for ten years. EASY CARE: Machine washable, wash at temperature around 30 degrees Celsius, mild laundey detergents are please do not belach. Warm Tips 2 pcs slipcover can effectively protect pets from damaging the sofa and the fabric is strong and durable. FURNITURE PROTECTOR: Protect your sofa from daily wear and stains. EASY TO CLEAN: Perfect fitness for sofa, easy to clean. The slipcover is stretchy and elastic, ironing is not allowed, because after ironing, the elasticity get worse. Night Lights for Kids Teddy Bear 7 Colors Change with Remote 3 D Nightlight Help Kids Fell Safe at Night or As A Gift Idea for Women or Girls by Easuntec (Teddy Bear Heart). Hair Scrunchies Elastic Ponytail Holder - 18 Pcs Hair Elastics Ties include Chiffon Flower Hair Bands Shiny and Velvet Scrunchies for Women or Girls, 18 Assorted Colors Scrunchies. HERHILLY Womens Winter Warm Socks - Thick Soft Solid Color Cotton Crew Socks 5 Pack (5 Pack Style B 1). Dragon Touch Dash Cam 3", LCD 1080 P Full HD Dash Camera for Cars Dashboard Camera, 170 Wide Angle Car Recorder with G-Sensor, WDR, Loop Recording, Parking Monitor (D 1). Wireless Router 1200 mbps Long Range Wifi Router Ac High Speed Dual Band Router with 4 Lan Ports for Home Office internet Restaurant Alexa with Wifi Extender for 2.4 ghz. Synziar FS 01 Storage Lids 4 Pieces Air-Tight Food Containers Set BPA Free, 1, White. DIMENSIONS Chair Slipcover: Fit Total sitting area is 25.5", Loveseat Slipcover: Fit Total sitting area is 46.5", Sofa Slipcover: Fit Total sitting area is 66", Oversized Sofa Slipcover: Fit Total sitting area is 78", Recliner Slipcover: Fit Total sitting area is 23", Wing Chair Slipcover: Fit Total sitting area is 29", Please measure before purchasing; See measuring guide in photos for a list of all measurements. More details please refer to the measurement guide in photo, please measure before purchasing. Tastelife Slipcover 1 Piece Thickened Stretch Fabric Furniture Protector Cover For Sofa Loveseat Chair Couch Cover Sofa Grey. It's not only great for homes with children and pets, but also transforms your old sofa into new looking. which can suit all standard sofa. Our slipcover is thickened (280 gsm), while others is 200 gsm. Ideal fit: Our sofa slipcover features highly elastic and anti-wrinkle suit for more sofa style, form fitted for 1 cushion couch. Snacks and Drinks accidentally fell on the sofa and spread-Naughty children jump on the sofa with shoes wearing-Annoying pet paw prints and drop hair ruined your sofa-Sofa has Faded and peeled badly and looks ugly Don't worry ANYMORE with a sofa cover from Tastelife! Machine Wash Cold, Do Not Beach, Tumble Dry Low, Not Ironing. Also, no harm can appear to the slipcover even if your pet play on it. Materials: This material is not sticky to pet hair, and it's very strong. Easy to set up and easy to clean. Our slipcover is very elastic. How to choose the size? Easy-Going Stretch Slipcovers, Covers, Furniture Protector with Elastic Bottom, Anti-Slip Foam, 1 Piece Couch Shield, Polyester Spandex Jacquard Fabric Small Checks (Sofa, Dark Gray). 1 seat: Chair length between 29", to 45", 2 seat: Loveseat length between 51", to 67", 3 seat: Sofa length between 71", to 90". Sofa (70-90 inch), Loveseat (51-67 inch), Chair (29-45 inch). PLEASE DO MEASURE BEFORE PURCHASING. Sofa Cover Protector Furniture Protector Prevent Water With 2 Inch Elastic Straps Sofa Protector For Pets Sofa Covers For Living Room Couch Cover 75Inch X 110Inch Burgundy Beige Sofa. Highlights Crafted from 100% soft quilted reversible microfiber that is filled in rich PP cotton wadding, gentle and durable Double use. Reversible sewing way will add more luxurious and stylish to your furniture. FITS WELL: One-size-fits-most. UNIQUE DECOR: The beautiful quilted sofa protector is crafted from textured faux cotton material, 85 gsm weight surface for velvety feeling, lofty cotton wading filled microfiber, add designs and gorgeous styles. Prevent damp and mold from your chair and sofa. EASY CARE: Machine washable for easy care and maintenance, separately in cold water on the gentle cycle, do not use bleach. Kindly though our innovated material has featured water prevent, but it is not water proof, we suggest you remove it within 3 minutes after accident. FULL PROTECT: Perfectly against pets, children, spills, stains, wear and tear, protect your furniture cushion from liquid, food and even animals. This VERSAILTEX functional furniture slipcover protects furniture from stains, pet hair, spills, wear and tear, protect your furniture cushion from liquid, food and even animals. Ideal for homes with babies, kids, and shedding cats or dogs as a pet couch protector. VERSAILTEX Chair Slipcover Chair Covers, Chair Covers for Living Room Armchair Slipcover Furniture Protectors for Sofas, Reversible with 2", Wide Adjustable Straps (Chair: Burgundy / Tan). VERSAILTEX Sofa Cover Reversible Couch Slipcover Furniture Protector, 2 Inch Wide Elastic Strap, Machine Washable, Slipcover for Pets, Dogs, Kids (Sofa: Gray / Beige). H. Slipcover is reverse side with stylish trimming, add more colorful looking to your decor Give your home an instant makeover without the hassle and extra cost Fitted Dimensions Please use a fabric or soft tape measure so you can move around and get your accurate sizes: Chair: 75", x 65", (sitting area width 22") Recliner: 79", x 68", (sitting area width 24") Love Seat: 75", x 90", (sitting area width 46") Sofa: 75", x 110", (sitting area width 66") Oversized Sofa: 86", x 132", (sitting area width 78") Diverse Colors Available in 5 vogue pattern colors: Burgundy / Tan, Grey / Beige, Brown / Beige, Stone Blue / Beige, Taupe / Beige Non Slip Our sofa covers a new version straps (2 inches wide with dual clasps on each side for personalized use), adjustable and easy to put on and off Strong metal locker and high spandex elastic to keep your cover stay in place more firmly, no worry for slip again Care Instructions Machine washable for easy care, separately in cold water on the gentle cycle, do not use bleach Kindly it is not recommended for leather sofa. STAYS IN PLACE: Throw away the cheap straps, this luxurious sofa cover use upgraded 2", wide adjustable elastic straps with metal locker, strong and long lasting, fitted most types sofa whateven how thick the sofa back is, prevent sliding and keep slipcover in space firmly. 5 measures options armrest), Chair - 75 by 65 Inch; Recliner - 79 by 68 Inch; Love Seat - 75 by 90 Inch; Sofa - 75 by 110 Inch; Oversized Sofa -86 by 132 Inch, and 5 reversible colors available: Burgundy / Tan, Grey / Beige, Brown / Beige, Stone Blue / Beige, Taupe / Beige. Turquoize Couch Sofa Slipcover Furniture Protector 100 Waterproof With Anti Skip Little Dog Paw Print Machine Washable Cover Perfect For Pets And Kids Sofa 75 X112 Taupe. Do not wash with other clothes. Silicon rubber of puppy paw print on backing, firmly keep your cover on sitting area, even on the leather sofa, hassle free for slip again. ANTI-SKID: Compare the normal slipcover with straps, this innovated sofa cove has more highlights on stay in place. High recommend for both LEATHER and fabric sofa furniture. FULL WATERPROOF: Use high carftwork and technology, this beautiful quilted slipcover is exceed and provide the real waterproof feature, keep your sofa furniture clean and new, enjoy the fun time with your pets and kids in your family room. Do not use bleaches. EASY CARE: Machine washable for easy care and maintenance, separately in cold water on the gentle cycle, do not use bleach. YES, It has a waterproof layer called TPU inside that should stop the liquid. GREAT PROTECT: Keep furniture safe from pets hair / fur, stains and dirt, spills and stains, maintain your chair / couch / recliner / sofa fresh look and aesthetic appeal. You are lucky to find us: TURQUOIZE brand luxurious and functional sofa cover. FAQWill this prevent urine / water / tea from soaking through onto the sofa? Use light detergents and dry naturally for best results You are always to us freely for any enquiry or suggestion during experience, we provide friendly, easy-to-reach support and no risk policy for you. Do not use fabric softener. This is a real water-proof slipcover which will bring unprecedented feeling and give your furniture 100% protection from spills, pets pees, stains and other accident. the surface fabric is not water-resist, it will soak immediately instead of liquid running down causing more floor trouble. Gorilla Grip Original Slip Resistant Sofa Slipcover Protector, Seat Width Up to 70", Suede-Like, Patent Pending, 2", Straps / Hook, Couch Cover for Kids, Dogs, Pets (Sofa: Taupe). VERSAILTEX 100% Waterproof Recliner Protector Non-Slip Furniture Cover for Recliner Chair, Sofa Protector Stay in Place Protect from Pets Spills Wear and Tear (Recliner: Taupe)- 79 inch x 68 inch. VERSAILTEX 100% Waterproof Chair Cover for Dining Room Living Room Non Slip Furniture Protector Water Resistant Micro Fabric Pet Cover Slipcovers (Chair: Taupe) Thick Durable - 75", X 65". VERSAILTEX 100% Waterproof Couch Covers for Sofa Plush Couch Protectors from Cats Scratching Furniture Protector for Dogs Cats Protect from Pets, Spills, Wear and Tear (Sofa: Taupe)- 75", x 112". VERSAILTEX 100% Waterproof Furniture Protector Cover Pet Friendly Premium Couch Covers with Non Skid Backing, Quilted and Soft, Protect from Pets, Spills, Wear (Chair and a Half: Taupe)- 75", X 90". GORILLA GRIP Original Reusable Leak Proof Furniture and Chair Pad for Incontinence (21 x 21) Oeko Tex Certified, Machine Washable, Absorbent Soft Pads for Chairs, Beds, and Wheelchairs (4 Pack). VERSAILTEX Full Waterproof Oversized Sofa Covers for Living Room Furniture Protector Soft Cotton Finish Crafted Slipcovers Protect from Pets Spills Wear (Oversized Sofa: Gray) 86 inch x 132 inch. H. VERSAILTEX 100% Waterproof Sofa Cover for Pets Couch Covers for Living Room Premium Furniture Leather Sofa Protector Features Protect from Pets Wear and Tear (Oversized Sofa: Taupe)- 86", X 132". Chair: Height 75", width 65", 22", arm rest on each side), sitting area is 21", Loveseat oversize: Height 75", width 98", 22", arm rest on each side), sitting area is 56", Sofa: Height 75", width 112", 22", arm rest on each side), sitting area is 54", Sofa Oversize: Height 86", width 132", 27", arm rest on each side), sitting area is 78", Recliner oversize: Height 91", width 84", 27", arm rest on each side), sitting area is 30", High Features Made of 5 layers construction materials, functional and fashionable, front side is extra soft box stitches microfiber fabric, feel very comfortable and plump Backing with 100% water-proof craft, silicon rubber prints provide leakage protection and keep cover in space firmly Machine washable. PERFECT FIT: Size guidelines for sofa back width x length: 68-inches x 39-inches, seat width x length: 68-inches x 22-inches, arm width x length: 22-inches x 22-inches, please measure before purchasing, longer over the back to stay in place better. Sweet Melodi Round Solid Wood Furniture Sofa Chair Couch Loveseat Cabinet Replacement Legs With Special Installation Parts Perfect For IKEA Or US Made Furniture Black Color 12 Inches 4 Pcs. Best for USA made furniture or DIY furniture, not only update the furniture beautifully, change it to more classic style, but also providing more warm and lightful atmosphere for home. Simple and creative ways to design accessories that can be adapted to different mounting types of furniture legs. Made of solid hardwood with walnut finish, which highlight the grain beautifully, one plastic glide are super strong and durable. Simple and creative ways to design accessories that can be adapted to different mounting types of furniture legs What you get with each Sweet Melodi 4 classic replacement furnitue legs. can easily be installed in less than 5 minutes. 28 Furniture leg fitting screw. Kindly The wood is a naturally occurring material, every wooden leg is unique, variations in colors, texture and grain pattern are normal. 4 Plastic glides for protecting the floor 4 Furniture leg accessories iron plate. Beautifully finished in hard walnut finish, strong and durable. Changes in color, texture and texture are normal, each sofa leg may be slightly different in the photo presentation, displayed on the website. Update the furniture fantastically in less than 5 minutes. Product Black Color 12 Inches, set of 1 Item weight: 63 OZItem material: Solid Hardwood Features and Benefits: Classic design, highest quality affordable round furniture legs. Height: 12", Top width: Bottom width: 1.4", raise up the furniture to a more desirable height, Make furniture more comfortable. Sweet Melodi Round Solid Wood Furniture Sofa Chair Couch Loveseat Cabinet Replacement Legs 6 Inches Set Of 4. Made of solid hardwood with dark walnut finish, which highlight the grain beautifully, 4 plastic glides and 4 felt pad are super strong and durable. Best for USA made furniture or DIY furniture, not only update the furniture beautifully, change it to more classic style, but also providing more warm and lightful atmosphere for home. Product weight: 25 OZItem material: Solid Hardwood Features and Benefits: Classic design, highest quality affordable round furniture legs. Update the furniture fantastically in less than 5 minutes. 4 Plastic glides for protecting the floor. Beautifully finished in a dark walnut finish, strong and durable. Kindly The wood is a naturally occurring material, every wooden leg is unique, variations in colors, texture and grain pattern are normal. 6", Solid Wood Furniture Sofa / Chair / Ottoman Tapered Legs Walnut Finish 5 / 16", Bolt - Set of 4. Choice Parts - 5 Inch Dark Walnut Plastic Tapered Sofa Legs, Set of 4. Anwenk Leg Mounting Plates, Furniture Leg Attachment Plates Industrial Strength T-Plate 5 / 16", (M 8) Sofa Legs with Hanger Bolts, Screws Strengthen Weak Furniture Repair Damaged Sofa Couch Seat, Set of 4. Leg Daddy 5 / 16", T-Plate Sofa Leg Attachment Plates, Set of 4. With the USA furniture standard 5 / 16", hanger bolt, the most common size hanger bolt for American furniture, make sure to measure your attachment point, screw carefully. USA furniture standare 5 / 16", hanger bolt for easy and quick installation. Height: 6", Top width: Bottom width: 1.4", raise up the furniture to a more desirable height, can easily be installed in less than 5 minutes. With the USA furniture standard 5 / 16", (8 mm) hanger bolt, please carefully check the hanger bolt size on your present leg to assure that our new furniture legs will be compatible. Ostepdecor Multi Size Pet Dog Couch Rectangular Soft Quilted Furniture Protectors Covers For Sofa Loveseat ONE Piece Backing And Armrest Sold Separately Grey 43 W X 63 L 110 X 160Cm. Good aslo for Leather couch! The item is not only used for sofa cover, but also for baby play mat, bedroom rug, floor pad, window bench mat etc. EASY CARE: Wash separately, Machine washable (cold), do not bleach. MATERIAL: Super-soft short floss on the front side, Anti-slip silicon particles on the reverse side, Polyester fill. PROTECT YOUR COUCH, SOFA, LOVESEAT AND CHAIRS from pets, spills, stains. Sofa Size reference: 1.28", Width Series fits for sofa width equal or less than 24". Refer to length, please add extra 4", 8", longer than actual sofa length. 2.36", Width Series fits for sofa width between 24", to 32". Refer to length, please add extra 4", 8", longer than actual sofa length. 3.43", Width Series fits for sofa width above 32". Refer to length, please add extra 4", 8", longer than actual sofa length. Armrest Size Reference: Two sizes for choice: 28", x 28", 36", x 36", please measure and choose suitable size to match. Backrest Size Reference: Two sizes for choice: 28", x 28", 36", x 36". Backrest width below 32", recommend folding the 28", x 28", rectangular cover to trianglular shape shown in the picture. Backrest width below 32", recommend folding the 36", x 36", rectangular cover to trianglular shape shown in the picture. PLEASE MEASURE BEFORE PURCHASING, by PIECE but not set, NOT backrest and armrest, each part was separately, good for your adjustable sectional sofa furniture. HOW TO CHOOSE: Recommend to choose 28", Width to fit sofa width equal or less than 24", 36", Width to fit sofa width between 24", to 32", and 43", Width to fit sofa width above 32". For length, please add extra 4", 8", long to tuck in the sides, Width and Length better longer than short. Armrest and backrest size recommend choosing 28", x 28", or 36", x 36". AUJOY Stretch Large Sofa Cover Water Repellent Couch Covers Dog Cat Pet Proof Couch Slipcovers Protectors XL Sofa Light Gray. What size sofa cover should I choose? Then wipe it off by dry towel, while don't leave the dew drops on the cover too long, if it will be leaking more or less. 100% Satisfaction Normally you will enjoy our pet furniture protectors, while if you have any concerns or you just want to please feel free to to us on AUJOY Service Team is 24 hours every day. However, before purchasing you must read our installation guide that we have mentioned in the listing picture. We have explained the Measuring Guide of the couch slipcover in the product pictures and please refer to it. Because of the design of the high stretch, which make it is applicable to most sofa, sofa and comfortable materials. In addition, our cover is Pet friendly, we have taken use of the full-coverage cover for you, it will be a perfect protect from pet's hair, footprints and various stains. PROTECTION: Pet friendly, our full-coverage dog sofa cover is a perfect protector from dog and cat scratches, footprints and various stains! The high quality fabric is no fading, no pilling, and durable for long term usage. Please wipe the liquids drops on the furniture cover by a duster cloth or sponge immediately when the liquids inadvertently spilled on the slipcover, then your sofa will not get wet. When the liquid inadvertently has been spilled on the cover, just take it easy, the dew drops will be formed on the surface of our sofa cover in a short time so that it will not penetrate on your sofa. If you have any confuses about how to install it, you can with me directly, I will be happy to serve for you in 24 hours. Really freshen up your sofa and living room! Installation Guide of furniture slipcover is displayed in the product pictures, please follow our guide to install the slip covers. Or if your sofa is too old, don't need to a new one, just take our cover, it can freshen your sofa up and give you a different visual effect. HIGHLY STRETCHABLE: Made by 95% polyester and 5% spandex stretchy Jacquard fabric, the design of high elastic which make our fitted sofa protectors best suitable for many types of sofas. The Jacquard modern style will give your sofa a totally new look! Great for those who are seeking the shields for furniture. Wash Guide of the dog sofa slipcover: Machine Washable, do not bleach, not ironing. You should read it clearly and then install it as our guide, as long as you install it follow our steps, it will get fit. How to protect my sofa by this sofa cover? Unique Water Repellent fabric make 100% protection from wet stains, spills and any accidents, especially for kids and pets. Firstly you should find a measuring tape to measure your back of sofa size (we have provide the measuring guide in the listing photo in detail) and then to choose the suitable size for your furniture. Chair (31", 46") Love seat (55", 69") Sofa (71", 91") XL Sofa (91", 110") How can it be a good fit with my sofa? WATER REPELLENT: (Not 100% waterproof) Creative Water-repellent Full Coverage Couch Covers, providing your sofa a full Protection against wet stains, spills and any accidents, especially for homes with kids, dogs and cats. DIMENSIONS: CHAIR (31-46"), LOVESEAT (55-69"), SOFA (71-91"), XL SOFA (91-110"), AUJOY pet covers are suitable for various small or large armchairs and couches, you just need to measure your sofa's Backrest before purchasing! Gorilla Grip Original Velvet Slip Resistant Luxury Sofa Furniture Slipcover Protector Seat Width Up To 70 Patent Pending 2 Straps Hook Couch Furniture Cover For Pets Dogs Kids Sofa Chocolate. Some materials are pre-treated. Simply throw in the washing machine and air dry. However, because leather furniture does have a smoother surface, you may find that additional adjustments may be necessary. Will This Protector Repel Liquids? You can find a detailed measuring guide in our product photos. Simply wash in your washing machine on cold and air dry (no dryer). Selecting the appropriate size protector for your furniture is key to ensuring a secure, neat fit. These covers will help to protect your furniture from hair and dirt - time and time again. VELVET, VELVET, VELVET! Can I Put the Protector in the Washing Machine? Do not use on furniture treated with additives, cleaners, or conditioners. How Can I Be Sure the Protector Will Stay Secure? We strongly recommend measuring your furniture prior to purchasing. EASY USE AND CARE: Our non-slip protector is super easy to set up! They may react with the PVC backing and result in damage to your furniture. Check with furniture manufacturer and retailer before use. Over-stretching strap can result in strap breaking and snapping back at you! Our cover is waterproof and will help keep liquids off of your furniture. 10-Year No Asked Warranty: If you are at all with your product, please us (through if past the standard window) and we will be happy to assist you. Before first use we recommend pre-washing the cover. There is one strap to wrap around the back of your furniture and one for under the seat area. Plus, thick padding in the middle adds to your comfort level. The cover's smooth, silky velvet is soft to the touch and is so cozy and comfortable, you'll never want to another furniture protector ever again! Each piece of furniture is unique and we want you to be thrilled with the fit. Can I Use the Protector on Leather Furniture? Sofa Shield Original Patent Pending Reversible Loveseat Slipcover, Dogs, 2", Strap / Hook, Seat Width Up to 54", Washable Furniture Protector, Couch Slip Cover for Pets, Kids (Love Seat: Chocolate / Beige). Gorilla Grip Original Slip Resistant Recliner Slipcover Protector, Seat Width Up to 26", Suede-Like, Patent Pending, 2", Straps / Hook, Furniture Cover for Kids, Dogs, Cats, Pets (Recliner: Coffee). Our seat widths are as follows (measure from inside of arm to arm), Sofa Extra Wide (up to 78"), Sofa (up to 70"), Loveseat (up to 54"), Recliner (up to 26") and Chair (up to 23"). Not only does our protector have our exclusive GORILLA GRIP non-slip backing, it also two 2", thick metal reinforced adjustable elastic straps and two seat anchors. PERFECT FIT: For your best fit, easily measure inside of arm to inside of arm. Sofa Oversized (78"), Sofa (70"), Loveseat (54"), Recliner (26") and Chair (23"). Detailed arm, front, back, and strap measurements in photos. WARNING: Strap should not be stretched to exceed seat width 10 inches. DESIGNED TO STAY IN PLACE: These luxurious covers have our original Gorilla Grip backing and two patent pending 2", thick straps that help to reduce the need for adjustments on furniture. YESHOME Sofa Cover Slipcovers Quilted Upgrade Anti Slip Couch Covers Waterproof Sofa Protector With Elastic Strap Furniture Cover For Dogs And Cats Pet Sofa Oversized Brown. EASY CARE WARRANTY Machine washable and air dry, 1-Year Manufacturer's Warranty and we always stand behind to support you whenever you are. Colors Available in 3 rich solid patterns, Navy, Brown, Gray. STAY IN PLACE Anti-slip slicon dot is good at prevent sliding, The elastic strap makes it fixed on the furniture which prevent slipping down frequently as others do. But the surface fabric will be wet, but not leak into the couch. Our material with special treatment named slicon dot is good at prevent sliding, meanwhile, we added the TPU material in the centre part to make our sofa slipcover waterproof. great for homes with babies, kids, dogs and pets. H-height, W-width Machine washable for easy care. Material Durable and comfy, heavy weight with microfiber 100% polyester and filling. WATER-PROOF TPU material inside is preventing liquid leak into the couch. Measuring To ensure a great fit, we HIGHLY RECOMMEND measuring your individual style of furniture before with our measuring guide in the photo. YESHOME Improved Sofa Cover, slipcovers, Quilted Anti-slip Couch Covers with Waterproof Innovative Design Our sofa protector couch cover freshen up your home d cor and protect your furniture, they are the perfect combination of stylish and function. Sauder Caraway Floor Cabinet in soft white. Dimensions Total width of sofa slipcover measures always from arm to arm: Loveseat: 76", H x 98", W Suitable for loveseat with seat up is equal or less than 54". Sofa: 76", H x 112", W Suitable for sofa with seat up is equal or less than 68". Recliner Oversized: 91", H x 84", W Suitable for sofa with seat up is equal or less than 30". Sofa Oversized: 86", H x 132", W Suitable for sofa oversized with seat up is equal or less than 78". Please Measure Before Purchasing: See Measuring Guide in Photos before PREMIUM PROTECTION Our Sofa Cover, couch slipcovers protect your furniture from liquids, pet fur, food, dirt, acarid, bacteria and any possible accidents. GREAT FIT 4 sizes are available in three stylish colors, gray, brown and navy: Recliner Oversized suit for seat width up to 30", Love Seat: suit for seat width up to 54", Sofa: suit for seat width up to 68", Sofa Oversized: suit for seat width up to 78". BOWERBIRD Clear Toy Blockers For Furniture Stop Things From Going Under Couch Sofa Bed And Other Furniture Suit For Hard Surface Floors Only 3 2 Inch High. and super easy to use. Non-residue tape technology makes the blockers removable and washable. Stick to hard surface floor. Fix on hard surface floor such as hardwood, marble, tile, vinyl, etc. Block toys, balls, dust from rolling under couch. No harm to your floor. Such as hardwood, marble, tile, vinyl, etc. Clear and free cutting. X-Protector Grippers Premium 36 pcs 1 Best Non Slip Pads Rubber Feet Floor Protectors for Keep in Place Furniture Stoppers, Black. Smartsticks Rawhide Free Dog Chew, Made With Real Chicken, Vegetables And Peanut Butter - SBPB-00237. Dreambaby Banister Gate Adaptors, Silver. 3.2", H 16", L 5 pieces. Clear and free cutting for any length. 3.2", H size for the gap above 3", and cuttable for lower gap. Place the blockers 1", 2", inward the edge of your couch to get the best performance of both blocking and Concealing.

2019-04-22T16:29:48Z

http://www.topfurniturepieces.com/best-23-furniture-couches-sofas

According to Samuel Moyn, literature on the history of human rights has proliferated in the last three decades; a subject which hitherto had drawn very little attention. My own book, Three Conceptions of Human Rights is one of these histories, which was later supplemented by two articles in the Journal of Constitutionalism and Human Rights. The most recent of these articles is, among other, critical of Moyn’s own attempt of such a history in his book The Last Utopia. This article gives an outline of ‘my’ history of human rights and my critique of Moyn. Studying the origin of documents such as the French declaration of 1789 and UN declaration of 1948 is no simple matter. The provisions of these documents are elaborated collectively in complex ways and shaped by multiple influences, which can be difficult to disentangle. The provision concerning habeus corpus surely originates in the English Middle Ages and so forth. We have not tried to disentangle all these influences, but instead focused on the conception of rights discernable in these declarations. The conception of rights implicit in these declarations tells us something about the philosophical attitude guiding these texts independently of how they were produced. What we have then endeavoured to do is to trace the origin of these conceptions of rights in order to insert them into their philosophical and societal context. This analysis allows us to conclude that human rights in the sense used in the 1789 declaration could not originate in the Greek and Roman antiquity. Such a conception of human rights is guided by the desire to give the individual a wider liberty implemented through individual permissions called rights and protected by the duties of others to respect these. Even though concerns for liberty was not absent from ancient Greece, such a concern was not articulated philosophically, and there is no reason to believe it sparked later concerns for liberty. We argue that such a concern was revived and articulated philosophically due to the encounter between Christianity and Greek-Roman philosophy in the first centuries of our era. The fixed rules of the Decalogue served as background obligations for the definition of permissions, which the canon lawyers of the 12th century renamed as rights. Human rights in the sense of the 1948 declaration would originate in a different tradition. While this tradition relies indirectly on Greek-Roman philosophy and in particular Aristotle, the actual elaboration of such a human rights theory is a recent phenomenon, even though antecedents can be found in Edmund Burke. Here rights are conceived as instruments for the good life and human perfection. In the 1948 declaration this idea is expressed as the development of human personality. We have rights in this sense because otherwise we cannot perfect ourselves, which is our duty. Rights and duties are thus two sides of the same coin. Since rights serve perfection, we call this a perfectionist conception of rights. The main thrust of the above-mentioned book has in this way traced two traditions of philosophical thought proposing each their understanding of human rights. The significance of these two traditions goes beyond the question of rights and touches on the role of morality in human life. Do humans have limited social obligations towards each other in order to ensure peaceful co-existence, while it is left to their own judgement how they should live their lives, or is moral perfection an essential aim of social life thus enabling man to realize its humanity? In the first case, rights protect the desire of individuals to live their own life, and in the second case, rights protect peoples endeavour to live a moral life. We call this last kind of theories moralizing, while the first ones are permissive. In our book we have recounted how rights came to serve these very different functions, and we will here shortly summarize our findings. Moral philosophy in Greek and Roman antiquity is with few exceptions perfectionist. Most theories profess a species of eudaimonism. The key question was happiness, but they generally assumed that individual happiness was inextricably related to man’s moral perfection. Being moral and acting morally was also the objective interest of every man. The general assumption was that moral action had to be determined in the particular circumstances, hence the name circumstantialism for these kinds of theories, though it was possible to devise rules of thumb which should be embodied in man as virtues giving him the right disposition towards action. Different from these are theories issuing in universal and inflexible act prescriptions. All ethical theories have some aim or guiding concern, but these aims or concerns can issue in particular prescriptions for acting (act prescriptions) depending on the circumstances as the antique theories generally did or ask people to follow inflexible rules (universal act prescriptions), which was unknown in Greek and Roman moral philosophy. Plato diverges somewhat from the general scheme common to Antiquity, making reason the key notion. He is still rather sceptical about universal and simple rules. How happiness was related to virtue and reason could then be explained in different ways and from there stems the various philosophical schools which thrived at different times in the Greek and Roman world. The antique world-view assumed that the world was reasonable and intelligible for man. This view was seriously challenged after the emergence of Christianity and this brought about an important rupture which changed the basis for philosophical reflection radically. The Judeo-Christian God was a commanding god demanding obedience from the believers. The idea that certain universal act-prescriptions had to be followed was foreign to Greek-Roman philosophy, which was thoroughly circumstantialist. Still, Christian apologists had to defend their religion within the terminology of Greek-Roman philosophy. For this purpose Platonism was a particularly convenient intellectual structure. Identifying God with the One allowed Christianity entry into the Greek-Roman culture, but the commands of God could not be ignored. The distinction between law and counsel made it possible to combine both considerations. In this way we got a distinction between two different kinds of obligation. Different authors could emphasize this or that obligation, but any Christian author somehow had to find a place for the law. The authority of Scripture had to be accommodated to Greek-Roman philosophical reasoning, since Scripture itself was presented as supported by reason. Different solutions could make the synthesis between Greek-Roman philosophy and the Judeo-Christian religion work. For Western Christendom Augustine is the central figure. Inspired by his reading of Paul, Augustine developed a notion of permission, which could highlight the notion of Christian liberty. He wrote against those who make out of anything disadvantageous a sin. We can do many things without sin, which are not necessarily the best thing to do. Here we can glimpse our cluster of concepts: a law forbidding and commanding certain things leaving other things to everyone’s own judgement. These things are permitted even though certain things are necessary to achieve perfection, but everyone is not strictly obliged to seek perfection. When Augustine wrote this during 419–420 the Roman Empire had only recently become officially Christian. Many other communities still co-existed with the Christian communities. The context is, therefore, one of intra-communitarian dispute about doctrine, since Augustine is here responding to a certain Pollentius having trouble with Augustine’s limitation of divorce to the sole case of adultery. When the canon lawyers of the 12th century made Augustine’s permission into an ius the context was, of course, very different. The Christian Church was now an independent government institution with its own laws and courts and judges to maintain it. Ius was a much-used term in Roman law, but rarely used in a subjective sense as belonging to an individual (one example is D. 35.2.1. pr.). Exactly how canon lawyers came to equate ius with permission, we do not know, but this use is well established. That Augustine influenced them is well attested, since many of them refer explicitly to Paul and Augustine. These lawyers equated the moral prescriptions of the Bible with natural law. Natural law was conceived as a collection of more or less general prescriptions. They add the idea of permissive natural law conceived as consisting of everything you can equitably do. There is some discussion about whether this is natural right proper, but the idea of a space of liberty, where the agent is not subjected to compelling prescriptions is well and truly there. Later authors will deduce from this that property and government belong to the permitted area, since the prescriptions of natural law say nothing about them, and the idea that they need the consent of everybody lies at hand. We do not know exactly when this deduction was made for the first time, but it is clearly present in the works of William of Ockham. In between, however, we have seen a surge in Aristotelian thought on moral philosophy due to new translations. The influence of Aristotle is pervasive, but his ideas on moral and political philosophy is not followed by John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham (among others) opting instead for a position closer to that of Augustine. This is not the case with Thomas Aquinas who becomes the principal champion of Aristotelian moral and political philosophy. The challenge he faces is then to reconcile the general rules of the Decalogue with Aristotelian circumstantialism. Thomas’s solution is quite ingenious, but we argue that in the end he cannot give to the Decalogue its full significance. Thomas maintains certain inflexible act-prescriptions as a limit on the pursuit of the common good. His theory retains, however, the basic tenets of Aristotelian circumstantialism. Since agreement with some inflexible act-prescription is not a sufficient criterion for the goodness of the action, which has to be made for a good purpose as well, the pursuit of the common good will therefore dominate. The distinction between strict and loose duties becomes senseless in Thomas’s theory. When all actions should further the common good, and for this reason there can be no genuine indifferent acts (an act which are neither morally commanded nor forbidden), this again implies that there can be no domain sheltered absolutely from public intervention, and this fits well with a conception of rights, which vary with the interest of the common good. This Christianized Aristotelianism was to have an immense influence, but other more orthodox Augustinians like Ockham were worried about this influence. They felt that divine omnipotence was imperilled by this Aristotelian influence. If it was not possible to discard Aristotle completely, Ockham, taking the lead from Duns Scotus, gave Aristotelianism a stronger Augustinian imprint by emphasizing the divine will and the contingency of the created world. Although Ockham radicalized Scotus in many respects, he remained, on the whole, within the same overall perspective. Ockham probably developed his ideas on rights, property and government from canon law sources. In short, the distinction between strict and loose duty makes it possible to envisage individual liberty in terms of permissions within a eudaimonistic structure with beatitude as the highest end. Permissions are then conceived as rights within the limits of the act-prescriptions of natural and divine law. Other matters are left to the individuals’ own decisions, which include property and government. However, government when once settled cannot be revoked except in extreme cases. The point of this theory was not to empower individual members of the society politically, but rather to bolster the claims of the temporal power against the papal claims of omnipotence. This theory gave the temporal power an independent source of legitimacy, and this was again part of Ockham’s own quarrel with the pope about evangelical poverty. Ockham’s position and arguments were taken up again by the Conciliarists, but to a different purpose. Their target was not so much the pope as the papacy. They challenged papal primacy within church government and claimed that final decisions belonged to a general council. The focus had changed, but the basic theoretical construct remained the same. At the Reformation the cluster of concepts, consisting of individual rights as permissions, the supererogatory, property and government based on consensus and the common good as common interest, goes through a major change due to the redefinition of the term ‘sin’. Since the task of government was generally seen as peaceful coexistence and repression of mortal sin, and sin became a much more comprehensive term, the task of government was accordingly greatly enhanced. There was now much larger room for state intervention, and Reformation governments could decide about morality and manners. In this way, what would count as the task of government has also changed. After having initially endorsed this view, John Locke eventually went back on this move making matters outside natural law to no business of government, but now the context had changed, since different (if not all) religious communities were now living together. The duties of religion were now considered a private matter. Morality and manners, which were supervised by the Catholic Church before the Reformation, were now left to religious communities, between which people could choose. The area outside government action thus acquires a different content by this difference of context, since people now have greater liberty to choose their religious affiliation. We argue that this Lockean view greatly influenced the drafters of the 18th century declarations of rights. In the American context Locke was important, but it is disputed how important he was. Recent scholarship tends, however, to reinstate the importance of Locke. What makes Locke so important for us is the way he distanced himself from earlier Protestant political philosophy. Outside the concentric rings of natural and divine law, the Protestant prince could legislate according to his best judgement. Locke, on the contrary, limited the role of the prince to particular functions, and thus re-created a space of liberty for the individual. This solution was implemented in the American declarations (Virginia declaration and the Declaration of Independence) with Locke as the most probable inspiration. Even if this thesis is disputable, it is quite clear that these declarations are focused on freedom deploying a permissive conception of rights, and this is the most important point for our thesis. We can draw the same conclusion regarding the French declaration of the rights of man and the citizen, and as such link the 18th century declaration to the Augustinian-Ockhamistic tradition. However, while the rights language of permission and the consent theory of government formerly served to bolster the secular power against the spiritual power, the same language now serve to bolster the individual against the secular power. While the Americans used it against their colonial master, the French used it against their sovereign master, the King. Again, we have argued that Locke was particularly influential in implementing this solution. This solution was not met with universal approbation. Both during the drafting process and after the adoption, the French declaration was severely criticized. Most of the critique is derived from a moralizing theory proposing an end, which makes inflexible act-prescriptions impossible or unfeasible. On this kind of theory it is not possible to have a fixed and stable space of liberty. Their critique concerns partly the impossibility of conferring eternal and indefeasible rights on individuals, partly the undesirability of abandoning people to their own egoism. The best-known critics are Edmund Burke, Jeremy Bentham and Karl Marx. The theories of Burke and Marx have been described as perfectionists, since they harbour a positive ideal about human perfection, while this is not true about Bentham’s utilitarianism. Bentham and Marx reject the rights of man altogether, while Burke is not unwilling to use this term, though in a perfectionist sense. Strong forces were working against human rights as they were understood in the 18th century. The Catholic Church remains critical, and the Church will eventually adopt their own concept of human rights inspired by Thomism and corresponding to the special sense Burke gave to human rights. Different forms of Marxism and Socialism remained hostile to human rights, considered as a species of bourgeois ideology. Some trends within socialism, for example Jean Jaures in France, adapted the human rights discourse to Socialist goals. However, human rights in the 18th century sense is still important in non-utilitarian liberal thought. Different forms of utilitarianism or more broadly non-perfectionist circumstantialism reject human rights or give them some subordinated role in their system as rules of thumb or guidelines. More historically minded or social science inspired approaches would also be sceptical about human rights. The ‘rebirth’ of human rights in the 20th century was not a ‘rebirth’ of human rights in the 18th century sense, but more like the culmination of the perfectionist version of human rights whether it was of Thomistic or Socialist inspiration. These two versions seemed to converge towards one another, and after the Second World War a short-lived perfectionist consensus produced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (UDHR). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights outlines the moral foundation for the contemporary international human rights regime. We argue that some of the rights in the UDHR, i.e. the economic, social and cultural (ESC-) rights, make no sense if they are understood as permissive rights, but these rights can very well be understood as perfectionist rights. Since a perfectionist end implies a perfectionist conception of rights and such an end is present in the declaration, we conclude that these rights should be understood as perfectionist rights. Other rights in the UDHR could, however, be understood as permissive rights. Since all the rights in the declaration are not permissive rights, it is difficult to understand the end of the UDHR as the delimitation of a space of liberty, but a perfectionist end would not be incompatible with a mixture of permissive and perfectionist rights, since some kinds of liberty could seem necessary to fulfil the end. In that case the perfectionist end of the UDHR would command all the rights, and the permissive rights should be used responsibly to attain this aim. The examination of the drafters’ views as expressed in the summery records consolidates this interpretation of the text, even though it has to be explained as an overlapping consensus between two types of perfectionism. Full blown perfectionism would consist in a very dense conception of perfection, that is, a conception which gives very detailed and comprehensive prescriptions about how to live one’s life. This kind of perfectionism would have a strong moral dimension implying that social virtues are an integrated part of perfection. Social liberal perfectionism would focus on real freedom dissatisfied as they are with the formal freedom of the liberalists. Man should be made capable of effective use of his freedom, and this implies that he should possess certain qualities such as education, free time, means, health, etc. This kind of perfectionism would tend to be less dense, and do not suppose any moral dimension. The attachment of the individual to society would be due to some kind of social contract. The first conception was attributable to the Chinese representative, P. C. Chang, and some Latin American representatives, while the other conception was attributable to representatives from North America and Europe. It was, however, not possible to situate all the drafters precisely in relation to these conceptions, but there were good reasons to think that the large majority of representatives were somewhere between the two positions. The UDHR was soon to be criticized from a liberal point of view. The economic, social and cultural rights had no place in liberal theory. These rights were not considered as real human rights. Only civil and political rights could claim to be real human rights. In order to avoid controversy and rally as large a following around human rights as possible, the human rights militancy of the 70s focused on subjects as torture, forced disappearances, arbitrary arrests on which there was wide agreement. We argue against Samuel Moyn that this movement did not deploy a whole new conception of human rights. The difference between UDHR and the 18th-century declarations of rights does not lie in the existence of a special tie to the state, as Moyn claims, but in their basic philosophical assumptions. We argue that the UDHR has a much larger potential for internationalization than older declarations focused on freedom. This means that this potential was present in 1948, but it leaves the question open why it did not unfold until the 70s. Our explanation goes in two steps; firstly, as Moyn also notes, the major reason for this delay was the Cold War. Internationalism seemed less realistic faced with a seemingly insurmountable ideological gap. We argue that other philosophical assumptions more akin to those of the 18th century in the guise of Reinhold Neibuhr and the Realist School in international relations came into the forefront forcing internationalism into the defensive. Institutionalism within international relations theory should be taken as an expression of a new effort to open the way to internationalism on the eve of the Cold War period. Secondly, human rights activism was minimalist and focused on a few fundamental and widely consensual rights, and it did not embrace the full program of the UDHR. Moyn explains this situation and its success by the failure of alternative utopias, and there is much to say for this explanation, but why the human rights ONG’s eventually adopted the whole perfectionist program of the UDHR is not principally due to a pressure for giving answers to all questions necessary for a new ‘utopia’. We suggest that working within the UN framework, intellectual coherence would anyway oblige them to do so. Our two traditions are thus still at work towards the end of the 20th century. Niebuhr and the Realists assume a conception of morality very much akin to that behind the 18th century declarations, even though they have a more ambiguous relation to the declarations themselves. For them, the determination of the actual rights is not so evident, and especially Niebuhr considers this determination as a matter of dispute, where morality and self-interest are difficult to disentangle. The other strand has triumphed through the perfectionism of the UDHR, whether it is of Thomistic, Socialist, Confucian or other inspiration, and the momentum seems presently to be in its favour. The West has traditionally been very much focused on fixed rules when promoting human rights internationally, which seems wholly incongruous with the UDHR, while the so-called Global South has insisted on the indivisibility and interrelation of human rights, assuming that some kind of practical reason has to decide how they support or depend on each other or how supposed conflicts between them should be solved. This was rammed home at the Vienna conference in 1993, and this battle has largely been lost by those in the West who still cherishes the idea of fixed rules. Though fixed rules leave little flexibility for maximization or optimization of an accumulative end, and continuous adaptation to changing circumstances would be more efficient in this case, the social distribution of capabilities can, however, induce some people to adapt more than others, and rigid rules can protect persons by fixing lines of protection that cannot be overruled. This idea has often been criticized as a particular Western idea stemming from an individualist society and sometimes imputed to Christianity. It would seem that this study support this idea. The permissive conception of rights has been traced back to developments in early Christianity. The Decalogue of the Mosaic religion as they were assimilated by Christianity made it possible to establish the conceptual apparatus consisting in interdictions, commands, permissions and counsel. One could then say that Christianity played a crucial role for the development of human rights. But the Qur’an allows of the same kind of interpretation. Just like Augustine speaks about prescription, interdiction, permission and advice, Muslim scholars speak about the obligatory act (wajib, fard), the prohibited act (haram, mahdhur), the permitted act (mubah, halal, ja’iz) and the recommended act (mustahab, mandub, sunnah). Islamic law also embraces the principle of legality, such that actions which are not prohibited are permitted. Other observers even emphasize the existence of a notion of right in early Islamic jurisprudence. So why did human rights not develop in the Muslim world? If human rights are associated, as they are here, with the particular move that bolsters the individual against the state, and not with the move bolstering secular powers against the spiritual power, then we will have to note that these rights did not develop in the Christian world for 1700 years. It is thus not probable that they were indissolubly linked to Christianity, if nobody actually thought about this for 1700 years. What actually made Locke reinvent the space of liberty and Enlightenment thinkers turn this liberty against the reigning power as a special prerogative of the individual, has probably something to do with developments in contemporary society. Our cluster of concepts is not essentially Christian, but developed in Christianity because of contingent factors such as the combination of Roman law and church government; the dispute between secular and spiritual powers and individualistic conceptions of man. Nor do they seem to be related to any metaphysical or epistemological principle. Ockham subscribed to voluntarism while Locke adhered to intellectualism. They adopted a species of nominalism, but Duns Scotus preferred realism. A Platonic view of epistemology against an Aristotelian conception makes no difference. A teleological or mechanical conception of nature is all the same, when it comes to our cluster of concepts. What then allowed this cluster to persist in spite of changing philosophical inclinations? Important spiritual or material interests must have brought this about. With respect to the Middle Ages we will point to a strong religious interest in maintaining Christian liberty which relieves men from ceremonial prescriptions and leaves them to strive after perfection of their own free will. There was an important material interest in keeping the social order clear from church and religion. These interests in freedom and the independence of secular society were an important background for the development of human rights, but they were essentially related to neither Christian theology nor philosophy. They were related to the existence of fixed rules and the dispute between secular and spiritual power. The first you could find in Islam and other religions, while the second seems more particular to Western Europe. We have travelled a lump of human history stretching from Plato to the aftermath of the Second World War. Our account of this period must inevitably be a very concentrated one. Why work on such a long stretch of time? The concepts and terms we are using to speak about ethical and political questions often have a long history. We do not assume this history to be a smooth and simple one. Terms get new meanings or maybe plural meanings. Concepts are carried by new terms or become part of them, or they enter into new associations with other concepts, which change their significance or functions. We do not assume that terms and concepts have followed each other from the ‘beginning’ to the ‘end’. This is a complicated story, which is wholly contingent and riddled with ruptures and displacements. We do not assume that certain concepts and terms had to appear or develop in a particular way. We only endeavour to map their presence at specific moments. We establish the framework, which will allow us to study the use of terms and concepts more specifically in their concrete environment. We consider it important to have the big picture, for example when we have to compare thinkers from different periods. It is important to know that the term ‘sin’ has changed its meaning with Luther and the consequences this has for the proper functions of the state, when we compare Luther with the Conciliarists. This gives a particular edge to subsequent Protestant political philosophy, which otherwise might have gone unnoticed, since they use the same conceptual apparatus as the Conciliarists. These kinds of ‘movements’ are easier to see in the big picture. The big picture also makes it easier to see whether terms and concepts forged in one period are still pertinent in a later period. We are sometimes so used to a particular conceptual scheme that we are not aware that changes in some other context leave them without a raison d’être. This has to some extent happened with the rule-based moral theory, which persisted without its foundation in divine command, and the raison d’être somehow had to be reinvented. These kinds of disruptions are easier to spot in the big picture. What we do is to map their presence in texts. What meets us in the first place is the terms (words and phrases) and we will have to determine their precise meaning in these texts and the concepts they might carry with them. Since we are mainly dealing with abstract and technical terms in mainly scholarly texts, we have to determine their meaning in their theoretical context. The term ‘common good’ would, for example, mean something different in the Augustinian-Ockhamistic tradition than in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition. In the first tradition the common good is the haphazard common interest of contingent societies, while the second tradition conceives the common good of a particular society as an integral part of the common good of an objective and universal society. Establishing the big picture will not exempt us from a contextual determination of the meaning of the particular term. However, in order to extract the abstract sense of the terms, we neither have to establish their perlocutionary nor their illocutionary sense, and neither their ideological role nor their social function or justification. Nonetheless, this extraction of meaning from the theoretical context does involve an elaborate reconstruction of the theory in question as far as this is possible. So far we have only considered two of the three conceptions. The first two conceptions studied are what John Rawls would call comprehensive conceptions. The force of the third conception should then consist in being a non-comprehensive conception: i.e. a minimal standard of decency accepted by different comprehensive conceptions. This conception is defined by the fact that it allows more than one coercive normative order, and for this reason we call this conception pluralist in regard to politics. This means that human rights are not thought to exhaust the possibility for coercive measures in the state. Other normative claims can legitimately be enforced beside those of human rights. This has some implications for how we consider the function of government and consequently for democracy as a form of government. From the point of view of perfectionism it is the object of government to deploy the practical reason which will determine the decisions or enact the rules necessary for making people more perfect. From the point of view of classical liberalism it is the object of government to enact the rules necessary to protect freedom. In both cases positive rights coincide with human rights. In the third conception this is not necessarily the case. Government should, of course, enforce human rights, but these are not exhaustive, so it is somehow left to the government to fill out the rest. In some sense we are back to Protestant political philosophy here, where the prince could fill the space left over by divine and natural law. Apparently, it seems less controversial to revive this theory today, when the prince has been replaced with democracy. What would then be the function of human rights today according to this theory? The third conception is an umbrella conception, so it can be fleshed out in various ways according to how human rights are justified, which functions are assigned to them and how the individual rights are defined. We would suggest that their function is to establish the conditions for the exercise of autonomy and individual protection against the vagaries of collective decisions. Conceived in this way, human rights allow democratic institutions a vast field within which they act freely. They are not just left with some details to settle concerning the implementation of a political project set out in advance. It is for democracy to make a choice between different political projects, and in this way human rights stand above ordinary political divides. This also means that human rights become an external standard with respect to the constitution and ordinary legislation. Human rights become the standard according to which these should be judged. If human rights should express an actual universality, we must bring them down to a value that is likely to rally a broad consensus. We proposed autonomy, since it relates to the formation of opinion. It ensures that everyone can make up their own opinion and decide knowingly without pressures or restrictions in terms of information. This value is essentially that of the Enlightenment. This does not mean we did not know before. Socrates is a shining example to the contrary and Dumont believes that he finds it in the ancient Indian religion of the Vedas, however, the philosophers of the Enlightenment strongly advocate this idea from the 17th century onwards. If this value seems likely to rally around it a broad consensus, it is because it is a prerequisite for any discussion, and discussion is a prerequisite for any thoughtful consensus. So to all those who agree to submit to the vagaries of discussion and participate in the game of persuasion, autonomy should be an acceptable basis. This is fortunately a very large portion of the overall world population, and those are the members of the world public opinion that we must persuade. These people consider themselves as independent and for that reason they gather information and consider the arguments for and against. They constitute the future of human rights. What really matters is that people consider themselves as independent and that they see human rights as their guarantee for being able to continue to be so. The effort to promote human rights must therefore concentrate on public opinion; protect, expand and enlighten it. Such a conception could serve as a base for the re-interpretation of the existing UN regime. The existing regime suffers from incoherence due to the fact that the covenants were supposed to implement the UDHR, which we have argued is perfectionist, but they are doing this with a traditional legal vocabulary which is dependent on a permissive conception of rights. This has created many troubles with how to cope with ESC-rights within such a conception. These rights simply do not work as permissive rights and they cannot therefore be considered as non-derogable or non-justiciable. In a perfectionist perspective all rights are derogable according to what would fit the common good and all rights are justiciable as long as this would promote the common good. In this perspective there are no fixed rules and every virtue is enforceable if this proves expedient. In order to conserve fixed rules and thus give personal autonomy a convenient protection one should take the existing civil and political rights (ICCPR) and combine them with the core ESC-rights as outlined by the UN, which seems susceptible of immediate enforcement. These rights could be conceived as human rights according to the third conception. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A. (2006). Introduction à la société musulmane, Fondements, sources et principes, Paris : Eyrolles. Augustine (1982). ‘De Conjugiis Adulterinis’, in S. Aurelii Augustini Opera Omnia, Patrologia Latina 40. Reimpression of 1857 edition. Turnhout: Brepols. Baderin, Mashood A. (2003). International Human Rights and Islamic Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bentham, Jeremy (2002). The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, Rights, Representation, and Reform: Nonsense upon Stilts and other Writings on the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brunschwig, Jacques (1996). »Stoïcisme ancien », in Dictionnaire d’éthique et de philosophie morale, Vol. 2 : 1856-1864. Burke, Edmund (1968). Reflections on the Revolution in France. London: Penguin Books. Dihle, Albrecht (1982). The Theory of Will in Classical Antiquity, Sather Classical Lectures 48, Berkeley 1982. Dumont, Louis (1985). Essais sur l’individualisme Paris : Éditions du Seuil. Huyler, Jerome (1995). Locke in America. The Moral Philosophy of the Founding Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. Jacobsen, Mogens Chrom (2011). Three Conceptions of Human Rights. Malmö: NSU-Press. Jacobsen, Mogens Chrom (2014). ‘Ideology and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, in Journal of Constitutionalism and Human Rights, Avril 2014: 8–30. Locke, John (2008). Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Luther, Martin (1889). “De votis monasticis Martini Lutheri iudicium” (1521), in D. Martin Luthers Werke, kritische Gesammtausgabe, Vol. 8. Weimar : Hermann Böhlau. Moyn, Samuel (2010). The Last Utopia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Moyn, Samuel (2011). ‘The First Historian of Human Rights’, in The American Historical Review, Vol. 116, No. 1: 58–79. Niehbuhr, Reinhold (1948). The Nature and Destiny of Man, Volume II; Human destiny. London: Nisbet & Co. Ltd. Plato (1982). Republic I. Vol. 5. Loeb Classical Library 237. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press. Rawls, John (1996). Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press. Weigand, Rudolf (1967). Die Naturrechtslehre der Legisten und Dekretisten von Irnerius bis Accursius und von Gratian bis Johannes Teutonicus, München: Max Hueber Verlag. William of Ockham (1992). A Short Discourse on Tyrannical Government, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zuckert, Michael P. (1994). Natural Rights and the New Republicanism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Part of the text is taken – but somewhat modified – from a second edition of my book, Three Conceptions of Human Rights, which is in course of publication. For precise and extensive references, please refer to Jacobsen, 2011, 2014, 2016. Plato, 1982: 425 c-e, p. 363. Augustine, 1982: PL 40, 459–462, I.14-17.15-19. DG II C. XXVIII, c. 8. Thomas Aquinas, ST. Ia IIae 18 a. 4 co. Huyler, 1995: 1–28; Zuckert, 1994: 18–25, 150–166, 305–319. Moyn, 2010 : 130 ff. Moyn, 2010 : 218 ff. Moosa, 2004: 5 ff. In fact Moosa argues that the concept of right elaborated in the first period of Islam makes certain inherited notions of ethics incompatible with modern notions of human rights. Those who consider the Islamic understanding of rights compatible with modern notions have difficulties in explaining how they abandon the presumptions of traditional Islamic jurisprudence. He believes there is no way out, so that one has to accept a quantum shift. Rawls, 1996: 140, 154–155, 175.

2019-04-21T01:09:53Z

https://nome.unak.is/wordpress/volume-11-no-3-2016/conference-proceeding-volume-11-no-3-2016/human-rights-question-origins/

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Two (2) 60-degree cutting angles used in applications such as cleaning concrete, scale, rust or cutting troughs and some asphalt; 3" wide with 1-1/8" hex collar. Lightweight, single speed tool with ball bearing construction allow for cool running, quiet, smooth operation. Specs Cord length 6', speed 35,000 rpm, voltage 120 AC/50-60 Hz. Includes Mandrel, coarse 1/2", sanding drum, dressing stone, heavy duty emery cut off wheel, 1/2" 120 grit sanding band, aluminum oxide grinding stone, silicon carbide grinding stone. Compact, lightweight, medium duty cordless with lawn mower and garden tool sharpening attachment, shaft lock for easy bit changing, removable battery with 3 hour charge time. Specs: 7.2V, 2-speed (10,000 and 20,000 RPM). Accepts accessories up to 1/8" shank, weighs 12 oz. Includes: battery, 3 hour charger, accessories, storage bag and garden sharpener. Refer to model No. 757-01 for replacement battery pack. Round shank fits SDS MAX hammer drills and large Hilti hammer drills with round shank; 4-1/2" clay spade bit for general gardening and landscaping. Multipurpose cutting guide attachment, used for multiple applications on a variety of materials. Specs: 15,000 or 35,000 RPM, voltage 120/AC, 50-60/Hz, 6 ft. cord. Includes: 21 genuine Dremel accessories. Lightweight, comfort grip housing with variable speed, circle cutter/straight edge guide. Specs: voltage 120/AC, 50-60/Hz, 5,000 to 35,000 RPM, 6 ft. cord. Includes: storage case and 24 accessories. 8 volt Lithium-Ion cordless rotary tool is ideal for hands on projects around the home such as finishing, intricate sanding, polishing, cleaning, engraving and more. Variable speed control allows you to set the speed of the tool to match a particular accessory to the task at hand and is designed to be used with all Dremel accessories and most threaded attachments. Variable speed from 5,000 to 33,000 rpm to match the proper speed required. High capacity battery for longer run time. Comfort grip housing for easier handling and better tool control. Includes: 401 Mandrel, 402 Mandrel, 403 Bristle brush, 407 1/2" Drum sander, 414 Felt polishing wheel (2), 421 Polishing compound, 445 1/2" 240 Grit sanding band (2), 408 1/2" 60 Grit sanding band (3), 432 1/2" 120 Grit sanding band (3), 540 1-1/4" Cut-off wheel (3), 84922 Silicon carbide grinding stone, 932 Aluminum oxide grinding stone, 952 Aluminum oxide grinding stone and wrench. Variable speed for greater versatility. High performance motor for maximum performance at all speeds. Electronic feedback for consistent speed under load. Can be used with all Dremel accessories and attachments. Specs: Cord length 6', speed 5,000 to 35,000 rpm, voltage 120 AC/50-60 Hz, weight 18.8 oz. Includes: Dremel 4000 rotary tool, circle cutter/straight edge guide, sanding/grinding guide, storage case, quick start book. Used in applications such as digging in clay, hard packed gravel or dirt. External collar for use with standard pneumatic hammers, internal locks for Bosch hammer 11304; 5-3/8" with 1-1/8" hex collar. Allows tool-less and collet-less accessory changes with the inclusion of the three jaw chuck. The chuck accepts all Dremel accessory shank sizes for fast and convenient accessory changes without ever using a wrench. Featuring the all new Pivot Light, your projects are will lit with an optimum line of sight since the light pivots to direct illumination where you want it. Variable speed and electronic feedback circuitry. The slim, ergonomic body design provides a comfortable 360 degree grip zone no matter how you hold it for extended ease of use. The completely redesigned air flow system lets the Dremel 4300 run cool, quiet and smooth so completing projects are more enjoyable than ever. 6' cord. Variable speed: 5,000 - 35,000 rpm. Cuts wood, metal, plastic, aluminum and ceramic tile with ease. Sets up in seconds. Weighs only 13 lbs. 5.5 amp motor; 2,800 spm. 3/4" stroke length using a "T" shank jig saw blade. Includes blade holder, (5) T-shank assorted blades and allen key. Compact and lightweight. Tool runs from 5,000-32,000 RPM. Managed by a variable speed dial for fluid control. 1/8" Collet is compatible with all 1/32" - 1/8" shank accessories providing the user access to any cutting, grinding, sanding and polishing solutions. Includes rotary tool, M12 Redlithium battery, 5 cutting wheels and mandrel, wrench and 30-minute charger and carrying case. Large table for better material support with vice clamping system to secure work space. Thumb actuated positive stops for quick miter adjustments. Dust collector attachment minimizes airborne particles. Specs: 5,000 rpm, 0-52 degree miter angle to the left and right for increased flexibility, 0-45 degree bevel angle to the left to provide clean and accurate bevel cuts. Includes: 24T TCT saw blade, dust bag, vise assembly, 5mm hex bar wrench, and holder. Make precision miter cuts up to 45 degrees left and right with 9 stops at commonly used angles. Make bevel cuts up to 45 degrees left. Use compound cutting for crown molding, shadow boxes, picture frames and more. Laser-light cutting guide for quicker alignment and improved accuracy. Die-cast aluminum base for portability. Electric brake stops the blade in seconds. Spindle lock for quick blade changes. Includes: 60T Carbide-Tipped blade installed, hold-down clamp, dust bag, two extension wings, blade wrench and two AAA batteries for laser. No load speed: 4600 rpm. Weighs 24 lbs. Variable speed rotary tool with a slim, ergonomic body provides a 360-degree grip zone for comfort and control in any grip position. Tool can use all existing Dremel accessories and attachments plus high-performance attachments to complete the widest range of projects. Specs: Amperage 1.6 amps, Cord Length 6 ft., Speed 5,000 to 35,000 RPM, Voltage 120 AC, 50-60 Hz,Weight (lbs.) 18.8 oz. Includes: 50 assorted accessories Powerful 15 amp motor with 1.2 amp no load speed makes this a great machine for the workshop or the jobsite. Throat depth=16"; Stroke=4/5"; Cutting depth=2"; Table bevel =0-45 degrees left; Weight: 30.8 lbs; Dust blower; Dust port; Blade guard; Variable speed. Accessories include ; Blade guard; Blade holder; Allen key; 2 blades:(1) 15 TPI;(1) 18TPI; 10" Compound miter saw with 14 amp motor, 5,200 rpm. Maximum cut capacity at 90? degree miter - 4"x4" and 2"x6" dressed lumber. Maximum cut capacity at 45? miter - 2"x4" and 1"x6" dressed lumber. Maximum cut capacity at 45? bevel - 2"x4". Miters 45 to 90 degrees; bevels 0-45 degrees. Lightweight die cast aluminum base allows for weight of 36.6 lbs. Accepts SS9100 (087.7894) leg stand and material supports. Includes dust bag, work clamp, 40th carbide tipped blade and blade wrench. Aluminum working table with blade guide adjustment, work light and blade quick tension adjustment. Max cutting depth=3-1/8"; Throat depth=9"; Table Size=11-13/16" x 11-13/16"; Table Bevel=0-45 degree. Accessories include: Parallel Guide; Miter Gauge; Hex key. 59-1/2" blade included. Sliding rail system for crosscutting stock up to 12" wide. Make precision miter cut up to 45 degrees left and right. Make bevel cuts up to 45 degrees left. Use compound cutting for crown molding, shadow boxes, picture frames and more. Laser-light cutting guide for quicker alignment and improved accuracy. Die-cast aluminum base for portability. Electric brake stops the blade in seconds. Spindle lock for quick blade changes. Includes: 60T Carbide-tipped blade, hold-down clamp, dust bag, two extension wings, rear support foot bar, blade wrench and two AAA batteries for laser. 4800 rpm. Weighs 40 lbs. Laser marker system for increased cutting accuracy. Horizontal handle, Large table, large extended fence raises to 4" for cutting crown molding vertically. Thumb actuated positive stops for quick miter adjustments. Carbon brush access, allows user to replace brush as needed Dust collector attachment, to minimize airborne particles. Max work piece capacity is 2-5/16" H, max. by 5-21/32" W. Specs: Single-phase 120VAC 60Hz motor, 0-52 degree miter angle range to the right and left, 0-48 degree bevel angle range to the left with adjustable bevel stops. Includes: 10" tct saw blade, vice assembly with knob bolt, 10mm box wrench, 4mm hex bar wrench. Metal legs attach directly to the saw base. Lightweight, die cast aluminum base for easy transport. Includes adjustable rollers to construct infeed/outfeed support. Depth stops on the rollers allow for unlimited cuts of the same length. Preset detents for setting accurate, repeated miter cuts. Bevel adjusts from 0 to 45 degrees to accommodate most bevel cuts. Includes: dust bag and work clamp. Two-piece aluminum and Lexan guard design protects against side impact. Lexan allows user to see the blade without the glare, providing a clean line of sight. Base handle design delivers increased comfort and portability to the end user. Positive bevel stops, cam lock miter handle, adjustable stainless detent plate and precise miter system. SPECIFICATIONS: 13 amp motor, 5,000 RPM, negative 3-degree to 48-degree bevel capacity, left and right miter capacity, machined base fence support, tall sliding fence and easy access bevel lock. Machined aluminum base ensures accurate cuts. Performs compound cutting operations. Dual post compound pivoting arm. Bevel cuts up to 45 degrees to the left. Miter cuts 0-45 degrees left and 0-52 degrees right. Specs: Blade diameters 10", arbor 5/8", max. cutting capacity (bevel/miter) 90 degree/90 degree 2-3/4" x 5-1/8", 45 degree/45 degree 1-3/8" x 3-5/8", no load rpm 4,600, length 18-23/32", weight (lbs.) 24.2. Includes: socket wrench, carbide tipped blade, dust bag and triangular rule. Hi-torque gearbox reduces motor stresses, improving performance and durability. Cuts steel, aluminum, wood and plastics easily, leaves no burr and offers an instantly workable finish, no coolant required and virtually no sparks are produced, 11-13/16" slide action. Compound tilt and slide mechanism offers a solution to almost all common applications, laser guidance, extra-large base, extendable fence guard for long workpieces. Specs: 230V or 110V/50Hz, 2000W (soft start), max depth cut (90 degrees): 3", (45 degrees miter): 1-1/2", (90 degrees miter): 11-13/16", (45 degrees miter): 8-1/4", no load speed-2500 min-1, dimensions are (HxWxL) 25"x20"x30", and weighs 41 lbs. Includes: vertical clamp, laser protector, plug, exhaust port, owner?s manual, dust bag, 5mm hex wrench, (2) extension supports, 6mm hex wrench, extension support stop, slide lock knob, table positioning handle w/thread collar, table locking knob, and blade. Adjustable stainless steel miter detent plate with 11-positive stops delivers repeatable accuracy and worksite durability. Tall sliding fence supports crown molding up to 5-1/4" nested and base molding up to 6-1/2" vertically against the fence while easily sliding out of the way for bevel cuts. 0-48 degree to the left and 0-3 degree to the right for increased capacity. 0-50 degree left and right miter capacity for greater versatility. Cam lock miter handle with miter detent override deliver quick, accurate miter angles. 4-hardened steel bevel stops at 0, 33.9, 45 and 48 degrees. Lightweight with built-in carry handle for easy portability. STANDARD EQUIPMENT: Carbide blade, extension kit, dust bag, blade wrench. SPECIFICATIONS: 15.0 amps, 4,000 RPM no load speed, 12" blade diameter, 5/8 or 1" arbor size, 6-1/2" vertical capacity baseboard against fence, 5-1/4" vertical capacity crown molding vertically nested, 8" horizontal capacity baseboard lying flat, 6-1/2" horizontal capacity crown molding lying flat, 2 x 8" for 45 degree bevel cut capacity (dimensional lumber), 2 x 8" for 90 degree cross-cut capacity (dimensional lumber), 2 x 8" max width for 90 degree cross-cut capacity, 4 x 6" dimensional lumber max height for 45 degree miter cut capacity, 2 x 6 dimensional lumber max width for 45 degree miter cut capacity, 42 lbs. tool weight. Stand Not Included. Laser marker system accurately indicates where the blade will cut on the material and can be easily adjusted to the right or the left of the cut mark depending upon the user preference. Powerful 15 amp motor with 1,950 watts of output power smoothly powers through hardwoods with ease. Elastomer compound coats the horizontal handle, reducing vibration, while adding comfort and preventing slippage. Tall, pivoting aluminum fence that stands at a height of 5-1/8" allows crown molding to be cut vertically for convenience. Large base provides better support and balance to prevent material from warping. Externally accessible carbon brushes allow for quick and easy maintenance to prolong tool life. Miter scale ranges from 0-52 degrees, both to the right and left, for a broader range of cuts. Miter angles can be quickly adjusted using Hitachi's thumb actuated positive stops. Bevel scale ranges from 0-48 degrees to the right and left allowing the material to stay in place while the saw head flips to make opposing cuts. After major bevel angle is secured, micro-bevel adjustment knob can be used to dial-in to a precise angle without the weight of the saw head compromising the accuracy. Weighs 46.3 lbs. Electronic speed control, positive miter stops for quick adjustments, adjustable pivot fence, splinter guard, externally replaceable carbon brushes, dust collector attachment, precise compound cuts, easy-to-read measurements and quick settings, Linear ball bearing slide system, vertical handle with elastomer grip. Specs: 5,500 RPM, 8-1/2" blade diameter, 5/8" arbor size, bevel angle range: (Right) 0-5 degrees, (Left) 0-48 degrees, miter angle range: (Right) 0-57 degrees, (Left) 0-45 degrees, miter detent stops: (R & L) 15, 22.5, 31.6, 45, degrees, cross cut capacity (90 degrees) 2-9/16"x12", size 21-27/32"Wx31-3/32"Lx19-3/32"H, weighs 31 lbs. Includes: 8-1/2" TCT saw blade, dust bag, vice assembly, box wrench, sub fence. Adjustable stainless steel miter detent plate with 11-positive stops delivers repeatable accuracy and worksite durability. Tall sliding fence supports crown molding up to 6-5/8" nested and base molding up to 6-1/2" vertically against the fence while easily sliding out of the way for bevel cuts. 0-48 degree with positive stops at 0, 33.9, 45 and 48 degree both left and right allowing user to flip the saw not the material. Back fence design delivers ability to cut 2 x 10" dimensional lumber at 90 degrees and 2 x 8" at 45 degrees. Precise miter system and machined base fence support, innovative gearbox and belt-drive design for increased cutting capacity. Lightweight, head lock-down pine and built-in carrying handle. Cam lock miter handle with detent override. Designed for use with No.DW7187 Adjustable Miter Saw Laser System which delivers visibility of the cutting path. STANDARD EQUIPMENT: carbide blade, dust bag, blade wrench. SPECIFICATIONS: 15.0 amps, 3,600 RPM no load speed, 12" blade diameter, 5/8 or 1" arbor size, 6-1/2" vertical capacity baseboard against fence, 6-5/8" vertical capacity crown molding vertically nested, 8" horizontal capacity baseboard lying flat (10" with back fence), 6-1/2" horizontal capacity crown molding lying flat, 2 x 8" (2 x 10" with back fence) left and right for 45 degree bevel cut capacity (dimensional lumber), 2 x 8" (2 x 10" with back fence) for 90 degree cross-cut capacity (dimensional lumber), 2 x 8" (2 x 10" with back fence) max width for 90 degree cross-cut capacity, 4 x 6" dimensional lumber max height for 45 degree miter cut capacity, 2 x 6" (2 x 8" with back fence) dimensional lumber max width for 45 degree miter cut capacity. 44 lbs. tool weight. Stand Not Included. 15 AMP motor tackles tough cutting jobs with ease. Zero rear clearance slide system. Ergonomic upfront bevel lock for quick and easy adjustments of bevel angles. Tool-less, adjustable laser marker for cutting accuracy. Positive stops with miter detent override for faster transitions between miter angles. Equipped with LED light for added visibility. 0-60 degree miter angle to the right and 0-55 degree miter angle to the left, 0-48 degree bevel angle range to the right and left. STANDARD EQUIPMENT: saw, 10" TCT saw blade, dust bag, 13 mm wrench, and vice assembly. SPECIFICATIONS: 15 AMP belt driven motor, pivoting fence, no-load speed of 3,200 RPM. Utilizes 20 volt Max Battery pack which provides on average, 183 cuts of 2x4 pine or 275 cuts of 3-1/4 pine baseboard. Integrated XPS cross system provides adjustment free cut line indication for better accuracy and visibility. Capacity to cut up to 3-5/8" nested crown and 3-1/2 base vertically. Will cut 2x8 lying flat. Adjustable stainless steel miter detent plate with 11 positive stops improves productivity and ensures cutting accuracy. Oversized bevel scale makes bevel angle adjustments accurate and easy. Compact, lightweight design (31.6 lbs) allows for easy transport and storage. Cam lock miter handle delivers quick and accurate miter angles. Precise miter system and machined base fence support optimized durability and cutting accuracy. 7-1/4" blade diameter. No load speed: 3750 rpm. Includes battery, charger, carbide blade, user's guide, blade wrench and material clamp. Large cutting capacity in a compact design and less weight at only 43.7 lbs. for job site portability. Powerful 13.0 amp direct drive motor requires less maintenance and delivers 4,300 rpm. Cuts up to 12" at 90 degrees and 8-1/2" at 45 degrees. Linear ball bearing system engineered to deliver "dead-on" accurate cuts. Rear handle bevel lock is easily accessible and adjusts 0-45 degrees (left and right) with positive stops at 0 degrees, 45 degrees (left and right). Soft start feature for smooth start-ups. Ergonomic rubberized D-handle design for better fit and added comfort. Large precision machined aluminum base supports material for more efficient cutting. Electric brake for maximum productivity. See-thru blade guard system for greater visibility of blade and line of cut. Oversized trigger switch for better fit, added comfort and easier operation. Includes extension wings for supporting long work pieces. Ideal for baseboard and crown molding installation, finish carpenters, cabinet and furniture makers, wood floor installers, deck builders, general contractors and more. Includes: (1) 10" 40T Miter saw blade, (1) triangle rule for miter saws, (1) vice assembly, (1) dust bag assembly, (1) extension wing and (1) wrench 13mm. The DHS716 12" (305mm) 120 volt Max Compound Miter Saw with top handle delivers power and cutting capacity with the portability and convenience of a cordless tool. Flexible power for corded or cordless use. CutLine Blade positioning system delivers adjustment free cutline indicator. Includes the 12" Compound Miter Saw, blade, blade changing wrench, dust bag and a 120 volt AC adapter (Batteries And Dual Port Fast Charger Sold Separately). 45 degree bevel cut capacity; 45 degree miter cut capacity; 90 degree cross-cut capacity. Arbor size: 5/8" (1") IN. Weighs only 44 lbs. Cross cut positive stop for optimal cutting position. XPS Laser Compatible. Tall sliding fence for optimized material support. Bevel detent system with 7 hard stops gives you accurate, repeatable cuts. Adjustable stainless steel miter plate. Cam lock miter system. Sliding fence that supports up to 6" base molding to the left of the blade & up to 3 1/2" to the right of the blade. Machined base fence insures blade perpendicularity to fence. SPECIFICATIONS: Blade Diameter: 10"; Bevel Capacity: 0 degrees - 48 degrees; Miter Capacity: 60 Degrees left, 51 degrees right; Crosscut Capacity at 0 degrees: 2" x 14"; Crosscut Capacity at 45 degrees: 2" x 12"; Vertical Capacity: 6" base molding, 6-1/4" crown molding; Amps: 15 amps; Net Weight: 51 lbs. Stand Not Included. Large cutting capacity in a compact design with less weight at only 57.9 lbs. Powerful 15.0 amp direct drive motor requires less maintenance and delivers 3,200 rpm. Large-sized aluminum base improves stability of material for efficient cutting. Unique 2-steel rail sliding system offers a reduced footprint for operation flush against a wall. The innovative direct-drive gearbox and guard system is engineered for increased vertical cutting capacity of baseboard (5-1/4?), crown molding (6-5/8? nested), and crosscut a 4" x12" at 90 degrees. The saw miters 0 to 60 degrees left and right, with positive stops at 0, 15, 22.5, 31.6, 45 and 60 degrees (left or right). The bevel lock allows for easy access and quick adjustments from 0 to 48 degrees (left and right). Includes: (1) 10" x 5/8?60T Micro-polished Miter saw blade, (1) triangle rule, (1) vertical vice, (1) dust bag, (1) Hex wrench. Positive angle stoppers for easy adjustment of teeth, turn table position for miter cutting (at the right and left of the 0-degree center setting, at 15,22.5, 31.6 and 45-degree settings). High sub fence. Legibly labeled angle scale and bevel scale. High dust collecting performance. Splinter guard, also serving for cut alignment. Electronically controlled soft start and constant speed for smooth, accurate cutting, fine surface finish and low noise operation. Poly V-belt and motor driving system for longer service life. STANDARD EQUIPMENT: 1 each: Vise Assembly, dust bag, 10mm box wrench, 255mm (10") TCT saw blade. SPECIFICATIONS: 10" diameter, 120V, 12 Amp, 1,400W max. output, 3,800 RPM, soft start and speed control. Max cutting capacities: 0-degree (right angle), miter cut 45-degree (left/right), miter right 57-degree, bevel cut 45-degree (left), bevel cut 45-degree (right), miter left/right 45-degree plus bevel left 45-degree, miter right 45-degree plus bevel right 45-degree. Miter cutting range: 0-45 degree left, 0-57 degree right. Bevel cutting range: 0-45 right and left. 20-3/4W x 41-1/2"L x 24-1/4"H. 43 lbs. tool weight. Double parallel link arm design dramatically reduces vibration and noise, for extremely accurate cuts. Exclusive tool-free blade clamps, On-off switch, electronic variable speed, flexible dust blower and blade-tensioning lever are all located on the front upper arm. Arm design pivots from the back of the saw to the front and lifts so blade can be easily threaded through the material for inside cuts. Unique arm design keeps the blade perpendicular to the work. Oversized, cast-iron table provides excellent material support and bevels 45 degrees left and right. Specs: Motor 1.3 amp rating, 120V AC. 400-1,750 cutting strokes per minute. Table size 16" x 23-3/4". Weighs 56 lbs. Meets OSHA standards, CSA approved and U.L. Listed. Stand Not Included. 12 AMP belt driven motor with soft start and overload protection. Adjustable laser guide for precise cutting. Soft Start feature reduces noise and recoil during start-up. Electronic speed control keeps RPMs constant as load varies. Linear ball bearing slide system for precision and durability. Left and right positive stops on miter gauge located at 0, 15, 22.5, 31.6, and 45 degrees. Dust collection system collects 100% more dust than previous models. STANDARD EQUIPMENT: saw, 10" TCT saw blade, dust bag, 10 mm box wrench, and vice assembly. SPECIFICATIONS: 12 AMP belt driven motor, pivoting fence, no-load speed of 3,800 RPM. Milwaukee Powerstate brushless motor provides more corded cutting performance, power, more run-time and longer life. Dual Bevel with 9 detents and easy access bevel lever. Top and side carrying handles for maximum portability. Detent override for easily setting miter locations outside of detents. The RedLink Plus Electronic Intelligence enables advanced communication between your batteries and tools, allowing for unmatched levels of performance, protection and productivity. Easy access to change blade. Durable RedLithium battery pack delivers more run-time, power and longer battery life with up to 400 cuts per charge. Maximum miter capacity 50/60. Includes: M18 Fuel Dual Bevel Sliding Compound Miter saw, (1) M18 RedLithium High Demand 9.0 battery pack, (1) M18 and M12 Rapid charger, (1) Blade Wrench, (1) Carbide Tipped Blade, (1) Clamp and (1) Dust bag. Adjustable stainless steel miter detent plate with 10-positive stops delivers repeatable accuracy and worksite durability. Tall sliding fence supports crown molding up to 6-5/8" nested and base molding up to 6-1/2" vertically against the fence while easily sliding out of the way for bevel cuts. Single lever action double bevel design allows saw to easily bevel left and right 0-48 degree with positive stops at 0, 22.5, 33.9 and 45 degree in both directions permitting user to flip the saw and not the material. Back fence design delivers ability to cut 2 x 16" dimensional lumber at 90 degrees and 2 x 12" at 45 degrees. Precise miter system and machined base fence support deliver increased cutting accuracy. Innovative gearbox and belt-drive design for increased vertical cutting capacity. Miters 60 degrees to the left and 50 degrees to the right. Dual horizontal steel rails with clamping mechanism and linear ball bearings. Camlock miter handle with detent override. Compact and lightweight design for quick, easy transport and storage. For use with No.DW7187 Adjustable Miter Saw Laser System which delivers visibility of the cutting path. STANDARD EQUIPMENT: carbide blade, dust bag, blade wrench. SPECIFICATIONS: 15 amps, 3,800 RPM no load speed, 12" blade diameter, 5/8 or 1" arbor size, 6-1/2" vertical capacity baseboard against fence, 6-5/8" vertical capacity crown molding vertically nested, 16" horizontal capacity baseboard lying flat, 11-1/4" horizontal capacity crown molding lying flat, 2 x 14" (2 x 16" with back fence) 45-degree bevel cut capacity (dimensional lumber), 2 x 14" (2 x 16" with back fence) for 90-degree cross-cut capacity (dimensional lumber), 16" for 90-degree cross-cut capacity (max width), 2 x 12" max width for 45-degree miter-cut capacity (max height), 2 x 12" for 45-degree miter-cut capacity (max width). 53 lbs. tool weight. Stand Not Included. 120 volt Max Double Bevel Sliding Compound Miter Saw with CutLine delivers capacity, accuracy, power, ease of use and the durability of a corded tool with the portability and convenience of a cordless tool. CutLine blade positioning system delivers accurate line of sight to be cut. Includes the 120 volt AC adaptor. (60 Volt Max Lithium Ion Batteries And Fast Charger Sold Separately). The Miter Angle Digital Readout provides repeatable accuracy to 0.1 degree. Miter Angle Fine Adjust with Detent Override makes it simple to dial in precise miter angles. Dual Integral Jobsite Lights fully illuminate the work piece and cut line from either side of the blade. The powerful 15.0 Amp, 3.3 Max HP Direct Drive Motor provides increased power for high performance cutting in hard lumber. Constant Power Technology with Soft Start maintains constant cutting speed under load and decreases start up head movement. The Integral Dust channel captures up to 75 percent of the dust and debris cut. SPECIFICATIONS: Amps: 15.0; No Load Speed: 3,200 RPM; Blade Diameter: 12"; Arbor Size: 5/8" or 1"; Miter Range: 55 degrees Left to 60 degrees Right; Bevel Range: 48 degrees Left to 48 degrees Right; Miter Stops: Left-0 degrees, 15 degrees, 22.5 degrees, 31.6 degrees, 45 degrees, 55 degrees; Right-0 degrees, 15 degrees, 22.5 degrees, 31.6 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees; Bevel Stops: Left-0 degrees, 15 degrees, 22.5 degrees, 33.85 degrees, 45 degrees, 48 degrees Right-0 degrees, 15 degrees, 22.5 degrees, 33.85 degrees, 45 degrees, 48 degrees. Tool Weight 65 lbs. INCLUDES: Carbide Tipped Blade; Dust Bag; Blade Wrench. The 12" (305mm) 120V max compound miter saw delivers the power and cutting capacity that end users have come to expect from Dewalt corded miter saws with the portability and convenience of a cordless. Run time up to 289 cross cuts in baseboard along with the best in class vertical capacity against sliding fence. Tool height 26"; Tool length 32"; Tool weight 44 lbs. No load speed 3,800 rpm. Kit includes: (1) 12" (305mm) Compound miter saw, (1) Dual port fast charger, (1) blade, (1) 120V AC adapter, (2) 60V Max Lithium Ion batteries, (1) blade change wrench and (1) dust bag. This double bevel sliding compound miter saw offers flexible power options; corded for unlimited run time or cordless for portability powered by Dewalt brushless motor technology. Accuracy is delivered through adjustable miter scale with 11 positive stops and visibility bevel scale the CutLine blade positioning system. Up to 289 cross cuts in 3-1/4" base molding. Compact design weighs only 56 lbs. Includes: (1) DHS 790 Miter saw, (1) Dual port fast charger, (2) 60 volt Max Lithium Ion batteries, (1) blade wrench, (1) 12" blade, (1) DCA 120 volt Max corded power supply and (1) dust bag.

2019-04-25T04:57:36Z

http://www.hensondistributing.com/category-s/452.htm

Member States undertake to introduce legislation, making such provision as may be necessary for penalties against persons who, in their State, furnish or cause to be furnished a document which is untrue in a material particular in support of a claim in another Member State that goods should be accepted as eligible for Community tariff treatment. The penalties applicable shall be similar to those applicable in case of untrue declarations in regard to payment of duty on imports. A Member State may deal with the offence out of court, if it can be more appropriately dealt with by a compromise penalty or similar administrative procedure. (b) if, on the evidence available, the proceedings would not be justified. The information required pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 84 shall be rendered in writing and shall be such as the Competent Authority may require. For the purposes of carrying out his investigations, the Secretary-General may seek such additional information as he considers to be relevant. Replies to the enquiries by the Secretary-General should be sent by telex, telefax or other similar means of communication. The Competent Authority shall ensure that no more extraregional materials are used in production for purposes of Common Market treatment than are authorised by the Secretary-General. The Competent Authority shall make available to the Governmental authority or authorised body nominated for his State under paragraph 1 of Rule 8 such information as may be necessary for this purpose. The Member States agree to cooperate fully with the Secretary-General in the foregoing provisions of this Rule. 1. The importing Member State may as necessary require further evidence to support any declaration or certificate of origin furnished under Rule 8. or other charge which may be payable; provided that where goods are subject to any import restrictions or prohibitions, the stipulation for delivery under security shall not apply. 3. Where, under paragraph 1 of this Rule, a Member State has required further evidence to be furnished, those concerned in another Member State shall be free to produce it to a governmental authority or an authorised body of the latter State, who shall, after thorough verification of the evidence, furnish an appropriate report to the importing Member State. 4. Where it is necessary to do so by reason of its legislation, a Member State may prescribe that requests by the authorities of importing Member States for further evidence from those concerned in the Member State shall be addressed to a specified governmental authority, who shall after thorough verification of the evidence furnish an appropriate report to the importing Member State. 5. If the importing Member State wishes an investigation to be made into the accuracy of the evidence which it has received it may make a request to that effect to the other Member State or States concerned. 6. Information obtained under the provisions of this Rule by the importing Member State shall be treated as confidential. A claim that goods shall be accepted as eligible for Community tariff treatment shall be supported by appropriate documentary evidence or origin and consignment. The evidence of origin shall consist of a certificate given by a Governmental authority or authorised body nominated by the exporting Member State and notified to the other Member States together with a declaration completed by the exporter of the goods. The governmental authority or the authorised body shall obtain a declaration as to the origin of the goods given by the last producer of the goods within the Community. The authority or body shall satisfy themselves as to the accuracy of the evidence provided; where necessary they shall require the production of additional information, and shall carry out any suitable check. If the authorities of the importing Member State so require, a confidential indication of the producer of the goods shall be given. Nominations of authorised bodies for the purpose of this Rule may be withdrawn by the exporting Member State if the need arises. Each Member State shall retain, in regard to its imports, the right of refusing to accept certificates from any authorised body which is shown to have repeatedly issued certificates in an improper manner, but such action shall not be taken without adequate prior notification to the exporting Member State of the grounds for dissatisfaction. In cases where the Member States concerned recognise that it is impracticable for the producer to make the declaration of origin specified in paragraph 2 of this Rule, the exporter may make that declaration in such form as those Member States may for the purpose specify. The certificate and declaration provided for in this Rule shall be in the form prescribed by COTED from time to time. COTED may decide that further or different provisions concerning evidence of origin or of consignment shall apply to particular categories of goods or classes or transactions. Where for purposes of assessing Customs duties a Member State treats goods separately from their packing, it may also, in respect of its imports consigned from another Member State, determine separately the origin or such packing. Where paragraph 1 of this Rule is not applied, packing of any sort shall be considered as forming a whole with the goods for the purposes only of the application of the percentage value-added conditions. No part of any packing required for the transport or storage of goods shall be considered as having been imported from outside the Community when determining the origin of the goods as a whole. For the purposes of paragraph 4 of Article 84 goods shall be treated as having undergone a process of repair, renovation or improvement if the performance of such process within the Community does not result in a change of the form or character of the goods. The cost of repair, renovation or improvement shall refer to the cost of all materials which are used plus the costs involved in effecting the repair, renovation or improvement, excluding freight, other transport charges, insurance and other shipping costs. Decisions of competent Organs taken under this Treaty shall be subject to the relevant constitutional procedures of the Member States before creating legally binding rights and obligations for nationals of such States. The Member States undertake to act expeditiously to give effect to decisions of competent Organs and Bodies in their municipal law. COTED shall monitor and keep under review the implementation of the provisions of this Article and shall convene a review conference of Member States within five years from the entry into force of this Treaty. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Heads of Government have appended their signatures to this Treaty. Signed by for the Government of the Republic of Haiti on the day of 2002. (e) rights contingent on establishment, provision of services and movement of capital in the Community. After the entry into force of this Treaty a State or Territory of the Caribbean may, if Conference so determines, accede to this Treaty. Accession shall be on such terms and conditions as Conference decides and shall take effect one month following the deposit of the instrument of accession with the Secretariat. Reservations may be entered to this Treaty with the consent of the signatory States. This Treaty may be amended by the unanimous decision of the Parties. An amendment shall enter into force one month after the date on which the last instrument of ratification is deposited with the Secretariat. This Treaty shall enter into force on the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the States mentioned in paragraph 1 of Article 3. This Treaty and any amendments thereto shall be subject to ratification by signatory States in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretariat which shall transmit certified copies to the signatory States. This Treaty shall be open for signature on the 5th day of July 2001 by the States mentioned in paragraph 1 of Article 3. Conference may admit any Caribbean State or Territory to associate membership of the Community on such terms and conditions as Conference thinks fit. Conference may designate any Organ or Body of the Community to negotiate agreements for the achievement of the objectives of the Community. Conference may delegate to the Secretary-General the conclusion of agreements, particularly technical assistance agreements, on behalf of the Community. The Headquarters Agreement concluded between the Caribbean Community and Common Market and the Government of Guyana on 23 January 1976 shall continue to govern relations between the Community and the host country. The Protocol on Privileges and Immunities concluded by the Member States in connection with the Caribbean Community and Common Market shall govern relations between the Community and such Member States. The Community shall have full juridical personality. Every Member State shall in its territory accord to the Community the most extensive legal capacity accorded to legal persons under its laws including the capacity to acquire and dispose of movable and immovable property and to sue and be sued in its own name. In any legal proceedings, the Community shall be represented by the Secretariat. The Community may also conclude agreements with States and International Organisations. The Member States agree to take such action as is necessary to give effect in their territories to the provisions of this Article and shall promptly inform the Secretariat of such action. Where in this Treaty provision is made for notification to an Organ of the Community, such notification shall be effected through the Secretariat. (l) to give effect to international obligations including treaties on the avoidance of double taxation, but only if such measures do not constitute arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between Member States where like conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on trade within the Community. Measures taken by the Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be notified to COTED. The Community Council shall take appropriate measures to co-ordinate applicable legislation, regulations and administrative practices established in accordance with Article 44. (c) as preventing any Member State from taking any action in pursuance of its obligations for the maintenance of international peace and security. Each Member State undertakes to employ its best endeavours to complete the constitutional and legislative procedures required for its participation in the regime establishing the Court as soon as possible. The Member States shall, to the maximum extent possible, encourage and facilitate the use of arbitration and other modes of alternative disputes settlement for the settlement of private commercial disputes among Community nationals as well as among Community nationals and nationals of third States. Each Member State shall provide appropriate procedures in its legislation to ensure observance of agreements to arbitrate and for the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in such disputes. A Member State which has implemented the 1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards or the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article. Judgments of the Court shall constitute legally binding precedents for parties in proceedings before the Court unless such judgments have been revised in accordance with Article 219. The Rules of Court established by the President of the Court in accordance with Article XXI of the Agreement shall apply in the exercise of the original jurisdiction of the Court. The Court shall, in the exercise of its Original Jurisdiction, be competent to revise its judgment on an application made in that behalf. An application for the revision of a judgment of the Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction may be made only when it is based upon the discovery of some fact of such a nature as to be a decisive factor, which fact was, when the judgment was given, unknown to the Court and to the party claiming revision: provided always the ignorance of that fact was not due to negligence on the part of the applicant. Proceedings for a revision shall be opened by a judgment of the Court expressly recording the existence of the new fact, recognising that it has such a character as to lay the case open to revision, and declaring the application admissible on this ground. The Court may require previous compliance with the terms of the judgment before it admits proceedings for a revision. The application for a revision shall be made within six months of the discovery of the new fact. No application for a revision may be made after the lapse of five years from the date of the judgment. The Court shall have the power to prescribe, if it considers the circumstances so require, any interim measures that ought to be taken to preserve the rights of either party. 1. The Court, in exercising its original jurisdiction under Article 211, shall apply such rules of international law as may be applicable. 2. The Court may not bring in a finding of non liquet on the ground of silence or obscurity of the law. 3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a dispute ex aequo et bono if the parties so agree. The Member States agree that they recognise as compulsory, ipso facto and without special agreement, the original jurisdiction of the Court referred to in Article 211. In the event of a dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the matter shall be determined by decision of the Court. The Member States, Organs, Bodies of the Community, entities or persons to whom a judgment of the Court applies, shall comply with that judgment promptly. Where a national court or tribunal of a Member State is seised of an issue whose resolution involves a question concerning the interpretation or application of this Treaty, the court or tribunal concerned shall, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to deliver judgment, refer the question to the Court for determination before delivering judgment. Any party to a dispute may institute proceedings in accordance with the Rules of Court governing Original Jurisdiction. The Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to deliver advisory opinions concerning the interpretation and application of the Treaty. Advisory opinions shall be delivered only at the request of the Member States parties to a dispute or the Community. (d) applications by persons in accordance with Article 222, concerning the interpretation and application of this Treaty. For the purpose of this Chapter, “national courts” includes the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. The expenses of the arbitral tribunal, including the fees and subsistence allowances of arbitrators and experts engaged for the purposes of a dispute, shall be borne equally by the Member States parties to the dispute unless the arbitral tribunal, taking into account the circumstances of the case, otherwise determines. Where a third party intervenes in the proceedings, the party shall bear the costs associated with the intervention. Where proceedings have commenced, the arbitral tribunal may, on its own initiative or on the request of a party to the dispute, seek information and technical advice from any expert or body that it considers appropriate, provided that the parties to the dispute so agree and subject to such terms and conditions as the parties may agree. A Member State which is not a party to a dispute, on delivery of a notification to the parties to a dispute and to the Secretary-General, shall be entitled to attend all hearings and to receive written submissions of the parties to a dispute and may be permitted to make oral or written submissions to the arbitral tribunal. Subject to the relevant provisions of this Chapter, the arbitral tribunal shall establish its own rules of procedure. The procedures shall assure a right to at least one hearing before the arbitral tribunal as well as the opportunity to provide initial and rebuttal written submissions. The arbitral tribunal’s hearings, deliberations and initial report, and all written submissions to and communications with the arbitral tribunal, shall be confidential. The arbitral tribunal may invite any Member State to submit views orally or in writing. 5 The award of the arbitral tribunal shall be confined to the subject matter of the dispute and shall state the reasons on which it is based. Where the parties cannot agree on the interpretation or implementation of the award, either party may apply to the arbitral tribunal for a ruling within thirty days of the award. The term of the arbitral tribunal shall come to an end unless an application for a ruling has been received, in which case it shall continue for such reasonable time, not exceeding thirty days, as may be required to make the ruling. Decisions of the arbitral tribunal shall be taken by a majority vote of its members and shall be final and binding on the Member States parties to the dispute. Each of the Member States parties to a dispute shall be entitled to appoint one arbitrator from the List of Arbitrators. The two arbitrators chosen by the parties shall be appointed within fifteen days following the decision to refer the matter to arbitration. The two arbitrators shall, within fifteen days following the date of their appointments, appoint a third arbitrator from the List who shall be the Chairman. As far as practicable, the arbitrators shall not be nationals of any of the parties to the dispute. Where either party to the dispute fails to appoint its arbitrator under paragraph 1, the Secretary-General shall appoint the arbitrator within ten days. Where the arbitrators fail to appoint a Chairman within the time prescribed, the Secretary-General shall appoint a Chairman within ten days. Where more than two Member States are parties to a dispute, the parties concerned shall agree among themselves on the two arbitrators to be appointed from the List of Arbitrators within fifteen days following the decision to refer the matter to arbitration and the two arbitrators shall within fifteen days of their appointment appoint a third arbitrator from the List who shall be the Chairman. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4, Member States parties to a dispute may refer the matter to arbitration and consent to the Secretary-General appointing a sole arbitrator from the list who shall not be a national of a Party to the dispute. (c) comply with the Code of Judicial Conduct governing the behaviour of judges of the Court. The term of an arbitrator, including that of any arbitrator nominated to fill a vacancy, shall be five years and may be renewed. A Member State party to a dispute may, with the consent of the other party, refer the matter to an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. The fees and expenses of a conciliation commission shall be borne by the Member States parties to the dispute. The conciliation proceedings shall be deemed to be terminated when a settlement has been reached, when the parties have accepted or one party has rejected the recommendations of the report by notification addressed to the Secretary-General, or when a period of one month has expired from the date of transmission of the report to the parties. A conciliation commission shall report within three months of its constitution. Its report shall record any agreements reached and, failing agreement, its conclusions on all questions of fact or law relevant to the matter in dispute and such recommendations as a conciliation commission may deem appropriate for an amicable settlement. The conclusions or recommendations of a conciliation commission shall not be binding upon the parties. A conciliation commission shall, unless the Member States parties to the dispute otherwise agree, determine its own procedure. A conciliation commission may, with the consent of the parties to the dispute, invite any Member State to submit its views to the commission, orally or in writing. The report and recommendations and decisions of the commission regarding procedural matters shall be made by a majority vote of its members. The Member States parties to the dispute may, by agreement applicable solely to that dispute, modify the procedure referred to in paragraph 1. A conciliation commission shall hear the Member States parties to the dispute, examine their claims and objections, and make proposals to the parties with a view to reaching an amicable settlement. A conciliation commission may draw to the attention of the Member States parties to the dispute any measures which might facilitate an amicable settlement of the dispute. (h) in disputes involving more than two parties having separate interests, or where there is disagreement as to whether they are of the same interest, the parties shall apply sub-paragraphs (a) to (f) in so far as may be possible. A List of Conciliators shall be established and maintained by the Secretary-General. Every Member State shall be entitled to nominate two conciliators, each of whom shall be a person enjoying the highest reputation for fairness, competence and integrity. The names of the persons so nominated shall constitute the List. If at any time the number of conciliators nominated by a Member State is less than two, the Member State concerned shall be entitled to make such nominations as are necessary. The name of a conciliator shall remain on the List until withdrawn by the Member State which made the nomination and where a conciliator has been appointed to serve on any mediation or conciliation commission, the conciliator shall continue to serve on such commission until the completion of the relevant proceedings. The term of a conciliator, including that of a conciliator appointed to fill a vacancy, shall be five (5) years and may be renewed. Where Member States parties to a dispute have agreed to submit the dispute to conciliation under this Part, any such Member State may institute proceedings by notification addressed to the other party or parties to the dispute. (b) treat any confidential or proprietary information exchanged in the course of consultations on the same basis as it is treated by the Member State providing the information. A Member State shall enter into consultations upon the request of another Member State where the requesting Member State alleges that an action taken by the requested Member State constitutes a breach of obligations arising from or under the provisions of this Treaty. Where a request for consultations is made pursuant to paragraph 1, the requested Member State shall enter into consultations within 14 days of the receipt of the request or a mutually agreed period. (b) the consultations fail to settle the dispute within 45 days of the receipt of the request for consultations or the dates mutually agreed, the requesting Member State may resort to any mode of dispute settlement including arbitration and adjudication. Requests for consultations shall be in writing. The request shall state the reasons for the consultations and identify the measure at issue and the legal basis for the complaint. The Secretary-General shall be notified of any request for consultations. Consultations shall be confidential and without prejudice to the rights of the Member States in any further proceedings. However, before resorting to further proceedings, the Member States shall employ their best endeavours to settle the dispute. In cases of urgency including those concerning perishable goods, the requested Member State shall enter into consultations within 3 days of the receipt of the request, and where such consultations are not entered into, the requesting Member State may resort to arbitration and adjudication. Where consultations under paragraph 7 fail to settle the dispute within 7 days of the receipt of the request for such consultations, the requesting Member State may resort to arbitration and adjudication. Whenever a Member State, other than the consulting Member States, considers that it has a legitimate interest in consultations being held pursuant to this Article, such Member State may notify the consulting Member States and the Secretary-General, within 10 days after the date of the circulation of the request for consultations, of its desire to be joined in the consultations. Such Member State shall be joined in the consultations, provided that the requested Member State agrees that the claim of legitimate interest is well-founded and based on similar facts and circumstances. In that event, the Member States concerned shall notify the Secretary-General. If the request to be joined in the consultations is not granted, the applicant Member State may request consultations under paragraph 1 of this Article. Where Member States parties to a dispute agree to settle the dispute by recourse to mediation, the parties may agree on a mediator or may request the Secretary-General to appoint a mediator from the list of conciliators mentioned in Article 196. Mediation may begin or be terminated at any time. Subject to the procedural rules applicable in respect of arbitration or adjudication, mediation may continue during the course of arbitration or adjudication. Proceedings involving mediation and, in particular, positions taken by parties during the proceedings, shall be confidential and without prejudice to the rights of the parties in any further proceedings. Member States parties to a dispute may agree to employ the good offices of a third party, including those of the Secretary-General, to settle the dispute. Good offices may begin or be terminated at any time. Subject to the procedural rules applicable in respect of arbitration or adjudication, good offices may continue during the course of arbitration or adjudication. (b) any mode of dispute settlement agreed upon or initiated. Where a settlement is reached the Member States concerned shall notify the Secretary-General of the settlement and the mode used in arriving at the settlement. The Secretary-General shall, as soon as practicable after receiving the information pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2, notify other Member States of the information received. (b) a mutually satisfactory method of implementation where a settlement has been reached and the circumstances require consultation regarding its implementation. Subject to the provisions of this Treaty, the disputes mentioned in Article 187 shall be settled only by recourse to any one of the following modes for the settlement of disputes, namely, good offices, mediation, consultations, conciliation, arbitration and adjudication. Where a dispute has not been settled following the adoption of one of the modes referred to in paragraph 1 other than arbitration or adjudication, either party may have recourse to another mode. Subject to the procedural rules applicable in respect of arbitration or adjudication, the parties may agree, pending a settlement, to have recourse to good offices, mediation or conciliation in order to arrive at a settlement. Without prejudice to the exclusive and compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in the interpretation and application of this Treaty under Article 211, the parties may use any of the voluntary modes of dispute settlement provided for in this Article in the settlement of a dispute. (d) allegations that the purpose or object of the Treaty is being frustrated or prejudiced. (l) make recommendations to COTED for the enactment of legislation by the Member States for the effective enforcement of the rights of consumers. (b) collaborate with competent Organs of the Community to promote consumer education and consumer welfare. (j) that violations of consumer safety standards by producers or suppliers are appropriately sanctioned and relevant civil or criminal defences to such violations are available to defendants. (j) provide adequate and effective redress for consumers. (b) who does not receive the goods or services in the course of a business carried on by him. Where COTED determines, pursuant to Article 182, that special rules shall apply to specific sectors of the Community, it may suspend or exclude the application of Article 177 to such sectors pending adoption of the relevant rules. COTED may, on its own initiative or pursuant to an application by a Member State in that behalf, exclude or suspend the application of Article 177 to any sector or any enterprise or group of enterprises in the public interest. Subject to this Treaty, COTED shall develop and establish appropriate policies and rules of competition within the Community including special rules for particular sectors. The Commission may exempt from the provisions of this Part any business conduct referred to it if it considers that the impact of such conduct on competition and trade in the CSME is minimal. In any case where a Member State is uncertain whether business conduct is prohibited by paragraph 1 of Article 177, such a Member State may apply to the Commission for a ruling on the matter. If the Commission determines that such conduct is not prohibited by paragraph 1 of Article 177, it shall issue a negative clearance ruling to this effect. Subject to paragraph 3, a negative clearance ruling shall be conclusive of the matters stated therein in any judicial proceedings in the Community. The Court may, on an application of the Commission, review a decision of the Commission where the decision was induced by deceit or improper means. (g) engages in any business conduct that results in the exploitation of its customers or suppliers, so as to frustrate the benefits expected from the establishment of the CSME. (c) the effect or likely effect of its behaviour on the market is the result of superior competitive performance of the enterprise concerned. (b) any two enterprises shall be treated as interconnected enterprises if one of them is a subsidiary of the other or both of them are subsidiaries of the same parent enterprise. (c) any other like conduct by enterprises whose object or effect is to frustrate the benefits expected from the establishment of the CSME. Subject to Article 168, a Member State shall ensure that all agreements and decisions within the meaning of paragraph 1 of this Article shall be null and void within its jurisdiction. (c) does not afford the enterprise engaged in the activity the possibility of eliminating competition in respect of a substantial part of the market for goods or services concerned. Where the Commission has reason to believe that business conduct by an enterprise in the CSME prejudices trade and prevents, restricts, or distorts competition within the CSME and has cross-border effects, the Commission shall request the national competition authority to undertake a preliminary examination of the business conduct of the enterprise. Where a request is made under paragraph 1, the national competition authority shall examine the matter and report its findings to the Commission within such time as may be determined by the Commission. Where the Commission is not satisfied with the outcome of its request, the Commission may initiate its own preliminary examination into the business conduct of the enterprise referred to in paragraph 1. Where the findings of the preliminary examination under paragraphs 2 and 3 require investigation, the Commission and the Member State concerned shall hold consultations to determine and agree on who should have jurisdiction to investigate. (b) refer the matter to COTED for its decision. Nothing in this Article shall prejudice the right of the Member State to initiate proceedings before the Court at any time. Where there is a finding that the Commission has jurisdiction to investigate the matter, the Commission shall follow the procedures set out in paragraphs 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Article 175. A Member State may request an investigation referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 174 where it has reason to believe that business conduct by an enterprise located in another Member State prejudices trade and prevents, restricts or distorts competition in the territory of the requesting Member State. Where COTED has reason to believe that business conduct by an enterprise in the CSME prejudices trade and prevents, restricts or distorts competition within the CSME and has or is likely to have cross-border effects, COTED may request an investigation referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 174. Requests under paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be in writing and shall disclose sufficient information for the Commission to make a preliminary assessment whether it should proceed with the investigation. (b) the investigation is justified in all the circumstances of the case. The consultations shall be concluded within 30 days of the date of receipt of the request for the investigation, unless the parties agree to continue the consultations for a longer period. (c) where the circumstances so warrant, extend the time period for completion of the investigation and notify the interested parties. Where the Commission decides to conduct an enquiry following an investigation, the Commission shall afford any party complained of the opportunity to defend its interest. At the conclusion of an enquiry, the Commission shall notify the interested parties of its determination. Where the Commission determines that a party has engaged in anti-competitive business conduct, it shall also require the party to take the action necessary to remove the effects of the anti-competitive business conduct. Where a specific course of action is required under paragraph 9, the enterprise concerned shall take the appropriate course of action within 30 days of the date of notification. If the concerned enterprise cannot comply, it shall notify the Commission and request an extension. If the enterprise cannot comply within the time period specified and fails to inform the Commission, the Commission may apply to the Court for an order. A party which is aggrieved by a determination of the Commission under paragraph 4 of Article 174 in any matter may apply to the Court for a review of that determination. (c) take such other action as may be necessary in furtherance of the investigation. (j) impose fines for breaches of the rules of competition. (c) perform any other function conferred on it by any competent body of the Community. (h) develop and disseminate information about competition policy, and consumer protection policy. The Commission shall comprise seven members appointed by the Regional Judicial and Legal Services Commission to serve on the Commission. The Regional Judicial and Legal Services Commission shall appoint a Chairman from among the members so appointed. The Commission shall comprise persons, collectively having expertise or experience in commerce, finance, economics, law, competition policy and practice, international trade and such other areas of expertise or experience as may be necessary. A Commissioner shall be appointed for a term of five years and such appointment may be renewed for a further period of not more than five years as determined by the Regional Judicial and Legal Services Commission. A Commissioner may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his office or for misbehaviour and shall otherwise be subject to the disciplinary procedures of the Regional Judicial and Legal Services Commission. A Commissioner shall be removed only on the vote of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission that represents not less than three-quarters of all the Members of the Commission. A Commissioner may at any time resign the office of Commissioner by writing under his hand addressed to the Chairman of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission. A Commissioner shall not enter upon the duties of the office unless he has taken and subscribed before the Chairman of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, the Oath of Office set out in the Annex to this Treaty. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Article, the Conference shall on the recommendation of COTED execute the functions required to be carried out by the Regional Judicial and Legal Services Commission where the Parties to the Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice are less than seven. For the purposes of implementation of the Community Competition Policy, there is hereby established a Competition Commission (hereinafter called “the Commission”) having the composition, functions and powers hereinafter set forth. (iv) take effective measures to ensure access by nationals of other Member States to competent enforcement authorities including the courts on an equitable, transparent and non-discriminatory basis. Every Member State shall establish and maintain a national competition authority for the purpose of facilitating the implementation of the rules of competition. (b) investigate any allegations of anti-competitive business conduct referred to the authority by the Commission or another Member State; . (c) co-operate with other national competition authorities in the detection and prevention of anti-competitive business conduct, and the exchange of information relating to such conduct. Nothing in this Article shall be construed as requiring a Member State to disclose confidential information, the disclosure of which would be prejudicial to the public interest or to the legitimate commercial interests of enterprises, public or private. Confidential or proprietary information disclosed in the course of an investigation shall be treated on the same basis as that on which it was provided. Within 24 months of the entry into force of this Treaty, the Member States shall notify COTED of existing legislation, agreements and administrative practices inconsistent with the provisions of this Chapter. Within 36 months of entry into force of this Treaty, COTED shall establish a programme providing for the repeal of such legislation, and termination of agreements and administrative practices. 1.. The goal of the Community Competition Policy shall be to ensure that the benefits expected from the establishment of the CSME are not frustrated by anti-competitive business conduct. (c) the promotion of consumer welfare and protection of consumer interests. (e) activities of professional associations designed to develop or enforce professional standards of competence reasonably necessary for the protection of the public and approved by the Commission. Belize shall be allowed to impose import duties or quantitative restrictions on beer and cigarettes produced in the Community for a period ending 31 December 2000. Paragraph 1 of Article 94 hall not apply to the less developed countries. Upon application made in that behalf by the less developed countries, COTED may, if necessary, as a temporary measure in order to promote the development of an industry in any of these States, authorise such States to suspend Community origin treatment to any description of imports eligible therefor on grounds of production in one or more less developed countries. COTED may, in taking decisions pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article, establish terms and conditions including a phasing-out period during which Member States and the Community shall provide support measures and the industry implement the necessary programmes for achieving competitiveness. The Member States agree that in the implementation of the Common External Tariff provided for in Article 82, the special needs of the less developed countries shall be taken into account. The Member States agree that in the establishment of any programme for incentives in the Community provided for in Article 52 and Article 69, the special needs of the less developed countries shall be taken into account. The Member States agree that in the determination and operation of the criterion of substantial transformation pursuant to Article 84, the special needs of the less developed countries shall be taken into account. Where a less developed country has suffered or is likely to suffer loss of revenue as a result of the importation of goods eligible for Community treatment, COTED may, on application made in that behalf by the less developed country, authorise the imposition of import duties on such goods for such time and on such terms and conditions as COTED may decide. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed as disentitling a disadvantaged country, region or sector, being the beneficiary of any other technical assistance programme, from simultaneously benefiting from technical assistance pursuant to the provisions herein set forth. There is hereby established a Development Fund for the purpose of providing financial or technical assistance to disadvantaged countries, regions and sectors. (a) determine the status, composition and functions of the Development Fund; (b) determine the contributions of the Member States to the Development Fund. The Development Fund may accept subventions from public or private sector entities of the Member States or from other entities external to the Community. Subventions shall not be accepted nor applied by the Development Fund on conditions which discriminate against Member States, regions or sectors except in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty. As soon as practicable after the entry into force of this Treaty, the Community Council shall, in collaboration with other competent Organs of the Community, make adequate arrangements to extend to disadvantaged countries, regions and sectors such technical and financial assistance as may be required to allow them to participate effectively in the CSME and to administer international trade agreements. (f) factory design and market development. (h) professional assistance in preparing legislation. The evaluation mentioned in paragraph 2 of this Article may be undertaken by COTED on its own initiative, or in response to an application for assistance issuing from a Member State. COTED shall, from time to time, examine the impact of the measures mentioned in paragraph 2 with a view to determining their adequacy and establishing a time-frame for their discontinuance. COTED shall to the extent necessary and for a a period to be determined, apply the provisions of the Special Regime for the less developed countries to Highly-Indebted Poor Countries. Notwithstanding any provisions to the contrary in this Treaty, Guyana shall be allowed, for as long as it continues to benefit from wheat imports under PL 480 Agreements with the United States of America, to impose quantitative restrictions on the importation of wheat flour. COTED shall promote the establishment of infrastructure in a disadvantaged country, region or sector to encourage or stimulate economic activity. COTED may also adopt measures for the establishment of new industries or for the retooling or expansion of existing industries in a disadvantaged country, region or sector. The Member States undertake to provide opportunities for access to their technological and research facilities by nationals of disadvantaged countries. COTED shall encourage close collaboration between research institutions and facilities located in disadvantaged countries with others located in other Member States. COTED may authorise a Member State having a sensitive industry which can be disadvantaged by the operation of the CSME to suspend Community treatment to products of other Member States. The suspension authorised in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be granted upon application to COTED in that behalf where the applicant establishes that the product is from a sensitive industry. (b) its designation as vital within the national industrial policy. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Treaty, a disadvantaged country may, for the period of suspension decided upon by COTED, suspend Community treatment in respect of imports of like description from the Member State granted the suspension. COTED, in authorising the suspension mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article may impose terms and conditions for the grant of the suspension. COTED shall monitor the progress of the industry concerned and undertake a periodic review. Where, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 92, a disadvantaged country establishes an entitlement to limit imports of goods from other Member States, then, notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary in this Treaty, the disadvantaged country may limit such imports for a period of up to three (3) years unless COTED authorises the limitation for a longer period and take such other measures as COTED may authorise. A disadvantaged country applying restrictions in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article shall notify them to COTED, if possible, before they come into force. COTED may, at any time, consider those restrictions and shall, in light of such consideration, make recommendations designed to moderate any damaging effect of such restrictions or to assist the disadvantaged country to overcome its difficulties. Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed as entitling any Member State to apply safeguard measures against the products of Community origin of a disadvantaged country where such products do not exceed 20 per cent of the market of the importing Member State. COTED shall take appropriate measures to ensure that, in establishing the programme for the removal of restrictions by the Member States on the right of establishment in the Community mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article 33, the peculiar economic vulnerability of disadvantaged countries in the Community is taken into account, bearing in mind Article 49. Provided that such disadvantaged countries shall accord to the Member States rights of establishment no more restrictive than those accorded to third States. COTED, in establishing the programme for removal of restrictions by Member States on the provision of services in the Community mentioned in paragraph 2 of Article 37 shall give due consideration to the peculiar economic vulnerability of disadvantaged countries, bearing in mind Article 49. Provided that such disadvantaged countries shall accord the Member States rights no more restrictive than those accorded to other parties of the WTO under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). (e) capital flows from other Member States to disadvantaged countries through the conclusion of double taxation agreements and appropriate policy instruments.

2019-04-25T00:05:00Z

https://treaty.caricom.org/author/alyssa/

Nuendo 3 in all its splendour, showing an imported OMF file from Avid Xpress Pro, the new, resizable Quicktime Video Playback window, and a slightly more polished, professional-looking user interface. Although it includes all the features of Steinberg's Cubase SX3 MIDI + Audio sequencer, Nuendo is targeted at the post-production market. To this end, the new version 3 includes features such as AAF import/export and integration with video editing systems. It's been nearly two years since we reviewed Nuendo 2, Steinberg's last major version of what the company describe as their Media Production System, and it's been interesting to watch the developments to both Steinberg and Nuendo over this time. Nuendo 2 was released in the months following Pinnacle's acquisition of Steinberg, while Nuendo 3 's release came just as Pinnacle sold Steinberg to Yamaha. And just when I started to write this review, a further interesting development happened when Avid announced their intention to acquire Pinnacle. It's perhaps a shame that Pinnacle didn't make more of Steinberg in terms of integrating the two company's products, although there are at least signs in version 3 of Nuendo that illustrate the cooperation that did exist, as we'll see in this review. As a video company, Pinnacle had their greatest success in the broadcast market, and since Avid wanted a greater presence in this sector, the acquisition makes perfect sense. Sound On Sound readers might be more familiar with Avid as the parent company of Digidesign, and given how large a presence both these companies have in the post-production market, Yamaha, as the new owners of Steinberg, still face a struggle to build up Nuendo 's share of this market. There are basically two important facts to consider when evaluating Nuendo 3: first, that it contains every feature found in Cubase SX3 for content creation; and second, although Steinberg haven't always succeeded in distinguishing Nuendo from Cubase as a true post-production tool, Nuendo 3 is finally being pushed with an appropriate feature set in a way that makes it more appealing for that market. In fact, even since releasing Nuendo 3.0, Steinberg have gone further still. As I was finishing this review, Nuendo 3.1 was in the late beta stages; and while it would be inappropriate to review beta software, I have tried to incorporate information about this new version where appropriate as the changes significantly affect many of my original comments concerning version 3.0. With so many digital audio workstations on the market these days, each with its own proprietary file format, interoperability between different systems has become increasingly important. Avid originally set out to solve this problem with the OMF (Open Media Framework) Interchange format (sometimes referred to as OMFI) in the mid-'90s, and while this format has been widely adopted, with Avid publishing a developer kit for third parties, it wasn't an open standard, because Avid were the sole company in charge of OMF development. In the long term, this arguably impeded the success of OMF beyond Avid products and it became clear that another, more open solution was needed. Nuendo now supports both the importing and exporting of AAF files. Here you can see the options available when exporting a Nuendo Project as an AAF file — similar options are also now available with exporting OMF files. AAF (Advanced Authoring Format) was devised by a group of companies including Avid, Microsoft and the BBC as a file format designed to aid the workflow of users who need to transfer both data and metadata between different systems. Like OMF, AAF can either embed or link to audio and video files, and stores information about how those files are used in a project, as well as other project data such as start times, frame rates, automation and much more. For more information about the format, visit the AAF Association's web site at www.aafassociation.com. Given the dominance of Pro Tools in the world of audio workstations, I was especially curious to see if I could export an AAF file from Pro Tools and import it into Nuendo. Initially, using Nuendo 3.0, I didn't have much luck. I created some simple test files in Pro Tools 6.9 containing eight mono audio tracks and a few short audio files recorded on tracks one, two and eight, with the start time set to 02:00:00:00 and the frame rate to 24fps. When importing this into Nuendo I got an error message box reporting that Nuendo "Failed to read AAF tracks. [Err 801201D1]" followed by a completely empty Import Options window offering no tracks available for import. I repeated the test with both Pro Tools TDM and LE (even though there should be no difference, as both use the same Digitranslator tool for working with AAF and OMF files) and tried with both the Avid Compatibility toggle enabled and disabled in Pro Tools ' s export options, but there was no difference. Fortunately, though, after trying the same experiment in the beta version of 3.1, I'm pleased to say that the same AAF file I exported from Pro Tools will now import into Nuendo, with the audio files time-stamped to the correct locations. The AAF functionality in Nuendo 3.1 has been built with the 1.1 SDK (Software Development Kit) and, along with some other improvements, this means that AAF compatibility with Pro Tools 6.7 (and later) and Avid is now possible. Going the other way, when exporting an AAF file from Nuendo (both version 3.0 and 3.1) to Pro Tools, Pro Tools would read the AAF file and import the audio so long as I chose the linked media option in Pro Tools (Pro Tools doesn't support audio files embedded into the AAF file). The point of AAF isn't just limited to transferring data to and from Pro Tools, of course, and Steinberg's Nuendo forum at www.nuendo.com has plenty of examples where people are reporting successful transfers from video applications such as Apple's Final Cut Pro and Adobe's Premiere. While other audio workstations such as SADiE and Pyramix also include AAF support, I wasn't able to test this, although I did try exporting an AAF from Apple's Logic Pro 7.0.1 into Nuendo. The audio tracks imported successfully along with the frame rate and the basic start times of the Audio Events other than the offset from the start time. The start time of the Project was imported as 00:00:00:00 rather than 02:00:00:00 (although this could be a problem with Logic 's export), and the other clear problem was that the tracks were imported with read automation enabled, while automation was switched off on those tracks in Logic. As a side note, I tried importing my AAF files created in Pro Tools into Logic as a comparison, whereupon the Logic window disappeared and the Mac reported "The application Logic Pro has unexpectedly quit." At least Nuendo 3.0 was more graceful in the way it dealt with a file it couldn't read before 3.1's improved AAF functionality. Evaluating AAF support is somewhat tricky, because even if Nuendo 's implementation of AAF was completely flawless, you would still have problems if the application you were importing from or exporting to had a poor implementation. Therefore, it's impossible to know exactly where to point the finger of blame right now, especially as most applications have only just started offering AAF support. In conclusion, it's great that AAF support has been added to Nuendo, and Steinberg have done tremendous work already in improving this since the 3.0 release. However, I'd definitely advise prospective users to try experimenting with AAF transfers between the applications they need to communicate with before committing to Nuendo to avoid disappointment. Other than AAF, Steinberg have also improved the import and export features introduced in Nuendo 2 for AES31, OpenTL and OMF files, most notably with the ability to import and export specific tracks rather than simply every track. In Pro Tools, I exported the same Session I used to create an AAF file as an OMF file, and this imported into Nuendo with the audio tracks, Events, start time and frame rate correct. As a side note, it's worth mentioning here that the price of Nuendo 3 has now risen to an RRP of £1450, but consider that Pro Tools TDM and LE users must spend an extra £285 to purchase Digitranslator for full OMF and AAF support, while LE customers must pay £575 for DV Toolkit to have timecode in Pro Tools before they can buy the full version of Digitranslator. So all in all, £1450 for a full version of Nuendo 3 isn't that bad and I feel Steinberg are justified in increasing the price. "Why use an Icon when you can have the real thing?" asks Euphonix's advertising literature. Certainly the company hope their high-end control surface offering, System 5 MC, paired with Nuendo will provide a competitive alternative to Digidesign's Pro Tools HD-based console workstations. Steinberg first announced a strategic alliance with Euphonix, a high-end, large-format console designer who have products popular in the post-production and broadcast markets, back at the 2002 AES show in Los Angeles. Euphonix's flagship digital console, System 5, is a highly modular system that combines DSP cores with a router, A-D/D-A and digital format converters, and a control surface. While MADI is used to distribute audio throughout the various parts of the console, a protocol called Eucon operates over Ethernet to send control messages, such as when a user moves a fader on the control surface. At the 2002 LA AES show, Steinberg and Euphonix showed a preliminary version of Nuendo 1.x that offered some support for Eucon with one of Euphonix's smaller Maxair consoles, although it's taken a while for this technology to be taken further, and in the mean time Steinberg collaborated with a German broadcast developer to create the ID controller, which has never really been a success. Following on from Nuendo 3 later this will be another release dubbed Nuendo Eucon, which will bring true Eucon support to Nuendo so that a Euphonix control surface can be used with Nuendo. Specifically, Euphonix are launching a product called MC, which is new control surface designed for use with desktop audio and video applications like Nuendo, featuring a keyboard, touchscreen, faders, programmable buttons, and a proper audio monitoring section. The monitoring section features an application called Studio Monitor Pro, where Euphonix came up with the idea to create a layer of software that sits in between the audio application, say Nuendo, and the ASIO (or WDM) driver that controls your audio hardware. Studio Monitor Pro then interacts with MC and is controllable from the MC's monitoring section and is set up via the MC's touchscreen. Euphonix have also announced the System 5 MC, which is basically a competitor to Digidesign's D-Control/Command-based systems like the Icon. The System 5 MC combines the MC itself with eight-fader modules that are almost identical to those used on Euphonix's System 5 console (hence the name) to create a truly professional control surface with a large-format console feel for Nuendo users. Whether or not the Nuendo customer base is ready to embrace such a product remains to be seen, but it's good to see development towards high-end customers using the Nuendo platform. We'll bring you more coverage of Nuendo and System 5 MC later in the year. As mentioned at the start of this review, Nuendo 3 includes a large number of new features and improvements for those working in film post-production, and perhaps the headline feature in this area is called 'Warp to Picture'. Like many features in Nuendo 3, Warp to Picture is actually incredibly simple, and incredibly useful. Cubase SX2 and Nuendo 2.1 introduced the Time Warp tool, which allows you to drag a musical beat or bar to a timecode position, while Cubase SX3 and Nuendo 3 offer the Warp Samples tool, which enables you to pick a point in time in an Audio Event, drag that point elsewhere in the time line and have SX/Nuendo automatically (non-destructively in real time) time-stretch the audio so that the point in the Audio Event now plays correctly to its new position. Nuendo 's Edit Mode enables the picture to follow the edits you make; moving an object on the Project window, for example, makes the picture track the start position to which you're moving the object, allowing you to easily move an object to start at a specific frame of action. Warp to Picture basically means that when Edit Mode is enabled, dragging with either the Time Warp or Warp Samples tool will cause the picture to track the position as you're dragging the mouse, enabling you to effectively 'warp to picture'. This is pretty useful since it allows you to see exactly where you're dragging bar 14, for example. Nuendo supports Pinnacle's X-Send Protocol to make it easy to work on projects started in one of Pinnacle's Liquid video editing systems. The video playback features have been significantly improved in Nuendo 3, and a new Direct X video playback engine has been added alongside the older Direct Show engine and the standard Quicktime engine, which has also been improved in version 3. The Direct X and Quicktime engines no longer feature the three size options for the built-in Video Player window, since this window can now simply be resized like any other window, with Nuendo scaling the video accordingly. These two engines also feature a new option for Video Playback Speed where you can select one of three speeds for the video playback: Normal Speed, for regular playback, and 0.1 percent pull-up and pull-down. These latter options are to compensate for the speed change that would have occurred in the video during the process of transferring the film to video (telecine) or back again compared to the audio, and are very welcome additions to Nuendo. Originally, my conclusion about these new video playback speed option was that "hopefully the next version will include 4 percent pull-up and pull-down, along with the option to change the audio speed as well as the video speed". So I was really pleased to see that while the video playback speeds don't offer 4 percent pull-up and pull-down in the 3.1 beta (although this could change in the release version), Steinberg have added both 0.1 and 4 percent pull-up and pull-down options to the Project Setup window, which affects the audio playback speed when you need to match the playback speed of the video you've been provided. While Steinberg are no longer owned by Pinnacle, Nuendo 3 was developed during Pinnacle's ownership, and clearly shows areas where collaboration took place between the two companies. Nuendo now support video playback through two of Pinnacle's video cards via its Quicktime engine: Targa 3000 for Windows users and Cinewave for Mac users. If you want to use a non-Pinnacle video card, Nuendo 3 also offers support for the full range of Decklink cards from Blackmagic (www.blackmagic-design.net), also via Quicktime. Another Pinnacle-related feature is Nuendo 3 's support of Pinnacle's X Send Protocol (which is also supported in Steinberg's Wavelab 5) for better integration with the company's Liquid video editing applications. In Liquid you can select X Send to / Nuendo and export one video track and up to 16 audio tracks into Nuendo (via the Import / X Send command) for further fine-tuning of the soundtrack. Nuendo 3 also offers support for Gallery's ADR Studio (www.gallery.co.uk), a software application that makes carrying out ADR (Additional Dialogue Recording) sessions much easier. ADR Studio has been used with Pro Tools for many years for films including Lord Of The Rings and the recent Star Wars trilogy, but is now Nuendo-compatible as well, with ADR Studio running on a separate computer and connecting to your Nuendo system via MIDI ports. In Nuendo 's Device Setup window you can add Gallery Software ADR Studio as a new Device, configure the MIDI In and Out ports accordingly, and assign Nuendo commands to ADR Studio's Audition and Window/Alt buttons. ADR Studio basically controls Nuendo, turning it into a glorified tape machine in many ways, and remotely takes care of recording, in and out times, track naming, and general management. According to Steinberg, this is the type of integration we can expect to see develop further in Nuendo in the future. Among the smaller improvements for those working with picture, Nuendo now supports a 24-hour timeline and will quiz you if you change the start time of a Project, much as Pro Tools does: "You have modified the timecode offset. Do you want to keep the project content at its timecode positions?" Clicking Yes here will keep the start times the same in terms of timecode (but not bars and beats), while clicking No changes the start times for timecode, but keeps the bars and beats intact. There are also two neat commands to add a one-frame fade-in and -out to selected Audio Events, and improvements to 9-pin sync behaviour. Since version 2, Steinberg have made it made it possible for users to customise Nuendo quite extensively, and in version 3 the appearance customisation features in particular have been extended to give you more control over the aesthetic of Nuendo. While Nuendo 2 introduced the idea of appearance 'themes' to adjust the colour scheme of the user interface, version 3 replaces this with a new set of sliders in the Preferences window where you can adjust the saturation, contrast and brightness of the interface and see how this will look in a real-time preview area. Although you can't stray too far from Nuendo 's now very blue/grey stylings, many people will appreciate the ability to lighten or darken the appearance depending on the monitor they're using and the lighting conditions of the environment in which they're working. Another colour-related enhancement is the ability to customise the start and end colours of the level meters in another new page found in the Preferences window — a feature that's also made its way into version 3.02 of Cubase SX. I'm not sure if this is particularly useful or not, but if you happen to hold a grudge with the colour of Nuendo 's meters (and I know a number of people who disliked the orange used in version 2!) at least it's now possible to adjust this according to taste. While on the subject of colour, Nuendo 3 of course incorporates the new colour-related features of Cubase SX3, where colours assigned to Tracks can be displayed in the Track List on the Project window and on the corresponding channels of the Mixer window, in a space just below the Channel Strip. However, unlike SX3, where a Track's colour is indicated on the right of the Track List as a background for the level meter, in Nuendo 3 (as in Logic and Pro Tools) the colour is indicated to the left of the Track List. Existing users will remember that normally this space is used to show a colour that indicates the type of track used, whether it's audio, MIDI, and so on, and this is still the case when Show Track Colours is disabled. Once this option is enabled, however, the space to the right of the Track List now shows the colour for that track instead. As with SX 3.0, Nuendo 3.0 didn't offer some kind of default colouring option for tracks, although this has been remedied in 3.1. Both Nuendo and SX will now offer a Preference option for newly created tracks to have either the default colour (as before), the same colour as the previous track, the next colour in the list of colours after the previous track, the last applied colour, or a random colour. I think the user interface look for Nuendo 3 is the most appealing of all Cubase SX and Nuendo versions to date, and it's good that the interface has been refined in such a way this time that doesn't alter the way users of previous versions of the application have become used to working. The organisation of audio files has been improved in Nuendo 3 and you can now add user-definable attributes to files, which can store data in one of three formats: as text, a number, or a check mark. As an example, you might want to add a Department attribute to specify whether an Audio File is Music, FX or Dialogue so that you can sort media in the Pool window or search for media by department, which is rather useful. One small problem, though, is that these user-definable attributes aren't saved with the audio file, meaning the attributes are only relevant for the files in the Project in which they're used. However, there is a workaround. Using Nuendo 's Library function, which allows stand-alone Pools to be created, loaded and saved independently of a Project — you can't save a Project's Pool as a Library — you could add user-definable attributes to the Library and use this as your master Pool to make the attributes given to files accessible in all Projects. The only other thing that would be nice with regard to user-definable attributes is the ability to use presets in the window in which they're defined, rather than just being able to store and recall a single default set. Since most other areas of Nuendo now offer presets, it's surprising to find one window that doesn't offer this feature. One of the most useful features in Nuendo 3 is the Rename Objects window. Although it might seem fairly uninteresting on the surface, this simple addition has the potential to save hours of work over the course of a project. Rename Objects (Edit / Rename) allows you rename either a collection of multiple Parts and Events or multiple tracks in a single pass, based on a common naming scheme. One common example of where this can be useful with audio files is where you have tracks named after instruments and so you end up with a collection of files called 'Cimbasso_01', 'Spoons_01', and so on. If you're working on a film, you might want to name these files with the name of the cue — '6m44', for example — at the start, followed by the instrument name from the track and the version number. With Rename Objects you can now rename the files to be '6m44 Cimbasso v1', '6m44 Spoons v1' and so on, in a single operation, which is a real blessing when you might have 50 cues, each with 50 audio tracks. To use Rename Objects, select the objects you want to rename and select Edit / Rename. If no Events or Parts are selected, the selected Tracks will be renamed; otherwise the selected Events or Parts will be renamed. One thing I initially found confusing about Rename Objects is that when you rename Events on the Project window, it's the Description flag of the Event that gets renamed; the name of Event — which is to say the filename — isn't affected by renaming process. However, it is possible to use the Rename Objects window to rename Audio Files: you just have to do this in the Pool rather than the Project window. The Rename Objects window allows you to batch rename tracks, Parts, Event Descriptions and file names based on certain conditions. Getting back to the germane issue, in the Rename Objects window you can choose eight different rename elements from top to bottom that affect the naming from left to right. If you use Rename Objects from the Project window, each element can be one of five options: Free Text, literally a field of text added to the name; Original Name, which adds the original object name and can remove numbers or non-alphanumeric characters; Number, to add a number that increments or decrements within a specified range with each object named; Project Time, which adds the start time of the object in a user-specified time format; and Date, which adds the current date in a format of your choice. All the options except Free Text include both Prefix and Appendix fields to add text before or after the text generated by the relevant option. If you use Rename Objects from the Pool window, though, you get all the options you have in the Project window, plus attributes that concern information about the file, such as the file extension, bit depth, sample rate, and tempo (if musical mode is being used for real-time time-stretching). A nice touch is that you can also add any of the user-definable attributes you've created; so if you want to name all the files according to the Department they came from, to continue the example, this is also possible. In fact, it would be useful to have the User Attribute option available in the Project window as well. In the land of Pro Tools (or even Nuendo), engineers usually find ways of providing the Rename Objects functionality by using additional applications such as Quick Keys, which is somewhat inflexible and basically requires the user to create scripts to improve their workflow. Having this kind of feature built right into the application, no matter how boring and simple it might seem, is a clear sign than Steinberg are listening to users and implementing features to help make repetitive tasks less tedious, which surely is the point of using computers in the first place! As Nuendo relies completely on your computer's hardware, aside from any additional plug-ins you may have that use DSP accelerator cards, the performance you can expect from the system depends solely on your machine's specification. For Windows users Steinberg suggest a minimum of a 1.6GHz Pentium or Athlon processor, Windows XP Home or Professional (the latter is required for dual-processor systems), and MME or ASIO-compatible audio hardware, while Mac users should have at least a Power Mac with dual 1GHz G4 processors. All users should have at least 512MB RAM, a DVD-ROM drive (Nuendo now ships on a DVD), and a free USB port for the copy protection key. For best results, a 2GHz processor is recommended for Windows users and a dual-2GHz Power Mac G5 for Mac users, along with 1GB RAM, and a dual-display system with each display having at least 1152 x 864 pixels. While Steinberg don't specify a minimum display resolution, you would absolutely not want to consider using Nuendo on anything less than 1024 x 768, and even at this resolution, things get a little cramped as I found when using my ultra-portable IBM X40 Thinkpad. Nuendo 2 featured a brand new audio engine that brought with it the VST Connections window, a new, consolidated way of setting up Input, Output and Group channels. As in Cubase SX3, Nuendo 3 has two new tabs added to this window: External FX, for incorporating external outboard hardware units as if they were plug-ins into the VST mixer, and Studio, which currently features a single buss known as the Audition buss. As in SX3, the internal audio click in Nuendo is now routed automatically to the Audition buss, so you can choose to what physical output on your audio card the click will be sent. However, in Nuendo 3 there is one additional use for the Audition buss. Each audio-based channel on the Mixer now features a Listen (L) button just below the conventional Mute and Solo buttons, which adds after- or pre-fader listening (AFL and PFL) functionality to Nuendo. There's a button on the Audition channel on the mixer (also, usefully, available as a Key Command) that, when active, selects AFL, and when not enabled sets PFL so that when Listen is enabled on a channel, that channel's audio is routed to the Audition channel (in addition to its standard Output buss) either before or after the fader has processed the audio on the given channel. It's worth pointing out as well that, although the Audition buss is stereo by default, you can right-click it and use the Change Bus command from the context menu to set it to a mono or multi-channel configuration. Here you can see Listen mode enabled on the two audio channels to the left: notice how the first send on the Default Output buss is routed to the Audition buss and how it's automatically disabled when any channels have Listen enabled.While the new AFL/PFL functionality in Nuendo is welcome, there are a couple of points worth mentioning. The implementation of the Listen mode so that it operates separately to the Solo mode is potentially useful, compared with other implementations of AFL/PFL that work instead of the standard solo-in-place (SIP) mode: for example, in Pro Tools 6.9 (or even on high-end consoles such as System 5 from Euphonix) the Solo button is itself configurable between SIP, AFL and PFL modes. However, one obvious disadvantage in creating a new button for AFL/PFL is that existing control surfaces don't have a Listen button, and there doesn't appear to be a way of setting a control surface's Solo button to be either Listen or Solo, which might be a simple way of solving this issue. Even in Nuendo itself, you can't even access the Listen function on the track in the Project window, as you can with other Mixer functions like Mute, Solo and Read and Write Automation. The only way to access the Listen function within the Project window is to select a track and open the Channel Section in the Inspector. The second issue to consider with AFL/PFL mode is what happens when you want to effectively mute all channels on the Mixer except those with Listen enabled. Nuendo achieves this by what the manual describes as a 'special relationship' with the Default buss. The Default buss is the Output buss to which, in general, newly created audio channels are assigned, and is indicated in the VST Connections window by an orange/red speaker next to the appropriate Output buss. You can make any Output buss the Default buss by right-clicking it and selecting Default Bus from the context menu. In order to for all channels except those with Listen enabled to be heard, Nuendo automatically sets up a 0dB send on the Default Output buss channel on the Mixer to the Audition buss, so the idea is that you always monitor through the Audition buss. This does, of course, make the Default Output buss somewhat redundant and means you have to have double the number of outputs available for monitoring: four for stereo, 12 for 5.1, and so on. When you enable Listen on a channel, that channel's audio is routed either AFL or PFL to the Audition buss (in addition to its Output buss), as we've already discussed; but to cut the rest of the mix, Nuendo disables the send on the Default Output buss channel so only the audio-based channels being routed directly to the Audition buss can be heard. While Steinberg advise against routing the Default Output and Audition busses to the same physical outputs, it is possible to do this in a way that doesn't give duplicate signals and allows you to use AFL/PFL in a way that mutes the channels not in Listen mode. If Nuendo detects that the Default Output and Audition busses are sent to the same physical outputs, the level on the send from the Default Output buss channel to the Audition buss is set at minus infinity rather than 0dB to avoid double-bussing. However, if you set this back to 0dB, enable the pre-fader button on that send and set the level fader of the Default Output buss channel to minus infinity, you will now hear only the output of the full mix being routed through the Audition buss. Since the send will still get disabled automatically by Nuendo when you enable Listen mode on a channel, you will now only hear the channels with Listen enabled through the Audition buss until you disable the Listen buttons again. And for this, the Mixer also has an extra Deactivate All Listen button, just like for Mute, Solo, and Read and Write Automation. If you think all of this sounds a little awkward, I'd agree with you. However, part of the problem here isn't actually Nuendo: if you look at the way Pro Tools 6.9 deals with AFL/PFL Solo without any extra hardware, it's a little bit easier than with Nuendo, but you still have to specify what outputs should become muted when channels are routed to the AFL/PFL channel. The extra hardware that would help this situation is an external monitoring box that could be controlled by Nuendo. Pro Tools 's AFL/PFL is designed for use with the D-Command and D-Control surfaces, which feature XMON, a hardware monitoring box that automatically mutes the main channels when AFL/PFL is active. Hopefully, products like the MC from Euphonix (see box) will be able to bring this elegance to Nuendo users as well. One additional issue with the Audition buss brings us back to the beginning of this section where I mentioned that, as in Cubase SX3, Nuendo 3 also sends the click to the Audition buss. This means it's impossible to not have the click on the same buss as your AFL/PFL solo, unless you disable the click. Having a separate click buss in the Studio page of the VST Connections window would be a better solution, and it would be great if Steinberg allowed the click channel to have auxiliary sends so it could be routed to multiple headphone mixes for those who use Nuendo for tracking in a recording studio context rather than for post-production. The workaround that solves both of these potential problems right now is to use a VST Instrument like LM7 for your metronome click instead. The fact the Default Output can use an auxiliary send to route audio to the Audition buss illustrates another important feature in Nuendo 3 — the ability for Output busses to route audio to other Output busses to the right of them via sends. So if you have four Output busses labelled one to four, left to right, output one can send to outputs two, three and four, while output three can only send to output four. Despite the limitation, being able to route outputs still has many uses, and could be especially useful for creating headphone mixes within Nuendo or sending mixes to multiple speaker configurations. Overall, though, Nuendo 's Mixer is still slightly less flexible than mixers found in competing digital audio workstations. For example, one feature I really miss in Nuendo is not being able route the outputs of Group channels as the Inputs of Audio channels, so you could bounce and create more complex mixers entirely in Nuendo. While not perfect, Pro Tools ' internal busses (which are in many ways the equivalent of Group channels in Nuendo) do allow this and it would be great to have this functionality. Nuendo 3 includes a new plug-in called Mix Convert to make it easy to downmix files, as shown here, to create a stereo mix from a 5.1 source. On the subject of output routing, a feature that would be nice to see is support for different layouts of surround output channels. Nuendo 3 's surround output mapping conforms to the standard (and most commonly used) SMPTE/ITU layout, which is L R C LFE Ls Rs. Other common layouts include L C R Ls Rs LFE and L R Ls Rs C LFE, and while it's possible to adjust the surround routing in Nuendo by just changing the physical output assignments around, the onus for knowing how to re-patch everything is placed on the user. An extra option to re-patch the surround channel layout when you right-click a buss in the VST Connections window would be welcome. One improvement to the Mixer in Nuendo 3 is the use of the Mix Convert plug-in, which is a newly included plug-in that can convert incoming audio in one speaker format to outgoing audio in a different format: you could use this as an insert on a stereo channel to downmix to mono, for example. Nuendo automatically uses the Mix Convert plug-in in situations where you have a 5.1 channel routed to a stereo output: double-clicking the panner automatically opens a Mix Convert plug-in editor — you don't see it instantiated as an insert on the Mixer. Mix Convert offers quite a number of controls, such as the ability to adjust the phase of individual speaker channels (except the front centre channel, of course!), adjust the incoming gain and the level of the surrounds, centre channel and LFE that goes into the downmix. Mix Convert is actually really useful for creating downmixes, especially since this is far more complex in Pro Tools: audio channels can only be routed to outputs with the same speaker layout — you can't route a 5.1 channel to a stereo channel without creating sub-paths, and creating a downmix requires some creative routing if you don't use a plug-in such as Waves' M360° Surround Mixdown plug-in from the 360° Surround Tools bundle, which adds to the cost of the system. Another improvement in Nuendo 3 (also implemented in Cubase SX3) is the ability to quickly assign the Input and Output busses to audio channels. Holding down Alt/Option while selecting an Input or Output assigns all selected channels to that Input or Output, while holding Shift while selecting an Input or Output assigns Input or Output busses incrementally to the selected channels. Another real time-saver. Nuendo 3 is a significant step forward when compared with Nuendo 2, and without doubt the best overall release of Nuendo in the product's five-year history. In part, I think this is due to Steinberg finally embracing areas that really needed to be addressed to orientate Nuendo towards the post-production and high-end audio markets. And very publicly placing the company's Project Manager for Post-production, Martin Stahl, in LA with Euphonix to investigate the needs of the LA post-production market has clearly helped to build a better product. Nuendo isn't perfect, of course — there are still the odd bugs and issues that crop up — but overall, there are many improvements in Nuendo 3 and features that finally make it possible to consider the system more seriously in the context of film, media and high-end audio work. Nuendo 3 has many features and improvements targeted at post-production customers, including AAF import and export, pull-up and pull-down support for video playback, and better media management. Incorporates all of the new features found in Cubase SX3 for those working with MIDI in the same Project. Features such as Rename Objects offer time-saving workflow improvements. Mixer lacks a flexible bussing architecture. Nuendo 3 is a major update to Steinberg's Media Production System that combines all the functionality of Cubase SX3 with long-awaited new features and improvements specifically for the post-production market. £1449.99; upgrade from v2 £349.99; upgrade from v1 £499.99. Prices include VAT.

2019-04-20T10:32:41Z

https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/steinberg-nuendo-3

Under this new thread we will be putting up Sakhi’s and Teachings related to our Guru Sahibs and their Sikhs which have been written/translated by admin. Some of these posts will be new and some will be from our archives. This thread will eventually become our last sticky thread. So I will urge our readers not to make any comments on this thread, if you have a query or you want to add something then please start a new post. Below is the first of our posts. Guru Nanak Dev Jee on his travels to the west met a Fakir by the name of Shah Sharaf. The Fakir had been harbouring many questions and was looking for someone to put his mind to rest. Seeing Guru Nanak Dev Jee he took the opportunity to conclude his search. Only a true Fakir could satisfy him and answer his questions. The following is the discourse that originally took place in Farsi between Shah Sharaf and Sree Guru Nanak Dev Jee. The questions and answers were short but the meanings are very deep. There is a lot to be learnt from this conversation. Q : What is the beginning for a Fakir (recluse) ? Q: Where does Fakiree end? Q: What is the Key? Q: Which is the Food? Q: Which is the Robe/Garment (to be worn)? Q: What is the necklace of a Fakir? Q: Which is the smoke for the Fakirs? Q: What is used to cover the head? Q: Which is the home? Q: Which are the arms? Q: Which is the position? Q: What is a Journey? Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 06/01/2010 03:13PM by admin. Guru Angad Dev jee spoke very little. He would come to Sangat and give advice or explain bani and succinctly express Gurmat in short saloks. Guru Sahib used to say that one who has recognised that the world is only temporary will not spend all his effort on gathering wealth. Guru Sahib told his Sikhs that a truly successful person was not one with the most wealth. If they can see that a human comes with nothing and leaves with nothing, why would they spend all their time on collecting money? Such money-hungry people are driven by worldly praise and seek wealth to get it. Guru Sahib told his Sikhs to forget all worldly praise and greatness. Guru Sahib used to tell the Sangat not to be influenced by the rich as well. To please them, it is not necessary to humble or lower yourself. Doing this increases fear and powerlessness. Vahiguru showers his blessings on all. The rich and powerful are also just ordinary humans. When the call of death comes, their wealth will not help them stay here or extend their life. Work is important but when doing this, it is important to not let ego enter the mind. It is important to do simran and sing shabads when working. With simran, the individual becomes so calm and stable that no worldly problem can shake him. There is no greater education than being immersed in Naam. Leaving this and looking towards any other support or sustenance brings only pain. Those who mock the path of Bhagti are showing their own ignorance and idiocy. 1) Whatever wealth or possessions you have should be shared with others. Do not waste what you have on pointless things like showing off to others. Share what you have with the poor and those engaged in Bhagti. 2) It is also a virtue to use your body to help others. Serving others prevents ego. Helping others with humility and sweetness. 3) To use the tongue to give knowledge and encouragement about the Guru and Naam is the third important way of helping others. 3) Not to waste time without naam. Do simran with every breath. Do not spend time on fruitless activity. 5) Have a giving attitude and forsake the desire to take and seize. Give what you have and feel good about it. Desire Good for others. 6) Go to the Dharamshala (Gurdwara) to listen and also to do humble seva. 7) Consider yourself to be a slave of Vahiguru. Consider everything you have as his and his gift to you. 8) Know Vahiguru to be your friend. Believe that your friend will never want to harm you. Whatever He does will be for your benefit. 9) Submit your everything to Vahiguru. Even make yourself a sacrifice and have no attachment to anything. When these become a part of your life, you will feel Divine Love. Everything will seem like it is bloom. You will fee waves of love. You will be in the world but rise above it like the lotus. The Bhagat's face will glow red by drinking the nectar and will feel Vahiguru's blessings constantly fall to him. Vahiguru himself will complete the Bhagat's tasks so that he is not distracted from the true goal. “Be kind to everyone. Having pride over anything is not noble. Consider the company (immoral relations) with another woman to be like the company of a snake or a murderous elephant. Never even by mistake go into bad Sangat (company). Humility is the greatest weapon. Never speak badly. Those who praise themselves are always lost. The path of dharma is the abandoning of slander (ninda). Don’t spend or eat more than you need to. Also work just as much as you need to. Don’t do anything above and beyond the need for it. Leave behind fakeness and hypocrisy. A life of false show is always a painful one. If someone is a Sikh of the Guru, listen and obey him. Loving another woman, even if she is a devotee of God (bhagtaNee) is a relationship which will result in loss not gain. Go to and meet the Shabad of the Guru. Do not go somewhere where the Guru is forgotten. Eat when you are hungry. Don’t fill what is already filled. But don’t abandon food either. Sleep when you feel very sleepy. Don’t sleep without feeling tired. Don’t pain your body. Listen to the stories of the Guru. Singh Shabads and listen too. Don’t’ speak falsehood. If someone is forgetting about the Guru, try and remind them. Speak to them from the heart. If they don’t listen, then it’s up to them. Take the Guru’s words to heart. Give (the Guru) at least a tenth of your earnings. Keep the company of good people and serve those you encounter. Before putting anything in your mouth, say Vahiguru. Vahiguru will bless it. Those who have day and night japed Vahiguru, and left their ego, they are the truly high and good ones. Controlling one’s desires is Dharam. One who does this is jeevan mukat (liberated while alive). One who is beloved of God cannot ever remain bound by any restraints. He is free. He is above all tradition, custom, fortune, luck, and delusion." Guru jee would rise with one quarter of the night remaining. He would not wake anyone else. He would bathe using water brought by his seva Bhai Buloo jee (who was always with him). Guru jee, historians right, would daily wash his kesh and also put yogurt (was used to clean hair). After bathing, Guru jee would put on immaculate white clothes. He would then go sit in solitary meditation, deep in samadhee. When amrit vela would arrive and the rest of the Sangat too had risen, he would go and join the Sangat. Bhai Saadoo, Baadoo and Bhai Sata and Bhai Balvand would recite keertan. Guru jee too would sometimes lead the keertan. When the sun rose, keertan ended and degh was distributed. The Sangat would then come and speak with Guru jee and tell their personal problems. Some would ask for naam, others for some worldly gift and others would ask how to progress on the spiritual path. When Guru jee would speak, it was as if a wave had risen from a great and profound ocean and with the wave, jewels from the depths were tossed out. All would lovingly praise the Guru. Hearing his words all hearts would blossom forth and naam would begin to go by itself. Guru jee would then join the Sangat to do seva. Guru jee would do his own work and then go to the Langar to supervise. Under Guru jee’s watch, the Langar was prepared and would then take Sangat with him and sit in the Pangat to eat. There was no caste in the Langar, all were equal. Guru jee would himself eat a bland dish made of cooked grain, which was like a gruel. He would eat very little. Guru jee would then return to his hut and rest for a short while. He would then emerge and meet the visiting Sangat. It was Guru jee’s rule that all who wished to meet him must first eat in the Langar and break all caste barriers. No one could meet Guru jee without first obeying this rule. With this, caste was not abandoned just theoretically but also practically. Later in the day, Katha would happen and Gursikhs would explain baaNee and Guru Sahib would also speak when he felt it necessary. Keertan would follow and then Sodar. All would then eat, but Guru jee did not. He would either sit outside and speak with the Sangat or walk by the banks of the Beas. Guru Sahib had also ordered that the Langar should not have anything stored. Whatever was left over would be given to the animals and if there was still some left, it was given to the fish of the Beas. Not even the clay pots were allowed to have any water left in them. Guru Sahib did this so no one would feel greed for the Langar or try to profit from it. Guru Sahib said that just as the bird does not store for tomorrow, he too had no need to store. Like a bird, there should be faith that Vahiguru will provide. Because of this practice, from the morning, the Sangat would arrive with supplies for the Langar. Every day the Langar would fill afresh. Taken from Pr. Satbir Singh's "Aad Sikh tay Aad Sakheeaa(n)" Bibi Amaro was Guru Angad Dev jee's daughter. It is said that when she was born, it was as if Bhagti (devotion) had itself taken human form and been born in the house of the Guru. Her voice was very sweet and soft and she had memorised much baaNee. She was married into a family of village Basarkay. Her husband was Guru Amar Das jee's youngest brother, Bhai MaaNak Chand's son, Jasoo. Bibi jee would rise at amrit vela every day and with great enthusiasm and dedication begin reciting baaNee. Mehma Parkaash (an old Granth) writes that when she would sing baaNee, it was as if nectar would begin to rain down. One day, a Sadhu visited Baba Amar Das but did not eat anything from him as he did not have a Guru. Baba Amar Das also did not eat that night and lay awake, lost in sadness. Hearing this Shabad, Baba jee's mind became pure. The Shabad matched that which Baba jee was feeling in his heart. And it was of course more piercing because it was the Guru's daughter reciting these holy lines of GurbaaNee, and that too at amrit vela with her beautiful voice. Baba jee from a distance spoke up, "Daughter, I was dead. This amrit-baaNee has entered my ears and I am alive again. My state is exactly like the one described in that shabad. Please take me to the one who's baaNee this is. Please recite that shabad again…" Bibi Amaro felt shy because Baba Amar Das was equal to her father-in-law. By this time, Bibi jee's mother-in-law Bhago had also awoken and said to Bibi jee, "Daughter, there is no embarassment in reciting this. It is a good deed to do this. One's father and father-in-law are equal. There is no shyness when reciting a shabad." Bibi Bhago gave her daughter in-law permission to take Baba Amar Das to Khadoor Sahib to meet Guru Angad, but Bibi Amaro said, "How can I go without being called by Guru jee? I have just arrived here in your home now." Baba Amar Das replied, "Child, please take me. Guru jee will do kirpaa." Bibi jee then said "As you wish. Next morning I will take you there." When the next day dawned, Bibi Amaro got ready and set out for Khadoor Sahib with Baba Amar Das. Upon arriving, Bibi jee left Baba jee outside and herself went before Guru jee and bowed. Guru Angad Dev jee looked at his daughter and said, "Child, stop thinking that you have come here without my having called you. You have done well to come. But why have you left the one you brought with you outside? Go and bring him as well." Bibi jee then went and brought back Baba Amar Das. Guru Angad Dev jee rose and was about to embrace Baba Amar Das as the equal of his daughter's father-in-law but Baba jee fell at Guru jee's feet and said, "Merciful one, I have come here to take the support and sanctuary of your feet". It was the fruit of Bibi Amaro's rising at Amrit Vela and reciting baaNee that Baba Amar Das came to Khadoor and began his sevaa there and eventually became Guru Amar Das, the strength of the helpless and the support of those with no other hope. Guru Ramdas Jee used to get up at Amritvela with one pehar of the night remaining. He would have an Ishnaan with cool water and then sit in samadhi. He would then still within Amritvela make his way from Guru Ka Mehl to where is now Harmandar Sahib. The Deevan used to start, sangata would already be there in anticipation. Keertan would happen, after the samapati of keertan the call would go out for langar. Guru Jee would go with the sangat to the langar. Everyone whether low/high caste or rich/poor would get the same food. Guru Sahib would too sit with the sangat and eat. Afterwards Guru Jee would rest and then after getting up he would go and see the construction work that was happening. He would do seva like before (meaning before he became Guru Jee). Guru Jee would take an Ishnaan again and go and sit with the sangat. The sangat used to gather in the afternoon, Katha used to occur at this time. Guru Jee himself used to do Katha. Whatever question’s sangat had were answered through Gurbanee. --------Keep your Jeevan both at home and outside, those that keep love for Akaal Purkh while in gristhi are praise worthy. After katha Guru jee would go for a walk. At sunset Sodar De Chounki was followed by keertan. The Bhag of the fortunate ones would wake when listening to the Keertan Raag. Guru Ramdas Jee’s eyes were immersed in love all the time, they were filled with nectar. A vessel was always with him collecting this nectar from the loved filled eyes. Once it was full Guru Sahib used to drink it. No one was allowed to disturb him while listening to keertan. After keertan everyone would have langar. When everyone would depart to their resting quarters, Guru jee would make sure that everyone that had come got a place to rest. After everyone’s needs were met only then would Guru Jee would go back to Guru Ka Mehl. Below is a Sakhi of Guru Arjun Dev Jee written in the Bhai Painde Vali Bir. The Bhai Painde Vali Bir is one of the most Prachin Birs we have available and consequently the Sakhis written in a section of the Granth Sahib are one of the oldest recorded Sakhis. Below is the first Sakhi written in the Bir. In the time of Guru Arjan Dev jee, there was a powerful and rich Jat by the name of Teeratha. Teeratha was a follower of the Muslim sect of Sakhee Sarvar. He was the local leader of this sect and had hundreds of followers who all respected him. Teeratha would regularly lead the members of this sect on a pilgrimage to the main Sakhee Sarvar shrine now in Pakistan. Once when passing through Amritsar, Teeratha decided to visit Guru Arjan. He had heard that there was a great Guru who had a large following and this Guru was spiritually enlightened. He was curious to know who this Guru was and what he would say. He decided to stop off and see the Darbar of Guru Arjan Dev jee. When he saw the Darbar, he saw that people of many different backgrounds, and castes were all sitting together and living in harmony. He also heard the keertan in the darbaar and the keertan left a permanent mark on him. He heard of the great gift of naam and the thirst to have this gift rose within him. He was the leader of hundreds of Sakhee Sarvar followers but he could no longer follow that path. He realised that Sikhee was the path he must follow. He came to Guru Arjan Dev jee and introduced himself. Guru jee saw how rich and powerful Teeratha was and when Teeratha begged for Naam and to be initiated into the Sikh faith, Guru jee replied, "Being a Sikh is no easy thing. The path is finer than a hair and sharper than the khanda. The primary principle of Sikhee is humility." Teeratha again repeated his request. Guru Arjan Dev jee then said, "Why do you want to be a Sikh? You are a rich and powerful man with hundreds of followers. You can continue on the easy path of Sakhee Sarvar, because the Sikh path is very hard. If you become a Sikh, you will lose your followers and all their respect and you will lose your wealth as well. You may even have to pay for this decision with your life. What use is there in becoming a Sikh for you?" But Teeratha was insistent he begged that nothing mattered. If he lost everything it would not matter, he needed Naam. With tears in his eyes he begged for Naam. Guru Arjan Dev jee accepted his request and initiated him into Sikhee and gave him Naam. Teeratha decided to not return home and took leave of his followers. He decided to stay with the Guru Jee for some time. The Sikhs knew that Teeratha was from the Manjh clan and began to call him Bhai Manjh. Bhai Manjh did seva in the darbaar and one day Guru Arjan Dev jee called him and asked him to return to his village and preach Sikhee to his old followers. Bhai Manjh returned to his village and began the work of preaching Sikhee to the followers of Sakhee Sarvar. In his home, there was a shrine to Sakhee Sarvar which was revered by all the local followers. Bhai Manjh reached home and immediately had it demolished. Many of his old followers who had considered him a Guru heard Bhai Manjh's message that Guru Arjan was the true Satguru and the source of all happiness. They too decided to become Sikhs and began to recite baaNee. Bhai Manjh and the new devotees of the Guru decided to build a Dharamshaala (Sikh place of gathering) in the village where they could daily meet and do sangat. While the construction of the Dharamshala was still going on, some Sakhee Sarvar leaders came to the village and saw that so many followers had become Sikhs. They spoke to Bhai Manjh and asked him to renounce Sikhee or face a terrible price. They said that he was powerful and a high official in the Sakhee Sarvar sect and he would lose all this if he did not come to his senses. Bhai Manjh sent them away and was insistent that he would remain a Sikh. The Sakhee Sarvar leaders left the village but heaped countless curses on Bhai Manjh and vowed that he would regret his decision. Within a few days of this event, one night, all of Bhai Manjh's cattle died. It was unexplainable how all cattle could die in one night. In the following nights, cattle began to die in neighbouring houses as well. The villagers began to believe that perhaps the curse of Sakhee Sarvar was responsible and by becoming Sikhs and destroying the shrine, they had made a serious mistake. More and more cattle began to die each night and the villagers decided to break off from Bhai Manjh. They declared that they had nothing to do with Bhai Manjh and his new religion. They removed him from his position as village head. Bhai Manjh now began to lose his wealth as well and soon poverty entered his home. Before, poor and needy people used to come to Bhai Manjh to request for help and money. People would still come now but he himself was living in abject poverty. Bhai Manjh had absolutely no extra wealth to give to anybody. Bhai Manjh was in a desperate situation and he decided to visit the new village head. Bhai Manjh offered his home to be rented out for some money so he could feed his family. The village head agreed to the proposal but added the condition that Bhai Manjh's wife would become his housemaid. His wife would be paid for her labour as well. Bhai Manjh returned home absolutely shattered. He was once the most powerful man in the village and today he was being forced to make his wife a maid. When Bhai Manjh's wife asked him what the village head had said. Bhai Manjh haltingly explained the offer he was given. Bhai Manjh's wife listned and then said that in such hard times she too was willing to make sacrifices and if they had to lower their dignity by doing a job such as that of maid, then so be it. They had to marry off their young daughter and needed money to raise their family. Bhai Manjh's wife agreed to go work for the village head. Bhai Manjh fell asleep that night in deep sadness. The next morning his wife would leave to begin her new job. He thought of Guru Arjan and wondered why the Guru would put his Sikh through such pain. How could the Guru allow him to see such days? Then understanding dawned: this must be the Guru's test. The Guru had said that he would have to sacrifice his all for Naam. Bhai Manjh was determined not to fail this test. He felt shame that he had ever questioned the will of the Guru. The next morning Bhai Manjh's wife gathered her clothes and left for the village head's home. Bhai Manjh decided to also leave the village. He left for Amritsar with his daughter and decided to spend his time doing seva. Bhai Manjh began to take the seva of bringing wood for the langar, cleaning the dishes, serving the visiting sangat and any other seva he could find. Guru Jee too heard of Bhai Manjh's sevaa. He called Bhai Manjh to come see him. Bhai Manjh and his daughter appeared before Guru Jee and bowed. They stood before SatGuru Arjan Dev Jee and waited for him to speak. Guru Arjan Dev Jee asked, "Bhai Manjh, where do you eat?" Bhai Manjh replied, "Satguru, I eat from your langar…" Guru Arjan jee then said, "well then, what you do is nothing but wage-labour isn't it?" The sangat was stunned. They knew Bhai Manjh had sacrificed his entire wealth and prestige to become a Sikh and now did more seva than anyone else in the Darbaar. How could Guru jee have humiliated him like this in front of everyone? After all, the Langar was open to everyone, why would Guru jee say such a thing? Bhai Manjh was once a powerful and proud aristocrat with hundreds of followers. He now hung his head and then said, "Satguru, you are wise. Please give me the wisdom to understand and accept your Hukam." Guru jee did not reply. Bhai Manjh then bowed and took his leave with his daughter. Bhai Manjh now decided to no longer eat in the langar. He decided to collect two bundles of wood from now on and he would give one to the langar and sell the other to earn his living and use it to purchase his food. Bhai Manjh's daughter asked her father why the Guru was so merciless to him. Bhai Manjh immediately replied, "No no! The Guru is merciful. He is testing our faith. We can not fail." Bhai Manjh would rise early and begin to collect wood for seva and also to sell. After giving the first bundle and selling the second, the two would return to the Darbaar and do seva all day. He would put all his extra money into the Golak. Guru jee once came to Bhai Manjh and asked why he still stayed despite being so poor and having lost everything. Guru jee said he should go home. Bhai Manjh replied, "Mahaaraaj, please never speak of having to leave your feet. Sachay Patshah, worldly wealth is a dream and so it comes and goes. Nothing is lost. I have lost my worldly wealth and found your true treasure of Naam. No thief will take this treasure from me and no King will seize it. " Guru jee gave his blessings to Bhai Manjh and moved on. One day early in the morning when Bhai Manjh was going to the langar to give wood, such a dust storm arose that he could see nothing. Bhai Manjh stumbled and fell into a well. He kept the bundle of wood that he had on his head so that it might not get wet. He was not afraid and kept reciting Gurbanee. Day broke and Bhai Manjh still had not returned and everyone understood he must be in trouble. The Sikhs began to search for him, they split up into different groups and searched in every direction. Eventually one search party came near a well and heard someone singing and reciting Gurbanee. When they looked into the well they saw Bhai Manjh standing in the well, keeping dry the wood on his head. One Sikh ran to Guru Arjan Dev Jee to tell him what had happened and Guru jee immediately dashed bare foot to the well. They threw a rope into the well and asked Bhai Manjh to pull himself out. Bhai Manjh jee called from the depth of the well, "Please, first pull the wood out for the langar! If they become wet, they will be of no use and not burn. If I am wet, nothing will happen." Bhai jee tied the wood bundle to the rope and had it pulled out. Only then did Bhai Manjh pull himself out. When Bhai Manjh climbed out of the well, Guru Arjan was standing before him. Bhai Manjh fell at Guru jee's feet. Guru Arjan asked, "Bhai Manjh! What have you gained by following me? You have lost your wealth, your status, and even your wife. You have lost everything!" Bhai Manjh held Guru jee's feet even tighter and with tears in his eyes replied, "No Satguru! I have not lost anything. I have only gained. Please don't push me away, this is my only request of you…" Guru Arjan Dev jee then said, "Bhai Manjh, your sevaa has borne fruit. Ask for anything you want." Bhai Manjh replied, "Guru jee, bless me that I may never want anything. May I always be content" Guru jee replied, "It will happen as you request. But still, request something Bhai Manjh…" Bhai Manjh then said, "If you are happy with me, then have this mercy. It is Kaljug. Please do not scold and test so harshly. May your Sikhs not have to bear such hardships." Guru Maharaj again said, "This too will happen, but still request something Bhai Manjh." Bhai Manjh finally replied, "May my consciousness remain at your feet and may I never forget the meditation of your Naam. If you wish to bless me, then bless me with gift of limitless faith." Guru Arjan heard these words and then said, “ਮੰਞ ਪਿਆਰਾ ਗੁਰੂ ਨੂੰ ਗੁਰ ਮੰਞ ਪਿਆਰਾ I ਮੰਞ ਗੁਰੂ ਕਾ ਬੋਹਥਾ ਜਗੁ ਲੰਘਣਹਾਰਾ I "Manjh is the beloved of the Guru and the Guru is beloved of Manjh. Manjh is the ferry of the Guru who will ferry across the world ocean." Guru Arjan sent Bhai Manjh home and told him all had been returned. Bhai Manjh did not understand how this would be possible, but had complete faith in the Guru. Bhai Manjh's wife had been working in the house of the village head and she made such an impression on him that he decided to make her his sister. He requested that she take the responsibility of raising his only son. He also gave back Bhai Manjh's home where she could raise the boy. Bhai Manjh returned home and was informed of all that had happened and was stunned. Bhai Manjh never left the support of the Guru. Even at the darkest time he had faith it was all a test and if he stayed firm in his faith, nothing would happen to him. Bhai Manjh was appointed the entire Doaba area to preach Sikhee and he opened a Dharamshaalaa in his home. The langar that Bhai Sahib jee opened was famous all around. Many people became Sikhs because of his parchaar. When Guru Arjan Dev jee came to visit the Doaba area in 1596, he made a point of specially visiting Bhai Manjh and praised him for his parchaar. Bhai Manjh jee is the embodiment of faith and perseverance. Nothing in life could turn him away from the Guru and in the end, the Guru kept and protected his Sikh. Once Bhai Laloo, Bhai Baloo and Bhai Hardas Jee asked Guru Arjan Dev Jee how one can liberate this life. In response Guru Arjan Dev Jee said that there are Five actions which if done then you could claim that your life is successful. 3) ਵੰਡ ਖਾਵਣਾ –-- Share what ever is yours with others. Guru Arjan Dev had been brutally tortured and embraced martyrdom, becoming an example for the Panth. The Sikhs were grief-struck and felt a sense of despair. The small Panth of Guru Nanak had been targeted by the mighty power of the Mughals. Guru Hargobind Sahib, became the next Guru as per the orders of his father. In front of all the gathered Sikhs, Baba Buddha jee put the two swords of meeri and peeri on Guru Hargobind Sahib. Guru Sahib was dressed like an emperor and there was a kalgi (aigrette) on his dastaar. The Dhadis, Bhai Abdullah and Bhai Nath Mal, at the hukam of Guru Hargobind Sahib sang a vaar filled with bir ras. Today the offerings that are beloved to me are good weapons and good youth. If you want my happiness, then exercise your bodies, wrestle, play gatka, go into the jungles to hunt and learn to ride horses. Weakness is now a crime to the Nation that cannot be forgiven for anyone. You will take up the sword and I now wear the sword so that the swords of tyranny and oppression will stop forever. You have all come from far and wide today. The cool tranquillity has been stolen from not just your heart and my heart, but from the entire world. Our swords will not rest until we bring this oppression to an end. Do not think that you are too few. You are all like springs. Oceans flow out of these very springs. There are hundreds of thousands of springs like you in our Nation. When you come together and flow forward, you will create a flood. A small and insignificant piece of wood, when made into a match, can light the entire jungle on fire. But you are humans! And furthermore, those humans whose heart has just now been scorched on hot iron plates [reference to shahidi of Guru Arjan Dev jee]. See, God has given you the gift of poetry. When nations are built, you are the foundations. Stop all these other untimely songs and work to bring the Nation out of this deep dark pit. Tell those stories which will make the people willing to lose their skin like they would be willing to change their clothes. Fill the people of our Nation with the spirit and fervour to be like moths so they will sacrifice themselves in the flames of our cause. During the time of Guru Hargobind Sahib, there was a Sikh woman, Bibi Santi, who was married into a family in the village of Butala. Bibi Santi’s parents were Sikhs but due to circumstances, found herself married into a family that believed in Sakhi Sarvar (a Muslim Pir). Bibi Santi read Gurbani daily and had a deep love for the Guru. Her mother-in-law however, could not tolerate this faith in Sikhi. Eventually, Bibi Santi was asked to leave the family’s house and was made to live in a hut outside. Bibi Santi was happy that now she would be able to read Gurbani without anyone objecting. Slowly she was able to influence her husband through stories of the Guru and he too became a Sikh. After some time, a son was born to Bibi Santi who was named Palla. The happiness in the small family was short lived however as Bibi Santi’s husband died quite suddenly. Young Bhai Palla now had a non-stop longing to cast his eyes on his Satguru. Bhai Palla was convinced that Guru Sahib would come to him and so he wanted to be ready for the moment. Though he and his mother were very poor, he decided the best offering he could give to Guru Sahib was GuR (sugar-jaggery). Wherever he went, Bhai Palla carried the guR with him, tied in a cloth, not knowing when Guru Sahib would hear his ardaas and give his darshan. What a blessing Guru Sahib gave to Bhai Palla. What more could Bhai Palla ask? The villagers of Butala were bitter and went on to their rooftops to see what was happening. They saw that Guru Sahib and his Sikhs were waiting for langar and began to laugh that Bibi Santi and Bhai Palla who sometimes could not even manage one meal a day for themselves were now being asked to cook for so many. The villagers decided amongst themselves that no one would help the two Sikhs nor give them any loan to help buy rations for the langar. They would see the humiliating scene when Bibi Santi and Bhai Palla would tell Guru Sahib that they could not make the langar and have the opportunity to laugh at them. Satguru Hargobind Sahib knew all and saw the crowds on their rooftops looking at them. Guru Sahib said to Bhai Palla, “Palla! Go invite all the villagers to have langar here as well today.” Bhai Palla obeyed the hukam and went to all the villagers and asked them to come to their home for langar. The villagers laughed and said that today the humiliation would be double what they expected. The mother and son could hardly feed themselves let alone all the Sikhs and now all the villagers. Guru Hargobind Sahib called Bhai Palla and gave him two kerchiefs and told him to put one on the flour and one on the daal. Mata Santi should not look underneath them after that. Bibi Santi had prepared all the flour in the house for parshadas but it was still very little. There was also a little daal she had prepared. The two kerchiefs were placed on each and Bibi Santi began to prepare the parshadas while Bhai Palla did the seva of distributing them. To their amazement, all the Sikhs and all the villagers had their fill of langar and still the parshadas and daal under Guru Sahib's kerchiefs were not finishing. The villagers were awe-struck and fell at Guru Hargobind Sahib’s feet. They had wanted to see the humiliation of the two poor Sikhs but Guru Sahib had shown that he would never let his Sikhs be humiliated in such a way. The faith of the villagers in Sikhi was born that day and Bibi Santi and Bhai Palla’s faith was rewarded. Translated from Pr. Satbir Singh's "Gur Bhaaree" Guru Hargobind Sahib was in Delhi meeting with the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. A poor peasant who cut grass to feed horses heard about this and worked all day to earn a single coin. The peasant had heard about the Guru and his greatness and now when he heard that the Guru was in the city he became excited that he too might meet him and become a Sikh. During the day, the peasant also gathered the best grass he could find and cleaned it blade by blade so he could offer it to Guru Sahib’s horses. At the end of the day, the poor grass-cutter approached the place where Guru Sahib and the Emperor were meeting. There were two tents and he accidentally entered the one in which Jahangir was sitting. The guard initially stopped the peasant but thinking that perhaps he had some request to make of the Emperor, he let him in. Upon entering, the grass-cutter placed the single coin he had earned in front of the Emperor and bowed. He asked that his offering of grass also be accepted. He begged, “ True Emperor (Sachay Patshah) please help me both here and in the hereafter.” Jahangir was taken aback and replied that he could give the grass-cutter an award of land ( a Jagir). The poor man’s eyes opened wide and he realized he was in the wrong place. Jahangir then said, “I am the Emperor of Hindustan. Your “Sachay Patshah” is in the other tent.” The poor man picked up his coin and his bundle of grass and ran to the other tent in which Guru Sahib was sitting. Upon seeing the Guru, he grabbed his feet and began to weep and beg for forgiveness. He said, “Sachay Patshah I went to the wrong door.” He repeated his earlier request and begged to become a Sikh and the Guru blessed him with naam. It was after this incident that Jahangir realized how much love Sikhs had for their Guru. One day Guru Hargobind Sahib was going hunting and as he was leaving the city gates of Kartarpur, he asked Bhai Javanda to stand by the gate and wait for his return. Satguru jee returned from hunting but entered the city from another gate and went back to his place of residence. Three days and three nights passed but Bhai Javanda did not move from the place Guru Sahib told him to wait. When Guru Sahib found out about this, he himself went to Bhai Javanda, still waiting by the gate and embraced him and showered his blessings. Bhai Choohar was a Jathedar in Guru Hargobind Sahib’s army and had 100 horsemen in his command. Guru Hargobind Sahib summoned Bhai Choohar and said, “Tell the Sikhs to drag some big stones and make walls for the langar. Guru Sahib took the pen and while still on his horse began to write a ੧ (1) . Guru Sahib’s horse kicked his hoof and the ੧ became a ੭ (7). Mata Sulakhani did indeed go one to become the mother of 7 sons and they became Sikhs and fought in Guru Sahib’s battles. Presented above are two Hukamname given by Guru Hargobind Sahib Jee to his GurSikhs. Both have similar advice to GurSikhs and instructions to do Guru Guru Japna( Naam recitation) and to stay away from Maas Machi (Meat – Fish), this is highlighted red in the text below. The second Hukamnama('2') highlights a few more points. It emphasises doing Kirtan and celebrating Gurpurabs. Guru Hargobind Sahib Jee also uses the phrase ‘Khalsa’ towards Guru Jee’s sangat in this Hukamnama. Guru Gobind Singh Jee writes that the mere sight of Guru Harkrishan Sahib Jee takes away all pain. Gurbanee makes clear that the True Complete Guru can remove our fevers, pains and diseases. Guru Gobind Singh Jee has however highlighted this through the reflection of Guru HarKrishan Sahib Jee. In essence the short Worldly life of Guru Harkrishan Sahib was based on the removing of pain. The Jot of Guru Nanak came in to the form of a Child for many reasons. It was a clear indication that Guru’ Jot was not tied on to any experience or worldly knowledge. It is beyond any physical connection or understanding. Some historians have tried to belittle the life of Guru Harkrishan Sahib Jee and have said that his Guruship was only there to buy time. They seem to make out that the Guruship was some kind of Human Dynasty. This is the talk of the faithless who do not see the Glory of Guru Nanak Dev Jee. Children in general are naturally liked, this is the way nature is. Their innocence and features create this relationship. Just to see kids playing gives you joy, it lifts your sorrows and worries. You can only imagine how much greater this fondness and attraction would be when Guru Jee’s Jot is in the body of a Child. It is written that Guru Harkrishan Jee’s face and features were very attractive. Everyone seeing him would feel a special pull. Guru Jee spoke very little but when he spoke he left others amazed. His voice was so sweet that even birds would stop to listen. His written words were special. Who else could speak, write and advise at this age, only Guru Jee could do this. Sangat from far and wide was yearning to meet Guru Jee. Just the sight of Guru Harkrishan Sahib Jee would dispel all sorrows, there were no need for words just the gaze of his eyes was enough. Even Kings and Queens could not resist the temptation to have a glimpse of the Child Guru. Guru Harkrishan Sahib Jee devoted a lot of time to the Sick and helpless. It is written that Guru Jee used to visit the local Hospital in his daily routine. There is an incident in the early part of Guru Harkrishan Sahib’s Guruship which led many suffers seek the blessing of Guru Jee. Guru Jee was travelling in his palanquin when a Brahmin suffering from a serious disease of leprosy came and fell at the travelling palanquin and starting crying loudly. Guru Jee asked the travelling party to halt, he came down and met the Brahmin. The Brahmin crying in pain fell at the feet of Guru Jee and asked him to relive him from his suffering. Guru Harkrishan Sahib pulled out his Handkerchief used for cleaning his hands and face, he gave this to the Brahmin and said “Wipe your body with this and then drink the wash from this Handkerchief, you will get better”. The Brahmin carried out these instructions and Just as Guru Jee said the diseased Brahmin become better in a matter of days. The news of this healing made many others suffers seek help from Guru Jee. During Guru Harkrishan Sahib Jee stay in Delhi a Small Pox epidemic broke out. It spread like wild fire, the poor were hit the worst. Thousands were dying daily and there seemed to be no cure. The Only cure and saviour was Guru Jee, anyone who came to see him or he went to see was cured of the disease just by the mere sight of Guru Harkrishan sahib Jee. Thousands were lining up to have glimpse of Guru Jee, he did not refuse to help nor was he afraid of the disease affecting him. He decided to take the suffering of the people of Delhi upon himself. This act of curing eventually meant he had to sacrifice himself for others. Even when Guru Jee was afflicted with Small Pox he was still erasing pain from others and those close to him. At the final moments before his light merged again with Vahiguru, Sri Guru Harkrishan jee did not let anyone feel any sorrow at his departure. Mehma Parkash records that Mata Krishan Kaur entered a state of bliss gazing upon Guru jee and she felt great contentment. Such was his life, that Sri Guru Harkrishan jee removed the pain and suffering of all those who cast their eyes on him, even until his very last moments. Before heading towards Punjab Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Jee gave the following loving advice to the emotional Sangat of Patna. Who were naturally at loss by Guru Jee’s physical departure from their eyes. ----- Make your life Clean/Pure, Your Work Righteous, Your Business honest and your life for goodness. ----- Do not Hate anyone. When someone has hate, this hate in a way becomes hate towards Vahiguru. The aftermath of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s Shahidi and how Bhai Jaita took Guru Sahib’s sees (head) back to Anandpur Sahib is not well known. It is an amazing story that is worth sharing. Bhai Jaita jee, later known as Bhai Jeevan Singh, was born in 1649 to a Sikh family once of the scavenger caste. Bhai Jaita and his brother Bhag Chand were Sikhs of Guru Har Rai Sahib. They began to live in Ramdas with Bhai Gurditta jee a very respected Gursikh who was a descendant of Baba Buddha jee. Bhai Gurditta jee was with Guru Harkrishan at the time of Guru jee’s leaving this world and was later the one who performed the Guruship ceremony of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Before Guru Tegh Bahadur left for Delhi, he was called once again to perform the ceremony for Guru Gobind Rai jee. After Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib set out to court arrest, Bhai Gurditta jee also left for Delhi. Bhai Jaita followed him. At Delhi, Bhai Gurditta jee saw the brutal martyrdoms of the three Sikhs, one after another. So did Bhai Jaita. The day of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s martyrdom was now approaching. Bhai Jaita and Bhai Gurditta did not sleep the entire night. They prepared themselves for the sight they were about to see. Their beloved Satguru would be beheaded before them but they could not let their tears escape or utter any cry. They would have to be silent lest they be discovered and not be able to perform seva of Guru Sahib’s body. They did Ardaas to Guru Tegh Bahadur that they be able to bear the sight of the horror that was to come and not utter a sound. The morning of November 11 1675 dawned. Guru Tegh Bahadur’s small cage was brought to Chandani Chownk. There was a large tree that stood in the middle of the Chownk. The Chownk was a terrifying place this day. There were still the marks of the horrific tortures and Shahidis of Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala. Amongst the crowd assembled to see the execution was Bhai Jaita, hiding himself so no one could recognize that a Sikh of the Guru was present. Guru Tegh Bahadur was asked his final wish. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib replied that he should be allowed to do ishnaan. Guru Tegh Bahadur was allowed to bathe with water from a nearby well. He dressed in fresh clothes and sat under the large tree at the centre of the Chownk. Satguru jee closed his eyes and began to recite Sri Japji Sahib in a loud voice. Clouds began to form and it began to grow darker. The sky had a reddish glow now. As Guru Sahib recited Japji Sahib in his sweet voice, with every word, the Sikhs in the crowd realized the moment of his Shahidi was drawing closer. Satguru jee recited the final Salok and bowed his head before Akaal Purakh. There was an instant of silence and then Jalaludin, with both hid hands clenching the sharp sword, swung and severed Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head from his body. Streams of blood flowed on to the ground and the sky too was now blood red. A ferocious wind began to blow and the storm broke. As the heavy rain fell, the crowd dispersed. The Sikhs who witnessed the Shahidi of Guru Tegh Bahadur gathered at house of Bhai Nainoo. Their grief knew no end. Bhai Tulsi insisted that they could not allow Satuguru Tegh Bahadur’s body to simply lie in Chandani Chownk. They decided to ask Bhai Lakhi Das, a powerful trader for help. They went ot Bhai Lakhi Das’s home where he had just returned from a trip to Narnaul to get lime and sand. The caravan carrying the goods Bhai Lakhi Das had purhcased was to arrive in Delhi that night and the Sikhs decided that they would hide in this caravan and take the bodies of the Sikhs and Guru jee from the Chownk. It was now well into the night and the storm over Delhi was still raging. Bhai Nainoo, Bhai Ageya, Bhai Jaita and Bhai Udda traveled with the caravan carrying Bhai Lakhi Das’s goods. They passed by the Red Fort and then the Kotwali and finally reached Chandani Chownk. Bhai Jaita jee, using the darkness and the cover of the storm, lifted up Guru Tegh Bahadur jee’s head and covered it with a white scarf. Bhai Lakhi Das and his son Bhai Nagahiya were following in the caravan and as it slowly passed through the Chownk, they took the body of Guru Tegh Bahadur and placed it in a cart and kept moving. Bhai Lakhi Das thought the most inconspicuous way to cremate Guru Sahib’s body would be to place it within his home and light the entire home on fire so know one would suspect what really was happening. This is what he did. As he and the other Sikhs stood outside, the flames from Bhai Lakhi Das’s home lept into the sky and Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s body was cremated. The next day, Bhai Gurditta jee also left this world, following his master Guru Tegh Bahadur. He was cremated by the banks of the Jamuna. Bhai Lakhi Das remained in Delhi for some days and managed through the help of the town crier to take away the bodies of the Shahid Sikhs and cremate them at the same place Bhai Gurditta was cremated. Bhai Jaita meanwhile was escaping with Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head. He decided that Guru Gobind Rai and the Sikhs would be waiting to have the final darshand and so he began to make his way towards Anandpur Sahib. Bhai Jaita clenched Satguru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head to his chest and did an Ardaas that he be blessed with the strength to return to Anandpur Sahib. The Mughals would be searching for the head and so he could not travel on the common roads. He would have to travel through the forests and jungles so he would not be detected. Bhai Jaita left Delhi and in his first night, covered 40 kilometers. He arrived in the town of Baghpat. The morning of November 12th was beginning to dawn and Bhai Jaita arrived near the Dargah of a Sufi saint, Sheikh Wahuddin. Wahuddin asked “Who are you?” Bhai Jaita declared, “I am a Sikh of Guru Tegh Bahadur.” Wahuddin asked, “Where is your Guru now?” Bhai Jaita with tears in his eyes told the Sufi of Guru Sahib’s martyrdom and revealed that he was carrying Guru Sahib’s head back to Anandpur Sahib. Wahuddin was an admirer of Guru Tegh Bahadur and said he would help Bhai Jaita. He led Bhai Sahib to the house of Bhai Krishan Pal. Bhai Jaita had been running without stop all night and finally rested at Bhai Krishan Pal’s home. Bhai Jaita jee tenderly uncovered Guru Sahib’s head and saw that the cloth was covered in blood and so he took a fresh cloth and covered the head once again. Bhai Jaita jee heard the question and kept walking silently. Bhai Deva Ram and Bhai Jaita arrived home and once again Bhai Deva Ram asked, “What news is there of Satguru jee?” It was dark now and Bhai Deva Ram lit some candles and asked his wife to prepare some food. He saw the bundle in Bhai Jaita’s arms and asked, “What is in your bundle?” Bhai Jaita replied, “It is my treasure that I would not trade even for my life.” Bhai Deva Ram offered, “give your bundle to us and rest. We shall take care of it till morning…” Bhai Jaita remained silent. It was as if even after leaving his body, that Guru Tegh Bahadur was accepting the ardaas of his Sikhs. Bhai Jaita took the candle from Bhai Deva Ram and layer by layer began to uncover his bundle. The final fold had some blood on it and when he pulled it back, Bhai Deva Ram’s eyes fell on Guru Tegh Bahadur jee’s head. Bhai Jaita could not speak and sat to one side on the ground as Guru Sahib’s head rested on the bed. Bhai Deva Ram began to weep and thought that he had asked for Guru Sahib’s darshan but who knew it would come in this form? Bhai Jaita could eat very little. He told Bhia Deva Ram all that had happened. Bhai Deva Ram asked Bhai Jaita to rest and said he would do the seva of Guru Sahib’s head. Bhai Deva Ram lovingly covered Guru Sahib’s head in the new scarf he had prepared for Guru Sahib and wass going to offer. He took the rest of the clothes he had sewn and began to whisk them over Guru Sahib’s head as a chaur. All night, Bhai Deva Ram did chaur of Guru Sahib’s head and did not sleep for even an instant. It was now November 13th. Traveling through the jungles over rocks and thorns, Bhai Jaita arrived at sunset near the town of Ambala. There was a river flowing there and Bhai Jaita rested under a tree. Bhai Jaita asked a passerby if there was the home of a Sikh anywhere. He was told to go to nearby Kainth Majri. At Kainth Majri, Bhai Jaita met Bhai Ramdev. He told Bhai Ramdev that he was a Sikh and asked if he might rest somewhere. Bhai Ramdev took Bhai Jaita to his home. Once there, he asked Bhai Jaita what was in the bundle he was carrying. Once again, in the candlelight, Bhai Jaita uncovered Guru Sahib’s head and Bhai Ramdev too fell to the ground. While Guru Sahib’s head rested on the bed, Bhai Jaita and Bhai Ramdev remained the entire night on the ground. For the fourth time in his journey, Bhai Jaita uncovered Guru Sahib’s head and said, “Baba, if you truly want Guru Sahib’s darshan, then behold his divine head.” The Fakir fell back and asked what had happened. Bhai Jaita told him of the Shahidi of Guru Tegh Bahadur. All night, Dargahi Shah stayed awake and gazed at Guru jee’s head. At amrit vela, as Bhai Jaita asked to leave, Dargahi Shah took Guru Sahib’s head in his arms and as he would normally see off his respected guest, began to walk with Bhai Jaita. After some distance, he gently handed the head back to Bhai Jaita and said, “Tell Guru Gobind Rai that this old fakir will only leave his body after having his darshan.” Some years later, after the battle of Bhangani, Guru Gobind Singh and Bhai Jaita returned to meet this old fakir and only then did Dargahi Shah leave this world. On November 14th, Bhai Jaita finally saw Kiratpur Sahib ahead of him. Kiratpur Sahib is not very far from Anandpur Sahib and is the holy place where Guru Hargobind Sahib and Guru Har Rai Sahib were cremated. Bhai Jaita wondered whether Guru Gobind Rai would want Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head to be cremated here as well. Bhai Jaita rested where today stands Gurdwara Bibangarh Sahib. Bhai Jaita had now been meet by other Sikhs and they sent a message to Guru Gobind Rai that his father’s head had arrived at Kiratpur Sahib. As the sun set on November 14th, the message arrived at Anandpur Sahib. The Sikh carrying the message entered Guru Sahib’s home and Mata Nanaki asked, “what is the news?” The Sikh could not speak. When Guru Gobind Rai appeared, the Sikh fell at his feet and told them that Bhai Jaita had brought Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head. Upon hearing the news, Guru Gobind Rai, Mata Nanaki jee, Mata Gujri jee, and the rest of the Sikh Sangat left Anandpur Sahib and took with them a palki (palanquin). Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head was placed in the palki and carried by the Sangat to Anandpur Sahib where Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib stands today. Rosewater was brought and Guru Gobind Rai washed Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head and asked Bhai Jaita to also join him. They then made the pyre of sandalwood and Guru Gobind Rai gave it the flame. Guru Gobind Rai asked Bhai Jaita to tell him what he had seen and how Guru Tegh Bahadur had embraced martyrdom. After hearing the story, Guru Gobind Rai asked how many Sikhs were in the crowd that saw the martyrdom. Bhai Jaita replied that he did not know as it was hard to recognize them. Guru Gobind Rai declared that he would create such an image for Sikhs that they could be spotted in a crowd of thousands. At the place of Damadama Sahib at Anandpur Sahib, Guru Gobind Rai arranged for the recitation of Guru Granth Sahib jee and Bhai Chaupat Rai (later Bhai Chaupa Singh) lovingly recited the saloks of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib. Food and clothing were then distributed to the poor. Bhai Jaita jee began to live at Anandpur Sahib now. In 1691 he marred Bibi Raj Kaur and they had four sons. When Guru Gobind Rai established the Ranjit Nagara, Bhai Jaita jee was the first one given the duty to play it. Bhai Jaita became known as a great warrior and trained other Gursikhs as well. In 1699 when Guru Gobind Singh gave Khande ki Pahul, Bhai Jaita jee became Bhai Jeevan Singh. When Guru Gobind Singh and the Sikhs evacuated Anandpur Sahib, Bhai Jeevan Singh too accompanied Guru Sahib. Bhai Sahib’s old mother Mata Prem Kaur was lost in the Sirsa. When Baba Ajeet Singh jee was surrounded by the Mughal army at the banks of the Sirsa, Bhai Jeevan Singh charged forward, his horse’s reins in his mouth and a sword in each hand. With the kirpans in both hands, he cut through the encirclement and made a path for Baba Ajeet Singh to exit. The Bhatt Vehis say that Bhai Jeevan Singh kept traveling with Guru Sahib’s caravan until Kotla Nihang Khan. Here, Bhai Jeevan Singh shot arrow after arrow and wreaked havoc on the Mughals. Finally, a bullet hit Bhai Sahib in the forehead and after bellowing “Sat Sri Akaal!” he fell to the ground and left his body, a beloved Sikh of the Guru till the end. In 1783 Sardar Baghel Singh and the Sikh army conquered Delhi. The Nishan Sahib flew high over the Red Fort. Sardar Bagehl Singh had one desire, that the places associated with Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s be commemorated. He had an announcement made by the beat of a drum that if anyone knew where the exact place of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s martyrdom was, they should come to him. The old grand daughter of a water carrier came forward. She told Sardar Baghel Singh that when Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was beheaded, her grandfather was called to wash the place. She said that she was a little girl but she had seen the martyrdom of the Sikhs and Guru Sahib. They took her to Chandani Chownk and though she was almost blind and walked very slowly, she walked to the spot where Guru Sahib was martyred and said that Guru Sahib’s blood had spilled at this place. Sardar Baghel Singh thanked her profusely and gave her family countless gifts. This is the place that Gurdwara Sis Ganj was established and even today can be seen. 1. Gurdwara Mata Sundri Ji at the place which was know as the Haveli Sardar Jawahar Singh. 2. Gurdwara Bangla Sahib. A Mansion belonging to Raja Jai Singh existed there once. Guru Harkrishan Dev, the Eighth Guru had stayed there. 3. Gurdwara Bala Sahib. Last rights of Guru Harkrishan, Mata Sundri and Mata Sahib Kaur were performed at this place. 4. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj. The torso of Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated here. 5. Gurdwara Sees Ganj. Guru Tegh Bahadur was martyred at this place. 6. Gurdwara Moti Bagh. Guru Gobind Singh sent a message to the Mughal King, Bahadur Shah, by shooting an arrow from this place. 7. Gurdwara Majnu Tilla. It was established in the memory of a Sikh of Guru Nanak, named Majnu. Guru Hargobind stayed at this place on his way to Gwaliar. In the city of Kanauj in UP, there is the grave of a great Muslim magician. The caretaker of the tomb (a magician in his own right) heard about a great magician of Anandpur whose voice could make people offer to have their heads cut off. He decided to see who this person was. When it was time for the Magician to leave, he asked what was the path of truth and the path that rose above desires. Dashmesh jee answered, “Sai Jee! Be fair to all, remain in God’s will. Bhai Koer Singh has written in some detail the events surrounding the last bodily days of Guru Gobind Singh Jee in his Gurbilas Patshai 10. There are a few pages recording the last advice given by Guru Gobind Singh Jee, below is a summary of the major points of advice. A few weeks after being wounded Guru Jee announced his time for departure, the Sangat gathered around Guru Jee in an emotional state and with a sense of apprehension for the future. The Sangat said the Khalsa is still in its infancy playing in the laps of its Mother, who will raise it now? Guru Jee is then said to have described the behaviour of kaljug, pointing out the duality, selfishness, a world following trends (ਵੇਖਾ ਵੇਖੀ ਹੈ ਸੰਸਾਰ) and the hypercritical nature of religious leaders. This will be Kaljug at its worse when the Sants will not be seen like the Sun when it is covered by the clouds. My understanding Sikhs will accept Guru Granth as Lord. This is the Face of the 10 Gurus where they are present in a hidden form. At Amritvela do Ishnan, become pure before sunrise. Great fortunate ones do darshan of Guru(Guru Granth Sahib Jee). Do Sri Jaap Paath(Nitnem) and Gur Mantar. Then seek to carry out your work. One who calls himself a Sikh of the Guru, the True Guru, shall rise in the early morning hours and meditate on the Lord's Name. Upon arising early in the morning, he is to bathe, and cleanse himself in the pool of nectar. Following the Instructions of the Guru, he is to chant the Name of the Lord, Har, Har. All sins, misdeeds and negativity shall be erased. Then, at the rising of the sun, he is to sing Gurbani; whether sitting down or standing up, he is to meditate on the Lord's Name. One who meditates on my Lord, Har, Har, with every breath and every morsel of food - that GurSikh becomes pleasing to the Guru's Mind. That person, unto whom my Lord and Master is kind and compassionate - upon that GurSikh, the Guru's Teachings are bestowed. One has made Amritvela if the body goes to sangat at Amritvela Seva Pehar. In Har Simran One achieves Gains.

2019-04-19T02:38:23Z

http://tapoban.org/webforum/read.php?1,6462

Scientific plausibility permeates discussions and debates about research on complementary, alternative, or integrative health approaches. This is no surprise; many interventions that fall under this rubric are ensconced in belief systems about illness and health—some ancient and some modern—that lack foundations in modern science. In addition, those who support research on these approaches often fail to articulate a scientifically grounded rationale or approach to research. Thus, it is common to see criticism based on scientific plausibility in the scientific literature, news stories, and blogs. This criticism often suggests that the existence of research implies either belief in scientifically implausible explanations or ignorance of basic scientific principles and concepts. So how do we justify investment of public resources in research on complementary interventions that are associated with pre-scientific or unscientific explanations? Simply, it is both possible and necessary to disconnect scientific interest from unscientific “trappings.” For example, an objective look at the body of accumulated evidence (from patient reports, clinical observations by many good clinicians, and clinical studies) suggests that some people with chronic low-back pain are deriving meaningful benefit from acupuncture, yoga, or procedures involving spinal manipulation. It is entirely possible to be scientifically curious about that body of evidence and investigate it further, while not in any way embracing scientifically unfounded explanations for those practices. For instance, it is not necessary to believe in meridians or qi to study the effects of the procedure of acupuncture on pain, or to explore the hypothesis that acupuncture mediates pain by conditioning or expectancy effects produced by a convincing ritual combined with a counter-irritant. NCCAM’s strategic plan now includes a framework of four factors we use to sharpen the focus of our research investments. Two of them address important aspects of scientific plausibility. One is “scientific promise”: how strong is the body of evidence supporting the concept? In the case of acupuncture, yoga, or spinal manipulation for chronic back pain, credible signals from a variety of clinical sources provide a sufficient basis for interest in further research. There is no need to bring associated non-scientific explanations into consideration of scientific promise. By contrast, unscientific notions should assume increasingly greater importance when clinical signals are weak, unconvincing, or non-existent. In all cases the question of whether and how to invest valuable resources in research must also move to consideration of the second factor—“amenability to rigorous scientific inquiry.” Do we have reliable and reproducible tools, methods, diagnostics, outcome measures, quality control processes, etc., to allow us to mount a study that will elucidate a clear and unambiguous answer? In some cases we do. For example, it is very possible (although not necessarily easy) to design a study that employs the most rigorous mainstream clinical research methodology to investigate whether acupuncture, spinal manipulation, or yoga alters a patient’s low-back pain. On the other hand, it is not possible to design studies that will yield clear and unambiguous answers when objective, validated measurement tools, or processes and procedures to ensure and document quality control, are lacking. Let me be clear that I do not mean to suggest that we can or should launch expensive clinical trials of anything and everything complementary or alternative or integrative just because we have some intriguing anecdotes. The strength, reliability, reproducibility, and other particulars of the signals from clinical observation and preliminary clinical investigations are critically important. Adequate methods and tools are equally important. I also do not mean to suggest in any way that mechanisms are irrelevant to questions of plausibility. One lesson NCCAM has learned from extensive experience is that mechanistic insight into biological effects creates sharper scientific hypotheses and allows one to design better clinical trials to investigate those hypotheses. I simply mean to suggest that it is a mistake to assume that scientific inquiry is equivalent to acceptance of unscientific mechanistic thinking. NCCAM’s first decade entailed a relatively broad and investigator-initiated approach to funding. This was appropriate to the time and the state of the available scientific evidence. The four factors we now consider evolved out of lessons learned during those years. So with the benefit of hindsight, it is pertinent to note that a number of studies funded during that timeframe would probably not be funded today because they could not pass our current hurdles regarding plausibility. In fact, the portfolio of research NCCAM has actually funded over the past several years demonstrates clearly that both the peer review process and NCCAM are now using these factors to shape our investments in research. So plausibility matters a great deal, but it is a mistake to equate interest in research with acceptance of unscientific trappings. By the same token, I urge those who support research on these interventions to carefully parse rationale from “trappings” and give due recognition to the validity of concerns about scientific plausibility. Why not drop the nonsensical “trappings” altogether? For instance, why not study *counter-irritation* – e.g. a plausible hypothesis for acupuncture – and not mention acupuncture and its fanciful meridians for which there is no scientific plausibility? The funding of studies of *acupuncture* gives credence to the fanciful trappings. Labeling such a study as being about “acupuncture,” any discovered effect from counter-irritation would give undue credence to fanciful meridians and the entire practice of acupuncture. It should be the responsibility of researchers to “articulate a scientifically grounded rationale” and for NCCAM to demand it. / If NCCAM doesn’t go along with all the “trappings” of acupuncture, could not its projects just as well be studied in other NIH centers who are more familiar with pursuing scientific rationales? Isn’t it the very “trapping” that justify NCCAM’s existence, i.e. that some mysterious mechanism is being overlooked? If NCCAM is to be unique, it needs to get down to brass tacks of its mission, i.e. study the *uniqueness* of acupuncture – the meridians themselves. Do meridians exist or not? The “human energy field” – does that exist? “Homeopathic memory” – does that exist? But Dr. Killen appears to admit that these “trappings” do not pass the plausibility test. Therefore, would not medical ethics conclude that the existence of NCCAM itself does not pass the justifiability test? It is encouraging to see NCCAM explicitly recognizing that concerns about scientific plausibility are legitimate and should figure into the allocation of scarce public research dollars. However, the current policy still seems to ignore a couple of problems. For one thing, it is rare for even an intervention that has a plausible hypothetical mechanism and supportive pre-clinical research data to live up to its promise in clinical trials. That is why pharmaceutical research is so expensive and time-consuming. The chances of a therapy proving to have a significant impact of health and well-being when it has only unscientific “trappings” and anecdotal experience to support it can only be even less. NCCAM has an ethical duty to patients and to taxpayers to maximize the chances for a meaningful return on the intellectual and financial capital it spends on research. As Dr. Killen suggests, past policies have not fulfilled this duty, and such capital has been squandered on interventions extremely unlikely to bear fruit given their incompatibility with current scientific knowledge. A true change of direction, in which systematic and rigorous development of appropriate evidence at the level of basic science and preclinical research is a prerequisite for launching clinical trials is necessary to truly utilize our healthcare research resources efficiently and effectively. Secondly, while investigating a therapy scientifically in the absence of an established, scientifically plausible mechanism may not be equivalent to accepting the unscientific theories or traditions that historically have been used to legitimize the therapy, such research unquestionably gives the impression of scientific legitimacy and the NIH imprimatur to these interventions. And there is preliminary evidence to suggest that, when such research is done, negative results do not diminish the use of CAM therapies whereas equivocal or weakly positive results convey an inaccurate impression of scientific validation (Offit PA. Studying complementary and alternative therapies. J Amer Med Assoc 2012;307(17):1803-1804.) It is crucial, then, if NCCAM wishes to conduct a truly legitimate scientific investigation of CAM therapies, that it emphasize the importance of coherence and consistency in the research evidence and the need to accept the failure to validate a practice after sufficient efforts to do so as reasonable grounds for abandoning the practice. While it may not be possible to entirely avoid conveying the impression that an intervention is legitimate because NIH has funded research on it, NCCAM can help to discourage this interpretation by actively endorsing a stricly science and evidence-based approach to clinical practice. However, when one looks at the TCM definition of acupuncture, at how it is practiced, and what the curricula of acupuncture schools actually are, then one finds that “ritual” and “counter irritant” are not the basis of the actual practice or definition of acupuncture. In science it is vitally important to define variables and conditions precisely. If the argument, Dr. Killen, is that the NCCAM researchers do not believe in the magic of qi and meridiens, but are instead studying counter irritant effects and psychological responses to ritual then it seems quite obvious that they should be studying counter irritant effects and the psychological responses to ritual - NOT acupuncture. The issue at heart of all this is that using the term “acupuncture” in the study in the manner described above sets the supposed definition of the term the researcher is using as different to the much more commonly used and practiced definition. If I were to grant you that study of it does not mean belief in scientifically implausible explanations, the only thing you have achieved is to demonstrate a support for sloppy scientific inquiry. There is a well established body of evidence demonstrating placebo effects and responses to pain and how ritualistic medicine takes advantage of this higher order modulation of the pain response and interpretation pathways. You look for prior plausibility and explanations, and even admit that acupuncture is at best a placebo ritual that takes advantage of these well documented phenomena (with perhaps some counter irritant effects, which is another discussion entirely) and yet still advocate that the study of *acupuncture* rather than ritual and counter irritant effects is warranted and reasonable. I fail to see how this is so. As I commented on Dr. Briggs’ post - what is it that separates the investigation of CAM from any other medical investigation? If we are to take into account prior plausibility and apply full scientific rigor then we would strip away the term “acupuncture” and study the parts already evinced as being in play and merely have plain old medical research. How is the NCCAM any better equipped to study CAM in this manner than the NIH? What specific utility does having this separate department bring to the progression of medical knowledge and understanding? Once again these are genuine questions since I have explored this topic extensively and rigorously and can find no satisfying answer though I am always willing to be presented with rigorous evidence otherwise. It seems that Linda Rosa beat me to the punch on this one, though her comment posted after mine despite being dated earlier. Ignoring research studies that have documented low-resistance “electropermeable” points and pathways correlating with acupuncture points and meridians seems either misinformed or disingenuous. The presence of such low resistance electrical pathways and alterations in the flow of charge along these pathways does indeed offer a scientifically plausible theory for some of the effects of acupuncture beyond the usual endorphin, counter-irritant or psychologic explanations. I agree completely that good science should not be saddled with metaphysical baggage or other trappings rooted in non-verifiable belief systems. If there is a willingness to translate non-scientific terminology and thinking into something that can be measured and tested then we may actually be able to learn something useful about underlying mechanisms of action. Wrong or seemingly fanciful explanations for observable phenomena doesn’t mean it’s not worth studying those phenomena or make them any less real. The jaded, therapy-bashing, belief-bashing, NCCAM-bashing comments serve no purpose. I agree completely with Dr. Killen’s comment that “it is a mistake to equate interest in research with acceptance of unscientific trappings.” There needs to be enough intellectual curiosity to get past the unscientific trappings so we can explore what’s scientifically plausible. Firstly, I would be interested in those studies you reference Mr. Hammerly. Secondly, how does one reconcile those studies with the large corpus of studies demonstrating that the effect of “acupuncture” is the same regardless of whether the needle actually penetrates the skin, whether the needle is placed in a “correct” location or just any random location, or whether a needle is used at all? If your argument is that these “low electrical resistance pathways” are plausible explanations for an MOA specific to acupuncture, then one should find an INCREASED effect when needles are placed in the proper spots, a DECREASED (or zero) effect when a sham needle (which does not penetrate the skin) is placed in the proper spot, a DECREASED (or zero) effect when the needle is placed in a random spot, and ZERO effect when nothing more than a toothpick is twirled over the skin. Yet that is not what we see. We find that in each of those scenarios the effect is indistinguishable. So I am very highly skeptical that there is actually rigorous evidence demonstrating these “electropermeable” points corresponding to acupuncture points and meridians. Especially because meridians seem to correspond quite closely with the typical distribution of veins and the historical tools and use of acupuncture was nearly identical to the old European traditions of blood letting. It was not until well into the 20th century that some semblance of acupuncture as we think of it today came into existence. Furthermore, reliance on basic science plausibility is more than just proposing some highly hypothetical putative pathway of action. If you argue that such “low resistance electrical pathways” (I’ll just call it LREP for short) exist - and for the sake of argument I will grant that they do - you must then follow that up with how that would be physiologically useful and how an acupuncture needle would affect that pathway AND how affecting that pathway would affect disease. Demonstrating that people have LREPs is not merely enough. One would reasonably expect that difference in tissue composition, electrolyte concentration, and surrounding tissues would invariably lead to *something* being an LREP. But are these LREP’s the same in everyone or are they randomly distributed? Do they correspond to useful physiological pathways or not? How can inserting a needle so small as to be imperceptible affect such an LREP? And most importantly is this effect actually clinically useful? When taken as a whole, the corpus of data does clearly demonstrate that the prior plausibility of any specific effect of acupuncture is quite small. I’ll grant that 20 or 30 years ago, that may have been a different story (though it would still have been rather implausible even then since we now the magnitude of standard “needling” or counter irritant effects to be clinically significant but small and that involves using a vastly larger needle that is actually moved around). But now, after finding that sham acupuncture, toothpick twirling, and random points of insertion all yield the same results, coupled with the history of acupuncture as a novel construct from a blood letting past I can see no argument for prior plausibility of acupuncture as anything more than placebo effects and study and reporting bias. While there is evidence in the treatment of pain, that sham acupuncture and real acupuncture have similar effectivness, I believe that more objective studies, based on fMRI have shown that actually different measurable effects exist between needling a real point and a sham point nearby. A few examples are PNAS (1998) vol. 95 no. 5 2670-2673;Neuroradiology, Volume 46, Number 5 (2004), 359-362;Neuroscience Letters, Volume 383, Issue 3, (2005) Pages 236–240. RG: I have read through the articles you referenced. As for the studies you cite specifically: As with pretty much all other studies that come out of China there are significant methodological flaws. In all 3 proper blinding is not observed. One in particular (the PNAS paper) is also striking in that they found differences in the fMRI signal which they then attributed to the participant being either of “yin” or “yang” disposition. They try to claim that the confirmation of “yin” and “yang” characteristics was independently and blindly verified, but they do not at all elucidate what those characteristics are, how the are determined, and whether or not the designation was given before or after the fMRI results were obtained. Additionally, they admit that 1 blind determination was incorrect, which is rather significant given that it is essentially a 50/50 chance of getting it right by pure luck and the sample size was so small. Additionally they discuss the methodology used for selecting whether the pixel (which should be called a voxel in MRI studies) was active by comparing a correlation coefficient to a threshold value (TH) which they say was set at 0.4 for “most of the study.” There is no discussion as to why that particular value was chosen, nor a discussion as to why only “most of the study” used that value, nor which parts used that value, how it was determined that a different value would be used, nor what different value was actually used. The remainder of the studies follow this similarly poor methodology which, as I described above, is known to be par for the course in Chinese studies. Additionally, large studies with adequate power have shown that in fact there is no difference between sham and verum acupuncture in outcomes. A study of 1162 patients with chronic low back pain (which we would a priori expect to have the largest placebo responses and thus the largest effect sizes with placebo intervention) demonstrated ” At 6 Months, Response Rate Was 47.6% In The Verum Acupuncture Group, 44.2% In The Sham Acupuncture Group…Verum Vs Sham, 3.4% (95% Confidence Interval, −3.7% To 10.3%; P = .39)” (Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(17):1892-1898) In other words, it really didn’t matter where you put the needles it had the same effect which clearly demonstrates that there is no intrinsic utility to acupuncture but a distinct placebo response amongst the cohort of subjects. A study in the journal “Pain” did a large review of 57 systematic reviews. Of note only 4 were considered “high quality.” The review of reviews concluded “numerous systematic reviews have generated little truly convincing evidence that acupuncture is effective in reducing pain. Serious adverse effects continue to be reported.” (PAIN Volume 152, Issue 4 , Pages 755-764, April 2011). For all of these reasons I am quite unimpressed with the studies you have provided and would most certainly NOT consider them to be more objective. To stress the point, any brain scan data - and especially fMRI data - is subject to a large amount of observer bias in interpretation. A lack of blinding the researchers can very easily lead to biased results (whether intentional or not). As John Ioannidis has pointed out on this topic, the only way to prevent this would be to both blind the researchers AND require that the trial declare beforehand exactly what type of measurements will be used and what will be measured. The resolution of brain scans and our understanding of the complex interconnectedness of neurophysiology is simply too poor to consider them immune to bias and indeed can be very easily biased unintentionally. So this is what I mean when I refer to prior plausibility of a so-called CAM modality. A rigorous look at the corpus of data surrounding the topic is required and must be implemented, which is much more than simply reading the abstract which will *always* paint the conclusions in the most favorable possible light. I still see no plausibility for a putative mechanism of acupuncture beyond placebo effect and large analysis demonstrate clearly that there is no putative effect. Even the most recent meta-analysis demonstrates a statistically significant but clinically insignificant effect on pain from acupuncture. An intellectually honest researcher would recognize that in subjective assessments there is invariably a large amount of noise in the signal and that the threshold for accepting something as significant must accordingly be higher. Even in that case though, clinical significance is also of importance and no study in acupuncture without serious methodological flaws has demonstrated clinical significance for any use of acupuncture. We are pleased to have an engaged audience with varying perspectives contributing to the NCCAM Research Blog. When commenting, please be mindful of the NCCAM Blog Comment Policy, http://nccam.nih.gov/tools/commentpolicy.htm. We want this blog to be a space for collegial, productive exchange. All contributors should be comfortable providing their opinions. Please stay on-topic and refrain from personal attacks and disparaging comments directed at individuals. I fail to see a “personal attack” or “disparaging” comment directed at anyone. Could you explain what comment(s) skirted the line? Such discussion and debate is very similar with in China. In China, there are many arguments whether TCM is scientific or not. Actually, TCM does work in clinical including acupuncture, herbs, although its theory is so difficult to understand and explain using scientific approaches, for example, what is the meridian? Qi could be flowing along the meridian after acupuncture, it is an exist phenomenon, however we could not know the meridian until now. Sham acupuncture could not be manipulated (left and right, up and down) by doctor while real acupuncture could. No pain no gain. So I am afriad that sham acupuncture is same as real acupuncture. However, we should study that if there is any difference between needling a real point and a sham point nearby (meridian point and non-meridian point) even “Ashi” point. Many years ago, I attended a lecture at the University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physiology, given by a historian of science named Merrily Borrell. The topic was this: The discovery of the existence of “hormones” involved what was at the time a revolutionary idea, that these chemicals (as opposed to the nervous system) organize physiology in the body. Borrell asked how a novel, revolutionary idea could come about. According to her lecture, during a period of time that nothing seemed to be happening in the laboratory research community, there was a great deal of other enthusiasm and exploration. She discussed, in particular, testicular extracts used as tonics to restore masculine vigor. Out of a stewing pot of apparent snake oil remedies, animistic-sounding explanations (if you ingest the organs of animals you take on their qualities), stimulation of enthusiasm and interest in other organ extracts among professionals (including the pancreas), and interest by people with laboratory research backgrounds, this work eventually found its way into scientific laboratories. A dog, for example, was hooked up to an apparatus that recorded heart rate, etc., then given testicular extracts, and, lo and behold, there were measurable physiological changes. However, the conclusion was not that there was a causal relationship between the extracts and dependent variables—that, for example, since heart rate changed that must have caused the effect. The effect on dependent variables indicated that some kind of phenomenon existed, but its cause turned out to be an unexpected, novel cause that had hitherto been outside the limited framework of the science of the day. While I wouldn’t argue that something similar is happening with CAM interventions, I also wouldn’t confidently assert that it is not. It is possible that practices that are difficult to explain on the basis of scientific plausibility, but that are shown to have clinical effects, might be drawing on principles that do not fall within current ideas but are nonetheless important. This is especially so given the limited concepts that traditional science has for understanding the psychological, interactional, the physical context, etc., and limited concepts bridging all of these and physiology. You are indeed correct and I, nor any of my like minded peers and colleagues, are denouncing the notion of scientific exploration to find new and unique effects and models. There are three main differences between your allegory and the reality of (the vast majority of) CAM research. 1) In the current age we have a much larger knowledge base with many robustly validated basic principles which we did not have in the past. At the time that Dr. Frederick Banting discovered insulin his research was extremely novel and cutting edge. Today, however, we have a vastly more robust understanding of the basic premises and have had enough time with enough rigor to also exclude certain modalities from the realm of possibility - energy and distance healing, for example. Furthermore, our current state of knowledge and the frontier of medical science is much more subtle and nuanced. The low hanging fruit has been picked, so to speak, and we are unlikely to discover some completely novel yet clinically profound mechanism heretofore undescribed. 2) Back then we were witnessing clear and evident effects that begged an explanation. This is not the case now. When doing rigorous studies we find very little, if any, clinical effects from CAM modalities. Part of being rigorous is also an understanding of confounding, bias (researcher, publication, and otherwise), Hawthorne effects, placebo effects and responses (which are different and many), and the many pitfalls of clinical and translational research. If a CAM modality demonstrates a clear and undeniable clinical effect, then I would be the first to advocate its further investigation. But there have been none to date that do so. 3) We are able to be more precise in our description and understanding of what it is we wish to study. In your example the ingestion of testicular extracts was attributed to animism. Back then we didn’t know any better. Now we do. So if one wishes to study the counter irritant effects of acupuncture, or the placebo response of pain, then that is what we should study. Acupuncture is too broad and vague a term to be the reasonable topic of serious research since all research to date demonstrates that the whole of it and the parts are simply not efficacious nor in line with scientific plausibility. 20 years ago, I agree it would have been reasonable to consider it. There was a claim for efficacy, with strong anecdotes and promising pilot studies. There was some plausibility as to a putative mechanism - needles penetrating the skin is not ludicrous to think of as having an effect. But now, after years of study finding mostly negative and the occasional equivocal study, further demonstrating that there is nothing intrinsic nor unique to acupuncture, why are we still studying it? As for whether or not “something similar,” as you say, is happening in CAM interventions - what defines something as CAM? The only logically consistent definition that I have ever come across is “That which has yet to be proven or has been disproven.” And for the research of the former, there seems to be no need to isolate specifically “CAM” as a research target since it is quite in the “mainstream” to research unknown and not yet proven things. The NIH does this regularly. So I ask again of Dr. Killen - what study would be justifiably done by the NCCAM but NOT by the NIH at large? Wherein lies the unique aspect of researching something SPECIFICALLY CAM that the NIH cannot reasonably handle under its purview? The crux of the matter is that the CAM designation is simply a false category - one that borrows from the science based fields of pharmacognosy, nutrition, and exercise to lend a false legitimacy to what is otherwise pre-scientific magical thinking. Applying the set of standards set forth by Dr. Briggs (and recognizing that herbal medicine is not CAM but is pharmacognosy) what remains to set apart the study of CAM specifically from any other proposed therapy? I think an entire blog post here would be warranted to explain as I am genuinely interested in the answer. To nybgrus—With regard to your perspective that “our current state of knowledge and the frontier of medical science is much more subtle and nuanced. The low hanging fruit has been picked, so to speak, and we are unlikely to discover some completely novel yet clinically profound mechanism heretofore undescribed”: A classic response to this is that at one time physicists would say the same thing. Their science built on the shoulders of giants like Newton and basic principles were well in hand. Then along came Einstein. And modern physics. I agree that conceptualizing the qualities of CAM would be a useful exercise. I actually have taught an introductory overview of CAM/holism as a professional CEU in the past that examines some of this. My own opinion is that this is a complex, multi-layered, dialectical set of issues. @Paula Derry: I absolutely agree. But do note two very important things. Firstly I said it would be UNLIKELY not impossible. Secondly, quantum mechanics did not INVALIDATE or REVERSE Newtonian mechanics - it BUILT upon it and REFINED the understanding that Newtonian mechanics gave us. Things like energy, faith, and distance healing would invalidate large swaths of well established science. Homeopathy would have to invalidate the fields of chemistry, physics, and pharmacology to actually be correct and “work.” Additionally, you should further note my distinction - revolutionary and interesting ideas that can change the direction of medicine can and do arise - but there is nothing inherently unique to “CAM” that it can lend a leg up on finding them. My argument has never been that something described by some as “CAM” cannot possibly be a profound source of medical discovery. It is that there is no difference in the kind of research that would lead to such a discovery. The NIH is just as equipped to find paradigm shifting results as the NCCAM would be. The dichotomy between the “CAM” and “mainstream medicine” or “Eastern” and “Western” or “holistic” and “allopathic” is a false dichotomy. There is no real objective criteria to define the two nor any reason to separate them. And you may have taught an introductory overview but I also hold an entire undergraduate degree (with honors) in the field of CAM/holism and medical anthropology. I was excited to learn about these differences and new ways of approaching health care and medical problems until I realized that it was all imaginary. So my point still stands - what does the NCCAM uniquely offer to the research of medical science that the NIH is not equipped to do? What is actually unique and special about CAM outside of the magical, pseudo-, and pre-scientific thinking which is the genesis of most of it? I applaud Dr. Killen’s refinement of the selection process. It may be worth remembering that science is a process - not a product (multiple sources). We always don’t know what we don’t yet know. The task here is not to satisfy self-described orthodox scientists, but to help understand healing processes in the context of real people who exist inside of multiple cultural and psychological frameworks. Yes, rigorous science is great, but please get over yourselves! We need to investigate CAM, where investigation is even possible, without marginalizing mind-body connections, because they give us important clues into human healing. NCCAM is not here because mainstream scientists decided that CAM was worth investigating. NCCAM is here because scientists absolutely refused to even look at treatment modalities that were outside of mainstream medicine. Look around and you’ll see that mainstream clinical medicine is very different than it was at the time of NCCAM’s founding. Primary care doctors are increasingly concerned about the enormous gaps between mainstream scientific pharmaceutical science and theory and low-risk, effective treatments for many common conditions. Mainstream pharmaceutical-driven science has been woefully inadequate in understanding and treating pain. The costs of many mainstream treatments are soaring, and their invasiveness is part of what adds to the fiscal crises facing our nation. So, while the effectiveness of NCCAM will be judged in the context of rigorous science, we need to keep pushing the envelope for the sake of humanity, not scientists. That puts NCCAM in an unenviable “hot seat.” I agree with the mission of NCCAM, so I do not agree with those who question the scientific legitimacy of NCCAM, and who have been attacking NCCAM and its decisions from day one. Some of the commenters don’t want to give any inferred endorsements to Acupuncture, yet they seem to easily accept the deaths, addictions and disabilities caused to hundreds of thousands of Americans from mainstream science applied as directed. Have you any links to any studies for that remark “….yet they seem to easily accept the deaths, addictions and disabilities caused to hundreds of thousands of Americans from mainstream science applied as directed.”? I agree that it could be defensible to fund research to “explore the hypothesis that acupuncture mediates pain by conditioning or expectancy effects produced by a convincing ritual combined with a counter-irritant.” In order to have maximum possible analgesic effects, the practice of acupuncture supposedly requires technical knowledge and skill, and not just the theatrical ability to offer a convincing ritual. Thus, a serious exploration of this hypothesis should examine whether acupuncturists can offer clinically superior pain relief than can people who don’t have the technical expertise, but who can perform the theatrical component of convincing ritual. Studies comparing verum acupuncture to sham acupuncture address these issues to some extent, but such studies are not worth doing unless they are rigorously controlled. Double-blinding is essential; single-blinded acupuncture studies are problematic especially when subjective appraisal of pain is the primary outcome variable studied. I have no objection to funding research to investigate the safety and efficacy of spinal manipulation or mobilization in the treatment of some types of musculo-skeletal conditions. Such treatments do not clearly flunk the plausibility test. NCCAM and Dr. Killen have referred to spinal manipulation as if it falls under the umbrella of “complementary and alternative medicine” or “CAM.” I don’t see what basis there is for characterizing spinal manipulation as a form of CAM since most physical therapy methods with plausible rationales for clinical use are not typically categorized as CAM. I suspect that spinal manipulation is referred to as CAM mainly because of the error of equating spinal manipulation with methods that flunk the plausibility test and therefore benefit by being euphemistically described as “complementary” or “alternative”: chiropractic adjustment methods to correct supposed chiropractic subluxations. Applying NCCAM’s standards, it is problematic to fund research to clinically test chiropractic adjustment methods for correcting subluxations. lilady, I have no links to studies on whether it is more likely that those who oppose research on CAM modalities are more likely to be unconcerned about harm caused by mainstream medicine. That might be an interesting avenue for research. William M. London, I’d ask whether there are studies that evaluate the placebo effect of the theatrical component of convincing ritual as it pertains to mainstream medical practitioners and pharmaceuticals. Regarding spinal manipulation, which dates back at least to Ancient Greece, and was common in the age of “bonesetters,” I suggest considering the history http://www.andrews-clinic-natural-therapies.co.uk/documents/38.html before dismissing these origins. The fact that physical therapy is considered mainstream medicine, to me, is not probative regarding what other practices are considered CAM or mainstream. Physical Therapy, like mainstream medicine, probably includes many practices that were grandfathered into the mainstream without double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Paula Derry, regarding your comment, “So my point still stands - what does the NCCAM uniquely offer to the research of medical science that the NIH is not equipped to do? What is actually unique and special about CAM outside of the magical, pseudo-, and pre-scientific thinking which is the genesis of most of it?” Within the cultural context of Western medicine, what sets NCCAM aside as a potential research leader for CAM is the refusal of the other NIH institutes to conduct this research. I believe that the cultural biases against objectively studying and considering CAM modalities (including images of “primitive” practices and ritual imaginations are what prompted Congress to initiate OAM and NCCAM. Similar initiatives have led to demands to provide more research on the health and diseases of women, the costs of addiction to prescription drugs, increased research on HIV/AIDS, etc. Scientists are not the ultimate deciders of where medical research is needed, and what bodies are most qualified and trusted to objectively design and supervise that research. Historical use is proven a poor indicator of utility, efficacy, and safety. Blood letting is the common and straighforward example that comes to mind. Objective research is what lets us say that most CAM is patently absurd to study. It is lacking objectivity and instead applying cultural SUBJECTIVITY that allows for one to give undeserved favor to CAM modalities and falsely elevate their prior probability of efficacy and consider lackluster evidence to be on par with actual scientific medicine. If the NIH refuses to study certain things, it is because of those reasons. As I said, WHY would the NIH refuse to study something that is reasonable to study and shows medical promise? If you need to create a new department to lower the standards of entry to study that demonstrates the poor quality of the studies to ensue. And the NCCAM was created specifically by two congressman with obvious political motivations. Lastly, while scientists are not the ULTIMATE decision makers as to what to study, they ARE the ones that should dictate what, out of the entire universe of things out there, is USEFUL to study. The people should choose what to focus limited resources on out of a pool of POTENTIALLY USEFUL research projects with high prior probability, not simply get to vote on spending money for studies with absolutely zero chance of success, such as intercessory prayer to lower HIV titers or homeopathy for asthma. I agree that there is a strong bias against performing research on CAM. Pursuing research along non-traditional lines is not typically a way to win friends, influence people, get funding and advance your academic career. Creating the space, funding mechanism and a rigorous process for allowing credible scientific inquiry into CAM can allow us to discover new things that we may not learn through only researching along conventional lines of thinking. Many people feel that studying “energy-based therapies” (such as acupuncture) is a waste of time and seem to take offense at any suggestion that “energy” plays a significant role in physiology. There are a number of Western “energy therapies” such as defibrillation, electroconvulsive therapy, TENS, PENS, PEMF, ultrasound, e-stim, and radiation therapy, to name a few. These all involve levels of energy that can cause cell membrane depolarization, or heating/destruction of tissue. Could it be plausible that lower levels of energy can alter physiology? There is in fact a wealth of research showing that pathology is associated with currents of injury and abnormal charge distributions. The rate at which white blood cells migrate to injury sites is more likely explained by charge differentials (negative WBC surface charge attracted to positive charge at injury site) than chemotaxis. A host of changes in physiology can be seen in response to minute changes in charge, current and electromagnetic fields. It seems presumptuous to think our ingenuity in discovering and manipulating these effects might not be overshadowed by innate physiologic regulatory mechanisms that harness these phenomena. The body is continually generating charges through biochemical, piezoelectric and other mechanims. The biophysical properties of tissues vary widely but predictably, resulting in anatomic patterns of conductance and impedance. Since charge tends to flow along low resistance pathways it is not unreasonable to suspect there are currents flowing in certain patterns with normal physiology and altered patterns when there is pathology. If this is the case, the flow of charge and currents can be used diagnostically (as in EKGs and EEGs). Conversely, since charge and current can affect physiology, the normal and altered flow of charge can actually regulate physiology and, when understood, be used therapeutically. The purpose of my description of a possible energy-based model that complements the more traditionally accepted models of physiology is not to necessarily convince anyone of its veracity—that would take far more information, discussion and debate than is possible in this type of setting. My point is that scientifically plausible arguments can be made to explain effects seen with CAM. These types of arguments and lines of reasoning would not even be considered were it not for a willingness to study CAM with a sincere intellectual curiosity. Creating a safe space for rigorous scientific inquiry along non-traditional lines of thinking can open up frontiers that might not be explored otherwise. In my last post I include links to some studies documenting the alterations of charge and current associated with injury/pathology and biologic effects of low levels of charge and current. The links were removed, per policy, as being commercial. There were no products or services being promoted so I’m not sure how the links can be construed as commercial. In any case, this type of information is easy to find online from credible sources. The links submitted by Milt Hammerly do not violate policy, and we have decided to publish them. I would like NCCAM to provide us with the list of every study in two separate columns, that they have funded since the formation of the NCCAM twenty years ago. One column should show us the studies that have not yielded positive results and the other column should list those studies of CAM supplements and treatments that have yielded results.//I’d like to know why tax dollars (two billion dollars with the meter still running) have been used to fund NCCAM studies of CAM treatments and modalities.//I’d also like to see which of these CAM treatments and modalities have bridged the wide gap to be accepted as effective treatment alongside science-based and proven medical treatments. Expanding on lilady’s reasonable request: Please add another column indicating which, of all studies funded by NCCAM, were published and where. nybgrus and Milt Hammerly: how might one get ahold of you offline to discuss your thoughts and position on other energy based modalities? Particularly curious to find out what you may think of PEMFT to enhance and complement traditional medicine and if a paradigm shift towards “preventative” care rather than “symptomatic” care is a topic that merits/warrants further investigation under that umbrella topic of “scientific promise” and “amenability to rigorous scientific studies” that Dr. Killen deftly suggested. Perhaps others in this forum would be equally interested in hearing your matter-of-fact styles that cuts to the core of CAM. First off, thank you for what I believe is a compliment. However, getting a hold of me off line is not something I am particularly keen on. I don’t go excessively out of my way to maintain my anonymity, but I do have a rather busy life and like to constrain my activities to fora like this rather than taking the time for individual responses. Perhaps that will change at some point.// As for your specific question - “energy based modality” should be precisely defined. PEMFT and Reiki are not both reasonably called “energy based modalities” without distinction - the kind, amount, manner of employment, and putative effects of the energy in question are fundamentally and vastly different. As I said above, using measurable magnetic and electric fields generated by devices specifically designed to do so is fundamentally different than channeling the energy of the “one true source” through your hands at undetectable levels to exert wide and far reaching physiologic effects. I do not know enough about PEMFT specifically to comment adequately (and don’t have the time to research it at the moment), but in general magnetic therapies are mostly hype though cannot be dismissed since there does exist some prior probability (at least for some applications; blood effects are the most common claim and they cannot have a reasonable prior probability of efficacy because the iron in the heme moiety is diamagnetic and thus would not be affected by a magnetic field except in conditions not conducive to life). So in sum, if by “energy based modality” you mean things like proton beam therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or ionizing radiation, yes that is a reasonable application. If you mean things like Reiki and Qi-Gong, then no, there is no reasonable prior probability there/// As for your question about “preventative” versus “symptomatic” treatment… this is a no-brainer. Of course preventative medicine is paramount and it something every medical student is taught in great detail and is knowledge of this is required for our medical board exams. I agree that the American system is less adequately equipped to apply what we know of preventative health, but that is a symptom of the system, not the medical practice guidelines. Preventative medicine is INHERENTLY scientific in basis and has nothing at all alternative about it. Screening guidelines, healthy eating and exercise habits, early intervention in disease processes, vaccines, etc, are all scientifically explored and validated and things I personally advocate on a daily basis to the patients I see. This “paradigm shift” has been ongoing and strong for decades now, long before and completely independent of anything labeled as CAM. I myself am personally interested in the methods to further expand and empower physicians and populations to apply what we have already learned in terms of preventative health. But I’ll stress one last time that this has absolutely nothing to do with CAM and is fundamentally a scientific question with a very long history of use in “mainstream” medicine. To stress the point, any brain scan data - and especially fMRI data - is subject to a large amount of observer bias in interpretation. A lack of blinding the researchers can very easily lead to biased results (whether intentional or not). As John Ioannidis has pointed out on this topic, the only way to prevent this would be to both blind the researchers AND require that the trial declare beforehand exactly what type of measurements will be used and what will be measured. Exactly correct Marty. As I delved deeper into the exact workings of fMRI I became astounded at the amount of “researcher degrees of freedom” (a term coined by Dr. Steven Novella to my knowledge) that come into play. Also, I can’t imagine that a comment like Marty’s actually has an inappropriate commercial link. I’d bet it was to Ionnidis’ paper or a discussion thereof. The idea of conducting treatment of a disease on the basis of overall analysis of symptoms and signs, including the cause, nature and location of the illness and the patient’s physical condition, is the crystallization of thousands of years of medical practice in China and has served for centuries as the guiding theoretical principle of traditional Chinese medicine in both prophylaxis and disease treatment. For this reason many people seek for alternative therapy and Chinese medicines. I do agree with the above Fumin Tang’s opinion. We should pay attention to the CAM theory when we study on its mechanism and clinical applications, otherwise, the negative results will be produced. If a modality fails to meet established scientific criteria for efficacy and thus demonstrates negative results, the rational option is not to change the criteria to suit the conclusion one wishes to demonstrate (that CAM does, in fact, “work” despite evidence to the contrary) but to do exactly the same thing we would do with any negative result - realize it doesn’t work and move on. @Graham Maddison - We appreciate your writing about your experiences with treating pain with complementary health approaches. Our Center has placed a high priority on research for pain-related conditions and symptom management, as many people, such as you and your wife, often turn to these approaches for relief of chronic pain. As is the case in all areas of research, not all complementary health approaches have demonstrated value. Such “negative” findings can be just as important as “positive” findings, because they ensure that the public and health care providers have information with which to make more informed decisions. The ultimate goal of research on chronic pain is to build an evidence base that can guide pain management decisions. You may be interested in viewing our fact sheet, “Chronic Pain and CAM: At a Glance “ (at nccam.nih.gov/health/pain/), which reviews the strength of the evidence for various approaches, including acupuncture and herbal remedies.

2019-04-26T05:16:01Z

https://nccih.nih.gov/research/blog/plausibility

1994-05-11 Assigned to REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE reassignment REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MCEWAN, THOMAS E. A high speed sampling demultiplexer based on a plurality of sampler banks, each bank comprising a sample transmission line for transmitting an input signal, a strobe transmission line for transmitting a strobe signal, and a plurality of sampling gates at respective positions along the sample transmission line for sampling the input signal in response to the strobe signal. Strobe control circuitry is coupled to the plurality of banks, and supplies a sequence of bank strobe signals to the strobe transmission lines in each of the plurality of banks, and includes circuits for controlling the timing of the bank strobe signals among the banks of samplers. Input circuitry is included for supplying the input signal to be sampled to the plurality of sample transmission lines in the respective banks. The strobe control circuitry can repetitively strobe the plurality of banks of samplers such that the banks of samplers are cycled to create a long sample length. Second tier demultiplexing circuitry is coupled to each of the samplers in the plurality of banks. The second tier demultiplexing circuitry senses the sample taken by the corresponding sampler each time the bank in which the sampler is found is strobed. A plurality of such samples can be stored by the second tier demultiplexing circuitry for later processing. Repetitive sampling with the high speed transient sampler induces an effect known as "strobe kickout". The sample transmission lines include structures which reduce strobe kickout to acceptable levels, generally 60 dB below the signal, by absorbing the kickout pulses before the next sampling repetition. The United States government has rights in this invention pursuant Contract Number W-7405-ENG-48 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California for the operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/942,164, Filed Sep. 8, 1992, entitled HIGH SPEED TRANSIENT SAMPLER, invented by Thomas E. McEwan. The present application is related to co-pending application Ser. No. 08/240,999, entitled TRANSIENT DIGITIZER WITH DISPLACEMENT CURRENT SAMPLERS, (IL-9394), having the same inventor and filed on the same day as the present application. The present invention relates to the samplers used for measuring characteristics of high speed signals, such as used with transient digitizers and high speed oscilloscopes. A conventional oscilloscope displays a waveform in step with an external event, or in "real time". The trace of the waveform sweeps across the screen in a matter of nanoseconds or picoseconds, for example, and then quickly fades. For a human observer to see the trace, repeated sweeps are usually needed to make the trace appear with an observable, steady brightness. Thus, a repetitive input signal is required. Transient digitizers circumvent the need for a repeated input by electrically recording the transient event in real time for later readout or viewing at a much slower rate, in what is known as "equivalent time". There are two basic types of transient digitizers on the commercial market, one based on CRT technology and the other based on a continuously running Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The fastest of the two are the CRT-based digitizers, and they are based on a dual electron-beam approach. One beam operates in real time and writes a trace onto a screen containing a charge-storing diode array. The diode array captures the charge deposited by the "writing" beam and that charge is later read-out by a "read" beam at a slow, equivalent-time rate. The disadvantage to the CRT approach lies in the expensive and bulky CRT, and ultimately, in its limited bandwidth. At least two companies offer a CRT-based digitizer, an 80 picosecond risetime unit by Tektronix and a 50 picosecond unit by Intertechnique of France. The continuously running Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) electrically samples the signal and very rapidly converts the sample to a digital number for real-time storage in digital memory. A limitation of the ADC digitizer is that it must perform complicated operations in real-time, i.e., convert signals to binary data and store the result in a large digital memory array before the next sample is taken. The fastest ADC-based digitizer is about 10 times slower than a CRT digitizer and requires a large amount of power and cooling. Nevertheless, these relatively low bandwidth ADC devices have been at the focus of the electronics marketplace since they are the core technology of a recent oscilloscope development, the Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO). DSOs can function as transient digitizers at speeds running 10-1000 times slower than CRT-based digitizers. Other prior art digitizers are based on a periodically-tapped transmission line, with a sample and hold circuit located at each tap. See, Hornak, U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,103, entitled SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT; Sedlmeyer, et al., "ANALYZER FOR FAST SINGLE EVENTS", reprinted from "NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS III" by the International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 1962; Schwarte, "Sampling System for Recording Fast Single Events", ELECTRONICS LETTERS, Vol. 8, No. 4, Feb. 24, 1972; Riad, "Modeling of the HP-1430A Feedthrough Wideband (25-ps) Sampling Head", IEEE TRANSACTIONS 0N INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, Vol. IM-31, No. 2, June, 1982, pp. 110-115. The tapped-transmission line architecture is attractive for a number of reasons. First, the sample and hold circuits located at each tap can operate at speeds well above that of the competing technologies. Experimental single samplers have been operated at 1.3 ps risetime. Rodwell, et al., "GaAs Nonlinear Transmission Lines for Picosecond Pulse Generation and Millimeter Wave Sampling", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, Vol. 39, No. 7, July, 1991, pp. 1194-1204. In contrast, CRT technology is believed to be limited to about 50 ps. Demultiplexers have been used to increase the effective input sample rate of digitizers. A demultiplexer performs the inverse operation of a multiplexer by accepting sequential signals from a single input, and through a commutating action, distributes samples of the input to multiple outputs. A key feature of a demultiplexer is that it provides a substantially reduced sample rate to each of the outputs of the demultiplexer relative to the effective input sample rate. For instance, if there are 100 outputs and the input sample rate is 10 gigasamples/sec (GS/s), the output sample rate is reduced by a factor of 100 to 0.1 GS/s. Essentially, the demultiplexer provides a means to slow data rates by performing a serial-to-parallel conversion. If a sample and hold (S/H) circuit is located at each output, a sampling demultiplexer is formed. Thus, rapidly changing input signals can be distributed to multiple S/H outputs, where each output sample is held steady by the S/H for subsequent processing, such as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion at a rate slower than the effective sampling rate by a factor of the number of samplers. The state-of-the-art in A/D conversion is 0.5 GS/s, achieved through the use of one or more monolithic ND chips. For faster conversion rates, a sampling demultiplexer is used to drive multiple ND converters. The state-of-the-art in sampling demultiplexers is based on high-speed integrated circuits operating at about 4 GS/s. Integrated circuit demultiplexers are limited in several ways: 1) the analog bandwidth of the input circuitry is generally limited to 1 GHz by transistor performance limitations, and 2) the sample rate is limited by the accuracy of the interleave timing, i.e., the ability to accurately locate multiple transistorized sampling circuits in time. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a tapped transmission line architecture which provides a robust and simple design for practical applications. Further, a system for high speed sample demultiplexing is needed to improve sample length and spacing. The present invention provides a high speed sampling demultiplexer based on a plurality of banks of samplers, each bank comprising a sample transmission line for transmitting an input signal, a strobe transmission line for transmitting a strobe signal, and a plurality of sampling gates at respective positions along the sample transmission line for sampling the input signal in response to the strobe signal. Strobe control circuitry is coupled to the plurality of banks, and supplies a sequence of bank strobe signals to the strobe transmission lines in each of the plurality of banks, and includes circuits for controlling the timing of the bank strobe signals among the banks of samplers. Input circuitry is included for supplying the input signal to be sampled to the plurality of sample transmission lines in the respective banks. The strobe control circuitry can repetitively strobe the plurality of banks of samplers such that the banks of samplers are cycled to create a long sample length. In this embodiment, second tier demultiplexing circuitry is coupled to each of the samplers in the plurality of banks. The second tier demultiplexing circuitry senses the samples taken by the samplers each time the bank in which the sampler is found is strobed. A plurality of such samples from each sampler position in the plurality of banks can be stored by the second tier demultiplexing circuitry for later processing. For instance, the second tier demultiplexing circuitry may comprise a plurality of sets of sample and hold circuits, such as commercially available monolithic sample and hold devices which hold on the order of 1,000 samples. Thus, 1,000 cycles of a given bank can be stored with a single integrated circuit sample and hold device for each sampler on the bank. Alternatively, the second tier demultiplexing circuitry may comprise a plurality of analog to digital converters, each coupled to a respective sampler in the plurality of banks. This invention is :generally based on banks of tapped transmission lines with broadband Voltage sampling circuits located at each tap. In operation, a signal is applied to one end of the transmission line and time-sequential samples of the signal are taken at each tap and stored for later readout at a slow rate. Repetitive sampling with the high speed transient sampler induces an effect known as "strobe kickout", as will be described herein. The present invention reduces strobe kickout to acceptable levels, generally 60 dB below the signal, by employing an architecture that absorbs the kickout pulses before the next sampling repetition. Strobe kickout is effectively suppressed by utilizing input circuitry which comprises a signal splitter having a high reverse voltage transfer isolation, and by accurate termination of the sample transmission line. The signal splitter may be a passive resistive splitter, or may comprise an active splitter, which includes a high speed FET driver which drives the input signal to the sample transmission line, in parallel with a lower speed operational amplifier based driver stabilizing the lower frequency components of the system. The strobe control circuitry may comprise a plurality of strobe generators coupled to the respective banks of samplers. The strobe generators are driven by a trigger signal generated by a strobe trigger circuit. The output of the trigger circuit is then supplied through varying lengths of cable to control the timing of each of the plurality of banks. The timing of the plurality of banks can be precisely controlled using cable length trimming or other adjustable delay techniques, such that the banks can be strobed in a manner which concatenates the samples from the banks in time to create a longer sample length, or the banks can be strobed such that the samples in the respective banks are interleaved in time to increase the effective sample rate. According to one aspect of the invention, a two-diode sampling bridge is connected to a meandered signal line at one end and to a charge-holding capacitor at the other. The common cathodes are reverse biased. A voltage step is propagated down a second transmission line, the strobe line. As the step propagates past a capacitive pickoff, displacement current i=c(dv/dT), flows into the cathodes, driving the bridge into conduction and thereby charging the charge-holding capacitor to a value related to the signal. A charge amplifier converts the charge on the charge-holding capacitor to an output voltage. The present invention substantially advances the prior art by combining extremely broadband techniques in a practical way for the first time: discrete transmission lines, Schottky diode sampling bridges, and discrete impulse generators. Using off-the-shelf components, 20-40 GS/s input sampling rates are obtainable, and greater than 1000 GS/s can be realized with custom components. In addition, the analog bandwidth can easily match or exceed the Nyquist limit of one-half the sampling rate. A primary application for the present invention is signal acquisition using digital storage oscilloscopes (DSO). DSOs provide waveform storage and digital signal processing while circumventing the use of expensive wideband cathode ray tubes. Key limitations to present DSO performance are limited sampling rates and limited analog bandwidth. This invention will improve DSO sampling rates by at least an order-of-magnitude with a commensurate increase in analog bandwidth. Another application is pulse compression. By multiplying the outputs of a plurality of sample gates on a transmission line, precise compression of a train of pulses can be achieved. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen upon review of the figures, the detailed description, and the claims which follow. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a high speed sampler according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a system for reconstructing an input signal in equivalent time, and digitizing an input signal. FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate prior art sampling gate circuits. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a high speed sampling gate according to the present invention with a charge displacement strobe pickoff. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a tapped transmission line with a plurality of sample gates according to the present invention. FIG. 7 is a layout diagram illustrating the configuration of the signal line and strobe line for a circuit as shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an alternative sample gate using a four diode structure and balanced positive and negative strobe lines. FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of a high speed digitizer according to the present invention. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of multiple banks of samplers for use in a high speed demultiplexer illustrating strobe kickout. FIG. 11 illustrates an interleave technique for controlling the timing of the samplers of FIG. 10. FIG. 12 illustrates a resistive divider for the input signal for use in the sampler of FIG. 10. FIG. 13 illustrates an active divider for use with the plurality of sample banks of FIG. 10. FIG. 14 illustrates the strobe signal divider for use with the high speed sampler of FIG. 10. FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a two-tier high speed demultiplexer according to the present invention. FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of a pulse compressor according to the present invention. A detailed description of the present invention is provided with respect to the figures. FIGS. 1, 2, and 5-8 illustrate the architecture and the basic components of a high speed digitizer according to the present invention. FIG. 9 is a block level schematic of a high speed digitizer. FIGS. 10-14 illustrate multiple bank demultiplexer design features according to the present invention. FIG. 15 illustrates a two-tier demultiplexer according to the present invention. FIG. 16 shows use of the sampler as a pulse compressor. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a tapped transmission line 10 (which is terminated in a 50 ohm resistor) has a plurality of voltage sampling circuits 11-0 through 11-N connected to a plurality of tapped positions (taps) 12-0 through 12-N on the transmission line. The sampling circuits 11-0 to 11-N are coupled with respective sample holding capacitors 13-0 through 13-N which are connected to ground. In addition, each of the samplers 11-0 through 11-N is coupled to a circuit 14 for distributing a strobe signal. An impulse generator 15 is connected to the strobe distribution circuit 14. In operation, an input signal 16 is applied to a first end 17 of the transmission line 10. It propagates along the length of the line. Due to the finite velocity of propagation along the line, various portions 18-0, 18-1, . . . , 18-N of the signal appear at each tap 12-0, 12-1 . . . 12-N at a given instant in time. If each sampler at each tap is simultaneously made to sample, or strobed, a discrete replica of the signal will be retained by the sample holding capacitors 13-0, 13-1 through 13-N. The duration that the samplers are gated open, or strobed, is short compared to the fastest characteristic of the signal on the transmission line. A short gate duration reduces the smearing effect caused by the propagation speed of the signal waveform. In one present reduction to practice, the gate open duration is on the order of 25 to 50 picoseconds. This theoretically limits the maximum bandwidth to less than 20 to 40 Gigahertz. Shorter strobe gates can be used to achieve even greater bandwidths. Once the samples are taken and stored on the charge holding capacitors 13-0 through 13-N, the samples may be read out sequentially at a low rate. This allows a wide variety of applications of the samplers such as those described with reference to FIG. 2. Also, each sample may be connected to a second demultiplexer for further reducing the sample rate, or each sample may be connected to an ND converter. Samplers for operating at this speed must be high impedance samplers which apply a very small load on the transmission line and strobe circuit. These sampling gates are described in more detail below. Specifically, the sampling gate must not load the transmission line excessively or the signal would be severely attenuated as it passes along the line. Further, it must not load the strobe circuit excessively or unrealistic strobe voltages would be needed. FIG. 2 illustrates two representative applications of the present invention in a single system. According to FIG. 2, the input signal is supplied on line 20. Line 20 is coupled to an anti-aliasing filter 21. The output of the anti-aliasing filter is supplied on line 22 as the input to the tapped transmission line sampler 23 such as described with reference to FIG. 1. The charge holding capacitors 24-0 through 24-N of the tapped transmission line sampler 23 are coupled to a scanning circuit 25. The output of the scanning circuit is supplied on line 26, and has a form substantially of a bar graph as illustrated in the figure. This output may be supplied to a smoothing filter 27, which reconstructs the input signal on line 28 in equivalent time. With the equivalent time reconstruction of the signal on line 28, a digital storage scope 29 may be used to display a trace of the signal. Alternatively, the signal on line 26 may be supplied to an analog-to-digital converter 30. Because the sample rate of the scanner 25 is much slower than the; sample rate of the sampler 23, the analog-to-digital converter 30 may be implemented using any of a variety of standard techniques. The output of the analog-to-digital converter is supplied on an N-bit bus 31 to a digital memory 32, where it may be stored for a variety of uses. According to one implementation, the tapped transmission line sampler 23 has supplied samples on sample holding capacitors 24-0 through 24-N which are spaced in time at about 30 picoseconds on the input signal. The scanner 25 scans each of the charge holding capacitors with a time between samples of about 3 microseconds, in equivalent time five orders of magnitude slower. The anti-aliasing filter on the input to the signal line in the tapped transmission line of sampler 23 may be used to eliminate aliasing effects, or in the time domain, sampling jitter. A suitable filter characteristic would have a maximally flat pass-band with stop-band zeroes. The response of the anti-aliasing filter should show no overshoot or ringing, and should reject alias components by greater than 40 dB. Computer simulations and tests show that a fifth order maximally-flat filter with a Chebychev stop-band can be used. If the rise time of such filter is set to two sample intervals, it becomes essentially impossible to tell that sampling has occurred within the digitizer, upon effective reconstruction of the signal. The anti-aliasing filter, in a preferred system for reconstruction of the signal, has a sample rise time of approximately 2 sample lengths or 60 picoseconds. As mentioned above, multiple samples of the signal are stored on the charge holding capacitors and sequentially scanned out for reading. Without a sample reconstruction filter 27, the output would resemble a bar graph as illustrated at line 26. By placing a smoothing filter 27 in the output path, the signal may be adequately reconstructed provided the filter (which may be passive linear, active linear, or digital) has an order of 3 or above and a flat phase characteristic. In one reduction to practice, a passive fifth order maximally-fiat filter with a Chebychev stop-band was used. FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate prior art samplers, limitations of which have prevented the practical application of tapped transmission lines for high speed sampling of signals. The embodiment of FIG. 3 receives a signal input on line 100. A terminating resistor 101 is coupled to the input. The input is coupled to the cathode of a first diode 102 and the anode of a second diode 103. The anode of the first diode 102 is coupled to a positive strobe input 104 which receives a strobe across transmission line 105. The cathode of diode 103 is coupled to a negative strobe input 106 which receives a strobe across transmission line 107. The strobe inputs 104 and 106 are coupled across respective resistors 108 and 109 to nodes 113 and 114, respectively, and from nodes 113 and 114 across respective charge holding capacitors 110 and 111 to ground 112. The sample is taken across nodes 113 and 114. In FIG. 4, the input is supplied on line 120 to which a terminating resistor 121 is connected. The input 120 is coupled to the cathode of a first diode 122 and the anode of a second diode 123. The anode of diode 122 is coupled to node 124 which is connected across charge holding capacitor 125 to a strobe transmission line 126 for the positive strobe pulse. The cathode of diode 123 is connected to node 127 which is connected across charge holding capacitor 128 to a negative strobe transmission line 129. The sample is taken across nodes 124 and 127. These prior art samplers, based on two diode structures have the problem that when the diodes are not conducting, i.e., are not being strobed, the parasitic capacitance of the diodes form capacitive dividers between the input and the charge holding capacitors Ch. (The transfer function of the capacitive divider is VOUT =VIN *Cd /(Cd +Ch), where Cd is the diode capacitance, and VOUT is the "blow-by" voltage on Ch.) This capacitive divider allows "blow-by" of the input signal to the output on the order of 5% Since typically sampling efficiencies are also about 5%, the non-sampled blow-by can be as strong as the sampled signal. Thus, these prior art samplers require precisely adjusted subtraction circuits to cancel out blow by. For the tapped transmission line implementation, having large numbers of samplers, it is difficult to tune each of the samplers. Thus, commercial application of tapped transmission lines using these samplers has not been practical. Other prior art samplers are described in Grove, "Sampling for Oscilloscopes and other RF Systems: DC Through X-Band", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, Vol. MTT-14, No. 12, Dec. 1966, pp. 629-635; and Miura, et al., "Monolithic Sampling Head IC", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, Vol. MTT-38, No. 12, Dec. 1990, pp. 1980-1985. FIG. 5 provides a schematic diagram of the high speed sampler according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The sampling technology is based on a meandered signal transmission line 150 and a straight strobe transmission line 151. Distributed along the signal line at a plurality of taps 152 are samplers composed of a first Schottky diode 153 and a second Schottky diode 154 connected in a common cathode arrangement. The anode of the diode 153 is coupled to the signal line tap 152. The anode of the diode 154 is coupled to a charge-holding capacitor 162 and to the input on line 155 of a charge amplifier, generally 156. The common cathode node 157 is coupled across resistor 158 to a reference voltage 159 of 2 volts in this embodiment, to reverse bias of the diodes. Also, the common cathode node 157 is coupled to a strobe pickoff structure 160 which lies adjacent the strobe transmission line 151. The signal transmission line 150 has a 50 ohm termination resistor 149. Similarly, the strobe transmission line 151 has a 50 ohm termination resistor 148. The strobe pickoff structure 160 consists of a capacitive coupling strip of about 0.05 picofarads, where the second plate is the strobe transmission line 151, itself. As a strobe signal propagates down the strobe transmission line 151, a charge displacement current is induced in the strobe pickoff structure 160. The charge amplifier consists of an op-amp 161 coupled to the charge holding capacitor 162 at its inverting input. The opposite side of the charge holding capacitor 162 is coupled to ground. Similarly, the positive input of the op-amp 161 is coupled to ground. The op-amp includes a resistor 164 and parallel capacitance 165 in the feedback path. The output of the op-amp 161 is connected to a track and hold circuit not shown in this figure across line 163. The dashed lines connecting the capacitors 162 and 165 indicate that the devices are implemented by metal of the printed circuit board and component pins, and are therefore not packaged components. These Schottky diode samplers are uniquely suited to an array structure because of their minimal component count and minimal line loading. Commercial samplers of the type found in high-speed sampling oscilloscopes are fairly complicated, employing up to six Schottky diodes, and they load the gate pulse line. The sampler of FIG. 5 has a very low component count in one embodiment--one dual Schottky diode (common package) and one bias resistor, so the number of samplers in one practical module design (FIG. 6) is 160 and can go to 320 and higher. When the gate pulse passes the sampler, the rate of change in E-field, between the gate pulse line 151 and a short pick-off strip 160 causes a displacement current to flow that drives the diodes into conduction for a duration related to the negative-going transition time of the gate pulse. The displacement current drives the diodes into conduction, effectively placing a "short" between the signal line and the sample-holding capacitor 162, Chold. Chold 162 is formed by a small metallized patch sandwiched between the outer copper-clad ground layers. When the Schottky diodes conduct, Chold charges :exponentially with a 15 ps time constant, as defined by the transmission line impedance, the sampling diode resistance and the value of Chold. Chold charges for about 45 ps, the sampling aperture time, which is set by the 60 ps gate pulse transition time minus about 15 ps, the time required to slew the diode voltage at the common-cathode node from reverse to forward bias. Chold does not need to charge to the full value of the signal voltage, it only needs to consistently charge to the same percentage of the signal voltage--deviations can be corrected in software after read out of the data. As Chold charges, a certain amount of charge is pulled from the signal line, causing an unavoidable glitch called "kickout" that propagates along the meander line towards the adjacent samplers. It is important that the samplers do not sample each other's kickout, so the sampler spacing along the meandered transmission line must be greater than the kickout duration. Kickout limits how closely the samplers can be placed, and pipe interleaving (where a pipe is a transmission line--strobe line pair having a set of samplers) as described below must be resorted to when the sampler spacing needs to be closer than the gate duration. Interleaving pairs of pipes generally must be done if aliasing is to be avoided. Once the samples are taken, the charge on each Chold is read out by charge amplifiers. The charge amplifiers and associated readout circuits may be repeated 160 or more times on a single board, so simplicity is important. The present circuitry uses off-the-shelf components that are packaged in multiples, e.g., four charge amplifiers on one chip. An application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) could be used to help reduce the component count as known in the art. FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of a 160 sampler embodiment, according to the present invention, which may be placed on a single printed circuit board. The device includes a strobe input 200 coupled to a pulse generating network, generally 201. The pulse generating network drives the strobe transmission line 202. The strobe generating network 201 includes a first step recovery diode 202 having its anode coupled to the strobe input 200 and its cathode coupled to ground. The anode of step recovery diode 202 is coupled through capacitor 203 to node 204. Node 204 is coupled through series resistors 205 and 206 to a 15 volt supply 207. Capacitor 208 is coupled between the supply voltage and ground. Also, resistor 209 is coupled from node 204 to a second step recovery diode 210. Step recovery diode 210 has its anode coupled to the input of the strobe transmission line 202 and its cathode coupled to ground. The strobe transmission line 202 terminates through series capacitor 233 and resistor 234 to ground. More details concerning this pulse generating network are described below. The signal is supplied at input 211. This signal is coupled across meandered transmission line 212. The signal transmission line terminates through resistor 235 to ground. Coupled to the meandered transmission line are a plurality of sample gates 213. In this embodiment, 16 sample gates are coupled to a single meandered transmission line 212, with 10 lines for the board. The sample gates consist of the common cathode Schottky diodes as discussed above, with respect to FIG. 5. The common cathode node is coupled to a strobe pickoff terminal 214 and across resistor 215 to a supply voltage for reverse biasing the diodes. The anode of the output diode is coupled to a charge holding capacitor 216. The charge holding capacitor 216 is coupled to the charge amplifier, generally 217. This charge amplifier is configured as described above with respect to FIG. 5. The output of the charge amplifier 217 is coupled to a track and hold capacitor 218. The second terminal of capacitor 218 is coupled to a switch 219. Also, the second terminal of the capacitor 218 is coupled as an input to the 16:1 analog multiplexer 220. The analog multiplexer is connected as known in the art to supply 1 of 16 inputs to its output on line 221 in response to the signals on lines 222, referred to as the X address. The switch 219 is controlled by the track and hold signal supplied at input 223. The track and hold signal supplied on line 223 causes the switches 219 to open and capture the output of the charge amplifiers 217 on the capacitor 218. The charge holding capacitors 216 at the output of the sample gates bleed back to ground level in about 10 microseconds. This limits the speed at which the devices may be cycled for following samples. The relatively large track and hold capacitors 218 provide about 160 microseconds in which to read out the data. This is plenty of time for the multiplexer 220 to sequentially provide the output on line 221 to amplifier 224 at its positive input. The amplifier 224 has capacitor 225 in feedback to its positive input. Also, feedback resistor 226 is coupled to its inverting input. Resistor 227 is coupled from the inverting input of amplifier 224 to an offset voltage reference 228. Because of the single sided strobe transmission line, the offset voltage is used to cancel the baseline of the samplers. The offset voltage is generated from the same supply voltage that is used for generation of the strobe voltage in order to account for any variations in the supply voltage which might be reflected in the strobe pulse. In addition, resistor 229 is coupled from the inverting input of the operational amplifier 224 to ground. The amplifier 224 provides a gain of about 10 times for the output on line 221. The output of amplifier 224 is supplied on line 230 as an input to multiplexer 231. The output is also supplied from nine other sampling banks (not shown) as inputs to the multiplexer 231. Thus, there is a 16×10 array of samplers on a single printed circuit board. The output of the multiplexer 231 is controlled by the signals on line 232 labelled the Y address. This multiplexer 231 is connected as known in the art. FIG. 7 shows the layout for a printed circuit board showing the meandered signal line 212 and the straight strobe line 202. The signal line 212 and the strobe line 202 are co-planar. The strobe pickoff structure 250 establishes a capacitance of about 0.05 picofarads with the strobe line 202. As can be seen, it does not contact the strobe line. The charge holding capacitor 216 corresponds to capacitor 216 of FIG. 6. It is created using a pad. The DC bias pad 251 is coupled through resistor 215 to the strobe pickoff structure 250. A tap is formed on the meandered signal line 212 at enlarged region 252. To compensate for the increased capacitance at the tap 252, the width of the transmission line is narrowed in the region near the tap 252. The common cathode diodes are mounted in a package 253 between the tap 252, the charge holding capacitor 216 and the strobe pickoff 250. The new sampler is incorporated into the sampling array structure. The negative-going gate pulse is distributed to the samplers in each pipe via a straight line and the positive-going signal propagates along a meandered line. The gate pulse propagates faster than the signal pulse due to the meander, and causes the samplers to take a snapshot of the signal pulse. The propagation delay along the meander line is 83ps between samplers and along the gate pulse line the delay is 21ps between samplers, for a difference of 62 ps--the sampler spacing in the pipe. The traces are etched on a copper-clad woven-Teflon substrate 0.25 mm thick. The back side of the substrate is copper clad to form a ground plane and shield for the circuit. Copper cladding is also placed on the top side by overlaying a 0.25 mm woven-Teflon layer with an outer copper cladding. The outer copper-clad layers prevent radiation from the meandered signal line that would otherwise occur at a frequency related to periodicity of the meander, about 12 GHz. Once shielded, the transmission lines form a symmetric stripline, which is free of the frequency-dependent modal dispersion normally associated with substrate-backed microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW)lines. The back side of the sampling array is laminated with two 0.5 mm glass-epoxy circuit board layers that hold analog sample buffers and multiplexers used for serial readout to the 12 bit A-to-D converter. These components are implemented in surface mount technology (SMT) for rapid assembly by automatic insertion machines. The sampling diodes and other high-speed components are surface mounted on the top side of the circuit board. The sampling array presently contains 10 pipes that are 1 ns long and have 16 samplers each. The gate pulse timing to each pipe can be adjusted to interleave all 10 pipes for 6.25 ps sample spacing and 1 ns record length, or all the pipes can be concatenated for 10 ns record length at 62.5 ps sample spacing. FIG. 8 illustrates a basic sampler according to the present invention having four diodes with high impedance strobe inputs and balanced strobe lines. The input signal is supplied along meandered transmission line 350. A sampler, generally 351, is connected to the transmission line 350 at tap 352. Tap 352 is connected to a diode bridge sampler which includes four diodes 353, 354, 355, and 356 configured in a bridge having four terminals. Other diode bridge embodiments may include series or parallel combinations of diodes, resulting in more than four diodes in the four terminal diode bridge. A first terminal of the bridge is connected across a positive strobe resistor 358 to a positive strobe transmission line 359. A third terminal is coupled across a negative strobe resistor 361 to a negative strobe transmission line 362. The strobe transmission line 159 supplies a positive pulse while the strobe transmission line 162 supplies a negative pulse. A second terminal of the bridge is connected to tap 352 to receive the input signal. The fourth terminal of the bridge is connected to the charge holding capacitance 365 which is connected to ground. The charge holding capacitance 365 supplies the sample signal on line 366. The four diode bridge of FIG. 8 solves the blow by problem since the two diodes on the input side of the four diode bridge look into the strobe resistors 358, 361, forming a transmission zero at low frequencies and preventing any permanent charge from transferring to the charge holding capacitance 365. Short transients are coupled through the diodes, but as long as their duration is much shorter than the read out circuitry following the charge holding capacitance 365, the transients are averaged to zero. Furthermore, the high resistance strobe resistors 358 and 361 provide a significant feature. High resistance here is defined as much higher than the signal transmission line impedance. As the resistance approaches a high value, the net loading of diodes 353-356 on the transmission line approaches that of one diode. This can be seen since the sampler appears as two parallel strings of two diodes in series, which is equivalent to one diode. In the systems of FIGS. 3 and 4, the loading would be two diodes. This single diode loading allows a significantly greater number of samplers to be placed on a single transmission line. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the signal line and the strobe line are not co-planar, i.e., they are formed on separate layers of a printed circuit board to establish isolation. The output of the sampler is supplied across line 366 through resistor 367 to the gate of FET buffer 368. Also, resistor 369 is connected from the gate of FET buffer 368 to ground. The FET buffer 368 has a source coupled across resistor 370 to a negative reference voltage, and a drain connected across resistor 371 to a positive reference voltage. Also, capacitor 372 is coupled from the source of buffer 368 to ground. The output of the FET buffer 368 is coupled to one terminal of a track and hold capacitor 373. A switch 374 is coupled between the opposite terminal of the track and hold capacitor 373 and the negative input to buffer 375. The buffer 375 has capacitor 376 in feedback. Also, resistor 377 is coupled from the output of the buffer 375 to the capacitor 373 side of the switch 374. The output of the buffer 375 is the output sample on line 376 which is supplied to multiplexers and such as described above with respect to the other embodiment. A bias voltage VB is supplied on line 377 to the positive input of the buffer 375. FIG. 9 provides a schematic block diagram of the 10×16 analog sampling array which is described with respect to FIG. 7. The input signal is supplied on line 400 to a ten way splitter 401. A time marker may be supplied on line 415 to splitter 401, and fed back on line 416 for time reference purposes. The signal is then split onto 10 signal line inputs 402 to the 10×16 analog sampling array 403, which is implemented as described above with respect to FIG. 7. In addition, a strobe generator 404 supplies a strobe trigger on line 405 to a ten way splitter 406. Strobe generator 404 is triggered by a trigger input signal. The strobe splitter 406 may also generate a time marker on line 417. The ten way splitter 406 supplies strobe inputs on lines 411 to strobe generators in the sample array 403. The strobe generator 404 and splitter 406 are described below with reference to FIG. 14. The outputs of the analog sampling array 403 is an analog bus 407, which is coupled to an analog-to-digital converter and memory module 408. The analog-to-digital converter and memory module 408 generates the X and Y addresses across lines 409 to control the sampling array. The output of the memory device 408 is coupled to a bus 410 for the processing as required. FIG. 10 illustrates schematically the structure of the sampling array in a four bank embodiment for the purposes of explaining the strobe kickout. An N×M (4×16) array of voltage sampling circuits is arranged along "pipes" or banks 501,502, 503, 504. Each of the N pipes has a meandered transmission line and M sampling circuits evenly spaced along the transmission line as described above. The signal from input line 400 to be measured is split equally to the meandered transmission lines in the pipes through high reverse voltage transfer isolation amplifiers 505, 506, 507, 508. When triggered, a single gate pulse on strobe input line 405 is applied to the first pipe in the array and then, in sequence, to the other pipes. After sampling, the voltages on the N×M capacitors in the samplers are serially read out to a 12 bit A-to-D converter and the data is stored in digital memory. Software routines then calibrate the data and reconstruct the signal using curve-fitting techniques. The relative timing of the gate pulses can be used to arbitrarily locate the time position of each pipe, i.e., the time at which the pipes sample the signal. For example, two pipes can be time-interleaved by delaying the gate pulse to the second pipe by one-half a sample spacing, resulting in a doubling of the sampling rate (in gigasamples/sec). Pipes can be time-concatenated by gating successive pipes at an interval equal to the pipe length (in nanoseconds), resulting in a record length (the total duration of the digitized data in nanoseconds) that is N times the length of one pipe. An inherent property of a diode sampler is strobe kickout, i.e., an aberrant pulse induced on the signal line by the sampler when it is strobed. Strobe kickout is caused by two factors. First, imbalance between the complementary positive and negative strobe pulses of the embodiment of FIG. 8, as would appear on the balanced strobe lines (359, 362), results in a net current flow onto the signal line that is relatively independent of signal amplitude. For positive and negative strobe pulses balanced to 5% of each other in absolute magnitude, strobe kickout is typically about 1% of the full scale range of the input signal. For the embodiment of FIG. 5; there are no balanced strobe pulses, and there is a substantial fixed kickout. The second cause of strobe kickout is the charge slug pulled off the signal transmission line (for the embodiments of FIG. 5 and FIG. 8) to charge the charge-holding capacitor when the sampler is strobed. Strobe kickout is generally not a problem for low repetition rate digitizers since 1) the kickout pulses propagate to adjacent samplers too late in time to affect the in-bank sampled voltages, and 2) the kickout pulses dissipate at the distal termination and out through the signal line in tens of nanoseconds, well before the next repetition. As can be seen in FIG. 10, a signal input is supplied on line 400 to a plurality of high reverse voltage transfer isolation amplifiers 505-508 in the plurality of banks 501, 502, 503, and 504 of samplers. Samplers are schematically illustrated by boxes 509. Also, the signal lines are meandered in the actual embodiment, although the meander is not shown in FIG. 10. Each signal line, e.g., signal line 510, has a broadband distal termination resistor 511, and a source termination impedance Z0, established by the amplifier 506. Similarly, the strobe transmission lines have distal termination impedance 512. The strobe input is supplied on line 405 fanned out to the strobe transmission lines, e.g., line 513, in the respective banks. This invention substantially eliminates the problem of strobe kickout by dividing the tapped signal line into multiple banks of tapped lines (501-504). The strobe timing to each bank is such that only one bank is strobed over a fraction of the total recycle time, allowing strobe kickout to be absorbed by the terminations in each bank before they are restrobed. Using exemplary numbers, each bank is 1 ns long, there are 4 banks, each separated in strobe timing by 1 ns, and the entire system is continually strobed at a 4 ns repetition rate. Bank 1 is first strobed, then banks 2-4 in sequence. Bank 2 is not strobed until the strobe has finished propagating down bank 1, gating all the samples in bank 1. Then bank 2 is strobed so its samplers are time contiguous with the bank 1 samplers, and so on for the other banks. After bank 4 is completely strobed the entire process is repeated with the next strobe pulse in the train of 4 ns interval strobe pulses. FIG. 11 depicts an interbank timing scheme with the sample timing interleaved to increase the sample density to greater than that of each bank alone. In this example each bank comprises a tapped transmission line with 16 samplers. The interleave technique starts strobing the next bank half way plus 1/2 a sample spacing into the strobing of the present bank. The last bank, M, ends at the half way minus 1/2 sample spacing into the first bank, in order to form a gap-free cycle for the next strobe in a train of pulses to initiate. This two-fold interleave technique can be extended to interleaves of three-fold and higher for commensurately higher sample densities. As each bank is strobed, kickout pulses are generated in one bank that can couple to the other banks just as they are being strobed, and thus the sampled signal will be contaminated with strobe kickout. To reduce this problem, the M-way signal splitter (amplifiers 505-508) is designed to have high reverse transfer attenuation, i.e., high reverse isolation. The M-way splitter will be further discussed below. Kickout pulses can also linger within each bank through multiple reflections off the signal line end points. For this reason, each bank is both source end (506) and distal end (511) terminated. The phrase "source end terminated" refers to a matched impedance condition between the signal line (510) and the circuit amplifier (506) providing the signal to the signal line. If the terminations are not perfect, they will reflect a fraction, Γ, of the kickout pulse which will transit the 1 ns signal line to the opposite termination, which will also reflect a fraction Γ (assumed the same for simplicity), reducing the kickout by Γ2. This process may continue for one or two more reflections before that bank is restrobed. At the time of restrobing, kickout has been reduced by at least Γ3. As a numeric example, assume kickout K=0.1 of signal and Γ=0.1. Residual kickout is thus reduced to KΓ3 =0.0001 of the signal, well below the noise floor of almost any realizable system. If each bank is driven by an additional signal line length of 1 ns, at least two absorptive reflections of the strobe kickout will occur before the bank is recycled. For K=0.1 and Γ=0.1, residual kickout is KΓ2 =0.001, about 60 dB below the signal. The additional 1 ns signal line length provides for interconnect cables to each bank. The advantage to a large number of banks, e.g., M=16, is that the length of each signal transmission line may be reduced by M, thereby minimizing transmission line losses and providing for more partially absorptive reflections, Γ, of the kickout pulse off the end terminations before restrobing. The distal termination (512) is simply a broadband termination resistor such as a microwave chip resistor. The source termination (506) may be either active or passive as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, respectively. Passive source termination consists of an M-way resistive splitter as shown in FIG. 12. Thus, the passive source termination consists of a first resistor 525 from the input of the signal line 510 to ground and a second resistor 526 from the input of the signal line 510 to the signal input transmission line 400. Similar resistive terminations for the splitter are provided for each of the M banks. It may be necessary to introduce additional attenuation (525, 526) in the splitter for small values of M in order to reduce interbank strobe kickout coupling (526) to a satisfactory level. Of course, signal sensitivity suffers with this method, so an active splitter may be preferred. An example of an active splitter is shown in FIG. 13, and consists of a number M of FETs (e.g., 530) connected to a tapped transmission line 510. Each FET 530 provides an AC coupled broadband gain of ˜1× with an output impedance, Zo, equal to the signal line impedance, usually 50 ohms. The DC path is through operational amplifier 531, which compares the DC and low frequency components on the input line with that on the output line and corrects for any difference. Errors are minimized by the high gain of amplifier 531, typically 100K. Thus, the input to the splitter for a given bank is connected to the gate of FET 530. The source of the FET 530 is connected through resistor 532 to ground. The drain is coupled through resistor 533 to the supply voltage. Also, the drain of the FET 530 is coupled through capacitor 534 to the input of the transmission line 510 for the input signal. The negative input to the amplifier 531 is supplied through resistor 535 from the transmission line 400 supplying the input signal. The positive input of the amplifier 531 is coupled to ground. The output of the amplifier 531 is supplied through resistor 536 to the input of the bank. Also, resistor 537 is connected from the input of the bank (line 510) to the inverting input of the amplifier 531 for feedback. Resistor 536 may be on the order of 500 ohms, while resistor 537 is on the order of 100 Kohms. Similarly, resistor 535 will be on the order of 100 Kohms. Resistor 532 may be on the order of 11.5 ohms, while resistor 533 may be on the order of 50 ohms. The capacitor 534 may be on the order of 0.1 microFarads. Using commercially available hetero-junction FETs with a gate-drain capacitance on the order of 0.02 pF, the step response is 20 ps, and reverse isolation for a 50 ps wide strobe kickout pulse is 25×, reducing strobe kickout from 10% of signal amplitude to about 0.4% of signal amplitude. The kickout would thus appear at the 0.4% level on an adjacent sampler bank that is actively sampling. Extensions of the active splitter, or combinations of active circuitry and passive splitters may be used to further reduce strobe kickout effects. The transmission line 400 is configured to drive the active splitter such that there are 5 picosecond lengths of 70 ohm microstrip on each side of the input to the FET 530. Each FET driver is separated by a 0.24 nanosecond length of 50 ohm microstrip. The FET is implemented using a gallium arsenide FET high electron mobility transistor for very high speed. FIG. 14 illustrates the strobe splitting technology for lower repetition rate applications. The strobe generator 404 of FIG. 9 may consist of an MOSFET driver, generally 600. The MOSFET driver 600 includes a buffer amplifier 601 driving a high voltage MOSFET device 602. The high voltage MOSFET device has its source coupled to ground and its drain coupled across resistor 603 to a 400 volt supply 604. The input to the amplifier 601 is supplied at coaxial connector 605. A trigger signal of about 5 volts with a rise time of approximately 5 nanoseconds is supplied to the input of the MOSFET driver 600. The output of the MOSFET driver 600 is a pulse dropping from about 400 volts to about 0 volts in about 1 nanosecond. This pulse is split on line 606 to a plurality of channels. Each channel consists of a resistor 607 and capacitor 608 in series. A trimming resistor 609 is coupled to the opposite side of the capacitor 608. Also, the opposite side of the capacitor 608 is coupled to a length of coaxial cable 610. This coax is typically 50 ohm teflon coax which is cut to various lengths to control the strobe timing. Thus, the strobe pulses are separated in time. In this embodiment, the strobe to pipe 2 is delayed 30 picoseconds to interleave pipes 1 and 2 as a pair. Strobes to subsequent pairs of pipes are incrementally delayed 1 ns to concatenate them across 5 ns. Thus, the pipes in the second pair are strobed at 2 nsec and 2.03 nsec, the pipes in the third pair are strobed at 3 nsec and 3.03 nsec and so on. Such that pipe 10 (the second pipe in the fifth pair) is strobed at 5.03 nsec. The output of each coaxial cable length 610 is coupled to the input of the strobe generator on the circuit board, as described above with respect to FIG. 6. Thus, each strobe generator includes a first 250 picosecond step recovery diode 611 coupled across series resistor 612 and capacitor 613 to node 614. Node 614 is coupled across resistor 615 to the supply voltage, and across a 60 picosecond step recovery diode 616 to ground. Although capacitor 617 is illustrated in FIG. 14 between the step recovery diode 616 and the pipe (sampler bank), such capacitor is actually placed at the opposite end of the strobe line, as shown in FIG. 6 in the preferred embodiment. The output of each of the strobe generators is a signal dropping from about 0 volts to about -30 volts with a fall time of about 60 picoseconds. Because the variable length of coaxial cable 610 may be easily replaced using a shop replaceable cable unit, the relative timing of the sample banks in the array can be precisely controlled to meet a variety of configurations. For high repetition rates, e.g., 250 million samples per second, MOSFET driver 600 may be replaced with a standard 250 MHz RF power amplifier, with the trigger input supplied with a 250 MHz clock. FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of a high speed sampling demultiplexer according to the present invention. The sampling demultiplexer includes an input splitter 700 which splits an input signal on line 701 into a plurality of signal lines (1-16). Each of the signal lines is supplied to a bank of samplers 702 for each of the signal lines. Similarly, a strobe generator 703 generates a strobe signal to a sixteen way strobe splitter 704. The strobe splitter supplies strobe signals on line 705 to a first bank. The other banks are strobed with a signal line 706 which includes a delay 707 to control the timing of the pulse to the plurality of banks 702. This structure is described in detail above. However, rather than multiplexing the outputs of the samplers into a single output line, as shown with respect to FIG. 7, the outputs of the samplers in the high speed demultiplexer of FIG. 15 are supplied to second tier demultiplexers 708. The second tier demultiplexers 708 may consist of CMOS monolithic sample and hold integrated circuits, which can hold a series of up to 1000 samples per input. Thus, there would be a single sample and hold monolithic sampling device for each of the 256 samplers in the embodiment of FIG. 15. These devices are then coupled to an analog to digital converter and memory system 709 such as that described above; however, the A/D converter and memory system can be operated at a much lower rate. Using this second tier demultiplexing, much longer sampling lengths can be accomplished. An alternative technique for the second level demultiplexing is to use high speed digital-to-analog converters at each of the outputs of the samplers. These converters would then be directly coupled to a memory system. Thus, each sampler output in FIG. 15 may be used to drive another, or second tier, sampling demultiplexer. Due to the reduced output data rate that this invention provides, a variety of monolithic technologies may be considered for the second tier, such as CMOS, silicon bipolar, or MOS VLSI integrated circuits. The output of the second tier demultiplexer will then be sufficiently slow that low cost, high resolution ND converters may be used for final digitization. At 33 GS/s, this invention can provide 60dB dynamic range, well beyond prior art digitizers at 4 GS/s and <40 dB dynamic range. FIG. 15 depicts a 16 bank 1:256 demultiplexer with, for example, a 33 GS/s input sample rate and a 130 MHz output data rate. A data rate of 33 GS/s is consistent with the sampler designs described above. The 130 MHz strobe timing to each bank is delayed 0.51 ns per bank to effect a 30 ps interleave for an equivalent sampling rate of 33 GS/s using 60 ps sample spacing within each bank. The advantage of a large number of banks, e.g., M=16, is that strobe kickout effects are generally reduced in proportion to M2, and the strobe recycle time to each bank is stretched by M, allowing ample time for the kickout pulses to be locally absorbed within each sampler bank. Another advantage of a large number of sampler banks is that the length of each signal transmission line is reduced by M, thereby minimizing the effects of sampler and transmission line losses. Also, physical implementation is facilitated by breaking the entire assembly into smaller units compatible with common construction methods. It is common in the art to apply digital corrections to the signals sampled and digitized by demultiplexer and ND converter combinations. Static corrections include baseline offset, gain error, and amplitude linearity. Dynamic corrections include sample spacing nonuniformities. In this invention, sample spacing is essentially controlled through the accuracy of the physical layout, which is quite accurate. However, small variations, <10 ps, may arise due to thresholding effects in each individual sampler, and for certain applications requiring very low timing distortion, prior art dynamic distortion correction may be applied. One form of distortion peculiar to the tapped line structure of this invention is the slight loss in bandwidth as a function of position along the signal transmission line, due to sampler loading and normal transmission line losses. However, this loss may be accurately compensated with standard digital signal processing (DSP) techniques. Specifically, appropriate portions of adjacent sampler outputs would be added to, or subtracted from each sampler output in such a fashion that a digital inverse transfer function of the signal line loss is formed. This system may be modified with a variety of enhancements including non-uniform tap spacing, non-uniform tap weighting, coherent sample integration, monolithic embodiment, block concatenation, auto calibration, continuous conversion, and others. The transient sampler is a generic instrument with an application range almost as wide as that of conventional oscilloscopes. The cost and size of existing commercial samplers has limited their widespread use. The present invention reduces both the cost and size by a factor of about 5 compared to CRT based digitizers, as described above in the background of the invention. The samplers are particularly suited to recording single event, sub-nanosecond transients generated by laser systems. As the speed of electronic devices increases, the needs for high speed instrumentation grows. For example, GaAs digital logic devices operate at sub-nanosecond speeds and the testing of these devices is becoming increasingly difficult, especially in catching short glitches that must be screened out during manufacture. The embodiments described above include sample gates at positions along the sample transmission line that are uniformly spaced. An alternative embodiment employs non-uniform spacing of sample gates, such as may be useful in signal processing applications or otherwise. Emerging technologies, such as ultra-wide band radar, spread spectrum communications, and low probability of intercept radar and communications are hampered by the lack of low-cost available electronics. The present invention and enhancements to it will be the first devices specifically suited to time domain reception for such high speed effects. FIG. 16 illustrates a pulse compressor implemented using the high speed sampler of the present invention. An input signal is received on line 800. It is supplied to a sampler bank 801 including a meandered transmission line and a strobe line, as described above, within the sampler bank. A strobe generator 802 supplies a strobe signal to the strobe transmission line in the sampler bank. The spacing of the samplers in the sampler bank 801 is set to match the frequency of the incoming pulse train. The outputs of the charge holding capacitors in the samplers in the bank 801 are coupled to a multiplier 803. The multiplier multiplies the outputs of all the samplers together to generate an output on line 804. Thus, when the input signal includes a plurality of cycles which line up with each of the samplers in the sample bank, the multiplier generates a high output. If not all the samplers pick up a peak on the input signal, then the output of the multiplier will be much lower. This technique is useful in radar pulse compression. This invention will enhance current products, and will enable new technologies. One market, for example, is the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) market. Over the past decade, the test and measurement industry has been upgrading conventional analog oscilloscopes to DSOs. For example, Tektronix offers a model 7104 analog oscilloscope with 1GHz bandwidth. Current DSO offerings by Tektronix, Hewlett-Packard, and LeCroy sample at 2-4 GS/s and have an analog bandwidth on the order of 500 MHz. The cost of a DSO is slightly higher than its analog counterpart, but the DSO offers vastly longer record lengths, waveform storage, digital signal processing, and digital output. Key limitations to current DSO performance are low sampling rates and poor analog bandwidth. This invention improves sampling rates by 10× or more, and brings analog bandwidth up to or exceeding the sampling rate. Emerging technologies such as Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) radar and spread-spectrum communications will greatly benefit from this invention. In UWB radar, there is currently no means available to digitize returns with sufficient detail and record length to make high resolution (1 cm feature size) imaging radar possible. High resolution imaging radar will have a significant impact on aviation. Communications is another area that could benefit from this invention. Demultiplexers are a basic component in time division multiplexed (TDM) modulation, which is a common method to combine multiple channels onto a single channel for transmission through fiber optic, microwave, or satellite data links. Current commercial demultiplexer technology, as used by the communications industry, runs in the few gigasamples/sec region. The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. second tier demultiplexing circuitry coupled to the sampler circuitry in the plurality of positions which senses each of a plurality of samples to store samples developed in response to a plurality of strobe signals from each position for later processing. 2. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the second tier demultiplexing circuitry comprises a plurality of sets of sample and hold circuits, each set holding a plurality of samples from a given position in the sampling circuitry. 3. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the second tier demultiplexing circuitry comprises a plurality of analog to digital converters coupled to respective positions in the plurality of positions in the sampling circuitry, and digital memory coupled to the analog to digital converters, each analog to digital converter converting a plurality of samples from a given position in the sampling circuitry. 4. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the input circuitry comprises a signal splitter with high reverse attenuation. 5. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the sample transmission line in a particular sampler bank has a proximal end coupled to the input circuitry and a distal end, and including a broadband termination resistor on the distal end of the sample transmission line. 6. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the sample transmission lines in the plurality of sampler banks have respective proximal ends coupled to the input circuitry and respective distal ends, and wherein the input circuitry comprises a passive resistive splitter coupled to the proximal ends, and broadband termination resistors on the distal ends providing transmission line terminations which suppress strobe kickout on the respective sample transmission lines. 7. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the sample transmission lines in the plurality of sampler banks have respective proximal ends coupled to the input circuitry and respective distal ends, and wherein the input circuitry comprises an active splitter coupled to the proximal ends. 8. The high speed sampler of claim 7, including broadband termination resistors on the distal ends, and at the active splitter with the broadband termination resistors providing transmission line terminations which suppress strobe kickout on the respective sample transmission lines. 9. The high speed sampler of claim 8, wherein the active splitter comprises an input transmission line receiving the input signal, and a plurality of high speed drivers coupled to the input transmission line and to respective ones of the sample transmission lines in the plurality of banks, which drive the corresponding bank in response to the input signal on the transmission line. an operational amplifier circuit connected between the input transmission line and sample transmission line to control lower frequency signals on the sample transmission line. 11. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the strobe control circuitry includes a trigger signal generator, and a plurality of pulse forming networks coupled to respective strobe transmission lines, and wherein the circuitry for controlling timing comprises a fanout circuit coupled to the trigger signal generator for supplying a trigger signal to each of the plurality of pulse forming networks with controlled timing. 12. The high speed sampler of claim 11, wherein the trigger signal generator comprises an RF power amplifier. 13. The high speed sampler of claim 11, wherein the controlled timing is set with varying lengths of cable between the trigger signal generator and the plurality of pulse forming networks. 14. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the circuitry for controlling timing incrementally delays the bank strobe signals so that the samples in respective pluralities of samples from at least a subset of the plurality of banks are interleaved in time. 15. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the circuitry for controlling timing incrementally delays the bank strobe signals so that the samples in respective pluralities of samples from at least a subset of the plurality of banks are concatenated in time. 16. The high speed sampler of claim 1, wherein the sampler circuitry in at least one bank includes a plurality of diode bridge sample gates connected to the sample transmission line at respective ones of the plurality of positions. input circuitry, coupled with the plurality of sampler banks, which supplies an input signal to the sample transmission lines in each of the plurality of banks in parallel, and suppresses strobe kickout. 19. The high speed sampler of claim 17, wherein the sample transmission line in a particular sampler bank has a proximal end coupled to the input circuitry and a distal end, and including a broadband termination resistor on the distal end of the sample transmission line. 20. The high speed sampler of claim 17, wherein the sample transmission lines in the plurality of sampler banks have respective proximal ends coupled to the input circuitry and respective distal ends, and wherein the input circuitry comprises a passive resistive splitter coupled to the proximal ends, and broadband termination resistors on the distal ends providing transmission line terminations which suppress strobe kickout on the respective sample transmission lines. 21. The high speed sampler of claim 17, wherein the sample transmission lines in the plurality of sampler banks have respective proximal ends coupled to the input circuitry and respective distal ends, and wherein the input circuitry comprises an active splitter coupled to the proximal ends. 22. The high speed sampler of claim 21, including broadband termination resistors on the distal ends, the active splitter and the broadband termination resistors providing transmission line terminations which suppress strobe kickout on the respective sample transmission lines. 23. The high speed sampler of claim 21, wherein the active splitter comprises an input transmission line receiving the input signal, and a plurality of high speed drivers coupled to the input transmission line and to respective ones of the sample transmission lines in the plurality of banks, which drive the corresponding bank in response to the input signal on the transmission line. an operational amplifier circuit connected to control lower frequency signals on the sample transmission line. 25. The high speed sampler of claim 17, wherein the strobe control circuitry includes a trigger signal generator, and a plurality of pulse forming networks coupled to respective strobe transmission lines, and wherein the circuitry for controlling timing comprises a fanout circuit coupled to the trigger signal generator for supplying a trigger signal to each of the plurality of pulse forming networks with controlled timing. 26. The high speed sampler of claim 25, wherein the trigger signal generation comprises an RF power amplifier. 27. The high speed sampler of claim 25, wherein the controlled timing is set with varying lengths of cable between the trigger signal generator and the plurality of pulse forming networks. 28. The high speed sampler of claim 17, wherein the circuitry for controlling timing incrementally delays the bank strobe signals so that the samples in respective pluralities of samples from at least a subset of the plurality of banks are interleaved in time. 29. The high speed sampler of claim 17, wherein the circuitry for controlling timing incrementally delays the bank strobe signals so that the samples in respective pluralities of samples from at least a subset of the plurality of banks are concatenated in time. 30. The high speed sampler of claim 17, wherein the sampler circuitry in at least one bank includes a plurality of diode bridge sample gates connected to the sample transmission line at respective ones of the plurality of positions. 31. The high speed sampler of claim 17, further including means, coupled to the sampler circuitry in the plurality of banks, for scanning out the samples from the plurality of banks in coordination with the circuits for controlling timing. FR2936120A1 (en) * 2008-09-15 2010-03-19 Maurice Chayet Electronic device for sampling an analog signal by varying the delay.

2019-04-22T05:49:44Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US5479120A/en

A system and method for provisioning services accessible via a broadband network. The system receives a user selection of one or more services that have been deemed to be available to the user via the network as well as user registration information. The user registration information may include billing information and a user identifier such as a login id or email address. The system then authenticates the identity of the user with an ISP and communicates the user identifier to each provider of each selected service. The registration information and information representative of any selected service is also communicated to a billing engine. In this manner, a user may access each product or service and be billed appropriately for its usage. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/335,364 filed on Oct. 31, 2001 and entitled “System and Method For Provisioning Network Services” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This invention relates generally to networking technologies and, more particularly, relates to a system and method for providing access to network services. High bandwidth access to the Internet is presently obtainable via digital subscriber line (“DSL”) networks offered by local exchange carriers (“LECs”) and hybrid fiber coax (“HFC”) networks offered by major cable companies. While high bandwidth access is becoming more ubiquitous, customer demand for high bandwidth access still lags behind the demand for access provided by dial-up Internet service providers (“ISPs”). This lack of demand may be caused by the fact that the aforementioned high bandwidth access providers typically do not offer customers the same suite of services (e.g., email, web hosting and, most importantly, technical support to facilitate connectivity to the network) as do dial-up ISPs. In an attempt to increase the demand for high bandwidth Internet access, DSL providers have partnered with ISPs whereby ISPs provide customers access to their suite of services. Current implementations are both DSL provider and ISP provider specific. However, the operational costs of maintaining the geometric growth in interfaces required to support this partnership threatens their long-term economic viability. Meanwhile, the cable HFC network has remained somewhat more closed to the idea of teaming with ISPs. This is due to lack of infrastructure in the case of smaller franchises and the lack of competitive offerings in the case of AT&T and Time Warner (@Home and AOL respectively). Nonetheless, as the operators of these HFC networks begin the process of opening their networks to ISPs the same issues and problems will arise as are presently found in the presently implemented DSL/ISP partnerships. An additional concern for ISPs with respect to these partnerships is the negative profit margin they realize. In this regard, the high operational costs combined with the high prices of broadband network access charged by the network providers assure that simply offering email, technical support, etc. will not suffice as a long term business model for ISPs. To survive, ISPs must generate high margin, sustainable revenue in the form of additional services and products offered to high bandwidth customers. Examples of these types of additional services would be music downloads, network disk storage, file backup services, etc. However, creating order entry, provisioning and rating capabilities across a large number of service providers using existing technologies would add another layer of operational complexity and increases the time to market for offering these types of new services. These costs can become so high as to prohibit ISPs from realizing this type of revenue. Small service providers would also have a much higher cost of entry into this market due to the number of disparate interfaces that need to be created to reach all their potential customers. In an attempt to solve some of these problems, CableLab's B2B effort is proposing to develop standards for the creation of the necessary network interfaces. Furthermore, various venders in the enterprise application integration (“EAI”) and network spaces offer partial solutions using their software products to try and achieve a pseudo-standard interface to each provider/partner. These solutions, however, focus only on user qualification, order entry and basic provisioning. Complex product catalogs and usage rating are not being considered. Accordingly, presently contemplated solutions will not remove the operational complexity that results from a system having interconnects and monthly reconciliations with many partners. Still further, as broadband networks become more complex and grow in size, the issue of IP address space will becomes a critical concern. New IP address space is becoming more and more scarce and, therefore, more valuable. While proposed industry solutions to this problem vary, most suggest creating a clear delineation of IP space between DSL/HFC networks and ISP assets. While this solution may provide a short term solution to the problem, as the Open Access model grows IP address space will again become a scarce commodity. To address these and other deficiencies, a system and method for providing access to network services is provided. Generally, an open access broker system receives a user selection of one or more services/products that have been deemed to be available to a customer via the network as well as customer registration information. The customer registration information may include billing information and a customer identifier such as a login id or email address. The open access broker system then authenticates the identity of the customer with an ISP and communicates the customer identifier to each provider of each selected service/product. The registration information and information representative of any selected service/product or service is also communicated to a billing engine. In this manner, a customer may access each product or service and be billed appropriately for its usage. Allowing BSPs, NPs, and ISPs to manage one API connection yet conduct business with all members of the consortium. Tracking of user identity across systems. Extending serviceability across all “users” of the open access broker. Bringing IP management and IP space allocation calculus into the provisioning process. FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary provisioning manager architecture. Turning now to the figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, there is illustrated exemplary systems and methods for providing access to network services. Generally, the described systems and methods reside in broadband network which includes one or more network partners, such as Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) 10, Broadband Content Providers (“BCPs”)/Broadband Service Providers (“BSPs”) 12, and Network Providers (“NPs”) 14, which exchange messages with an Open Access Broker 16. As will be described in greater detail below, the Open Access Broker 16 cooperates with the other network partners to perform various tasks including those tasks associated with qualifying customers, registering customers, provisioning services, allocating IP addresses, and rating usage. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the network partners and the Open Access Broker 16 generally reside on one or more general purpose computing devices which operate under the control of computer executable instructions. The general purpose computing device need not be limited to computers and servers but may include hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable customer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Furthermore, the computer executable instructions may include routines, programs, objects, components, and/or data structures that perform particular tasks. Within the network, the computer executable instructions may reside on a single general purpose computing device or the tasks performed by the computer executable instructions may be distributed among a plurality of the general purpose computing devices. For performing the tasks in accordance with the computer executable instructions, the general purpose computing devices preferably include one or more of a video adapter, a processing unit, a system memory, and a system bus that couples the video adapter and the system memory to the processing unit. The video adapter allows the computing devices to support a display, such as a cathode ray tube (“CRT”), a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), a flat screen monitor, a touch screen monitor or similar means for displaying textual and graphical data to a user. The display allows a user to view, enter, and/or edit information that is relevant to the operation of the system. The system memory in the general purpose computing devices may include read only memory (“ROM”) and/or random access memory (“RAM”). The general purpose computing devices may also include a hard disk drive for reading from and writing to a hard disk, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a magnetic disk, and/or an optical disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable optical disk. The hard disk drive, magnetic disk drive, and optical disk drive may be connected to the system bus by a hard disk drive interface, a magnetic disk drive interface, and an optical disk drive interface, respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide non-volatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the general purpose computing devices. To allow communications between the general purpose computing devices, the general purpose computing devices preferably include a network interface or adapter. While the preferred embodiment contemplates that communications will be exchanged primarily via a broadband network, other means of exchanging communications are also contemplated. For example, a wireless access interface that receives and processes information exchanged via a wireless communications medium, such as, cellular communication technology, satellite communication technology, blue tooth technology, WAP technology, or similar means of wireless communication can be utilized by the general purpose computing devices. To provide network security, the general purpose computing devices may also utilize security techniques that have become customary when conducting electronic business. These security techniques include, but are not limited to, firewalls, encryption, authentication certificates, directory-based user registration and security management, etc. Because the capabilities and best practices of network security are constantly evolving and improving, this document does not espouse the use of any particular technique, technology or product. Rather, it simply specifies that the network architecture should support the use of security practices necessary to protect the business interests of the participants and to insure the overall integrity and confidentiality of information within the system. For exchanging information between the partners within the network any networking protocol can be utilized. For example, it is contemplated that communications can be performed using TCP/IP. Generally, HTTP and HTTPS are utilized on top of TCP/IP as the message transport envelope. These two protocols are able to deal with firewall technology better than other message management techniques. However, partners may choose to use a message-queuing system instead of HTTP and HTTPS if greater communications reliability is needed. An example of a message queuing system is IBM's MQ-Series or the Microsoft message queue (MSMQ). The system described hereinafter is suited for both HTTP/HTTPS, message-queuing systems, and other communications transport protocol technologies. Furthermore, depending on the differing business and technical requirements of the various partners within the network, the physical network may embrace and utilize multiple communication protocol technologies. To qualify customers to determine if access to the network and network services/products are available to the customers, the open access broker 16 is adapted to respond to qualification query messages. By way of example, the qualification query message can originate from an ISP's Web system, as illustrated in FIG. 2, from client software executing on a computer of a customer, as illustrated in FIG. 3, from a computer operated by a CSR, as illustrated in FIG. 4, or the like. In the instance where the qualification process is performed using an ISP's Web system, the customer uses a Web browser resident on a computer 18 to access (102) an ISP's Web site 20 and uses information on the ISP's Web site 20 to navigate to a page that allows them to determine if broadband access is available in their area. The ISP's order entry system utilizes an XML API to query (200) a Qualification Module 22 using information entered by the customer such as, by way of example only, name, home address, current phone #, etc. When the qualification process is initiated using client software, which may be provided by a Network provider or ISP, a customer will install the client software package on a computer 18 and be prompted, via an advertising/marketing message or the like, to upgrade to broadband access. The prompting may bring up an initial qualification screen on the computer 18 and the customer may then provide information which will be used during the qualification process. The client software package may also scan the PC to gather information such as the physical attributes of the machine for use during the qualification process. These attributes could include processor speed, availability of a wired or wireless network interface and other relevant data. The software package then makes a connection (103) to the provider's order entry system 24 using the provider's protocol. The provider's order entry system 24 utilizes the XML API to query (200) the Qualification Module 22 with the information. When the qualification process is initiated using the services of a CSR, the customer calls the provider call center and speaks to a CSR. The CSR then uses their internal order entry system 26 to take basic information from the customer (104). The CSR system may then utilize the XML API to query (200) the Qualification Module 22 with information supplied by the customer. In response to a qualification query, received via the XML API, the Qualification Module 22 determines if a physical location or address is capable of receiving broadband access, services and/or products. To this end, the Qualification Module 22 may use a standard address rationalization or “scrubbing” package to format the specified address of the potential customer (which may have been included as information in the qualification query message) to a standard used by the United States Postal Service. Thereafter, the formatted address is processed according the type of access/services/products for which qualification is being sought. The factors used to make the qualification decision are typically different for each type of broadband service. For data services over an HFC Network, each location capable of connecting to this network may be stored in a database 28, in this case a “Homes Passed” database. The database 28 is populated and maintained by a Network Provider 12 and should be considered to be very accurate. To determine if a location is serviceable, the database 28 is queried by the Qualification Module 22. If the specified location is found within the database 28, service is determined to be available. Often the database 28 will contain information relating the bandwidth available on the sub-network connected to the specified location. This information can also be returned to the Qualification Module 22 for use in subsequent queries directed to the Product Catalog 30. In the case of DSL services, the location to be serviced must be within a fixed distance from the Central Office (“CO”) where DSL and standard telephony switching equipment is located. This distance will vary by the type of DSL being offered and the technologies employed for delivery. The calculation of this distance is normally based on an algorithm supplied by the Network Provider 14. Determining the CO that services a specified location can be performed by querying a Network Provider 14 database 28 using a Network Provider specific query methodology (as this could vary across providers). Once the CO is determined, the distance between the CO and the specified location is calculated using the provider supplied algorithm and, if the specified location is within the maximum allowed distance, the specified location is determined to be qualified. Given that the exact distance between the CO and the specified location can vary depending on network topology and quality of transmission lines and other gear, a positive qualification answer is not 100% dependable and should be confirmed with a physical visit to the site. The determination of the CO will also influence the types of DSL offered in terms of bandwidth and IP address availability. This information can also be returned to the Qualification Module 22 for use in a subsequent queries directed to the Product Catalog 30. For satellite or fixed wireless services, qualification can depend on the distance from a central transmission node to a specified location, intervening geography and orientation of any structure used to mount an antenna. For most satellite-based services the antenna must have a clear site line in a roughly southern direction that corresponds to the location of a satellite in geosynchronus orbit. If this exists, then the location would qualify for services in most cases. Since the potential customer could be prompted to answer basic questions to determine if the factors listed above actually exist, the Qualification Module 22 may not be necessary in this case. For fixed wireless service, qualification requires the antenna to be within a certain distance from the transmission node without large intervening buildings or hills/mountains in the line of site. For use in this qualification determination, the fixed wireless network provider would supply the Qualification Module 22 data, either at the zipcode+4 level, or a larger “Homes Passed” database, to be used to determine if the specified location meets the distance requirement. With respect to the reliability of this determination, the final qualification would normally be made during the installation process. Information pertaining to the transmission and network gear may also be returned to the Qualification Module 22 for use in a subsequent queries directed to the Product Catalog 30 as it may impact upon the products/services that can be offered. It should be appreciated these the above described factors are but examples of the considerations that may be taken into account during the qualification process and are not intended to be limiting. Other factors may also be considered. For example, while the customer may qualify for access to a Network Provider's network based upon the specified location, it is possible that the provider may not have the necessary capacity from a switch, router, head end, or IP address stand point to offer the service. Given the scarcity of resources, it is also possible that that a provider may prioritize access to the network whereby the resources are limited to certain high end plans for large customers, businesses, etc. which the potential customer must be to qualify. These factors, and still others, may be considered by the Qualification Module 22 during the qualifying process. If it is determined that the potential customer is not qualified for services, the negative determination is relayed to the requesting entity/customer. Typically, this would information would be relayed to the customer via the ISP Web site 20, provider OES 24, or CSR 26 (as appropriate) which would be would have been informed of the negative determination in a message transmitted (700) by the Qualification Module 22. In cases where a determination is made that an access offering is not available due to resource constraints, this fact can be flagged when the appropriate entity is informed of the results of the qualification query. Accordingly, the access offering may still be listed in the reply message that is returned to the inquiring entity but would flagged as being unavailable due to resource constraints. The requesting entity can process this information differently, depending on their own internal policies. For example, an ISP may maintain their own waiting list of customers interested in DSL service and could periodically check the availability of DSL access on behalf of potential customers should the constraints which caused access to be denied be removed. If, however, it is determined that the potential customer is qualified for one or more types of access to the Network, a query (300) is made to the Product Catalog Server 30 to retrieve (400) a list of offerings available, if any, at the specified location for the class of customer. The offerings include types of access, products, services, or combinations thereof, without limitation (collectively referred to as “services”). If any offerings are available, a list of such offerings may be returned (700) with a positive reply to the qualification inquiry. The potential customer may then view the available offerings for possible purchase as will be described hereinafter. Plans can be constructed using the services of one provider or across providers. For example, an ISP 10 may offer the “High Speed Cable Gold” Plan which consists of cable HFC network access for up to 3 PCs with a 30 Gigabit bandwidth quota per month, 3 email addresses, 20 free music downloads per month, and 30 MB of online backup. The network access is provided by Network Provider A, the email by the ISP, the music downloads by BSP B, and the online backup by BSP D. Furthermore, plans can delineate rating guidelines as appropriate for each service offered within the plan. Using the same example list, the bandwidth quota is 30 GBs of network usage per month. Once this level is exceeded a variety of actions could be taken. The user could be charged for each MB or GB of excess usage and the Network Provider may bill another provider for this usage (the ISP in this example), the user's access could be terminated, etc. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the rating guidelines used can be varied by product type and as deemed appropriate by the network partners. Further components of a plan can be a pricing model and financial settlement rules for that plan. Typically, each plan has a unit or recurring charge to the end customer. How the revenue from the customer's purchase is divided among the various providers and how usage is allocated across these providers would therefore be determined by settlement rules outlined in the Plan definition. For each given network access service that is physically available to the customer at their specified location there may be many possible offerings or plans listed in the Product Catalog 30. The final determination as to which of these offerings or plans are ultimately made available for selection by the end customer can be based on a number of factors. These factors can be listed as part of an offering definition in the Product Catalog 30. For example, some offerings/plans may have their availability limited to only those customers that have entered a promotional code during the qualification process. Other offerings/plans may be segmented by geographic region or by the number of computers a customer wishes to connect to the network. Preferably, the owner of the offering/plan creates the final business rules that surround it as well as the settlement rules involved. It should be noted that multi-vendor plans would be based on previously negotiated contractual agreements between the providers. How these arrangements are determined is outside the scope of this document. Once a customer has been provided with the offering options that are available, the customer may request to become a registered user of one or more of the services. In the case where registration is performed via the ISP Web site, illustrated in FIG. 5, the customer again navigates the ISP's Web site to select the offering(s) of interest. In this process, the customer may be asked to provide any necessary billing and contact information. Typically, this step would involve queries of the Product Catalog 30 as the necessary billing and contact information is preferably maintained within the Product Catalog 30 in the form of credit and business rules of the provider(s) offering the service(s). In connection with the registration process, a customer may also be offered the opportunity to chose a login id/email username. If the customer proposes a login id/email username, the proposed login id/email username will be checked against entries in the ISP's authentication/name database 32 until an unused login id/email name is proposed. The exact composition of the database 32 would be under the control of the ISP, but at a minimum it will contain a username/password pair for network login and any other services such as email offered by the ISP. Once a unique login id/email username choice is selected for/by the customer, the information collected would be forwarded (205) to the ISP's internal systems and then to the Open Access Broker 16 using XML APIs provided. When the initial access by the customer to the network is by means of client software, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the client software will parse the reply message returned by the Qualification Module 22 and will display the options available to the customer. The client software will then prompt the customer to make selections. The client software would also prompt the customer for any necessary billing and contact information required by the Provider of any selected offerings which requirements would be retrieved from the Product Catalog 30. Again, the customer may be given the additional opportunity to choose a login id/email username. To verify the availability of any selected login id/email username, the client software can use the ISP's internal methodologies to compare the choices of the customer against the ISP's authentication/name database 32. Once a unique login id/email username choice is selected for/by the customer, the information collected would be forwarded (205) to the ISP's internal systems and then to the Open Access Broker 16 using XML APIs provided. When the initial access by the customer to the network is by means of an ISP CSR, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the CSR will relay the options available to the customer as indicated by the Qualification Module 22 and will prompt the customer to make any desired selections. The CSR would also gather any necessary billing and contact information required by the Provider of any selected offerings which requirements would be retrieved from the Product Catalog 30. Again, the customer may be given the additional opportunity to choose a login id/email username. The CSR would use their order entry system 26 to verify the availability of any selected login id/email username against the ISP's authentication/name database 32. Once a unique login id/email username choice is selected for/by the customer, the information collected would be forwarded (205) to the ISP's internal systems and then to the Open Access Broker 16 using XML APIs provided. When the initial access by the customer to the network is by means of a Network Provide CSR, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the CSR will relay the options available to the customer as indicated by the Qualification Module 22 and will prompt the customer to make any desired selections. The CSR would also gather any necessary billing and contact information required by the Provider of any selected offerings which requirements would be retrieved from the Product Catalog 30. Again, the customer may be given the additional opportunity to choose a login id/email username. The CSR would use their order entry system 36 to communicate with the ISP's authentication system/database 32 via the Open Access Broker 16 to verify the availability of any selected login id/email username. Optionally, the Network Provider can create and assign a unique id to the customer that is valid or required for the network systems. In this case, the customer would still chose an email username that will be used as the unique ID across the Open Access system. Once a unique login id/email username choice is selected for/by the customer, the information collected would be forwarded (205) to the Open Access Broker 16 using XML APIs provided. Upon receiving the registration information, i.e., login id/email username, billing and contact information, etc., a User Id and Configuration Server 39 within the Open Access Broker 16 is used to track configuration data for each service purchased by the customer. This data will vary depending on the service type, but can include such things as IP subnet allocations, network connection points, and email servers for mail accounts. One particular piece of data that is preferably tracked is the MAC address of the customers network gear, whether that is a DSL modem, cable modem, or the wireless termination point. MAC addresses are unique Ethernet network addresses assigned to every node on a network, including routers, DSL/Cable modems and PCs. Since most networks assign IP addresses on a temporary basis it is not always possible to determine the identity of a customer by IP address. However, MAC addresses can be tracked by network monitoring software to track each packet of information sent by a customer for the purpose of calculating usage and tracking network abuse. Additionally, the User Id and Configuration Server 39 can directly enter (305) the username choice in an Identity/Service database 40 since it is already checked against the ISP's master authentication database. The Identity/Service database 40 is used to store customer authentication information across all providers for the purpose of tracking usage events and rating these events. Since it is possible for a user to have a different username or login at each Provider, the Identity/Service database 40 allows for the tracking of these relationships so that usage of the services of a Provider can be rated and the appropriate financial settlements calculated. The Identity/Service database 40 should communicate with each Provider's authentication/identity systems to assure that all data is synchronized across providers since each provider has other sources for this data. One positive consequence of the Identity/Service database 40 is that customers who do not yet have an identity with a service provider, or are willing to change identities, can request that the system automatically provision the username across all the selected providers [see the registration process above] giving them one username to use across providers. Within the Identity/Server database 40, two major types of data are stored for each customer. The first type of data maintained for the customer is a collection of data elements that represent the user's login id/username data for each offering of each Provider purchased by the customer. This information can be referenced by an integer key that is unique across the entire customer base and which preferably remains constant during the entire existence of the customer within the database 40. It will be appreciated that this key is not used by the customer to access services of a Provider. The second type of data maintained for the customer is a customer facing key. The customer facing key is a unique username@domain combination that is also the primary email address for the customer [the key is unique due to the design of the original Internet domain and email naming standards]. By storing 2 unique keys for each customer it is possible for the system to reconcile changes in the customer's email address by simply changing this entry alone, leaving the integer ID and all other entries unchanged. Also, when customers authenticate against a provider's self-care systems they are asked for authentication information in the form of a unique username@domain string. The provider's systems can thus use the customer facing key when communicating with the Open Access Broker 16. Since the customer facing key will become the unique identifier for the customer across all vendors and services, the customer facing key is preferably registered with the Providers if possible. To this end, the User ID and Configuration Server 39 will refer to the Product Catalog 30 to determine the vendors and specific services that need a user identifier. (If a user identifier is not need, usage could tracked using MAC address<->Unique ID relationships). Then, using XML APIs or interfaces provided by the Network Provider 12, the Open Access Broker 16 communicates (405) with the Network Provider's systems to create the necessary authentication entries. Using the XML API's, the identity information will also be forwarded (405) to the Service Providers listed in the plan. If an identity currently exists on the service providers system an error condition should not be created. Rather, the service provider should be notified that this user is now being rated as part of an overall Open Access plan. If the identity does not exist, it will be created. The registration information is also forwarded (505) by the User Id and Configuration Server 39 to a Core Billing and Financial Engine 44 and a Provisioning Manager 48. The Core Billing and Financial Engine 44 uses the information to create a record for a customer within a related database 45. If the customer currently has a service provided by the network provider, their record will be updated to reflect the new services purchased. As will be described hereinafter, the Core Billing and Financial Engine 44 is utilized in connection with the rating and usage billing process. The Provisioning Manager 48 is responsible for the physical provisioning of services purchased via the Open Access Broker 16. The Provisioning Manager 48 may also be used to track the status of each of the steps within the provisioning process. For each type of purchasable service different steps may be taken in the provisioning process and different messaging interfaces may be used to add, change, and delete customer information within the systems (705). In order to meet this diverse set of requirements, the Provisioning Manager 48 is designed with a central core module surrounded by any number of adapter modules coded to work with specific device interfaces. An exemplary architecture is illustrated in FIG. 11. The Workflow Manager 50 receives a request to provision a service for a customer. Within the provision request will be a list of discrete providers and purchased services associated with these providers. Where appropriate, configuration parameters can also be included for relevant service such as an email mailbox size quota, bandwidth rate for network access, etc. Iterating over this list, the Workflow Manager 50 creates a service order 56 for each item that is being provisioned. The workflow procedures used to create a service order reside in the Business Logic Layer 52. The Workflow Manager 50 also queries the Provisioning Rules Database 54 to retrieve a list of specific systems that must be configured, the appropriate adapters 58 to call to accomplish this task, and the exact data needed by each adapter 58. After a service order 56 is created it is forwarded to the appropriate adapter 58, which is then responsible for interfacing with the specific device or system at the designated provider. The adapter 58 then transmits the service order information to the designated provider which uses the information contained within the service order to accordingly provision the service(s) for the customer. If the adapter 58 receives an error message indicating that the system of the designated provider was not able to process the service order information, the error message is returned to the Workflow Manager 50 for processing. The Workflow Manager 50 preferably uses procedures defined by the provider of the relevant service to handle error processing. If provisioning errors are fatal (causing the service to not be provisioned), this information is preferably passed back through the Open Access Broker 16 to the entity that initially requested provisioning and, ultimately, to the customer. It will be understood that change orders and cancellations can be handled in the same fashion, with the Workflow Manager 50 breaking down the steps according to predefined procedures and working with the appropriate adapters 58 to facilitate the process. For example, in the case that a customer wishes to change a username, either for email or for login, the Workflow Manager 50 interacts with the User Id and Configuration Server 39 to track and verify the changes required across all systems. The Provisioning Manager 48 may further cooperate with the Product catalog 30 and an IP Address Rules Server 60 to determine the proper IP subnet(s) for the service(s), plan selected. If multiple subnets are determined to be available, the Network Provider's 14 allocation mechanism is responsible for handling the selection of the appropriate subnet during the DHCP lease request process. In connection with the allocation, the Provisioning Manager 48 should be directed to refer to the Product Catalog 30 for the list of discrete services that need to be configured to complete the customer's registration process. The Provisioning Manager 48 can then institute the necessary provisioning actions at a provider/device level and complete the necessary steps to provision the user within the ISP's and Network provider's networks in the manner discussed previously. For example, if providers require custom software installs, this is noted and returned to the ISP website as a complete list to be executed by the ISP's systems. The completed list of providers and all identity/download information is returned as an XML message to the ISP systems to be processed by the ISP. The ISP handles the presentation of this information. The IP Address Rules Server 60 is responsible for the assignment of a discrete IP Address, or address range, at a network access point level for each access device managed by the Open Access Broker 16 provisioning system. Each customer system connects to the larger network through a network device, which could be, but is not limited to, a cable modem, DSL router, or a wireless router. These devices can be provisioned with a permanent static IP address or an IP address assigned for a temporary leased basis using DHCP or other IP address assignment technologies. The IP address may be assigned from a pool of addresses managed and owned by a Network Provider 14, or a pool managed and owned by an ISP 10 depending on the legal agreements in place between providers and ISPs. As more and more devices are connected to the world wide IP network, the finite address space will be consumed. Efforts are underway to expand the pool of available addresses using technologies such as “Ipv6,” but these are not fully developed and supported by mainstream network equipment vendors. Adding to the problem is the enormous capital expenditure that will be required to bring all the network equipment and customer level equipment to this new standard. Accordingly, it is reasonable to assume that IP address space will continue to be a more scarce resource and, as such, will begin to be treated as an independent economic resource much the same way as bandwidth and access are now. Current methodologies for handling address allocation are based on a temporary leased address model where for each X number of available addresses in Pool Y there are m*X number of end customer devices eligible to receive an address from the Pool Y. Over time, network operators have developed their own algorithms for calculating the appropriate multiplier “m” that results in each customer being allocated an address while minimizing the number of pools that a provider must maintain. As a pool of addresses is over allocated a provider must then apply for additional pools of addresses from the appropriate Regional Internet Registries depending on their geographical location. In the United States, for example, the appropriate Registry is “ARIN.” The registries are non-profit organizations funded by industry participants tasked with maintaining a balanced usage of IP address space. In order to receive a new pool of addresses a provider must show a defined need for the pool and have shown proper diligence in terms of managing it's current resources. As the available pools become scarcer it will become more difficult to receive a new allocation and, as such, it will become cost effective to buy under allocated pools from other providers. As network providers begin to offer access to ISPs the problem becomes moderately more complex. Current arrangements have distinct delineations in place. In some systems the IP address pool used at the customer end is allocated from the ISP's pool while it is allocated at other times from the Network Provider pool depending on the contractual agreement. These rules apply across the entire network and all access points. This type of blanket arrangement will not work in the long run as some network subnets become more crowded than others and some pools are exhausted before others. Therefore, the allocation of IP addresses to customer network devices will become more complex from a business rules standpoint. Also, any system managing the allocation of addresses must now take into account the financial aspects of each allocation transaction, and begin to track the assignment and usage of addresses across providers from a financial reconciliation standpoint. To overcome these deficiencies, during the initial customer registration and provisioning process, the IP Address Rule Server 60 is responsible for determining if current IP resources exist at a given physical location and network connection point. This determination is performed in conjunction with an IP Address database which contains this detailed network topology and IP address subnet allocation data. The data may be supplied by Network Providers 14 during the initial configuration of the system and should be modified as network topologies are changed and assets added to the system. This data entry can be accomplished either via the published XML API or via the GUI tools provided as part of the Open Access Broker 16 tool set. By way of example only, FIG. 12 illustrates a process for flexibly allocating IP addresses to other providers and ISPs for a short time frame [much the same way that energy is managed on the electric grid] within the constraints of the network topology. In the illustrated example, it is assumed that an ISP 10 is responsible for allocating the IP addresses for their customers who have purchases a product “A” in which a Network Provider 14 provides the network access component of Product “A.” Due to a major national news event a larger than normal number of users are attempting to access the network (112) and view online news reports. During this temporary spike in usage ISP 10 has run out of available IP addresses. Once the DHCP server 62 that is responsible for allocating those addresses detects the condition, it uses an XML API to make a request to the Open Access Broker 16 for more IP addresses blocks (212). The request message contains a parameter outlining the number of addresses needed, as well as a flag indicating whether the ISP will accept a 3rd parties IP allocation, and the maximum it will pay for this allocation. The IP Address Rules Server 60 takes this request message and processes it by retrieving (312) the business rules outlined previously by the Network Provider 14 to the Business Logic Module 52 as well as the IP Allocation Database 64. If a policy exists that allows the ISP 10 to lease addresses temporarily and there are available IP addresses to lease, a positive response is sent (412) back to the ISP's DHCP system 62 with a parameter outlining the subnet that has been allocated, and another parameter outlining the amount of time that these IP addresses can be leased for. At the same time the IP Address Rules Server 60 sends an IP Over-Allocation Rating Event to a rating engine delineating the details of the transaction and the providers involved. This event is processed as any other rating event and the financial charges allocated appropriately during the billing cycle. If addresses are not available for allocation from a given Network Provider 14, and the ISP has set a 3rd party flag to “Yes,” the IP Address Rules Server 60 will then check against the IP Address Database 64 to determine if it is possible to allocate another subnet from a different Network Provider 14 and what the cost of this allocation would be. An additional factor can be involved in making this decision as it may not be possible to route traffic from ISP using a different Network Provider 14. The IP Address Rules Server 60 will attempt to find a subnet to allocate given the network topology and financial constraints set by the ISP 10 in the initial request. If it is possible, a response will be sent to the ISP's DHCP system 62. If the ISP has set the 3rd party flag to “NO,” a message should be sent from the IP Address Rules Server 60 to a predestinated email address or wireless paging service to alert the ISP's personnel to the pending problem and direct them to a manual system. To allow ISPs and Network Providers to interface their systems to the IP Address Rules Server 60 an API may be provided. In this manner, operators at each site may inquire into the current state of the system, identify potential problems, etc., using this interface and manually request additional addresses before resource constraints trigger automatic events. Using this interface it will be possible for participants to make bids for address allocation and to accept bids. This allows for overrides to the automatic policy limits set in advance to allow for ISPs and network providers to make appropriate business decisions given a larger set of parameters. For rating purchases and usage of services, customers purchasing a service from a BSP 12 trigger a rating event that is sent (109) by the BSP 12 to a Rating Engine 66 of the Open Access Broker 16 as illustrated in FIG. 9. The message indicative of the rating event preferably contains the user's identity, the amount purchased, and the service purchased by pre-determined category. The Rating Engine 66 will query (209) the User ID and Configuration Server 39 to determine the master unique id that is associated with this customer. The Rating Engine 66 will then query (309) the Product Catalog 30 for rating guidelines that apply for the service purchased by the customer. After rating the event, the information is passed (409) to a Financial/Billing Engine 44 for further processing. The information may also be passed to the Network Provider and/or the ISP's billing system for the purposes of later reconciliation (509). When rating network usage, users purchasing a service from a BSP 12 trigger a rating event that is sent (110) by the BSP 12 to the Rating Engine 66 of the Open Access Broker 16. The rating event message may be created in the BSP's Network Mediation System 70 which receives access information from the Network Gear 72. The message indicative of the rating event preferably contains the user's identity, the amount purchased, and the access purchased by pre-determined category. The Rating Engine 66 will query (210) the User ID and Configuration Server 39 to determine the master unique id that is associated with this customer. The Rating Engine 66 will then query (310) the Product Catalog 30 for rating guidelines that apply for the plan selected by the user. A query (510) is made against the IP Address Rules Server 60 to determine if there are any further guidelines that apply to the IP address passed as part of this event. After rating the event, the information is passed (610) to a Financial/Billing Engine 44 for further processing. The information may also be passed to the Network Provider and/or the ISP's billing system for the purposes of later reconciliation (710). Upon receipt of rating information, the Financial/Billing Engine 44 tracks the financial relationships between customers, their chosen services, and the respective providers. In a simple model with one provider and multiple end customers the billing process is very straightforward. A customer purchases a service and incurs a monthly charge and potentially an initial setup charge for installation and equipment. Customers are assigned account numbers and are segregated by provider and, in some cases, by physical locations in order to calculate franchise fees and taxes. Once per month the rating information received for a customer is combined with a monthly rate and a detailed bill is generated. The customer is either sent a detailed statement or their credit card is billed directly depending on the plan and billing methodologies available and offered. The accounts receivables for the providers are therefore directly related to the customers. The Financial/Billing Engine 44 may also be used to track collections and delinquencies. How this is handled is a business policy issue determined by the providers. Some of the actions that could be taken include multiple dunning notices, disconnections of service and accumulations of late charges. In a new multi-provider environment the process is not as direct. The services offered create a need to track multiple accounts receivable across providers at a customer detail level as well as at a provider-to-provider level. In a simple example, a customer purchases a basic Internet Access package from ISP A, at a monthly rate of $50 per month for the first 100 GB of total bandwidth used for the month and a $1 per GB charge for additional traffic, with 10 free content downloads per month and $1.00 per download above that amount. The core access service is provided by Cable provider B, the downloads by Provider C, and the ISP services such as email and website hosting by ISP C. The contractual terms agreed upon by all three providers break down the receivables as illustrated in example Table 1 below. If, in month one, the customer uses a total of 120 GB of bandwidth and downloads content 15 times the total charge to the customer is $75.00, which is collected in this instance by Provider A. Provider A then has an account receivable with the customer for $75.00 but must also recognize the Account Payable they have with Providers B and C, in the amounts of $53.75 and $4.5 respectively. The Billing/Financial Engine 44, in cooperation with the Product Catalog 30 determines the contractual rules and rates for each service. The bill for each customer may then be calculated as it was in the first example. The Billing/Financial Engine 44, however, performs the additional steps of calculating the total amount owed to provider B and Provider C for each customer, calculating a grand total, and generating an invoice for provider B and C. Still further, the Billing/Financial Engine 44 can be used to calculate the appropriate franchise fees and taxes for the totals apportioned to the network provider(s) or the network provider(s) can use their internal systems to complete this aspect of the billing cycle if they do not use the full Open Access Broker 16 billing engine 44. In the example above the franchise fees and taxes would be calculated for the basic access portion of $37.50 and, if applicable, against the $16.25 charged for bandwidth usage. Access to the Billing/Financial Engine 44 can be by a standard XML API and GUI tools which enable integration of account management functionality with providers current systems. Using the API/tools a provider can change important customer level information such as credit card numbers, phone numbers, monitor collections and issues credits for service related problems. These same API/tools can be used by a provider to view a detailed invoice at the end customer level in order to reconcile invoices for services issued by the billing engine. a provisioning subsystem responsible for provisioning and de-provisioning offerings with the providers, the provisioning subsystem using information in the product catalog to create a series of provisioning events that are relayed to the providers which allow the provider to register a purchase of an offering by the end customer with the provider, track customer usage of the offerings, and, in response to the usage, create usage events for processing by the rating engine. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising a standardized interface to allow providers to develop connections to the product catalog and to transact with other providers. 3. The system as recited in claim 1, comprising an IP address rules server tracking the assignment of IP address subnets across the offerings to thereby provide customer access to the offerings.

2019-04-20T21:19:50Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US7917394B2/en

HIDY, PATTIE J. was born 8 December 1983, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 10734 158Th St N, Jupiter, Florida 33478. Florida voter ID number 118669890. Her telephone number is 1-561-329-5487. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2018 voter list: PATTIE HIDY, 10160 175TH RD N, JUPITER, FL 33478 Republican Party of Florida. 31 August 2017 voter list: PATTIE HIDY, 10734 158TH ST N, JUPITER, FL 33478 Republican Party of Florida. 31 May 2015 voter list: PATTIE J. HIDY, 10887 165TH RD N, JUPITER, FL 33478 Republican Party of Florida. HIDY, PATTY HORTON was born 7 September 1971, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 70 Sunset Key Dr, Key West, Florida 33040. Florida voter ID number 122612167. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 December 2018 voter list: Patty Horton Hidy, 131 Lansing Island Dr, Indian Harbour Beach, FL 32937 Republican Party of Florida. Hidy, Patty Horton was born 7 September 1971, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 251 Fairway Cir, Naples, Florida 34110. Florida voter ID number 103036419. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 1201 Runnymede Rd Dayton OH 45419-2923. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. Hidy, Reba E. was born 15 December 1943, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 35038 Dale Ave, Zephyrhills, Florida 33541. Florida voter ID number 106549415. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hidy, Robert B. was born 15 September 1939, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 36043 Zinnia Ave, Zephyrhills, Florida 33541. Florida voter ID number 106564060. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2013. HIDY, RONALD M. was born 12 February 1933, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 961 Ne Sr 6, Madison, Florida 32340. Florida voter ID number 105268977. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIDY, SASITORN was born 22 February 1975, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 17294 La Brisa Ln, Summerland /Sug., Florida 33042. Florida voter ID number 113870821. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 June 2014. HIDY, SASITORN was born 22 February 1975, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 17294 La Brisa Ln, Summerland /Sug., Florida 33042. Florida voter ID number 124399945. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIDY, WINIFRED D. was born 14 May 1936, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 677 Eagle Watch Ln, Osprey, Florida 34229. Florida voter ID number 100273642. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 April 2014. Hidzlgogat, Julio born 12 April 1937, Florida voter ID number 119640650 See Hidalgo-Gato, Julio. CLICK HERE. HIE, ALLEN LESLIE was born 29 May 1971, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2107 N Dixie Hwy, West Palm Beach, Florida 33407. Florida voter ID number 126603260. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIE, ALONDRIA LESLIE was born 22 July 1997, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 12100 Sterling University Ln, Apt Not Give, Orlando, Florida 32826. Florida voter ID number 122983294. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2019 voter list: ALONDRIA LESLIE HIE, 5369 STRATFORD RD, HAVERHILL, FL 33415 Florida Democratic Party. 31 August 2017 voter list: ALONDRIA LESLIE HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 31 May 2016 voter list: ALONDRIA LESLIE HIE, 5369 STRATFORD RD, HAVERHILL, FL 33415 Florida Democratic Party. HIE, MALEXISA CORDALE was born 1 January 1996, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5369 Stratford Rd, Haverhill, Florida 33415. Florida voter ID number 121783213. Her telephone number is 1-561-318-2683. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2016 voter list: HIE CORDALE MALEXISA, 6225 PLAINS DR, LAKE WORTH, FL 33463 Florida Democratic Party. HIE, MONTRESE LAR-NEISHA was born 1 September 1998, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5369 Stratford Rd, Haverhill, Florida 33415. Florida voter ID number 123603549. Her telephone number is 1-561-331-5533. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2017 voter list: MONTRESE LAR-NEISHA HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 31 July 2016 voter list: MONTRESE LAR-NEISHA HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, #K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. Hie, Richard Daniel was born 24 November 1952, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 15840 Sr 50, Lot 164, Clermont, Florida 34711. Florida voter ID number 123318899. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIE, SHONATRIA M. born 27 February 1973, Florida voter ID number 117098099 See HIE, SHONDRIA M. CLICK HERE. HIE, SHONDRIA M. was born 27 February 1973, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1806 Abbey Rd, Apt D204, West Palm Beach, Florida 33415. Florida voter ID number 117098099. Her telephone number is 1-561-584-2551. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2018 voter list: SHONDRIA M. HIE, 5369 STRATFORD RD, HAVERHILL, FL 33415 Florida Democratic Party. 31 August 2017 voter list: SHONDRIA M. HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 30 September 2016 voter list: SHONATRIA M. HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 31 July 2016 voter list: SHONATRIA M. HIE, 6617 RIGGERS RD, LAKE WORTH, FL 33462 Florida Democratic Party. Hieatt, Carey Edmond was born 21 July 1970, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1993 1St Ave, Deland, Florida 32724. Florida voter ID number 108521376. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatt, Cheryl Mitchell was born 28 February 1965, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3714 Province Dr, Melbourne, Florida 32934-3293. Florida voter ID number 125515291. Her telephone number is 1-469-583-4901. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 November 2018 voter list: CHERYL MITCHELL HIEATT, 13118 HEMING WAY, ORLANDO, FL 32825 Republican Party of Florida. HIEATT, DONNA MARIE was born 28 September 1957, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3560 Arbutus Ln, Winter Park, Florida 32792. Florida voter ID number 113401799. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 28 February 2018 voter list: DONNA M. HIEATT, 3560 ARBUTUS LN, WINTER PARK, FL 32792 Republican Party of Florida. Hieatt, Jennifer Rose was born 6 July 1972, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1993 1St Ave, Deland, Florida 32724. Florida voter ID number 108466499. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2017. Hieatt, Katelyn Karlene was born 2 March 1993, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1993 1St Ave, Deland, Florida 32724. Florida voter ID number 121320963. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2017. HIEATT, MICHAEL S. was born 8 April 1952, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3111 35Th Ave N, St Petersburg, Florida 33713. Florida voter ID number 107075641. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEATT, SHERYL P. was born 7 April 1961, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3111 35Th Ave N, St Petersburg, Florida 33713. Florida voter ID number 107013779. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatzman, Janice Ann was born 14 August 1938, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 59 Kano Ct, Fort Myers, Florida 33912. Florida voter ID number 103151459. Her telephone number is 1-239-353-9409. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2016 voter list: Janice Martin Hieatzman, 4390 23RD AVE SW, Naples, FL 34116 Republican Party of Florida. Hieatzman, Janice J. was born 23 June 1956, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 14630 Tamarac Dr, Bokeelia, Florida 33922. Florida voter ID number 111373586. Her telephone number is 1-239-292-6542. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatzman, Lois Jarvis was born 23 February 1928, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4372 27Th Ct Sw, Apt 102, Naples, Florida 34116. Florida voter ID number 103024768. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 3538 Kingston Ct Ellicott City MD 21042. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. Hieatzman, Mathilda Storm was born 16 October 1980, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3625 Sw 3Rd St, Cape Coral, Florida 33991. Florida voter ID number 110681480. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 28 February 2019. Hieatzman, Reed H. was born 25 September 1954, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 14630 Tamarac Dr, Bokeelia, Florida 33922. Florida voter ID number 111386208. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatzman, Thomas R. was born 27 June 1978, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3625 Sw 3Rd St, Cape Coral, Florida 33991. Florida voter ID number 114093848. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 28 February 2019. Hieatzman, William Howard was born 9 August 1928, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 59 Kano Ct, Fort Myers, Florida 33912. Florida voter ID number 103024594. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2016 voter list: William Howard Hieatzman, 4390 23RD AVE SW, Naples, FL 34116 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Alison Johnson was born 22 April 1985, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1279 Woodward Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32207. Florida voter ID number 108051884. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 615 Cielo Vista Dr Greenwood IN 46143-1751. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2016. 31 May 2012 voter list: Alison Claire Johnson, 2305 Greenside Ct, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 320823700 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Alison Johnson was born 22 April 1985, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2598 Gemstone Cir, Pace, Florida 32571. Florida voter ID number 125269753. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Aspen Lucille was born 30 September 1983, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 16299 San Carlos Blvd, Fort Myers, Florida 33908. Florida voter ID number 117443089. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 28 February 2019. 31 May 2012 voter list: ASPEN LUCILLE HIEB, 16299 SAN CARLOS BLVD, #103, FORT MYERS, FL 33908 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Barbara A. was born 23 June 1947, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 6742 W Walden Estates Blvd, Homosassa, Florida 34446. Florida voter ID number 114545778. Her telephone number is 1-937-307-4532. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, CHARLES D. was born 28 May 1976, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5291 41St St S, St Petersburg, Florida 33711. Florida voter ID number 107333568. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 570 CHURCH ST E APT 909 BRENTWOOD TN 37027-3938. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014. HIEB, CHRISTINE W. was born 24 February 1959, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4723 Algonquin Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32210. Florida voter ID number 103495970. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, DAVID ALLEN was born 22 July 1963, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6331 Ne 53Rd St, Silver Springs, Florida 34488. Florida voter ID number 121345529. His email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 September 2016 voter list: DAVID ALLEN HIEB, 838 FRANKLIN CIR, PALM HARBOR, FL 34683 Republican Party of Florida. 31 December 2013 voter list: DAVID ALLEN HIEB, 6331 NE 53RD ST, SILVER SPRINGS, FL 34488 Republican Party of Florida. HIEB, DEBORAH A. was born 20 December 1950, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 7103 Olsen Rd, Pensacola, Florida 32506. Florida voter ID number 103973647. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014. HIEB, E ALLEN was born 19 July 1957, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4723 Algonquin Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32210. Florida voter ID number 103396481. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, ELIZABETH ELLEN was born 16 August 1988, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 7103 Olsen Rd, Pensacola, Florida 32506. Florida voter ID number 114713559. Her telephone number is 1-850-776-1951. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, GABRIELLA ANNA was born 10 January 1955, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8017 St Andrews Blvd, Weeki Wachee, Florida 34613. Florida voter ID number 121449049. Her telephone number is 1-910-524-5420. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, GAYLEEN FAYE was born 1 February 1962, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 3650 Warrior Ave, North Port, Florida 34286. Florida voter ID number 100292720. Her telephone number is 1-941-740-1920. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, GREGORY P. was born 20 January 1959, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 103452246. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Gregory Paul was born 21 March 1992, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 118076984. His telephone number is 1-904-253-0561. His email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 22 October 2014 voter list: Gregory P. Hieb, 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, FL 32256 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, James Patrick was born 13 May 1946, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2950 Se Ocean Blvd, 16 2, Stuart, Florida 34996. Florida voter ID number 119152663. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. Hieb, Jaspreet Clarissa born 1 September 1998, Florida voter ID number 123753283 See Frierson, Jaspreet Clarissa. CLICK HERE. Hieb, Jerry was born 26 September 1943, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2228 O'Connel Ave Sw, Palm Bay, Florida 32908. Florida voter ID number 101838520. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 January 2015. 22 October 2014 voter list: Jerry Hieb, 4885 SW 64Th WAY, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Jon Lawrence was born 31 October 1952, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 104 Camilo Ct, Sebastian, Florida 32958. Florida voter ID number 126498355. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Kaitlyn Anne was born 31 May 1995, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 119623247. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Kate Lynn was born 25 April 1987, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4712 Nw 107Th Ave, 401, Doral, Florida 33178. Florida voter ID number 118279311. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 644 Oakland Ave Mukwonago WI 53149-1246. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2014. Hieb, Lorna Mae was born 12 November 1947, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1523 Palm Place Dr Ne, Palm Bay, Florida 32905. Florida voter ID number 101786474. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 September 2016 voter list: Lorna Mae Hieb, 1815 Palm Place Dr NE, Palm Bay, FL 32905 Republican Party of Florida. 31 August 2015 voter list: Lorna Mae Hieb, 2228 O'Connel AVE SW, Palm Bay, FL 32908 Republican Party of Florida. 31 December 2014 voter list: Lorna M. Hieb, 4885 SW 64Th WAY, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Luke Loren was born 7 July 1987, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4210 Sw 87Th Ter, Davie, Florida 33328. Florida voter ID number 121773336. His telephone number is 1-754-214-3727. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Lynn Gail was born 22 March 1947, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2950 Se Ocean Blvd, Apt 16-2, Stuart, Florida 34996. Florida voter ID number 119153056. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. HIEB, LYNN J. was born 17 August 1943, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 7103 Olsen Rd, Pensacola, Florida 32506. Florida voter ID number 103975506. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Marilyn Diane was born 5 December 1951, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 104 Camilo Ct, Sebastian, Florida 32958. Florida voter ID number 126498431. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Mary E. was born 27 February 1991, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1353 Nw 80Th Ter, Apt 21-1353, Plantation, Florida 33322. Florida voter ID number 117384114. Her telephone number is 1-954-394-4003. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2016 voter list: Mary Elizabeth Hieb, 7337 SW 27TH CT, Davie, FL 333141105 Republican Party of Florida. 30 June 2015 voter list: Mary Elizabeth Hieb, 7337 SW 27TH CT, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. 31 May 2012 voter list: Mary Elizabeth Hieb, 4885 SW 64th WAY, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Matthew Allen was born 12 December 1984, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2598 Gemstone Cir, Pace, Florida 32571. Florida voter ID number 103583129. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2018 voter list: MATTHEW A. HIEB, 4723 ALGONQUIN AVE, JACKSONVILLE, FL 32210 Republican Party of Florida. HIEB, MISTY CRESCENTIA was born 3 April 1978, is female, residing at 29 Valencia Cir, Safety Harbor, Florida 34695. Florida voter ID number 107065422. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. Hieb, Molly Jane was born 17 February 1991, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 425 Veranda Way, #419, Mt. Dora, Florida 32757. Florida voter ID number 125080870. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, REBECCA A. was born 24 March 1973, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6020 Dallas Ave, Pensacola, Florida 32526-1318. Florida voter ID number 115849451. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014. HIEB, ROBERT NELSON was born 30 June 1946, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8017 St Andrews Blvd, Weeki Wachee, Florida 34613. Florida voter ID number 122397885. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, RYAN WILLIAM was born 1 November 1994, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1305 Morgan Stanley Ave, Apt 209, Winter Park, Florida 32789. Florida voter ID number 126141549. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, SHERRY S. was born 8 February 1962, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 103580126. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Stacey A. was born 21 June 1964, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 7579 Loop St, Navarre, Florida 32566. Florida voter ID number 123753264. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, TAMMY FRANCES was born 22 January 1967, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6331 Ne 53Rd St, Silver Springs, Florida 34488. Florida voter ID number 108553141. Her telephone number is 1-386-679-9976. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2017 voter list: Tammy F. Moss, 175 Old Sawmill Rd, DeLand, FL 32724 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, William John was born 10 July 1940, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6742 W Walden Estates Blvd, Homosassa, Florida 34446-5094. Florida voter ID number 117977832. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Brian Dow was born 3 May 1977, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3201 Nw 12Th Ter, Gainesville, Florida 32609. Florida voter ID number 100543248. His telephone number is 1-352-384-3774. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2012 voter list: Brian Dow Hiebel, 615 NE 9th AVE, Gainesville, FL 32601 Florida Democratic Party. Hiebel, Christine Ann was born 21 August 1963, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 32052 Grand Parke Blvd, Fernandina Beach, Florida 32034. Florida voter ID number 124638072. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBEL, JOHN RAYMOND was born 6 October 1934, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11134 Se 92Nd Ct, Belleview, Florida 34420. Florida voter ID number 105779565. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: PO BOX 3373 BELLEVIEW FL 34421-3373. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2014 voter list: JOHN R. HIEBEL, 11134 SE 92ND CT, BELLEVIEW, FL 34420 Florida Democratic Party. Hiebel, Karen Eve was born 13 May 1959, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 4131 Oasis Blvd, Cape Coral, Florida 33914. Florida voter ID number 123020740. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Kurt Lee was born 9 December 1965, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 32052 Grand Parke Blvd, Fernandina Beach, Florida 32034. Florida voter ID number 124638093. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Martha Hoag was born 30 August 1934, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 14817 Laguna Dr, #201, Fort Myers, Florida 33908. Florida voter ID number 118546616. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBEL, ROSEMARIE was born 9 August 1930, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 111 Doolen Ct, Apt 204, North Palm Beach, Florida 33408. Florida voter ID number 114360764. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 April 2016. 31 May 2012 voter list: ROSEMARIE HIEBEL, 1252 NW BENTLEY CIR, APT A, PT ST LUCIE, FL 34986 Republican Party of Florida. HIEBEL, TIMOTHY WILLIAM was born 30 April 1968, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1070 Laurel Rd E, #332, Nokomis, Florida 34275. Florida voter ID number 100214953. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Tracy Lynn was born 16 November 1960, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1505 N Riverside Dr, Apt 606, Pompano Beach, Florida 33062. Florida voter ID number 101511299. Her telephone number is 1-954-579-6628. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2017 voter list: Tracy Lynn Hiebel, 2350 NE 14th St, APT 614, Pompano Beach, FL 330620000 Republican Party of Florida. Hiebel, William Raymond was born 25 January 1936, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1800 Collins Ave, Apt A12, Miami Beach, Florida 33139. Florida voter ID number 118446310. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBENDAHL, BARBARA M. was born 22 January 1970, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 4906 Hidden Oaks Trl, Sarasota, Florida 34232. Florida voter ID number 109920053. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 December 2016 voter list: Barbara M. Hiebendahl, 11802 SW 100Th Ave, Miami, FL 33176 Florida Democratic Party. Hiebenthal, Colleen Tamara was born 8 February 1982, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1005 W Dorchester Dr, Saint Johns, Florida 32259. Florida voter ID number 125414318. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebenthal, Jason Scott was born 6 April 1979, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1005 W Dorchester Dr, Saint Johns, Florida 32259. Florida voter ID number 125414362. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBER, ALEXIS GLORIA ANN was born 14 May 1993, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5269 Wellington Park Cir, Apt B22, Orlando, Florida 32839. Florida voter ID number 123129509. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2017 voter list: Alexis Hieber, 2020 ELK SPRING DR, Brandon, FL 33511 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Alisha Nicole was born 10 May 1990, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 17604 Whistling Ln, Lutz, Florida 33549. Florida voter ID number 116165743. Her telephone number is 1-813-679-0762. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2014 voter list: Alisha Nicole Hieber, 3429 Red Rock DR, Land O Lakes, FL 34639 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Anne W. was born 8 January 1920, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4535 Mount View Dr, Lakeland, Florida 33813. Florida voter ID number 119864488. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 April 2018. Hieber, Bethany was born 15 May 1978, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 814 Alhambra Dr S, Jacksonville, Florida 32207. Florida voter ID number 100549903. Her telephone number is 1-352-256-5451. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2016 voter list: Bethany Gale Hieber, 2346 NW 32Nd Ln, Gainesville, FL 32605 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Bradley Mark was born 25 March 1968, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 200 Longview Ave, Celebration, Florida 34747. Florida voter ID number 106224037. His telephone number is 1-407-934-6056. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieber, Carmen V. was born 30 April 1938, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 118 Woodfern Dr, Winter Haven, Florida 33881-2717. Florida voter ID number 113512150. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 March 2015 voter list: CARMEN V. HIEBER, 118 WOODFERN DR, WINTER HAVEN, FL 33881 Republican Party of Florida. Hieber, Carolee Fausett was born 10 March 1924, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 23033 Westchester Blvd, Apt C215, Port Charlotte, Florida 33980. Florida voter ID number 102548232. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 August 2017. Hieber, Charles William was born 2 January 1969, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 958 Jaybee Ave, Davenport, Florida 33897. Florida voter ID number 124542530. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBER, CHRISTA B. born 2 July 1986, Florida voter ID number 102897528 See Patchen, Christa Beth. CLICK HERE. Hieber, Cristina I. was born 18 June 1942, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3224 Festival Dr, Margate, Florida 33063. Florida voter ID number 112671533. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. Hieber, David Christian was born 27 July 1975, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1418 Stetson Dr East, Cocoa, Florida 32922. Florida voter ID number 120581752. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 December 2016 voter list: David Christian Hieber, 1418 Stetson East Dr, Cocoa, FL 32922 No Party Affiliation. Hieber, David Earl was born 5 October 1940, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 10116 Alma St, Gibsonton, Florida 33534. Florida voter ID number 123316712. His telephone number is 1-813-671-1726. His email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBER, ELIZABETH ANNE born 31 May 1964, Florida voter ID number 112208556 See DOROBIALA, ELIZABETH ANNE. CLICK HERE. Hieber, Erin Cathleen Jessop was born 20 November 1983, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1574 Ripple Ct, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563. Florida voter ID number 118959214. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2016 voter list: Erin Cathleen Jessop Hieber, 8353 Tavira St, Navarre, FL 32566 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Frederic Anthony was born 14 December 1968, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 30737 White Bird Ave, Wesley Chapel, Florida 33543. Florida voter ID number 125142997. His telephone number is 1-813-892-2546. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieber, Gloria M. was born 31 December 1923, is female, residing at 6212 29Th Ave W, Bradenton, Florida 34209. Florida voter ID number 105284803. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 August 2016. HIEBER, HERBERT F. was born 26 May 1932, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 512 Acacia Ln, Nokomis, Florida 34275. Florida voter ID number 100321632. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. HIEBER, JAMES J. was born 11 December 1941, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6154 Midnight Pass Rd, #2C, Sarasota, Florida 34242. Florida voter ID number 100328050. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2018. 31 May 2012 voter list: JAMES J. HIEBER, 6154 MIDNIGHT PASS RD, ##2C, SARASOTA, FL 34242 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Jeffery Brandon was born 12 October 1983, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1574 Ripple Ct, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563. Florida voter ID number 118957689. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2016 voter list: Jeffery Brandon Hieber, 8353 Tavira St, Navarre, FL 32566 Republican Party of Florida. HIEBER, JEFFREY CHRISTIAN was born 20 October 1968, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1487 Excaliber Dr, Clearwater, Florida 33764. Florida voter ID number 117606793. His telephone number is 1-727-238-2596. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2017 voter list: Jeffrey C. Hieber, 14401 PEPPERPINE DR, Tampa, FL 33626 Republican Party of Florida. 29 February 2016 voter list: JEFFREY C. HIEBER, 9895 66TH WAY, PINELLAS PARK, FL 33782 Republican Party of Florida.

2019-04-22T18:25:08Z

https://flvoters.com/pages/h106700.html

Korea has become well-known for their beauty and skincare products and techniques, therefore, more people concern about Korean skin care tips and secrets. It is understandable when most Korean women have a glowing and fair skin that makes many women in the world admire. The flawless fair skin of Korean women has been considered as the beauty standard of many people in the world. More and more people spend a lot of money on Korean skin care products from different famous brands like The Face Shop, Missha, or Nature Republic, O Hui, and so on. There are many Korean products that are advertised widely in the world. They are introduced to be loaded with a plenty of benefits. Korean skin care has a long history in which experts and professionals conducted a lot of experiments to find out the good skin care products that do not have any wanted side effects. They reduce the harmful chemicals and increase the natural ingredients in each product. People believe that using Korean products will give them a beautiful gorgeous skin like Korean women. However, not many people know that Korean women not only apply skin care products but also build a good skin care routine and eat healthily. They also know a plenty of beauty tips and secrets. Do you want to know the wonderful tips and secrets that can help you to have a glowing and gorgeous skin like Korean women? There is no denying that we could benefit from them! In addition, they also have many skin care tips and secrets which are wonderful you need to know! In the framework of this writing, AllRemedies.com will introduce to you the secrets and tips in Korean skin care. Continue reading this article to understand more! Before you know Korean skin care tips and secrets, it is important for you to know your skin type. The Korean skin care routine depends on individuals and their skin type. There are 3 main skin types you should know. If your skin is tight and the flaky skin is your common skin condition, you may have dry skin. People with dry skin find it hard to look for the suitable cleansers because many cleansers leave the uncomfortable sensation on the skin. It is recommended not using cleansers that contain alcohol. Moreover, people with dry skin may suffer from sensitivity when they use perfumed products. If your skin type is dry, you feel your skin is not moisturized enough. Therefore, you should use a high-quality moisturizer and drink a lot of water if you have dry skin type. The skin care routine is complicating if you have a combination skin type. You may have clear skin for days; however, a sudden breakout may appear on your T-zone area. People with combination skin type often have to fight against pimples, acne, and blemishes that appear on your forehead and your nose. Spontaneously, you also suffer from dry skin problem and flaky patches on other areas such as your cheeks and your chin. People with combination skin find it difficult to look for the most suitable skin care products. They do not know for sure which products they should use. They often called oily skin as blemished skin because this skin type is prone to blemishes, acne, and pimples. The makeup and foundation keep slipping off due to sweat and excess oil. People with oily skin feel that their skin is shiny and they do not feel they need any moisturizer. Unsuitable heavy moisturizer may make the skin condition and blemishes worse. However, even if you have oily skin, you still need a suitable moisturizer and other necessary skin care products. In the market, there are a lot of skin care products that are designed for oily skin type. Your body needs water to survive. Water is necessary for every tissue, cell, and organs of your body. Without water supply, they cannot function correctly. Skin is the largest organ of the body. Therefore, the skin needs water. Water can help to nourish the skin from inside out. If you see the signs and symptoms such as darker urine, dry skin, dry mouth, sleepiness, fatigue, dull skin, headache, confusion, dizziness and skin irritation, your body and your skin are suffering from dehydration. In order to have a glowing skin and prevent dehydration, you should drink a lot of water throughout the day as one of Korean skin care secrets. Korean women believe that drinking plenty of fluids will help to add a healthy radiance to their skin. Therefore, they often start their day by taking a cup of water and splashing their face with cool water for 3 to 5 minutes. During the day, even when they are not thirsty, they always drink a plenty of water. But how much water we should drink daily to keep us hydrated? Most people believe that they should drink 6 to 8 glasses of water daily. However, the recommended water intake depends on individuals. Some people drink less than 8 glasses of water daily while other people need to drink more than 8 glasses of water a day. The possible way to know whether your body is hydrated or not is checking the color of your urine. If the urine is colorless or light yellow, your body is hydrated well. The darker color of urine shows dehydration. Moreover, fruits and vegetables are also the most important portion of their meals. Apart from vegetables and fruits, they eat foods which are very less sodium to keep the hydration in the body. Fruit and vegetable juice provides you not only enough amount of water but also essential nutrients that are good for your health and your skin. They have a unique method of applying skincare products because they believe that it will yield better results. Toning: Women in Korean prefer using their fingertips to tap the toner for better absorption. Cleansing: Korean women often clean their face with an oil (almond oil, coconut oil or any other cleansing oils) for about 4 to 5 minutes. So, you should follow it with a natural foaming cleanser for about 2 to 5 minutes and then you rinse your face for at least about 4 minutes, starting with warm water and ending with cold water in order to close the opened pores. Moisturizing: They often rub their hands together to make the product be warmed on their fingertips and then they will apply all over their face in an outward and downward manner. The Korean face mask sheets are infused with many ingredients which were tried and tested by their ancestors. Today most women all over the world are seeking out Koreans skin care products. They usually use two masks which are a cleansing mask and a nourishing mask simultaneously for one time per week to reduce the puffiness of their face. Besides, they also use a mask made from silkworm cocoon powder which is called baekgangjam will assist them in achieving white skin. Moreover, homemade masks with honey and egg white are an all-time favorite. Hence, you should sleep for at least 6 to 8 hours per day to make your skin healthier. Sleep will rejuvenate the skin naturally and remove the dead skin cells, which is an easy way to get a glowing skin daily. Korean people always go to bed early. From 10 pm to 11 pm, it is the time for the body to heal its damage. If you go to bed late at night or sleep less than 6 hours, it can affect your appearance. People who sleep well at night are less prone to wrinkle than others who are sleepless. This is because the skin produces new collagen when you sleep. Sleep prevents skin from sagging. If you sleep 5 hours at night, your skin is drier and more visible fine lines appear on your skin. When you sleep, your body boosts the blood circulation and blood flow. Sleep deprivation can decrease the blood circulation and thus make your skin look dull and lifeless. Therefore, to have a glowing and pigment-free skin and become beautiful, you should sleep at least 6 hours daily. This Korean skin care secret you should know. Like other muscular parts of your body, the face needs exercise. In fact, this is a popular practice among actors and actresses in Korean. Exercising your face regularly can make the jawline more visible and reduce the excess fat from your face. Exercise can boost the blood circulation and thus, make your skin glowing and rosy. The Korean women, who do facial stretching exercise regularly can have a younger face, compared to others, who hardly or never do facial exercise. They often repeat about 10 times for exercising the lip and cheek muscles. In addition, it is also recommended that you should stretch the facial muscles with breathing. Do you want to know the facial stretching exercise as one of Korean skin care tips and secrets? Here are some recommendations. If you want to have the satisfactory results, you should repeat these facial stretching exercises daily. Korean women always use a double cleansing routine. The first step of the double cleansing routine involves eliminating the makeup which is applied for the day. You use an oil-based cleanser as the first step in the double cleansing method to eliminate the eye makeup. The cleansing oil can help to remove the oil, bacteria, and dirt stuck in the skin pores effectively without making your skin dry or irritated. The oil and some dirt are too stubborn to be removed with plain water. Therefore, it needs the cleansing oil to do the helpful work. In order to use cleansing oil to remove the makeup, excess oil and dirt from your skin, you just need to put a little oil on a cotton pad and then apply it when your face is still dry. In order to have a good result, it is recommended leaving this oil to sit on top of your makeup for about one or two minutes. After that, make your hand wet and massage your skin with your wet hand. By doing that, the oil can become the white bubble. Therefore, it is easy to rinse it off with lukewarm water. The Koreans believe that cleansing is the key for a radiant skin. The second step in double cleansing is to use a water-based cleanser. Some people mistakenly think that using only oil-based cleanser is enough to get rid of the dirt, makeup, grime and sweat from your skin. However, the fact is that Korean people do not overlook the re-cleansing step with water-based cleansers. This is because if you cannot remove the oil from oil-based cleanser, you may face some skin problems such as acne, and pimples. They usually clean their skin with a foaming cleanser or mild cream. Because you use it for your facial skin, you need to choose the gentle water-based products. You should avoid the products that contain alcohol because it makes the skin dry. It is important to read the labels and instructions carefully before you decide to buy it. The re-cleansing step can help you to wipe away all the residue makeup, dirt, and bacteria as well as the oil from oil-based cleansers. Apply it to your facial skin. Use their fingertips to massage the skin in a circular motion and then rinse it off with lukewarm water. The easiest tip to get a smooth and soft skin is to eliminate the dead skin cells. Hence, you should slough away the dead skin cells by using an exfoliator. Exfoliation is the important step in skin care routine that you should not ignore. Exfoliation means the removal of dead skin cells from your skin. Studies showed that exfoliation can help to treat many skin problems and boost the blood circulation. Dead skin cells make the skin look dull and dark. Therefore, if you remove the dead skin cells regularly with exfoliating, you can have a healthy and glowing skin. You also do not forget to exfoliate the lips as well as other parts of your body. The lips need special care in order to get a pink layer. The facial skin needs exfoliating to be lighter and more glowing. The hands and feet need exfoliating too. Choosing good exfoliants or exfoliating methods is important. Harsh exfoliant scrub should not be used for your facial skin and other sensitive thin skin areas. Gentle exfoliant scrub is not strong enough to be used for hands and feet. You can buy exfoliating products in any beauty shops. However, you never overdo exfoliating and do not exfoliate every day. It is recommended exfoliating twice a week for both the face and body as one important part of a good skincare routine. When you exfoliate your skin, make sure that you do not strip away too many natural oils. The natural oils can act as a protective layer for your skin. So, a good balance is necessary. You should only focus on the parts that need attention, for example, visible pores on the cheek and blackheads on your nose. Korean women always concern about the aftercare for exfoliating. We all know that exfoliating can boost the blood circulation, remove the toxins and stimulate the regeneration of new skin cells. But you should drink a lot of water to hydrate the new skin cells from inside. Some exfoliating products may make your skin dry. Therefore, you should apply a good moisturizer to your skin. When you exfoliate your skin, it is important not to expose your skin to sunlight, UV rays and subbed for at least 24 hours. We may hear about the use of a toner to tighten up the skin at least once. Researchers have been asked whether the toner should be used in the daily skin care routine. Consumers want to know which benefits the toner has for the skin and which toner is best for their skin types. However, despite a lot of outdated information, the use of toner still remains controversy that makes people confused. Due to misperception and misunderstanding, even many dermatologists, fashion magazines, and cosmetic salespeople deny the use of toner in the skincare routine. Some people consider a toner as just an optional step. Actually, a well-formulated toner can give your skin many amazing benefits. It is important to know how a toner works for your skin and how to read a label to figure out the harmful ingredients and essential ingredients. Korean women always use well-formulated toners to a healthy, glowing and radiant skin. Applying a toner is a perfect addition to the Korean skin care routine. Toners are used after cleansing. They are said to be beneficial in restoring the skin’s PH balance. A bar soap or other types of cleansers may raise your skin’s natural PH and it is not good for your skin. Nowadays, the use of gentle, water-soluble cleansers does not change your skin’s PH too much. It seems that we do not need the benefit of the toner in restoring the skin’s PH balance anymore. However, a toner is still important because your skin is provided with essential ingredients including antioxidants as well as skin-repairing substances like fatty acids, glycerin, and ceramides. If you want to make your skin look younger, smoother and fresher, you should use the right toner. You should not use an alcohol toner. Instead, you can use a natural mild clarifying toner in order to soothe your skin as well as restore its pH balance, like Korean women. The toner will assist you in getting rid of all traces of residue. Besides, it will also work as a basic layer for more makeup. Because the areas around your eyes are really delicate and sensitive, you do not pull it or pinch it. The eye area is one of the sensitive areas that can show the early aging signs. A great skin care plays the important role in fighting against the aging process. You should tap on a little eye cream into under your eyes to prevent and reduce puffiness, dark circles, and wrinkles. However, finding an excellent eye cream is not easy. Some eye creams that are advertised to be well-formulated for the thin, sensitive skin around the eyes and be effective in reducing dark circles, puffiness and sagging skin fail to meet our expectation. This is the reason why looking for the suitable and effective eye creams sometimes make us disappointed. However, it is very important to include the best eye cream in your skincare routine. Before you go shopping for the suitable eye cream, you should know that the ingredients the sensitive skin around your eyes needs are different from ones used in other areas of your face. You should avoid eye creams that contain irritating ingredients like synthetic fragrance, fragrant plant oils, or sensitizing plant extracts because these ingredients may result in pro-aging inflammation. The best eye cream needs to contain antioxidants, skin-repairing ingredients, cell and communicating ingredients. Your eye cream needs to be well-formulated, soothing and fragrance-free. This is done so that the delicate eye area will stay super moisturized as well as prevent drying out and the creation of the fine line. The Korean women see essence as the essential step in their skincare routine. After the cleansing regime, using an essence is vital for you to get a beautiful skin. Essence is an essential nourishing liquid extract that can aid in the cellular renewal process of the skin. Especially, when you eat pizza, wine, fast foods and artichokes for a whole week, essence and toner are the biggest savers for your dull and pimple-suffered skin. If you ask any women living in Seoul, they can tell you that toner and essence are essential parts of the skincare routine. If essence is added to your skincare regimen, it can give you flawless, bright and gorgeous skin. Applying the essence has more benefits than applying other skin care products. This is because the essence works on a cellular level. If the essence is a concentrated formula, it can help to relieve fine lines, wrinkles, dull skin and uneven skin tone. There are a plenty of active ingredients contained in the typical Korean essence. Regular use of the essence can give you a brighter and smoother skin. Essence is a great way to revitalize your skin from inside and make your skin look more youthful and radiant. It is a lot of wastage with the watery consistency. Therefore, Korean women do not soak the essence through the cotton pads. They often put the essence into a spraying bottle and then spray it directly onto their skin. Spraying this essence can also help to firm up your skin in order to give it a clear complexion and a sculpted look. Korean women often spray the essence on their face and tap it onto their face to assist in faster absorption. You may experience a variety of essence consistencies, from the gel to the liquid. In the market, you may see variety versions of essence like serums, boosters, and ampoules. They are used like essence but they have the different concentration of the formula. For example, ampoules have a super concentrated formula; therefore, they are more expensive than other versions of the essence. Korean women always include essence in their skincare regimen. They apply it in the morning and at night. After cleansing and applying toner, they spray essence directly onto their skin like the face and neck. Face moisturizer is always included in Korean skin care routine. Snakeskin, nubbly tweed or cracked leather is common skin condition when the skin is not moisturized enough. Even if you have normal or oily skin, you still need a high-quality moisturizer in your skin care routine to improve your skin condition and make your skin smooth and glowing. This is a useful tip in Korean skin care you should know! Moisturizing products aim to hold water in your skin; therefore, they contain emollients and humectants as the key ingredients. Humectants include glycerin, urea, and alpha hydroxy acids are responsible for absorbing water while emollients like mineral oil, lanolin, or petrolatum hydrate the skin cells and thus, make your skin look smooth. Whatever the skin type you have, it is important to use a suitable moisturizer at night and in the morning. Skipping this essential step can result in flaking, redness, wrinkles and other aging signs that appear on your skin earlier. If your skin is sensitive or you are suffering from a skin condition, using a light moisturizer can help you to ease the irritation. Using a light moisturizer is essential to emulsify your skin. In order to get the optimum benefits of a moisturizer, it is recommended priming your skin first. When you take a shower, you use an exfoliating body scrub or a loofah to exfoliate your skin a few times a week. Removing dead skin cells regularly can help the moisturizing lotion to be absorbed into your skin easily and quickly. Moreover, regular exfoliation can increase hydration. After three minutes of taking a shower, you can massage the moisturizer in the face with your fingertips to promote circulation, and you do not forget to moisturize your neck. You should use a lightweight emulsion which can blend into the skin really quickly without leaving it greasy. Adding a moisturizer to your skin, you can keep itchiness and dryness at bay. To make sure that your facial skin is always blemish-free, you should buy noncomedogenic oil-free moisturizers. These moisturizers need to not clog the skin pores. Even if you are experiencing breakouts, you still need to use a moisturizer regularly. Actually, using moisturizers can ease the dryness, redness, and irritation, the unwanted side effects caused by topical acne medications. Some people use the same cream with a great moisturizing in the morning and at night. However, most Korean women differentiate between day cream and night cream. A night cream may contain anti-aging effects. Using night cream can firm and lift your skin, preventing wrinkles and other aging signs. These products often use key essential ingredients such as salicylic acid, retinol, and retinyl acetate. All of these ingredients boost the regeneration of new skin cells and reduce the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines, and aging spots. However, these anti-aging ingredients may be irritating and cause skin sensitivity. Therefore, when you use a night cream with anti-aging effects, you should avoid sun exposure at least 8 hours after applying. It is the reason why this cream is used at night as the best solution to avoid UV exposure. Another type of night cream is one with deep moisture effects. This night cream is deeply nourishing, ultra-hydrating, and restorative. This night cream tends to have more emollients and moisturizing ingredients than the day cream. The need to use both day cream and night cream depends on your skin condition. Your skin cells are constantly regenerating. Therefore, if your daily moisturizer can provide you enough water and hydration, you do not need to use a separate night cream. If your skin is drier at home, you can use a heavier night cream before bedtime. Day moisturizer is lighter and tends to contain SPF nowadays while night cream is more hydrating and heavier with no SPF. Moreover, many anti-aging creams have a high level of active ingredients should be applied at night to minimize the irritation caused by UV exposure. If you find anti-aging creams irritating, you should use it at night and use another regular moisturizer in the daytime. You have to lather a little night cream before going to sleep if you want to get a gorgeous glowing skin. This is also another tip in Korean skin care. However, you should make sure that this night cream allows your skin to breathe easily. This cream mask or night cream, which is the second coat of moisturizer applied to your skin. This will help to lock moisture in your skin throughout the night and thus you wake up with a fresh and beautiful skin. Remember that the most important Korean skin care tip is less make-up and more skincare. The major difference between Western and Korean skin care regimen is that children in Korean are taught the ways to take care of the skin daily from an early age. By teaching them how to properly exfoliate, moisturize, and protect their young skin, they will know how important it is in order to control their skin’s health. You should take care of the skin for 2 times per day, once in the evening and once in the morning. This means that the chance of unwanted acne or blemishes erupting is reduced significantly, which leave your skin to shine. So, the earlier you recognize this tip, the healthier your skin can be in the long-term. In the daily skin care regimen of Korean women, they never forget the importance of wearing SPF. Many women in Korean never leave their house if they do not have sunscreen. We all acknowledge that applying sunscreen with high SPF before enjoying the beach in the summer is a must. But do we need a sunscreen with SPF on cloudy days and other days we cannot see the sun visibly? Not many people know the importance of wearing SPF daily no matter how the weather is. Our skin is constantly exposed to harmful UV rays whether you stay in the office or outside. This is because the UV rays can enter your house through the window. So, you always protect your skin whenever you are outdoors or stay indoors. No matter what weather you live in or what season it is, you should always apply sunscreen. Long exposure to UV rays can lead to many skin problems such as redness, aging signs and inflammation. Moreover, a sunburn is one of skin damages caused by UV rays. If you do not protect your skin from UV rays, your skin can lose the collagen and elasticity. Other problems caused by long exposure to UV rays without any protecting methods include the appearance of spider veins on the face and the neck, dry lips and a loss of pink color in lips. Furthermore, studies have shown that long exposure to sunlight may increase the risk of skin cancer. Therefore, there is a need to use protection against the sunlight and UV rays. You should wear eyeglasses, sun protecting clothing and of course apply sunscreen. Do you want to make your skin look healthy and gorgeous? In addition to using a separate sunscreen, you can include a moisturizer with SPF in your daily skincare routine. A moisturizer with SPF can give you 3 benefits. It moisturizes your skin, prevents the appearance of early aging signs and protects your skin from UV rays. Remember that you always apply sunblock with minimal SPF of 30 to protect your skin from UVA and UVB rays, which can damage skin. If you stay outdoors for all day in the summer, a sunscreen with 50 SPF is recommended. You should reapply the sunscreen after every 3 or 4 hours especially when you sweat. When you apply sunscreen to your facial skin, do not forget your lips. Lips have sensitive and thin skin that need protecting from the UV rays too. When lips are exposed to sunlight for a long time, it may show the aging signs. To protect your lips daily, it is recommended using a lip balm with at least 15 SPF. You should keep in mind that it is never too late to take care of your skin and protect it from damages caused by UV rays. Your skin will reflect how we take care of it daily. Therefore, you need to make sure that you follow the essential steps in your skin care routine to protect your skin daily. If you ask any Korean women about their skin care routine, they will tell you that they often apply sheet masks to their skin two or three times a week. Sheet masks are a fastest-growing step in the skin care regimen. Sheet masks attract not only Korean consumers but also women in the world because of the promise of amazing skin benefits and immediate results in treating skin problems. A variety of sheet masks in new formulations and formats are designed to meet the needs and requirements of individuals. The use of sheet masks is more and more popular nowadays. We can see beautiful Korean women and most of them may say that they use sheet masks two or three times a week to get the glowing and flawless skin. There are four types of sheets mask including fiber masks, pulp masks, hydrogel masks, and bio-cellulose masks with their own strengths and weaknesses. Using sheet masks can boost the absorption and penetration of ingredients and nutrients into your skin. When you look for the best sheet masks with optimum efficiency, it is recommended searching for all the anti-aging ingredients such as AHAs, retinoids, B vitamins, antioxidants and peptides and ingredient penetrating enhancers like glycols and microencapsulation. When you wear a sheet mask, make sure that you let it sit on your skin for at least 20 minutes to receive the best effects and optimum efficiency. The nutrients and ingredients in the sheet masks need enough time to reach the deeper layers of your skin. Studies showed that 20 minutes of applying the sheet masks can give you 80% effects of the masks and after 60 minutes, you can receive 99%. However, if the mask contains AHAs, you should leave it on your skin for less than 15 minutes. This is because AHAs is irritating ingredients. In addition to AHAs, other irritating ingredients such as lactic, glycolic and malic acids should not be applied for a long time. After removing the masks, whether you pat your skin and leave it overnight or you rinse it off with lukewarm water depends on the formats and formulations of each sheet mask. Therefore, you should read the ingredients and follow the instruction on the label. To get the best results, it is recommended looking for the masks that are designed to sit on your skin for a longer period of time. In fact, everything you put into the body affects your skin. So, if you want to have a natural, clean, and illuminating skin, you must drink and eat clean! Nutrients in vegetables and fruits will help to clear up the imperfect skin. The Korean diet is famous for an abundance of vegetables, water, and other ingredients that are filled with nutrients and minerals. This will be sure to give you an agleam skin. Being a fermented cabbage, Kimchi is eaten at almost every meal of Koreans. This vegetable is rich in vitamin C, beta-carotene, probiotics, and other ingredients which can boost skin health. An average Korean person can consume 40 lbs of kimchi each year. Kimchi is the cabbage that is fermented and seasoned with salt, garlic, chili peppers and vinegar. The fermentation process of cabbage produces lactobacillus bacteria and lactic acid that plays the important role in boosting the immune system. Moreover, beta-carotene and vitamin C found abundant in Kimchi can improve the elasticity of your skin. In addition, many Korean families have a jar of chilled boricha that is a roasted barley tea in their fridge. This tea not only keeps the skin hydrated but also helps to cleanse toxins out of the body, which can protect the elasticity of your skin. This delicious nutty-tasting drink is made from whole grains and is loaded with fiber and antioxidants. Drinking chilled boricha regularly can help to cleanse your body systems and remove the toxins from your body, preserve the skin elasticity and boost the blood circulation. People who drink this roasted barley tea daily have a glowing and flawless skin. This drink has a plenty of health benefits too. It is the reason why this barley tea is considered as a substitute for water in many Korean households. Especially, unlike other teas, chilled boricha is caffeine-free. Korean people also consume doenjang for health and beauty benefits. In order to make doenjang, they often ferment and crush the soybean to make a paste. Doenjang is often used in a salty and spicy stew with veggies and tofu. This classic food has a pungent flavor and delicious taste. Korean people often eat doenjang with scorched rice or Korean BBQ. Doenjang is beneficial for your health and your skin because the fermented soybean has a higher nutritional value when it is compared to regular soybean. Doenjang or fermented soybean paste are packed with vitamin E and other powerful antioxidants; therefore, eating doenjang regularly can help to protect the skin, repair the skin damage, prevent cellular damage, and neutralize free radicals. In conclusion, a healthy diet is one of natural Korean skin care tips you should know. Another common ingredient in their diet is an excellent fermented rice wine that is called Makgeolli. This rice wine is rich in minerals and amino acids to assist you in brightening your skin. If you want to know more about skin care or other skin diseases and conditions go to our main Skin Care page. After reading the article of natural Korean skin care tips & secrets, hope that you can find out some good tips and secrets on how to take care of your skin. If you have any question, or you know other Korean skin care solutions, please leave them below.

2019-04-22T06:32:54Z

https://allremedies.com/korean-skin-care/

Abstract: Optimization is important to identify optimal parameters in many disciplines to achieve high quality products including optimization of thin film coating parameters. Manufacturing costs and customization of cutting tool properties are the two main issues in the process of Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD). The aim of this paper is to find the optimal parameters get better thin film roughness using PVD coating process. Three input parameters were selected to represent the solutions in the target data, namely Nitrogen gas pressure (N2), Argon gas pressure (Ar), and Turntable speed (TT), while the surface roughness was selected as an output response for the Titanium nitrite (TiN). Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) equipment was used to characterize the coating roughness. In this study, an approach in modeling surface roughness of Titanium Nitrite (TiN) coating using Response Surface Method (RSM) has been implemented to obtain a proper output result. In order to represent the process variables and coating roughness, a quadratic polynomial model equation was developed. Genetic algorithms were used in the optimization work of the coating process to optimize the coating roughness parameters. Finally, to validate the developed model, actual data were conducted in different experimental run. In RSM validation phase, the actual surface roughness fell within 90% prediction interval (PI). The absolute range of residual errors (e) was very low less than 10 to indicate that the surface roughness could be accurately predicted by the model. In terms of optimization and reduction the experimental data, GAs could get the best lowest value for roughness compared to experimental data with reduction ratio of 46.75%. Abstract: This study aims to identify the viewpoint of school leaders the need of developing Online Performance Dialogue (EDP). The model based on the method of inquiry for educational leaders and the School District. The theory is used as a model UTAUT basis for this study. Survey methods used between 222 schools investigate the needs of leaders to adopt Online Performance Dialog (eDP) The data obtained were analyzed through descriptive Statistics using statistical package for social science (SPSS) software. Interpretation of the data is based on the value of the mean and standard deviation. Overall findings indicate that school leaders need on-line performance dialogue (eDP) with an average mean 4.309. The findings of this study reveal that school leaders have access to the necessary technology to eDP. The results also showed the level of acceptance and the intention to use the eDP model among school leaders. Abstract: Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is to prevent entry of anomalous network flows into networks. Hundred percent inspections of all the fragments of network flows for detecting malicious fragments and thereof anomalous flows are highly prohibitive. The Selective Sampling Method (SSM) considers only network flows of small size not exceeding 80 fragments. Further, it is applicable for detecting port scan and host scan attacks only. This study proposes a novel NIDS adapting acceptance sampling method, referred to as ASNID. It is applicable to detect Land, Xmass, Nestea, Rose, Winnuke, NULL Scan, Teardrop, Fraggle, Port scan, Host scan. A randomly chosen sample of fragments from a network flow is inspected for detecting whether it is anomalous or not. It reduces the computational effort by a factor of 0<k<1 where k is the ratio of sample size to total fragments of a network flow. It is proved experimentally that the GMAI, performance metric of ASNID tends to one as the sample size increases to 60%. It is also proved that as the percentage of anomalous flows increases GMAI increases. Hence, ASNID would of immense use in network intrusion detection. Abstract: In recent years, Location-Based Services (LBS) have become very popular, especially in the light of enhancements that are daily performed on both mobile devices and wireless networks. The popularity of LBS is derived from its valuable benefits, where they enable the users to search for nearest Points of Interest (POI), share ideas and comments, and enjoy playing games, making our life easier and more enjoyable. However, LBS have some risks associated with it. The privacy issue is considered one of the most important risks in this field since the users are forced to build their queries based on their real geographic locations. This paper studies the different privacy protection approaches through a survey, where a new classification is proposed based on the amount of collaboration between LBS users and LBS server. The protection goals (identity ID, Location Information LI, and Temporal Information TI) that any LBS user aims to protect are defined and measured. Based on the provided protection goals, the most advanced inference attacks (Location Homogeneity Attack LHA, Map Matching Attack MMA, Query Sampling Attack QSA, and Semantic Location Attack SLA) are analyzed and evaluated. As for challenges in LBS privacy protection field, an eight research questions and open problems are explored. In addition, we present some rules-based recommendations, which can help the LBS users to select the most optimal way to achieve a higher privacy protection level. Inference Attacks, Research Questions, Privacy Protection, Protection Goals, Privacy Metrics, Rule. Abstract: Optimum usage of battery resources and efficient consumption of energy are the primary concerns and design parameters for any WSN. Irregular energy consumption is the major problem in current WSNs. This paper focuses on efficiently using the energy resources and to maximize the network lifetime by the application of compressive sensing and optimum CH selection process coupled with sink mobility model. Compressive sensing allows us to reduce the number of transmissions taken for complete data transfer, while optimum CH election mechanism gives efficient energy consumption at the initial stages of transmissions and data transfer. The residual energy of the network is further optimized by using the sink mobility model, increasing the total lifetime of high energy nodes thereby leading to increased network lifetime. The algorithm was simulated in MATLAB and verified. Abstract: Energy efficiency and its optimization are of paramount importance in data transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks. The lifetime of the deployed sensor node should be maximized with even distribution of the energy across the network so that the data transmitted is not lost .The MS helps in enhancing the lifetime of the network by reducing the energy spent in long distance transmission. The introduction of RN helps in storage and data transmission from CH to MS. In the proposed protocol I-EADC_RN, the field is divided into two regions Sensing region[A] and Storage region[B]. The nodes deployed within the storage region are called RN. The nodes deployed in the sensing region participate in CH selection based on average energy computed from the neighboring nodes. The RN store the collected data and transmit it to the MS when the MS comes near to them. The objective of the proposed algorithm is to maximize the effective lifetime of the network with the help of RN and MS, reduce energy hole problem with efficient distribution of energy among the network with the help of efficient competition radius assignment and by efficient mean of data transmission with the help of relay node selection based on energy spent in transmission and reception and the minimization of data loss with the help of data storage in the RN. Abstract: In this article the boundary value problem for ordinary simple differential equations of the third order with small parameter at the higher derivatives is considered. In the given work the author researches the singularly perturbed boundary value problems under the condition that real parts of the roots of additional distinctive equation have opposite signs. Boundary and initial functions are defined; their existence and uniqueness are proved. On the basis of the constructed boundary and initial functions analytical representation of the solution of a boundary value problem is found. On the basis of an analytical representation of a solution of a singularly Perturbed Boundary Value Problem for the differential equations of conditionally the steady type, we describe the character of growth of the derivatives of a solution of Perturbed Problem with . The class of boundary value problems with boundary jumps is singled out. Sizes of boundary jumps are determined. Asymptotic estimates of the solution of a boundary value problem are found. Estimates for the difference between solutions of the degenerate and perturbed value problems are obtained. Abstract: Studies related to resource consumption of mobile devices and mobile applications have been brought to the fore lately as mobile applications depend largely on their resource consumption. The study aims to identify the key factors and holistic understanding of how a factor influences Consumption Pattern (CP) effectiveness for an android platform mobile application. The study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on existing studies that examined factors influencing the effectiveness of CP for android mobile application and measured the effectiveness of CP. Therefore, the current SLR is conducted to answer the following questions: (1) What is the evidence of CP factors that drain the battery of a mobile device? (2) What are the energy conservation techniques to overcome all the factors that drain battery life? and (3) How can developers measure the effectiveness of an energy conservation technique?. The SLR investigated factors affecting the effectiveness of CP for android platform mobile application. The analyses of forty papers were used in our synthesis of the evidence related to the research questions above. Therefore, the analyses showed 22 studies that investigated how to measure the energy conservation technique effectiveness while 18 studies focused on better understanding of how the resources of mobile devices are actually spent. In this sense, 2 studies show the effectiveness of early analysis of software application design. Additionally, five factors i.e., architecture, interface, behavior of the application, resources, and network technologies that affect CP effectiveness were identified. This study investigated a SLR targeting at studies of CP effectiveness in android platform. The total of 40 studies were identified and selected for result synthesis purpose in this work (SLR). The evidences show there are five factors affecting the CPs effectiveness. Three of them have received a little attention among developers regarding choosing the most suitable: software architecture, application interface and behavior of the application in terms of resource consumption. Abstract: Nowadays a monumental amount of spam and junk email clutter email inboxes and storage facilities. Spam email has a significant negative impact on individuals and organizations alike, and is a serious waste of resources, time and effort. The task of filtering spam or junk e-mail is complex and very difficult to solve. Hence, learning-based filtering is considered an important method for detecting spam emails as the filtering technique requires training to epitomize the knowledge that can be used for detecting the spam. Thus, Artificial Neural Networks are being relied on to create a learning based filter. In this article, we particularly propose the Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN) for identification of e-mail spam; the weights and biases of this network model are set to optimum using a new modified bat algorithm (EBAT). Experiments and results based mainly on two datasets (SPAMBASE and UK-2011 WEBSPAM datasets) show that the developed FFNN model trained by EBAT achieves high generalization performance compared to other optimization methods. Abstract: Deep Learning for plant leaf analysis has been recently studied in various works. In most cases, Transfer Learning has been utilized, where the weights of networks, which are stored in the pre-trained models, are fine-tuned to use in the considered task. In this paper, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are employed to classify tomato plant leaf images based on the visible effects of diseases. In addition to Transfer Learning as an effective approach, training a CNN from scratch using the Deep Residual Learning method, is experimented. To do that, an architecture of CNN is proposed and applied to a subset of the PlantVillage dataset, including tomato plant leaf images. The results indicate that the suggested architecture outperforms VGG models, pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset, in both accuracy and the time required for re-training, and it can be used with a regular PC without any extra hardware required. A common feature visualization and verification technique is also applied to the results and further discussions are made to imply the importance of background pixels surrounding the leaves. Abstract: Cloud computing is a major topic of discussion among IT professionals. This practice is a good alternative for higher education institutions of limited budget in operating their information system efficiently without spending high capital for infrastructure resource. According to the annual report of educational indicators of the Republic of Yemen, the education and training sectors in Yemen face several obstacles and challenges in delivering quality education to the entire population of the country; for example, limited infrastructure resources and IT budget, and lack of teaching staff, technical experts, and IT skilled personnel. This study aims to (1) review empirical studies on cloud computing adoption in general, (2) identify the influencing factors of cloud computing adoption, and (3) categorize these influencing factors into technological, organizational, environmental, and individual factors. The influencing factors of cloud computing adoption in the government and industrial and educational sectors are also reviewed. Cloud computing adoption in the educational sector is clearly demonstrated. A total of 50 models are reviewed and discussed. Findings show that theoretical and empirical studies on cloud computing adoption in the educational sector are few. Moreover, 18% and 82% of studies investigate factors related to cloud computing adoption in the educational and industrial sectors, respectively. Furthermore, 26% of studies use individual-level theory for cloud computing adoption, 61% use organizational level theory, and 13% integrate individual- and organizational-level theories. Abstract: Various studies reported that Malaysian students at tertiary institutions were lack of certain employability skills namely critical thinking. Lack of critical thinking skills is identified when the students are unable to perform tasks, especially those of problem solving. Consequently, the students who lacked this skill were unemployed upon their graduation. A drastic approach to overcome this issue must be addressed. Instead of blaming unemployed graduates, the tertiary institutions with e-learning technology were urged to play a significant role. Through online forum discussions, the students were taught to use Socratic questions (Paul, 1993) as this would help them to develop critical thinking skill when they look deeper into the viewpoints, perspectives and evidence in analysing the assumptions (Walker, 2005). This study adopts a mixed-method case study approach. The quantitative data derived from Watkins and Corrys (2005) questionaires measures the students e-learning readiness and their usage of online forum discussions. The qualitative data derived from the transcripts of the students online discussions explains how the students develop their critical thinking using Socratic questions. The transcripts were analysed in two stages using (1), the Socratic Question Prompts and (2), a content analysis approach of the Interaction Analysis Model by Gunawardena et. al. (1997). The findings indicated that students critical thinking skills could be developed from collaborative learning through online forums. The outcome could be used to propose the best practice for lecturers at higher learning institutions to promote students to think critically through collaborative online discussion. Abstract: One of the imperative mining used in data mining is the association rule mining which mines many eventual information and association from outsized databases. The Association rule mining has many research challenges. The generation of accurate frequent and infrequent itemset by reducing the candidate itemset and reducing the space in the memory is one of the challenges. The generation of positive and negative association rule with high confidence and high quality is another challenge. The next research challenge is to mine an optimized positive and negative association rule. Numerous existing algorithms have been used to overcome these challenges but many such algorithms cause data loss, lack of efficiency and accuracy which also results in redundant rules and loss of space in memory. The major issue in using this analytic optimizing method is specifying the activist initialization limit were the quality of the association rule relays on. In the Proposed work, it is proved that an efficient optimized Positive and negative association rule can be mined by the proposed Advance ABC algorithm. The advance ABC (Artificial Bee Colony) algorithm is swarm intelligence based algorithm highly efficient optimization algorithm. The Advance ABC Meta heuristic technique is stimulated through the natural food foraging behaviour of the honey bee creature. The result shows that the proposed algorithm can mine incredibly high confidence non redundant positive and negative association rule with less time. Abstract: Electromyography (EMG) signal is most powerful signal processing tools for electrical activity of neuromuscular associated with a corresponding muscle. In this paper, the analysis of EMG signals using curvelet transform and Random forest tree is presented. The EMG signal including noise though dissimilar media. The curvelet transform is used for clear away noise from the surface electromyography and superior order of statistics is used for analyzing the signal. The first level is to evaluate the surface of EMG signal and extract features using curvelet transform. The second level is best EMG quality segment was chosen and the rebuilding of the useful data signal was finished using random forest classifier. The intention of this work is introducing a novel approach for discover, analyzing and classifying of EMG signals. The proposed method is applied using clinical dataset and the parameters like mean root mean square, correlation coefficient and absolute value are calculated and to get better quality of class separability. A comparison is made with other traditional methods and the EMG characteristics extracted from rebuilding of EMG signals provide the enhancement of class separability in feature space than. Statistical results shows maximum classification accuracy of 99% and higher information transfer rate is achieved. Electromyography (EMG) Signal, Curvelet Transform, Random Forest Tree, Clinical Dataset. Abstract: Management processes without responsive to abnormal activity that might occur can affect the performance of an organization. The Publishing Workflow Ontology (PWO) will be modified for detect abnormal activity, such as wrong pattern, wrong resource, throughput time maximum and wrong duty combine that occurs in the event logs. The new model from modification called Warning Criterion Ontology (WCO) can be represent the knowledge base to detect abnormal activity in the business process especially this knowledge can be used distinguishes the activity is allowed to be done by the superior and any activity which should only be done by direct superior. The model used some rule for reasoning, then after reasoning used some SPARQL to detection abnormal activity. Results of detection abnormal activity can be used as attributes for assessment Key Performance Indicator (KPI) activity in determining The compliance in Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) implementation. This research obtained a value of 96.29% of accuracy resulted comparing into the experts assessment score. Abstract: Since the advent of new software architectures, paradigms and technologies the software design and development has developed a cutting edge requirements of being on the right track in terms of software quality and reliability. This leads the prediction of defects in software at its early stages of its development. Implications of machine learning algorithms are now playing a very crucial role in classification and prediction of the possible bugs during the systems design phase. In this research work a discretization method is proposed based on the Object Oriented metrics threshold values in order to gain better classification accuracy on a given data set. For the experimentation purpose, Jedit, Lucene, tomcat, velocity, xalan and xerces software systems from NASA repositories have been considered and classification accuracies have been compared with the existing approaches with the help of open source WEKA tool. For this study, the Object Oriented CK metrics suite has been considered due to its wide applicability in software industry for software quality prediction. After experimentation it is found that Naive Bayes and Voted Perceptron, classifiers are performing well and provide highest accuracy level with the discretized dataset values. The performance of these classifiers are checked and analyzed on different performance measures like ROC, RMSE, Precision, Recall values in this research work. Result shows significant performance improvements towards classification accuracy if used with discrete features of the individual software systems. Abstract: Nowadays, cloud computing technology is experiencing a fastest growing in terms services demand and number of cloud clients which make the business organizations against a critical issue must be addressed (How to Secure Cloud Data Center (CDC)). As result, this major challenge has attracted the attention of several research works. The attacker is looking for unavailability of service, dysfunctioning of resources and maximization of financial loss costs. There are many types of attack such as Denial of service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) where the key objective for the attacker is to cause an overloading of the system network. They seek to send through a victim server a huge size of data as flooding packets so as to block and prevent the users to be served. This paper introduced a defending system for DoS attack mitigation in CDC environment. Generally, it discussed the different techniques of DoS attacks and its countermeasures as well proactive filtering and detection mechanisms. Consequently, to validate our proposed solution, we have implemented our analytical model in Discrete Event Simulator. The proposed mathematical model considers many performance parameters including response time, throughput, drop rate, resource computing utilization, and mean waiting time in the system, mean number of legitimate clients in the system when varying the attack arrival rate. Indeed, we have estimated the incurred cost from the attack. Implementing performance analysis using queueing theory and simulation experiments, the proposed solution would improve the flexibility and accuracy of DoS attack prevention, and would obviously make the cloud computing environment more secured. Abstract: Combed cotton and viscose cotton (CVC) is 2 types of cotton commonly used as the main ingredient in manufacture of clothes. Clothes made from cotton combed known as good materials for clothes. CVC cotton, made by combining cotton combed and cotton viscose so that in the manufacture CVC cotton quality is assumed under the combed cotton. Manually distinguish combed cotton and CVC cotton is by wearing clothes made of combed cotton and CVC cotton. Basically the texture in combed cotton and CVC fabrics can be analyzed by image texture segmentation process based on image texture analysis to get patterns showing the type of cotton. In this research explains the texture of cotton that through the process of image texture segmentation can release the value of features that can be used for the classification process, so that can determine the type of cotton. In this image texture segmentation includes grayscaling process, image normalization and texture feature extraction. Feature Extraction uses the Gray Level Run Length (GLRLM) method to get a feature value on the texture used for the classification process. Classification using method euclidean distance with 4 testing images and 2 training images by changing the original image to 5x5 and 10x10 pixels generate 100% accuracy. These results indicate that accuracy using the euclidean distance method results in high accuracy. Abstract: This study is mainly a systematic review analysis which discusses studies related to the role of sentiment analysis, Twitter data, and features in predicting stock market returns. Studies show that it is not only the historical financial data of firms or stock markets that can predict the returns of the stock market, but sentiments and emotions of people can also help in predicting stock market returns. One primary source of information that is available now to everyone is Twitter, and tweets made by significant personals affect the emotions of people and which will ultimately affect their investment decisions. If the news is positive, then most probably it will affect people positively, and they will invest more in stocks of that firm. If the news is negative, the reaction of people is expected to be opposite. Besides the sentiments of people, there are features like spatial and temporal that can also affect the stock market returns. The spatial feature is a geographical division, it can either be different emotions of different people from different geographical regions, or they can be other stock markets which can affect the home stock market by any relation. Similarly, temporal effect shows the change in something over a span of time. People might have different opinions at different times, and they can behave differently according to their sentiments at that specific time. Finally, all these factors help us in predicting the future stock market returns. Abstract: One form of competence held namely computer certification for his protege, which was carried out after the students finish carry out training/learning. The main reason was held at the Institute of computer certification courses is to prepare graduates into the workforce that have a high competence and ready to compete in search of work. That is because the competition work in the era of the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community), the seekers workers cannot just rely on a certificate of learning, but is most needed is a competence that can be demonstrated by the presence of a certificate of competence. In the implementation of a computer certification program is a form of educational service organized by the course institute was still found to be constraints. To be able to find the constraints and improvements/refinements against obstacles that have been found, then it needs to be implemented evaluation of the program. This research aims to know the effectiveness of the implementation of the program of learning and computer certification at Institute courses. This research belongs to the evaluative research using CSE-UCLA model. The subject of this research consists of: teachers, program manager, and a team of students. Method of data collection is done by questionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. Technique of data analysis in this research is descriptive quantitative percentage to analyze the effectiveness of every component in CSE-UCLA (Center for the Study of Evaluation-University of California in Los Angeles) model and qualitative descriptive for analyzing constraints that lead to results not in accordance with the standards of the evaluation of its success. In addition, the dominant constraints affecting the implementation of the program based on the results obtained using the method of calculation of the SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) simulation model. The results of the evaluation of the implementation of the program as a whole shows the effectiveness of 80.44%, this indicates that the implementation of the program belongs to the category of good. The dominant constraints affecting the program implementation is empowerment of technical personnel for operational management. Abstract: In software engineering, The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is generally used as the de facto standard notation for modeling in the analysis and the design of the object oriented software systems. As known, throughout the modeling phase, the structural and behavioral elements go together, because they have complementary relationship in the understanding of systems architecture. However, structural analysis has always attracted the interest of designers more than the behavioral analysis, due to its prominent role in the code generation processes. This vision influenced the computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools and the model-driven engineering (MDE) approach. As a result, by using CASE tools and taking up MDE approach as it is, the obtained code artefacts are incomplete and become the developers responsibility. Therefore, the models abstraction is broken, which leads to a paradoxical situation while adopting model-driven development. To cope with this challenge, the purpose of our paper is to bring balance to the design stage by integrating the behavioral analysis into the code generation processes, in order to empower and promote delivering applications without the need for hand coding. Abstract: Finite state automata (FSA) are computational models which are used for studying theoretical complexity of computational problems. The computational model of k-edge finite state automata (k-FSA) have been introduced to compute naturally ordered data such as data in music processing and time series domain. The k-edge finite state automata contain theoretical interest that numbers of their edges are bounded with a k value. In order to use such model in practice, some theoretical properties need to be investigated by way of their classes of formal languages. This paper investigates the closure properties and decidability of the class of formal languages recognized by k-edge finite state automata called k-acceptable languages (k-ACC). The results include the following: (i) for k  1, the class of k-acceptable languages is closed under complement. (ii) for k  2, the class of k-acceptable languages is closed under complementation, union, intersection, concatenation and Kleene-star operation. (iii) The infiniteness problem, membership problem, equivalence problem and emptiness problem of k-acceptable languages are decidable. Abstract: Knowledge management system (KMS) support the activities of knowledge management (KM) in early warning system (EWS) to provide early warning and aid in decision facilitation. Both KMS with EWS are also applicable in the clinical diagnostic (CD) environment during the CD activities to provide early warning and aid in decision facilitation of disease outbreak such as dengue. However, lack of proper data or information management and limited knowledge sharing and dissemination within the organization is a main challenge for mitigation of risk. In which the problem that may relate to this challenge is the timeliness for timely reporting and decision facilitation during CD activities. Therefore, a conceptual of KMS model with EWS in CD environment of dengue fever is formulated based on the existing components of KM, KMS with EWS. Then, the components of CD activities and dengue fever are also identified and studied for the model implementation. A pre survey and the analysis of five existing previous models were carried out to determine the significant components of KMS and EWS. The pre survey results analysis and gaps drawn from the analysis of these five models are used as a basis to the initial proposed of KMS model with EWS in CD environment of dengue fever. Next, the KMS model with EWS was then validated via prototype to verify the model reliability and is evaluated via a post survey. The model which is the integration between KMS with EWS is known as KMS with EWS is to enable the capturing, storing, reusing and managing of knowledge in order to provide early warning and aid in decision facilitation of dengue fever. Abstract: Software is the inseparable part of todays human life. Each and every gadget that we use is dependent on some or other kind of software. Component based software engineering (CBSE) has provided an effective software development paradigm which allows selection of domain specific components from component repository and assemble them into a modular and scalable application. The reliability of software and its components depends on the amount of effective testing carried on it during its development life cycle. We cannot deny the fact that exhaustive testing is not possible. Selection of appropriate test suite is a combinatorial problem. Soft computing provides a promising solution for the same. Emergence of artificial intelligence over years has added fuel to nature inspired testing techniques. This paper is a comparative study of various soft computing approaches inspired by nature for reusable software components such as artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic and other swarm based techniques. A comparative analysis is presented to discuss pros and cons of different soft computing techniques for software testing of reusable components along with their preferences in recent years. A future dimension is also proposed to develop hybrid techniques for optimization of testing techniques. Soft computing, Test Case Prioritization, Testing, Reusable Components. Abstract: This study observes the aspects associated with the evaluation of Students performance. To improve the performance of Students, their previous records have to be analyzed in order to determine their behavioral pattern in academic wise. This may help to assist the difficulty faced by the students to produce more marks in the semester exams and to enhance their co-curricular activities. This is done by clustering the students based on their performance. For performing the clustering process, this work utilized the fuzzy K-Mediods which takes the membership value of each student in account towards the particular cluster. The main contribution of this work is assisting to determine the level of performance of students and filtering the students who are in need of special attention by the staffs which results in improvising the quality of education. Abstract: Dimensionality reduction or feature selection is an essential pre-processing step to apply machine learning algorithm further on any data set. But at for medium dimensional datasets it is optional or on-demand requirement. But it is mandatory in high dimensional datasets. Its significance is increased to get the accurate and relevant output from machine learning algorithm. Most of the existing methods are divided into 2 types one is Dimensionality reduction and the other one is feature selection. There is very narrow gap between these two methods. Dimensionality reduction is more mathematical analysis with transformations and may or may not have same subset of features from original features. Feature selection is application of feature engineering and requires domain knowledge. But any algorithm applicable for high dimensional data requires more processing time and storage resources. We considered the processing time as basis for our problem statement and implemented a distributed algorithm for Feature Selection and named as Distributed Progressive Feature selection algorithm with Knn+Relieff for high dimensional data. In this paper applied MapReduce concept to select final sub set of relevant features in progressive manner. Simulation results showthe feature with its weights for various parameters. Abstract: In 21st century, one of the prominent learning tool in the education industry is highlighted as Educational games (EG). There are many ways in which the literature describes its importance in the current generation. In addition, the learning environment, the rules embedded in the game, the theoretical aspects on which the game is built, and the learners/subject-matter experts; all play a crucial role in EG. Hence, this requires a projecting need of understanding the relationships that allows an enhancement in the learning objectives for learners while interacting through the game environment. Although, relationships are vaguely dispersed in literature; understanding the need to interrelate other concepts of game environment with learners expectations, and how the elements of game environment interact throughout the play is essential. Therefore, this article highlights the proposed multi-domain framework for game developers to effectively map the game elements while extracting implicit vaguely supported relationships based on game environment domain and learners concepts through a systematic literature review. Consequently, this article explains on twelve (12) implicit relationships in perspective of game environment domain and learners. They are validated through qualitative interviews with eight (8) game-based learning experts. Subsequently, the results are interpreted in relevancy with all domains of proposed framework by applying interpretive hermeneutic approach, and using NViVO software to obtain the themes, sub-themes, and coding strategy was adopted to code the experts response with each relationship and its elements. The findings conclude twelve (12) explicit relationships between game environment domain and the learners relationships; for game developers to guide them through the development phase of EG. Abstract: This study developed and tested the efficacy of flipped model that is usable as a strategy for teaching and learning. The concept applied Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived usefulness (PU), Teaching Method (TM), task Technology Fit (TTF), Behavioral Attitude (BA) as factors influencing the use of the system (flipped learning). The model made used of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Task-Technology Fit (TTF) to develop some hypotheses and some connected determinants. The result of the survey conducted was tested using SmartPLS software package. The outcome of the investigation indicates that Teaching Method (TM) is the highest determinant factor followed by use intention, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, behavioural attitude and TTF. This confirmed that students belief about the manner through which they are been taught (Teaching method) has a great influence on their performance. Abstract: The objective of this research is to explore the perception of internal auditor in public companies on the use of Generalized Audit Software (GAS) to improve the transparency and accountability of financial report. The qualitative approach was used by conducting face-to-face semi structured interview with the internal auditors from Indonesian listed companies. This research used Agency Theory and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as underpinning theories, therefore this research provides academic contribution not only in auditing area but also in information technology. The results indicated not all participants agreed that GAS is helping them in producing a transparent and accountable financial report. Also, this research found that companys internal condition and individual characteristics of internal auditor are the inhibiting factors in using GAS. Abstract: This paper proposed a hybrid data deduplication technique in cloud computing, that combines different types of data deduplications for satisfying different demands and requirements. The hybrid data deduplication consists of two different hybrid subsystems, each hybrid subsystem contains a file level deduplication and chunk level deduplication. The file level deduplication shows better execution time for deduplication redundant files. And, chunk level deduplication for detecting duplicated chunks among files at the data. The subsystems are: hybrid file variable size chunk level deduplication (FVCD), and hybrid file fix size chunk level deduplication (FFCD). The FVCD satisfies the requirements of users and applications that required better effectivity in reducing the size of data. While, the FFCD provides lower execution time. And, it can be tuned by changing its chunks size. Where, increasing the chunks size reduces the execution time. But, it decreases the effectivity of reducing the size of data.

2019-04-21T16:35:24Z

http://jatit.org/volumes/ninetyfive24.php

We’d love your help. Let us know what’s wrong with this preview of Personal by Lee Child. To ask other readers questions about Personal, please sign up. To me thiis book is very different from other Reacher tales. It is too wordy, cerebral and boring. But Lee Child can write so you will wizz throught it as usual. Maybe he wrote it for a screenplay venue. Did anyone else find it different from the usual? Edward Wolfe I was about 40 pages in (which took a couple days, which is highly unusual for a Reacher book) when I asked out loud, "Who wrote this?" But I didn't care for this book at all. Actually my least favourite book of Reacher. I'm the type of person that buys books on pre-order. Lots and lots of them. However....there are only two authors I actually READ on release day.....John Sandford and Lee Child.....Usually I read Lee's in a single sitting....no more than two days....This one took me over two weeks to muddle through it. I've been trying to figure out why this one is so different for me. It's taken me a bit, but I think I figured it out finally. Reacher wasn't on his own. I understand he's been part of makeshift teams before. However, even as a team member he was always on his own....working for himself....because he wanted to correct some wrong in the world. This book was full of politics. It was just bogged down. The story line just got lost in all the politics and the conspiracy and back office deals. Reacher felt like a puppet in this novel. He had no personality. I see England, I see France, I see Reacher's underpants. No, only fooling. I've never seen Jack Reacher's undies, although I wouldn't mind doing so as long as it was the “real” Reacher and not the Tom Cruise midget Hack Reacher Hollywood version. Does Reacher even wear underwear? Has Lee Child ever told us? And if he does, are they tighty whities or boxers? Anyway, how did we get on the subject of Jack's foundation garments? Oh, yeah, I was talking about seeing England and France, which we get t I see England, I see France, I see Reacher's underpants. Anyway, how did we get on the subject of Jack's foundation garments? Oh, yeah, I was talking about seeing England and France, which we get to do in this novel, and that's what makes it fun to read. Those of us who have been with Jack Reacher from the start have grown a mite weary of seeing him land in yet another creepy one-hydrant small town somewhere in the bowels of America. So Lee Child got smart and made him a world traveler in this latest installment. I don't know about the rest of you, but it really purples my nurples when I look at a review of a book I've been anticipating with great relish, only to have one or two lines in that review ruin it all for me by giving away too much information. I don't generally write much in the way of reviews for books in the suspense/thriller category because I'm afraid that one little thing I say might spoil it for some eager reader. So how to review this book? Without spoilers. Without even a hint of spoilers. You can read the publisher blurb and get a pretty good feel for the general plot, but even those dadgum blurb writers seem to include spoilers these days. What I will say is that this book was one heck of a lot of fun to read. There's a great mix of characters we've never met before. There are colorful English hoodlums and American military has-beens and world-class snipers, one of whom takes a shot at the president of France, which sets the wheels in motion for Reacher to seek a confrontation with a guy he put in prison over 15 years ago. This is a super-intelligent thriller with some great humor thrown in. I won't tell you my favorite laugh-out-loud lines, because I want you to be as surprised and delighted by them as I was. Seeing how Lee Child is so smart and does his research so well, I was surprised to find that he didn't do his homework on pharmaceuticals for this novel. He apparently has Zoloft confused with Xanax, and has a major female character popping a Zoloft whenever she's nervous or needs to sleep. That's my only real criticism of the book. I read an advance copy, and I hope the error will be corrected in the final version. I see there is a lot of debate between Lee Child fans about whether this is a good book or not. I liked it four stars worth! Okay it was a bit different especially as the action takes place in Europe instead of America. I actually found that a refreshing change. And it does get a bit wordy in parts but makes up for it with some great action and an intriguing game of double guessing who the real baddy is. I really enjoyed it. They persuade us that however terrible the situation, some sort If you're into stuff like this, you can read the full review. Man, I can be a diehard fan of someone as much as the next guy, but, after reading Personal, I felt the same way I did after I read the latest John Sandford novel. I felt like I'd been had, that these guys are slacking and leaning a little too heavily on their fans to prop them up, like they are coasting, like they are semi-retired rich dudes just waiting for the checks to roll in. Well, screw that, boys! There are too many people out there who are still TRYING to write something worth reading for me to waste too much time or money on that crap! I've already scrapped Sandford's Virgil Flowers series as he carelessly allowed one of his golfing buddies to get a little too involved and turned out a piece of crap, and I'm not afraid to throw any future efforts in the Reacher series on the scrap-heap, too. A page turner filled with action, thrills and violence aplenty. However it feels like something is missing that exists in the other Jack Reacher books. I don't think Jack being the narrator helps as it seems to spoil the action having everything explained, often beforehand. Enjoyable and a quick read but not the best in this series in my opinion. A solid Jack Reacher novel by Lee Child. A sniper is wild ... trying to assassinate a G8 leader in the G8 summit in the UK. The sniper and Jack Reacher got a history. A solid page turner and full of blood and guts ... bullets and chases.. cars... London.. Paris and the USA. By coincidence, Jack Reacher picked up a discarded Army Times newspaper and discovered a classified ad directed at him – contact Shoemaker it said – and as he owed the General a favour, he did just that. But in doing so, the direction of his aimless wandering changed considerably; sixteen years previously Reacher put a man in prison – he learnt that man had been out for twelve months; was Reacher going to have to hunt him down again? On learning that the President of France had been targeted by a By coincidence, Jack Reacher picked up a discarded Army Times newspaper and discovered a classified ad directed at him – contact Shoemaker it said – and as he owed the General a favour, he did just that. But in doing so, the direction of his aimless wandering changed considerably; sixteen years previously Reacher put a man in prison – he learnt that man had been out for twelve months; was Reacher going to have to hunt him down again? On learning that the President of France had been targeted by a sniper, and an expert in long range shooting as well, the governments of each country reacted immediately. With the G8 summit destined for London in the near future it meant that cooperation was needed on a grand scale. Accompanied by Casey Nice, a young and relatively new CIA agent, Reacher headed for London where they needed to do intense investigating, but under cover – the Brits weren’t to know they were there. As Reacher and Nice moved deep into the London underground, the danger mounted. Reacher knew who he was after – but there were other elements at stake. Would they manage to get out with their lives? I was disappointed in this latest instalment by Lee Child. An extreme amount of dialogue (by Reacher) with occasional bursts of action – it had me wondering when it would improve. I’ve previously enjoyed every book in the Jack Reacher series, but felt a little bored and let down by Personal. It almost felt like it was written by someone else. But in saying that, I urge Reacher lovers to give it a go – it could just be me! The evidence suggests that this may have only been a practice round. The leaders of the G8 nations One day in Paris someone takes a shot at the President of France from three-quarters of a mile away and damn near hits him, but a sheet of bullet-proof glass in front of the podium deflects the shot. Only a handful of people in the world could have made that shot, and probably only one American--a sniper named John Kott who was released from prison a year earlier after doing a fifteen-year stretch. Nothing really happens until the 16th chapter, page 87 ... unusual for a Jack Reacher novel. Lee Child likes to set the foundation in detail. I realize that it's necessary to a point, but this novel, unlike the other Reacher novels I've read, focuses primarily on strategies, hypothetical situations & scenarios, and way too much detail about the artillery/ammunition used or not used as in some cases. He goes into all the technical stuff, such as velocity of bullets, ranges, angles, specificat Nothing really happens until the 16th chapter, page 87 ... unusual for a Jack Reacher novel. Lee Child likes to set the foundation in detail. I realize that it's necessary to a point, but this novel, unlike the other Reacher novels I've read, focuses primarily on strategies, hypothetical situations & scenarios, and way too much detail about the artillery/ammunition used or not used as in some cases. He goes into all the technical stuff, such as velocity of bullets, ranges, angles, specifications, material used, etc., I mean pages of this. “Personally,” this reader just wanted him to get on with the story. The knock-down drag out fist-fighting is much the same, a blow by blow description of how it went down, to get the bad guy ... and when he finally gets the bad guy, which we all know he is going to do, it seems anti-climatic. I've skimmed through this part of his novels in the past, but found myself tempted more often by this one. I like the character of Jack Reacher, and will continue reading any future releases. If you haven't read a Reacher novel, don't start with this one. Even though each can be read independently, you will enjoy the series a lot more if you start with Book 1: The Killing Floor. Then you can see how Jack grows through the years as he stumbles across various situations, always ready to help the underdog. It pains me to give such an acclaimed author a rating as low as 2-stars, but I'm trying to be honest here. Look, I've read every Jack Reacher book. Lee Child is one of my favorite authors. But by the time you get to the finale, you're just like "Wait, what? This doesn't even make sense. Is this really happening?" I thought about giving an extra star because there's a fair amount of energy in the book--it's a mess, but it's a fast-paced, rollicking mess. In the end, I decided to use one of my rare one-star ratings to wave off other folks. Just to check that I wasn't crazy, I handed it off to my wife wi Look, I've read every Jack Reacher book. Lee Child is one of my favorite authors. But by the time you get to the finale, you're just like "Wait, what? This doesn't even make sense. Is this really happening?" I thought about giving an extra star because there's a fair amount of energy in the book--it's a mess, but it's a fast-paced, rollicking mess. In the end, I decided to use one of my rare one-star ratings to wave off other folks. Just to check that I wasn't crazy, I handed it off to my wife without saying anything about the book. She's a Lee Child fan too, but she really didn't like Personal either. She considered it a two-star book. Somebody takes a shot at the french president and he gets saved by a new safety glass but suddenly all major security servies get mighty nervous. they make a list of the possible shooters who might be able to do a shot like the one aimed at the French president. This list contains one wrathful person who has been put into jail by a certain military policeman by the name of Reacher. So the powers that be in the US want Reacher on the case and ship him to France were Reacher finds the weather pleas Somebody takes a shot at the french president and he gets saved by a new safety glass but suddenly all major security servies get mighty nervous. they make a list of the possible shooters who might be able to do a shot like the one aimed at the French president. This list contains one wrathful person who has been put into jail by a certain military policeman by the name of Reacher. So the powers that be in the US want Reacher on the case and ship him to France were Reacher finds the weather pleasant especially the wind. His Russian counterpart loses his head due to the weather. Next stop London England where the organised crime find out that while Sherlock Holmes might be fiction, Sherlock Homeless as some people call him makes a quite formidable threat. When Reacher flies home he has tracked down the sniper and finds the one responsible for aiming the shooter. More Jack Reacher then and I enjoyed this one more than the last (not as much as the early ones) but it was very good. They always are. No messing around here, Jack Reacher is Jack Reacher and that is kind of comforting. Don't expect any surprises there are not any. The thing I mostly enjoy about these when I think about it is the fact that they are easy, predictable, do exactly what you expect them to do and are perfect reading when you don't want to have to think too much but want to be enterta More Jack Reacher then and I enjoyed this one more than the last (not as much as the early ones) but it was very good. They always are. No messing around here, Jack Reacher is Jack Reacher and that is kind of comforting. Don't expect any surprises there are not any. The thing I mostly enjoy about these when I think about it is the fact that they are easy, predictable, do exactly what you expect them to do and are perfect reading when you don't want to have to think too much but want to be entertained. Jack Reacher is highly entertaining. He was here. The story is good, flows out in its usual indomitable style, Jack pops into some lives, gets rid of some bad guys, puts the good guys back on track, doesnt stand for nonsense and, well, buys a toothbrush. And some new clothes. Considering how simple it sounds (and in a lot of ways it is) I was enthralled as ever. These are good readable books of the type that don't make promises they can't keep and the success of the series does not surprise me one bit and is absolutely deserved. Lee Child may never write War and Peace but he will be read forever I have no doubt. Reacher is playing an away game in this non-stop action thriller. Mostly takes place in Paris and London, but now he is a one man wrecking crew on two continents! I enjoyed this episode in Reacher's life as much if not more than previous books. As part of the "praise" for the book at Amazon.com, another favorite author of mine, Stephen King, calls this "The best one yet." It may not be the best I've ever read, but it's sure close to the top. The only real downside was the monumental effort it took not to envision the comparatively scrawny Tom Cruise in the role of 6-foot-5-inch, 250-pound-plus Jack Reacher in the 2012 movie of the same name. If it's action you want, you'll get an overload here. It begins as Reacher is called back into As part of the "praise" for the book at Amazon.com, another favorite author of mine, Stephen King, calls this "The best one yet." It may not be the best I've ever read, but it's sure close to the top. The only real downside was the monumental effort it took not to envision the comparatively scrawny Tom Cruise in the role of 6-foot-5-inch, 250-pound-plus Jack Reacher in the 2012 movie of the same name. If it's action you want, you'll get an overload here. It begins as Reacher is called back into service for the State Department and the CIA, who inform him that someone has taken a shot at the president of France. The bullet was American-made, and the super long-distance shot could have been pulled off by less than a handful of snipers (even though it missed the target by a few hairs). One probability comes to mind immediately - John Kott, who, thanks to Reacher, spent the past 16 years in prison and was released recently. Almost all of the time, Reacher works solo; but this time, he gets a rookie partner named Casey Nice (young and beautiful, naturally) - and it's hard for Reacher to forget thinking about a different female partner who bit the dust on his watch years earlier. Nice proves herself to be competent, which is nice, but he still doesn't want the same thing to happen again. Trying to catch the shooter before he tries again - the conventional thinking is that the next target will be one (or more) of the world leaders who will be attending an upcoming G-8 summit - puts both Reacher and Nice within shooting distance of mobsters from various countries and, of course, whoever turns out to be the sniper. If it is Kott, the whole scenario could change; his reason for killing (and his intended target) could turn out to be very personal. If you have been reading Jack Reacher novels, you surely know what to expect. Jack Reacher books are great to relax with. As a tough guy speaking his mind, and very resourceful, he is a character who is fun to read. There has been a shot taken at the French President. There are four possible snipers who could have taken that difficult shot. One of them is John Kott, who has a grudge with Reacher who sends him to jail, and he has just completed his sentence. Reacher now takes off to Europe with an If you have been reading Jack Reacher novels, you surely know what to expect. Jack Reacher books are great to relax with. As a tough guy speaking his mind, and very resourceful, he is a character who is fun to read. There has been a shot taken at the French President. There are four possible snipers who could have taken that difficult shot. One of them is John Kott, who has a grudge with Reacher who sends him to jail, and he has just completed his sentence. Reacher now takes off to Europe with an enthusiastic Ms Casey Nice for company. After a lot of violence with gangs in London, the story heads to a climax. Personal is a thrilling novel at times, but after the first few chapters, it becomes really repetitive and dull. I joined Goodreads in October 2011 and other than regularly loading my books into my GR library, I was not active as a reviewer or a commenter until several years ago. I read "Personal" as a paperback in September 2014 and at some stage I awarded it a one-star 'DNF'. "Personal" is one of three "Jack Reacher" novels that I have awarded a 'one-star DNF'. A number of my GR friends have awarded "Personal" 4.0 or 5.0 stars and one friend in particular, William D, has commented that whereas our tastes are generally similar, he had awarded "Personal" and the other two of my three 'DNF's', 4.0 stars each. We both wondered aloud about this dichotomy, so I resolved to review each novel again and determine whether or not the 'DNF's' were justified. Apparently I am blessed with a (probably defective!) memory that enables me to read or listen to a book at least twice while remembering only vague generalities during the second reading (listening), because I certainly have no idea when I actually 'DNF'd' "Personal" and I am surprised that I remembered literally nothing about the book at all. This the Jack Reacher who has been missing in my reading/hearing of novels "#18, #19, and #20". Loaded with the usual detailed repetition (weapons and ammo; etc.) which are part of the Jack Reacher 'charm', "Personal" was chock-full of high paced action, unimaginably bad 'baddies', untrustworthy 'goodies' and several very attractive women. Surprisingly Reacher kept his zippers in place and neither of the women tempted him to do otherwise. I was a Lee Child fan before Lee Child was cool (my hazy recollection is that I started reading him around the time of his first novel), and as such, I have spent a lot of time recommending his novels to people. Each one seemed as crisp and exciting as the last. But in the past several years I've started to worry. Child seemed to be falling into the problem so many series authors have. How do you keep the formula fresh to the reader and interesting to the author? The absolute rock bottom was Not I was a Lee Child fan before Lee Child was cool (my hazy recollection is that I started reading him around the time of his first novel), and as such, I have spent a lot of time recommending his novels to people. Each one seemed as crisp and exciting as the last. But in the past several years I've started to worry. Child seemed to be falling into the problem so many series authors have. How do you keep the formula fresh to the reader and interesting to the author? The absolute rock bottom was Nothing to Lose, the weakest Reacher novel, in which Lee Child's personal politics (no matter how much I agree with them) overtook his need to create a compelling story. Subsequent books have been okay, but have felt more like eating a bag of potato chips than a satisfying meal you want to tell your friends about. That's why it is great to see Child rebounding with Personal, a book in which, following an assassination attempt on the President of France, Jack Reacher is called upon to help track down the man believed responsible, a former sniper that Reacher once arrested. In a novel that spans several countries, Reacher teams up with rookie agent Casey Nice to help track down the sniper and accomplices and bring him to justice before he can create havoc at the G8 summit. After several recently disappointing books in this outstanding action driven series, I'm very happy to report that Lee Child is back with what might be his best book in the series. Jack Reacher is asked by a US Army General to join a multinational team to interdict a sniper who might have taken a shot at the French President in Paris and may be planning more high profile assassinations in London. Reacher accepts the assignment because he once arrested the American suspect and sent him to Leavenw After several recently disappointing books in this outstanding action driven series, I'm very happy to report that Lee Child is back with what might be his best book in the series. Jack Reacher is asked by a US Army General to join a multinational team to interdict a sniper who might have taken a shot at the French President in Paris and may be planning more high profile assassinations in London. Reacher accepts the assignment because he once arrested the American suspect and sent him to Leavenworth for 15 years which makes him uniquely qualified for the task. Something a little different, this time around ... in that this was the first one of these I've read in years that I didn't primarily read in a steel tube (airplane or train) and/or hotel room.... I've come to find that the series comfortably passes the time while traveling ... doesn't take too much concentration ... not much art in the prose ... not listening for the music as I re-read passages ... not tasting the words in my mouth ... but, then again, good momentum, high entertainment value, f Something a little different, this time around ... in that this was the first one of these I've read in years that I didn't primarily read in a steel tube (airplane or train) and/or hotel room.... I've come to find that the series comfortably passes the time while traveling ... doesn't take too much concentration ... not much art in the prose ... not listening for the music as I re-read passages ... not tasting the words in my mouth ... but, then again, good momentum, high entertainment value, for long days and nights of sleep-deprived and jet-lagged travel. Well, now I remember why I tend to read these while traveling rather than in the quiet comfort of my home.... A great way to pass the time, but, other than that, well, ... nah, on second thought, ... the series is a great way to pass the time (and, to the extent I travel a lot, there is significant value in that, at least to me). Having said all of that, the first few hundred pages reminded me why I've stuck with the series - I thought the hook was pretty good, and the basic set-up was well constructed. Conversely, the last 50-70 pages was (extremely) disappointing, felt (badly) rushed, and left me wondering whether this installment had a lot of potential until the author, Child, bounced up against a publisher's deadline and just threw in the towel. But, maybe, that's just me. Lee Child's Reacher character is one of my original favorite "hammers." He is the quintessential pragmatic man. A creature of a mostly black and white world, Reacher recognizes his actions and results are always influenced by outside forces. A case in point, he designs every strike knowing that the plan never survives first contact with the enemy. From that point forward, the victory goes to the quickest thinker. Much of this tale, and the included action scenes, revolves around that premise. As Lee Child's Reacher character is one of my original favorite "hammers." He is the quintessential pragmatic man. A creature of a mostly black and white world, Reacher recognizes his actions and results are always influenced by outside forces. A case in point, he designs every strike knowing that the plan never survives first contact with the enemy. From that point forward, the victory goes to the quickest thinker. Much of this tale, and the included action scenes, revolves around that premise. As a result of a past moral debt, Reacher returns to governmental service, albeit in a civilian capacity, to identify and capture the person responsible for taking an ultra-long-range shot with a .50 cal rifle at the president of France. The most likely suspect is a man Reacher put in jail once before. The story starts in the United States, but quickly moves to France, where the reader is treated to a view of the underbelly of French society. It appears one or more groups of ethnic organized crime entities is helping the shooter. As with most of the Reacher novels, a plethora of bad guys exist, providing fodder for the killing machine that is Jack Reacher. Here's where I add that the antagonists all deserved to die because Child paints them all as amoral killers. In a slight change from past books, Reacher is provided a sidekick early on, a rookie CIA analyst with personal and professional doubts. As usual, I won't provide too much story line. I will say that this tale moves quickly and the main characters are engaging. Action is abundant, though often overdone. One disappointment for me, while I enjoy the scientific/physical insight Reacher brings to each fight or battle plan, I felt the descriptions and reasoning seemed forced. This added to my perception that some scenes were over the top. Still, Child's novels and the Reacher character remain among my favorites. On a more detailed scale, I provide Personal by Lee Child with a 4.2. In a bus station in Seattle, Jack Reacher comes across a copy of the Army Times with a classified ad addressed to him with instructions to make contact. Reacher does and is quickly swept up into a race against time to stop a potential assassin from taking out the heads of state of the world superpowers at an upcoming economic summit. One of the potential killers has a connection to Reacher -- he was put behind bars years ago during Reacher's time in the army. And it appears the potential assassin In a bus station in Seattle, Jack Reacher comes across a copy of the Army Times with a classified ad addressed to him with instructions to make contact. Reacher does and is quickly swept up into a race against time to stop a potential assassin from taking out the heads of state of the world superpowers at an upcoming economic summit. One of the potential killers has a connection to Reacher -- he was put behind bars years ago during Reacher's time in the army. And it appears the potential assassin has an ax to grind with Reacher and wants to take him out as well as the heads of state. The nineteenth entry in Lee Child's Jack Reacher series Personal is most disappointing one I've read so far. Usually the novels narrated by Reacher have been among my favorites in the series, but Personal never quite clicks and spends seemingly long periods of time with Reacher doing little or nothing to impact the investigation or the plot. Part of the problem is that Reacher is part of a team this time around. The character has had help in the past, but he seems less the unstoppable force that he has been in previous novels. In fact, there were points during this book that I found myself double-checking to make sure this was a Reacher novel and not so other standard thriller I'd picked up. But every few pages, I'd be reminded of Reacher's love of coffee and diners and the portable toothbrush is the greatest invention in the history of humankind so I knew I wasn't reading the wrong book. I've made this observation before, but I think it bears making again here. In the past year or so, Child has published several Reacher novellas and stories that felt a bit rushed and left me wanting for more and a couple of Reacher novels that felt like a short story expanded far past their natural length. Personal continues this trend, feeling more like a solid novella or short story than a full length novel. When a shot is fired at the French president in Paris, Jack Reacher is recruited to apprehend the rogue sniper before he causes havoc at a forthcoming G8 meeting in London. Reacher teams up with a female rookie agent called Casey Nice. With global stability at stake failure is not an option. The suspected shooter, John Kott, one of the world’s best snipers, has recently been released from a lengthy stint in jail. It was Reacher who put him there. The action takes in rural Arkansas, Paris and Lon When a shot is fired at the French president in Paris, Jack Reacher is recruited to apprehend the rogue sniper before he causes havoc at a forthcoming G8 meeting in London. Reacher teams up with a female rookie agent called Casey Nice. With global stability at stake failure is not an option. The suspected shooter, John Kott, one of the world’s best snipers, has recently been released from a lengthy stint in jail. It was Reacher who put him there. The action takes in rural Arkansas, Paris and London, where a gang is believed to be harbouring the sniper. Reacher and his sidekick’s escapades include confronting a Serbian mob and a gargantuan brute. The story culminates with a surprising revelation. Personal is an engrossing first person thriller, complete with a complex conspiracy and colourful cast of characters. The storyline feels fairly realistic and the settings atmospheric. There is considerable focus on strategies and scenarios, though these are never tedious or excessive. Reacher is an intriguing protagonist. He is tough, formidable, uncompromising and pragmatic, but also humorous and respectful of women. The extensive use of analysis and evaluation does slow the action somewhat on occasion, diminishing its impact. And one is forced to wonder whether Reacher is getting a little long in the tooth for some of the capers he finds himself in. After all his mother was a WWII French Resistance fighter, albeit a teenage one, which presumably makes our hero close to 60. Is the ageing author living out a fantasy through his alter ego? This reader was none the less very impressed by this, his first Jack Reacher thriller. He eagerly awaits reading further instalments of the best-selling series. A sniper tries to shoot the President of France from more than 3/4 of a mile away, a shot that could only be made by the most elite. While the bullet did not go through the protective glass, the G8 security agencies are worried about an upcoming summit in London. The list of candidates is quickly shuttled down to three men, a Brit, Russian and American. The American turns out to be a recently paroled man who Jack Reacher put in prison for 15 years. Reacher has a favor called in by a friend and i A sniper tries to shoot the President of France from more than 3/4 of a mile away, a shot that could only be made by the most elite. While the bullet did not go through the protective glass, the G8 security agencies are worried about an upcoming summit in London. The list of candidates is quickly shuttled down to three men, a Brit, Russian and American. The American turns out to be a recently paroled man who Jack Reacher put in prison for 15 years. Reacher has a favor called in by a friend and is teamed with a young CIA agent, Casey Nice, to track down this sniper, in conjunction with a Brit and Russian. When the Russian is killed by a long-range shot intended for Reacher, that is blown off course, the action heats up. Reacher becomes embroiled in a turf war in East London with the Serbians. Reacher is a drifter and in this 19th book, he is far afield in most ways. Good twists at the end. Note: 4 stars is a bit generous actually. Nineteenth in the Jack Reacher thriller series revolving around a lone wolf, retired from the army and exploring his America. A special thanks to NetGalley and Bantam Press for allowing me to enjoy this eARC. Child knows how to pull a reader in. Of course, "knowing" Reacher, Child already has quite a bit set up for us ahead of time, lol. I do love "listening" to Reacher make his conclusions. His questions. His curiosity. His knowledge. Although…I don't remember Reacher thinking about the So Nineteenth in the Jack Reacher thriller series revolving around a lone wolf, retired from the army and exploring his America. It's part of what I love about Jack Reacher (and other stories/series of this ilk) is the intelligence and observation required. That ability to make deductions from the information gleaned, and to act on it. I know how little I observe around me — even though I want to think I see a lot. Just had a thought — shocking, I know *grin* — being Jack Reacher is similar to being an editor. Reacher knows so very much about how his world works — I'm thinking about his knowledge of snipers, guns, making one's bones, the AK-47, government identification, and more — and an editor has to know about his or her world. The one of words, sentences, plots, and more. It's a detailed knowledge, knowing the nuances of a word being used whether it's correct for the time period, for expressing that thought in the story. Soooo, maybe we each have our own strengths of observation, lol. Oh, crack me up. Yep, Reacher is unconventional if only because he thinks ahead, plotting out all the angles. After all, people are people with the same motivations, dreams, plans all over the world. We're not so different from each other. It's also human nature when he analyzes Nice's motives and explains the difference between CIA and military. Some very excellent points there as well. There's that intriguing look behind the EU politics with that bit about why the Polish and Greek governments are suddenly about to have elections. "…if it's some big terrorist statement … it's probably not Italy. I mean, who would notice? Those guys change every three weeks anyway." Hmmm, Sherlock Homeless. An interesting nickname, and it certainly fits Reacher *grin*. "…you should take that washing machine out of the yard. I don't think it's compulsory." Yep, it sure was an interesting trip out to Arkansas, and it was amazing how much information Reacher pulled out of it. Of course, Kott did leave quite a bit of information. Enough that it would knock me back a few miles. Not feet…miles, or at least 1,400 yards. LOL, that initial beginning in Paris…interesting to see how alike these handlers were *more laughter*. It was sweet too, Reacher taking the time to see his mother's grave. I wish Child had said why Nice has that nasty beat-up vehicle. What was her reasoning for it? Is it simply because it's so outside the box? Is she gonna keep it? I hope we'll see her again in future installments. Scarangello though, I'm not keen on making her acquaintance again. I didn't care for her comment about Reacher being as bad as Kott. I don't get where she's coming from, especially when she's CIA. I'd say, right off the bat, that she's a more likely candidate way before Reacher! There's a lot of back history going on in this story. The AK-47 and the reason for its creation, which makes perfect sense. And how very sensible of the government (who knew a government could be sensible??) to plan for it. The behind-the-scenes details on how a G8 conference is choreographed. The fears behind it for the players. There was one area in which Personal was completely unlike any previous Jack Reacher story. Tell me if you pick up on it! Wow, that ending. It was something of an anticlimax, that betrayal, I had expected something completely different, yet this made so much sense. A shocking example of truth in human nature. And, as Bennett says, "We didn't rule the world by being nice." And yes, I'd enjoy reading more about this character as well, lol. It was a long-range shot at the French president that started it. Only a few snipers in the world were skilled enough. It’s the why behind the U.S.’s concern about the attempted assassination that has Reacher curious. Then comes London and two very angry gangs, which MI5 is likely to be very pleased about. Jack Reacher has been retired from the army for years and spent that time roaming America, but the army hasn't forgotten him. And Reacher realizes ruefully, that he's much too predictable. Dominique Kohl was one of Reacher's failures, at least in his own mind. Casey Nice is assigned through the State Department; she's actually CIA. Antonio Luna is a very good friend of Casey's. Joan Scarangello is also CIA, older, deputy to the deputy director of operations. She knew Joe Reacher and tries to use that. Brigadier General Rick Shoemaker is second-in-command to General Tom O'Day. Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure is the French version of the CIA. Karel Libor was a big-deal Albanian gang leader. Wallace Court is where they intend to hold the G8 conference. The Romford Boys are led by Charlie White with his lieutenants: Tommy Miller, Billy Thompson, and the real "power behind the throne", the enforcer, Little Joey Green, a real brute of a man. He's enough to scare Nice off her crutches. Gary is one of Little Joey's team leaders. GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) is the British version of the NSA. John Kott was originally from Arkansas and was snapped up for sniper school. He was incapable of distinguishing between real life and the battlefield. William Carson is an ex-SAS operator with 50+ kills to his name, at some incredible distances. Fyodor Datsev is the Russian, ex-KGB. Rozan is the Israeli, and the best they ever saw with a fifty-caliber Barrett. Yevgeniy Khenkin is Sluzhba Vneshgney Razvedki, or as Yevgeniy says "KGB really, old wine, new bottles". He was Datsev's handler back in the day. Bennett is the English representative with an interesting character. Very stereotypical English in fact. He could be MI6, he can be anyone you want, it's all pretty fluid at the moment, lol. The cover is shades of gray — how appropriate! — with a lone man standing on a deserted road leading to the Capitol building. One man facing down government. I think this was the first in the Jack Reacher series I couldn't wait to finish. Just not my cup of tea this time -- the plot, London setting, bland, uninteresting supporting characters. Even Reacher's voice seemed "off" to me in this one. Not sure what happened here (maybe it's just me), because the previous in the series was one of my very favorites, and I gave it five stars. Hoping for better in the next installment! Reacher's pulled into a hunt for snipers, both from abroad & a home-trained one that Reacher arrested before...partnered with another young female CIA operative, feeling guilty about another one he lost under his tutelage, Reacher is on the hunt in Europe & the US...So-so Reacher, but because it IS a "Reacher" 4-stars!

2019-04-23T13:27:55Z

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/20501498-personal

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It will give you insight into the specific conflict of interest we face as publishers and describe how we collect our track records. It will describe our posture in regards to guarantees and refunds. It will explain the regulatory and legal framework that governs how we operate and perhaps most important, it will set the stage for a long and happy business relationship. We've been successful in this business over many years because we've always been dedicated to serving our subscribers by only publishing materials we'd want our own families to read and follow, by always being completely transparent about the utility of our products (track records), and by always considering how we'd want to be treated if the roles were reversed. If you'll take the time to read this document, we believe you will be far more likely to succeed using our materials. You will know more about our approach to serving investors. You'll know more about the limits of what we can help you achieve. And most of all, you will know a lot more about the risks you inevitably face as an investor. The first thing to know about our business (Stansberry Research) is that we are NOT money managers, brokers, or fiduciaries of any kind. Our published work is NOT a low-price replacement for an experienced money manager, broker, or investment advisor. Instead, Stansberry Research LLC is a publishing company and the indicators, strategies, reports, articles, and all other features of our products are provided for informational and educational purposes only. Under no circumstances should you construe anything that appears in our newsletters, reports, or on our website as personalized investment advice. Our recommendations and analysis are based on Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, current events, interviews, corporate press releases, and what we've learned as financial journalists. It may contain errors, and you shouldn't make any investment decision based solely on what you read here. If you are not an experienced investor, we urge you to get as much education as possible and to consult a licensed individual advisor before making investments of any kind. The regulatory regime for investment advisors and money managers makes it difficult (if not impossible) to serve both the general public and individuals. We have chosen to provide our research to the general public for a number of good reasons. For one, we know that Wall Street has enjoyed a dramatic advantage over the average investor for decades. And we want to level the playing field as much as possible. But the most important reason for serving the general public relates to something called the "prudent man" rule. Historically, the best investment opportunities have arisen amid circumstances most investors believed were risky. For example, opportunities to buy large-cap U.S. stocks at attractive prices have occurred almost exclusively during periods of great economic uncertainty. Recently such opportunities arose in 1987, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2008. We are confident that such opportunities will occur again. Excessive greed and fear are the emotions that drive the public markets. Likewise, individual securities often trade at the most attractive prices when serious problems arise in a given business. We call these company specific problems "warts." Like warts on someone's face, it usually requires a strong stomach to see past them and into a brighter day. However, precisely because most investors are repulsed by such securities, investors willing to study them can produce large investment returns. We seek to take advantage of these opportunities for the benefit of our subscribers. As I'll explain later, our firm does not own any stocks, nor do we allow our investment analysts to own the stocks they cover for our subscribers. Investment fiduciaries are often forbidden by regulations - most notably the so-called "prudent man" rule - from taking a contrarian approach like ours with a majority of their investments. These regulations date back to 1830 (though the rules have been significantly revised over the years). The rule boils down to a simple concept: Fiduciaries have an obligation to avoid taking investment risks that are contrary to the public's opinion. Individual investment managers with fiduciary obligations are legally required "to observe how men of prudence, discretion, and intelligence manage their own affairs." These rules essentially require registered investment advisors to invest alongside the public. They are forbidden, for example, from shorting stocks. This makes taking a truly contrarian approach nearly impossible because of regulatory and legal liability concerns. Our company's primary approach to investing is based in contrarian strategies that may be significantly at odds with conventional wisdom and mainstream approaches to capital management. That means many of the recommendations and strategies we cover in our publications will seem risky and controversial. It also helps explain why investors and media outlets that follow a more conventional "prudent man" approach frequently criticize our work and even accuse us of malfeasance. We urge you to consider our investment ideas carefully and to follow all of our strategies for risk management, especially position sizing and trailing stop losses. But most of all... we urge you to educate yourself about the philosophy that underlies our approach. If you will take the time to understand why we believe our strategies are likely to work, you can acquire the emotional fortitude and the discipline necessary to successfully apply our strategies. If you lack this understanding, you are very unlikely to succeed. We are NOT responsible for your results - good or bad. We will NOT take credit (in the form of a percentage of your profits) for your success. Nor are we legally liable for any of your losses. Subscribing to our newsletters will not make us responsible for your investment results. You will bear the full burden of the risks you decide to take. As we will regularly remind you: It's your money, and it's your responsibility. Our lack of fiduciary responsibility might cause you to second-guess our work. That's fine with us. We urge you to be critical and skeptical of all investment recommendations, no matter the source. But the simple fact is, if we were subject to legal liability for any losses resulting from our recommendations, our business would disappear overnight. A very important warning: We make mistakes. We are human. We make mistakes. Sometimes our ideas and hunches turn out to be wrong (though not often, we're pleased to report). More frequently our "timing" is off. That is, an investment theme we expect to develop only does so in a timeframe that makes it difficult to earn a profit. And of course, there are also times when we are misled, despite reasonable efforts to confirm our sources. Based on the large number of customers we have acquired and retained and based on our own internally kept track records (more on these below), we feel confident that on the whole our work is extremely reliable. We doubt you'll find work by any other publisher that is as detailed and well-sourced. Nevertheless, it is important for you to realize that no published materials anywhere - not even the New York Times - is regularly published without at least occasional mistakes. When we make mistakes, you can count on us to correct them as quickly and honestly as possible. It is very unlikely (though it does happen from time to time) that you will become wealthy from trading stocks, bonds, options, commodities, or other financial instruments. The most realistic way to become wealthy, in our view, is by building your own business or by playing a key role in the creation or the significant growth of an existing one. Our newsletters are intended to serve people who are in the process of wealth building by helping them manage their savings or people who already have significant amounts of savings earn a higher average return. Why not simply manage money or keep our ideas for ourselves? Most knowledgeable investors are willing to share their ideas with other investors in exchange for a fee. Sharing ideas doesn't reduce returns and can generate substantial amounts of income for good investors. Fees for top-quality money managers are high - especially for investors who are able to pursue contrarian strategies. Hedge funds, for example, typically charge 2% of assets under management and 20% of profits. Fees generated by successful hedge funds can reach into billions of dollars. While we have considered for many years launching such a fund, the regulatory burden and the cost of raising large amounts of capital, are significant. On the other hand, thanks to the First Amendment, there are relatively few legal burdens to publishing and thanks to the Internet, there are few capital constraints. These low barriers to entry allowed us to achieve a significant amount of success very quickly. We reached 100,000 subscribers within five years of operations. Within about 10 years of operations, we'd reached well over a million total readers and more than 500,000 paid subscribers. Thus, in about 10 years, we grew from a start-up (Porter Stansberry wrote our first sales letter on a borrowed laptop computer from his kitchen table) to the world's leading subscription-based financial publisher (according to various databases of subscriber figures). We know of no other business in our industry that has ever achieved growth equal to even a fraction of these numbers so quickly. We don't believe such rapid success would have been possible if we'd attempted to build a money-management business. You should know that we attribute our success to three simple factors: our contrarian approach (we cover valuable opportunities others won't or can't), the number of very highly skilled analysts we were able to recruit and retain (primarily by offering a work environment that promised lucrative rewards for success with almost no conflicts of interest), and the integrity with which we have always approached our endeavors. Or as our founder likes to say in jest, "All it takes is a decade of hard work to become an overnight success." Our path to success was set in motion by a simple choice: We decided to publish our investment ideas to millions of people around the world at a relatively low price rather than sharing our ideas exclusively with a very small group of wealthy investors at a high price. In the long term, for this approach to be successful, we must continue to provide large numbers of subscribers with unique, contrarian investment advice that is reliable and profitable. We have structured our business in an effort to avoid conflicts of interest, but a significant potential conflict of interest still exists. We believe everyone involved in finance has some conflict of interest. Hedge-fund managers, for example have a tremendous incentive to produce short-term capital gains so that they can generate fee income (20% of gains). This might lead them to take short-term risks at the expense of safer and more lucrative long-term gains. This conflict will exist even if the manager keeps all or most of his wealth inside the fund. It also helps explain why successful hedge-fund managers often end up earning far more from running the fund than their clients make investing in it. We generate our profits almost exclusively from the subscriptions we sell. While our business generates marginal amounts of advertising revenues (from insert advertising and banner ads on our website), the vast majority of our income comes from subscriptions. This was deliberate. We do not want our subscribers to wonder whether we were recommending a company or an investment because the company or investment sponsor advertised with us. This has been one of the ways that we have steered clear of potential conflicts of interest but it's not the only one. We don't accept compensation (or favors) from the companies we recommend as investments. As you may know, many newsletter companies do not adhere to the same guidelines that we do. Some accept compensation from the companies whose stock they recommend and cover. We could argue that our policies described above leave us completely free of any conflict of interest. Other financial publishers will surely make such a claim. But it's not completely true. We have made efforts to structure our business so that we don't have any conflicts of interest. But despite our efforts, we do have a conflict. It's a conflict that's systemic throughout the investment community and complex to explain... so bear with me. The investing public has the unfailing tendency to rush into the worst possible investments at the worst possible time. We call this the "paradox" of finance. People can figure out when it's a good time to buy groceries - when they're on sale. But when it comes to securities, people tend to ignore them when they're cheap and stampede into them when they're expensive. For example... you'll remember that in 1999 and 2000 investors all rushed into tech stocks... at the wrong time. Then, they rushed into the housing market... at the wrong time. We believe this irrational behavior is linked to the emotional need many people have to conform. It's the same psychology, essentially, that powers the fashion business. We can't say what investment passion will strike the crowd next, but we know, when it occurs, it would prove lucrative for us to publish information confirming the crowd's passions... even when it involves making bad or dangerous recommendations. That is, during bubble periods, we have a financial incentive to help inflate the bubble because that's the kind of information the public will demand in those periods. This conflict - the temptation to sell the public the information it wants even if it's not in their interests - isn't unique to financial publishers. All forms of media face this conflict. That's why, at market tops, you will commonly find magazine covers and other types of mainstream media embracing the bubble. We attempt to balance this conflict by focusing on proven contrarian approaches to investing. We further advocate strict risk-management strategies that have so far largely prevented us from being caught up in investment manias. You should also know that the structure of our company and the factors that drive our profits help minimize the financial temptation to "go with the crowd" in the short term. Essentially all of our profits are derived from renewal sales or additional sales to existing customers. We typically market to new customers at a loss. This allows us to reach more potential subscribers and, over time, to build a bigger business. It also means that unless our subscribers choose to renew in large numbers, we are unlikely to succeed at our business. This helps to align our interests with the long-term success of our subscribers. We believe we are unique in this long-term strategy among all financial publishers. Just to be clear, though, no financial business is totally immune to all conflicts of interest - just as no investment is totally free of risk. No matter how dedicated our executives are to the success and wellbeing of our subscribers, at least some of our employees will be motivated by a need to sell, to motivate, to persuade, and to captivate our subscribers to produce revenue for our business. It is difficult to sell anything without embracing, at least somewhat, the mood of the public. Thus, we urge all subscribers to reference our most recent newsletters and to consult with an individual advisor before making any investments. Likewise, we would urge you not to rely - at all - on any of our marketing pieces or sales letters when making your investment decisions. These publications are designed to sell our research products and thus, by design, lack the more fully balanced analysis of the risks and rewards of any particular investment idea that you will find in our newsletters. We offer one of the most generous refund policies in our industry... and perhaps in the world. More so than any other business we can name, we believe in "parting as friends." If we cannot meet your expectations, you should always have the opportunity to call us on the phone, tell us how we've failed you, and get your money back. That is why, since the first day of our operations, we have always maintained in-house customer service, hiring college-educated, bright, and dedicated young people and employing them in our headquarter buildings. They work in the same building as our senior executives and our owners. Whatever the purpose of your call, it will be answered promptly and handled professionally. Our wait times are normally less than one minute. And our average call duration is less than five minutes. We are open for business (on the phone for customer service) from Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. through 5 p.m. Eastern time. Our phone number is: 1-888-261-2693. This is one of the main reasons why, despite running such a large business, we still maintain an "A+" rating with America's leading consumer advocacy group. Some cynical readers have suggested that we offer such generous refunds because we don't really believe in (or stand behind) our work. Nothing could be further from the truth. Our guarantees reflect the complete confidence we have in our products. Our goal is to never publish anything our founder wouldn't want his own parents to read and to follow. Our basic philosophy is that we have to earn your business, which is why we offer you the chance to ask for your money back. This "we haven't earned it yet" attitude encourages us to continue to do great work for you. But that's not all we promise. To encourage subscribers to try our products, we further provide complete refunds on virtually all of our entry-level products for periods of up to 30 days (our offers vary). We only pay sales commissions on a post-refund basis. Thus our employees have no financial incentive to mislead anyone. Furthermore, our potential customers are encouraged to try our products with zero financial risk. If we can't deliver on our promises, they're entitled to all of their money back on virtually every entry-level product we offer. You can "get to know us" without taking a single penny of risk. In most cases, our investing and trading services also come with a 30-day guarantee as well. We want you to be completely satisfied with your decision. If you’re not, our Baltimore-based customer service team will promptly refund the full amoun fee of your purchase if you call within 30 days. We include this fee to discourage people from signing up for our more sophisticated trading services, accessing all of the research and then cancelling. We think it is unfair to our paying subscribers for people to access the information with no intention of remaining a subscriber. We want to find customers who are serious about our work…not people that are looking for loopholes to access valuable information for free. Subscribers may also request a sample issue (containing out-of-date information from a previously published newsletter) from our customer service team to evaluate for themselves, at any time, the value of these products. The policies - offering plenty of no-risk-whatsoever opportunities in conjunction with asking customers to make a small commitment on certain products - provides a reasonable balance between the rights we have as a content provider with valuable information and those of our customers to avoid making a purchase that's doesn't match their investing styles or interests. From time to time, we will make offers that don’t include the option to receive a refund. A skeptical reader might suggest that we are trying to trick people into subscribing to a service that isn’t right for them so we can make more money. But the exact opposite is true. We want to limit the sales of that particular offer to only the most serious readers. We want to make sure that the subscribers to these offers intend to subscribe and stick with that particular newsletter. In the past we’ve had people subscribe just to read about the situation we were describing in the marketing offer. They would download all of the information and then call us for a refund. That is unfair to the other subscribers and to us as publishers. Those aren’t the kind of subscribers we are looking for. We want subscribers that understand the value of our work and are committing to being a long-term customer of our business. So, we use the “no refund” offer exclusively for situations where we want to limit the sales to subscribers who are serious about buying the information and remaining subscribers. If a customer buys one of these offers and finds out that they can’t act on the advice our Customer Service team will find a way to apply the money from that purchase to another newsletter via our credit system. We cannot imagine a reasonable person being disappointed in our willingness to provide a refund, a subscription extension, or a credit. Our policy - of always being willing to "part as friends" - has kept our business on the right side of nearly every potential conflict. In over 15 years of operations, we've never once been the subject of any Federal Trade Commission investigation or of any serious dispute with a customer, a partner, or an employee. No matter which one of our products you purchase the terms of the offer are always clearly described on the order form. We strive to make sure every customer understands exactly what they are buying, how much it costs and what their options are if they choose not to keep their subscription. While we know it is impossible to avoid every potential misunderstanding and to make everyone happy all of the time, we're proud of our ability to consistently please so many of our customers. We have among the industry's highest renewal rates and, as far as we know, the largest base of lifetime customers. Our company's most important asset is our reputation for trustworthiness, and maintaining that reputation is our highest goal. Why our business model is almost exclusively based on subscriptions. You may have noticed that the vast majority of our products are offered only via subscription. To protect free speech and to encourage public debate and the exchange of ideas, the SEC has carved out what's known as the "publisher's exemption" from certain securities laws. This exemption doesn't mean that we can write whatever we want. It means that we aren't required to be licensed by the SEC. It means that we can publish freely, without "prior restraint." And it means that we can write about things registered advisors would find difficult to get through their compliance departments - such as extremely contrarian advice. To qualify for this exemption from securities licensing (and avoid the "prudent man" restrictions we mentioned earlier), we must be a "bona fide" publisher, which under law is defined as a publisher who offers commentary to the public on a regular schedule via subscription. The SEC frowns on "tip sheets" that sell one-off reports. These policies help create accountability for publishers. If we aren't able to live up to our promises and the expectations we set, our clients have the right to demand a refund. And that's why we've always had such a liberal and generous refund policy. We have no problem proving our value to subscribers. It's exactly how we'd want to be treated if our roles were reversed. Newsletter track records: Why they're not like mutual funds. The mutual-fund industry has become, like the wine trade, addicted to extremely simplistic, almost ritualistic, evaluations of quality. A wine is a 96. That's great. A fund is five-star. That's great. What's your newsletter's rank? The problem is, unlike a mutual fund, newsletter track records have no precise starting point or ending point. The size (number of positions) grows over time, as the letter adds recommendations. Thus, a newsletter can't really be compared - directly - to either a mutual fund or a stock index. The closest comparison we can manage for newsletters is to give you the average annual return of each recommendation made and the average holding period. This gives you the annualized return - which is an approximation of what you might have earned following the advice of a newsletter. It's far from precise. It doesn't account for taxes (if you're investing in a taxable account) or "slippage" - which is the price you paid when you bought versus the recommended price and the price you got when you sold versus the recommended sell price. We can only track prices that are available in the market at the time we publish. Occasionally, someone will complain that our track records aren't reliable because they don't reflect actual investment returns. It's important for you to realize that your results might be better or worse than the results we represent. We simply have no way to know what your entry price was, what your exit price was, or what taxes you've paid (or will eventually pay). We strive to make our track records accurate. They may, or they may not, be representative of your actual results. Now... here's the problem with track records and the reliance some investors place on them. There's not a single mutual fund in the world whose long-term track record is great (10 years with double-digit annual returns) that doesn't also have periods of terrible investment performance. Likewise in the newsletter business, we have some analysts and some strategies that excel during bull markets. Some that excel during bear markets. And some that can produce very consistent (but not world-beating) results. We had an editor, for example, close out 136 winning positions in a row, where the average return on each position was roughly 10%. Of course, he held those positions open for two to three months. So his annualized return over that period was 52%. Nearly all of our products are based on a fundamental approach to securities analysis. A few offer advice based on the market's technical outlook. We've developed a preference for fundamental factors (like the underlying quality of the business and a rational evaluation of the stock's intrinsic value versus its market price) because we've found these qualitative measures to be the most reliable. The most important thing that you need to understand is that no single investment strategy (or investment analyst) can provide consistently market-beating advice at all times and in all markets. Our analysts use a variety of contrarian-based strategies. Our efforts are designed to allow you to use the right tools in the right market conditions. All of our publications maintain a track record. Virtually all of them post their open positions on our website and almost all of them are also printed with each issue. All of the back issues are available on our website. You can see for yourself how each analyst has done with every recommendation he or she has ever made. You can see how each of our products has performed in the past, during various market conditions. All of these things we do to inform our readers about the products that they've purchased and represent our efforts to be transparent. Each year we publish the "Report Card" in which our founder, Porter Stansberry, personally reviews all of the recommendations made across all of our products. He selects various time frames for these reviews based on market movements - bull markets, bear markets, flat markets. In these reviews we publish the hard data - the number of recommendations, the percentage of winners, the average returns, the days held. This gives our readers a good idea of what to expect from our various publications in any given market. But remember, past performance is no guarantee of future success. To give you some context, in early 2015, we gave one of our services, Extreme Value, a grade of A in our annual Report Card because the Editor, Dan Ferris, had an 69% Win Percentage and an average annualized return of 16.3%. Similarly, we gave Porter Stansberry's service, Stansberry's Investment Advisory, a B with a 55% Win Percentage and an average return of 15.4%. Again, your results will likely vary - you may make more or you may make less, possibly much less and you may lose all of your investment if you act on the information that we publish. Our idea is simple: Provide transparency to our customers. Let the readers decide how to best utilize the resources we provide. Please understand: The best thing an investment research product can bring you is a good idea that's right for the market conditions and offers an overwhelming potential for success versus a moderate level of risk. No investment newsletter is likely to make you rich overnight, although we've seen huge profits in volatile industries, like mining and biotechnology. Most of your success as an investor will be determined by how much capital you have to invest, how much time you have to invest, and your asset allocation, that is, how much of your capital you have in stocks versus bonds and cash. If you want to be successful as an investor, our best advice is to become an expert at avoiding risk. Simply putting your money into high-quality stocks and bonds is very likely your best bet. Another way we try to avoid conflicts: Our analysts do not buy the stocks they recommend to you. Our company policy forbids our investment analysts from owning any stock they write about. In addition, other employees of Stansberry Research and associated individuals may not purchase recommended securities until 24 hours after the recommendations have been distributed to our subscribers on the Internet, or 72 hours after a direct-mail publication is sent. Some subscribers profess to be disappointed that our analysts don't "eat their own cooking" or have any "skin in the game" since they aren't allowed to own even a token amount of the stocks they've recommended. That opinion is naïve. Nothing is more important to the long-term success of an analyst in our industry than a reputation for producing excellent results for their subscribers. An analyst's standing in our company and our industry is measured by his or her ability to produce a winning track record using a given strategy. This is real skin in the game - far more skin than simply investing a few thousand dollars in a particular stock. This position also allows our analysts to be genuinely independent. That guarantees us that the only reason they have to recommend a stock, to re-recommend a stock, or to recommend selling a stock is that they fully and sincerely believe that's the best course of action. Without this independence the possibilities of a conflict of interest are infinite. And we have a legal reason to keep our writers out of the stocks they write about. The SEC claims complete jurisdiction (despite the publisher's exemption) over anything that's written about securities that are purchased in connection with the purchase or sale of a security. As long as our writers aren't purchasing securities, they are granted far greater protections under the First Amendment because their speech isn't connected with the purchase or sale of any security. As we explained earlier, this doesn't mean we can write anything we want. It simply means our writers are able to venture much farther into contrarian strategies without facing significant legal liabilities. This gives us the ability to cover opportunities that other research groups, which may also be buying securities, cannot. We have been sued and threatened with lawsuits, from time to time, because of the things we've published. From time to time, our contrarian views and our relentless efforts to publish information that's valuable leads us into conflicts with government regulators and powerful corporations. You might think that, in America, the freedom of the press is sacrosanct, but sadly, the truth is our ability to give our subscribers extremely valuable information is, from time to time, severely restricted. For example, over a decade ago in 2002, Porter Stansberry claimed in a published report that a former unit of the Department of Energy - a unit that was sold to investors in 1996 and is now known as USEC - was withholding material information from the public about an agreement that had been made. Specifically, Porter learned that the company would soon announce a very advantageous pricing agreement with its Russian supplier of uranium, the company's key raw material input. Because USEC was trading at a very distressed price (half of book value) and was paying such a high dividend (yielding more than 8%), Porter believed the stock would soar once this long-pending agreement was made public. Based on what he'd learned from a company insider (the director of Investor Relations), Porter wrote that the agreement would be announced at a major nuclear summit featuring presidents Bush and Putin on May 22, 2002. The insider confirmed Porter's analysis, telling him to "watch the stock on May 22." Later Porter sent a complete copy of his report to his source to confirm all of the facts. The source never requested any correction. And in fact, the long-awaited announcement about the agreement came about a month later, on June 19, 2002. Following the new agreement with the Russian uranium supplier, the stock traded all the way up to nearly $18 over the following three years - more than doubling as Porter predicted. Keep in mind, Porter did not trade this stock. Instead of taking advantage of this information, he published a report, which was made available to all of our subscribers urging them to buy the company before news of the pending agreement was made public. In our view, that's what any responsible journalist would have done given the circumstances. But, instead of pursuing USEC's managers and bankers for withholding material information from the public, the SEC decided to sue us. Even more ironically, they accused us of lying and charged us with securities fraud. Remember: Porter didn't use this information for his own personal gain. He didn't buy the stock. And, he didn't tell his friends to buy the stock. Instead, he published a report about what he'd learned and offered to sell it to any (and all) interested investors. He also sent his complete report (and the accompanying marketing materials) back to his source at the company. The source never asked for a correction. The company when asked by multiple media outlets (Bloomberg and Reuters) never offered a correction to our reporting. In our view these facts proved conclusively that our report was correct in every material aspect. And, of course, as everyone knows now, the new pricing agreement was in fact approved. We couldn't imagine how the SEC would win this case given these facts. And, we didn't believe they had any jurisdiction in any case. They brought the suit against us alleging we'd committed fraud in connection with the purchase or sale of a security. We don't broker securities. We don't manage money. We're not fiduciaries. The SEC isn't normally in the business of suing the Wall Street Journal when it gets its facts mixed up - assuming we had in fact gotten the story wrong. We saw this case as government retribution pure and simple. We'd pointed the finger at the Department of Energy and alleged government officials were profiting by gaming the timing of USEC's announcement. And the government was going to try to silence us - and put us out of business. We passed up the opportunity to settle this case - which is what most Wall Street banks do when the SEC comes knocking. Instead, our company spent millions fighting the SEC because we knew we did nothing wrong and that our best interests were always aligned with our subscribers. More than 20 publishers, broadcasters, and press freedom organizations agreed with us and they spent their own funds hiring lawyers to support our position. Our supporters were a who's who in publishing including the Associated Press, New York Times Co., Washington Post Co., Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, Society of Professional Journalists, Gannett, Hearst, McClatchy and many others. The Maryland Court of Appeals - the state's highest court - unanimously agreed with our position that the SEC does not regulate the media, and we won the state action. But the federal court somehow determined that the First Amendment was not at play, and we lost the federal case. Incredibly, even though our advice would have made money - a lot of money - for our subscribers, we were forced to pay a $1 million fine. That was on top of the millions we'd spent on attorneys defending ourselves. Naturally, we appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court because we did not understand how we could win unanimously in state court and lose in federal court. But as you may know, the U.S. Supreme Court receives approximately 10,000 requests for appeal each year and accepts only 75 - 80 of those cases. We learned a valuable lesson through this process: When it comes to opposing the federal government in a lawsuit, the facts rarely matter. A few years later, we were threatened with another lawsuit, this time by the Social Security Administration. We had uncovered what was essentially a secret program, only known about by Washington insiders. The program allowed Social Security recipients to elect to begin receiving their benefits at age 62. Normally that meant you had to settle for smaller monthly payments than if you waited until 65 to begin collecting. But this program allowed people "in-the-know" to switch their election at age 65 and receive the full payments. In short, this was a program that allowed the insiders to seriously cheat the program. We published all of the details and urged hundreds of thousands of our readers to take advantage of the program. The Social Security Administration then threated to sue us for $2 billion. They claim to own the words "Social Security" and claimed we were using their words without permission. And sure enough, back in the 1960s, Congress passed a special law that makes it a crime to use the words "Social Security" without permission. Obviously, they don't enforce this law, except selectively. But we also knew that this time, if we lost, they could put us out of business. We settled for $76,000. Yes, that's right. We paid a huge fine just for writing about how retired Americans could enjoy the full benefits of Social Security - benefits Washington insiders were obviously trying to keep for themselves. If you doubt our interpretation of events, just consider this... within a few months of our reporting, Social Security canceled the program citing a wave of new applicants and the resulting financial burden they caused the program. We've also been threatened with lawsuits from time to time by various large corporations who object to our writing. Often times it's companies who don't want us to tell people about the advantages of owning their shares. This might seem hard to believe until you think about it carefully. When we tell thousands of subscribers about good investment opportunities, we make it more difficult for insiders to continue to keep good opportunities nearly private. There's no doubt that, if we're doing our job and doing it well, we will be sued or threatened with lawsuits from time to time. We urge you to consider these cases carefully. We believe you'll find that the facts of these lawsuits give us credibility instead of detracting from our reputation. The ownership structure of our company is private, but it's not a secret. You deserve to know who owns our company. How else could you decide to trust us enough to depend on our investment research? Stansberry Research is majority owned by Agora Inc., a private global holding company based in Baltimore, Maryland. Agora Inc. has been in business since 1979. It has interests in dozens of publishing entities around the world, from book publishing in Paris, France (Les Belles Lettres) to magazines in London, England (Moneyweek, the leading financial magazine in Great Britain) to financial newsletters in the United States, South America, Australia, and Spain. Through its holdings, Agora is the world's largest investment newsletter company. Stansberry Research is Agora Inc.'s largest operating subsidiary. Agora also holds interests in several other private businesses, conducting operations in diverse fields, such as accounting and beachfront real estate development. Bill Bonner is the majority owner of Agora. Mr. Bonner is a well-known economist and commentator in his own right, having written daily about the world's financial markets since 1999. Millions of investors around the world have read Mr. Bonner's columns via The Daily Reckoning and his current editorial project, Diary of a Rogue Economist. Porter Stansberry, our founder, partnered with Mr. Bonner and Agora Inc. to launch Pirate Investor in 1999 - the forerunner to Stansberry Research. Pirate Investor quickly developed a large global following. Mr. Stansberry was able to successfully launch several additional titles, broadening the investment strategies being covered in Pirate Investor's publications. In 2004, the name of the business was changed to Stansberry Research to better reflect the evolution of the business. Today Stansberry Research remains headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. We have approximately 150 employees, who work in our three main offices. We have one satellite office in Delray Beach, Florida, one outside of Jacksonville, Florida, and our headquarters is located in the historic Mt. Vernon district of Baltimore, Maryland. More than a million people, in more than 120 countries, read our products daily. We have more than half a million paid subscriber accounts, making our firm one of the largest (if not the largest) independent investment newsletter firms in the world. Founder Porter Stansberry serves as CEO of our company. Porter Stansberry, Steve Sjuggerud, Mike Palmer, and David Eifrig hold a partnership interest in the business alongside Agora Inc. Over the years, our research analysts have been cited, interviewed, or featured in nearly every major financial publication in America, including: CBS Market Watch, Fox Business, Bloomberg, Barron's, USA Today, TD Ameritrade, ABC, Forbes, The Street.com, The Wall Street Journal, Business News Network, Newsmax, Seeking Alpha, and The Huffington Post, to name just a few. The following contains facts, figures, explanations, annotations, full testimonials, and other resources about the promotional piece you just viewed. In short, these are the resources used to put together the previous promotion. As you have seen, we publish testimonials in our promotions. All of those testimonials are the words of real subscribers that we received in real letters, emails, and other feedback. We do not make these results up, and we do not pay or compensate subscribers for their testimonials. What portion of his or her overall portfolio was put into the trade. We ask these questions because we want a clearer picture of the results that the subscriber attained so that we can pass that information on to you. While we ask these questions, we are aware that this financial information is personal and sensitive. Some subscribers do not feel comfortable sharing this information with us, especially knowing that we may publish it. You should keep these questions in mind when assessing whether to purchase our products and whether you could obtain similar results. If the subscriber does not give us this information, then we cannot publish it. Even if we do publish all of these details with the testimonial, you should know that we do not ask for copies of the brokerage statement or take other actions to independently verify the subscriber claims, nor do we audit their results for accuracy. We publish this information to let you know that these results are possible and have been achieved by real people after reading our research. However, you should also understand that we are advertising these testimonials because they are atypical. These results are examples of the very best possible outcomes. Past results like these are no guarantee of any future result. We wouldn’t recommend anticipating such outstanding results with your own investments. Yes, you could have results like these – or perhaps even better. But, it’s simply not prudent to assume you will immediately make large investment returns. Instead, we urge you to read our work carefully, to follow our risk management strategies conscientiously, and to invest cautiously while setting expectations that are based around our long-term performance averages. You can learn more about these by reviewing our annual Report Cards found in the Digest archives. As for our flagship publication, Stansberry’s Investment Advisory, Porter has published monthly since July 1999. Since that time, he has made 291 investment recommendations. The average return of all of these recommendations (winner and losers) as of April 10th, 2014, is 37.9%. The average holding period for each position was 520 days. What follows are the facts, figures, resources, and full testimonials from the accompanying promotion for Stansberry’s Investment Advisory. The details listed below are listed in the order they appear in the accompanying promotion. If you have any questions or want more information about the marketing material you just viewed, here’s where you should start. Remember, you can also call our Customer Service team at our Baltimore Headquarters, from Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. through 8 p.m. Eastern time. Our toll–free phone number is: 1–888–261–2693. “Prosperity cannot be created out of thin air”: Paul, Ron. The Revolution: A Manifesto. New York: Grand Central Pub., 2008. Print. Barton Biggs Quote: Biggs, Barton. Wealth, War, and Wisdom. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print. I received the printed book, but not the “e” version of “America 2020”. Outlook may have blocked the email…I love the book; it is so clear and concise. Though I have studied a bit about the smartest way to survive what is coming, this put all the best ideas together in one place! My hat is off to you guys! I need to buy another 12 of your books for my family and friends. 4. educational to know how to evaluate value, and how to continue with Stanberry Research as a guide. So then: Can I buy 12 copies to give out to family and friends? I would expect to pay what your normal cost would be. Also : I want to give Porter 4 books. I would like to bring them to your offices in Baltimore and see Stanberry Research. I did receive the book and read it the first day I had it. It is a great book that explains our current situation simply and very accurately. I intend to continue to use this book as a guide for investing and I will recommend it to my family and friends. Larry R. I have not quite finished the last chapter of the book. I can say, this is a story that all Americans should know about. Unfortunately, when I try to explain it to friends, they don’t believe me. Most people simply want to bury their heads in the sand and pretend that nothing is happening. I don’t usually buy things off the internet, but I am extremely glad that I made an exception in this case. and your awesome PUT STRATEGY. I guess this was your standing invitation to come visit anytime.. I will also try to make it to your next annual Alliance conference. PS: I really have been making a small killing with selling your puts!!! I have been an S&A Alliance member since it was first offered. I believe it to be one of the best decisions I have ever made. The investment advice gleaned from Steve, Dan’s and Porter’s advisories made me a better, more knowledgeable investor. Since joining, my portfolio has grown by several hundred thousand dollars. Subscribing was a no-brainer – imagine having access to all the advisories for life at a cost that was covered by less than 4 trades! I look forward to a long and prosperous relationship.

2019-04-24T08:55:44Z

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For other people named Richard Webster, see Richard Webster (disambiguation). Richard Everard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone, GCMG, PC, FRS (22 December 1842 – 15 December 1915) was a British barrister, politician and judge who served in many high political and judicial offices. His interest in cricket and foot-racing was maintained in later life. He refereed races for the early Amateur Athletic Club and set rules for long jump and shot put. He was President of Surrey County Cricket Club from 1895 until his death, and of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1903. Webster was called to the bar in 1868, and became QC only ten years afterwards. His practice was chiefly in commercial, railway and patent cases until (June 1885) he was appointed Attorney-General in the Conservative Government in the exceptional circumstances of never having been Solicitor-general, and not at the time occupying a seat in parliament. He was elected for Launceston in the following month, and in November exchanged this seat for the Isle of Wight, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the House of Lords. Except under the brief Gladstone administration of 1886, and the Gladstone-Rosebery cabinet of 1892–1895, Sir Richard Webster was Attorney-General from 1885 to 1900. In 1890 he was leading counsel for The Times in the Parnell inquiry; in 1893 he represented Great Britain in the Bering Sea arbitration; in 1898 he discharged the same function in the matter of the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela. In the House of Commons, and outside it, his political career was prominently associated with church work; and his speeches were distinguished for gravity and earnestness. In July 1885, he was made a Knight Bachelor. In December 1893, he was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Knight Grand Cross. In January 1900 he was created a Baronet, but in May the same year succeeded Sir Nathaniel Lindley as Master of the Rolls, being raised to the peerage as Baron Alverstone, of Alverstone in the County of Southampton and sworn of the Privy Council, and in October of the same year he was elevated to the office of Lord Chief Justice upon the death of Lord Russell of Killowen. He presided over some notable trials of the era including Hawley Harvey Crippen. Although popular, he was not considered an outstanding judge; one colleague wrote after his death that "the reports will be searched in vain for judgments of his that are valuable". He received the honorary degree Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the University of Edinburgh in April 1902, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society later the same year. In late 1902 he was in South Africa as part of a commission looking into the use of martial law sentences during the Second Boer War. In 1903 during the Alaska boundary dispute he was one of the members of the Boundary Commission. Against the wishes of the Canadians it was his swing vote that settled the matter, roughly splitting the disputed territory. As a result, he became extremely unpopular in Canada. He retired in 1913, and was created Viscount Alverstone, of Alverstone, Isle of Wight in the County of Southampton. Webster married in 1872 Louisa Mary Calthrop, daughter of William Charles Calthrop. She died in March 1877. They had one son and one daughter. Their only son, the Honourable Arthur Harold Webster (1874–1902) died childless in August 1902, aged 28, after an operation for appendicitis. The Arthur Webster Hospital, opened in 1905, was presented to the town of Shanklin, Isle of Wight by Lord Alverstone in memory of his son. The building is still in use as the Arthur Webster Clinic. He commissioned the architect Edward Blakeway I'Anson to build Winterfold House near Cranleigh in the Surrey Hills in 1886, in a classic late Victorian style, and laid out grounds with flowering trees and shrubs. Lord Alverstone died at Cranleigh, Surrey, in December 1915, aged 72 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery under a Celtic cross. His peerages became extinct on his death. ^ Although The Viscount Alverstone was a baronet, by custom the post-nominal of "Bt" is omitted, as Peers of the Realm do not list subsidiary hereditary titles. ^ After Queen Victoria died and King Edward VII ascended the Throne, the post-nominal of QC became KC. ^ "Webster, Richard Everard (WBSR860RE)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Haigh, Gideon (2006). Peter The Lord's Cat and Other Unexpected Obituaries from Wisden. London, Eng: John Wisden & Co. p. 7. ISBN 1845131630. ^ "No. 25490". The London Gazette. 14 July 1885. p. 3239. ^ "No. 26465". The London Gazette. 8 December 1893. p. 7183. ^ "No. 27157". The London Gazette. 26 January 1900. p. 512. ^ "No. 27202". The London Gazette. 15 June 1900. p. 3752. ^ "No. 27192". The London Gazette. 15 May 1900. p. 3066. ^ "University intelligence". The Times (36740). London. 12 April 1902. p. 12. ^ "Fellows 1660-2007" (PDF). Royal Society. Retrieved 9 September 2016. ^ "Library and Archive catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 2012-02-25. ^ "Martial Law in South Africa". The Times (36894). London. 9 October 1902. p. 3. ^ "No. 28783". The London Gazette. 19 December 1913. p. 9337. ^ "Obituary". The Times (36842). London. 9 August 1902. p. 5. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alverstone, Richard Everard Webster" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 1916 edition: obituary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone. Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. William Ewart Gladstone, FRS, FSS was a British Liberal and earlier conservative politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, Gladstone was Britains oldest Prime Minister, he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old. Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832, beginning as a High Tory, Gladstone served in the Cabinet of Sir Robert Peel. After the split of the Conservatives Gladstone was a Peelite – in 1859 the Peelites merged with the Whigs, as Chancellor Gladstone became committed to low public spending and to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet The Peoples William. Gladstones first ministry saw many reforms including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, after his electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, but from 1876 began a comeback based on opposition to Turkeys reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. Gladstones Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an example of many modern political campaigning techniques. The government passed the Third Reform Act, Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed Irish home rule but this was defeated in the House of Commons in July. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep out of office, with one short break. In 1892 Gladstone formed his last government at the age of 82, the Second Home Rule Bill passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords in 1893. Gladstone resigned in March 1894, in opposition to increased naval expenditure and he left Parliament in 1895 and died three years aged 88. Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as The Peoples William or the G. O. M, Gladstone is consistently ranked as one of Britains greatest Prime Ministers. Born in 1809 in Liverpool, at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the son of the slave-owning merchant Sir John Gladstone. Although born and brought up in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely Scottish ancestry, in 1814 young Willy visited Scotland for the first time, as he and his brother John travelled with their father to Edinburgh and Dingwall to visit their relatives. West Norwood Cemetery is a 40-acre cemetery in West Norwood in London, England. It was known as the South Metropolitan Cemetery, one of the first private landscaped cemeteries in London, it is one of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries of London, and is a site of major historical and ecological interest. Its grounds are a mixture of historic monumental cemetery and modern cemetery, but it has catacombs, cremation plots. The Main gate is located on Norwood Road near the junction with Robson Road and it is in the London Borough of Lambeth. The local authority are the current owners, the site, with some of its neighbouring streets, forms part of a conservation area. It is one of the Magnificent Seven metropolitan lawn cemeteries of the Victorian era, Lambeth have recognised it as a site of nature conservation value within the Borough in addition to its outstanding value as a site of national historic and cultural interest. English Heritage have placed it on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens, the entrance gate is set within railings, painted a historically accurate spice brown. Railings and walls were high in order to dispel fears of body snatchers. There is a second entrance nearby, normally kept locked, in Norwood High Street which is close to West Norwood railway station, many of these mausolea are listed, such as the Grade II mausoleum for Sir Henry Doultons family, constructed appropriately of pottery and terrcotta. As a contrast, just a few yards to the west of the crematorium is the simple headstone to Isabella Mary Mayson Beeton, aka Mrs Beeton. The cemetery was founded by its own Act of Parliament of 1836, by 2000, there had been 164,000 burials in 42,000 plots, plus 34,000 cremations and several thousand interments in its catacombs. In 1830, George Frederick Carden, editor of The Penny Magazine, over time they passed a number of laws that effectively halted burials in Londons churchyards, moving them to places where they would be less prejudicial to the health of the inhabitants. The new cemetery was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 7 December 1837, until 1877, the consecrated grounds were overseen by the Diocese of Winchester, and Rochester, before coming under the authority of Southwark from 1905. A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. Isle of Wight is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2001 by Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Isle of Wight and has had the largest electorate of any constituency in all General Elections since 1983, the Isle of Wight forms a single constituency of the House of Commons. One problem the independent body cited in 2008 was a difficulty of dividing the island in two in a way that would be acceptable to all interests, however, in the 2018 review now underway, dividing the island into two separate constituencies is a requirement. The Commissions draft proposals divide the island into two seats and West, before the Reform Act 1832 the island usually had three Parliamentary boroughs, Newport and Yarmouth each electing two MPs. In 1654 an Isle of Wight constituency was created for the First Protectorate Parliament, the island was represented by the two members for Hampshire. London, or Greater London, is a region of England which forms the administrative boundaries of London. It is organised into 33 local government districts, the 32 London boroughs, the Greater London Authority, based in Southwark, is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The county of Greater London was created on 1 April 1965 through the London Government Act 1963, Greater London was first established as a sui generis council area under the Greater London Council between 1963 and 1986. The area was re-established as a region in 1994, and the Greater London Authority formed in 2000, the region covers 1,572 km2 and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census. In 2012, it had the highest GVA per capita in the United Kingdom at £37,232, the Greater London Built-up Area—used in some national statistics—is a measure of the continuous urban area of London, and therefore includes areas outside of the administrative region. The term Greater London has been and still is used to different areas in governance, history. In terms of ceremonial counties, London is divided into the small City of London, outside the limited boundaries of the City, a variety of arrangements has governed the wider area since 1855, culminating in the creation of the Greater London administrative area in 1965. The Greater London Arterial Road Programme was devised between 1913 and 1916, one of the larger early forms was the Greater London Planning Region, devised in 1927, which occupied 1,856 square miles and included 9 million people. The LCC pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the First World War, noting that within the Metropolitan, a Royal Commission on London Government was set up to consider the issue. The LCC proposed a vast new area for Greater London, with a boundary somewhere between the Metropolitan Police District and the home counties, protests were made at the possibility of including Windsor and Eton in the authority. The Commission made its report in 1923, rejecting the LCCs scheme, two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts, including both smaller borough councils and a central authority for strategic functions. The London Traffic Act 1924 was a result of the Commission, Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the Greater London Council sharing power with the City of London Corporation and the 32 London Borough councils. The GLC was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985 and its functions were devolved to the City Corporation and the London Boroughs, with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards. Greater London was used to form the London region of England in 1994, a referendum held in 1998 established a public will to recreate an upper tier of government to cover the region. The Greater London Authority, London Assembly and the directly elected Mayor of London were created in 2000 by the Greater London Authority Act 1999, in 2000, the outer boundary of the Metropolitan Police District was re-aligned to the Greater London boundary. The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, abbots, earls and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. Charterhouse is an independent day and boarding school in Godalming, Surrey. Today pupils are referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians. Charging full boarders up to £36,000 per annum in 2015/16, Charterhouse is amongst the most expensive Headmasters and it has educated one British Prime Minister and has a long list of notable alumni. In May 1611, the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton of Knaith and he acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. Charterhouse established a reputation for excellence in care and treatment, thanks in part to Henry Levett. Levett was widely esteemed for his writings, including an early tract on the treatment of smallpox. Levett was buried in Charterhouse Chapel and his widow married Andrew Tooke, the school was moved to its present site in 1872 by the headmaster, the Reverend William Haig Brown – a decision influenced by the findings of the Clarendon Commission of 1864. The school bought a 68-acre site atop a hill just outside Godalming, in addition to the main school buildings, they constructed three boarding houses, known as Saunderites and Gownboys. The school was built by Lucas Brothers, who built the Royal Albert Hall. As pupil numbers grew, other houses were built alongside the approach road, each was titled with an adaptation of the name of their first housemaster, such as Weekites and Girdlestoneites. The last of these is referred to as Duckites, reflecting the unusual gait of its original housemaster. There are now the four old houses plus eight new houses. The twelve Houses have preserved a unique identity and pupils compete against each other in sports and the arts. The school continued to expand over the 20th century, around 350 names have been subsequently added to commemorate those who died in the Second World War and other more recent conflicts. Most still attend a chapel service there six times a week. Charterhouse was all male until the 1970s when girls were first admitted in the sixth form, of over 400 sixth formers today, almost a third are girls. The shot put is a track and field event involving throwing/putting a heavy spherical object —the shot—as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, homer mentions competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the Siege of Troy but there is no record of any dead weights being thrown in Greek competitions. The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, in the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing. The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs, shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland, and were a part of the British Amateur Championships beginning in 1866. Competitors take their throw from inside a marked circle 2.135 metres in diameter, the following rules are adhered to for a legal throw, Upon calling the athletes name, the athlete may enter from any part of the throwing circle. They have sixty seconds to commence the throwing motion otherwise they are banned from the game, the athlete may not wear gloves, IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers. The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck, the shot must be released above the height of the shoulder, using only one hand. The athlete may touch the surface of the circle or toe board. Limbs may however extend over the lines of the circle in the air, the shot must land in the legal sector of the throwing area. The athlete must leave the circle from the back. The athlete may enter the circle at the location of their choice. Foul throws occur when an athlete, Does not pause within the circle before beginning the throwing motion, does not complete the throwing movement within sixty seconds of having their name called. Allows the shot to drop below his shoulder or outside the plane of his shoulder during the put. At any time if the shot loses contact with the neck it is technically an illegal throw, during the throwing motion, touches with any part of the body, the top or ends of the toe board the top of the iron ring anywhere outside the circle. The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point. Along with the jump, the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the horizontal jumps. This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948. If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line, a layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence. An official will watch the jump and make the determination, therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately. At a lesser meet and facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, at a smaller meet, the number of attempts might be limited to four or three. Each competitor has a set number of attempts and that would normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 competitors. All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results, the competitor with the longest legal jump at the end of competition is declared the winner. In the event of a tie, comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite competition, a set number of competitors will advance to the final round, a set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists. For record purposes, the maximum accepted wind assistance is two metres per second, the long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient Greeces original Olympics pentathlon events. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare, the long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines. Sir Nathaniel Lindley, who made key judgments in a variety of important cases and was the last Serjeant-at-Law appointed, the last to sit as a judge and the last surviving. Graves and memorials in the cemetery. The tomb holding Maria Zambaco is in the foreground. Osborne House and its grounds are now open to the public. Don Bradman of Australia had a record Test batting average of 99.94. A modern SG cricket bat (back view). Halteres used in athletic games in ancient Greece. Standing long jump, detail of a page from the Luzerner Chronik of 1513. Emmanuelle Chazal competes in the women's heptathlon long jump final during the French Athletics Championships 2013 at Stade Charléty in Paris, 13 July 2013. Surrey's home ground The Oval, overlooked by the famous gasholders. Surrey's all-time top scorer Jack Hobbs. Mark Ramprakash, who joined Surrey from Middlesex in 2001. The House of Lords meets in a chamber in the Palace of Westminster. Charles Pepys as Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor wore black and gold robes whilst presiding over the House of Lords. Benches in the chamber are coloured red. In contrast, the House of Commons is decorated in green. Gladstone c. 1835, painted by William Cubley. Gladstone in 1859, painted by George Frederic Watts. A wounded British officer reading The Times's report of the end of the Crimean War, in John Everett Millais' painting Peace Concluded. Helena Normanton, first female British barrister. A painting by Sir George Hayter that commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) and the Tories on the right. Andrew Turner (pictured in 2010) served as the MP from 2001 to 2017. Queen Victoria convened her first Privy Council on the day of her accession in 1837. A 1903 caricature of Robert McCall KC (formerly QC) wearing his court robes at the Bar of England and Wales. For court, he wears a short wig, and bands instead of lace at the collar, but he retains the silk gown and court tailcoat worn on ceremonial occasions.

2019-04-23T00:59:27Z

https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Richard_Webster,_1st_Viscount_Alverstone

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We had a really fun trip to the beach planned for Memorial Day Weekend but then a tropical storm rolled in, so we had to change our game plan. Instead, we headed to Atlanta for the weekend. Atlanta is only a few hours from where we are in Alabama, so we left on Saturday morning and met up with some friends at The World of Coca Cola, a museum documenting the history of Coke, for the afternoon. The museum was fun, but I’m not sure it’s a must-see. Nathan and I thought the best parts were the vintage Christmas adds with Santa and the tasting room. The tasting room has over 100 different coke products from around the world. Sunday saw us at the Georgia Aquarium. Buy your parking pass online. You get a discount and it ensures that you will have a parking spot in the garage connected to the aquarium. Prioritize the beluga whale exhibit, the Dolphin Coast show, the whale shark tank, and the Southern sea otters. These are popular exhibits, but it is worth it to wait a little while to get a close-up look. My favorite part of the trip was seeing the beluga whales. I don’t have any pictures from the exhibit because I was actually a little overwhelmed by them. They are graceful and beautiful and the Georgia Aquarium is one of a select few aquariums that have belugas. Check out the gift shop. It was stocked with more than cheap stuffed animals and plastic fish replicas. They had a really nice selection of t-shirts, mugs, and art prints. We left with a blown glass beluga whale Christmas Tree ornament. After the aquarium, Nathan and I ended our trip at a pub in Decatur Square (The Square Pub) that is owned by some UNM alumni. They have a green chile cheeseburger on the menu that really hit the spot after living for months in a place with no good Mexican food options. In December, two weeks after my Mimi passed, my Papa left this earth to join her. In the span of just a few weeks, they were both here and then they were both gone. He was an adventurer. He traveled West as a young man and spent most of his life under the Arizona sun. He and my Mimi logged thousands of miles on road trips. When they got home from their trips, my Papa would trace the roads they had taken on the map behind him in the picture at the top of the post. I think my deep love of road trips comes from him. I took many a road trip with Mimi and Papa. I’d sit in the back seat as we drove down desert roads listening to news radio. There was always a stash of Baskin Robbins ice cream hard candy and Mentos in the car, and a special car trashcan to place the wrappers in. He loved cereal. To this day, I think of him every time I sit down to a bowl of cereal. He like to mix his all together- a little bit of shredded wheat mixed with cheerios and perhaps some grape nuts. Papa ate all the cereals you’d expect an old person to like. This love of mixed up cereals was passed to me during the weeks I would spend with them during the summers. Papa had gleaming white hair and smelled like laundry detergent and sawdust. He gave the very best hugs. He was a very talented woodworker. He built me a dollhouse when I was a little girl and then he made me candle holders, salt and pepper shakers, and napkin holders when I got married. His woodworking has carried me through every life stage. Sitting in his wood shop and watching him work was an intensely calming pastime. He was steady and smooth as he turned wood on his lathe or sanded his projects to a soft gleam. It was incredible to watch him make something beautiful out of a hunk of wood. I always believed that there was nothing that Papa couldn’t fix. He was always out in his yard or in his garage tinkering and fixing and beautifying. He took such good care of his house and his yard and his family. He also took care of their little town. I remember many a walk with Papa through the Bowie cemetery as he made note of weeds to be pulled and things to be fixed and tidied up. I’ll never forget his quick wit and comedic timing that always took me by surprise. He could play a game of Shanghai or dominoes with skill and good humor as he beat everyone before we even knew what was happening. He took me to my first basketball game. I was pretty sure that I didn’t care for basketball, but Papa told me how exciting basketball was to watch in person. He was right. It’s one of my favorite memories. Papa and I would watch basketball, and the news, and westerns together in the living room. I don’t remember much of what was happening on the TV, but I do remember spending that time with him as we escaped inside from the afternoon sun. Soft spoken, with kind eyes and a gentle face, Papa was the sort that was quiet but strong. He never seemed old to me. He was always full of life and energy; as though he didn’t take any of it for granted. The way he looked at my Mimi would bring tears to my eyes, especially once I got married and I was better able to understand the undertaking that marriage is. It was such a beautiful love that they shared. There is so much to say about him and how much I loved him. He was my friend and my mentor; a strong and steady companion. It’s been hard to process their passing because they really never seemed old to me; they always seemed to stay the same age. They were truly an example of how to grow old with grace and full of life. On the night that Papa passed away, there was a meteor shower. Nathan and I went out to one of the lakes on Post and found a dark patch of beach to lay a blanket on. We stared up at the meteors shooting across the sky and Nathan leaned over to me and said “I think this is for them. These beautiful shooting stars for Mimi and Papa as they are reunited.” I can’t imagine anything more fitting. My Mimi and Papa created a beautiful legacy. They loved each other for a long time. My Papa was a good father, husband, and grandfather. He and my Mimi had five children and oodles of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. My whole family, all the children and spouses and new babies, are all because of Mimi and Papa. I miss them both so terribly. Our one and only Christmas tree is all of three and a half feet tall. We bought it right before Christmas the first year we were married. It was on sale and the cheapest tree at Home Depot. We were poor as dirt, but we so badly wanted a tree of our own. Something beautiful and festive to hold our meager assortment of ornaments. Nathan said that colored lights were the only way to go, so those also went in the cart. I grew up with a fake tree and Nathan grew up with a real one. A real one was neither in the budget nor a possibility space-wise in our tiny apartment. So this miniature faux tree was the best option. That first year, we covered our coffee table with a tablecloth that my Mom had sent us and set the tree on top. We used a plaid blanket as a tree skirt. We arranged the Nativity, also a gift, around the base. Our coffee table did double duty as our dining table, so we ate meals out of our laps that whole December. The second and third year we were married we had moved into a slightly bigger apartment, but we still had no room for a large tree and we didn’t really think about getting a new one anyway. We used the same tablecloth but covered our bar cart with it instead. We had acquired a few more ornaments; my parents have a collection of ornaments collected from their travels and we had begun that same habit. The plaid blanket remained. We also strung Christmas lights around our sliding door and our kitchen counter (those ultimately stayed all year), and they joined the soft light of our jolly tree. Nothing seemed more romantic or in the spirit of the season than turning all the lights off and cuddling up on the couch under the glow of our little tree. Now, as we embark on our fourth married Christmas, we live in an actual house with so much more room than our college apartments that it feels absolutely palatial. We certainly have room for a bigger tree, and so many of them were on sale after Thanksgiving that it would have made sense to buy a larger, taller, more impressive tree. But I just couldn’t. Our tree is the size that many people buy when they want to have a second (or third) tree to set up on a counter or in an entryway or some such thing. It isn’t the size that people use as their one and only holder of ornaments and shelterer of shiny presents. But I love this tree. I set it up by myself this year. Nathan is away for training, and I couldn’t wait to make the house feel like the holidays. I wanted Nathan to come home to a home that felt warm and festive. As I took it out of the box, fluffed it’s branches, strung the lights, and gingerly hung each ornament, I realized that it might be a few more Christmases before I’m ready to “upgrade” our tree. This humble tree reminds me of the humble beginnings of our marriage- of our little family. Each ornament holds a sweet memory of an adventure shared together or the thoughtful and generous love of someone close to us. The lights are the same ones that have lit our living room with holiday warmth each year. The Nativity nestled beneath it is the first one we were ever given. This year, our tree sits on the big plastic tub that holds our seasonal decorations. I covered it with the plaid blanket and used a red dish towel as a tree skirt. It’s just a fake tree that we bought for less than 20 dollars, but looking at it makes me feel known and loved and warm and welcome. Someday its branches will sag under the weight of more ornaments than it was designed to hold. Perhaps its synthetic needles will begin to get fuzzy around the edges. But this tree and I are in it for the long haul. There will likely be a Christmas when it feels right to bring home a taller, more robust tree, but even in that year our first little tree will still have a place in our home. Sure a bigger tree would be more impressive, and it wouldn’t have to sit on top of a plastic bin, but this tree is beautiful and it is impressive because of what it means to us. I can’t imagine anything else. This year, I was lucky enough to have two Thanksgivings.The first was a friendsgiving the Saturday before Thanksgiving. Nathan and his entire BOLC class were gone for training on actual Thanksgiving, so we all got together to feast on turkey and sides and punch with more than a little “holiday spirit” in it. It was amazing. Then, on actual Thanksgiving, I spent the day with the other wives of guys in Nathan’s class as well as Danielle’s mother-in-law and grandmother-in-law and her two sweet kids. It was also amazing. I’m beyond thankful for the community we’ve found here. Making: fruit bakes and better food choices. Try this recipe and feel free to use any fruit you want! Looking: out my window and realizing that it feels surreal that I live in a house in a neighborhood. A big change from our college apartments. Wasting: a bag of steam in the microwave veggies that just weren’t good. Crafting: a blanket. I learned to crochet! Wishing: Nathan was home. He’s only away for a three week training, but the time is just dragging by. Enjoying: The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel on Amazon Prime. Liking: pictures of Christmas decorations. It’s the most wonderful time of the year!! Loving: my sweet cats. I’m endlessly thankful for them every single day. Hoping: that December drags on and on. I love this season. Marveling: at how wonderful it has been to live on post. I never realized how much I’d like our time here while Nathan is active duty. Needing: Nathan’s big warm body back in bed at night. It is getting cold and he is my substitute for a heated blanket. Smelling: pumpkin cake candle. I’ve finally used up my Fall candle and it is time for the Christmas scents. Wearing: leggings- if possible, my style has become even more casual since moving here. Following: less accounts. I’m trying to de-clutter my social media feeds. Noticing: the ways that all the little things add up. Knowing: that the best is both right now and still to come. Thinking: that twinkle lights are the best decor. Opening: the mailbox. Tis the season for amazon packages and Christmas cards! Giggling: in the grocery store. Doing errands with friends is much better than accomplishing them alone. Feeling: less stressed than I have in years. My Mimi died right before Thanksgiving. I haven’t really wanted to talk about it; I didn’t tell any friends, I didn’t post on social media. I told my cat as I cried into her fur. Grief is a funny thing. I simply don’t seem able to talk about it yet, but I have written quite a lot. It seems easier. This may not be the most eloquent thing I ever write, but I just want to share about her. I want to celebrate her- who she was and who she was to me. We talked on the phone many times a week throughout my entire freshman year of college. I was so homesick, and Mimi always knew how to comfort me. Sometimes she would just listen to me cry. It was such a gift to have gone to college within driving distance of them. Nathan and I would often go and visit for the weekend, and Mimi would feed us and we would be loved on by her and Papa, and my homesickness would be quelled. She had such a motherly way about her. I suppose that is what happens when you raise five children. My whole life, whenever I spent time with Mimi and Papa, she would rub my back and talk with me as I fell asleep. Her wrinkled hands, covered in rings and topped off with perfectly manicured nails, were the agents of immense comfort and love. When I had to start taking anti-anxiety medication and was so nervous and overwrought with the decision, she sat in bed with me and rubbed my back telling me that it was okay to need some extra help for a little while. She was right and, while I’m no longer on the medication, it was a savior to me and I may never have started it had she not encouraged me to accept the opportunity to get better. She was the first person I remember telling me as a little person that God had a plan for my life and that I needn’t worry about the things I had no control over because He already knew the outcome. I spent countless hours in her tiny kitchen helping her cook, watching her consult her very old Betty Crocker cookbook, and eating the mountains of food she would always make when we would visit. I would spend time with her and Papa during the summers when I was younger and all of my favorites, fried chicken, chicken and dumplings, and oatmeal chocolate chip cookies, would make an appearance the first few days I was there. Mimi believed in feeding people well. After I got married, she made me an apron for every season and holiday. They hang in my kitchen as beautiful reminders of her and of the many meals we ate together. She taught me how to play dominoes and solitaire and to write in cursive. She showed me the importance of handwritten letters and cards- I have boxes stashed in my closet of the things she has written to me. Her years of being a teacher permeated our every interaction. She was always teaching me something. Most importantly, she taught me about love. She taught me about the incredible love of grandparents and of family. I remember the way she smelled, like warm desert dirt and Estee Lauder hand cream. A year ago, she sent me a jar of that hand cream. She scooped some from her jar into an old, ornately decorated Avon jar. Mimi always had the perfect box or jar or container hanging around. The jar sits next to my bathroom sink, and I smooth it over my hands before bed and hold them up to my nose whenever I am feeling lonely. Last night, I held the jar up to my nose and inhaled deeply and just missed her. In Mimi’s arms, in her house in Bowie, in her sewing room, in her garden there was no anxiety or fear; the outside world didn’t reach in. There was just love and warmth and bright Arizona sunshine. I don’t remember a time in the last six years that I didn’t cry as I drove away from their house and from them. Though I know that my future children will have wonderful grandparents, it pains me to know that they will never get to meet my Mimi. I wasn’t prepared for how much it would grieve me that she would never get to hold my babies. My Dad always tells me that part of our eternal life is the way we are remembered and talked about by those that knew us and loved us. It brings me peace to know that my children will hear of my Mimi and will know of the love she gave to me and the love she would have had for them. I wasn’t prepared for losing her. I knew it was coming. I knew when her cancer was discovered and was spreading rapidly that I would not have her on this earth forever. Yet, love and grief seem to defy logic. Everyone dies, but my heart and my brain simply could not create a picture of my world without her. She was in pain at the end, and the thought of her hurting was perhaps more painful than the thought of losing her. I am glad she is no longer in pain and that she is at peace. I could write pages and pages about my Mimi, about what she meant to me, about who she was, about the 23 years of memories I shared with her. Elizabeth Eyrich, Mimi, was warm and smart and loving and an incredible grandmother. I miss her so terribly. My heart aches, but it is also so thankful for the time I had with her. I wouldn’t have been who I am without her. Every year, Memorial Day comes to pass, and I never quite know what to say. By the grace of God, all of my loved ones in the military have always come home. But, I know people that cannot say the same. It is unbearable to think of the pain that must accompany learning that your loved one is gone; knowing that your last goodbye was really the last. Year after year, my various social media platforms are flooded with photos and status updates thanking and remembering those that lost their lives in the pursuit of freedom and peace. Year after year, I am wrecked by the bravery of our service members and the strength of their loved ones. In my journeying on the internet, I came across a speech by Ronald Reagan. While he gave this speech on Veteran’s Day, there is one section that addresses those service members that made the ultimate sacrifice. It is that section that I will share. “Sometime back I received in the name of our country the bodies of four Marines who had died while on active duty. I said then that there is a special sadness that accompanies the death of a serviceman, for we’re never quite good enough to them-not really; we can’t be, because what they gave us is beyond our powers to repay. And so, when a serviceman dies, it’s a tear in the fabric, a break in the whole, and all we can do is remember. It is, in a way, an odd thing to honor those who died in defense of our country, in defense of us, in wars far away. The imagination plays a trick. We see these soldiers in our mind as old and wise. We see them as something like the Founding Fathers, grave and gray haired. But most of them were boys when they died, and they gave up two lives — the one they were living and the one they would have lived. When they died, they gave up their chance to be husbands and fathers and grandfathers. They gave up their chance to be revered old men. They gave up everything for our country, for us. And all we can do is remember. So many of our military men and women give up more than their lives when they leave their last breath on the battlefield. They give up the lives they were building before they left and the lives they would continue after they came back. Is there a right way to remember? Is there the perfect thing to say to the spouse or child of a fallen warrior? Is there a proper way to feel as a bystander; as someone who hasn’t served and doesn’t really know? Perhaps gratitude or melancholy or anguish. Maybe acknowledgement that, just like all death, it is okay to not really know what to say or how to act. Definitely grace as we stumble over the difference between Veteran’s Day and Memorial Day. Grace as we don’t know what to say. Grace as we inevitably say the wrong thing or the weird thing. There is really no way for anybody to “make up for” the loss of a loved one. There is no way for most of us to understand what it is to embark on a mission or deployment and be willing to give our absolute all. It is difficult to comprehend the bravery or courage or patriotism it takes to sign up to do a job that might ask for one’s life in exchange. Memorial Day seems particularly hard, at least for me, because all we can do is remember. All we can do is hurt with those that hurt. All we can do is pray for less conflict. And it just doesn’t seem like enough. The first picture we ever took together. Five years ago, Nathan asked me to be his girl while we were standing outside his car in the Eat n’ Park parking lot. We had eaten pie and talked about who knows what, and then we wandered outside-neither of us wanting to leave just yet. It was still cold in Sewickley. We were both in sweatpants, and I leaned in close to him so that I could capture his warmth. And then it happened. In just those few seconds, I went from “single” to “not single” for the last time in my life. Sixteen year old me definitely didn’t anticipate that this guy with his shaggy hair made crunchy by sweat from football practice would end up my husband. I remember our first few months of dating so fondly. We used to text each other in the middle of classes and make plans to meet up at our lockers (under the guise of going to the bathroom, of course). We would sneak kisses and hurry back to class feeling so satisfied by our covert lip-locking. Those first few months that you date someone are filled with smiling stupidly at each other and finding any excuse to see one another. Every time Nathan would brush his hand against my arm or kiss my forehead, my whole body would be filled with butterflies. Perhaps our first years of dating were fueled by raging teenage hormones and a generally naive view of the world, but I am so glad that we got our start within the walls of Quaker Valley High and the protective bubble of Sewickley. We got to grow into adulthood together. I feel as though we kind of beat the odds. Being together in high school was easy. Being thrown into the world of college, far away from the familiars of home, was hard. Wading our way through talking about marriage when we were still teenagers was hard. It is a weird and difficult thing to come home from your freshman year of college and tell your parents that you are gonna get married. You are barely out of the house and able to vote and now you want to jump into the deep end of adulthood. And jump we did. I grabbed that man’s hand and ran off the cliff into the deep, cold water that was planning a wedding and pulling through our first year of marriage. Truth be told, we were doggy-paddling through a lot of it. My head was barely above water there for a while. But Nathan was always there. He was strong and he pulled me up and pulled me along. If you told sixteen year old me what the next five years would hold, she would have laughed in your face- or maybe she would have run quickly in the other direction of all the things you told her. There have been times in the last five years that I wasn’t sure everything was gonna be okay. Life has a funny way of pouring everything out on you at one time. But perhaps the most beautiful thing about those times, is that I always had Nathan to fall into. When I look at pictures of us at our junior or senior prom I think, “Wow! How young!”. I feel as if we have grown ten years in the last five. I am in a way different place at twenty-one than I ever imagined I would be. And I am so thankful for that. God has used Nathan and marriage and college and bills and work and life to turn me from a girl to a woman to a wife. I look forward to looking at pictures of us now thirty years from now and thinking, “Wow! How young!”. Five years ago, Nathan turned me into somebody that was loved unconditionally by someone other than those related to me. He has loved me well every single day since then. When life is hard, I know that I am loved. When we are fighting, I know that I am loved. When I am wrong and mean and angry, I know that I am loved. A year ago, Nathan turned me into a wife. Learning to love each other as husband and wife has been one of the most difficult and rewarding challenges yet. I love that man. I love the way that his eyelashes start to droop around his eyes when he is sleepy. I love the way that he pulls me close to him every morning before he leaves for work. I delight in his ability to drive for hours and make me feel like the inside of a car on a road trip is my favorite place to be. I love the way that he encourages my dreams; he has never told me that my dreams must be sacrificed for the sake of his. I especially love the way that he still kisses me on the forehead. And the way he interrupts me when I am cooking dinner so that he can pick me up and put me on the counter and give me kisses. I am grateful for his willingness to work long hours and go to school so that we always have enough in the bank. It is my desire that as one September fourteenth passes, and another one approaches, that I would be deserving of the love and the relationship that I have been so profoundly blessed with. You (hopefully) only get one spouse. One partner until death do you part. I want to cherish that and nurture it. I want to be a wife that encourages and loves with every part of herself. I want Nathan to be excited to come home to me. I want to keep laying good foundations for our marriage. As we build a life and a family together, I want to ensure that it keeps getting better and stronger. Twenty, thirty, sixty years from now, I want to look across the table at Nathan and say, “Gosh do I love that man.” Nathan is worth loving and marriage is worth fighting for, and I want to do each in equal and abundant measure. I married a good one, guys. The Sydney of five years ago totally knew what she was doing when she locked down that football team captain. It has been a wild, passionate, silly, hard, crazy, wonderful half a decade. I can’t wait for a lifetime more. Yes, we celebrate our dating anniversary, and no we didn’t give much heed to our wedding anniversary. It works for us, and we really love reveling in all five of the September 14ths we have spent together. My sweet Dad helped us load and unload the whole truck. If you ever have the wild idea to move during the last three weeks of the semester, just don’t. It will be exhausting, and disorganized, and rushed, and you will never feel caught up. You will live out of boxes until the semester ends, and you will keep moving piles of stuff (because you have SO MUCH STUFF) around the house so that you have a place to study. In short, just extend your lease by a month and move once summer starts. Although moving at the tail end of a truly chaotic semester was nothing short of insanity, I do appreciate the ability to start fresh in a new place that meets our needs so much better. All of a sudden we found ourselves with more space, a patio, two bathrooms (TWO), and a beautifully landscaped apartment complex that isn’t in the middle of downtown. We also found ourselves eternally grateful for all of our friends and family that came out to help us schlep our poorly organized mess from one side of town to the other. As we started packing up our old apartment, I couldn’t help but marvel at the way we attach ourselves to things and to places. We pack the entirety of our material lives into a box, and we lock the door, and we hope for the best. We hope that we will come home and things will be as they were. We hope that nothing bad will happen while we are gone. We hope that the maintenance guy won’t let out our pets. We hope that we will leave for work each morning and we will come home to a house that has been warmed all day by the sun. We expect that all of our pictures, and childhood stuffed animals, and our sentimental clothing items, and our electronics that we saved for and hoped for will be right where we left them. But what if we lost all of that stuff? I mean, that’s what we buy renter’s and homeowner’s insurance for, isn’t it? We select the policy with reimbursement as close to replacement value as possible so that we can feel as though we have some sort of control over the material possessions we cling to. Yet, in the back of our minds, there is a nagging. We know that our insurance policy may replace our TV or our pots and pans. We trust that the insurance adjustor will make it right and replace our bed or our computer. But, insurance companies can’t write a check and bring back our grandmother’s class ring or the external hard drive with years of photos on it. The things that really matter aren’t replaceable. No one could ever write me a check and expect it to make up for the loss of the bunny rabbit that my grandmother made for me years and years ago. No amount of money could ever make the loss of Nathan or of our sweet, furry cats bearable. The human connection is what we really seem to be holding onto. When we lock our doors as we leave each day, we are turning the key with the intention of grasping at the bits and pieces of the people that we love that we have sewn into our material lives. When I fret about the security of a home or the best way to pack a box, I’m not really concerned that a measuring cup might shatter or a picture frame may crack. I’m worried that the ring that once belonged to my mother and to her mother before that may not make its way back onto my finger. The ring probably has very little monetary value, but it is the only worldly possession I have left of my grandmother. My childhood bunny and blanket are not the first things I unpack because I need them to sleep with, but because they remind me so tenderly of my Mimi. The jackets that were given to me by the widower of a woman that I admired to no end bring tears to my eyes as I remember what an incredible person she was-and how much I miss her. That is what I worry about. The bits and bobbles that bring me back to the people I love. Artworks from my sister, the Bible my parents gave me for graduation- none of these things mean much of anything to anyone else. But, I fret over them. I have come to believe that, for me anyway, the reason that I work to fill my home with things that are functional and beautiful and sentimental is because it truly is all about people. I want to have people in my home. I want to make them food and pour them glasses of wine. I want them to stay in our guest room, and I want to stay up too late talking about important things that matter (and silly things that don’t). I want to welcome people with a hospitality that is unbridled. I want to form those human connections that characterize the things we own. I want people to gather together on our worn couch, I want them to eat their fill at our dining room table. I want them to feel at home in our kitchen. I hope that no one goes away from our home hungry (spiritually, physically, or mentally). I want to be reminded daily that no matter what insurance premium I pay each month, and no matter how well I lock our doors, the material things aren’t really what I am worried about. I am worried about losing those relationships, worried about having those connections stolen from me. A loss of privacy or possessions be it from natural disaster or human maliciousness, would be a blow because it would tear down the wonderful, warm bubble that I want my home to be. When I lock the door each morning, I want to lock in all of the good and keep out all of the bad. In the end, it doesn’t really matter which t-shirt I am pulling out of the boxes that are still largely unpacked. What matters is that every day I come home to Nathan. Every day I step in the door to see two cats waiting for me. What if we kept in mind that the majority of things we pack into boxes each time we move aren’t really the things that give us life and happiness? What if we remembered that the memories and connections and love we create are what makes our houses into homes? What if we worried less that our house was spotless and worried more about loving people well when they are in our home? That is my goal for this year and for this new space we live in. I want to love people well, and I want to make our home a shelter from the chaos of the day-to-day.

2019-04-22T19:57:47Z

http://alovelyintention.com/

Today was preview night for our winter show The 39 Steps and it went superbly!!! The entire cast was really happy with tonight’s performance and can’t wait to keep up the energy and fix those last few tweaks for our shows for the rest of this week. You know you’ve put on a good comedy show when the audience is cracking up the whole time, and that’s exactly what happened tonight! Everyone said they loved it and it was a hilarious joy to watch. This ensemble has been working so hard (and for only a month at most) to put on this show, and I’m so happy to be a part of the process because it’s just been such a pleasure! Between theater and the gymnastics competition season starting up, I’ve made a recent observation about myself: I’m pretty decent at pre planning disaster plans. When ever I choreograph a routine or memorize for a new show, I always try to memorize everything correctly, but then I also think about a few scenarios about what could potentially go wrong to try and figure out what I would do in those situations. In both cases that means how can you best make up for what ever you missed by tweaking your normal flow a little. So, maybe add a little more dance, or tweak a later line to make up for something important that was missed (by you or another stage mate), or shoving a prop into someone’s pocket in order to get it to the other side of the stage. This is one of those random skills that I wouldn’t normally think of when thinking about skills, but I’ve realized that this can be applied to other situations as well. Mainly when you give any presentation because you need to make sure you hit on everything that’s really important, so even if things don’t go in your exact planed order, make it happen; the show must go on! Clearly you want to try to memorize and do things the intended way, but it’s kind of nice to practice some disaster plans because that way you are more prepared to think and act quick for when something inevitably doesn’t go exactly as planned. It’s just a funny fail-up skill I’ve noticed this past week that I thought was worth sharing. I’ve been on hiatus for the past week from blogging, but now that break is almost officially over though, it is time for me to start getting things back in gear. I hadn’t planned to be on hiatus, but I have a rule where I don’t blog if it would mean leaving family/friend time unnecessarily and with it being Thanksgiving break, things got busy. However, by no means did I stop thinking. It was quite the opposite actually, there were many occasions where someone would say “Anya stop thinking,” but I’m not very good at that. It can be a problem sometimes actually. A problem I have not yet been able to solve for. In fact sitting next to me at this very moment is my notebook flipped open to the page with notes from our Google Hangout with Grant Lichtman and notes about my AP Lang portfolio that I have been working on putting together, at least 40 notecards most of which have sentences describing one of my past blog posts, a passion board with sticky notes and a sharpie for both iVenture and AP Lang work (in truth it is the beginnings of these becoming more closely into 1 related topic), a white board calendar with all of the dates I need to keep in mind, and another white board with all of the big things I need to get done and what my hopeful schedule for today was in order to work on them. But alas, this all makes me sound like I was much more productive this week than I truly feel I was. I mean I didn’t even blog. I didn’t go through my list of things to do. I did work some on all of the above as well as coaching gymnastics camp, finishing the choreographing for 2 acro routines, memorizing theater lines, looking and taking notes on a bunch of potential colleges, and studying a little for the SAT which I take this coming weekend. I wouldn’t be entirely surprised if did more than most students this week, but it still doesn’t feel like enough knowing how much time I also spent just looking up random stuff online and watching gymnastics videos and Netflix and playing games. Does it ever? Does it ever feel like enough? Kat and I were texting earlier about how we both don’t feel like we got as much done as we intended on getting done this week. It seems that all we look forward to is having a little time because that’s when “we’ll get to work on the stuff we want to be doing.” The problem is that we are so busy the rest of the time that when a little time comes our way what we “want to be doing” become simply relaxing. Which isn’t nor should it be a bad thing. We all need time to reboot and “stop thinking” for a little sometimes. The hard part is finding the “free time” to use as “work time,” and being around others that are still in “reboot mode” doesn’t make it easy. While Kat and I were texting (actually I ended up having a similar conversation with a few others as well, it was kind of on my mind a lot today), I brought up the concept of a writers retreat. Ironically this thought came to me because of a TV show I had been getting caught up in this week. Authors, trying to write a book typically, will sometimes go on a retreat for an extended amount of time in order to clear their mind of other distractions and just write. Then write some more. Then keep writing because they have that time! Sometimes I wish I could go on a similar retreat. Not just for writing but just to have time dedicated for working, but for passion work. Ideally it would be great if it could be my school for a week. Because truthfully, it’s really hard to spend what would be break time with family trying to work all of the time. The whole reason we have breaks is so that we can reboot and have some family time without worrying about work so much. School is work time, so what if we just changed what that work was; not to mention make it for a longer period of time just in a new location. Sometimes I’ll say I need to go do work and my family will react with “What work didn’t you do already that’s due tomorrow?” Then I have to explain how it isn’t actually due in the typical school sense which is why I haven’t finished it, because passion work can’t really be fully finished, but it does need to be worked on. Finding time for passion work when that passion work isn’t yet your “work” work is really difficult. So sometimes I wish I could just go on a passion work retreat to dedicate a large amount of time to the work that isn’t “due” but is important and needs time without interruptions and distractions (many of which I cause myself when I go into “break” mode). I think it would even be okay for a few people to on this retreat with me as long as they too were in “passion work mode” because then we could hold each other responsible and get feedback from each other even while on retreat. Anyway break is over tomorrow and thus work begins. With midterms only two weeks away plus all of the big events I have coming up, things are about to get crazy and I think I’ll need some rest. It seems like it has been far too long since I’ve given just a general update about how things have been going in our Collab Course AP Lang class designed and run by Kat and myself. Things have been going really well lately, and as we venture forward I just want to share some highlights of exciting things that have, are, and will be happening in this class. We recently had our paper discussing solutions to The Creativity Crisis published on #Satchat Daily (under education) one of the biggest sources for education resources, as well as on the MViFi blog. We’ve been reading Grant Lichtman’s book #EdJourney, and have been creating blog posts about our reflections on the book. These posts have also had their fair share of retweets and likes on Twitter! We’re also currently trying to work out a time where we can actually have a Google Hangout with Mr. Lichtman to get to discuss some of his book as well as how he went about the actual creation of the book since that is something Kat and I are both interested in. In general, Kat and I have also started to get into a better flow as far as how we decide what to work on each day. For the most part, Mondays and Wednesdays are what we call “APLle Days” where we work on more of your typical AP Lang stuff like timed essays, multiple choice, vocab (both AP Lang terms to know as well as our running list that we each add 5 new words to a week that we read and think the other should also know), discussions, that kind of stuff that we know just has to be done to some extent still since this is an AP class. Then on Thursdays and Fridays we have “Explore Days” where the schedule is a little more open ended to allow time and space for our “normal” routine to be disrupted allowing for creativity and learning to flourish. Sometimes these days involve working on iVenture work that involves writing that we can use each other for feedback on. Other times we end up in deep discussions around forms of feedback and assessment and design thinking with some of our ID facilitators who often work close by. At times situations and opportunities could arise where we end up trying to decipher an instruction booklet with no words and put together a robotic hand. Sometimes it just means having meetings with mentors to work on ways to further enhance our skills as innovative learners and further develop our AP Lang program itself. One of the recent programatic decisions that Kat and I made about a month or so ago was starting a new activity we call a “20/20“. Typically we do a 20/20 on Monday’s since it is our shortest class together each week, so over the weekend we will each read some piece. (Lately this has been a mixture of #EdJourney sections or pieces related to Plato’s Allegory of the Cave.) Then on Monday in class we will spend 20 minutes discussing the reading piece, then we will spend 20 minutes writing a blog post reflection on the discussion. This gets us in the habit of enhancing our discussion skills while also getting us to practice having to organize and write down our thoughts in a short amount of time. So far these have been going really well and I’ve actually appreciated the time constraint since it has challenged me to try and be creative, articulate, and clear quickly. I’ve already talked some about #EdJourney, but I would like to talk more about Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. From the start of the creation of this course, both Kat and I knew we wanted to read The Allegory of the Cave no matter what. As sophomores the piece had come up a few times in discussions and it sounded really interesting to us since some of the main points have to do with education and what is the “truth”–two things we are both passionate about. After reading the piece even just once, we both absolutely loved it!! So we did some research on how other people responded to the piece and furthered our understanding of its meaning. However, just reading Plato once doesn’t help get everything across. We were so inspired by the piece that we started talking with my Latin teacher about how we might do more with the piece. He too thinks the piece is great and even made an interesting comparison to the work we do with our class and how it’s like the prisoner in the story who is let out of the cave. Since then he has helped us pick other pieces of Plato’s work to read (actually we will have a 20/20 on book 1 of The Republic this Friday) and helped us figure out a big theme we want to focus on: status quo. What is the status quo? How is it defined? Why do cultures value the status quo? What does it mean to go against the status quo? What happens to the people who challenge the status quo? Why do they do it? Kat and I hope to read and discuss much more over the coming days before the end of first semester, and hopefully create a joint MoVe Talk to help express our findings while also tying in work we’ve done throughout the year. A few other things that we hope to do before the end of the year are to revamp our blog sites to work on better organizing and capturing our work, and also to learn more about what a good portfolio looks like and go back through our work to pick out bright spots from our journey so far. What I’ve really loved about our course is that we have truly had the freedom to explore while learning and doing meaningful work. When I write something for a class that then ends up getting published and talked about by people you don’t even know, I feel incredibly proud and motivated to continue writing and improving my skills. Getting to talk to a wide array of mentors has also been amazingly fun and helpful because it means we are getting feedback from a multitude of perspectives from a California student to educators we’ve never met in person to our own Latin teacher, which hopefully has made us more rounded with our writing. Plus I can’t even begin to emphasize how amazing it feels to not have to stress about grades. I feel more courageous to take risks and try new things, plus I don’t find myself up late worrying about a quiz, but instead I find myself curious and researching to be prepared for a discussion and writing assignment that I’m happy to get feedback on. Without grades our feedback feels like it is more focused on really trying to help us improve as a reader and writer, and have end products that go somewhere and contribute to larger conversations. I even had a teacher comment on one of my posts about The Allegory of the Cave about how she wanted to share my work with her students who were learning about different perspectives. While we still take the AP Lang exam at the end of the year, and even the same midterm as the traditional AP Lang course students will take, I am not going to be judging the value of this course based on how we score. Sure we want to score well, but even if we aren’t spectacular, I don’t want to judge a whole year off of two tests. Learning is so much more than that. I know I’ve been learning; with reading and writing, as well as many other skills like sending emails to people you haven’t met, and organizing class structures, and knowing when to pivot and how to manage the unexpected. I’ve seen my improvement. I’ve read and heard my feedback. I know I have room to grow, but I also know I’ve been growing, and that to me means success. As this year goes on I can’t wait to see what else comes out of this course. It may only be two weeks until Thanksgiving break, but there is still so much learning ahead of us, and I’m excited for it! Being as passionate about education redesign as I am, I’ve been trying to make more of a point to think about ways that design thinking can be incorporated into the classroom, and what struggles I notice occurring around trying to use elements of design thinking. One of the big things I’ve noticed is that we often spend a really long time on the discovery phase. (Referring to the DEEP process we use at MVPS which stands for Discover, Empathize, Experiment, Produce.) I think this is because teachers, and maybe even some students, feel “safest” in the discovery mode. Discovery is all about research, and it is really easy to “justify” how the discovery phase is meeting the goals of traditional schooling because we have always done research at school. Teachers and students have always done research and therefore, the discovery phase feels more comfortable because it’s not requiring you to really stretch yourself as a learner in terms of how you act and what you learn. Everyone interprets what they read based on what they want to know and already believe. It is much easier to get a piece of text to support your argument then it is to hear a person speak and try to pick a part their talk to validate your own believes. While the discovery phase is very necessary to a design process, because you need some background information to know what you are even dealing with, I believe the quicker you can make the leap from discovery to empathy mode, the more things will start to “make sense”. The empathy phase is when you are challenged and get pieces of insight that spark your curiosity and interest. This is where both student and teachers start to light up and find themselves wanting to research more to further understand and question what their user said. I’ve observed first hand the moment when students find themselves hooked on a design challenge because they realize how much it means to someone else that they spoke to. I’ve also observed how excited teachers get to see their students excited about learning. Once you get to the empathy phase, the rest of the challenge starts to get much clearer, and the question of “what in the world are we doing” starts to become less foggy. The problem is that while the discovery mode feels very safe and comfortable in the classroom, the empathy mode is far from “safe and comfortable”. To get to the point of interviewing people can be really hard in a classroom environment. One of the biggest struggles being that if students don’t yet care or understand why you are doing what you are doing, it is often hard to get them to find people to interview because they don’t know what to do next. Design thinking is still pretty new to the education world, and while teachers are learning more and more about how to involve design thinking in their classrooms, students are not necessarily having a parallel introduction to design thinking. If a teacher walks into a classroom full of students that barely (if at all) understand why we do design thinking, they can’t just magically flip on the light switch and expect the students to be able to self guide themselves through a design thinking challenge. The light switch has to be built before it can be used. You have to have the tool before you can use it. Creative confidence is something nurtured and grown, not magically summoned upon when you need it for a class assignment. I know I haven’t even started to talk about the Experiment or Produce stages, but that’s because I honestly don’t think I’ve had a class where we really and truly reached these stages even. More often than not, we spend so much time on discovery, that we try to cram empathy in really quickly and then have spent so much time on the project already, that we decide to end after our empathy findings so that we can move on to the next unit. I get why. I mean there is only so much time in the school year, and at this point there are still things that teachers have to teach to meet certain standards by the end of the year. And to be honest, if you spend to much time on a design challenge that isn’t moving anywhere, it can eventually seem tiresome and overdone; there is only so much researching you can do before you want to just drop everything. However, I think if we could move faster into the empathy phase of design thinking, then we would be more likely to see a challenge all the way through. I believe this because after meeting with users is when things really start to get exciting to the point where you don’t want to stop. What if, rather than going through and entire design challenge, teachers set up more design sprints or just mini design challenges that had a very purposeful flow with time constraints? Maybe these could last a week or two max for these challenges. In this challenge teachers would help facilitate students researching about users that the teacher has already found and set a specific time when they would come in to be interviewed by students. This would eliminate the struggle of students trying to find and communicate with people to set up interview times. While this is a great skill to learn, in the classroom this can get complicated because everyone has different schedules and some students may need more help than others with setting up this interview. So I think this skill is something that could wait to be practiced until students have a better understanding of the design thinking process first. Then after all of the students have gotten the chance to talk to one or two users, the teacher helps guide the class through a series of tools to help unpack interviews and discover what the how might we statement is. Students need time to be creative and explore their passions, but when it comes to design thinking, I think they first need more guidance and closer facilitation in order to learn the ropes before trying to sail alone. The best way to learn how to sail is to actually get in the boat, so why not give students more opportunities to experience design thinking by facilitating lots of mini more guided and focused design thinking sessions in the classroom? This may also help with classroom design challenges leaping over the ditch between the discovery and empathy phases of the DEEP process, and then maybe having the time to then go even further into the process with experimenting and producing. The student boats will capsize a few times, but eventually they’ll get more use to that water, and before you (the teacher) knows it, they’ll be off exploring new lands on their own. “A society’s competitive advantage will come not from how well its schools teach the multiplication and periodic tables, but from how well they stimulate imagination and creativity.” Albert Einstein said these great words over 60 years ago, and yet in todays’ 21st century, America has still been in what is commonly known as “The Creativity Crisis” as described in Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman’s article published in Newsweek in 2010. Their findings, based on the widely taken Torrance Test which tests for someone’s “Creativity Quotient” (CQ), show that the American public has had a significant decrease in it’s CQ scores since 1990. However, at the same time that this Creativity Crisis is taking place, leading businesses are craving creative and innovative people, as shown from an IBM poll taken in 2010 of 1,500 CEOs. This disconnect between what America wants in the workforce and what America’s CQ scores are leads to the question of, “How might we raise America’s CQ scores?” That is, how might we have more Americans that are proficient at going through a process of the exploration and creation of something new? A start would be to examine our education programs to assure that we as a country are setting the conditions for people to be successful. Schools are meant to prepare students with the knowledge and skills to be successful in the world. With our world craving creative people with innovative ideas, it is imperative for schools to allot time in their school day for students to explore creative outlets and passions. By allotting this time in the day, students can be more prepared to get jobs in the companies that they are interested in working for. One of the “big dogs” of American companies is Google, with about 1 in every 4 young professionals wanting to work there. When trying to get a job at Google, it is helpful to know that interviewers are looking for applicants that go through a creative thinking process. For example an applicant may be asked, “How many piano tuners are there in Chicago?” The interviewer is not looking for the answer to this question, because there is no exact answer, instead the interviewer is looking to see how the applicant thinks through the problem and hoping to see the applicant go through a creative, yet logical, process to arrive at an answer. If schools hope for their students to be competitive in the workforce at places like Google, then schools must prepare students to be creative thinkers while problem solving– even if the problem seems impossible to solve. In school, students are tasked to learn and mast content which lays out the foundation for the logical side to any process, but there is another side to this process: the creative side. To answer seemingly impossible problems like those that arise in the “real world”, you must have a basic understanding of facts along with the creative confidence to quickly discern what things you think you need to know in order to arrive at an answer. This creative confidence isn’t something that some people are born with and others are not; it is developed over time through experience and guidance. Students need mentors to help them develop their creative confidence, and school provides an opportune time for students to receive this mentorship, and not just from teachers. Just like how chemistry classes do lab work in order to better understand how chemical equations work, what if all students were given the opportunity to enroll in a“real world” lab? Imagine if in this “real world” lab students were working alongside business leaders, entrepreneurs, and nonprofits to tackle work that matters. Work that might not be in a textbook. Through these “real world” labs, students could develop relationships with these game-changers that may lead to long lasting mentorship. Schools need to begin developing relationships with members in the local community because this real world experience will build confidence in students, so they can be empowered to be agents of change in today’s world. School currently communicates that students have to wait to make a difference. They have to wait to be told what to do. They have to wait to get their graded test back. What if we didn’t want to wait? Some schools already have programs set in place to allow students school time to work on creative pursuits and passions, and their students are working on some mind blowing things. Some notable examples are High Tech High in California, The Independence Project at Monument Mountain Regional High School in Massachusetts, and Mount Vernon Presbyterian School’s Innovation Diploma in Atlanta, Georgia. Students from these schools have done things like making their school more environmentally sustainable, cooking a meal for over 80 people, designing a picture of a historical character using math and technology, writing a novel, partnering with organizations like the Center for Disease Control on “real world” problems, and consulting with industry leaders to tackle complex challenges. These schools exemplify that it is possible for schools to give students time to focus on creativity and passion finding during school time. Not only is it possible, but the students that are given this time in school have been advantageous in a world craving creative people. Imagine if all American schools had this time for creativity and passion finding. Imagine how much the American creative quotient scores could raise. Imagine how many more creative solutions America could be generating to solve big problems in our world today. The world demands creative people, so to solve the Creativity Crisis the world should also demand that schools, with their mentors and resources, provide the time for students to explore creative endeavors and personal passions in order to develop their creative confidence before it’s too late. Today did not feel like a Friday for some reason, but looking back on the week I’ve realized just how great of a week it was! What really made it awesome was because I had something I very rarely have: time. With no homework, I’ve also actually gotten to sleep a little more than normal and I feel like I’ve noticed it during class. You know how sometimes you just feel in general more on your game than normal? That’s how I’ve felt this week. I’ve been happy, pondering, productive, asking lots of thoughtful questions, and just in general I feel more attentive and like I’ve processed more during class time this week. I got good grades on my two tests. I’ve been having interesting conversations around feedback on my Creativity Crisis paper. My design team had a really productive all hands on deck prototyping day and have now almost finished our full scale prototype. I felt like I was asking more questions and better understanding more conceptual topics in Latin and AP Chemistry. I was able to quickly learn a good bit about many revolutionary war key figures. I got to work on some iVenture work for the first time in forever. Plus I got to start reading Grant Lichtman’s 2nd book on education transformation for the 21st century, #EdJourney! It’s just been a really great week! I guess passion work and sleep really can make a difference in your every day behavior. What if every week felt like this? For the past weekish, Kat and I have been working on a paper in response to the “Creativity Crisis” for our AP Lang Collab-Course. I’m not going to go into depth on the content of the paper itself tonight– that will come later with the paper itself– but what I have found quite interesting is how we have been approaching this paper differently than how we might have approached a paper for a “typical class”. Our prompt actually came straight from an old AP Lang exam question; however, we tweaked it a tad because we want to take our paper a step further, so rather than just writing an argument piece, we actually plan on sharing this piece with online publications to get our thoughts/writing out to a wider audience. Hopefully we spark some interesting conversations, and as they are looking now, I think we will! While writing this piece I have found the biggest difference in my writing is actually how I edit my work. I have a much stronger grasp on what it means to give and receive feedback than I did even a year ago (thanks ID!!). This allows me to go through my work and think, “If I was giving feedback to someone else, what would I be looking for?” So on my paper (done in a google doc), I’ve left comments asking questions about certain snippets of my writing where I think there could potentially be changes needed, but I want another perspective on it. Rather than just writing a paper and having a teacher grade it based on a rubric they’ve designed, I’m actually getting the opportunity to say “This is what I want feedback on,” and then let mentors (including peers and even some student mentors from different states in fact) respond and add additional comments that they think are worth pointing out. To be honest the process feels kind of like when I would ask a peer to edit my paper before handing in an assignment; I’m very open to all feedback because I want it to make it the best possible before the “final draft”. It reminds me of what I imagine the relationship is between an author and his/her editor. I mean no one writes perfectly, that’s why we have other people look over and help edit our work so that we can make the writing as strong as possible. Looking at teachers and students as mentors in this way where we can actually have a conversation about my writing and how it can be improved (not just graded) has been really cool and super helpful to my writing! With blogging, and therefore writing, almost everyday, I’ve occasionally had people say my writing has improved over the course of the past few years. This leads to the question of “What made it improve?” I now think that it isn’t just that I’m writing more often, while that is definitely an element of it, I think having a stronger understanding of what it means to give and receive feedback is what has made my writing stronger. Feedback isn’t a number; that isn’t helpful. What does a number mean? Helpful feedback is the commentary on what you did well, what you could improve on, and suggestions for how you might improve. And when you receive feedback, even if it’s on things you need to improve on, that doesn’t mean you’re a failure, or did a horrible job, or that your feedback giver doesn’t like you and/or your work. It’s quite the opposite in my opinion, because if your feedback giver gives you feedback on the things they didn’t love, that means they care enough about your work to try and help you make it better. To be honest, I think the feedback on what and how you could improve is often more helpful then what you did well, because it moves you along on your journey with what to work on next. It’s interesting how taking grades out of the equation effects my writing. I think I take more risks and try more new things when I’m not worrying about a grade. When I’m graded and do poorly, I don’t always (trying to get better at this) see it as “feedback to help me improve”, I just see it as “oh no I did something wrong…” I’ve really enjoyed not having grades attacked to our AP Lang work because it has made me feel more free to explore and take risks with how I write, and it has made me more open to receiving feedback. There are many more ways to give feedback than just grades. I wonder how understanding feedback at a deeper level could help improve students overall communication skills.

2019-04-24T03:07:47Z

https://pinyabananas.wordpress.com/tag/patterns/

One of the country’s longest-running nonprofit arts centers has just announced that its “continued existence is in serious financial jeopardy.” While dispiriting announcements like this are common enough during the current economic recession, this loss promises to be particularly devastating. Founded in 1974, the organization has been a center of the San Francisco arts scene for the last three decades and more; it has served in that time as a vital laboratory for conceptual art, poetry, installation and performance – which practices found little purchase in mainstream institutions in the Bay Area in the Seventies and Eighties – as well as a crucial point of contact with the national and international artists who were shown there. I hoped then that the board, and director Sandra Percival, might see Tercerunquinto’s project (and my review) as a kind of challenge: not only to raise money, but to re-imagine Langton’s role in the arts community, to locate and support forms of practice not addressed or exhibited adequately by larger institutions like SFMOMA and Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, and to pursue new audiences and new roles for itself. It doesn’t seem from outside that these questions were engaged within the institution; certainly they were not engaged effectively enough. Indeed it sometimes seemed as if the institution was moving in a conservative direction, considering its history (less poetry, less community, less chaos). And by largely showing artists who had been recognized and legitimated by institutions elsewhere, Langton lived problematically in those institutions’ shadow. This was in many ways a losing gambit. Percival’s letter of resignation, which she sent out to many in San Francisco’s artistic community, attributes Langton’s current distress to “a ‘perfect storm’ that we have encountered since last fall’s climactic economic events.” Judith Williamson teaches us to be on our guard whenever the economy is naturalized in metaphor – you know you’re about to be handed a bill of sale. Percival’s letter rightly takes credit for the institution’s achievements during her tenure, including many compelling shows and events, and a stunning renovation by architect and board member Kyu Che. (It also includes some events whose credit ought to have been shared with the “small staff” who goes unnamed in her letter – for the record, Carrión, Sam Spiewak and Zoe Taleporos – or guest curators like Anne Colvin, Pamela Wilson-Ryckman and Jill Dawsey.) Yet if, as director, the achievements are hers, then so are the institution’s disappointments and missed opportunities; we can’t blame everything on the weather. Her departure presents the board, and San Francisco in general, with another crisis, in its ancient sense of a “decisive moment” or “turning point.” Can Langton survive its current predicament? Should it? In what form? We must ask not only “what now?,” but “why?” and “for whom?” Proximity Magazine published in May Joseph Del Pesco’s interview with Renny Pritikin, who, with his wife Judy Moran, directed Langton for its first fifteen years or so. He says, “My friend Anne Focke, who started and/or gallery in Seattle around the same time we were building New Langton Arts, was visiting recently, and we asked ourselves: “If we were starting again today, what would we do?‘” This moment of crisis, and the “town hall” meeting Langton promises, will offer all of us the chance to ask their question with renewed intensity. It’s devastating to see such an important local institution in this state. Still, I can’t help feeling that the first step down this hazardous path was the decision to import a director from outside the Bay Area, with a shift in focus from the regional to the international. The Bay Area has fewer and fewer spaces that support experimentation and innovation on the local level. There’s a misconception that turning outward, toward more market-supported art, is going to result in better revenues for these small organizations. These sad circumstances at Langton demonstrate why that’s not necessarily a solution. This is not to say that we should exclude the world beyond the Bay Area, but that international trends and movements should be articulated by our local institutions through a healthy balance of local and international practices represented. Our artists and critics are well aware of what’s happening in the larger world, and can hold their own. If we don’t support them locally, we can’t hope to make any real impact on a national or international level as we’ll forever be copying what someone else did first. I’m glad that this article appeared, as it at least should be noted with gravity that this often-vital institution is likely to pass out of existence. (I should say that I ran the organization with my wife Judy Moran for many years). I wanted to point out that it is historically inaccurate to state that the field of artist-run spaces arose only because of the availability of federal funds. It may very well sound pollyannish to contemporary ears, but this movement arose out of both formal innovation, as Julian writes, with no outlet for artists working in that way, as well as a politicized desire to build parallel cultural delivery systems. The NEA Visual Arts program, under the brilliant leadership of Jim Melchert, responded to the rise of the movement with a grant program in the late 70s or early 80s, after the fact. Thank you for this Julian. My projects The Colony Room and Sgt. Pepper’s were in fact a return to “more poetry, more community and more chaos” which in all fairness Sandra Percival embraced and fully supported. Perhaps too little, too late but I think it was a seed and hopefully one which we can build on. I am a newcomer to San Francisco who, prior to moving to the city, had great expectations of New Langton Arts. I was coming from another alternative space in Texas that was built in the 1980s, inspired by The Kitchen and Langton. When I first walked into New Langton Arts it was already remodeled. The first thing I noticed was the floors. The floors were wood polished floors that reminded me of some of the galleries off of Geary Street. This floor lacked the qualities of an experimental space. The New Langton that I saw seemed to be looking with obedience to the surrounding institutions, rather than imposing itself to the dogmas of 3rd street @ Mission all they way to Geary St. But I must say that I had great experiences at Langton, such as The Colony Room organized by Anne Colvin. I also admired the dedication of the staff whose dedication to the organization was apparent. Although it will be greatly missed, it is important to question what we are missing. Is it its prominent history, or the resistant nature embodied in its earlier years? That nature that was not afraid to take risks in order to address the concerns of the artistic community that other institutions always love to ignore. Does anyone know if a time and place has been set for the Town Hall meeting? The date and time of the meeting will be posted on NLA’s website (www.newlangtonarts.org) and their blog http://newlangtontownhall.blogspot.com/ in the near future. Thanks for this, Julian – I’m much saddened by the current state of affairs at New Langton and glad to find the problematics of the situation up for debate. I don’t want to derail the discussion with a discourse on flooring, but as I understand it, the recent refurbishment of the organization restored its galleries to more or less their original state, stripping out later decorative additions and removing the mdf boards, which covered the original wood floors. Thus what we are seeing is a more true to life version of the institution in its heyday, rather than the New Langton we may have gotten used to in recent years. In any case, I am not sure that the best argument for questioning New Langton’s credentials to show experimental art is that the space is too nice. I’m also not too sure what the fact that a director was hired in from the outside has to do with New Langton’s current plight (which is not to say that I don’t think the director should take responsibility for both the good and bad, as Julian points out). Nor that Sandra Percival qualifies as “international.” Although based in the UK for 13 years prior to arriving in the Bay Area, Percival is a Washington state native and lived and worked many years in Seattle. I think that probably places her in the regional, or “at worst,” national category. That said, New Langton’s history is anything but purely local – the lengthy list of artists who has shown there reads like a national, and in parts international, directory (and history) of conceptual and performance art – from Paul McCarthy to Vito Acconci, Nam June Paik, Tony Oursler, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Eleanor Antin, Joan Jonas and Felix Gonzalez-Torres, not forgetting artists closer to home like Tom Marioni and Bruce Conner. The salient point is that New Langton chose to work with these artists at relatively early stages in their career, supporting work considered too experimental for many institutions. An institution becomes great, dynamic, of interest when it has a clear mission, a clear sense of its community and audience – this does not have to be achieved by barring the doors to outside influences. But it does require focus, which in this case seems to have blurred, resulting in the failure to represent constituencies (whether literary or musical) traditionally associated with the organization, the alienation of many members of the local arts community, and schizophrenic programming with the occasional glimpse of lucidity provided by shows like “The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly,” and “Small things end, great things endure.” The last title being somewhat unpleasantly prophetic in the circumstances. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YHkKo_ngfE&feature=related In hard times, it’s comforting to listen to good music. Leigh, you bring up a really good point: the question of the institution’s mission and its commitment to it. Does anyone know if this is the original one? Has it been revisited in the past? How might it be rewritten now, and does it need to be? This will inevitably be the primary challenge facing the Board, provided they are able to save it. My wife Susan Crossley and I have served on the Board for 7 or 8 years during the Susan Miller / Sandra Percival eras. I served as Chair recently as well. In the past I lived in NY for 12 years and was involved with Avalanche, the Clocktower and the beginnings of PS 1. When I moved to San Francisco 15 years ago I found Larry’s wonderful Matrix program immediately but it took me about 4 years to find New Langton and I was finally home. I respect the large art institutions as they find, educate and convert wealth but they must be safe and simple. Langton and other smallish organizations can feast on today’s art which is conceptual, experimental, multi-disciplinary and difficult to fathom. There in lies the problem. It is not safe, easy, saleable, auctionable, historic, popular and that is why is is so good. It is bohemian art that may or may not be great art but it can be absorbed and felt now. MOMA et al. can not deal with it as it is not institutional. I think Susan did a good job of moving it along and Sandra had a difficult start and the program changed. The artists representing the disciplines left the board and Sandra became the voice and did the best she could. Times are tough of course and that makes everything more difficult but let me inform you that Langton has not failed; it is just in the process of being reinvented. Waves of new artistic energy will continue breaking on San Francisco’s shores and Langton is rising from the ashes as I write. The legacy of the large museums and schools are those who want to be on the cutting edge and want to judge for themselves and we are their place. Money and new board members will arrive through the leadership of the new leader yet to be named. Susan and I are not sad , we are excited and plan to continue to be a part of the 36th year. Nice to see your name here, and thank you for your thoughts. I served on the board of New Langton in 2004-2005 as one of the “artists representing the disciplines.” Specifically, I co-curated the “Performance Writing” series with Jocelyn Saidenberg. My experience as a curator, and a board member at New Langton was really terrific, and I have always valued some of the relationships that emerged and work that we were able to do. And looking back, I am extremely proud of the series that we programmed. But just to chime in for the record (SFMOMA blog, I guess, is “the record”): Sandra Percival made it very clear that the kind of programming we had been doing, despite its success, would not be allowed to continue under her regime. For my part, I took literary programming at NLA very seriously, appreciative of its rich history and importance for local writing and art–and after putting a lot of work into building a successful program and packing the house, it was surprising to be asked to stop. I can’t speak for any other board member who left, and I’m NOT, but for me, I would have been extremely happy to remain on the board because ultimately I believed in the possibilities at Langton, was learning a lot about that kind of service, and really enjoyed many of my sister board members. It was very clear, however, that the “conceptual, experimental, multi-discplinary and difficult to fathom” artists that we were bringing to Langton (and, not to make a blog comment into a brag but bringing to large and grateful audiences) were not going to be welcome under the new regime. It is very difficult for any institution to change. And there is usually a period of discord and in the worst cases, total collapse before any change is possible. This is not a novel idea, we all know this, it constantly reoccurring theme. From our climate, to Obama, to the economy, to our banks, to the auto industry, we are surrounded by the word change. You could say change is the theme of the late 2000’s and to mollify the uncertainty of it we are told change is good. But this knowledge doesn’t lessen the sting and it doesn’t make it any easier to change. In fact, the hardest thing is knowing when to change, what to change, who to change and how. What does change mean if you can’t see it until it is too late? Having worked at the non-proft gallery, Art in General (1), in New York City, a space that was also going through similar (though perhaps not quite so grave) challenges as Langton (not to mention being married to someone who is also dealing with the closing of another important bay area non-profit arts institution), I can somewhat contemplate the difficulties of keeping a non-profit institution, not only open and running, but germane and vital in a shifting art world. It was hard enough in New York. I can only imagine the difficulties of running a non-profit now and here, in the elusive and under-supported San Francisco Art World. The most important question for me that has been asked here, and the one that requires the most change, was asked way before this blog exchange started, in Julian Myers’ Tercerunquinto article. And that million-dollar question was to ask Langton why they should survive? Which is actually a very existential question. I think Myers is basically asking Langton, if you want to live then explain why you are alive. What is your reason for being? And why should we the San Francisco Art world support that. If we, as Sartre suggests, have a responsibility to each other perhaps we should use the condition of Langton as a mirror for the sustainability of the entire Bay Area art world. If is Langton flailing then our art world is flailing and we need a new model or models to sustain ourselves. So perhaps we should not simply be asking Langton why they should survive or in my existential translation, what is their reason for being, but we should be asking ourselves (as of course many of us have, if this blog post is any indication) what do we want Langton to be and beyond that what do we want the Bay Area art world to be and how do we get there? This Langton situation is bittersweet. It has been horrible for the difficulties it has caused the staff, artists, and curators not to mention the audiences, who depend on Langton for support, both financial and inspirational. However I am quite excited by the dialog it has created within the arts community here. It gives me hope for the future. I look forward to the Town Hall meeting. (1) At Art in General we realized that things had shifted drastically from the 70’s and 80’s when most of the NYC non-profits began (as many of the non-profits elsewhere have also realized and changed to try and meet the shifting demand). The need for non-profits to simply grant exposure to underrepresented and emerging artists had changed. Artists in New York needed more than exposure to survive, they needed financial and administrative backing. So we reduced the numbers of shows produced each year and subsequently the numbers of artists supported, and shifted to a commissioning institution, providing artists both a production budget and a separate honorarium to create new and complex projects that otherwise might not get made. This was not an easy change to make. It was difficult for our audience, the board, the funders and the granting organizations to understand the reduction in the number shows presented each year and numbers of artists shown, even though our support could help sustain an artist’s practice and thereby the New York art world, much more than our previous model. Just a few quick responses. My phrasing in the original review gave the wrong impression about Langton’s relation to the NEA. Renny’s version is believable, true, and inspiring, even for those of us with few Pollyannaish tendencies. I concur with Leigh’s discourse on flooring, and what she says about “import(ing) a director from outside the Bay Area.” Yes, even a cursory glance at Langton’s history will reveal an abiding concern with national and international artists. I’ll just add that disaster wasn’t inevitable – and certainly wasn’t provoked by hiring a director from outside the Bay Area. Alongside the obvious economic limitations, the problems (as I argue above) were in the matrix of programming and in the sometimes troubled relationships amongst the director, staff, board, and the different constellations of creative people who felt a deep connection to the place. Brandon’s comment provides a case in point. I am very appreciative that this discussion is taking place. Thanks to Julian and SFMOMA for providing a platform for this. I served as Program Director at Langton from 99-2004, and am now part of the Warhol Foundation in New York. Langton is/was a Warhol Initiative member, one of sixty groups in the nation that were provided with capacity support and professional development opportunities. (Intersection, Galeria, Headlands, Luggage Store, Camerawork, and Southern Exposure are among others locally). During my time at Langton, I worked closely with Susan and the artists on the board in all of the disciplines to generate programs and exhibitions. Along with other dedicated staffers, I spent a lot of time thinking strategically about Langton’s relevance and its future. What been most frustrating personally is that Langton became so isolated, so quickly. With all of its efforts to reach beyond, the organization failed to reach out. It failed to maintain its extended network of supporters, crafted over the course of thirty-four years, and arguably its most valuable asset. What was cut off was access to funders, former staff and board members, fellow arts leaders, and legions of artists and designers who at one point or another were invested in Langton’s success. For example, of the sixty Initiative organizations invited to attend a national convening of peers, Langton was the only one to not send a single representative. “Responsibility is not simply about an individual’s singular existence but about everyone else,” – Well put, Anthony and Sartre. Given that many SF arts organizations are doing so well at remaining relevant and engaged, I don’t think that this is case of “so goes Langton so goes the Bay Area.” If anything it seems more like, “there goes the Bay Area, what about Langton?” If there is an opportunity here for a new-New Langton to emerge, my hope is that it both re-engages with its support network and that it considers the issue of responsibility first and foremost in its plans. Responsibility to its past, the future, and most of all, to the needs of artists. i am really glad to see this discussion happening. i am always very curious on the behind the scenes aspect of cultural institutions in sf. in my experience access to it has been quite opaque. even during a short internship at new langton, it was difficult to gain an insight in its positioning and goals. i have lived in the bay area for only 5 years but have learned from long time residents that new langton had a much bigger role in bridging different cultural niches in sf. because i curated a sound series for a while i am particularly aware of the role new langton used to have in the bay area’s sound/music arena. it is greatly missed by many from that community. also, having done some programming for a gallery recently i am acutely concerned on the possibilities of interaction between institutions and galleries and the viability of creating a dialogue that can further propel ‘a healthy art scene’. so finding out what people involved in the community are thinking regarding these kind of matters has been extremely insightful experience for me. We welcome your comments and ideas. Since this has been referenced a few times here, is there going to be an actual, in-person town hall? Despite my not being able to make such a gathering, it seems like having something be virtual-only reinforces a sense that Langton has grown disconnected from its community. (As it is now, the virtual thing is being eclipsed by this blog, with a discussion already in progress.) I appreciate that the board is working on the funding side – but the artistic side, the role of artists, and some of the big questions being put forward in these posts merit serious consideration. I was a literary curator and board member at NLA from 1997 to 2004. It was a terrific experience, unlike any other. This news makes me very sad. My 2 cents is that there should be some sort of live town hall, if there is any possibility that NLA will re-emerge from these difficulties as a functioning arts organization. An in person meeting just might spark a resurrection effort from NLA’s old community of artists and supporters, if enough of that core group turned out and re-connected. I don’t see how a virtual meeting could galvanize such an effort. I second what James is saying. The conversation has already migrated from http://newlangtontownhall.blogspot.com/ (where it actually never started) to Open Space. I would like to ask Langton’s board what this “virtual town hall meeting” actually implies. Is this a call for participation in the decision making process? A think-tank format, just to let the community express themselves without any feedback from them? Or what is it exactly? I think that the San Francisco art community–that has followed and supported Langton from so many different platforms—deserve to hear from the Board. NLA’s board need to take responsibility with the community, and explain what are they actually asking us to save here. Could you please let us know, what do you imply when you ask us to help you secure NLA’s legacy? Are we talking about the institution itself and future programming? If so, of what sort? Are you asking for help to save the archive? To cover the current debt? Or are we trying to just pay respect to the legacy and propose a wake for what Langton once was? From what I hear, it seems that the main problem at NLA has been a disintegration of community. I’d be interested to know how, if at all, that has had an impact on the finances. Did NLA under Susan Miller have a viable financial model? Was it somehow community-based? Can it be recreated? Or has NLA with or without its community been less and less viable anyway? I think a lot of us would love it to be the case that a strong grassroots community (+ solid grant writing and stewardship of relationships with Foundations, but without major individual giving necessarily) could sustain small arts non-profits in the Bay Area (I’m on the board of another one). But is it? I’m just wondering whether the funds used for the facility renovation and the acquisition of the Garage space — though I’m unclear on what those financial costs were — would have been better used by being saved for the economic downturn. I don’t doubt, Sarah, that the renovation and garage were part of the “perfect storm” that swamped Langton. But an autopsy of the kind your question (and Dominic’s question) requires is bound to be speculative, until the board further clarifies the situation. They might start by answering the questions posed by María del Carmen above. I feel what Anuradha is saying, with zero disrespect to Sandra. The inflated art market pre-recession time unleashed an inferiority complex upon the San Francisco art community. The complex may also just be the side effects of rapid globalization. I agree that all of the institutions need to look inwards to what is happening and growing in San Francisco. I feel that when artists, curators, and institutions stop looking at San Francisco as a strategic move for their careers and as a real place to have a sustainable community that fosters real working relationships maybe things will start to happen again. The “What next” question is important. Experimentalism needs to be protected and venerated and given a chance at the very least or else there wont be anything next. @ Rebecca and Anuradha, I can’t help thinking it would be good if this whole local vs non-local issue (which seems to have preoccupied the Bay Area art scene for ever) was framed in some other way. Not so much as either/or, and without the equation (which is false) of non-local equals ‘the Market’ / local equals experimental. I’m sure it’s possible for art scenes in medium-sized-yet-global cities like SF/Bay Area to do without both the inferiority complex and the need to emphasize the local as such. I am scheduling a townhall meeting for Thursday August 6 at 7pm. Does anyone have keys to Langton? If not where should we meet? We would also be interested in helping/collaborating. is the idea of subletting on the table? A response from the board and further clarification in a new post, here. @Dominic, thank you for posing that question. I’ve been thinking a lot more about this since posting my initial reaction to the news. To step away from a binary local/international opposition seems wise, as you, Leigh and Julian are all correct that one is not inherently more supportable (or less market-oriented) than the other. In my view, the decision which I initially characterized as prioritizing an out-of-town hire over a local one, was really a decision to pursue a more resource-intensive, more outward-focused plan of action overall. With respect to hiring a director, the choice to bring someone in from elsewhere means paying them more than you might pay a local person, absorbing relocation costs, and assuming a couple of years’ responsibility to run the organization with minimal new investment while your new director gets to know the local community from artists to donors to everyone in between. That is the concern I meant to express. For clarification, I don’t presume that a local hire would not have faced many of the problems faced by Sandra Percival, nor that a local hire would necessarily have had better solutions to those problems. At best, a local hire might have meant less of a salary burden and less of an institutional learning curve. However, those factors are important in light of the very dire financial picture being painted by Langton’s board. Another question to ask is, why did Langton choose to hire someone as established as Sandra Percival to direct an institution known for fostering emerging and experimental practices? Again, it’s not a given that such a person could have offered a better outcome, but perhaps by selecting a less-established person as leader, Langton might have been able to produce programming that was fiscally leaner and less dependent on big, expensive names. Finally, I’m glad that Open Space can provide a public forum for this discussion. I hope that Langton’s board will understand that this is an opening they’ve been given, and that it reflects an outpouring of community support upon which they now need to capitalize, effectively and quickly. Let no one assume that the fact of this conversation means the responsibility of Langton’s overseers is in any way lessened. Yes Thanks Dominic. I don’t feel that my input comes from the place that you are describing. I am a S.F. native and I am going to be attending Goldsmiths in the fall for post graduate studies. I have run an alternative art space from 1999-2007. My statement came from a place of love for the San Francisco art community. There is so much cool stuff in San Francisco that doesn’t even get a chance. Or its edited by the institutions and even by the alternative spaces. As of late it does feel like the S.F. venues have been working real hard to educate the locals about international art. What about whats happening here? Langton’s board has not included artists for several years, and that speaks volumes about the devolution of its focus as an arts institution. Langton’s demise is an example of what happens when artists are aced out of the equation, and non-profit art spaces merely become social clubs for the privileged. For almost a decade, the work shown at Langton has felt bland and stale because curatorial decisions were being made by people who did not understand the necessity of challenging prevailing social norms through challenging aesthetics. When Langton decided to stop recruiting artists for it’s board, it made a statement that it no longer valued the opinions and experiences of artists and was not interested in supporting non-blue chip artists whose lack of privilege often rubs privileged board members the wrong way. It was an act of censorship, that makes it impossible for me to mourn the loss of Langton. I can mourn what Langton once was, but that Langton has not existed for a very long time. Julien, SAFEhouse is available to help with admin support and we have room for storage. We can also host a community meeting at The Garage (975howard.com) if you decide to have one. Please contact us, I think there are ways for us to help you generate some community support. I was Langton’s ED from 1993 – 2005. From my experience, Langton’s fiscal and artistic force came from its commitment to and practice of the artist-run model. It was the inclusion of committed, professional artists at all levels of governance, with full power to exercise their voices in both artistic and business matters. It was the interdisciplinary nature of Langton’s programming that encouraged the exchange and development of ideas across artistic boundaries. And it was bundles of resources that people voluntarily brought to the organization. Not just money, but also their time, energy, skills, goods, goodwill, and new ideas. This vision for Langton is fully articulated in the organization’s original by-laws. We drew strength, even in the most challenging moments, from the empowerment and vision that document provided. I know Langton’s board is trying to sort through a mountain of issues. I do hope they find a place soon to actively engage the network of talent long connected to Langton. These people still care and have so much to offer. I am encouraged by the chorus of voices on Langton’s behalf and see, once again, an opportunity to rebuild from the strength and know-how of artists and friends both near and far. @ Anuradha, I see what you’re saying the practical and financial consequences of Langton having made an out-of-town hire. Fair point. @ Rebecca, yes, there may be some truth to that. I haven’t been here so long myself, you and others would have a better sense of how this issue has played out historically. I know similar issues get raised in other cities I have lived and worked, like Liverpool and Dublin. I guess I just want to get away from the flipside implication that SF/Bay Area art is not international. It might be that a side-effect of pushing Bay Area art spaces to show Bay Area art is to turn Bay Area artists into local artists. I think more traffic in all directions between the Bay Area and other artworlds would be great. @ Rebecca, I can see what you mean, to an extent. Dom was right, however, in his original comment, to point to the perennial quality of this tension between “inward” local curating and “outward” cosmopolitan engagement. A good resource in this regard is Terry Smith’s September 1974 Artforum essay “The Provincialism Problem.” He’s talking about Australia, and it’s thirty-five years in the past, yet in reading his article you see just how the positions and terms remain almost exactly the same. Reframing the conversation would be helpful. I would also ask whether the Lab, Intersection for the Arts, SFAC, and Southern Exposure (among many others) do not fill the role you set out already. Langton’s relationship to the local, that is to say, has been constitutively different than the institutions above – in ways set out by Renny and Leigh above – and it is that distinction that matters. @ Elizabeth, sympathetic as I am to the general drift of your comment, I find this sentence – “the work shown at Langton has felt bland and stale because curatorial decisions were being made by people who did not understand the necessity of challenging prevailing social norms through challenging aesthetics” – baseless. That you felt exhibitions were bland and stale I cannot dispute. But there were scores of exhibitions in the last decade put together by talented people, including artists, committed to challenging social norms through challenging aesthetics. On your larger point, that artists’ presence on the board is vital, and that their absence in recent years tragic, I could not agree more. @Dominic, I could not agree with you more that we would do better to push Bay Area artists as international artists than turn inward and exclude ourselves from a larger context. I think that in the past, this has been a problem, but now we have so many international curators and artists, both moving here and working outward from here. My only quarrel is that I feel the bigger regional institutions too often ignore that fact, looking outward but neglecting to look inward. The common complaint is that artists who are based here feel they have to move to New York or Europe to get anyone here in the Bay Area to take them seriously. To turn the lens on our generous host, SFMOMA, a case in point would be Mads Lynnerup, whose excellent work was not ever featured in an SFMOMA exhibition during the many years he lived and worked here, but who is now living in New York, and is currently showing a work he created back when he still lived here, in the Media Art galleries. I happen to know that curator Tanya Zimbardo was a strong supporter of Mads’ work even when he lived here, but I can also see how many artists would feel an example like this proves the point that you have to leave San Francisco to get any respect in this town. It’s an emotional response, but one based in some real experiences. I confess to a strong personal stake in this conversation as well. So much of what’s happened at Langton also happened at the Headlands when I worked there: the hiring of a well-regarded director from elsewhere, considered aloof by many in the community; the emphasis on physical plant issues over funding for programming; the attrition of artists on the board; the discovery of previously unnoticed budget issues and dismissal of junior staff. Like that of my friend and colleague María del Carmen Carrión, my position at Headlands was a casualty of such circumstances. Thankfully Headlands is hanging on – but with serious soul-searching, and a major reprioritization effort underway. I bring this up just to point out that this conversation is not just limited to Langton, but in fact these are concerns that affect all kinds of institutions at that level. I think it is important to point out that the above critique is a conflation of disparate issues. It is inaccurate comments such as these that propel this dialogue off course and foster many misconceptions that Bay Area institutions are not recognizing local talent. One can have an emotional response, but it is important to take into consideration that there are other factors that go into when and why an artist is shown regardless of whether they are local or not. But to clarify the above statement, this is not the first time Lynnerup’s work has been recognized by an SFMOMA curator. In 2005, Janet Bishop served as a juror who awarded him an Artadia grant and resulted in his inclusion in a group exhibition at the Wattis. Second, Zimbardo’s exhibition is a group show organized around a specific theme. The fact that he moved to New York has nothing to do with the timing of The Studio Sessions–these are very distinct circumstances and the confusion of them here only leads to greater misperceptions about this entangled issue. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the video on view in SFMOMA’s galleries also screened at New Langton a few years ago. And Lynnerup has previously performed at SFMOMA in conjunction with the Yes Yoko Ono exhibition, and has been widely supported (here and beyond) by other curators, artists, and organizations. @ADQ, my goal was to point out the emotional issues inherent in this conversation. They do color the debate, and I think I was pretty even-handed in doing so. My point remains that there is a perception issue that colors a lot of the dialogue around regionalism and the local/national/international relationship issue in the Bay Area. I said specifically that this was the first time Lynnerup’s work was featured in an SFMOMA exhibition, NOT that it was the first time his work might have been recognized by an SFMOMA curator. It’s important to understand that to many outside the museum, what is inside the galleries is all that matters. Not everyone has the more nuanced point of view that you present. Could you please point out what in my actual statement was inaccurate? I would like to own any mistake I might have made and issue a correction if that is in fact the case. Thanks. To clarify, my above comments were intended to point out that the implied argument presented (via Lynnerup) that “you have to leave San Francisco to get any respect in this town” is false; there is no logical causal connection there. That kind of slippery slope argument (based on an emotional conviction) perpetuates an unproductive myth. I mention the above examples to offer evidence that Lynnerup’s work was indeed respected and taken seriously by SFMOMA curators as well as other local organizations prior to moving, whether or not he was included in an SFMOMA exhibition at that point in his career. I go to lengths to explain this now not to take issue with you personally, but in effort to break down the stereotype for any artists following this discussion “who feel they have to move to New York or Europe to get anyone here in the Bay Area to take them seriously.” I would also encourage readers to keep in mind that there are always many different factors involved concerning why someone might chose to move away, or when and why an artist’s work might be included in an exhibition. I think it is also worth mentioning here that New Langton did have a good history in the last four years of showing local artists, frequently mixing their presentations with artists living here and abroad. And it is that kind of programming that productively steps outside of the local and non-local dialectic. Thanks for the clarification. What you’re saying is true. It’s an important enough conversation that I’m taking it on in a series of posts this week. I’d love to get your continued feedback as I think through some of these issues in a somewhat more formalized way. I have found this whole conversation very interesting as a contemporary artist. I moved to the Bay Area (not SF, but Santa Cruz) just over three years ago. Before this I lived in New York City for eight years where I had a studio and owned and operated a very public (yet private) art space out of a storefront in Brooklyn. Its mission was to exhibit the experimental and emerging artists that I felt lacked a center. My point in outlining this is the strange disconnect I am observing in the Bay Area. The Bay Area is very territorial…SF, Berkley, Oakland, San Jose and the lesser cultural magnets like Santa Cruz. In NYC we looked at the program as a connected scene- Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, Long Island City and Harlem. They all played together and are funded together by the entire scene. My recommendation would be to restructure and cast a larger net across the Bay Area with a strong magnifying glass. Put the contemporary scene on the map. Create a more diverse board and funds from the greater Bay Area. Do satellite exhibitions in the smaller communities (we know they need it and have the empty space) and expand the true sense of contemporary art and the strength of the Bay Area creative sector. In my opinion SFMOMA has replaced the need for New Langton’s programming. NL was relevant until the doors opened at SFMOMA. Years have passed and the economy has rippled, now exposing the shift. The question of local is funny when it comes to art in CA and specifically SF. I feel we need more non-local direction to help instill the local scene. Site specific is a better catch phrase. I see a great many local works in CA which are not site specific to the times and context we live in now. SAFEhouse has decided to approach the landlord about the possibility of re-opening the space (its listed considerably lower than what NLA was paying). if anyone is interested in the upstairs gallery (we are primarily interested in the downstairs performance space), please let us know. thanks, j. The Maltz Museum has been buying-up artworks of Marc Breed’s and destroying them.

2019-04-18T14:58:59Z

https://openspace.sfmoma.org/2009/07/new-langton-arts-in-crisis/

Dear Attendees and Speakers, many thanks for Aginext 2018, it has been an awesome conference! Aginext will be back in 2019 the 21&22 March 2019, you can already book your place on Eventbrite for Aginext 2019. The Call for Papers will open the 20th October 2018 and our new website is in beta on 2019.aginext.io. The second Aginext London Conference will take place at CCT Venue South Quay Canary Wharf, on Thursday 22nd & Friday 23rd March 2018. We are delighted to welcome Dave Snowden and Antony Marcano as our keynote speakers! Dave is a researcher in knowledge management and complexity theory, known for the development of the Cynefin framework. Antony is a Trainer and Agile Coach, he has has worked closely with Kent Beck to establish the London 3X community. Aginext.io is an excellent conference for experienced Agilists which explores the most recent Agile trends. Join us at Aginext.io to broaden your network, sharpen your Agile skills and listen to some controversial talks. It’s your chance to explore and develop how the Agile mindset, and Lean ways of working, can help individuals & organisations to respond to changes. Our programme this year consists of 30 engaging talks and workshops. Check out the full program. Want to know what we got up to last year? Take a look at 2017's website and the videos on youtube.aginext.io. You can register your ticket for 2018 with Eventbrite. Agile evolved from a set of principles to create a collection of methods but is increasingly starting to look like the structured and linear approaches it sought to replace. Lean has become a go-faster strip that can be attached to more or less anything regardless of its relevance. Using George Orwell’s Animal Farm as an underlying metaphor for the way liberating ideas are corrupted, Dave will look at how we ensure a resilient approach that allows us to scale the original intent of both linked movements without compromise. Scrum is today the most adopted Agile practice in the world. Since it was introduced to the world in 1995 in the Oopsla conference at Austin, Texas, in the USA, by Jeff Sutherland and Ken Schwaber, Scrum changed the way the majority of the organizations develop software. Organisations, courses, trainers, certifications, and adoption success case studies emerged since then... but what's missing? Are all companies successfully adopting Agile & Scrum? Are the certifications enough to create certified / professionals in Scrum? How about Agile transitions? How peaceful are they? Do all developers love Scrum? Is Agile working for the software development? You will be exposed to the naked truth about the current status of Agile & Scrum, their ecosystems and last but not least to philosophical reflections about human nature. For the brave ones, see you on the other side! After many years in professional software development, we experienced the impact of Business’ decisions on IT, the importance of IT quality for the Business, and the role of design principles and technical practices to achieve technical excellence. In an unexpected turn of events, we learned our assumptions were flawed: the business impact on IT was bigger than expected and the ultimate test for IT quality and technical excellence was much more than software craftsmanship. After overcoming the embarrassment for our initial blunter, we can now share with you 4 failures and 4 success stories about the impact of IT quality and technical excellence on the Business, the ultimate test for an IT quality that matters, and the learning from our experiences in Connextra, Scuderia Ferrari F1 racing team, and in ThoughtWorks. Product strategy is often approached by a lot of smart people with great intentions making decisions based on gut feeling to design something that they might not use, or at the very least, not use in the way they intended, resulting in a "fingers-crossed & hope for the best" strategy. Couple that with the world we currently live in - one where customers are far more empowered and can quickly move on to the next best product experience at a tap of a finger, a click of a mouse or a simple voice command. • You can create value straight away through Iterative Design Implementation. • Respond to users demands IMMEDIATELY and engage with them NOW. • Make product investment decisions based on customer responses in the real world, in real time. We’ll show you how to use impact mapping, Kano model and story mapping with a hands on example to create a real experience of how you can start small and iterate to make a difference NOW. What if learning capacity were not the key differentiator between adaptive organisations, but rather the ability to heal? This presentation explores the question: what if we made healing the core value of an organisation? Richard will present some key principles of the healing organisation. He’ll explore how individuals, teams and organisations can set themselves up to process the inevitable losses and gains of complex working and how to expand in the process. Many organisations are beginning to feel the need to be leaner and more nimble in order to better adapt to today’s ever-changing and uncertain world. This is especially true for the digital space – a sector where technology is creating new behaviours and competitors at an unprecedented rate. What many companies are discovering is that adapting to these changes means altering how they think, work and – most importantly – collaborate. This is no easy challenge. In the course of my work, I’m often asked how companies can drive and embed a greater understanding, awareness and practice of agile ways of working within their teams and organisations, especially for those who are used to following traditional methodologies. In truth, there’s no single or simple answer, but here is my take on it. Change is scary – especially when we are used to a particular way of working. The reality, however, is that change is inevitable and learning to embrace change and being open to possibilities is both healthy and an urgent necessity, which all comes down to mindset and learning how to adapt to the environment around you. Change, however can be seen as a big ask in terms of culture, time & resource – not to mention risk, which can produce a lot of resistance to adopting new approaches and ways of working. So how can we set about convincing more traditional mindsets to move towards agile practices? For me, success comes down to four key factors: Value: Be the change you want to see, Trust: Collaborate & build relationships, Time: Habit forming isn't easy, Flexibility: There really is no one way. In this talk, I want to dive into real life examples of how teams and organisations can overcome resistance to change and focus on the very nature of the problem, which is, that change is not just about engineering and tech - it’s about the organisation as a whole. What can Putting a Man on the Moon Teach us About Agile? Though launching a rocket into space feels like the most waterfall project one will ever do, the journey to the moon is an extraordinary journey of exploration, experimentation and in fact agility. This talk will be relaxed, will include much space geekiness & anecdotes, and will draw many parallels between the most ambitious programme mankind ever undertook and our day to day application of agile. Deceivingly simple, yet hard to achieve. - These challenges relate to leadership teams, the organisation of work, and how people are treated. We will identify the challenges, their impact, and some pointers for experiments to address them. There is a lot of noise and miss-understanding about Scrum and Kanban working together. This session is a simple and intuitive explanation of how to create collaboration between teams and methods to generate value flow for customers. It includes an explanation of Kanban at the Service Level, and how it differs from but complements teams using the Scrum framework. The UK economy has suffered from low productivity for a long time now, named the productivity puzzle by the Office for Budget Responsibility. It's hard to resist a good puzzle so we'll take a look at how productivity is measured, why it isn't about how hard people are working and what the solution of the puzzle might be. We'll also take a look at productivity measures within Agile. How are they measured? What are they used for? What affects the measures? Do we have our own productivity puzzle within the agile community? The Leader's dancefloor is a leadership development framework for Agile leaders to nurture Business Agility and boost learning capabilities of organizations. In this framework, I deconstruct leadership in 4 dimensions: Complexity thinking, Personal Dimension (Be a leader, act as a leader and interact with leaders), collective dimension (culture, structure and processes) and Organizational change (leading system evolution). Business agility is creating a learning organization that fosters faster and better learning. This talk is about understanding the key factors and leadership skills required to nurture learning organizations in order to boost business agility. What comes to mind when you hear the word agile? Probably Agile software development methodologies like Scrum will come to mind. For everyone else in large organizations, however, the word suggests business agility. Leading for business agility It’s about understanding and nurturing the mindset needed to get a holistic understanding of agility. We are creating a new generation of organizations that gets its value from their learning capabilities. Therefore, Leading to learn is critical to succeed in business agility. Based around the topic 'Why Do Agile Transformations Fail', this session would be a panel debate between 3-4 speakers, in front of a live audience. You want to become agile. So you re-name some roles in your teams, do the meetings and rituals you found in the Scrum guide, run two week sprints. But this is not enough. In order to be really agile - to deliver real value to real users faster, more reliably and with less risk - you need to be excellent in everything you do. In this talk, I will explain why technical excellence and operational excellence is required for being agile, and how to get there. Agile is not just about ceremonies, deployment tactics, technology and tooling – it’s about solid foundations in recruitment, management, career development, communications and an overall alignment to the company’s purpose and values. At the heart of some of these are everybody’s favourite function – HR. To succeed in releasing agility in your organisation your HR teams need to adapt and iterate and move away from business control to people empowerment. At the same time, the world of HR is being turned upside down as companies look to HR for strategic guidance and insights that can give them a competitive and people advantage. Engagement is a big topic, access to relevant training is table stakes for employees and annual old-school performance reviews are, thankfully, being questioned as to how effective they are. This change is turmoil for some but an opportunity for others. At the heart of those who see this change as an opportunity lies a need to be agile – to release agility – no different to their colleagues in the technical teams. In this talk, I will discuss how agility requires strong cultural foundations and how Agile and HR go hand-in-hand no matter which department you are in. After building an incredibly agile team, described by a seasoned agile coach as “frighteningly agile”, and an agile HR team described as “the least evil HR team in the world” (which I believe is a compliment) I have seen agility from both sides and learned many lessons along the way. In this fun talk, I will describe how to “release agility” in any team by focusing on strong foundations and good communication and how HR plays a huge part in this. I’ll use stories, examples and insights to give you the tools you need to build strong foundations, talk to HR about agility or even bring Agile to your own HR team! The agile and lean mindset enables enterprises to continuously reorientate itself to respond to changing market forces. It enables teams to create new customer propositions to replace retiring cash cows. This application is becoming increasingly recognised across business functions and industries. In what other business concerns will the agile and lean mindset next cast its lens? In this talk, I propose the mindset can enable enterprises to strengthen its resilience to unforeseen circumstances. I will explain how agile and lean can enable organisations to survive, thrive and create opportunities through crisis and change. Early Stage Agile Transformations are about introducing staff to new process and practices. It would be great if that were all it took to ‘become agile’ - in fact it would be great if we ALL could learn something new by being told it once. How wonderful would it be if we could see the logic and wisdom of what we were told, and from then on, we would just do things the new way? This is not how humans work, sadly. we took a decision in our dim and distant past to do something one way. The world didn’t end, and it sort of got us the result we were after, so every time we want that result again, we repeat our learned behaviour. It takes a surprisingly short amount of time to learn a new behaviour. It takes an even more surprisingly short amount of time to stop thinking about why we continue to act that way. Suddenly, a decade or 2 has passed and we are still acting the same way - not because it serves us anymore, but because its what we’ve always done. And this is where the agile transformation coach comes in, and tries to help teach new agile practices, and turn them into agile habits. In this workshop we will examine some of our own bad habits, and look to see how we can switch them out for some better ones. These techniques and activities can be taken away and used with your own teams to help improve the adoption of agile practices - or in fact any new habits. It's not Done Until it's Gone! Time and time again I see the team or portfolio boards with a magical "Done" column that everyone strives to put their cards in. Have you considered that when you put the stories, products and services in that column, they are far from "done" in fact, they have just started their proper lifecycle! The fallacy of being "done" seems to be a latent consequence of the lingering Project mindset that we have been exposed for years. It's time to take the next step and start considering the full lifecycle profits of our hard work. I would like to share my experience in helping organisations adopt optimal portfolio managing techniques, where the delivery is just a part of a broader product/service lifecycle. In essence, we are not done when our work hits real users on production but I would like to state the case that it finishes when it's gone from any active use. In an Agile environment, the QA position must transform himself, because the testing paradigm has changed. Ensuring the process and test case coverage are respected are not anymore the priority. The QA need now to ensure quality is reviewed at the earliest time and the full team is part of this and not only the tester. 3X is a new way of thinking that provides a common language for CEO's, CIO's, CTOS, CFOs, Marketing, Product Managers, Development teams & Operations. It builds a bridge between the innovative, risk-taking, experimental elements of an organisation, and the risk-averse & change-resistant. It helps us understand how modern digital businesses succeed, and opens our eyes to the reasoning and rationale behind the perceived conflicts between Agile & Waterfall approaches. 3X was devised by Kent Beck, creator of many of the agile practices we take for granted today. Some of the most forward-thinking digital businesses are already evolving and exploiting these ideas – from video advertising to the largest social media brands. Antony has built upon this thinking and found that it connects many more concepts than would at first be apparent. In this talk, experience Antony’s extensions of 3X. Discover how it can guide the freshest of start-ups; and how it can resolve many of the perceived contradictions of rapid innovation in even the largest, risk-averse organisations. Tags: 3X, Explore, Expand, Extract Agile, "Kent Beck" Ever had problems with people beyond Agile understanding what you're up to? It's a constant challenge. Whether we're communicating with executives, with customers or with other people, we need to be heard in order to deliver great work. But too often, they just don't seem to get it, despite it being so... obvious!!! What if there was a different way of seeing the problem? Experience from fields as diverse as education, mediation and sales suggest that the key may be to say less, listen more, and to build a better model of the person's world. In this session, you'll discover a conversational inquiry framework to do that: Clean Language. It has been shown to be particularly useful in improving communication between diverse individuals in complex contexts. It strengthens relationships, increases transparency and encourages clarity. Created during the 1990s by the late David Grove, Clean Language is being used increasingly by Agile practitioners as a power-up for the ceremonies we know and love. It supports effective communication within teams and can also be used as a stand-alone pattern by Agile coaches. But in this session, you'll be learning how you can apply it in the wider business context. The session will include a number of exercises which both demonstrate the impact of the approach and provide specific patterns for listening, questioning and model-building which delegates can put into action immediately - during the conference if they choose! You can expect a lively session with a buzz which continues into the corridors and beyond. What could the Agile/Scrum Community learn from the Army? Is the mindset a chain of Command and Control of resources (following and obeying orders)? During this interactive session, we will answer these questions and more. Exploring the speakers personal experiences of Agile in the Army and how he and his colleagues faced this on a continuous basis. We will do this in an interactive role play format and see what we can learn from some of the best self-organising teams in the world. We shall also relate this to how the outside world perceives the Army mindset to operate and why the current expectations of Veterans are miss managing expectations within the corporate world. And how this can even transgress into Agile Adoptions in large Enterprises. By the end of this session, you will have a new perspective on how the Army is perceived and learnt some valuable lessons on how the world’s elite people work. We are Agile Coaches and Delivery Managers at ASOS. We run and support a few of our 65 engineering teams. We want to share a part of our story - exciting and not free of challenges. Our take on Communities of Practice: how 35 Agile Delivery Managers constantly share their knowledge, learn from each other, grow as a team and have fun along the way. Different initiatives, different approaches: from traditional waterfall programmes, to fast and cheap validation via experiments, how we are currently working, for real. A retrospective, as we just delivered a "big bang change”: what we definitely did well, what we are not particularly proud of, what we want to make sure we will do differently next time. When working at Ding.com, JP and Jose had that same question. The company had a wide education programme to introduce all its staff to Kanban. The next step was to encourage teams to drive their own improvements and support teams in their discovery of new ways of working. At the beginning of this process, teams struggled to decide what parts of Kanban would help them to improve. They were like a writer facing a blank page: blocked and anxious. We wanted teams to run more autonomously, select options that fit their context and develop their ability to experiment and discover things. To that end, the coaching team (JP, Jose and Andy de Vale) created the Kanban (Rough) Guide. This was set as an experiment where the Guide provided an extensive (but intentionally incomplete) list of practices related to Kanban. The Guide focuses on generating options for teams to explore as they look at ways to improve. With the Guide, teams pull coaching support based on their ongoing needs, rather than coaches pushing what to do next. This completely flips the coaching relationship. Having seen the results at Ding, we believe that this approach leads to healthier and deeper improvements to work environments, Kanban or otherwise. We want to validate this in other organisations. In this session, Jean-Paul and Jose will introduce their case study and show how they used the tool at Ding. When there's a lot of change and pressure, it's natural for people to get stressed and overwhelmed - so their brains don't function so well, and they can't think so clearly. Playful and Solutions Focused Coaching is a great way to quickly and easily help people handle rapidly changing, high-pressure situations - by helping them get into a more positive and productive state, clarify their aims, gather their resources and take immediate and effective action. In this workshop, we'll be exploring various techniques for making coaching more playful and Solutions Focused. receive coaching - so find ways forward with your most pressing problems. Make sure you bring a few because people often run out of problems in these workshops! Raquel will provide an introduction to what it means to be a CSP. She will share insights on her experiences when she decided to embrace a new challenge and what drove her there? ‘Learning’ has become a tricky word. It means different things to different people and more often than not, it has a tendency to always take a back foot when we become ‘too busy’. There is a wonderful saying by Mahatma Gandhi: “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.” Whether we consciously realise it or not, we never stop learning. Learning can be implemented in many different shapes and forms. We learn when we read the newspaper or watch the news, we learn when we have a friendly conversation or a tough debate and my personal favourite, we learn when we fail and make mistakes. For us, however, at #play14, we’re all about the experiential and kinaesthetic learning. #play14 is a movement, which is designed to bring together like-minded people who share the common idea that playing is one of the best ways to learn especially in the workplace. Founded in Luxembourg, #play14 has grown and scaled across 12 countries within Europe including London, Germany, Italy and Spain. We believe in the power of playfulness, whether it’s through games, metaphors or experiments. So, if you want to learn more about our what happens at our events such as schedules, learnings and outcomes, then come along, have a listen and ask any question you like. This talk will present the core concepts of Exponential Business Agility, or XBA. XBA is a set of patterns for organising value streams around self-organising, autonomous teams, and is part of the XSCALE approach to scaling agile. XBA combines the Spotify model with practice patterns drawn from the Iroquois Confederacy, the most successful and longest-lived holarchy in history. Learn how Throughput Accounting optimises the contribution of each business function to top line throughput rather than blindly attempting to minimise operating expense. And discover how Self-Propagating Transformation avoids pushing change into pre-existing teams, programs or silos, but generates agile capability by grafting the kernel of a new culture onto the trunk of the old. Be a pod of dolphins, not a dancing elephant. Don't try to scale agile. De-scale your organisation instead. We’re going to look at a case study about Barclays Internal Audit’s Journey with agility. BIA has grown a culture of learning with a focus on early value delivery and adaptability. Their work has led them to the creation of an industry-wide forum where the profession has embraced these new ways of working. We’ll examine how this is changing Internal Audit’s approach to work. We’ll also explore tips and tricks for how you could get started in a Non-IT agile transformation. We all want to make our teams, departments and organisations more Agile – so they can be more flexible, creative and responsive to their customers and environments, deliver better results more quickly, and ultimately add more to the bottom line. But an Agile Transition can be long and painful – there are lots of training courses to attend, lots of processes to change, lots of tools to adopt and lots of resistance to overcome. But wherever you’re at in your Agile Transition, it’s always possible to become more Agile just by adopting a more Agile mindset. It’s possible to embed the Agile mindset into any meeting (or indeed any conversation). How? In this workshop we’ll use techniques from both “improv” and “Solutions Focus,” that quickly and easily embody the Agile mindset. Improvisation, or “improv”, is all about letting go of preconceptions, listening to what’s actually being said, and building progress on the contributions that everyone wants to make. When anyone in a meeting starts to use improv principles and practices, the meeting becomes more Agile. As peoples’ ideas get included, so everyone feels more involved and enthusiastic about making progress. Solutions Focus is a conversational toolkit that makes meetings more positive, more flexible, more constructive, and more productive of concrete, practical ways forward that everyone can agree to and do. Both of these approaches help develop Psychological Safety – which, according to Google research, is “far and away the most important” factor for high team performance. The world of work is rapidly changing with new ways of working, new technologies and new demands. In this torrent of change and under mounting pressures to create more with less it's easy to forget to forget to tend to human needs. Let's look towards a future of work where these challenges are met by refocusing our efforts towards not only by respect for people, but by actively embracing our humanness and redesigning the way work works towards the meeting of human needs. This is an exploration of how Lean can guide us towards tomorrow by looking at yesterday and being fully present today. It's an exploration of what happens when we take our current practices and recast them in light of our humanness. Learn how AgileHR can use Scrum to help people to be empowered. The take-away from this is how AgileHR helps your organisation progress & tangibly improve it’s Business Agility by being Agile! It turns out Agile Coaching is something very different to what many people think it is. 18 Months ago, Toby started working as an Agile Coach which led him to a disorientating dilemma. Toby was confident he knew lots about Agile, but he always wondered what coaching was all about. He was soon to learn that he had a shallow understanding of Coaching and he was not alone. He’d come to realise that many coaches, including himself, were really acting as Agile Mentors rather than Agile Coaches. Advice and instruction were more common than active listening or powerful questions. In fact, Toby hadn’t even realised Agile Mentoring and Agile Coaching was not that same thing! In this talk, Toby will share the vital lessons that have led him to a deeper understanding of what Coaching is and what it means for his Agile Coaching practice. He will share his early experiences of coaching and some embarrassing stories from these early attempts. He’ll share how he managed to find the gold nuggets amongst a plethora of internet psychobabble. Finally, he’ll share his experience of undertaking a Professional Coaching course and accreditation with the ICF (International Coaching Federation). Toby started out on his journey keen to understand how coaching could equip him with the best ways to help others. However, what Toby didn’t realise is that this would be more of a journey inwards, to a greater awareness of himself. He found that only first growing himself could he best serve others and being coached was an important part of enabling that growth. Toby will inspire you by sharing his real-life experience. You will leave with practical insight into how to become a coach or grow further in your coaching practice. Do you or people in your organisation hold beliefs that limit potential? Is your Agile transformation not gaining the traction you expected? As change agents and leaders we are often focused on change at the organisation level, while important, there is a tendency to forget people are a vital part of this complex system. In this session, we will discuss useful behaviours and patterns I have experienced when coaching people during Agile transformations, with a particular focus on coaching around the 4 levels of containment and limiting beliefs. This will be an interactive discussion-based workshop where we will learn some ideas and concepts, how to apply them, while also allowing you to share your own experiences. We will also work together to generate some great ideas to apply within your Agile transformations and start making a difference to your organisation. This is a developmental exercise for people working with agile as a Coach, Scrum Master, Scrum team member or any other role. The exercise is designed to connect people to their work, team and themselves by spending some time reflecting on the different skills and competencies in the agile working space. Similar to a sprint review, let’s regroup to review and discuss the past two days of the conference. What have you learnt? What conversations have you had? What can you share? Also, suppose we have a team backlog. What changes should be made to the backlog so we can deliver value to the organisations and individuals we support. Agile Anti Pattern – ebook – https://www.quickglance.at/agile_antipatterns_uk.html , use 50% discount code talkfields_JHDYQAY95N when buying the book. The Call for Papers is open until the 30th November 2017. The full program will be published in December. What next in Agility? Since the Agile Manifesto has been releasted in 2001, Agility has evolved a lot, and more changes are coming. As a Speaker, come to Aginext.io to share your views about the Agility Today and Tomorrow. Please use this Submission Form to submit your talk or workshop. Which are the nearest train/tube stations? Where can I find a map of the venue? How can I give a talk at Aginext.io? As a spakers, Please use the Call for Papers which is usually open from 1st October to 1st December. 70% of the speakers have been invited and 30% has been selected by the call for papers process (usually open from 1st October to 1st December). If you submission has been accepted you will contacted by email between the 1st of December and 15th Decmber. If you submission has not been accepted you will be definitly informed by the end of January. Aginext.io is a gathering of pioneers and thought-leaders to explore Agile’s and Lean’s emergence into new fields and business domains. Who is Aginext.io 2018 for? Agile Practitioners interested in the most advanced agile practices as well as the emerging ones. Advanced Agile talks and workshops. An insight into the future of Agile. Networking with Agile Professionals. How can you benefit from Aginext.io? Dive into Agile talks and workshops, mingle with coaches and speakers. Since the Agile Manifesto in 2001, Agile has evolved a lot, reached full maturity and spread across all industries. Nowadays Thousands of professionals have years of experience in Agile but it is still re-inventing itself. Therefore, for the 15th Birthday of the Agile Manifesto in 2016, we came up with the idea of a Conference for Agile Practitioners which will explore the most advanced agile practices and the emerging ones. Aginext.io 2018 is a conference for Agile Practitioners interested in the most advanced Agile practices and the emerging ones. Come along and dive into Agile talks and workshops, mingle with coaches and speakers, and network with Agile Practitioners. Agile Tour London is an annual conference which explores all aspects of agility and its adoption and implementation in a business environment. London IT Contractor Group,. Please Check out our meet-up group for event details http://www.meetup.com/London-IT-Contractors-Group and come at our next meetup to exchange tips about IT Contracting and attend to first class technical talks. Scrum Event is an endorsed Scrum Alliance User Group primarily based and operating in London. They are a user group of Scrum advocates who wish to promote the Agile and Scrum values within the community and beyond. Adventures with Agile are a global community focused on agile and organisational change. Expect advanced discussion, influential and relevant experts, certified courses and a friendly group. Their vision is to make working life better. They do this because Agile improves the way people learn, share and communicate, resulting in shorter delivery times, motivated and happier people, increase in customer value and longevity in the marketplace. Adventures with Agile organises free events every month. This is a community hub set-up by Learning Connexions (High-end training specialists for software professionals). This group is open to all who have an interest in Agile, Scrum and related methodologies, as well as Architecture, Project Design, Java, JVM, Microsoft Technologies and much more ... The purpose of this community hub is to bring professionals together to learn, discuss and network through a mixture of platforms including; speaker sessions, mentorship, coaching, professional development, online events, competitions and more. Agile Leadership is the application of the Agile principles (as defined in the Agile Manifesto (http://agilemanifesto.org/)) to the leadership of software development projects and teams. In addition to encompassing the core values of Agile methodologies like Scrum, XP, Kanban and Lean, Agile Leadership aims to extrapolates them to improve how teams are managed within the context of the work environment and introduce a new leadership paradigm to help teams consistently deliver better results.

2019-04-26T08:22:13Z

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(Note: I can not be held responsible for your use or misuse of this information. Double check all this information against secondary and tertiary sources and double check to make sure loads are safe against a reloading manual from a reputable source before use). A long time ago in a galaxy far far away computers were slide rulers and paper was used to make cheap computers. You don’t believe me? I find your lack of faith disturbing. No matter. You will. I’ll be doing some scans and YOU WILL. Yes! I have recently found my old Powley’s Computer for Handloaders and PSI calculator and Bullet Drop and U.S.-Metric Measurement Converter Slide Rules! Also I found my old Powley’s High Velocity Trajectories drop chart. Wow. What a glorious treasure trove. And I wasted $20 buying another Powley’s Computer for Handloaders off Ebay only today having given up the search and only performed a last ditch effort afterwards searching literally on my hands and knees, which got really dirty, but no matter! I found not only the Computer but all those other things as well and the instructions! All perfectly preserved in a little translucent blue plastic envelope I had tucked them in about a decade ago. I’ll be writing some articles about these things and sharing them with you and I’ll be writing a ballistics program in Java. For now know only that while they are only paper what I found is incredibly rare and seldom come onto the market. They haven’t been made for decades. At one time they were sold by Hutton Rifle Ranch, a range in California, that moved their business to Idaho. The Computer was a slide rule which was the product of research done by Homer S. Powley around 1960-61. I also found another reference to another source written by Geoffrey Kolbe which is more rare (goes for around $400 – eck!). He’s got a bullet drag calculator on his site that looks cool. http://www.geoffrey-kolbe.com/drag.htm and an external ballistics calculator too! http://www.geoffrey-kolbe.com/trajectory.htm Looks like great stuff. One of the major points to note from information in the manual & the Gun Pro Course I have which included the slide rules and lessons on how to use them is that the computer was not designed for use with IMR 4831 as it was not available in canisters for home use until 1973. Instead the 4831 referred to is H-4831, which was made by Hodgdon which is slower than the IMR version. This is verified in that the manual makes note that IMR 4831 was not available in canisters. There is information in the course which explains how to convert from one of those kinds of powder to the other which I will supply along with other notes when I can. The computer was designed to work with IMR (Improvised Military Rifle) powder, but also included powders from Hodgdon and a few powders that only theoretically existed meaning they would have the ideal properties sought, but had never actually ever been made. The computer was designed to try to find the ideal powder for use and the amount to use in a particular case with the bullet seated to a particular depth so that the pressure was about 40,000 to 50,000 PSI which is within the safe range for most modern rifles. Because each manufacturer made their cartridge cases a bit differently with different webbing and wall thicknesses the case capacity of one brand or even lot of cases could vary widely and so a process was developed for measuring this space that was fairly foolproof. Because water can fit into any space a bullet would be seated in the case and the case would be filled with water and the weight of the necessary water to do this measured in grains. Then this number could be mathematically related to how much powder would be used. To follow the recommended process however the user had to have a cartridge, the bullet, water, a syringe, a reloading press with the appropriate seating die, and a powder scale. These items are used to make a dummy round that is used in conjunction with the computer. Most reloaders would have the necessary equipment, but not necessarily the syringe. I’ll explain the correct procedure for making the dummy round, which requires a syringe of some sort, which I’ll explain how to obtain, and after I’ll explain the process used for an estimated value first in case you don’t have a syringe. In the correct procedure we must seat our bullet in an unprimed case. If the round has been fired it must be deprimed first. Ideally because we are trying to determine the case capacity of a round as it is being fired and the brass cartridge case expands to fit the chamber when this occurs a cartridge that has been fired and unsized, but deprimed is best, however not all bullets will remain seated in a case like this. Theoretically lead ones may, but jacketed will not. Personally I’ve never had much success with the bullets remaining in place unsized cases, so I go ahead and resize at least the necks when I deprime them, but try to avoid resizing the whole case body. That’s a good compromise since we need the bullet to stay in place in the case neck and what we are really measuring is the space inside the body of the case anyway. You can however use new unprimed cases for this step, but it is not optimal and will give you less than ideal results since fire-sized cases are going to tell you more about the true size of the chamber than new unfired cases. We must seat the bullet to the correct depth. Check any reloading manual to determine the finished round’s length (the distance from the base of the cartridge case to the tip of the bullet) which can be measured with a caliper. This length is called the cartridge overall length abbreviated as C.O.A.L. Reloading manuals will tell you to make the C.O.A.L longer when using more powder and likewise shorter for less powder and the manuals will give you an idea of what is ideal for higher or lower pressure rounds, but the computer is designed to help you determine how much powder to use for the bullet seating depth of your choice, so consult a reloading manual first to determine the C.O.A.L for either a higher or lower velocity load and use that depending on your preference. The main consideration however about C.O.A.L is that if a higher velocity is desired the length should be as long as possible a just a bit less than that so that you have more space inside the cartridge, but is can not be so long as to improperly cycle through the action of the firearm or be too close to the rifling of the barrel when the bullet is first fired. Either one of those things would be dangerous. It also can not be so long or short as to prevent the neck from grabbing onto the bullet correctly because that could cause the bullet to fall out of the cartridge or move back into the cartridge, which would not only be dangerous, but could be fatal to the firearm’s user. With a real round you’d also want to be conscious of the appropriate amount of crimp for safety to help prevent these scenarios also, but with the dummy round a light crimp is probably fine. Also remember that the recommended C.O.A.L not only depends on how much powder is going to be used, but also the general shape and length of the bullet itself. So just consult a good reloading manual to determine the optimal C.O.A.L for a particular kind of bullet. Trust the manual. Now that the primer has been removed and the bullet has been seated we can fill the case with water. We do this with a syringe. As I said most reloaders would have the necessary equipment for this process, but not necessarily the syringe. In older books it was recommended that the user ask a physician or veterinarian for one which could then be blunted with a file or sharpening stone. Obviously no doctor today would be willing to do that for anyone for legal reasons as a syringe, even a blunted one, could be considered drug paraphernalia by our unjust legal system even if it weren’t being used for illicit purposes. But thankfully the free market provided a solution as syringes with plastic or metal pre-blunted tips came onto the market. Sometimes these are used for applying oil to machine parts, or glue in crafts, or to refill ink in printer cartridges and they are available at online retailers like amazon or craft supply shops or even Brownells. A dropper bottle might also work and in a pinch a bulb syringe from a drug store will work, which I have used before, but not ideally as you want the injection device to fit into the flash hole of the cartridge case to be certain all the air pockets have been flushed out and the case is truly full of water. The size of the flash hole varies between cartridge manufacturers and flash-hole the syringe should fit into say in a large rifle is about 0.080-.0802 inches in diameter but can be as small as 0.062. Our syringe doesn’t have to fit into that perfectly, but ideally it will so we want a small tip that would fit inside. Most retailers don’t list the thickness of plastic tipped syringes, but the metal thickness of the metal tipped ones are usually listed by gauge. A 14 gauge syringe needle measures 0.083 and a 16 gauge measures .065 so while either would probably work the 16 gauge would be best as it is probably going to fit into the hole while the other would not. A gauge 17 (0.058) or 18 (0.050) most certainly would but when doing research those are less readily available. I figure those sizes are approaching the kind used in medical application and so are more restricted or just less useful to most people. If in doubt as to the correct size my research tells me it would be best to get something around a 16 or 17 gauge. For health reasons however I would be very careful as to where I ordered metal tipped syringes from as retailers are very inconsiderate as to your health and often have bad personal habits that can jeopardize yours. I’d much rather use the plastic kind so that I do not have to worry about that kind of risk. A direct shipment from trusted medical supplier would probably be a safer bet than a regular online retail outlet using second parties, but there are some risks I just will not take so I am going to see if I can make an appropriate sized plastic tip from a plastic syringe I have had for years that did not fit at all (but which I used effectively anyway just by being careful to flush out alk air bubbles in the case using liquid pressure while the case was inverted), which has a large tip that looks like it is designed for epoxy application. To modify it I am going to remove the plunger and slightly heat the tip over a candle while I pull it thinner with a pair of needle nose pliers and then cut it off. If it catches fire I can just blow it out. If the hole needs to be reopened a sewing needle heated over the candle will open it back up. Stretching plastic like that is a trick my father taught me when making plastic models which can be used to make antenna for military vehicles from the plastic trees you cut the models from. And if it works it should save me about $25 by not having to order a plastic syringe from Brownells and it is a safer option than ordering a metal tipped one from an untrusted source. I’ll let everyone know if this worked. Now that we have our syringe and the bullet is seated we must weigh our dummy cartridge BEFORE we fill it with water. We’ll need our powder scale. Make sure it is set to measure in grains. Place a small piece of tape over the flash hole and weigh the dummy round and write the number down. Now remove the tape from opening of the flash hole and fill the case with water trying as best as you can with the kind of syringe you are using to get all the air bubbles out and then replace the tape. If some water drips out after you replaced the tape that is fine as long as it remains in the pan you are using to weigh the dummy round in so that the water is still being weighed. Write this greater number down. Now subtract the less number from the greater number and you’ll know how much the water inside the dummy round weighed. That’s your case capacity measured in grains of water. Since rifle bullets are normally seated to a depth so that the body of the bullet begins about where the cartridge neck begins you can use a fired case with the primer still in it and without a seated bullet and fill it with water just to the beginning (very beginning) of the case neck. By measuring the empty case and the filled case you can get a rough estimate of the case capacity when a bullet is seated in this manner however you should repeat the process three or four times to get a good average. The other method with a syringe is much preferred. Now that you have your case capacity make sure you write this number down. You’ll need it to use the computer. The computer is designed to help you fill the case to only 80% (if using 4198 and 4427 powder) or 86% (if using all other powders) of the total case capacity. If the case were completely filled with powder the fill could be said to be a loading density of 100% or 1.0 expressed as a ratio where 1.0 is 1 whole being even on a scale but that would be dangerous and not optimal in any case. You would think that filling the case all the way and picking an appropriate powder to do this would be best, but smokeless powder requires a little breathing room (unlike black powder which likes to be slightly compressed). But if there is too much space left over that would also not be ideal because the loaded round lays horizontally inside the firearm and so if too little powder is used the primer will not uniformly ignite all the powder as some of the powder would settle to the bottom of the case which is laying horizontally and that is not good for ideally the primer’s blast should pass through the powder, not pass over it or around it. And so a semi-full case is best. Commercial rounds are loaded between 80% and 90% of the case capacity so the computer is designed also to use this range. And so we can easily determine how much powder to use since we know how much water the case can hold. We just need to use 80% of that if the final result of the computer computations were telling us to use 4198 or 4427 powder (and we’d refactor in that case which is something I’ll discuss later) or 86% of that for other powders the computer is designed for if it indicates we are to use any particular one of those. I know it sounds complicated so let me explain. The computer begins calculations assuming and 86% fill, but if the end result is a recommended powder of 4198 or 4427 an adjustment is made and the fill reduced to 80%. This is because those powders are very powerful and so a reduction is needed for safety. While the slide rule computer figures the appropriate powder charge automatically for us we can do a little calculation ourselves to help us understand how it works. For example let’s say our case capacity was 50 grains of water. Well we know we shouldn’t use that much powder so we take 50 and multiply this by 0.80 which equals 43. That’s how much powder we could use for an 80 percent fill. We don’t know what kind yet, but we have a good idea of how much. We know that we won’t over or under fill our case if we used that much IMR type powder. Pretty simple huh? Because the slide rule gives us an analog output instead of a digital one and it is difficult to read between the lines it is inferior to running calculations ourselves, but it is a handy tool and I still love it which is why I’m writing this article. Alternatively we could make a custom load that fills the case to the amount we want calculating from any preferred loading density. For example if the case can hold 50 grains of water and we make a load that fills the case by say 70% we could know that because 50 * .70 is 35 that we’ll need 35 grains of powder to do that. We can reverse the calculation too to determine what our loading density is if we used 35 grains of powder in a cartridge with 50 grains of water capacity using division like: 35 / 50 = 0.70. So .7 is our loading density which in decimals automatically represents 70% of 1 whole. I hope that makes sense. So after finding your case capacity in water you’ll know how much powder to use (80-86% of that number is optimal), and the computer is designed to help you figure out the amount of powder to use for an 86% or 80% loading density since this is considered optimal and the computer will tell you that instantly but you still won’t know WHICH powder to use so let’s move on. With an acronym of RCBW the ratio of the powder charge to bullet weight is the first thing that tells us a lot about what kind powder we should use. Again it’s a ratio. If the weight of the powder in grains and the weight of the bullet weight in grains were equal the ratio would be 1.0 or 100%. If the powder weight were say 70 grains and the bullet weight say 140 grains the ratio would be 0.5 or 50%. The higher the ratio number approaching the number 1 the higher the velocity will be since either more powder is being used or the bullet is lighter. Make sense right? So the calculation to determine the RCBW is easy. Usually RCBW is rounded off to the precision of three digits past the decimal point so 0.328 is fine or we could say about 33% rounded off. The last thing we’ll need to know to inform us as to what powder we should use is the sectional density of the bullet. This is a straight forward calculation that tells us something about the relationship between the bullet’s diameter and its weight which gives us some indication as to what kind of force it will take to get it moving and how much force can be applied to its base and it helps us understand how much resistance it will experience due to air drag in the barrel and in flight (although there is more information needed for that kind of ballistic workup). An example would be a 180 grain bullet of .308 inches (called a 30 caliber bullet most of the time) where the solved formula would be: 180 / 7000 / .308 / .308 = 0.271064742 but we usually round this off to three digits of precision past the decimal point to 0.271. There is a chart on the back of the computer for common bullets that give the numbers for the general calibers (not the precise diameter) and that chart works alright, but there is a little discrepancy as the published SD for that bullet is .272 and our calculated is .271. This small of a difference probably wouldn’t make much of a difference, but it appears the chart rounds up when it is not necessary to do so. There may be a reason for this and it may be accounting for the fact older bullets were mostly round nosed and flat based, but I don’t like it. I use the calculated number with correct rounding when possible although in truth it would make no perceivable difference. Powley’s Computer was designed to try to help a handloader select the right kind of IMR powder, but as I mentioned at least one of the powders it was designed for was NOT an IMR powder and this information has been almost lost to history, but luckily I know this fact. It was a Hodgdon powder with the same number. (Find out more by clicking this link.) And so a powder charge reduction is needed in that case if the computer recommends this powder. The information was in Gun Pro Course Study Unit 7 n2507 Part 3 Page 9. So there you have it folks. While it is true the computer was GENERALLY designed for IMR powders the IMR 4831 was NOT AVAILABLE in the kind of canisters that handloaders had to use at the time and so Powley used Hodgdon’s 4831 which is SLOWER. So if you use IMR 4831 with the computer you MUST reduce your load by 5% FOR SAFETY and to allow the math to work for you. This may explain some the discrepancies also between Davis’ math for powder selection and Powley’s slide-rule’s math for powder selection. Davis may have adjusted for this and not explained why or the information was lost to history or he may have noticed the discrepancy arising from using IMR 4831 with the computer in test data and not have even known why it existed and yet adjusted for it. Or it could be that Davis’ had the correct formula, but when Kleimenhagen tried to verify the formula against the slide rule he didn’t know that Hodgdon powder was used for the 4831 and so came to a different formula that he thought the card was using leading to a supposed discrepancy that may not have even existed. Those are some of my working theories to explain the discrepancy at this point and I’ll have to look at a lot of data and the mathematics to suss it out better as I gather more information, but I gave you the information for safety reasons and because we’ll be talking about the discrepancy between the two maths in a bit. But for now let’s talk generally about how the computer tries to select powder. It has been measured that one pound of IMR powder of any type produces 1,246,000 pounds of energy which is 178 pounds per grain by weight. It doesn’t matter which of the powders we are talking about in terms of how much potential energy is in them. That’s because the basic formula and process for creating the different powder types in their line is the same. What differs however is speed at which that potential energy can be released by burning because the IMR powders are created in granules of different lengths. By halving the length of a granule of cylindrical powder you double it’s burning speed. And so finer granules mean a faster burning powder and a higher peak pressure in a given amount of time. That means that if we need to drive a bullet faster in a shorter period of time we need a finer powder, but it also means increased danger as pressure will peak more suddenly. A finer grain of powder then it used for cartridges designed for shorter barreled guns which operate at a higher pressure and for cartridges which have less space inside them in which longer granules of powder would not fit well. That means we really have to be careful as to our powder selection and follow reloading manuals exactly. The computer was designed to help us select the most optimal powder for a given cartridge based on the IMR line of powders, but it wasn’t perfect for a number of reasons one of which is that there were IMR powders that were not available for home use at the time and another because some powders available have burning speeds which overlap a little and so there is some question as to which would be best in a given situation, and in some instances the computer might point between lines and so some other solution would need to be found which represented a compromise between what was optimal and what was safest. And lastly because there are some powders which only existed theoretically meaning their characteristics occupied space on the computer but they had never been created in real life and so substitution would be needed when the computer pointed to those so some other solution would need to be found which represented a compromise between what was optimal and what was available. The theoretical powders were listed by letters A,B,D,F, and G. Now the question is what lies beneath the powder selection in the first place? What are the mathematics involved? Where MR is the mass ratio (A) and SD is the sectional density and the caret 0.6 means raised exponentially (just a way of showing superscript of the following number when the typesetting doesn’t allow for superscript). So in one formula we have the RCBW being square rooted, which is the same as raised to the power of 0.5, and in the other raised to the 0.6 power. I do not know when Powley changed this equation; perhaps Davis made the change. The equation on the slide rule is not cleanly reworked into terms of relative case capacity and SD, which to me suggests it is off. And so I am wondering if this discrepancy is because of the IMR 4831 versus Hodgdon’s 4831 difference and I’ll have to run some numbers later to find out and I’m not sure if I have all the information necessary to do that right now and I have other information to finish providing, but for now you have the information in case it is relevant for others in their research and as a note for myself to study later. Now just to give you an idea of how x works if x is less than or equal to 145 the recommended powder would be IMR 3031. If x is less than or equal to 165 the recommended powder would be 4198 and so on. The higher x is the faster the powder recommended becomes but something very important happens if a powder of 4198 or above in speed is recommended. In that case for safety reasons the powder charge is reduced from that which would be recommended by an 86% loading density to the lower 80% loading density and this is done by resetting the computer and working out all the numbers again. The reset is done by setting the case capacity instead of at the “START” line at the “4198-4227” line which is next to it, but to the right and the recommended amount of powder must be reread at the number “1” arrow again and the ratio of charge to bullet weight and sectional density and powder numbers reworked at though you are using the computer for the first time. A good example of how the numbers might work out in a situation in which the computer might require such a reset is that say a case of 50 grains water capacity were used the computer would initially recommend a powder charge of just less than 43 grains, but if in the end of the computer’s use to the point of powder selection the computer ended up recommending 4198 or 4227 type powder the user would set the case capacity at the 4198-4227 line instead of the START line and the powder charge would now be reduced to something just less of 40 grains or so. check back for more to this section… still working on this section… sorry. Expansion ratio is a little harder to explain, but when powder burns it releases gases which expand accelerating the bullet until it leaves the barrel and because the properties of ideal gases are well known and the properties of the powders in question are well known we can estimate the velocity of the bullet when it leaves the barrel. And so we’ll need to know the length of the barrel obviously to determine bore capacity, but the published barrel length of the firearm is not going to help us as what we need is the actual barrel length and manufacturers tend to exaggerate the length of their barrels or round off and the space inside the chamber from where the base of the bullet begins its forward travel is part of the barrel also for ballistic purposes. So what we really need is the EFFECTIVE barrel length or what we call the “Ballistics Barrel” (different sources use different terms) to help us determine the Bore Capacity. We already know the space inside of the case so that’s the first number we use to determine the expansion ratio. And we know the diameter of the bore of the barrel so if we can measure the effective barrel length there is a way we can estimate the total space inside the bore and chamber in which the gas can expand. After all the dimensions of chambers and bores for particular cartridge designs are well known, so the real problem is just figuring out how to measure the real length of the barrel in terms of how far back the bullet is seated. This isn’t really as difficult at it may sound. If we put our dummy round in the chamber we can measure from the tip of the bullet to the end of the muzzle and that’ll give us a lot of information because then we can add to that the length of the bullet and the result will be the “ballistics barrel length.” The process of doing this is fairly straight forward. First we make sure all the water has been sucked and blown out of our dummy round. And then we insert it into the chamber of the gun making sure no other rounds are in the firearm or magazine for safety reasons. And then we take a cleaning rod without a tip affixed in the end of the rod and insert it into the muzzle from the far side until the rod touches the tip of our bullet and we mark the rod right at the muzzle with a marker or a dot of paint. We take the rod out and measure the length from the rod’s end to the mark we made and that tells us how long our effective barrel is. We write down this number in inches as precisely as we can, but usually a regular yard stick would probably provide enough precision for this part. We should round to the nearest 1/8th of an inch since that’s the precision allowed for on the computer but you could maybe round to the nearest 1/16th if you are willing to read between the lines, but I don’t round until the next step is complete. And what is our next step? Well we might think we know the length of the barrel for ballistics purposes, but we still need to add the length of the bullet because the ballistic barrel length is actually from the BASE of the bullet, not the tip so get your calipers out. Measure the length of one of the bullets you haven’t used yet (calipers measure in inches to the nearest 100th at least) and add that to the length of the barrel you measured. Now you can round that to the nearest 1/8th or 1/16th. And you now know the ballistic barrel length to use with your computer. Now the computer is fairly smart and can help us figure out the rest since the ballistic barrel length is know. The math of area inside of a cylinder (the chamber and the bore are cylinders). It knows the diameter of the inside of a particular caliber’s barrel and so can estimate how much space the gas has to expand before the bullet can leave the barrel. The expansion ratio is an expression of this space as a number in relation to the original space inside the case. For example rifles with low numbered expansion ratios around 5 to 6 have large chambers, but long narrow bores so the gas doesn’t have much room to expand beyond the original volume of the space inside the case/chamber. Rifles with expansion ratios of 6 to 8 are considered about medium and high expansion ratios would be something from about 10 to 11. All else being equal if the number is low the rifle is of a smaller caliber, but has a larger case the velocity achievable out of the round is generally higher and the bullet drag lower so less bullet drop would occur when shooting than gun than if the expansion ratio number were larger which it would be if the rifle had a small chamber, but large bore for a large bullet diameter. So then efficiency of the gun can be rated by how well balanced the chamber/case size is to the diameter and length of the barrel. It’s possible to increase the velocity of the round by lengthening the barrel or by increasing the chamber size but in the case of changing the chamber size efficiency decreases for more powder would be wasted not fully burning before the bullet leaves the barrel. It has been measured that one pound of IMR powder of any type produces 1,246,000 pounds of energy which is 178 pounds per grain by weight. So if we know the velocity at the muzzle we can determine how well the powder is being used first finding the energy of the bullet by its weight and velocity and we can calculate how much energy should be in the grains of powder we are using and then using the formula: ME (muzzle energy) / potential energy of the grains. For example: Say that 53 grains of powder may give us a velocity of 2,940 fps (feet per second) when the bullet leaves the barrel which means the bullet has the kinetic energy of 2,878 foot pounds. Now we can find out how much it could have had by multiplying 178 x 53 which equals 9,434, but because the barrel is of a limited length and due to other factors like friction we are not using all that energy to drive the bullet so we are less efficient than what would be ideal. We could figure out our efficiency of this machine we’ve created by taking the kinetic energy of the bullet at the muzzle (2878 ft lbs) and dividing it by how much energy our grains of powder could have produced in an ideal situation (9434 ft lbs) which gives us an efficiency of .30 or 30%. This is about medium efficiency for most rifles and is typical for a gun having an expansion ratio of about 7.5. Few approach 40% efficiency. So what exactly is the expansion ratio number mean in terms of gases? Well if the gas has room to expand inside the chamber and barrel say 4 times the volume of the effective chamber size available to the trapped gases behind the bullet before firing when the bullet begins to move forward (being really just the total space inside the case) before the bullet finally leaves the barrel then we say that the expansion ratio is 4. That’s all. And so it is the ratio between the space inside the case and the space inside the whole of the interior parts of the gun which can allow the gases to expand and are trapped during firing. Again it sounds complicated but it is not. It is just a ratio between those two things. A ratio between the space available to the volume of gas before the bullet moves forward and that which is available just before the bullet leaves the muzzle. Since gas exerts equal pressure in all directions all the time we do not have to take directional forces into consideration. The bullet being the lightest and most moveable object having a path forward will move in that direction as a firearm’s design dictates even as gas fills the space behind it in an even manner as the bullet continues to move. In the book “Handloading” – William C. Davis – National Rifle Association – 1981 the author gives a series of formulas which are similar to those used in the Powley Computer for Handloaders. As noted there seem to be some differences, but I’ll give them here as Davis did for reference. The chapter is titled “Some Simplified Interior Ballistics For Handloaders” and begins on page 138. He includes four tables which are on pages 139, 140, 142, and 143 which is the last page of the chapter. Table 1 is a list of common cartridges and the amount of water they can hold to the brim (not the case capacity of the loaded round mind you but rather the total amount of space within a typical cartridge of that type BEFORE a bullet is seated), the case length, and the maximum cartridge length after a bullet is seated (also known as C.O.A.L or Cartridge Overall Length). I’ll include it here once I retype it. A = Mass ratio (charge weight/bullet weight) – this would be the same as “ratio of charge to bullet weight” as it is named in the Gun Pro Course. F = Full water capacity of case (grains) – this would be the amount of water the entire case could hold to the brim without a seated bullet in it. We’ll use these later and they’ll be explained further. Less than 81 Powder indicated is much “slower” than IMR-4831. There is no very suitable IMR canister powder available. Use only loads specifically pressure-tested, and do not experiment. 81 to 91 Powder indicated is “slower” than IMR-4831 and IMR-4350, and calculated charges must be reduced by about 5 to 10 percent if IMR-4831 or IMR-4350 is used. 91 to 110 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4831 and IMR 4350. 110 to 125 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4064, IMR-4895. and IMR-4320. 125 to 145 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-3031. 145 to 165 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4198. 165 to 180 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4427. More than 180 Powder indicated is “faster” than IMR-4427. For lower pressures, IMR-4427 may be used, but velocities will be less than predicted. And Table 4 is a Expansion Ratio table for various Mass Ratios (charge weight/bullet weight). Here’s a copy. He relates a “relative quickness” list where IMR 4350 is arbitrarily set at 100 and higher numbers indicate a faster powder. To find ratio of charge to bullet weight or “mass ratio” he says A = I / G and for sectional density Z = G / (7000 x D2) where z is sectional density, lb/in2. X = 20 + 12/(Z x √A) where A is mass ratio and z is sectional density (lb/in2). “In addition to the parameters we have already found, the equation involves also an empirically determined factor which depends upon the expansion ratio (R) and the mass ratio (A). We will call this factor F2. It can be found from Table 4. The numbers in the body of Table 4 are the values of F2, corresponding to the values of R and A in the line and column in which they appear. = .0142 x 53.6 x 1.74 x 26202” etc. So I’m pretty sure the velocity is supposed to be squared as it often is in energy calculations in ballistics and physics generally e=mc2 (which was a formula stolen from ballistics and classical physics by the way). And there is a very important part when he said, “by the crusher-type gage” which means that current psi measurements as we use them today is not what Powley used, but rather something equivalent to c.u.p because at the time psi used in ballistics and c.u.p. were roughly equivalent, however today psi is a universal scientific standard across multiple disciplines and so psi and c.u.p are no longer equivalent. That is important because otherwise you may think that the Powley Psi Computer gives you an output in PSI as we understand it today. It doesn’t. It gives you a PSI roughly equivalent to c.u.p. If you need PSI as currently measured for some reason you’ll need to convert it. MISC. Information: In order to calculate bullet energy an old formula is used which Einstein stole by saying E=MC2. That had been known since the 1700s. A form factor is always involved an in Einstein’s he used the known speed of light (which varies by the way, but don’t tell your physics teacher that or he’ll have a heart attack). But in ballistics we use the form factor of 450240. The formula can be expressed as velocity in feet per second squared (acceleration or “C” squared as Einstein put it), multiplied by the mass in grains (7000 grains to a pound) adjusted to coincide with the way we want to express the energy, which in this case is foot pounds. So the procedure could be said to be Velocity x Velocity x Mass / 450240 = Energy in ft-lbs. This formula appears in “Gunsmithing Tools and Their Uses” but was known as I said back in the 1700s after the ballistic pendulum was invented by Benjamin Robins. It was just a weight that would swing when shot and by measuring the amount of swing the velocity of the bullet could be calculated. The amount of energy could be expressed as how far the pendulum would move weighing a certain amount of pounds hung by a lever of a certain length (foot pounds). And so Einsteins formula was known in the 1700s to ballistic technicians and WIDELY known by the 1800s by all physicians. Newtonian physics has always been superior to the theoretical physics of Einstein and the moderns. Unfortunately statistical guesswork has infected even the study of ballistics. But I’ll write about that some other time.

2019-04-21T10:09:18Z

http://embscomputerart.com/powleys-computer-for-handloaders/

Another place unlisted in the literary books I studied and not part of the guides I read, was to be visited soon. This one might have been the least expected of the places to visit even if there was some idea given already. It was where the Ladyewell shrine stood; it was the major factor which attracted as the pilgrimage for a change. When all the other churches were more of architectural marvels, this one was a place for pilgrimage; not the Canterbury type, as this one lacked the historical importance and a big church structure and not many tourists came to the place which was located not that far away from the major roads, but still at a peaceful area which would not have been that easy to find if it was not supposed to be the ultimate destination. There was the spiritual atmosphere and there was the feeling of uniqueness; there was nature with all its beauty, that kind of greenery which brought the memories of Kerala back; there was also the feeling of God and the splendour of the place rested in the simplicity. There was also a cat who stared at people; it was kind of fat and moved slowly making it easier to take its pics; may be it also wanted to pray and worship in its own style, and may be it was its own time to pray at the shrine. There was the statue of Mother Mary and also a stone cross surrounded by the greenery; the autumn effects were less this time, but the beauty was still not to be considered inferior. This was a pilgrim’s progress for me, another spiritual stop during that journey from this world to the other one which is to come; another stage in the different levels of my spiritual world, with my tales; which are just mine and not of any other pilgrim. The journey through the valley of shadow of death would wait, as there was the need to get ready. The church of St. Mary is also located near the shrine and it is quite beautiful even if small compared to the English church size and simple compared to its architecture splendour. The cemetery which is right in front of the church is another wonderful thing to watch, with all its tombstones which has blended with the nature around, and the central tombstone monument standing tall among the rest. What would be more beautiful than living and dying at such a place; for one can enjoy that beauty forever and even after death, be buried in that cemetery. Even Doctor Faustus would have sold his soul to be there, but Mephistophilis would disagree. The Renaissance love for beauty and the ever increasing love for adventure would guide him in the same direction, and he might have left those demonic spirits in the form of Helen of Troy behind just to be with the beauty of nature which is more real; instead of being with that beauty of a random creature who are continuously approaching the world with a perverted mind and that organism which can lead to millions of acts of hatred. Preston, the administrative centre of Lancashire has evidence of Roman activity, but is supposed to have been established by Anglo-Saxons and is mentioned in the Domesday Book which followed the Norman conquest of Britain. As the name Preston might have come from something like Priest’s town, there could have been strong Christian roots for the city. This is evident from the Ladyewell Shrine as well as many other churches around even as there was no huge cathedral in there to be found. There were smaller, but still beautiful old churches around. Some of the other buildings also looked like they might have been churches earlier, at some point in history or even in the last few decades. May be these buildings were of no need after the number of believers decreased or almost reached a point of zippo. It has to be considered a strange thing if it happened so, but not that strange considering the evil and materialistic path on which the world is moving now. As the worship places go down, so will the goodness in the world and their conscience will also disappear leading to that highly immoral world for which Satan would be waiting. The truth is that there are so many Doctor Fautus’ around who are willing to sell their souls and many human Mephistophilis’ who are ready to bring that evil upon the planet. The lack of belief will be what will bring the world down into the abyss, not faith. St, John’s Minster, dedicated Saint John the Baptist might provide proof against it with its beauty of architecture; it did remind me of the Wakefield Cathedral, and upto an extent about Bradford Cathedral and the Leeds Anglican Church, even as they had so many difference between them. It was more about the way we looked at the church building and how we approached it and those pictures taken from the side; they way of photography was so similar that there were similar photos of each of these churches from one or more angles. There was some kind of invisible unity which never gave an offer to leave the mind. Even the Elim Pentecostal Church of Preston was not that far away from attaining a level of greatness in architecture. The beauty of church architecture continued with St. Thomas of Canterbury and the English Martyrs Catholic Church and its beauty was much to be seen even in the darkness which was slowly creeping in and preventing photography. Even its entrance provided so much of treat to the eyes. The museums and parks would add to what was provided by the church architecture, and the trip would be of more value than what was expected when it started and went through a period of foggy weather with some rain which led to a slow traffic which had almost spoiled all plans. St. Walburge’s Church was that catholic church which was difficult to find even as its spire was visible from a long distance. Among all the parish churches of England, it was the tallest; not considering those huge cathedrals. It should be the most important building of the city, as it dominates the skyline, being a landmark. It is of Gothic Revival or Neo-Gothic architecture and was built during the Victorian Era. It is the symbol of peace and religious tolerance during the age of Queen Victoria; it is a symbol of Preston of that glorious age which saw the great poets like Lord Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Christina Rossetti and Matthew Arnold. The church is dedicated to Saint Walburga, an English saint who was born as an Anglo-Saxon princess and later became a missionary, known for her miraculous healing powers. The tall spire is what makes it one of the tallest buildings in Lancashire and after Salisbury and Norwich cathedrals, it has the next tallest spire in England, and it is unmatched among all those parish churches of the land. The height of the building acts as a wonderful addition to its beauty, making it something special. It looked as if it was an entirely different structure and is not part of any church building; that much was its superiority which was matched only by the beauty of the church which ebbed in size, but swelled in the beauty of its Victorian Gothic architecture and the peace which it gave away. The churches like St. Walburge’s would explain why there was a revival of interest in Gothic architecture and how these Neo-Gothic buildings exceeded the number of original Gothic structures that had been constructed previously. All these were to end the trip, but on the way back, something caught my eye and it was something so different and angelic and there was the need to have a look at it; blame it on my ‘very late’ Renaissance spirit. The first impression was that it was a Pentecostal church, but it was the Preston England Temple, as they called it and it is the fifty second operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or the Mormon Church. It was strange to find a church having a temple which was so contradictory. This temple was surely beautiful and at night, it was a wonderful feeling to witness it with all the lights on. This faith within Christianity was unknown to me until then, but hearing more about it was quite impossible as it was late and it was not possible to get in and see someone in charge of the building. As most of it seemed to be in the United States of America and the rest in Latin America and the continental Europe, there wasn’t that much to enquire in the United Kingdom. The only thing to do was to enjoy the beauty of that incredible building with a tall spire, from the outside and understanding that it would be an entirely different structure if checked during day time. It is a combination of modernity with the old architectural styles of Europe; it successfully mixed the tradition with modernity. It was a rainy day and I was at a walled city of historic attractions, the city of York Minster and all which followed to make the place a wonderful destination. It was the fort and city in Roman Britain called Eboracum which was transformed into what is now York, as the remains of that conquest from beyond the English channel can still be seen; even as the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, the city was only founded in 71 AD, and remains are mostly what is left of the walls and fortresses or what is added to them in the later ages. The Anglo-Saxons called it Eoforwic which became the capital of Deira and later of Northumbria. During the viking invasion, they called it Jorvik, as it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings making it a Scandinavian York. The trade relations of the city had extended to the Byzantine Empire and beyond; the Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in the city of York during their various campaigns, and the last one also died in the city and it began the era of his son Constantine the Great, known for adopting Christianity as state religion and also for the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all religions throughout the empire; something which was a new thing during that age; also for renaming Byzantium as Constantinople and shifting his capital there, which would later be the capital of the Byzantine Empire or the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand years. There is a statue of Constantine the Great beside the York Minster, not just because of his abilities as an emperor, but also because it was at York that he was proclaimed the next king, following the death of his father; he would later defeat the others who tried to established their claims on the throne and would become on of the most well-known emperors of the Roman world and by his death, he had established a great name for himself across the empires and was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles which was destroyed by the Ottoman Turks after the fall of Constantinople. Some Eastern Christian churches consider Constantine a saint and so many people wished to adopt his name, as it was of that much popularity and it was an honour to be called by the name of an emperor who was more fit than anybody else to be called ‘the Great’. Constantine was depicted as an ideal ruler, the official standard against which any emperor should be measured; and it was great to see his statue on the side of that wonderful church which was the most amazing structure I had seen until then; the first Minster church I visited and the first of those historic church buildings even as it was not among my top ten churches to visit, but that was to change and it was to rise to the top of that list which had more changes than there were names in that list. The cathedral was going to inspire me with those stained glass and the architecture containing all forms of Gothic style through the ages; the Great East Window being the largest example of medieval stained glass in the world. The JORVIK Viking Centre was the first place to visit and bring some Viking stuff resting in the mind to life, and the desire to go to the award winning National Railway Museum was there, which was to happen very late on the day giving me an idea about all those earlier railway engines which used to exist as well as those new models in which I could enter; as I knew it might not happen in real life; but first everything else was overtaken by the York Minster, especially when it kept dominating the skyline and asks for some attention. Also known as Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter, this cathedral is supposed to be the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe and also the largest example of Gothic architecture which comes under the Church of England. It is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England after the Archbishop of Canterbury, and serves as the cathedral for the Diocese of York. A church is supposed to have existed there right from the time of the Romans, but the first recorded church goes back to age of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrian kingdom. It was being destroyed by people and fire and rebuilt and repaired on many occasions until there was a new chapel built, this time in the Norman style. The construction of the cathedral in the current form would not be complete until the 15th century even as it started in the 13th century, at a time when the Gothic Architectural was more prominent than the others, giving the church building that look which would make even the Canterbury Cathedral look inferior even when it was higher in status and the number of daily visitors compared to York. The Protestant Reformation had affected the cathedral a lot, as it led to the looting of much of the cathedral’s treasures and the loss of a lotof the church lands due to the policies of Henry VIII. During the reign of Elizabeth I too, there was that effort to remove all traces of Roman Catholicism from the cathedral; there was much destruction of tombs, windows and altars, even as it wasn’t that wide spread as of the man who initiated the process of breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church. But the cathedral is stable now, and looking better than ever; even as there seemed to be a little work going on at one end of the huge building, but considering its size, it was so minute. It was the rain which helped us to reach the church so fast even as the scenes on the outside were so beautiful. There was that Roman Column which is supposed to have stood in a Great Hall of the Fortress of the Sixth Legion of the Roman Empire a.k.a Legio VI Ferrata whose symbol was the bull even as they also carried the symbolic she-wolf with Romulus and Remus. This column, which had collapsed long ago, was erected again at the site on the side of York Minster to mark the 1900th anniversary of the founding of the City of York by the Romans. It looked too old to make an exact comment about it, but a photo was taken; the rain had been preventing more photography by dropping water drops on the camera lens, but there was the need for more and the time was precious, and we went inside quickly. The beauty of York Minster was beyond comparison on the outside and it remained the same inside. The cathedral has a cruciform plan with an octagonal chapter house attached to the north transept, and the entrance and exit on the south trasept; a central tower and two towers rise from the west front and reaches for the skies; the east end was undergoing some renovations on a comparitively small scale; the shop was located right on the side of the entrace and exit, but as the church is such a huge structure, it has to be considered far enough to take a few steps. There is the option to walk to the undercroft, treasury and crypt where photography was banned; there was the history of the church described from all ages, but what is it without photography as there was so much more to feed the brain later and it was to be forgotten easily; a photo should have reminded of all those which were lost in some random corner of the brain, but it went on lost in the memories. The tower was closed right at the moment we wanted to go up, which was a sad thing; the great opportunity to view the historic city from the top was missed; all I would get later was to be the smaller towers of Our Lady Of Dolours Basilica of Trichur and The Basilica of Our Lady of Vallarpadam at Cochin and a view which was not new; but being at England, the best aerial view was to be what was seen from the mound of the Sandal Castle even as the height was not that much. Clifford’s Tower, the keep of York Castle is another runied reminder of what followed the Norman conquest of York, only to be destroyed by the rebels to be built again. It was acentre of the royal administration across England, as well as a very important military base, later becoming a prison and then demolished and still the Keep remains as a tourist attraction, even as it won’t satisfy William the Conquerer in any way. St. Wilfrid’s is a Roman Catholic church located near the York Minster; it could be considered to be of nearly moderate size, but in front of the huge Anglican cathedral, it remains as if it is a small chapel or just a part of the shadow of the Grand building. It is built in Gothic Revival style with its arch over the main door having one of the most detailed Victorian carvings ever, and its altar was incredibly beautiful as it was adorned with pictures and statues in such a way as to there was not much left to beautify any more. Upto an extent, it achieved in simplicity and difference, close to what York Minter had; even as the distance in the importance was still too much. The medieval structures never stopped appearing before the eyes, as I walked through those streets which were mostly stone-paved and on other occasions so narrow but still so beautiful that I had to wonder about the beauty of little things which exist as joy forever; thanks to history and thanks to those blessed writers. The joy of being at one of the best Gothic cathedrals in the world was combined with all these features of the historic city and I was a lucky man. I never knew about this place until I visited; ‘The Vicar of Wakefield’, the novel by Irish author Oliver Goldsmith was something which I came to know about, only later; for until then, I knew only one vicar, the priest who gave me handshake after a Sunday Mass; and that would contribute to my ignorance level which had to be obliterated slowly and steadily. This city located by the River Calder, was witness to a lot of wandering from me and should be glad not to see more from me, or might be missing my presence at least upto some extent. The city was even in the Domesday Book and its historic importance is not to be forgotten with that ease. Wakefield was indeed a wonderful place to start being a tourist, along with Leeds which were both in close proximity to each other; beginning from a city which was not even in the list of places to visit or could be visited, became the city most visited in that journey which was more memorable than the greatest trip that ever happened before that. There was life right from the name of the city; enough to awaken me to that field of battle which is life; there was no doubt about the city’s ability to inspire and motivate at a high level. Right from the Sunday Mass at St. Austin’s Church, it was journey to remember, in all ways possible; for the beauty of that church would surely be exceeded by bigger churches of splendour, but that was a humble and simple beginning with certain amount of beauty. From staring at the Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin, located on a medieval bridge over the River Calder in such a way that it was impossible to determine what it was. Being the oldest of the surviving bridge chapels in England, its importance had no limits though. The chapel which was used for worship until the Reformation when all of Wakefield’s chantry chapels were closed. The bridge chapel is supposed to have survived just because it is a structural element of the bridge. Even when we look at it, they are not to be treated as separate identities; even as there is a contradiction there concerning the bridge and the chapel. Wakefield Cathedral is the other important place of worship, and with the tallest spire in Yorkshire, dominates the skyline of the city as it is the tallest building in the City of Wakefield. The cathedral has Anglo Saxon origins even as it has undergone many changes from the first building on the spot. It is a Gothic structure with small, but beautiful interiors; still quite big considering the size of the churches back at home. Being at Wakefield Cathedral was quite a feeing and so was staring at the bridge chapel; the need to go more into history then started trying to fly; that desire had got back its wings and it led to one place, Sandal Castle which was a ruined medieval castle overlooking the River Calder. This was where the Battle of Wakefield took place in 1460, one of the major battles of the Wars of the Roses; those series of dynastic civil wars fought for the throne of England between supporters of two powerful rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster with the red rose as badge and the House of York with white rose as badge. The opposing forces were a Lancastrian army and the army of Richard, Duke of York in which the latter was killed and his army was destroyed. There was the feeling of standing on a battlefield where so many were killed and their blood made the land fertile as if it wanted that blood like a vampire hidden in green clothing. This was the first time which I could feel history coming alive right in the same sequence by which I read it; the small world of the ruins of Sandal Castle was more than enough for that feeling, even as the castle before destruction would have provided more of that, but unfortunately, I was born in the wrong century; too late to witness history and also too late to see the greatest events. During the English Civil War, when Sandal Castle belonged to the Royalists, there were many sieges of the castle and combined with neglect, it was left in ruins. This stone castle which was built over seven hundred years ago, some of it already being part of what was there two hundred years before that. The first castle was built by William de Warenne, the son of one of the noblemen who came to England from Normandy with William the Conquerer in 1066 during the Norman invasion of Britain. He owned the Manor of Wakefield and was in need of a place to defend himself when he came to the city. His faily owned castle almost continuously for another two hundred and fourty years before coming into royal ownership and being demolished. There is the clear description of all this history at the spot of ruins of Sandal Castle. There is a breathtaking view from the top of the mound on which the castle once stood; it is the natural beauty of Wakefield; something which would help someone to be ready before a visit to the Lake District; as this is some beauty which is so magnificient that everything else in the world is forgotten for a minute; even the Sandal Castle and the whole history behind it. The ruins of a great castle, a battlefield, a river and greenery along with the cool breeze; what could be better than all these at the same time? There are not many things which can substitute to such a situation, but Nostell Priory did come close, even as that was the best it could do. Nostell Priory is a Palladian house; belonging to an architecture inspired from the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio’s works, and is so close to the nature that it made me wonder how it is possible. If this was somewhere back at home, there would be flats made on all these beautiful sides of nature and it would be exploited to the core; but there I saw all of nature, so perfect and as wild as it could get, with even cows roaming around with no fear; they were so fat and they had more order than some people; they were as if following a time table as they walked around. The Priory was a twelfth century Augustinian foundation, dedicated to St Oswald which was abandoned by the monks due to the Reformation and the resulting Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII. But a holy presence might have still remained there, as there was so much peace even among the creatures; there was something special about the water bodies and the trees too, as the divinity still seemed to exist in the place. Except for the historic significance, the Sandal Castle and the Nostell Priory are not to be seen as separate things as they both were that close to the nature that there were doubts about what they really were; other than being inspiration to the poets of nature. The Sandal Castle was too ruined to be called something of an architecture while Nostell Priory had a more significant nature side than the limited architecture which required to pay for the visit, except for the Obelisk which required such a long walk which made me think of walking all the way back home. The different crop fields on the road side and a golf course would contribute to the beauty of nature at a lower level; as the best of them had already become a treat for the eyes and also the soul where it would be stored for the rest of the life; may be to be used in future, somewhat in a situation which is more poetic than what I am doing right now. For the people who don’t know much about this city, it is Wakefield and it is an extraordinary place to visit; for it has everything as long as one doesn’t become too greedy and ask for something which is not fit to be in the city. I would support Wakefield football club about which I know nothing about, just for the love of this city. The largest city in Scotland and third most populous one in the United Kingdom, is what I visited as the first big place in Scotland. The city is situated on the River Clyde and could be visited along with Edinburgh as both cities are not too far away from each other as long as there is transportation. The origins of Glasgow as a city can be traced back to the tenth and the eleventh centuries even as an earlier religious site was known to be established by Saint Mungo near by. The founding of University of Glasgow as the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world; one of Scotland’s four ancient universities which was a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as the effects of Industrial Revolution, made Glasgow a superior city. The city produced textiles, chemicals, engineered goods and steel along with being a superior force in the shipbuilding industry. The city has a mention in ‘A tour thro’ the whole island of Great Britain’, the travel accounts of Daniel Defoe, the author of one of the greatest colonial novels of all time, Robinson Crusoe. He was all praise for the city as he termed it as the cleanest and beautifullest and best built city in Britain with the exception of the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, London and it was difficult to prove him wrong, even before the Industrial Revolution. The city is considered one of the safest in the world and as its coat of arms has a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow’s patron saint, St. Mungo, also known as Saint Kentigern and his blessings which is supposed to keep the city safe, as most of his miracles are supposed to have occured in the same city itself. The cathedral dedicated to him, in the city is a beauty; looking at it from the top of Glasgow Necropolis hill. What attracts the most in Glasgow is this Victorian cemetery in Glasgow, the Glasgow Necropolis close to St. Mungo’s Cathedral and located at an elevated place resembling a hill. It is a huge graveyard with lots of stylish monuments which dates back over centuries; only a small percentage are named on monuments though, and not every grave has a stone which leaves most of the dead and buried people unknown. With the number of people visiting the church decreasing, and the area for burial also getting filled, there was always going to be the need for something like this, and I wouldn’t be surprised if this kind of problem arises for the churches outside Europe too; there is the need for big burial places like this everywhere, as the people will keep dying and none of them comes back not even in the form of zombies. The Resident Evil fans might disagree, and I would agree if this was that much of a horror movie. Even ’28 Days Later would have done the job, but as we wait for such an apocalypse, there is need for graves; something like this grave yard, a city of the necrons like that in Warhammer 4000: Dawn of War – The Dark Crusade, the wonderful strategy game based on Games Workshop’s popular tabletop wargame of the same name. There are so many football clubs in Glasgow even as I thought all the action was restricted t England mostly with Manchester United, Chelsea, Liverpool, Arsenal, Manchester City, Everton and Newcastle United; a few teams which seemed to be representing football in the island. Even Leeds United had further representation in my mind until I reached Glasgow. I would keep Partick Thistle Football Club and Queen’s Park Football Club reserved for later visits as it is all about the Celtic Football Club and the Rangers Football Club for now as they kept the Scottish Premier League trophy away from all the other teams; the ones who denied the other teams any opportunity to get anything from their league. Rangers have already won 54 League Championships, which translates as more national championships than any other football club in the world. They have won the Scottish League Cup itself 27 times that more than any other football club of Scotland and the Scottish Cup 33 times. In 1961, this team reached the final of the European Cup Winners’ Cup, becoming the first British club to reach the final of a UEFA club competition. They have also won the Scottish Football League the most number of times, one more than their rivals Celtic after trailing to them, with consecutive championships in the last few years and looking good to win the current one too. The fierce rivalry between the two teams from Glasgow would continue, and it might make sure for a long time, that the trophy will always come back to the same city. The two clubs, when considered together, are the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 96 Scottish League championships, 67 Scottish Cups and 41 Scottish League Cups with the power to continue winning more, with one of these teams coming second too. Since the 1995–96 season, this power of the two teams has been proven and these clubs have finished in the top two places in every season, apart from that of 2005–06, when Heart of Midlothian Football Club finished second ahead of Rangers; Celtic has never gone below the second place position though. Rangers and Celtic had played each other 396 times: Rangers winning 158 matches, Celtic 143 matches and 95 of those hard fought matches ended in draws, not disappointing the fans of both sides to a hight extent. The clubs surely have huge fan bases around Glasgow as many people do take sides, but they also have supporters in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world, and I would add Cochin to one of them, as I have become a fan too, more of Celtic than of Rangers as I am always the fan of the team which stays behind and is looking to rise to the top; a reason to support Manchester United this year, even as I won’t watch the English Premier League. Coming back to the Celtic Football Club, as it is not to be given any lesser importance; may be I would consider it with more passion. Contributing to the Scottish economy along with its rivals and providing some of the best football matches, they would force me to watch the Scottish Premier League forever, provided the cable television operators will come up with a channel showing these; until then it is all English Premier League on television along with a little action from Spain and Italy. But Celtic will still remain in my favourites list, for there is youtube and there is that wonderful word ‘Celtic’ which keeps running through my ears all the time with my journey through the History of English Language and Literature. Tracing back to those diverse groups of tribal societies in Iron Age and the Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages and were driven to the north of the island by the Romans themselves and later the Angles, Saxons and Jutes; not really in the path of that history would this football club develop, but it still gives that feeling of history to me. The earliest archaeological culture of the area might be Proto-Celtic and now this Celtic Football Club holds that name. For me, this serves as a reminder to everything I read and studied about this Celtic culture and language. This cohesive cultural entity influenced me the most with Celtic Cross even as the Celtic languages form such an important branch of the larger Indo-European family and split into several different language groups, and spread over much of Western continental Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, Irish islands and Britain. The origin for the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the Indo-European family would be as much important to me as the Celtic Christianity and its wonderful forms of cross not only with that cricle around the middle of those four arms of the cross, but also with all those carvings which we see on them. There have been so many similar crosses all around the crosses including those areas outside Ireland and Scotland as well as continental Europe which might have been influenced by the same; those types can be seen even in Kerala in the south of India, but I wouldn’t attribute them to the Celtic origin. This contribution, I consider more impressive than the small contributions to the English language, as the influence of the conquerer’s languages were to be less important, and the Celtic crosses at Necropolis were that good. Coming back to the Celtic Football Club, it has my favourite logo and a wonderful structure which looks historic from the front; the attempt to get into it was spoiled as it was not open at that time. Drinking hot chocolate, tea as well as eating French Fries from what looked more like a ‘thattukada’ on the front of the stadium was good. To add to them, there was St Andrew’s in the Square, and there were museums.

2019-04-25T06:26:46Z

https://theviator.wordpress.com/2011/12/

ClickFunnels is the best full-suite sales funnel building software available to marketers and entrepreneurs today. In this in-depth ClickFunnels review I will go into full detail on many of its awesome features, the pros and cons and much more. ClickFunnels has wide range of features to track engagement, split test pages and manage affiliate programs. Great value for the range of services in one crisp, clean package...one-stop marketing at its best. One of the simplest and easiest ways for entrepreneurs to create and optimize high-converting sales funnels. Specialized customer support for each tool. Knowledgeable representatives. Does not have 24/7 support. Welcome to this ultimate ClickFunnels review. In case you just found out about me, I'm Navid Moazzez and I'm the creator of Virtual Summit Mastery. Towards the beginning of this ClickFunnels Review, you'll find some easy-to-digest information in case you came here to learn as fast as you can. ClickFunnels is a great option for nearly every entrepreneur. If you sell a product, digital or physical, then ClickFunnels can put you on the fast track for lead generation and sales. I'll also make sure to record a full ClickFunnels review and demo video and include it here in the coming weeks, so be sure to check back for more. Note: This ClickFunnels review was last updated late November 2018 and we will continue to update it moving forward. Try ClickFunnels free for the first 14 days. No risk or obligations, cancel at any time. I wrote this ultimate ClickFunnels review and guide to help you understand how ClickFunnels works and the exciting things you can achieve with it, including the pros, cons, and much more. At the end, you'll have a chance to leave your own opinion of what you think of ClickFunnels and this review so stick around for that. This is an extensive, in-depth ClickFunnels review, so get ready to roll up your sleeves and get dirty. You'll find the table of contents below for easy navigation to the parts that you're most interested in. Is ClickFunnels Worth Getting? My Final Thoughts! Co-Founders Russell Brunson and Todd Dickerson started ClickFunnels in 2014. It’s now a $360 million SaaS business, all entirely self-funded! What led to ClickFunnels explosive success? The same tactics that Brunson and Dickerson used to growth hack their company are what they sell with ClickFunnels. Check out Brunson’s book, DotCom Secrets: The Underground Playbook for Growing Your Company Online to learn more about his marketing strategies. And he's also the author of Expert Secrets, which is one of my recent favorite marketing and business books where you discover how to create a mass movement and actually get people to pay for your advice. Ready-to-go, battle-tested, conversion-optimized marketing funnels with high-converting page designs. This is the core of ClickFunnels. Sure, the page builder is relatively intuitive and easy to use, but it’s central attribute is helping you get your revenue up. As with everything in life, you get what you pay for. The old adage applies to ClickFunnels as well. It’s a pretty big price jump between the two! That’s why I’m here to help you decide which is best for you. ClickFunnels Basic is limited in the number of funnels, pages, domains, and monthly visitors you can have. ClickFunnels Basic does not include several advanced features. When you upgrade to Etison Suite, you go from having a limited number of funnels and pages to unlimited. That’s right, you get to build marketing funnels to your heart’s content! Here's the comparison chart between the Basic plan and Etison Suite side by side. I review many of these features later on in the article along with ClickFunnels’ other premium features. Do you have a product to sell or a launch to promote? If the answer’s yes, then ClickFunnels could be worth a try. So who is ClickFunnels for? In this section I'll get into that quickly before we get dive deeper into this ClickFunnels review. You're an eCommerce business owner. You're a coach or consultant. You're in retail (selling to consumers). You're in B2B (business to business). You just have to be sure that a sales funnel fits into your business model. Even if you’re just starting your business, you can still benefit from the efficiency and ease of use of ClickFunnels. Most users start out with the ClickFunnels Basic and then upgrade to Etison Suite once they exceed the monthly visitor, page and funnel limits of Basic. You can’t afford the minimum price of $97/month. You don’t have the time to invest in learning how to use ClickFunnels. You don’t have a product to sell or promote. A sales funnel isn’t a strategic part of your business model. You're not interested in building a successful online business. Funnels can be setup in as little as 10 minutes if you’re tech savvy, but everyone’s learning curve is different. If you’re a complete novice, plan to set aside at least two to three days to figure out how to get the most out of ClickFunnels (but it would be like that with pretty much any other similar tool you start using as well). ClickFunnels increase their customers’ revenue by designing sales funnels based around basic human psychology. They take the guesswork out of what works. This ClickFunnels review exposes what makes this sales funnel building software so effective at generating leads, driving revenue, and creating and promoting events like virtual summits. 1. Will it save me time and energy? 2. Can it make me more money, faster? ClickFunnels OTO (one-time-offer) page automatically prompts customers with an upsell. No need to re-enter credit card information. They can act on impulse to significantly increase your sales revenue per customer. The drag and drop page builder is easy to use. ClickFunnels Basic comes with a collection of full funnels for lead generation, sales and event promotion that are ready-to-go out of the box. Talk about a time saver! All the page designs are customizable so that you can brand them to the high heavens. ClickFunnels integrates with a laundry list of third-party software from email marketing platforms to ecommerce tools. There are so many useful features as well, and I know they are constantly improving the platform as well. That being said, let's dive into a more in-depth ClickFunnels review of the key features and benefits it can offer you. ClickFunnels comes with preset funnels for lead generation, sales and event promotion that are designed to increase engagement and conversions. Not interested in spending time tweaking page designs? ClickFunnels pages are good-to-go out of the box. Best of all, they’re easy to implement. ClickFunnels connects customers with your membership area immediately after they subscribe a product so that they have instant access to all of your content, tutorials and upsells. Before we dive into the different funnels that ClickFunnels offers, let’s define the different types of pages and their roles in the funnel. Every legendary funnel consists of a series of pages. When you arrange these pages strategically, they become a powerful sales funnels. Can I get a squeeze please? The squeeze page has one purpose: to collect a single piece of info about the customer so that you can retarget them. In most cases, this is an email or Facebook messenger info. A reverse squeeze page is the first page in the funnel (if it’s used at all). It’s job is to get the customer warmed up for engagement and hyped about the value of the product before sending them onto an actual squeeze page to collect their contact info. A sales letter page is sometimes used at the beginning of a funnel. It promotes the value of the product through a video or letter at the top of the page. Below is a place for the customer to submit their credit card info and make the purchase. An application page collects detailed contact information about the customer, such as phone number, address and other valuable tidbits. An OTO (one-time-offer) page is an upsell page that offers an instant upsell to the customer after they’ve just made a smaller purchase. It allows them to commit to the upsell with one click using the credit card from the previous transaction. An offer wall page thanks the customer for subscribing/purchasing and displays a list of other top-selling products that they may be interested in. You can tweak pre-designed templates to match your design preferences with the Etison Editor drag ‘n drop builder. Customize any feature using the drag ‘n drop builder. If ever you need to make a change that’s outside the scope of the page builder, you can use CSS code. Padding adjustment: adjust the space between features at will. Color adjustment: change the color of any element. Now let’s see these funnels in action! The most part of ClickFunnels is, of course, their funnel builder. The Cookbook Builder is a relatively recent addition to the ClickFunnels arsenal. It allows you to create funnels based on the industry and type of funnel. The Classic Builder is more straightforward but result in you having to make more design decisions further down the line. Here’s how these different types of funnels work.. What are you hoping to accomplish with your funnel? Do you want to build your list of leads for retargeting? Maybe you want to push a sale and then immediately go for the upsell? Either way, Clickfunnels has your back with their carefully crafted funnels. ClickFunnels has a funnel for that. Basic email or messenger lead funnels are as simple as they come. They consist of a squeeze page followed by a thank you page. They’re the smash and grab of the sales funnel world. The goal is to build a list of leads so that you can retarget them and sell to them later. Application funnels are for when you want to gather a little bit more than just a single piece of contact info. Because you’re asking the customer to spend more time filling out a longer form, you need to warm them up first. That’s where application funnels are at their best. Application funnels warm the customer up by using a “reverse squeeze page” to get them excited about the product. Then comes the squeeze page to collect their email or FB messenger info. That way, if they bail here, at least you’ve got the contact info out of it. Next is the application page. The application page collects the entire delicious platter of data -- everything from phone numbers to addresses. The funnel ends with a nice thank you page. Ready to sell? When the time’s right, you’ll want to pull a sales funnel out of your bag of tricks. Tripwire, or unboxing funnels, as they’re called, are the golden unicorn of marketing funnels. They capitalize on the buying momentum of customers who just made a purchase. A two-step tripwire funnel uses a lower-priced product to warm customers up for the upsell. Some ClickFunnels users expect to lose money on the cheap product in this funnel. It’s sole purpose is to warm the customer up for the upsell on the next page. The funnel starts with a sales page for a cheap product like an ebook, or whatever introductory product you choose. The second page is the OTO page, or upsell page. The customer has already entered their billing info when they bought the first product. They only have to make one click on the OTO page and their card will automatically be charged. PRO TIP: Boost your conversions on the OTO page by saying that the upsell product is only available at a discounted price if they buy right now. Offer Wall Page: This third and final page displays a list of additional products that the customer might be interested in. Sales letter, or video sales funnels, are for more expensive products or ones that need more convincing. This funnel starts with a sales letter page featuring a video or letter that promotes the offer. Below is a place to submit credit card info and make the purchase. OTO page with upsell offer. Offer wall page to promote other products. Got a killer product that’s ready for liftoff? Product launch funnels are engineered to get people pumped for your product release. The guys who do the JumpCut YouTube channel course executed this strategy perfectly for the launch of their JumpCut 2.0 program. They used a squeeze page to collect an email, a pop-up to request collect info about the customer’s business goals, and then delivered a series of videos to keep them stoked about the product launch. Squeeze page collects the customer’s email and commits them to the video series. Pop-up asks for more info about what they’re trying to accomplish with your product. This allows you to segment them into a specific video series if you have a different series for different types of customers. The four-part video series is delivered directly into the customer’s inbox one at a time between now and the launch date. The videos educate the customer about your product and keep them excited up until the day your product goes live. Hosting a virtual summit is one of the most powerful ways to rapidly build an email list, network with industry experts, and increase revenue. Some of our Virtual Summit Mastery students use ClickFunnels to create their summit pages and high-converting funnel with ease (we make it extremely easy for them inside the VSM 3.0 program). Russell Brunson walks you through how to create powerful event funnels in the video below (mostly focused on live and automated webinars... it would look quite a bit different for a well executed virtual summit funnel). Use this funnel for the entire sign-up process of your live event. ClickFunnels doesn’t have the ability to stream live events, but you can integrate with a 3rd party like Zoom or YouTube live. The webinar registration page gets them signed up and automatically adds them to the third-party software where you’re hosting the live event. The confirmation page is where the customer signs up for a specific time slot for your virtual summit or webinar. The indoctrination page series is usually a series of three emails that keeps them hyped about the upcoming webinar. This page gets sent to the inboxes of people who signed up for the event but failed to show up. It provides them with a link to where they can watch a replay of the event. This funnel is the exact same as the “Live Webinar Funnel” except that the recorded webinar can be hosted within ClickFunnels rather than a third-party software. The pages in your funnel are your opportunity to introduce your brand to new customers. ClickFunnels drag ‘n drop page builder allows you to do this by giving you the freedom to change the page design, all without needing to know how to code. Each page is organized into sections. Within each section you can edit the rows and columns. Insert elements with the drag and click of a mouse. Once you’re familiar with the interface, you can dramatically change the look and feel of the page, although the customizations are more limited compared to similar SaaS products. Modify elements using the pop-out sidebar, and edit text elements directly on the page. Create a “membership” page where all of your training material or subscription content is available in one location. Customers can create a login and have instant access to the membership area. You can “drip-feed” the content to your members via automated email campaigns. Create order forms that are easy to use and reduce cart abandonment. You can create traditional, one-page order forms. You can use two-step order forms that collect emails on the first page. The advantage to two-step forms is that if they abandon the cart on page two you can still retarget them with the contact info you collected on page one. Genius! You can add “instant order bumps” to capitalize on impulse purchases. You can manage your affiliate programs within ClickFunnels using Backpack. Inside of ClickFunnels you can change commission plans and do payouts. Provide banner ads and example sales copy that’s easy to download. Generate affiliate links so that your affiliates can get paid for sharing your free content. The link will be tracked throughout the customer’s journey, so that if somewhere down the line they buy, the affiliate who originally referred them will be compensated. Once you’ve gathered your customer contact info, it’s time to retarget. There are a couple of snazzy ways to do this within ClickFunnels depending on the type of plan you have. Available with both the Basic and Etison Suite plan. Create short email sequences that automatically go out following an opt-in or sale. Create notifications to inform you about a sale or new subscriber. Schedule the time of day that you want the emails to be sent. Actionetics is only with Etison Suite. Actionetics is an email autoresponder that lets you set up specific email campaigns for different audiences. Campaigns can be based on the customer’s previous purchase history, where they came from, who they are, and what their behavior was during previous interactions with your funnel. Boost conversions with targeted campaigns! SMART lists allow you to data-mine your subscribers so that you can target them with a specific email series tailored just for them. Were going to purchase but abandoned their cart. Are super-buyers who purchase everything you offer. Engage in all of your free content but never bite on the offer. You can even target people who have a certain number of followers on Facebook! With Actionetics, your retargeting isn’t just limited to email campaigns. If someone doesn’t respond to Messenger ads, hit them up with SMS messages or desktop notifications. Not everyone engages with all types of content, so it helps to have multiple angles to work. Track the open rates, click-through rates, and how much money is generated by each email campaign. Know who your big spenders are. Leads with a higher overall action score should be more likely to interact with your brand. Success! You’ve made a sale. The customer’s done their part, now you just have to do yours and deliver the goods. ClickFunnels makes the delivery of your products and services a breeze. When customers buy your digital products, ClickFunnels automatically unlocks membership to your site. Customers can immediately browse your other digital products. This is ideal if you sell multiple products and services that you promote with training content and teasers. You can also opt to send the customer directly to a thank you page where they can download their digital product right away. If you sell physical products, you can add the ShipStation feature to your funnels. ShipStation allows you to connect to over 100 different drop shipping and ecommerce sites. The subtlest of page design changes can 2X or 3X your conversions. ...and literally anything you can think of. When the “ish” hits the fan and you have problems to solve, is ClickFunnels there for you? The truth is, ClickFunnels has decent to adequate support depending on who you talk to. While they don’t have 24-hour chat support, their support team is usually pretty helpful when you can get ahold of them. It can take several hours sometimes before you hear back from chat support, even during working hours. Some customers have complained that ClickFunnels engineers fail to resolve problems that they promised they would get fix. The good news is that reports such as these are much less common than the positive feedback they get. Overall, the ClickFunnels community tends to be generally pleased when it comes to customer service. Although their customer service is not the best, it holds its own when weighed against the quality of the product itself. ClickFunnels’ help center could use a more substantial catalogue of educational materials and articles for troubleshooting. They also regularly hosts Q&A sessions to dive deeper into specific topics and answer questions from the community. Here's a session they hosted earlier in 2018. Luckily, ClickFunnels’ immense, cult-like popularity makes up for it. There’s no shortage of “how-to” videos online made by loyal ClickFunnels users. ClickFunnels Facebook group is over 180,000 strong Funnel Hackers, so you can always shoot your question their way if it comes down to it. There’s a lot of hype around ClickFunnels, and for good reason: there’s a ton of benefits to back it up. ClickFunnels' drag-and-drop page builder is easy to use (once you get the hang of it), and integrates with email services and ecommerce services galore. You get to connect your funnels directly to membership sites and other elements of your sales funnel. But it sure is a convenient way to generate leads, increase revenue, and promote upcoming events like virtual summits. Easy-to-use “drag-and-drop” page builder. No coding necessary. You have the option to add CSS code and further alter the design. Superior analytics with A/B split testing. Fully integrates with membership sites (including WordPress sites). Integrates with Stripe for payments (or you can also use ThriveCart which is what I do for my shopping cart and affiliate management system). Compare which of your offers are the highest converting with easy-to-track stats (I map out my funnels first using Funnelytics which is the best funnel mapping software ever). Dedicated support team often creates custom video screen grabs just for you. Easily share funnels with other ClickFunnels users. Works with Convertkit, ActiveCampaign, Drip, Infusionsoft and many other email service providers. ClickFunnels Etison Suite comes with Actionetics email automation system if you don’t want to use a third-party email provider. Manage your affiliate program with ClickFunnels Etison Suite Backpack feature. Welcome to the darkside of ClickFunnels, where we'll get into the cons. ClickFunnels Basic limits you to the number of funnels, pages, and monthly visitors you can have. Higher price point: ClickFunnels Basic costs $97/month. You have to upgrade to Etison Suite at $297/month (regular price) if you need more than 20 funnels, 100 pages, or 20,000 monthly visitors. If ClickFunnels hosting fails, your funnels and pages go down with it. Are you a tech novice? Although ClickFunnels’ drag-and-drop page builder is pretty intuitive, learning to use it can still be a challenge for newbies. Support can sometimes take several hours to respond. Difficult to embed ClickFunnels pages in Squarespace websites (super easy with WordPress sites though). The standard URLs that come for free with your funnels look awkward and scammy. Some users report the occasional glitch, but not at a volume higher than is typical with similar SAAS companies. Adding a funnel can take awhile to load, sometimes between 8-10 seconds. It’s annoying, but a minor inconvenience. Lacks built in digital sales tax support and don't even integrate with services like Taxamo anymore (which means ClickFunnels payment system won't be the best for users in EU who have customers in EU countries, at least if you want to be 100% compliant). ClickFunnels isn’t the only kid on the block with mad marketing skills. In this section of the review we'll take a look at some ClickFunnels alternatives to see which one is right for you. While ClickFunnels is the most “funnel-oriented” of the bunch, the rest have their own sets of pros and cons. Let’s take a closer look closer look at how the other guys stack up against ClickFunnels. When ClickFunnels came on the scene in 2014, LeadPages was the top dog in terms of marketing funnel software. LeadPages had taken marketing page creation to a whole new level with visually-appealing, high-converting pages. Here’s a list of the pros and cons of the original ruler of the online marketing kingdom. Which Is Better For You, ConvertKit or Mailchimp? When choosing between ClickFunnels or LeadPages, think about what you’re trying to achieve. If all you want to do is create a basic lead generation funnel with attractive pages, then LeadPages is a fine (and affordable) option. Keep in mind that it will be harder to optimize your funnel due to LeadPages’ lack of serious split testing features. If you’re selling a product or promoting a service, ClickFunnels is a better choice. If I would make a decision between ClickFunnels Vs LeadPages, I would personally go for ClickFunnels, hands down. Comparing ClickFunnels to Thrive Themes is a little bit like comparing apples to oranges. Thrive Themes is an entire suite of plugins for your WordPress site, many of which are designed to help you generate leads and drive sales. Thrive Architect is like ClickFunnels’ drag ‘n drop builder. Both are equally intuitive to use. If you’ve ever used Elementor page builder for WordPress, Thrive Architect is pretty much identical. Although Thrive Themes isn’t marketed as a sales funnel product, it certainly has the same full range of capabilities, you just need to be a lot more tech savvy to build the funnels. Costs $19/month (or starts at just $67 one-time for Thrive Architect if you don't need the Thrive Themes membership). You can use their plugins on up to 25 different sites. You have to pay for hosting separately (which can cost quite a bit depending on how much traffic you have, especially with premium hosting options such as WP Engine). Does not have email management software (must use a third-party program like ActiveCampaign or ConvertKit). Higher learning curve than ClickFunnels. No 14-day free trial (but they do have a refund policy in case you don't like it for some reason). Which Is Better For You, ConvertKit or Thrive Themes? It depends. Do you want a WordPress website with the option to build funnels on top of it, or do you want the highest-converting funnels possible and then integrate them with the website you already have? Thrive Themes is a much more affordable option, but it’s harder to split test and optimize your funnels. If you’re already familiar with building WordPress sites and understand how to do DIY split testing, then Thrive Themes could end up working out just fine. Infusionsoft can be a great match for large B2B or B2C companies with large email lists and multiple segments. It’s designed to be an all-in-one marketing tool similar to ClickFunnels, but is intended for larger operations. Simple drag ‘n drop page builder. Comes with a variety of pre-made page templates. Pages are designed for power and flexibility. Drag ‘n drop builder slightly harder to use than ClickFunnels. More challenging to create high-converting funnels. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Infusionsoft? Infusionsoft is designed with large-scale email automation as its core purpose. ClickFunnels is designed to be the ultimate funnel machine. If you’re a medium to large size business that’s looking to take email campaigns to the next level, then Infusionsoft may be for you. You will most likely need a marketing automation team help you with Infusionsoft which can cost $1,000's a month. Personally, I wouldn't recommend Infusionsoft to most people as there are better options out there when it comes to email marketing, shopping cart and funnel builders. And keep in mind that you can integrate ClickFunnels with your favorite tool stack (many Infusionsoft users do just that). Unbounce is a design-forward page builder. It has one of the most intuitive page builders around and comes with gorgeous templates. Integrates with a range of email marketing tools. The easiest-to-use drag ‘n drop page builder (similar to Wix, you can literally drop an element anywhere and it’ll stick). Create sticky bars and pop-ups. Integrates well with WordPress sites. Unbounce’s most affordable package starts at $79/month. Can’t create affiliate center or membership pages. Slower process for building funnels. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Unbounce? Unbounce is the better option if your focus is building beautiful landing pages. Their templates are incredibly pleasing to the eye. If you want to turn them into funnels, so be it, but funnels aren’t Unbounce’s strong suit. If you want to build sales funnels easily, ClickFunnels would be the better option for you. Like ClickFunnels, Kartra is an all-in-one SaaS marketing solution for internet entrepreneurs. If you have a product or service to sell, Kartra’s aim is to help you do it. Quickly build multi-step sales funnels. Includes email autoresponder for outreach campaigns. Set up an integrated membership site just like with ClickFunnels. Shopping cart feature and checkout pages. Drag ‘n drop page builder. Starter plan is $89/month (slightly less than ClickFunnels). Drag ‘n drop builder isn’t as easy to use as ClickFunnels. Lacks a large collection or pre-made funnels. Doesn’t integrate with third-party software as well as ClickFunnels does. Smaller user community and therefore fewer resources for troubleshooting problems. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Kartra? Out of all the other products in this review, Kartra is the most similar to ClickFunnels. However, it lacks many of ClickFunnels strongest features, including its collection of high-converting pre-made funnels. Kartra does allow for more creative page design, but you have to ask yourself if it’s worth the having lower-converting pages and funnels. ClickFunnels is the better option for you if you're comparing it against Kartra. Is Instapage better than ClickFunnels? Some people think so. Instapage may have the ideal balance of functionality, crisp, clean design and useful integrations. Due to its intuitive landing page software, it’s been referred to by some as the “Apple” of the page builder world. $99/month if you pay annually ($129/month if you pay by the month). Simple to use drag ‘n drop editor. Heatmaps feature allows you to track where visitors have scrolled. Integrates with ConvertKit, ActiveCampaign, Drip, Infusionsoft and other prominent email managers. Integrates with GoToWebinar to host live events. Over 200 out-of-the-box landing page templates. A/B split testing not available on the basic plan. Page builder doesn’t come with many free images, icons or shapes (not that big of a deal). No shopping cart feature to take payments. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Instapage? Instapage is a better option if you want to move away from pages designs that have a salesy feel (although you can design and customize ClickFunnels funnels to look however you want too). If you want to scale and optimize your pages with sophisticated split testing, you’ll need to level up to their Enterprise plan. You can tailor the Enterprise plan package to your specific needs and the price fluctuates at around $179/month. Instapage doesn’t come with the pre-built funnels that ClickFunnels does, so you’ll need to spend more time setting up your own funnels. I'd say ClickFunnels offers more value for money here, especially if you'd like to build funnels (and not piece together everything page by page like you'd have to do with Instapage) and be part of a thriving community of Funnel Hackers. ClickFunnels isn’t the cheapest funnel/page builder in the bucket, but is does pack a lot of value into one package deal. With ClickFunnels Basic, you’ll need your own third-party email outreach software like ActiveCampaign or ConvertKit. You’ll also need to have your own affiliate management system, since ClickFunnels Basic doesn’t come with this feature. If you ever decide that it’s time to upgrade to Etison Suite, you can save 50% by committing to a 6-month subscription. Still not sure if Clickfunnels is right for you? ClickFunnels offers a 14-day free trial for both their Basic and Etison Suite plan. Keep in mind that two weeks in nowhere near long enough to test run all the features that come with Etison Suite. Unfortunately, ClickFunnels doesn’t allow you to pay individually for Actionetics or Backpack. You have to do the full upgrade to Etison Suite or do without them. If you’re willing to commit to a 6-month subscription, then ClickFunnels is willing to offer you a 50% discount on your monthly rate. For the people who are ready to go all-out with their ClickFunnels journey, they offer a package deal that includes 6 months of Etison Suite and nearly every educational product they’ve ever created for only $997. Let's talk quickly about ClickFunnels guarantee and refund policy. First of all, there's obviously no guarantee that you'll be successful just because you invest in ClickFunnels. They break it down on their terms page in case you're interested. Let's break down ClickFunnels guarantee and refund policy. After the 14 day free trial, there are no refund period, and they won't prorate you any money after you cancel your account. You will keep access to everything until you decide to cancel, just with most other SaaS products, so nothing new there. If you go for the special 6 months deal of the full Etison Suite for $997, then you'll have a 30 day no questions asked money back guarantee. Just cancel and request a refund within 30 days and you'll be refunded in full very quickly. In other words, you've got absolutely nothing to lose to try ClickFunnels as you'll either have a 14 day free trial to see if you like it, or a 30 day money back guarantee if you go with the full Etison Suite plan. Here's a few frequently asked questions (FAQs) people tend to have before signing up for ClickFunnels. So let's tackle a few of these questions now. Do I really need ClickFunnels if I already have an email marketing software and a payment system? While it’s true that ClickFunnels has built-in email marketing and payment capabilities, these are auxiliary features. If you already have a payment system and an email provider, ClickFunnels should be able to integrate with it. How long before I start seeing results with my funnels? That depends on the quality of your ad copy and the quality of your product or service, as well as several other factors. The real asset that ClickFunnels brings to the table their ready-to-go, tested funnel systems. They give you the best chance possible to start making money ASAP. How many funnels do I need in order to be successful? All it takes is one killer funnel to start bringing home the bacon. From there, keep split testing and optimizing until your conversions shoot through the roof. On average, ClickFunnel users get the best results with at least 3 funnels, but anything more than 15 is overkill. How easily can ClickFunnels integrate with my website? That depends on the type of website you have. ClickFunnels meshes smoothly with WordPress sites. Luckily, WordPress sites make up a hefty chunk of the web. Squarespace sites are much more difficult for ClickFunnels to integrate with. Do I have to be a tech nerd to use ClickFunnels? Not at all! If you’re completely naive to the realm of websites and the internet, it may take you a few days to figure out ClickFunnels. However, that’s likely the case with any similar SaaS program. After two to three days, even the most tech-ignorant amongst us can figure out ClickFunnels. Is ClickFunnels all hype or all might? ClickFunnels’ meteoric rise to dominance in the marketing niche has led critics to believe that their success will be short-lived. ClickFunnels Co-founder Russell Brunson has a cult-like following. Hey, that’s what happens when you make thousands of people a boatload of revenue with an easy-to-use product. Wasabi Membership Site: Use ClickFunnels’ pre-designed membership site templates so that you can upload your membership content in minutes. Build multiple pages and tabs. Russell and the ClickFunnels team are regularly adding more value to their community. What experiences do other marketers and online entrepreneurs have with ClickFunnels? Not everyone is as stoked about ClickFunnels as the rest of the world. Then again, some people are. I’m personally not the biggest ClickFunnels fanboy ever to grace the face of the Earth, but I do think it’s a great product for the right business. Thank you for taking the time to read this in-depth ClickFunnels Review and demo. I hope you learned something about what ClickFunnels has to offer and whether or not it’s right for you. ClickFunnels isn’t a good match for every entrepreneur or business, but for the right candidate, it can be a powerful revenue-generating tool. With their 14-day free trial, it’s a zero-risk opportunity to answer this question for yourself. So long as you have a product or service to promote, give ClickFunnels a go. The ClickFunnels Facebook group is packed with comments thanking Russell Brunson for helping them make a ridiculous amount of money. You can even use ClickFunnels to create your first virtual summit! So what do you think of this ClickFunnels review? Is ClickFunnels a fit to help you build and grow your business? ​Let me know in the comments below... I'd love to hear from you! Affiliate Disclaimer: I hope you enjoyed this ClickFunnels review. Please note that some of the links in this epic review may be affiliate links for ClickFunnels. That means that if you click on one of the links and sign up, it's likely I'll receive some sort of affiliate commission at no extra cost to you (sometimes you even get a better deal than what's offered to the general public and some extra bonuses from me). With that being said, I ONLY promote stuff that I personally use, trust and stake my reputation on, and happily share with friends and family, and ClickFunnels is no exception. ClickFunnels is arguably the best funnel building software out there if you’re looking to hit the ground running with your funnels. They’ve only been around since 2014 but have taken the online marketing world by storm with their ready-to-go funnel templates. You can literally have a funnel up and running in 10 minutes once you’re familiar with the software. The page designs aren’t the most glamorous, and most of them are a tad on the “salesy” side, but guess what? They’re high-converting and that’s what really counts at the end of the day. If you want results and you want results fast, then ClickFunnels is for you. As for the page designs being too “salesy,” their drag ‘n drop builder allows you to customize quite a bit. You can easily tone down the “salesy” aesthetics if you prefer. You also have the option to further customize your pages with CSS code. Another of ClickFunnels' strengths is that it integrates with over 100 different ecommerce tools, as well as all the biggest email managers in the industry. If you want to keep your email management in-house, you can use ClickFunnels’ Actionetics software as long as you have ClickFunnels Etison Suite. Split testing your pages and funnels is a breeze and you can harvest some pretty detailed analytics. ClickFunnels definitely rocks, but it’s far from perfect. Adding a funnel can take awhile to load, and ClickFunnels Etison Suite is fairly pricey at $297/month. They also don’t have 24/7 chat support. Overall, ClickFunnels is an impressive funnel building software that can seriously increase your ROI, and hundreds of thousands of users agree that they couldn’t imagine running their funnels without it.

2019-04-25T12:07:09Z

https://navidmoazzez.com/clickfunnels-review/

​It is past midnight. A brisk, violent wind has blown in from the wild western plains, piloting the way for a slow-moving thunderstorm that is soon to come rolling across the cross timbers on this warm, early spring. I am writing by pen, as the current physical condition of my left hand has left me in a disabled state unsuitable for life behind the keyboard. Occasionally I glance over at my crippled, bandaged left, and my gaze is naturally directed toward that odd, inch-long space where my ring finger used to be but now is not. It is not because seven days ago, for the brief span of what had to be less than a second, a juvenile western diamondback was firmly fastened to it, her minute curved hypodermic dentition embedded to the hilt, swollen venom glands contracting and expanding as they delivered a full load of potent hemotoxic cocktail into the soft pad of my fingertip. As quickly as she had struck the snake released her hold. But the damage had been done. The complex combination of proteins and peptides went to work breaking down the absorbent subcutaneous tissue just north of my wedding ring, and my nerves sent a bolt of hot, searing pain into my brain exclaiming something like, “Thirty-five percent of venomous snakebites are dry! Congratulations! Welcome to the majority!” And shortly thereafter came the most painful part: informing my wife that her idiot husband had gotten that part of his hand adorned with his symbol of devotion to her a little too close to the homing range of a rattlesnake’s heat sensitive pits, those chemosensory red flags of danger ablaze on the flickering tips of a violet-black forked tongue, signaling its reptilian brain to strike out with mouth agape, elastic jaws stretched, fangs unfolded from their fleshy sheaths and pointed forward in that age-old, sinless self defense mechanism devoid of malice but damaging all the same. It is one that works superbly well, accomplishing its intended purpose with a speed of which few other things can compare. Touch a red-hot pan and you drop it without thinking. Take a bite from a crotalid and you stop messing with it instantly, I can guarantee you. ‘Don’t Tread On Me’, her whirring caudal appendage continued to resonate as I secured her quickly in the lock box. Yes ma’am. Message understood loud and clear, thank you very much, and further accentuated with every pulsing throb of my fiery fingertip, from which twin pinpricks of bright red blood had begun to escape from their normal vascular course and make their way on a redirected route across my bare skin. There was an instant shout of some unmentionable phrase that I can’t quite remember, a slang crude version of, “fiddly-dee, this is going to require a trip to the emergency room!” Whatever was said, my wife heard it, and by the time I could secure the snake and get to the kitchen and explain, she had the car keys in her hand. I removed the wedding ring in order to avoid blood flow restriction, then turned on the faucet and gave the now-searing wound a quick rinse, marveling at how the rapid onset of tissue degeneration, intended to dispatch and begin breaking down the snake’s prey even before it has been located and swallowed, had already caused the outer edges of the bite marks to become awash with the dull, faded purple hue of smudged ink. ​It is a forty five minute drive to the nearest hospital that I trust (the local so-called hospital in nearby Decatur has killed more patients than Jack Kevorkian), but my wife turned on the flashers and transformed 380 into the Texas Motor Speedway, so we got there in about thirty. The Denton Presbyterian Hospital had been called and notified of the situation en route, and they confirmed they had the antivenin on hand. Meanwhile, I am keeping the hand elevated and trying my best to document the finger’s digression with the camera on my cell phone in order to keep myself from chewing my seatbelt off at the shoulder. Thanks largely to Amber’s uncanny ability to mask her concern behind a fortified steel wall of collected serious calm, we arrived safely with no dramatic curb-jumps or two-wheeled grand entrances, parked and headed for the doors of the ER. ​Of course it wasn’t. After answering the classic “twenty questions” ( I would become so sick of repeating these to each and every personnel I came into contact with that I would begin to feel like one of those pull-string toys)… I was finally led back into an ER bed, where I was assured antivenin was on its way. Michael showed up a short time later, which was a real relief, seeing as to how medical personnel is much more willing to accredit the statements and opinions of a professional-looking person in regards to proper snakebite protocol than they are a long-haired unshorn type with bug tattoos all over him. It was a good thing too, for the ER staff, while courteous, professional, and definitely a far, far cry from the primitive treatments of my hometown docs, which still prescribe whiskey for snakebite and dancing the tarantella for spider bites, was admittedly inexperienced in the matter. I met with a few nurses and doctors who were nice enough to begin administering an IV of morphine for my pain (which at this point had accelerated greatly, graduating from the burning needle-points of immediate envenomation to the feeling of having my entire hand squeezed in a vice, with the burning still present on top of this, of course). The discoloration around the pad of my fingertip had now spread to include the entire fingertip, and the ink-smudge purple hue had darkened to a most unsightly blue-black as the hemolytic juice dissolved the tissue. Pain from a hemotoxic snakebite has been described as one of the top ten most intense sensations that can occur to the human body, related to the feeling of a subcutaneous third degree burn, which is sort of what it is, with the venom working like acid as it dissolves flesh, muscle, and nerve tissue. To add to this already excruciating experience, sometime later (usually within a few hours) such euphoric and delightful symptoms as nausea, vomiting, skin tingling, hives, itching, muscle spasms, drowsiness, profuse sweating, chest constriction, breathing difficulty, and disorientation are thrown into the mix. The end result is the very definition of misery. ​The morphine, while definitely helping to curb the burning and crushing sensations in my hand, was doing little more than taking the edge off. Michael kept asking about the Crofab, where was it and how soon could they get it out of the bottle and into my veins? Prompt administration of antivenin is the number one issue of importance when it comes to reversing the above mentioned symptoms of envenomation, and I had errantly assumed calling forty five minutes ahead of time would ensure they had it in an IV bag upon my arrival. Unfortunately, antivenin is such an expensive commodity with such a short shelf life that most hospitals cannot afford to just go breaking it open immediately, as many snakebite cases are either dry bites (where the snake injects no venom) or are bites from nonvenomous species. Of all the questions I had to answer, the “are you sure it was a rattlesnake” was the one that perturbed me the most. “Well, I’m pretty sure. Between the fact that the snake had rattles and my hand being swollen up like a plum I’d say very sure, in fact. While we’re on the topic of certainties, are you sure the antivenin is coming?” We kept being told that they were mixing it, and that I could be assured that it would get there when it did, and that in the meantime I was just going to have to be a gentleman and writhe in the agony of my ignorance in the manner of such. ​I jest, but in reality the doctors and nurses were very caring and helpful; I was just giving in to my impatience due to the effects of the toxin flooding through my system, which was no one’s fault save my own, but I would like to think in such dire circumstances a man can be granted a little irritability. ​cold chill. intense cramping. severe burning. shaking. itching around base of middle finger. intense pressure. cold. like having my hand slammed in a door. no nausea. increased pain to entire arm. ​hives. itching. swelling. tightness in face. pressure in ears. Something was obviously wrong with my technique. ​I suppose this is the point in my story where I should attempt to explain the facts and opinions surrounding the nature of how I caused my skin to come into contact with the business end of a western diamondback rattlesnake in the first place. I will start with a word to the wise from the formerly ignorant. If you must keep venomous snakes (as some of us feel they must) you will do yourself a mighty favor to keep them one to a box. Perhaps even more importantly, make sure that box is not a Vision cage, or any other type of cage that contains an interior rim where the snake can hide itself. While the rattlesnake(s) I had were only temporary captives (being rescues from a friend of mine who comes across them frequently on his property and wishes to have them relocated rather than killed), I had them stored in a 24 x 24, x12” locked Vision. There were four of them in there, all juvenile specimens under 18” in length. I was well aware of the interior rim of the cage, as the snakes like to tuck themselves into this space to hide. I neglected, however, to think the snakes would ‘climb’ up onto the top part of the rim. This was my first lapse in judgment; as the great snake man of Africa, Ionides, wrote, “one can never be sure with snakes”. ​I was in the process of transferring them from the Vision to a snake bucket so that my wife and I could go release them when the second lapse in judgment, the use of an improper handling tool, brought down the subsequent rain of misery on my head. I own a pair of cage tongs which are around 18” in length, as well as a small hook of same size, that I use for the transferral of any venomous snakes I happen to be working with. However, on this particular day I had misplaced them and opted to use a standard 48” field hook instead. I grabbed the hook about halfway down to make up for the excess length, as anyone working with small, often flighty juvenile diamondbacks can attest they do not usually ride a long hook very well. I looked through the glass and could see three snakes, so I assumed the fourth was beneath the bottom rim, where it typically liked to hide. Not placing my hand inside the actual cage itself, I was able to successfully ‘hook’ the first two snakes with no problem. The third, however, crawled to the back of the cage while I was moving the other two. Taking care to keep my hand as far away from the bottom rim as possible, I brought the hook in at an angle from the top instead, with my hand upside down. As I did, the tip of my fingers entered the cage beside the top rim, where the little female, unbeknownst to me, had been coiled (as opposed to her usual place on the bottom). I saw the chunky, triangular head launch down and out from above, sinking both fangs into the tender, fleshy pad of my ring finger for only an instant before she released and drew herself back up into the recess of the top rim of the cage’s interior. I put down the hook, slid the glass door back into place, locked the two remaining snakes back up, made sure the other two were secure in the transfer bucket, and then double locked the snake room and entered the house to tell my wife the wonderful news. That’s what happened. I’d swear on a stack of field guides. I can only vaguely recall my transferral from Denton Presbyterian to Harris Methodist; only that the denomination of the hospital’s foundry did not concern me in the least, provided they had more Crofab they could pump into my system. There were hazy flashes of nervous apprehension in the emergency room…I heard a nurse exclaim “I’d forget my head if it wasn’t attached to my shoulders” and Michael’s voice sometime later “someone left a full vial of blood on the bed”. I kept expecting a booming voice to reverberate, ‘Don’t fear the reaper. Come towards the light, my son’, but instead woke up chained to a tangled procession of wires that seemed to grow out of two uncomfortable places on my right arm. There was an intense throbbing burn in my finger…oh, yes, the kiss of the snake…I was propped up in a tiny room, with a beeping, blipping machine behind me that, if I turned my head just right, revealed that my condition had significantly stabilized. Michael was there, as was my wife, and yet another group of nurses I knew I was going to have to repeat what happened to. ​“Did I get the antivenin?” I managed to stammer in a groggy voice from between numb lips. ​One thing I learned from my hospital stay is that people who work in the intensive care unit cannot afford much time for comedy on the clock, and thus possess a very vestigial sarcasm radar. What they lack in comedic discernment they more than make up for, however, in concern and care for their patients. One of the worst parts of the full snakebite experience is the continuation of the pain; it never lets up, staying with you in varying forms and stages, throughout the day and night, whittling away your appetite, pulling you out of sleep about once an hour or so, and causing you general misery heaped on top of misery as the hospital staff goes about the seemingly never-ending routines of drawing blood, changing bags, monitoring your vitals, helping you exercise, measuring your rate of swelling, and asking you more questions than an income tax form. Thus I was very grateful for the ICU’s willingness to administer pain medication to thwart my writhing agony without raising an eyebrow as to my sincerity when I assured them that the pain scale rating should contain a number higher than ten. Using Fentanyl, one of the most efficient and powerful (and also addictive) painkillers known to man, they did an excellent job of managing my pain to the best of their ability without turning me into an opioid zombie. ​In due time I was introduced to David C. Smith, the physician on the ICU wing. Conversing with him provided some much needed humorous relief, as he seems one who can appreciate as well as dole out a generous amount of humor into otherwise serious and dire situations. Laughter may not be the best medicine, but it definitely runs a close second to Fentanyl. The good doctor was baffled that someone who knew so much about snakes and the nature of their venom would be dumb enough to put himself in such close proximity to their fangs. The suggestion that perhaps I would be better off getting any further knowledge from toxicology handbooks rather than first hand experience was something I said I would try to remember to take to heart in the future. ​The days went by in the intensive care unit like one long, indistinguishable period. My platelet count dropped once again to an unsafe level and thus required an additional two vials of antivenin to stabilize. The swelling went down and stayed down. The pharmacist came in and we got to talk snake venom vs. polyvalent some more. The nutrition team seemed totally unable to grasp the definition of a vegan diet, forcing me to subsist on fruit breakfasts and lunches and mixed vegetable dinners, with my only source of protein coming in the form of soy milk and that advanced and complex form known as ‘hemotoxin’ (To their credit the meals I could pick around were superior fare as far as hospitals go). My mom watched my son the entire week without compensation, bringing him along with my aunt to visit me. My wife made daily hour-long drives to stand by my side for hours on end, on top of prior obligations to getting my son to school and going to school full time herself, and even stopped on the road once on one of her daily late-night trips home from the hospital to take a picture of a timber rattlesnake for me in an effort to lighten my spirits. And Michael showed up or called whenever he got a chance, monitoring and following my progress and putting up with my nonchalant references to death, amputation and gangrene while ignoring my insistence on his accomplice in ‘unhooking me from these infernal machines and busting me out of this joint so I could go herping.’ My cell phone virtually stayed abuzz with concerned checks from more friends and family members than I knew I had, offering much-needed and appreciated prayers, thoughts, well-wishes, support, and humor. This was often to the chagrin of my nurses in the fact that my ring-tone is the slow, menacing buzz of an angry diamondback rattlesnake, which always caused them to shake their heads at my assumed lack of sanity. And then the surgeon came in for debridement, and I only thought I had known what pain was. Dr. Maxim Pekarev entered the room, sliding back the glass door and curtain in a single motion. He is a meek enough looking man, dark-haired, with smooth, gentle looking hands that beguile his real disposition as a merciless butcher of fingers devoid of empathy. ​“Hello I’m Dr. Pekarev. I’m here to do the debridement”, he said casually. ​“Looks like you’re in need of some relief from that swelling”, he said, to which I quickly nodded in affirmation. Without further ado he seized me by the hand and proceeded to “debride” me. ​“All the tissue looks dead”, he commented as several onlooking nurses who were new to snakebite entered the room to observe the process and began passing out like cult members at a Kool-Aid party as he reenacted scenes from the movie Saw. ​“This shouldn’t hurt a bit”, he said, which to his credit was honest. It hurt a lot. ​He extracted a scalpel and quickly sliced into the swollen grape thing, causing a spurt of black blood to shoot out across the sterile towels on the wheelie cart he had laid my hand on. True to his word, I felt no pain. Not yet, at least. The finger immediately deflated like a bicycle tire with a broken valve stem. The doctor then replaced the scalpel with a pair of wicked curved tweezers, and began plucking at the thick layer of dead skin, ripping it off in sloughed sections. This didn’t hurt either, until he ripped backwards into live tissue, and I jerked back instinctively. ​“Let’s see” he said, and brandished the scalpel once again, pressing it against the finger somewhere between the nail and knuckle. He pressed down, cutting beneath the skin, and again a burning bolt of pain raced up my arm. ​“Yeah that hurts” I said. ​A nurse came in with a needle that looked like a grossly oversized prop in a 1970s Mexican sitcom, and a few minutes later I was watching in painless interest as Dr. Pekarev finished the debridement of the finger, sliding the scalpel down a full half inch into the lateral tissue to see if the entire thing was indeed dead. No blood came out, and so he pronounced it deceased. I was a little concerned about that bright red patch of freely bleeding skin just north of the middle knuckle base, but at the time it didn’t hurt, so I shrugged it off. The shocked, horrified looks on the rookie nurses’ wincing faces, and the way that my wife had retreated into the furthest corner of the room, shrinking back like a frightened helpless rabbit while I gazed on with a sheepish grin and the Butcher continued to play Freddy Krueger on what remained of my finger should have served as an indication that this could not simply continue on in painless bliss. But he finished, applied a sterile wrap, then bandaged the whole thing up in gauze. ​“You’re very brave”, he commented, and exited the room, the wide-eyed nurses, whom I suspected were at this point in no hurry to eat lunch, filing out behind him. Thirty minutes later, when the Lidocaine wore off, I doubt he would have accused me of such bravado had he still been present. ​At first it was just a slight prickle, a tingling sensation as the anesthetic dissolved. Tolerable enough. ​“It’s beginning to hurt a little”, I commented to Kevin, the day nurse who was going on his second afternoon of caring for/contending with the poor sarcastic snake-bitten fool with the Tim Burtonesque macabre sense of humor in the room on the corner. ​“Do you need something for it?” he asked. ​Five minutes later I was hammering on my ‘call’ button, begging anyone and everyone within earshot to bring me as close to overdose as they could without jeopardizing my life, or else strike me in the head with the most readily available blunt object until I was rendered unconscious. Good old Kevin came to my immediate aide with a shot of Fentanyl. This time it did nothing, however. So they gave me the most they legally could for my body weight and then supplemented with Tramadol. Still I begged for something else. ​“Somewhere between ten and ripping that scale off the wall, twisting it into a cord and strangling myself to death with it!”, I yelled. ​My finger literally felt like someone had skinned me alive and then doused the wound with gasoline and set a match to it. It was so intense that I could hardly concentrate, with the entirety of my left arm being engulfed in a single throbbing, agonizing sphere of indescribable torture. In what felt like a week another nurse came in and announced that she could give me a little morphine now. A short time later I passed out or went to sleep or something and the next thing I remember Michael was there and my wife was recounting my experience to him. Within the hour a nurse came in with a wheelchair and I said goodbye to the intensive care unit for good. ​I spent two additional days in a regular room in the inpatient care at Harris Methodist. My platelet count had finally gone down and stayed down, suggesting the venom had finally been neutralized by the antivenin, and there was nothing left to do but lie in bed with my arm elevated, awaiting what would either be the second half of my surgical debridement or an amputation. During this time I was kept on a steady diet of vegetables, ice water, Norco and Tramadol, and after my most unfortunate experience with the first debridement I had come to reassess that pain scale, as nothing I have ever felt before or since even came close. The throbbing, burning, hot-hammer pain that continued from the snakebite was thus quite tolerable by comparison, and I complained very little of it, sometimes going six to eight hours before requesting another pill, which my nurse Kathy insisted was only ‘glorified aspirin’. The day before the surgery Dr. Pekarev’s assistant came in to take photos of my hand so the surgeon could deem it keepable or tossable, and as soon as she unwrapped it I knew it was going to require at least a partial amputation. While the skinned part between the middle joint and the nail was still very much alive and blood-red, the distal tip was a dull, flat black, bloodless and lifeless. A short time later Dr. Smith appeared, announcing my surgery was scheduled for the morning some time before noon, with Dr. Pekarev presiding. ​The next morning they loaded me up with an extra dose of potassium and wheeled me down the hall to the surgical unit on my gurney. Dr. Pekarev met with me for a short time before surgery. He entered the room with that same humble look on his face, although this time I thought I could see the corners of his smile suppressing the anticipation of the drawing of blood. ​“What’s up Doc?”, I said, doing my best to not let that twinge of recoil that was creeping up my spine show in my own face. ​This broke the humility or ice or whatever you want to call it. ​The anesthesiologist, Dr. Nathan Walters, came in shortly and proceeded to hook me up to the knock-out juice. ​“A man after my own heart”, I replied. ​There was a sharp, instant pulse in the crook of my right arm as the thick mixture of Propophol, Phenobarbital, and everything else went into my system. I managed to maintain consciousness up to the point where they wheeled me into the prep room under the bright dome, and the next thing I knew I was waking up in recovery with a groggy head, slurred speech, and a little less finger than I had going in. The man who can caress a snake can do anything. Today is April 4, 2017. Two full weeks have passed since that lovely little rattler sank her fangs into my finger. Yesterday was a full day back at Harris Methodist for my check-ups. As I walked through the doors I couldn’t help but feel like a small part of me had been left behind there. The plastic surgeon’s assistant unwrapped my finger, or what was left of it, and I got to see it for the first time in 11 days. It was severed just a fraction above the middle joint, a dog-eared, folded-over flap of skin stitched across the fleshy stump where the distal tip used to be, but the regrowth of tender pink flesh and the absence of any black, dead tissue looked wonderful. I was given some basic maintenance instructions and then off I went to get the lab work, which was faxed over to the doctor long before I could hoof it there on foot. In a short time I was brought in, and Dr. Smith came into the room. ​“We meet again”, I said. ​“Yes, how have you been? ​“That’s the best news I’ve heard in a while”, I said. ​We conversed a while on the marvelous nature of pit viper venom, its biological makeup, and how certain populations of the same species within a given range possess varying degrees of hemo and neurotoxic components. “So, have you learned your lesson when it comes to messing with venomous snakes?” he asked as I was walking out. ​With three appointments down, the only other place left to go was therapy. After an hour and a half of various hand exercises, Dr. Sexton, my physical therapist, pronounced my hand ‘well on its way to healing’. While the amputated digit was still stiff, as was the pinkie finger next to it, the rest of my fingers had gained full sensitivity and dexterity, and by the time I left I was almost able to make a crude fist. And thus the final prognosis was one of overall excellence, with no infection, tolerable pain, no further surgery required, and only one more therapeutic and surgical follow-up to go, scheduled for two weeks out. ​We pulled out of the hospital parking garage and headed for home. Outside the window, I could see the road stretching out before me in that mirage-like optical illusion that seems to shrink it down to a sharp, fine point as it touches the horizon. With a year of pain, nerve healing, at-home therapy, and keyboard retraining ahead of me, it was going to be a long one. I couldn’t wait to get back out in the field, in the company of my beloved rattlesnakes, with a slightly shorter finger, a reclaimed smile of satisfaction, and a nine foot long pair of custom made tongs to reach into my mailbox with and extract my medical bills. 10…9…8…7…6…5…4 more days until winter is officially a memory. Unable to hold off our anticipation, Zev & I took a bike ride down a trail that cuts through 80 acres of gently grazed prairie & post oak savannah in Wise County yesterday evening. Everything was in bloom, and the nice weather (if a bit windy, but hey it’s March…in like a lion & all that) coupled by an amazing sunset made us forget that it was technically still winter. The newly emergent buds & flowers never fail to jump-start me out of the winter blues. Mexican plum, crow poison, and flowering dogwood filled the air with their sweet aromatic fragrance, catkins of cottonwood fell to the ground beneath towering trees awakening from their long sleep, and the lime-green tips of elms and fluorescent, Dali-esque purple tips of redbuds shone in relative brilliance against the stubborn straw and brown landscape that would be green in a matter of weeks. “Hey, look at this,” Zev called out. Clint and I came over to see a pale beige sphere resting on eight rather stubby, darker “legs,” as if some weird tarantula had been transformed into a fungus. Of course, that was only our strange imaginations at work. The pale, flattened ball at the top was torn in just the way you would expect from a puffball, a fungus that produces a spheroidal fruiting body that releases a puff of spores when broken. It was the eight “legs” that had us gazing in fascination, and with closer inspection we could see that originally there had been about ten, but a couple had been broken off. We – Clint, his son Zev, and I – were visiting Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area[i] on a warm February 18th. Zev was there for salamanders, Clint was looking for beetles overwintering under loose tree bark, and I wanted to get re-acquainted with the upland savannah there. But really, the thing we were mostly there for was discovering something new or seeing some new variation on a familiar theme. The sort of thing that happens when you stumble upon an earthstar, for example. That vaguely spider-looking puffball? That was an earthstar (thanks for the identification, Burr Williams). What starts out as an outer layer around the spore sac splits into a number of wedge-shaped segments that curl back over the sac, forming star-like rays or, in the one we saw, curling so far under it that they resemble legs. The earthstar develops under the soil surface but pushes up to become exposed when mature[ii]. We had already walked for some distance after parking the car at Catfish Creek and poking around in the bottomland woods for a while. We then followed a primitive road up to higher ground and wandered across a big field that had been burned a while back. The larger trees still stood, their lower trunks charred a little but not killed by the fire. Others were standing skeletons of trees that probably died before the fire, and the patches of loose bark on their trunks were the best places for Clint’s “bug hunt.” The ground was a patchwork of tall grasses that had come back after the fire and the burned lower stems of yaupon that formed a thicket before the fire. Those woody shrubs would cover the ground, block the sunlight, and crowd out the grasses and forbs, just as they currently did in nearby areas that had not been burned. I later called and spoke with a Texas Parks & Wildlife Department biologist who said that the burn had occurred in 2016, but that the yaupon and other woody plants had grown so thick that they had to first cut it, then mulch it, and then burn it. We talked further about the effort to restore and maintain the Post Oak Savannah ecosystem, and he said they are trying to do prescribed burns every two to three years. That is music to our ears, because fire plays a crucial role in maintaining prairies and savannahs. In this sandy area where the 2016 burn had occurred, Clint was finding invertebrates under bark and beneath fallen branches or logs. Under one of the logs we disturbed a prairie lizard that was just trying to get through the end of winter in peace. Like a junior cousin to the Texas spiny lizard, this species has spiny scales and a suggestion of wavy bands on its back. The prairie lizard’s scales are smaller and less “spiky” than those of the Texas spiny lizard and its sides often seem to be a plain, darker color (while something similar to the wavy crossbands continues on the sides of the Texas spiny lizard). As we continued our walk, we uncovered a number of lizards. In each case we took a photo or two while trying to disturb the lizard as little as possible, making sure to put its shelter back in place at the end. A couple of our finds were little brown skinks. By that we mean not only that they were little and brown, but that they were “little brown skinks,” as someone aptly but unimaginatively named them. Equipped with four small, short legs and a long tail, these small reptiles might be mistaken for stubby snakes as they seem to swim through leaf litter and loose soil as much through undulation of the body as by use of their legs. We saw numerous mushrooms and fungi along the way. One of them that Clint found under a log had the overall flattened, round shape of a mushroom with gills under the cap – but they were hung from the bottom of the log instead of growing up from the ground on a stalk. Some had irregular-shaped caps with thin lines that looked like some delicate, finely striated material had been draped over the stems. And of course, there were shelf fungi on tree stumps and branches, some in a delicate shade of green and others in shades of brown and orange, in concentric bands shading outward to yellow. In a place with generous rainfall and lots of trees, these fungi can proliferate, working to return dead wood to soil. Probably because of the greater rainfall and so much wood to attach to, lichens grew in a profusion of the leafy and brushy forms that I’m not used to seeing back home in the Cross Timbers. Closing out the forest around me, I focused in on the fairy forest of lichen, the bowls and cups, the little bushes and trees, all growing in a five-inch section of oak branch. Worlds within worlds. We drove to the northern part of the property, to an upland area where Texas Parks & Wildlife Department has worked particularly hard to restore the savannah. In places there were extensive grasslands dotted with a few trees, while in others, the prairie grasses grew within a woodland with a somewhat open canopy. It was all beautiful, with the dark trees contrasting with the burnt orange of the dormant grasses and fallen leaves. Thinking about it later, I wanted to talk with a deer hunter to find out if they see this, too. While searching for the right buck, surely some of them get lost in the experience of the twisted oak limbs against the sky, the carpet of reddish-brown leaves, the clumps of grasses like vertical up-strokes on a painter’s canvas, the dense gray blending together of trees when you look as far into the woods as the eye can penetrate. Such beauty cannot just be the background noise of a deer hunt, can it? Further back, a little way from the beaver pond, we had seen a group of turkeys foraging in an open area between the road and the woods. They numbered about fifteen, and probably they had been scratching around for acorns and other nuts and seeds. I took a couple of photos from as close as they would tolerate, which was not very close. Each time I took a few steps closer, the group trotted a little further away. Clint and I had been spoiled in a trip to Palo Duro Canyon, where we saw a group of females being courted by a male. All of them seemed unconcerned about the presence of humans, at least from twenty or thirty feet away, and perhaps the courtship had them a little distracted. But here, in a place managed not just for habitat management but for hunting, the birds rightly sensed that people represent mortal danger. We had one more shot at finding salamanders before we needed to leave, so we headed down into the creek bottomlands again. In a mowed clearing, we came across the little armored beast that is a Texas icon: the nine-banded armadillo (it is the official state small mammal[iii], in case you’re keeping track of such things). As the compact little mammal snuffled and poked into the base of plants and any little crevice where an insect or grub might hide, I shot some video from the car rather than getting out and spooking him. They are charming in that nearsighted way they have, ambling through the understory or wandering in clearings, digging and rooting around and nearly oblivious of whatever may be nearby. Occasionally they pause and sniff the air, using their one sense that is really keen to check for something – danger? Or the smell of damp leaf litter or soil with better chances of finding something to eat? It is generally understood that to get close to a wandering armadillo, the thing to do is to stay downwind. If you are reasonably cautious you may not be seen or heard, but when they get a whiff of danger, they shamble off toward a thicket. If startled or pursued, an armadillo can run fairly fast, and plunge through tight places and thorny thickets where you cannot go. We walked down the last distance to a slough, with tall trees standing in dark water. A man-made levee impounded a broad pond where the rich mud and accumulated tannin from fallen leaves made the water black. The branches overhead reached across to the neighboring trees like arches in some wetland cathedral, and this splendid architecture was mirrored in the black water below. An alligator rising to the surface would have completed the swampy picture, but the only reptile we saw was a big red-eared slider, basking on a snag just above the water. She dropped in as we walked nearby, but on our way back she was pulling back onto her spot on the log. On the other side of the levee was an area with a meandering stream, shallow ephemeral pools, and downed logs. Try as they might, Clint and Zev did not turn up a salamander. What they did discover under a log was a big slug just a few inches from a cluster of translucent ovals, like tiny, bright grapes. A quick check of the Internet verified that these were indeed slug eggs (yes, a smart phone can serve several useful purposes in the field, especially documenting observations on iNaturalist!). And that was our last real discovery on our day at Gus Engeling WMA. We saw another flock of turkeys on our walk back, Clint continued the search for beetles under the bark, Zev was very good-natured about not finding salamanders on our walk, and we continued to soak in the view of every bottomland pool, every downed log, and every woodland clearing on our way back to the highway. Spring is only a month or so away, and we’ll be back! [iii] Schmidly, D.J. 1994. The Mammals of Texas (Revised Ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.

2019-04-20T11:13:15Z

https://greatrattlesnakehwy.com/2018/03/

The little zetraloid’s giggling echoed around the hollow. Her speckled armor blended well with the maple leaves she was playing with. Her sister raced across the dusty path in pursuit. The two spiraled into a pile of dried leaves, laughing gleefully. A gentle breeze wisped through their hair and carried leaves across the sky. The two watched as the leaves twirled about and swept passed the spotted zetraloid in the distance. “What’s he doin’?” Speckle asked her sister. The two sisters raced up the slope. The dust patted out beneath their feet as they frolicked and ran. Tall yellowing grass lined the sides of their path while a lone apple tree waited at the top of the hill along with the small zetraloid. “Domino, come play with us!” Speckle nudged the spotted zetraloid affectionately. “Nuh-uh.” Her brother insisted as he pulled his black bandanna back into place. At once he began searching the ground for fallen apples. The tree branches were far too tall for the zetraloid to reach. Speckle and Smudge watched with skeptical expressions. “What’re you doing?” Smudge asked with a giggle. Speckle suppressed a laugh at her brother’s idea. “Yeah but, I can’t reach ‘um.” The little spotted zetraloid informed. “Nevermind the apples, Domino, let’s play tag!” Speckle darted from side to side playfully. Domino considered it for a moment but seemed indecisive. “What’s the big deal with the apples anyway?” Smudge asked. Domino was silent for a moment before answering. “I thought mama might want some.” He pointed his black tipped finger to indicate a small pile of apples which he had collected. “But…” Domino’s gaze trailed to the pile of apples and then the tree. Its size was daunting. No way would he ever be tall enough to reach. Speckle tugged a small green plush snake that had been looped through her brother’s bandanna. She shook it then tip-toed towards the hill slope. “Hey!” Domino exclaimed in alarm. “Snakey thinks you should play with us!” She wiggled the snake between two fingers. Domino grabbed for it but missed by inches. He tried to stand tip-toed, intent on getting Snakey back. Speckle frowned and handed it back to her spotted brother. He held it close and rubbed his face against it cheerfully before tucking it back into his bandanna. “You don’t pluck apples, you pick them.” Smudge jumped in to correct him. Domino had set about his work of collecting fallen apples again while his sisters giggled and pounced on each other. Domino was by their side in a core beat. All three crowded around the small, green, slender body inching along. “What is it?” Speckle prodded at the creature with her finger. She retracted it with a squeak of surprise as the creature rolled over and thrashed back and forth. “It’s an inch worm.” Domino informed. “If he’s a worm, why isn’t he in the ground?” Speckle asked. “I’ll show him.” Domino volunteered as he pushed his sister aside. “Bet you aren’t!” Smudge added. “Yeah!” Speckle pounced on her brother, tumbling him over backwards. Before he could get up again, Smudge joined in, pinning him to the ground. Domino blinked in surprise before laughing and squirming free from their grasp, only to stumble over his own feet and dive head first back to the ground. Speckle and Smudge both giggled as Domino shook his head and spit out dirt. He rubbed a smear off of his face and sneezed. Speckle had already lost interest in the crawling worm and stood at the far slope of the apple tree hill. “Not if I do first!” Speckle announced as she dashed ahead. “No fair! You cheated!” Smudge called after her. Domino watched from the top of the hill, frowning slightly as he gazed down. Uncertainty fluttered in his stomach like a swarm of butterflies as he turned back to the pile of apples and hid behind them. Night had begun to set in as Domino finally left from hiding. Although he couldn’t see in front of himself due to the dark, he ambled on, casting an occasional glance at the outline of a tree or fence. Owls hooted from their perches as he walked by. Eyes full of concern and wariness; he quickened his pace until he was in an all out run. The dark. He hated the dark. His foot caught in a fallen branch and he tumbled the remainder of the way. Coughing slightly from dust, he stood once more. Now the dim glow of lights from their house told him he was near. A brisk wind whirled dry leaves at his feet. Sometimes he wondered if hiding was worth it. Before long he was at the back door. Its scratchy wood surface told him that. Pushing it open just enough to squeeze through, he headed for the hidden spot beside the dryer. He stifled a cough as the sharp odor of smoke mixed with fabric softener threatened to choke him. He snuggled himself down amongst a basket of dirty clothes and pushed himself against the warm dryer as it clanked and shuddered rhythmatically. All sound from the other room was drowned out. He was relieved by this at least. Silhouettes of shelving filled with cans were barely outlined by the light from a different room. Domino yawned as the heat of the dryer warmed him through. He felt safe here. Secure from the world. Pulling Snakey free, he cradled the toy in his arms and drifted to sleep. Morning sunlight dazzled through the rear window, waking the small zetraloid. The edges of the window were fogged by the cold. Blinking, Domino scrambled out of the basket and treaded lightly through the house. The tan walls around him were stained with dirt and some places had smears as if the paint from something else had rubbed off. The floor was littered with assorted machinery parts, papers, clothes, and trash. A heavy smell of smoke still clung to the room like thick sap. Domino picked his way through carefully until he reached the hallway leading to their front door. He caught sight of his mother, Dotti, a slender Acrobat zetraloid with pink dotted helmet fins surrounded by black and a leather cow-hide print ruffle as well as common jeans. She held the door open with one hand, her black hair flopped over one shoulder as she said goodbye to the zetraloid outside. Domino shivered when he heard his father’s voice from so close. His father, Splotch, was an average Acrobat zetraloid, with armor splotches like a dairy cow’s hide. His blue eyes were always piercingly icy. He wore a red bandanna and brown vest. Domino flinched at the harshness of his father. He shouldn’t have hidden. He waited until he heard the door click shut and his mother sigh. Venturing out into the open, he frowned as he tried swallowing the nasty smell away that made his throat ache. Dotti’s attention was to her son in a heart beat. She kneeled down and embraced him as a lone tear trickled down her cheek. “There’s no need for that.” She answered; her voice soothing and quiet. Domino smiled, grateful for her understanding as he pulled Snakey from his bandanna once more and hugged it. “I don’t want to.” The young zetraloid frowned and crossed his arms. Domino scowled while Speckle tip toed around him. “I’m not a girl!” He cried. Domino blinked before hugging his plushy snake with tight urgency. Speckle climbed across their couch and tore out a handful of stuffing. “Oops.” She tossed it behind and stretched to reach the radio. Her arm waved wildly back and forth as she tried to balance. Finally her hand grazed it, switching it on as she tumbled to the floor. “Oof!” Her legs and arms flopped out in every direction. Smudge and Domino chuckled and began bouncing in a circle. Speckle hopped up and joined her siblings. They joined hands and spun in a wider circle, Domino having completely forgotten his displeasure of being dressed like a girl. Soon enough, the three were bouncing on the couch, laughing. They catapulted double their height into the air before reaching the worn out cushion again. Domino plopped down on the arm rest and rolled onto the ground with a thud. He gazed up at the looming couch and shrugged. Picking up Snakey, he began to hum the tune of their song. His head swayed back and forth contently as he used the toy as a microphone, mumbling the few words he knew. Their mother came in from the kitchen, wiping her hands on a dish rag. A quick glimpse of the room was all she needed to make an educated guess on how the radio had been turned on. Domino pointed to his sisters with a sudden scowl. Turning towards her, he stuck his tongue out. “That’s no way to be a gentleman.” She reprimanded while helping him out of the clothing his sisters had tossed on him. Domino hugged his mother as she spoke to his sisters. “I know, mama, but its fun.” Speckle squeaked happily. “Race ya there!” Speckle called, leading the way. Domino and Smudge charged after her and chased each other around the table. “Dad’s coming home?” Domino took a couple steps back but his mother guided him to join his sisters. Domino sighed and climbed up on the box his sisters had used to reach the sink, washing his hands as instructed. He lept off the box and rolled across the floor; he always had enjoyed rolling more than balancing. “Speckle, be nice.” Dotti whisked by to set a warm pot on the table and clear the clutter off it. “Do I have to eat?” Domino fidgeted as he kept glancing to their hall. “No.” Her tone was harsher than normal but it didn’t bother him. “Yes, mama.” He shoved a stack of magazines off his chair. Moments later the door slammed against the wall and Splotch walked by the kitchen, not bothering to say hello to anyone. Giggling in delight, Domino’s sisters charged down the hall after him despite their mother’s command not to. They soon returned with their father, still joyful as ever. Bouncing to their chairs, Speckle and Smudge clambered into their places amidst telling their father about the day. Domino climbed into his chair in silence. The fresh scent of warm bread and honey-spread detoured him into a blissful happiness for just a moment. He blinked in surprise, realizing it was his father who had spoken. All had gone silent as Speckle and Smudge were busily chewing their dinner. His mother delicately sliced her food and his father had stopped eating all together. Domino gazed up to meet Splotch’s gaze, not daring to speak so soon. “Yeah.” Domino answered softly as he reached for the bread. Domino flinched. His father’s tone had gone from casual to harsh in an instant. Domino’s helmet fins drooped down as he spread some of the honey over the warm bread. With any luck his father would decide to talk to someone else or continue eating. The clatter of dinnerware had resumed but he still felt his father’s cold gaze resting on him. “You just better shut y’er mouth!” Splotch pounded the table with his fist, making the plates rattle. Domino frowned and gazed down to avoid eye contact. “Sorry.” Domino apologized, his voice barely audible. He pounded the table again. Domino flinched, still not gazing up. Neither of his sisters ever had to address their father as sir. Why he had to made no sense to him. But there would be trouble if he didn’t. Splotch tossed his napkin down and shook his head as he turned to leave, beckoning his daughters to follow. His tone was totally different. Domino took a bite of the now cold bread and let it scratch down his throat. He didn’t want to go to work with his father, but he had no choice. Don't worry XDD it shall be in there XP I promise. Domino awoke with a jolt as the frigid air tore him from his blissful rest. Rubbing his eyes, he yawned and stood, surprised to find the room still dark. That was right. He had forgotten all about going to work with his father today. Stretching quickly, he retrieved his plush snake and a jacket, pulling it on as he ran along. Breakfast would most certainly not be ready and that left him to wonder what he would eat. His question was quickly answered by his impatient father. Splotch held the door open for Domino. He scurried out and gazed at the early morning, still blanketed in darkness. The chatter of the stream down the hill could be heard. Domino's helmet fins perked up as he followed after Splotch. This early in the morning it was easy to catch all the interesting sounds. As they neared the old wooden bridge Domino slowed down to peer below where a bramble of blackberry bushes grew in unseperatable thickness. A small stream trickled beneath it while moss covered rocks were visible sporadically from the tangle, still damp from the mist. He breathed in deeply, enjoying the fresh, cool, scent of pine. Scrambling after his father once more, he hopped off the last board of the narrow bridge. Crunchy, dried, pine needles now covered the ground while massive pine trees towered above. Domino shivered as a cold breeze whirled by, carrying with it a few shriveled oak leaves. With one well timed leap, he snatched the leaf out of the sky and carried it on proudly. “Come 'ere.” Splotch pointed directly in front of himself. Domino's helmet fins fell to the sides as he ambled over, dragging his pace at a slow rate. The moment seemed to drag on. He braced himself and pulled his head close against his chest and shoulders, fully knowing what was to come. A sharp smack to the side of his head. He didn’t dare move; it was rare to be hit only a single time. What did come, however, he hadn’t been far from prepared for. His feet and arms flailed helplessly as he soared through the air and landed ineptly on the hard ground. Before he could get up, he felt his father's foot against his middle and tumbled over again. Gasping for air, he tried gathering all his limbs to work simultaneously, but wasn't quick enough as another kick rolled him against a tree. This time, he stayed down, shutting his eyes as tight as he could while listening to the crunch of pine needles informing him of his father's approach. Domino's mind was scrambled. He hardly had any time to think it out before Splotch yanked him to his feet by one arm. Splotch's grip tightened as his glare intensified like a blazing fire, but before he had a chance to act on his anger, another zetraloid came along the same bridge. Splotch set Domino down in order to shake hands with the other zetraloid. His mood had changed in a moment. Now he and the other were discussing if they thought the weather would hold out. Domino shivered. Suddenly the forest seemed a cold and lonely place. A place cut off from everywhere else—from all safety. He brushed a crumpled leaf out of his bandanna and wiped at the smears of mud on his armor with scarcely a light graze. A tedious throb pulsed through his body and a sharp sting told him he had received some scrapes from rocks on the rough ground. Near mechanically, Domino looked to his father. His eyes still seemed just as cold and distant. Domino nodded his head and followed after in silence. Small insects scurried out of the way as they trampled along the dirt path hardened by the repetitive routine. At last they reached their destination. A handful of other zetraloids were already gathered around on stumps in a small clearing. Judging by the faint scent lingering in the air, they had doughnuts. At once, Domino recalled the lack of breakfast with the tempting aroma of maple and chocolate-- yes, chocolate especially. Splotch joined the others, sitting on an old log along with a few others. Unsure of what else to do, Domino pulled himself onto the log beside his father. The group rambled on with what Domino assumed must be jokes as they laughed and occasionally snatched up another doughnut. He watched the remainder on the plate, imagining how the moist treat would flake apart. Its chocolaty frosting, coat his mouth and bring with it the rich flavor to gush out. His tongue swirled against the walls of his mouth. Such delicious food, just beyond reach. At last his father and the others rose to set about their job. They 'fell' trees—that's what they said anyway. Loggers of such. Domino blinked and turned to face his father. The zetraloid was pulling his gloves on. Domino sighed and watched as his father fell in pace behind the others. All trod down another well worn pathway that lead deeper into the forest—beyond what he could see. Soon the whir of machinery roared to life. Smog billowed high above the tallest trees. The ground vibrated from the heavy equipment and every so often he would hear someone shout to another. After what seemed forever, a deafening snap would echo back--the kind of thick, wet, snap that made one know a broken bone was in bad shape. He assumed the same could be said for the state of the tree. Domino leaned back on the log and gazed at the sky above. By now, the sun had come out although it was hidden behind a thick blanket of clouds. “Hmm...” Reaching into a fold of his bandanna closest to his neck, he pulled out the green toy snake. “What'da ya think, Snakey? Wanna see the clouds?” He held his toy up towards the sky, clasped with care between his black tipped fingers. After a few moments, he scooted off the log and knelt beside it, pulling his toy across in a slithering motion. He set a pile of pine needles, brown and crisp, in front of the snake. Snatching up the snake again, he spun in a circle, making swooping noises for his toy snake that could now, apparently fly. “There's no room to land!” He called out then covered his mouth to muffle sound, “Snakey to airplane place, I'll be fine, over, kch. Coming in for landing. Kch Kch.” He let go of the snake, sending it swirling through the sky. It landed upside down on a rock. Domino didn't hesitate to pounce on it. He pushed the snake off and eyed up the rock before planting his hands spread firm on it and then kicked out, pulling his legs up until he was in proper handstand position. Letting his feet fall down once more, he hopped up and brushed his hands against each other. He grabbed Snakey from the ground and laughed as he tossed the toy into the sky once more, but this time it flew over the small ledge where he had been playing. Domino hurried to the edge of the clearing, sloping down was thick brush. It's slender but bountiful branches stuck out every direction, and far within it lay his snake. He walked around the giant clump but found no easier entrance. He flung the stick at the fortress holding his snake hostage only to have it rattle against the mass and pelt him with sharp twigs. He blinked and shook them off before stepping forward to challenge the enemy. Of course the 'twig' had no change of heart, forcing him to confront it even further. He pulled one of the branches back and reached for the toy but it was still beyond his grasp. Giving up on reaching Snakey, he attempted to disassemble the mass. He grabbed the rough branch with both hands and tugged, promptly falling back as the branch dislodged. “Take that, branch!” He jumped up and down on the thin little branch before going after the next. After about three more, he grew tired of freeing his snake and skittered around the patch. Hopping the remainder of the way atop crunchy leaves, he found himself at another divide of the creek by the bridge. It chattered industriously as the water tumbled over and around smooth stones. Small fish wiggled below the surface of the clear water as well as a few small plants. Domino stretched his arm out and plunged it beneath the water after a fish. Instead of a fish though, he caught a pile of pebbles. Releasing his catch, he pounced into the cold water and splashed about in its shallow depths. It was hardly to his waist if he stood and only three hop lengths to the small island in the center. It was even shorter from the other side where a small, mossy, log formed a bridge. The sun had drifted behind the towering pines by now and the water was basked in rippling shadows. With darkness creeping in, the water's temperature had dropped drastically. Domino crept out and sat huddled up on the bank as droplets of water ran to the tip of his nose and dripped off. Remembering his snake, he hurried back to its location and tried squeezing beneath a few of the branches. To his alarm, he got stuck halfway. Squirming, he tried to free himself but did nothing more than scratch his armor—his father would be furious. In the distance, Snakey lay beneath a tangle of branches. He stretched his arm out once more, finally reaching his snake. “Snakey!” He tucked the toy in his bandanna and attempted crawling through the way Snakey had gone but to no success. After a few more attempts, he sighed and pulled out the snake again. His mouth stretched wide in a yawn as he clumped the snake up like a pillow and rested his head on it. He meant only to wait, but tiredness took over and he was soon fast asleep. Aw...I looked through my dance book and they don't have the Flipside dance. D= Maybe if I call and complain I can get a refund and a few coupons. ANYWAY on to chapter...four? You mean the greatness I've been reading all along has been condensed into but three chapters?! How is this possible? =O That much awesome could never fit into such a small space. Ah..rant. Why does't thou keepeth me from reading the devine beauty above? xDD Okay on to reading. Aw geez..the dreaded walk of shame. ._. Yep, a smack. How nice. STOP BEATING DOMINO YOU JERK!!! D= Geez. He doesn't deserve to be kicked and stuff..especially from his own father. ._. Yeah now be all nice. >_> This is a sad story. =( Lying mean father...I guess he does go to work to support his family so he must care somewhat...and he's probably mad at Domino because he was worried about him but still..it's not fair and this saddened feeling will not go away. Maybe if I take the Splotch approach I can beat it and it'll leave. HA HA HA!! They do have donuts!!! Rockin'. xD Wow I never use that term. Poor guy. Hungry, no donut. =\ Innocent playing with Snakey. Wow that is SO easy to imagine. @_@ Snakey can fllly. =D xDD Amazin' Domino! xDD He is so innocent now something bad is bound to happen. xD Small attention span eh? xDD MUST SAVE SNAKEY. No...no...NOT SLEEP. No...he's going to be in serious trouble. >_< Oh geez. Very well written, I think this is mah favorite story of the ones you've written so far. xD I'm not exactly sure why, but it is very entertaining. =P Thanks ya much for posting. A smack how nice XDD then Brad gets more frantic. And no he does not ._. Something bad bound to happen XDD yes he did get easily side tracked. FYI this chapter I’m trying another ol technique I’ve been learning. The importance of short sentences to move action. To make interesting. Short. To the point. Action. Like in action ya know? Nevermind lol, you’ll see. Domino followed his father in solemn silence, with head down and helmet fins drooping. The entire walk home had consisted of Splotch yelling about how he hadn’t stayed where told to and made them waste precious daylight in searching for him. Now they were heading to the rabbits. He cast a wishful glance at their house in the distance as they reached the barn, but knew they wouldn’t be going there until finished. He probably didn’t deserve dinner anyway. Today hadn’t been his best display of obedience. He stumbled as his father shoved a bucket into his arms. After tottering back and forth for a few moments, he steadied out and followed. Rabbit feed. It undeniably smelled strange, like an assortment of grass and crushed leaves. The pellets were dusty, yet they looked somewhat edible. He blinked as he gazed up at the hutches containing the furry creatures. They wouldn’t miss a few of these strange pellets. He shoved a handful into his mouth and tried crunching them up. He turned to his father. Splotch snatched the bucket of feed from him and took it upon himself to feed the rabbits. Domino grimaced as the scratchy pellets caught in his throat. How could the rabbits eat such things? Did they constantly choke as well? He took another strained gulp, only to feel the trapped food stop up his throat like a plug. He tried calling for help but no sound was made and instead resorted to hopping from foot to foot and pushing on his neck. After feeding the last rabbit on the row, Splotch turned and noticed him. Abandoning the bucket, he rushed to his son, flipped him upside down and shook him. Domino coughed the pellets up and gasped as his father set him down. Maybe rabbit feed wasn’t such a good choice for a replacement meal. Splotch scrutinized him, but was just as soon distracted by a voice outside of the rabbit barn. He headed for the door but stopped short, gaze drifting to Domino. The little zetraloid fidgeted. “Like you did earlier today?” He reached for his son and plucked him from his place before looking for a suitable location to leave him. The barn was bare of anything of real use for such a purpose. A lone rake leaned against the back wall while a hoard of cobwebs entangled the ceiling. Aside from a few other tools, the only things there were the rabbit hutches. The rabbit hutches, of course. He cast a glance at the little zetraloid and unlatched one of the doors. His father had already gone. Domino hunched himself over so he wouldn’t get caught in the wiring. He’d hate to be the rabbits that had to stay in these tiny box-like homes all their lives. Wrapping his arms around his knees, he gazed at the rabbit munching the pellets it had been given. Its red and pink eyes were eerie in contrast to its white fur. Maybe it was a monster rabbit. He shook his head. That was a ridiculous idea…wasn’t it? He tried focusing on his father’s voice beyond the doors. He could hear both of them—his father and his visitor that was. His helmet fins drooped once more. If he hadn’t run off earlier maybe his father wouldn’t be angry—or if he hadn’t hid the other night by the apple tree. Would his father ever forgive him now? Why couldn’t they get along like his sisters did? He couldn’t remember doing anything to start this. He’d always wanted to have the same relationship, but his father only ever accused him of his downfalls. He was useless—that’s what his father said—and spent too much time worrying about having fun when he could be working or making himself useful. Was it so wrong to have fun though? He couldn’t understand why it would be. The light streaks that once slit through the wall boards had dimmed black. His father’s definition of being right back had dragged on to far more than that. Straining his transmitters, he tried to pick up his father’s voice again, but heard only the chirp of crickets. Had he been forgotten? Domino smacked his head on the top as he tried getting to the latch, causing the monster rabbit to rattle the hutch as it hopped from its spot. He flopped down, catching the beast with his foot. It squealed in terror and darted all the more frantic. His efforts were in vain as the creature ran over the top of him in its circular pattern. He scrambled to the door and shoved himself against it. No response. He tried reaching the latch through the wiring but found the space too small to fit his hand through. The rabbit hopped towards him. He pushed himself against the door even harder, until his shoulders were bunched up by his neck. With a sudden lurch, the door burst open. He tumbled out, landing square on his back. The rabbit was peering over its hutch opening, nose twitching, as Domino propped himself up and blinked. That had been unexpected. He sneezed and glanced up. The rabbit’s furry body dared edge closer and closer. He leaped to his feet and reached for the door, but the rabbit scurried in a blizzard of white fur and plopped to the ground. It fled with ease to a hole in the wood and squeezed its body through. “No, wait!” Domino called after it. He dashed to the door and bounced up to hit its latch before hanging on as it drifted open with a creak. His feet kicked with spry urgency before he let go and landed just outside. The sky dazzled with stars and a full moon bathed the ground in blue light. His father had forgotten about him! The rabbit hopped by in front of him and nibbled at a stalk of grass. Attention refocused, he crept forward with slow and steady steps as not to alarm the creature. Its ears perked up as its head swiveled towards him. He stopped. Its eyes looked straight to him, causing him to sigh. He knew what was to follow. The white creature fled. He had to catch the rabbit. His father would be even angrier at him if he found out. It might diminish his hopes of making amends all together. Ice churned in his belly as he slid to a stop and panted. Before him, low shrubs and bushes lay in the shadows of pines. The rabbit was gone. He crept towards the bushes and did his best to search around them. No rabbit. His helmet fins drooped at the reconfirming fact. It was gone. But he couldn’t go back empty handed, could he? Maybe he could find a wild rabbit. No, that wouldn’t work; they looked nothing like the white rabbits his father raised. He fumbled over to a rock and sat down. It had to be somewhere around here. Rabbits didn’t vanish after all—not unless they were the ones on magic shows. So that meant it had to be around. Maybe he could wait for it—it was evident no one at the house was missing him. The night was silent. No owls, the chirp of crickets had died away leaving only the whispers of gentle breeze. He rubbed his hand over the domino attached to his arm and peered out at the darkened shadows lapping at the ground. Surely the rabbit would turn up soon. Wasn’t it cold? He was. What started as minutes stretched on. Domino yawned and huddled himself up tighter on the small rock. It was as cold and lonely as the relationship he had with his father. Maybe that could be his motivation—the motivation for changing it. That was what would compel him to keep trying. To catch that rabbit…to stay awake. He blinked his eyes and sat up straighter, only to slump back down. Before long his eyes closed and breathing slowed to a dull, rhythmatic beat. A high-pitched squeal broke the sleep of night. Domino tumbled backwards off the rock as a series of longer, pained squeals erupted. Scrambling back, he fled up the hillside into the open space, eyes wide as his head lashed from side to side, checking that nothing had followed. The squeals died away with a final, weary cry. Breeze tugged at his bandanna as he shivered. The rabbit. Those squeals. No doubt the white furred creature had become another’s dinner. He felt his face heat up, despite the icy chill, as a few tears streaked his face. He had ruined it. Any chance he had of capturing it. Any chance of fixing his mistake. Any chance of pleasing his father. Everything. Eyes now streaming with tears, he charged off towards their house, stumbling over his own feet. Oh yeah. >_> I started this chapter happy ya know? Well now you do. So anyway I just remembered how mean his father was in that one chapter and I am mad at him now. Eh por Domino. >_> He thinks it's his fault. xD You know, so many odd coincidental things happen that parents don't seem to believe the youngin's until they are much older. >_> Poor Domino. Heeeeey. =. Splotch does seem to care. He rushed over to save his poor curious son. Hmmm he may not be so bad after all. I'm guessing you can't do the heimlich (sp?) on a zetra? xDD Instead you gotta flip em' and shake em'. I bet humans don't save many of them from choking. ._. Humans don't save many zetras. xD Sorry I wasn't clear. Because it seems like zetras are kind heavy and stuff and, believe it or not, as a human I can see how we would be not to helpful in such a situation. xD Well you are doing a fantastic job whatever you're doing...the story is great. After a bazillion years I managed to get over my emo self enough ti post something. I don't garuntee its as good cuz well I'm out of practice for way too long. Domino had crawled into his bed by early morning, sobbing on his pillow until he’d fallen asleep. Now he’d awoke, still sleepy from the night before and glanced around before recalling the rabbit. Had it all been a dream? He shook his head. No, it hadn’t. Today was Sunday—his father didn’t work Sundays, which meant he got up later. He was bound to discover the missing rabbit soon. Maybe he’d just be glad he had escaped? No. He shook his head again. How would he explain? What would happen? He felt tears forming in his eyes once more as dread tore at his core. His door opened as his two sisters burst into the room. They stopped abruptly. “Did’ja get hurt?” Speckle was already by his side, gazing at him up close. Before he could answer, he heard the front door slammed against the wall. “Domino!!” His father’s words rang through the house and Domino cringed, not meeting his sisters’ confused gazes as he pulled his blanket and pillow over his head. His father stomped down the hall, stopping only to push the door open all the way. He knocked over a stack of books in the process and moved briskly to Domino’s bed. His sisters fled as their father tore back the blanket and jerked Domino out by an arm. Domino didn’t dare make a noise though as his father marched silently out of the room, dragging him along. He could barely keep up with the brisk pace as his father held his arm captive. Tripping over a towel that had been left on the floor, he twisted his arm painfully. His father took no regard and proceeded to pass his mother whom had emerged from her room with a worried frown. Domino’s core raced as they neared the barn. He knew exactly what they would find—or wouldn’t, more like it. His father hadn’t mentioned anything about having left him here last night and he had a feeling it was intentional. He glanced up to see the empty hutch, and then to his father. The zetraloid’s glare told him all he needed to know. Domino fell silent as he watched his own feet, unwilling to look into his father’s icy eyes. It wasn’t like he would listen anyway. The best he could hope for was minimum trouble now. He had no real way to defend himself against any claim his father made. Even if he did, what good would it really do? “You know better than this!” His father repeated and slammed his hand down on the little empty hutch. What was he to answer? If he admitted the creature had frightened him, his father would be even more furious. If he chose to say because he had simply wanted to, it would save him from additional anger, but also be a lie. Was there any other option though? It wasn’t like his father didn’t know the real reason to begin with. He twiddled his thumbs together, mind reeling for an answer when his father lashed out with one hand. Domino shook his head and frowned as he reached to rub his face. It stung, but that was to be expected. What he hadn’t expected was the boiling frustration he felt flushing his face. Still, he managed to hold back a retort and flattened his helmet fins instead. Domino blinked and rubbed his jaw as he gazed up at his father. Didn’t he love him at all? Was he really only a liability? His father was in a blind fury it seemed as he grabbed the handle of a broken shovel and swung it at him. He took a few steps back to avoid being hit. His father didn’t let him finish as he grabbed the little zetraloid by one helmet fin and yanked him up. “Ow!” Domino squeaked as he tried pushing his father’s hand away to no avail. With disregard to Domino’s complaint, Splotch smacked him with the handle multiple times before it splintered and broke. With a grumble, he tossed it aside and searched for a new tool to use, at last settling for a small, garden spade. “I’m sorry!” Domino exclaimed, but Splotch took no note of it as he lifted the little zetraloid off the ground once more and began striking him with his new tool. Domino reached out helplessly, in no position to succeed in getting free. He didn’t dare cry out though. To do so would provoke a response from his father far more fearsome than this. Domino cringed, but didn’t answer his father’s question. His mind was far too sidetracked to attempt such a feat. His helmet fins braced against his head as he tried blocking out the pain. It wasn’t that bad after awhile. He knew if his father continued on long enough it’d become dull—an almost distant feeling. He didn’t mind the numbness so much. At last his father stopped. Domino’s helmet fins slowly rose as he cast an uncertain glance to his father. The zetraloid hardly looked back at him as he set him down. Domino didn’t move, rather gazing to the side as he waited for some kind of signal that he was allowed to go. Splotch sighed as he set the spade down; one corner of it had a bright blue substance staining the hardened soil stuck on it. Domino frowned, and ran his hand over his own shoulder. Much as he had expected, he felt the cooling trail of plasma trickling from a small gash. His attention returned to his father though. Splotch paid no attention to him. Rather stepping around him and leaving without a single word. It never ended that way for kids on t.v. When they apologized, their parents loved them again. Why didn’t that work for his own father? Domino watched as his father headed down the path leading to their neighbors. Why? He wasn’t entirely sure. Probably to argue over something. Guilt jerked at his throat as he left the rabbit barn and headed back down the path to their house. He hoped his father wouldn’t be angry still when he returned—it was just a stupid rabbit. As he neared their house, he spotted his sisters heading down towards the creek with baskets. They both stopped upon seeing him and waited for him to catch up. Despite all that had happened, Domino couldn’t help but grin as Speckle hugged him. He followed after his two sisters as they dashed along the path. They tromped down the side of the hill, and across prickly sticks and twigs until they came to a stop beside the little creek that trickled through their property. The sun had risen by now and glistened off the water crisscrossed by the shade of skeleton-like branches. The gentle churn of the little waterfall downstream was masked by the buzz of dragonflies and the croak of frogs. Blackberry bushes trailed from the rocky ground, tendrils dipping into the water at places. “It smells so good down here!” Speckle announced, taking in a deep whiff. “You think anything with food is heaven!” Smudge giggled. Domino shrugged and stepped in the shallow water, glancing around. Birds chirped above and ruffled their feathers out while a frog launched itself into the water with a plunk. He made his way to the other side, taking care not to slip on the slimy rocks hidden beneath the water’s surface. Blackberry bush branches stretched out in front in tangled masses. Up until now, he had forgotten all about being hungry. He reached for one of the plump blackberries and plucked it free before plopping it onto his tongue and munching contently. Swiping his tongue around his mouth, he reached for another and gobbled it up. He spied another flourishing branch above and stretched, snagging five more berries and munching once more. His sisters were busy on the other side, giggling and tossing their berries into the baskets. Domino smiled. It was peaceful without his father around and he could have fun with his sisters without a care in the world. After collecting more of the scrumptious berries, he sat on a rock surrounded by the shallow waters and watched leaves swirl down its pathway. “What?” Domino asked, licking at the purple stains on his hands. Domino grinned, holding out a berry and licking it slowly before plopping it into his mouth. Speckle smirked and launched herself into the water, splashing Domino. He splashed her back and before long, the two were rolling in its shallow depths. Smudge watched from a distance, not at all wanting to get wet and muddy like her crazy siblings. She put her hands on her hips, “You’ve done gone and lost your minds!” The comment went unnoticed. Domino slipped from his sister’s grasp and pulled her over. The two tumbled head over heels off of a small drop in the creek. The pool of water below was much deeper. Speckle gasped in surprise as she used Domino’s head as a platform to escape with. Domino laughed before his head was shoved underwater. He resurfaced quickly, shaking his head as he followed. He hopped atop a rock and shook his head again, sprinkling water droplets on the vibrant leaves around him. If only it could be like this all the time. “Hey, come and help us!” Speckle called to him again, she had returned to picking berries. He nodded and scurried over to her before helping. They were tasty little things. Blackberry pie. Blackberry jam. Blackberries and ice cream—they had tons of uses. All of which, he approved of. Once the baskets were full, they skipped back up the trail, pausing a time or two to point out a colorful flower or fluttering butterfly. Although he didn’t see the appeal of the specified creatures, he followed along with enthusiastic responses. When they reached the top, they paused before taking a different path home—across the old log by the broken down fence. The one with weeds that reached to his nose. Why they chose this path was agreed upon by all. It was simply more fun. “Bet’cha can’t hop this far!” Speckle called out. Smudge tried, but fell short. Speckle giggled and pointed at her while she tried to recover with grace. Domino was next, running to the end of the log and leaping. His feet met the earth and with satisfaction, he noted that he had made it further. “Lucky!” Speckle tossed an acorn at him. “Oh yeah?” She set her basket down and lept at him. He dashed to the side. She tripped over a rock and caught his leg, pulling him with her. Domino’s nose wrinkled as one of the weeds’ fluffy, seeded, tips tickled his nose. Speckle hopped up and laughed. Domino shook his head, sprinkling dandelion fluff every direction as he got up. He was just about to pounce on his sister when their mother’s voice echoed from far downhill. Speckle rolled her eyes and sighed. Domino nodded, brushing the dried grass from his bandanna as he followed along. A cold breeze swooped down on him as he rushed down the hillside—more frigid than the typical autumn air. Winter would be on its way soon. He loved winter, but neither he nor anyone else knew just what this winter had in store for them. First of all, I cannot wait to get reading. Flipside is thus far my favorite story of yours AND I haven't had any new Ten story reading material in so long. So I am quite excited. Sorry for not commenting last night, I was busy and super tired. ._. Chapter 6! Yay! Ah yes, the rabbit got out. How could I have forgotten? Uh-oh, impending doom. 0.0 That's never fun to look forward to! xD yay caring sisters. =P Uh oh....Splotch is mad. Blankets might keep monsters away, but not fathers Dom. =\ Aw poor Domino. =( Too bad his Mom can't intervene. A trip. =. Annnnd a hurt arm, of course. At least he can have some comfort in the fact his sisters are nice. Go Domino, go pick berries. =D ENJOY LIFE YOUNG ONE. >_> Very descriptive heading to the berry spot. =. Smells like water. xDD Nice response. Berries. =. Nutrition for the wounded is good. xD Taunting his sister. xDD Smudge is much more sophisticated I see. xD “You’ve done gone and lost your minds!” Eh...maybe not. Yessss poor Brad has had no Ten reading material. Lol c: Yes Domino did feel rebellious XPPP Yes his father is an insane person =U .....zetra. Zetra person. Olol XDD Silly Brad and Domino do not share the same mind c: Yes, TV LIED to poor Dom. Evil thing. XDD Enjoy life XPP Olololol slight change in story there Brad XDD She only is sometimes apparently. And to think she's usually the one correcting everyone's grammar. "Splotch slammed his own hand down on it in a fit of very adult like anger=P" indeed. xD She's usually the one correcting others' grammar? xDD Wow. You're welcome for the reply but I should b e thanking not you. Another day at work. Domino yawned and stretched his stubby fingers before curling them around Snakey’s plush body. Eyes glazed in sleep, his head bobbed forward. A deafening growl came from the machine down the hill. He leapt from his spot, before hurrying to regain his composure as his father walked by. His father had chosen to bring him all the way this time—to prevent him from getting in trouble. He’d already been warned about the consequences he would face if he disobeyed. His father was in an especially cheerless mood today, granted he wasn’t cheerful any day. It was a shame not to be cheery with Christmas so near. Everything was right. A dazzling sheet of powdery snow, frozen creeks, pines peaking beneath the white dust. It definitely shown of Christmas. They would decorate their own Christmas tree soon. He was confident. It had sat outside for two days already in order for the bugs to crawl out and find new homes and a winter storm was scheduled to blow in soon so their father would want it situated before then. A frigid breeze spattered him with snow. He shook his head and shook out his bandanna as well. It was cold today; maybe he should’ve brought a jacket. Glancing down the slope, he noticed his father and the others struggling to secure their footing by a tall pine. The snow had turned to a sloshing mud. It wasn’t ideal logging weather at all, but it wasn’t against safety regulations for a zetraloid to try anyway—at least he didn’t think it was. An echoing holler pierced all the noise as the zetraloids tried to roll the log to its side. It was almost pointless. They couldn’t send them down any waterway here. The creek was too small—and frozen. Frozen. Ice skating. Ice skating was fun, or so it looked on T.V. He betted he could do it, but no, he’d be in trouble if he left his spot. He tossed Snakey into the air and caught his green companion before pressing it into the snow to make an imprint. Domino had big plans for today. He would build snowmen. They could battle against the snow blobs. Then he’d have a snowball fight. Speckle would never see it coming! Domino blinked and shook himself back to reality. His father was calling him from down the hill. He hopped through the mounds of snow until he was close enough to see and hear his father distinctly. Splotch was covered in mud from helmet fins to feet, which must have been buried in the muck, and was grumbling at the tree as well by the looks of it. “What chain?” Domino struggled to make his voice loud enough to be heard. “Oh.” It was more to himself than anything. Just as his father had said, there was a chain wrapped around the stump they had set their other supplies on. Around and around he hopped until the chain was free. He walked back to the slope and eyed up a bare strip of mud. A grin spread across his face as he charged forward and let himself slip down it. Of course this made the chain mud laden as well. He smiled as he offered it to his father. Splotch held out his hand without bothering to look at its condition. It was unlikely to matter anyway, everything was covered in mud. Domino made faces at the mud sticking to his feet as he stomped down on it. “Stay out of the way!” Splotch growled as he shoved Domino back before the log crushed him. “Sorry.” He muttered, but couldn’t even hear his own words over the buzz of chainsaws and clank, clank, clank of their lever machine. He shook a plop of mud that had found its way onto his armor off and headed to the creek side. His father said nothing on the matter although he was sure he could see. That made it okay, right? He was out of the way after all, and if they needed his help then he would hear them better from here. He sat on a rock by the frozen water’s edge. It had been covered in a thin layer of fluffy snow. Beneath the ice, bubbles of oxygen collected. He tapped on the ice. Nothing happened. A loud shout drew his attention away. His father was flailing his arms in gestures unseen by Domino before. The focal point of his odd behavior was none other than a zetraloid he’d heard called Crag. It seemed as though the gestures offended him as he pointed and argued back. Boring. Domino returned to inspecting the creek. Was it hard enough to walk on? He tapped it with his foot. It felt solid and it didn’t show any sign of being insufficient. Holding the rock with his fingertips, he stretched himself out to test it with both feet. Near instantly he slipped and hit his knees on it with all his weight, but nothing happened. He felt it with an outstretched hand. It was almost like a rock. A very cold rock. Making his way back to solid ground, he cast another glance at his father before taking a running leap at the iced creek. Everything turned to a whitish whir as he swung in circles, further and further out onto the ice, stopping in the center. Laughing, he tried to stand, only to have his legs sprawl out once more. Snaky slipped from its place and plopped onto the ice. “You don’t skate very gooder.” Domino informed it as he tied the toy to his bandanna. He began pulling himself off the ice so that he could take another run at it. It wasn’t easy, but eventually he wormed his way back to the snow laden ground. That was Snakebite. Domino’s sisters often spoke of rumors about how the zetraloid had gotten his name. They liked to claim he tore a snake in two with his teeth, but Domino suspected it had something to do with his two curved fangs. In fact, he was almost frightening if one didn’t know him. One eye was yellow while the other was red and he had armor that resembled overlapping scales. Not to mention it was striped in shades of brown, tan and black much like a rattlesnake and even had a long, snake-like tail. Despite appearance, Snakebite was one of the nicest zetraloids Domino knew. Granted that number was small, but nevertheless he ranked high on the list. “Lot’s a fun!” Domino chimed in reply as he leapt up on a rock. Snakebite’s attention shifted at the vreer of another chainsaw. The zetraloid, Crag had ventured further along the creek and was tackling a different tree alone. He returned to Splotch and the others. Domino shrugged before glancing at Crag. Why was he working alone? Maybe it had something to do with his father’s previous conversation. He scurried along the snow covered slope, tumbling back down a time or two before successfully clinging to a rock and clambering up. Crag took no notice of him so he came closer to wait for an opening. The chainsaw kicked back with a high pitched vreer before Crag shut it off and kicked the tree. It did little good of course and instead only caused him to grumble some kind of inaudible line of words and rub his foot. “I just wanted to say hi!” Domino followed him to the other side. It seemed Crag needed some cheering up. “How come y’er up here?” Domino followed once more as he circled around the large tree, inspecting it. Still no answer. Crag returned to the place his chainsaw had sliced into and ran his hand over it. He flashed a quick glance at Domino, eyes slanted in anger and a persistent frown tugging at the corners of his mouth. “’Y’er wastin’ time ‘n daylight!” A familiar voice echoed from below, loud and clear. Crag’s eyes were aflame like hot coal as he reached for his chainsaw, clenching his mouth shut and turning back towards the tree. “Dad knows lots about making trees fall over in the snow!” Domino offered cheerfully. Domino noticed Crag’s hand now had a death grip on the chainsaw’s handle, almost to the point of shaking. At last he turned away from Splotch with a snort of disgust as he tugged the starter for the chainsaw a few times, however, in the cold, the device wasn’t working as well. Crag smacked his hand away from the chain’s teeth. Domino blinked in surprise and scrambled back. He clasped his hands together and took a few more steps back as Crag approached. Helmet fins down, he began edging towards the direction farthest from Crag. That happened to lead to a dead end of the ledge which overlooked the creek below. Crag’s helmet fins perked up as he watched. A smirk coiled at the edge of his mouth, eyes glimmering with satisfaction. “Domino, Domino, my little buddy.” He took a few steps towards him. Confused, Domino stepped back half a step and felt his foot begin to slip. Crag’s arm shot out though, catching him by his wrist before he could fall. Domino gazed up at him. His smirk had faded into a welcoming smile, so he decided to smile back. Domino followed where Crag pointed. The frozen creek. Close to where he was working. It was at least thirty feet across or so. “Nonsense! I’ll be able to keep an eye on you for him, don’t worry! Just go have some fun.” he pushed Domino along towards the downward slope leading to the frozen bank of the creek. “Uh…well okay.” Domino agreed as he was ushered to its side. Before he’d gotten a chance to even test the edge, Crag had shoved him onto it. “Ah!” Domino yelped in surprise as he slammed down face first on the ice. He shook his head and looked up to see Crag smile and wave, before leaving and returning to the tree. Domino grimaced as he tried pulling his legs beneath himself for balance. They barely stayed put long enough for him to spin in a circle. He crossed his arms and glared before scrambling once more. It pushed him a foot or so, but he still couldn’t get up. The chainsaw had roared to life again. That was good. Succeeding was bound to cheer Crag up—whatever his issue was. Domino returned to his ice skating. Or sliding. Since he couldn’t stand, he settled for pushing himself around on his belly. Even that required serious leg work though and he scarcely covered any distance. By now he’d propelled himself out into the center again. He paused, looking at the ice, then shivered. Black water was lapping hungrily just below. Down here the creek was deeper than where it streamed down the mountainside. It was a sort of pocket, a twelve foot deep pocket. It made him wonder. In cold weather like this…could anything survive in it? A loud creak peeled his attention from the ice. A tree. Its groaning, wood splitting, roar tore through the forest around it. Crag’s tree of course—seemed he had finally cut it free. It was headed over the ledge he’d nearly fallen off of. Hmm, that was strange. Why did he want it to fall that way? Crag would never be able to pull it off of the ice. He couldn’t even stand! The massive tree came crashing down, limbs lashing wildly as the beast of a tree reached the ice. At the same moment, he noticed the tree hadn’t stayed on top of it—it had crashed through! He glanced down as the shifting creaks of ice sounded all around him. Hairline fractures unfolded before him like spider web. His helmet fins pulled back in a flash as he looked to the ledge for Crag. Nothing. The ice beneath him had begun to sink, letting the water seep above the surface. The front lurched forward and shattered. He tried leaning back only for that to split as well. Helplessly, he plunged into the frigid water. He cried out for help as its razor cold current whipped him around. Near instantly his body was tense and he desperately reached out with one hand towards the remaining ice. It crumbled in his hand. His cry tapered off as the water forced him down into its depths. Struggling, he bobbed above the surface again. Eyes shut tight; he flailed an arm with slow jerking motions. “He—ngh!” He cringed as he smashed against the tree. His frozen hand caught in one of the branches and he desperately tried to wrap his fingers around it. Eyes now open, his head swished to one side. He could only hear the crashing of creek water as it slapped against his face, needles every time. The brown zetraloid didn’t move though and remained in his spot, watching with a smirk as the water battered him and filled his throat with ice cold waves. Water splashed into his eyes then his head dipped back under. Domino’s cold limbs were unresponsive, rendering him unable to fight back. The black water pulled him and the branch down deeper. The light of the surface disappeared as the tree rolled, pinning him against rocks. His chest was painfully constricted and at last, he could no longer hold his breath. Ice water washed into his mouth as his limbs thrashed in slow ripples as his life was choked away. He crushed one transmitter against a jagged rock, tearing it open. Its hurt did not register. His numb body jerked once more as water flooded his system. On the bank, the others were taking a short break to assess their overall progress. Splotch was taking a few measurements and generally sizing up the tree and their next plan of attack. No one else seemed to be taking any notice of much more than simple conversation. No one aside from Snakebite that was. He’d known Domino had been playing by the creek and his sudden absence was troublesome. Not to mention the little zetraloid could have easily gotten in the way of Crag. The others muttered some similar reply of not having seen the spotted little kid in awhile. Snakebite frowned. If he knew Splotch’s kid, and he was pretty sure he did, then the little zetraloid had certainly gotten himself in some form of trouble. Without waiting around to ask more, Snakebite leaped over the log and charged up the hillside. The zetraloid simply shrugged as he leaned back against another tree. Checking back and forth, he saw no sign of the small zetraloid. The others had split off to search down the slopes by now. Everyone aside from Crag anyway. If the situation hadn’t been so urgent, Snakebite would’ve asked why Crag saw no need to help, but that was the least of his worries for now. By now even Splotch, who had previously refused to help search, had decided to come along. Despite the others’ urgency, Splotch hardly seemed concerned. Crag gave him a three fingered wave before returning to his watching. “He must be in the creek!” Snakebite exclaimed as he followed the slope Crag had lead Domino down. Splotch walked to the cliff tip and gazed over the side—nothing but black water torpedoing down and over its banks. Crag merely shrugged and followed. “The tree.” Snakebite murmured to himself. No regard to the dangerous conditions, he rushed down the bank until he came to the closest place of access. He splashed through the shallow depths up until it was waist high. The cold seared through him like a jagged knife as he grasped the end of the log at last and clung to it. He pulled himself on top of it and balanced against the swaying current. From the shore, Splotch and the others watched. Snakebite could hardly hear Splotch anyway above the roar of water. “Idiot.” Splotch grumbled as he returned to the log. Chances the small zetraloid was still alive were slim, but there was no way Snakebite would leave without trying. He was convinced Domino hadn’t run off to play. He had to be stuck out here somewhere. He took a deep breath and plunged over the side hanging on with one hand. At once he made out the shape of the pinned zetraloid, but there was no way to reach him. Reluctantly he returned to the surface. “Get that chain over here!” He called, voice quivering. Bracken and Fallow, the other two working, cast a quizzical glance at each other. “No! Stay here!” Splotch demanded. Bracken and Fallow had dislodged the chain and ditched Splotch and Crag by now, having opted to help Snakebite as the two, once again found their way into another disagreement. The two wrapped the chain around their arms and began their struggle. The fierce water made it especially difficult and more than once, their progress dwindled back. The branch Domino was caught in started to surface. Fallow dug his foot into the mud as best he could while Bracken continued trying to walk the opposite way. Snakebite took his chances, pulling himself across the log again; he grabbed the spotted zetraloid by his bandanna and began dislodging him with stiff hands. The log creaked as it began to turn once more, rolling the opposite way. The chain snapped with a jerk, throwing Snakebite off. He held onto the small zetraloid the best he could as he struggled to pull him free, working beneath water once more. At last, he was free. He thrashed around in the water for a few moments before he was able to get upright and head in the right direction. Fallow and Bracken helped him to the bank where he collapsed to his knees, holding the limp little zetraloid close. Chappeetar Sehvin! Yaaaaaaowdy!! 13 MS word pages of greatness I am sure. Allow me to get straight to readin'. Stubby fingers. xD Snakey is still his only fwiend. =. Geez the pity and guilt for Domino appear almost as soon as I start reading. o.0 *blames this on your skill* Ah, nothing quite like a non cheery father to start the day. Aye, Christmas be near me lad. A time of joy and giving be it. Cheer up Splotch, or ye be pardoned yer gifts. >=. "DOMINO." Someone bellowed who didn't care no doubt. "Fathah." Domino started, a little ashamed. "I fear I've gone a little wee-wee in me britches!" Splotch would have been angry had little british Domino not sounded so adorable. =3 "Aw son, how could Brad stray so far from the story like this? Surely he is not BORED reading Ten's tale is he?" Domino paused and thought for a moment. "Why, no fathah. He just gets carried away easily that is all. And likes to make me british it would seem." Dang Crag. You spoiled some of this part for me so I know what's coming, yet I keep hoping it won't. xD DOMINO DOESN'T DESEEEERVE THIIIIS. *crai* Domino cares about Crag getting cheered up, and here he plans to murder Domino. >=. =O Very descriptive with the ice cracking and stuff now. 0.0 Panic alert Domino. D= Poor Domino. =( Everyone is so mean to him. >=. He's just a kid gosh. Cut him some slack guys. Wow. ._. That's a little scary when he's um...drowning there. And very sad. X_x Way to care Splotch. >=. Your son is drowning you big jerk. Way to give up super fast too. Just have Snakebite adopt him or something, it's pretty obvious you don't care. xDD Y'all got me mad at your characters. Very VERY well written chapter. 0.0 Talk about emotions, here I think Splotch cares, then I get mad, now I'm hopeful he kicks the crap out of Crag and therefore I'll like him again. xD Domino I always feel guilty for, you had me genuinely mad at your characters there for a while and even though I know Domino survives, while Snakebite was getting him out of the water I was wondering if he'd be okay! xDD You certainly know how to make the reader feel things. Also, you described the snow and ice and everything very effectively. I could imagine everything perfectly and the characters, as usual, are extremely believable and consistent. One of my favorite chapters so far. Thank you SO much for posting. XDDDD He plans violence yes. Thanks for the ice thing, it took me awhile to get the pacing I wanted and wording that seemed to fit the action. Lol it was scarier for me D: I had to pretend I was in said situation XDD and I didn’t like it >3> XD Splotch’s find son motivation is at an all time low XDDD Splotch< I DUN SEE. I GIVES UP. Ah yes, putting yourself in that situation...didn't think of that. I was selfish and felt bad only for Domino. xD Sorry Ten. "………………no c: XD I will not make you like him, most likely. XD" Okee, thanks for the heads up. Splotches find son motivation. xDD YES EXACTLY. Seems like something you'd pull. xD Now I wonder about Snakebite's future. ._. It seems....bleak. this was hard to write seeing as my main character was unconscious and it was sort of a transitional chapter. Speckle and Smudge sat silently near the stationary lump on the couch. Their brother. He hadn’t moved since Snakebite had first brought him here. Their mother had asked why Splotch hadn’t returned, neither of the two had heard his response though. Domino was wrapped in many blankets, only part of his pale face visible. He looked dead to them; Snakebite had insisted he was just unconscious though. Day was fading into night. Dark shadows were swallowing the glistening snow outside the window and the faint jingle of bells told them the wind had kicked up slightly. Speckle sighed as she left her seat by the window and walked over to Domino. His current spot was right in front of a small kerosene heater. “Domino…” She shook his shoulders, but he didn’t respond. “Domino!!” She called again louder. Nothing. The front door slammed against the wall. Splotch was home. Dotti was there in an instant. Speckle returned her attention to her brother and shook his arm again. Speckle made a face at her sister before poking at her brother again. He still had no response. Their mother and father were now in the room, no doubt with great argument. The two glared at each other for some time, an unspoken anger sparking between the two. Splotch would never willingly admit to any fault. Dotti was the first to give in as she sat down on the chair beside the couch, casting a weary glance to Domino. Splotch shook his head and kicked a stack of magazines from his path before leaving to get washed up. He left a trail of mud after him all the way to the laundry room which only added to its messy appearance. There was hardly a moment to spare as a knock sounded on the front door. Reluctantly, Dotti left their unconscious son and went to open it. The sky was dark by now. She hadn’t realized how much time had flown by. She turned the handle and gave the door a hard nudge to open it. In her doorway stood Snakebite, his lithe form was rather easily distinguished next to most. Dotti frowned and put her hand to her mouth. He stopped. Splotch had appeared around the corner, wiping his hands on an old rag. Dotti stepped aside as he pushed by. Splotch had slammed the door in his face. “Shut. Up.” He gave her an ice cold glare, before turning back without a word. She didn’t bother to try and reason with him any further, rather making a detour back to the room they’d left Domino in to watch over the little limp zetraloid. Surely life wouldn’t be so cruel to a zetra so young. She shook her head. The water would have been cold. Did he really stand a chance against its risks? Speckle and Smudge returned to their brother’s side. All they could do was wait and see. Every now and then his helmet fins would twitch, but that was it. This would be a long night.

2019-04-18T20:54:36Z

http://zetras.forumotion.com/t15-flipside

3D-ICONS Ireland – fulfilling the potential of a rich 3D resource. Corns et al. Internet Archaeol. 43. There is a growing awareness that many important heritage and archaeological sites are vulnerable and exposed to potential threats. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and violent storms, have led to the destruction of countless important sites (IPOL-CULT_EU 2007), and this has been exacerbated in recent times by deliberate acts of aggression – ideologically driven or mindless acts of vandalism (Curry 2015). Once destroyed these important parts of our past are lost forever. Over the past decade, however, there has been a growing recognition that 3D surveying methods can play an important role in the preservation of cultural heritage structures and objects through a process of 3D digital documentation. High-resolution 3D surveying techniques – such as terrestrial laser scanning – are ideal for recording heritage sites where vernacular construction methods have made straight lines and regular geometries a rarity. Projects such as Cyark and the ScottishTen have championed the cause of this approach and have played a major role in raising the profile of 3D digital documentation. In light of such projects a three-year collaborative EU co-funded pilot project called 3D-ICONS began in February 2012 with the objective to create a range of 3D models of the iconic archaeological monuments and architectural buildings of Europe that would be available online to the general public. Core to the project was the development of a pipeline for the production of such models including: capture methodologies, 3D modelling and presentation processes, metadata, licensing and 3D data IPR, and finally the potential application of the data in sectors such as education, tourism and conservation. The Discovery Programme was invited to represent Ireland, bringing our experience in 3D data capture to the project. The first task was to collate a list of sites and monuments in Ireland suitable for digitisation, representative of both the range of cultural monuments found in Ireland, and the complexity of the documentation challenges. Working from the UNESCO world heritage sites list and those proposed on the tentative list for Ireland (World Heritage Ireland 2016), 21 cultural heritage sites were selected, ranging from complete ancient landscapes such as Brú na Bóinne, the location of spectacular megalithic tombs to detailed carved high crosses, such as those preserved at the medieval monastery of Clonmacnoise. The survey methodology depended on the scale of the site, and could be divided into three categories. Cultural sites defined by landscapes were documented using existing airborne laser scanning (ALS) resources, both from fixed wing and helicopter-based systems (FLI-MAP 400). Upstanding monuments and architectural buildings were surveyed using a Faro Focus 120 terrestrial laser scanner with georeferencing provided via a Trimble 5800 GPS using VRSnow NRTK corrections. Detailed objects such as carved stones and architectural details were recorded using an Artec EVA handheld optical scanner. Although three very diverse techniques, the result of this digitisation was high-volume, high-resolution 3D data. These are scientific datasets of exceptional value to engineers and architects and they can play a major role in monitoring and conservation of cultural heritage sites. Point clouds are an increasingly common survey output and most geomatics professionals are now comfortable viewing and manipulating such data in specialist software. However, to the general public such data can be very difficult to access and understand. Interaction normally requires installing third-party viewers, and navigating through the point cloud; an unusual environment for the inexperienced and can be disconcerting, as solid walls can appear transparent as the space between points increases on closer inspection. In addition, 3D models have relatively large file sizes, commonly 10-20 GB, which can be difficult to distribute via the web and a challenge to display on a standard PC. Rather than viewing point clouds, inexperienced users generally find it easier to interpret and interact with surface mesh models, particularly when photo realistic or enhanced surface textures are added. However, if the model retains an appropriate resolution then the file size is likely to be excessive and not appropriate for accessing via the web. The solution came from looking at techniques and software more commonly associated with the gaming industry. By utilising UV maps, a high-resolution surface model of an object is stored as a normal map, which would be subsequently applied to a retopologised low polygon model re-creating the appearance of the higher resolution 3D model. A relatively simple concept, but one requiring access to and experience with a diverse range of software. The detailed stages of this solution are outlined in the example of St Kevin's Church, a small structure in the monastic settlement at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow. This small 11th- or 12th-century church with a stone roof presented a typical challenge encountered in the project. The primary data was captured using a Faro Focus 120 laser scanner, resulting in a final segmented and geo-referenced point cloud containing 212 million points. The data file in Faro format was 1.48GB, and when exported as an ASCII xyz file was 7.5GB. The first processing step resampled the point data to a uniform spacing of 1cm, removing unnecessary points where data overlap was excessive while retaining all the relevant detail. This process also reduced noise from the data and created a uniform cloud, which would be beneficial to the creation of mesh surfaces. The xyz ASCII file was now 330MB, down from 7.5GB and less than 5% of the original. This ASCII file was imported into Geomagic Wrap, a powerful point-to-mesh modelling software. Here, a high-resolution mesh was generated and a number of functions applied to the mesh model, including the removal of spikes and outliers and the filling of holes within the data. This cleaned, high-resolution mesh model (17.6 million polygons, file size 1.34GB) was exported as an .obj file, the industry standard for a mesh. The resulting high-polygon mesh was simplified and resampled (approx. 1% of original size) to form a uniform low-resolution TIN model. The high and low resolution models are then imported into Autodesk Mudbox where they appear in the same model coordinate space. The low-resolution mesh was then re-topologised in order to create a mesh suitable for texturing. The result of this process was a low-resolution mesh containing only 200,000 polygons, with a file size of 10.4MB. The next step was to generate a series of UV maps of the low-resolution mesh utilising the Unwrella plugin within Autodesk 3DS max. UV mapping is the process of projecting 2D textures onto a 3D model, with U and V denoting the coordinate axes of the 2D texture. This UV map was the key component as it acts as a projection framework on to which all surface textures conform. A UV normal map was then extracted from the high-resolution mesh model in Autodesk Mudbox. Normal maps store the direction of the normal of the high-resolution 3D model, and when applied back onto a low-resolution model, the texture pixels dynamically control how the light interacts with the model surface, creating the illusion of a detailed 3D surface. The second map applied to the low-polygon model was an ambient occlusion map, generated from a programme called xNormal. This process produced a global ambient shading map that enhanced the 3D geometry of the object, such as shading recessed areas on carved stones or the area between stone blocks in built structures. The Faro Focus scanner does not capture suitably high-resolution data for a final model so spherical HDR images were captured using a Canon EOS 5D mkII and a Gigapan Epic Pro. Utilising MARI 3D texture painting software, these spherical images were projected onto the model and the photo texture extracted without the evidence of parallax errors. The results – textured or enhanced shaded models – achieved the objective of the project and could be repeated for models at the other scales, landscapes and detailed stones, using the same processing principles. The final phase of the project was to find a suitable web platform that provided online access to the models. Sketchfab was chosen, a website that enables users to display and share 3D content online. It provides a 3D model viewer based on WebGL technology that can be embedded on any mobile or desktop webpage. A Discovery Programme Sketchfab page was established to host the 3D-ICONS project models (see Figure 2), and the wider range of 3D content being created. The EU funding of the 3D-ICONS project ended in January 2015, and as such the project and its activities came to a close. The outcomes and legacy of the project was its website, largely focused on accessing the metadata of the models created, and a publication of guidelines (MDR Partners 2016a) and case studies (MDR Partners 2016b). However, the response in Ireland to the project was overwhelmingly positive so the Discovery Programme decided that the 3D content created for the European project should be given its own dedicated website, with the potential to add 3D models of new monuments, maintaining the momentum in 3D modelling established by 3D-ICONS. Launched on 15 April 2015 by Heather Humphries TD, Minister of Arts Heritage and Gaeltacht, with coverage on the national television news (RTE 2015) and online media (Irish Times 2016) this website has proved to be the catalyst for a number of exciting and diverse applications utilising the rich 3D content generated for the European project. The Irish website, called 3D-ICONS Ireland, Figure 3, was designed and built utilising Joomla CMS in house at The Discovery Programme over the following months, with narratives, images, videos and models created for each site accessible by search, list or map interface. It is a relatively simple website with a clean design, chosen to appeal to as wide an audience as possible. Traffic has fluctuated, with spikes reflecting promotion or publicity, but generally at the level of 50 engagements per day through the 3dicons.ie website and varying levels of use of the 3D models directly through Sketchfab, with the most viewed models having an audience of 41,000 users (as of 3 Feb 2017). Although we instinctively felt that 3D-ICONS Ireland had the potential to become an educational resource it was somewhat by chance that the opportunity arose to pursue this agenda. Through word of mouth, we became aware that the 3D-Icons website was being used as a classroom resource by secondary teachers in a local school, so we arranged a meeting in the school to discuss their experiences. The Junior Certificate history curriculum and the History of Art Leaving Certificate curriculum both included the vast majority of the site types included on the website (Delap and McCormack 2011; Fahey and Geoghan-Treacy 2011). Like their colleagues in Britain and elsewhere, the people who teach archaeology in Irish schools do not have degrees in archaeology (Planel 1990). Instead they are teachers of history and art history with degrees in those subjects. We need to provide resources that allow these teachers to show their students that archaeology and material culture are an important source of information in their own right rather than just an addition or illustration for the historical record (Moreland 2001). This is essential if we are to ensure that future generations of Irish students are archaeological literate and concerned with the preservation and research of archaeological sites. We discussed with the teachers both how they used the website and what we could do to improve its usability. In the first year history class the teacher used the website to illustrate her instruction; she navigated the website and showed the students the images on a large projection screen. In this case, the students' use of the website was passive but they were encouraged to access the website at home. As a follow-up to this exercise, the students were asked to compile drawings of the site types they had seen on screen, and in the case of an Early Medieval monastery they were tasked with labelling the different structures and areas within the monastery. The Art History teacher adopted a more participative approach, where he not only projected the images onto a central screen but also encouraged the students to look the images and navigate their way through them using their smart phones. The spaces between monuments in an archaeological complex are considered by the students as well as the monument itself. The students are asked to consider the difference between seeing a site as a 3D model onscreen and seeing it in reality. Before the class visited Bru na Boinne, they researched the site on 3D-ICONS Ireland as well as a number of additional sources. Finally, the class made clay models of some of the features at Newgrange, including the entrance stone (Figure 4), using the online 3D models as their primary source material. The older students were allowed to have greater autonomy in their learning, and were encouraged to search for information themselves. The younger students were strictly guided through the resource, and teachers of this cohort indicated that a dedicated schools section on the 3D-ICONS Ireland website should be developed that would encourage independent learning and inspire students to find answers to their questions. All the teachers we spoke to suggested that the inclusion of more interaction with the online models through the use of information/hot spots in the models is desirable, and that the information provided should include historical as well as technical information. They also stressed that these descriptions should be written in an accessible style, with language that is appropriate to the students and reflects the language used in their text books. They also agreed that videos showing the process of data capture as well as interviews with the staff carrying out the survey were desirable. Contact was made with the History Teachers Association of Ireland and a presentation on the site was made to their committee, highlighting the site's potential uses in the classroom environment. Following on from this meeting, details of the website were circulated to all their members by email and posted on their Facebook page. They also indicated that they planned to include the 3D-ICONS Ireland website in a session on interactive teaching methods for the Junior Certificate. Additional activities within education included first-year students at Southeast Missouri State University, USA, using 3D printers to create models of St Kevin's Church and the Market Cross at Glendalough as part of a course on pre-modern European History (Figure 5). The students were set the assignment during a module on early medieval European monasticism. Split into groups of four or five, they selected one of the sites to print and research. Students worked in the multimedia centre to create explanatory material to accompany their 3D print, with one group choosing to make a podcast. Their assignment specified that the explanatory material should include the historical context of the artefact as well as the how 3D printing could be used in a public history context. The vast majority of the students at Southeast Missouri State University have never left the USA, and many have never left the region. Consequently, they can sometimes find it difficult to visualise and thus truly understand the places they are learning about. Medieval Europe seems very distant and alien to them and they struggle to comprehend that they are learning about the lives of real people, just like them. By being able to handle a tangible object that directly connects them to a distant place and time it was felt that they had helped to close this gap. Several of them remarked that it was 'cool' to be able to touch something that came from medieval Ireland. The enthusiasm of the students for the project was also illustrated by the fact that many of them conducted additional research in their own time and that they consulted the library's print materials during this research (something their lecturer was keen for them to do but which they had previously been reluctant to attempt). Due to the high quality of the work produced, the 3D prints and their accompanying explanatory material were displayed in exhibition space in the University Library. This exhibition was so successful that the library requested that it be left on display for longer than had been originally planned. Looking ahead we would like to encourage more students to use 3dicons.ie by increased promotion of the site, developing the website to make it more user-friendly and implementing some of the suggestions we received from teachers. The inclusion of links to the website from the Heritage Council Map Viewer should also increase its visibility. The example from Southeast Missouri State University indicates the potential uses for the background data that was used to create the models. At the moment these data are available on request to those using it for educational and non-commercial reasons; facilitating access to the data for greater numbers of researchers as its potential become apparent will present its own challenges. The public appetite for 3D models of archaeological sites is indicated by the high levels of engagement on social media (specifically Facebook and Twitter) whenever a video or model is posted online. Tourism in Ireland is strongly associated with the wealth of heritage sites that attract visitors from around the world. The experience offered to the visitor ranges from free unguided access to controlled tours with restricted access, such as in the Brú na Bóinne. The Office of Public Works (OPW), who manage many sites, were interested in how the 3D data gathered through the 3D-ICONS project might be used to develop more interactive experiences, and particularly give visitors glimpses, albeit in a digital environment, of areas where access is restricted. As a pilot study, the East and West passages in the great chambered tomb at Knowth, normally closed to visitors, were chosen to see how the 3D data could be developed into an immersive, virtual model. The production process was an extension of the pipeline developed for the 3D-ICONS project (see section 3), using gamification methods to produce visualisations of Irish Heritage sites. The original survey data gathered for Knowth as part of 3D-ICONS was high-density point cloud data, and this was brought into Realworks to be cleaned and segmented into smaller manageable segments. These pieces were separated in such a way to effectively hide seam lines from the viewer, as well as breaking them into roof, floor and wall sections. Again, as in the 3D-ICONS processing path, we took the segmented point clouds, created meshes, which were then decimated and retopologised and high-detail UV maps were extracted from the detailed model to apply to the low-polygon mesh. An additional process was to add fringes of edge loops extending from the boundary of each passage segment to allow for overlapping of the retopologised passage segments. Given the low lighting and confined space of the passage, as well as time constraints/lack of ease of access to the passages it wasn't viable to capture imagery to use in completely photorealistic texturing. Instead, sample photography was captured at several points throughout the passages and used to build a swatch for the stone surfaces. This swatch was then used as a palette to paint custom diffuse textures for each passage segment. The resulting diffuse maps were combined with the previously extracted ambient occlusion and normal maps on each passage segment to re-create the detail on the faces of the standing stones. A massively high-polygon model of the Knowth passages was brought in to 3DSmax to align each segment properly. The aligned models were then brought into Unity. In Unity the texture maps were applied, along with lighting. The decision was made to bake the lighting into the scene to save on real-time rendering, as well as enable the use of another level of ambient occlusion, this time built into the model as a whole rather than separated by segment. This allowed for more even texturing and a more balanced finish. After the scene was built and all physical assets of the levels were created and textured, the next phase was adding a controllable character and then building the User Interface (UI). Our plan is to develop both a standard screen-based experience as well as an immersive Virtual Reality (VR), utilising Oculus Rift viewing device. Using some standard UI assets provided by Unity as well as some customisation, we managed to build a first-person experience for the Knowth passages. With the technical challenges resolved the virtual environment is now ready to be made public, with discussions on how it may be installed to enhance the visitor experience to Knowth in the near future. Figure 6 gives an impression of the final model, taken from a video navigating the passage. Licensing 3D models of monuments can assist film companies in the production process. 3D models can enhance the pre-production process by enabling the visualisation of potential filming locations and enhance the planning and efficiency of shot creation during the filmmaking process (Zwerman and Okun 2014). The ability to provide detailed 3D models of historic sites to this industry could be used as an incentive to attract new productions to Ireland who may virtual 'scout' potential filming locations. During the production phase 3D content can be used to construct real-world surrogates and replicas, which would negate the potential conservation concerns of film production at protected sites. Finally, 3D content could be used directly within post-production, enabling the creation of realistic and historically accurate digital environments. Meetings have taken place between the Discovery Programme and the Irish Film Commission (IFC) to explore this approach, and to gauge to what extent the film industry values historical accuracy. Several enquiries have been made by individuals about the availability of 3D printed models of heritage structures and carved stones. As we do not possess a 3D printer within the Discovery Programme we have been unable to answer these requests. In addition, if a 3D printer was available it would be an inefficient use of our resources to offer kiosk 3D printing service. To explore the potential further we are establishing partnerships with commercial 3D printing companies who offer such services. 3D models will be licensed for printing and commercial sales, with the Discovery Programme receiving a royalty payment for each sale. Fáilte Ireland's 'Ireland's Ancient East (IAE)' tourism initiative has brought much attention to the 3D assets and content generated during the 3D-ICONS project. Several commercial companies have now licensed several models for the creation of promotion videos (see Irelands Ancient East 2016a; Figure 7). In addition, the ability to embed reuse of the Sketchfab models in the form of iFrames in HTML has also been employed (Irelands Ancient East 2016b). It is envisaged that as this new initiative gathers momentum the ability to commercially exploit 3D and additional digital content will increase. One aspect of commercialisation that requires greater inspection by the cultural heritage community is the development of several business models, with accompanying 'boiler plate' licensing agreements that would aid small institutions exploit the full commercial value of their digital assets. Although the objective of 3D-ICONS was to create low-polygon accessible models of the heritage sites and objects for dissemination and public engagement, the Discovery Programme from the outset defined a scientific approach to the data collection, regardless of scale. Given the privilege of being granted access to these sites, in return they deserved high-quality 3D documentation to recognised standards (Andrews et al. 2015). Data of this quality have the potential to be an extremely valuable resource in the maintenance, care and conservation of sites and monuments. The point clouds generated are a time-stamped record of the condition of a site at the time of survey, and if re-surveyed in the future to a similar resolution then they become a valuable bench mark not only to detect but also quantify even subtle change through cloud comparison. A number of the monuments included in the 3D-ICONS project present conservation challenges to state agencies who maintain them – Gallarus Oratory, Cahergal Stone Fort and particularly the monastic settlement on Skellig Michael. Here a pilot monitoring project was established in 2015, looking at both cloud comparison and geodetic marker observations to establish a best practice monitoring regime. Data gathered primarily for 3D-ICONS have already fed into academic research, a good example being the Digital Replica Project, a collaboration between The Discovery Programme, UCD School of Archaeology and CRDS Ltd. A module of this project is investigating the 19th-century moulds and casts of the High Crosses of Ireland. A selection of these crosses were scanned for 3D-ICONS, and subsequently the Digital Replica Project has looked to locate and then scan – using identical equipment and documentation methodology – the corresponding plaster cast replicas or moulds. Given the level of detail being recording by scanning the originals, could a framework of research questions be established that could be answered by scanning the replicas through this digital documentation and modelling? Quality and geometry – how well do the replicas appear to have been made? Do the overall geometry and metrics match the original? Is there any distortion or twisting? How are the complex elements with depth represented? Erosion and decay – if the original has been left exposed to the elements could a scan of both replica and original detect and quantify change? Do the replicas and/or moulds preserve details that are now lost on the original? Authenticity – in finishing the replicas has smoothing or embellishment taken place? At this stage only preliminary work has been done, working with some moulds and plaster casts of the Kells crosses, but even so interesting results are being achieved. A mould of the centre of the Cross of St Patrick and St Columba was located in the OPW storage facility in Daingean, Co Offaly, and was scanned and modelled using the Artec EVA scanner (Figure 8). The subsequent surface model was compared with the surface model from the scan of the original cross, and a deviation analysis applied in Geomagic Studio software. The results, shown in Figure 9, provide evidence that might provide answers to the research questions. The overall fit is remarkably good, RMS 0.0011m, with the largest deviations being in the deeper cut sections of the stone. This could be an artefact of the moulding process, but other possible explanations such as weathering and erosion may be identifiable as the research and analysis continues. The complexity of this analysis was highlighted when a plaster cast was scanned, this time of a single panel of the Kells Market Cross, the 'Hound Lord'. The deviation analysis quantified the variations but a visual inspection easily identified differences between the model and introduced the concept of deliberate artistic smoothing or embellishment taking place in the replication process (Figure 10). In this case, the feet of the beasts appear exaggerated and enhanced in the replica, as does the beard and moustache. The 3D-ICONS project provided The Discovery Programme with an excellent opportunity to work with leading partner institutions in Europe to further our understanding of the processes involved in bringing 3D models of iconic heritage sites to the public. It also created an exceptional resource, 3D models of Ireland's outstanding cultural monuments, which have been served to the public through the development of the 3D-ICONS Ireland website. This resource has been pivotal to the exciting applications and developments that followed and have been highlighted in this article. Nearly all are in their infancy, and will hopefully fulfil their potential in the coming months and years. 3D-Icons was co-funded by the European Commission's ICT Policy Support Programme. The authors would like to acknowledge the help and support of the following, without whom the 3D-ICONS project would not have been such a success. Surveyors: Hugo Martin (DIT), Lorcan Scully (UCD), Philip Behan (DIT), Lukasz Banaszek (Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznan), Charlie Yuill (West Virginia University), Paul Bryan (English Heritage), David Andrews (English Heritage). Office of Public Works: Frank Shalvey, John Cahill, Grellan Rourke, Ana Dolan, John O'Brien, Ken Curley, Breda McWalter, George McClafferty, Peter Boyle, Sharon Downie, Padraig O'Tuairisc, Marian O'Brien, Brónagh McGuinness, Niall Bergin and all additional staff at OPW manned sites. National Monuments Service (DAHG: Ann Lynch, Tom Condit, Con Manning, Edward Bourke. Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA): Claire Foley, John O'Keefe. UCD School of Archaeology: Graeme Warren. National Parks & Wildlife Service: Damian Clarke. Meath County Council: Loreto Guinan, Fiona Beers, Jill Chadwick. Hollywell Trust: Mark Lusby, Shawn Whoriskey. FabLab, Derry: John Peto, Paul McCay, Eamon Durey. KOREC: Mark Poveda. Southeast Missouri State University: Dr. Vicky McAlister, Assistant Professor of History. Andrews, D., Bedford, J., and Bryan P. 2015 Metric Survey Specifications for Cultural Heritage, 3rd edn. Swindon: Historic England. Curry, A. 2015 Here Are the Ancient Sites ISIS Has Damaged and Destroyed. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150901-isis-destruction-looting-ancient-sites-iraq-syria-archaeology/ [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Delap, S. and McCormack, P. 2011 Uncovering History, 2nd edn, Dublin: Folens. Fahey, T. and Geoghan-Treacy, S. 2011 History and Appreciation of Art, Dublin: Folens. IPOL-CULT_EU 2007 Protecting the Cultural Heritage from Natural Disasters http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2007/369029/IPOL-CULT_ET(2007)369029_EN.pdf [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Irelands Ancient East 2016a Ireland's Ancient East – Ancient Ireland | Visit the East of Ireland. http://www.irelandsancienteast.com/stories/themes/ancient-ireland [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Irelands Ancient East 2016b Ireland's Ancient East – Sacred Ireland | Visit the East of Ireland. http://www.irelandsancienteast.com/stories/themes/sacred-ireland [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Irish Times 2016 VIDEO: Capturing Ireland's most iconic monuments in 3D. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/capturing-ireland-s-most-iconic-monuments-in-3d-1.2178100 [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. MDR Partners 2016a Guidelines/Guidelines & Case Studies/Home – 3D-ICONS http://3dicons-project.eu. http://3dicons-project.eu/eng/Guidelines-Case-Studies/Guidelines2 [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. MDR Partners 2016b Case Studies/Guidelines & Case Studies/Home – 3D-ICONS http://3dicons-project.eu/eng/Guidelines-Case-Studies/Case-Studies [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Moreland, J. 2001 Archaeology and Text, London: Duckworth. Planel, P. 1990 'New archaeology, new history – when will they meet? Archaeology in English secondary schools' in P. Stone and R. MacKenzie (eds) Excluded Past – Archaeology and Education, 1st edn. London. 271-81. RTE 2015 Website Offers 3D Models of Heritage Sites. http://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0416/694526-heritage-sites-ancient-monuments/ [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. World Heritage Ireland 2016 Tentative List. http://www.worldheritageireland.ie/tentative-list/ [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Zwerman, S. and Okun, J. 2014 The VES Handbook of Visual Effects: Industry Standard VFX Practices and Procedures, CRC Press.

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Orders of the Day — Northern Ireland (Location of Victims' Remains) Bill – in the House of Commons at 7:15 pm on 12th May 1999. '.—Families of persons whose remains are located through the work of the Commission shall be eligible for compensation under existing schemes operated by the Secretary of State.'. The debate is slightly different from the earlier one, which seemed to be about technical details. The new clauses arise primarily from discussions with my noble Friend Lord Redesdale, who has taken time to approach families of "The Disappeared", to assess their current circumstances and how the Bill might impact on them. Under existing legislation, it is clear that victims and families of victims can claim compensation for up to three years after what we may call "the incident"; that is, not the date of death, but the date of the incident. It is an important distinction. The families of these victims have been unable to claim compensation because they do not have even the remains of their relatives. Essentially, their deaths are still technically unconfirmed as no bodies have been recovered. It is fair to argue that the families of those victims have suffered rather more than many families in the troubles, and that is saying something. As well as suffering the loss of their relatives, they have been unable to bury them and to grieve for them properly. As I said during Second Reading, they have literally been robbed of the opportunity to grieve, to put the issue behind them and to move forward. In that context, payments towards the cost of funerals will not bring back the victims of those terrible atrocities, or alleviate any of the pain and anguish that the families have suffered in the past 20 years, but they will go a long way towards giving the families some peace of mind that their relatives will be given a decent and proper burial, without the worry of the financial implications, which can be substantial. I tabled new clause 2 to enable families of "The Disappeared" to access the money that they will be denied due to the three-year rule. I have some indication that, from a legal perspective, there may be significant difficulties in providing that compensation. If that is the case, I will be grateful for clarification from the Minister. Will he describe as best he can the restrictions and obstacles to enabling the compensation to be available? Even if that is the case, I will ask the Government to explore the options. It seems that the families of the victims are effectively being punished twice: on account of what happened to their family member; and on account of the limitations that are technically built into the compensation programme, which deny them the opportunity of compensation because more than three years have passed since the disappearance. I look forward to hearing the Minister's comments about new clause 2. I hope that he can give some good news and at the very least explain, or give some reassurance, that the Government take the question of compensation seriously. Has the hon. Gentleman considered the conflict with other legislation? Those who have disposed of and murdered these people have often claimed that it was because they had breached terrorist regulations. As I understand it, there is legislation in place that says that no compensation is payable to those who have been party to terrorism. Has the hon. Gentleman considered that? Is that one reason why he has tabled the new clause? The hon. Gentleman is right to bring up that matter, because I suspect that it is one of the complications involved in setting up a compensation programme. That is why I am asking the Minister to comment. I do not have a legal background, and I have not been able to determine the specific issues of compensation. I hope that the Minister will be able to offer us some clarification. I hope that the Government will go along with the context of new clause l, as it would be tremendously helpful to the families of "The Disappeared" not to have to worry about the big financial burden that a funeral entails. The families have suffered far too much already, and an act of good will, whereby the Government agree to bear the cost of the funerals, would show both compassion and empathy. I support the new clauses in principle. To his credit, the hon. Gentleman has raised some important issues. Despite what the hon. Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth) said about the alleged terrorist involvement of some of the victims, I would have thought that most of them were entirely innocent. I am thinking about two of the families that I met. I would like confirmation from my right hon. Friend the Minister that some help would be given to families on low incomes. I think that the Northern Ireland Department of Health and Social Services would be amenable to applications for assistance, but would that be confined to those on the state pension or income support? The plea of the hon. Member for Montgomeryshire (Mr. Öpik) should be given a sympathetic hearing. I think that access to compensation should be as straightforward as possible and there should not be the usual lengthy legal delays. The hon. Gentleman may have misunderstood my point. I do not think that every victim was involved in terrorism, but I am aware that claims have been made by the perpetrators that some of them were. I have been involved over the years in fighting on behalf of victims and I know what the law says and how some people have been victimised again by the law. The hon. Gentleman is to be complimented on his assiduous campaigning on behalf of the families. The last people whose claims I would believe about some of the victims' involvement in terrorism are members of the IRA. I know that one 20-year-old victim who was alleged to be involved had a mental age of about eight or 10, according to his doctors, so I would treat such claims with scepticism. Compensation should not be delayed and we should certainly consider helping victims' families, and especially those on low incomes, with funeral expenses. The new clauses are interesting and I hope that the Government will take them on board and try to be helpful. Whether we like it or not, the Compensation Agency is bound by the law and has no discretion whatever. The hon. Member for Montgomeryshire (Mr. Öpik) drew attention to the existing schemes. I am not sure when the first of the victims disappeared. We have no way of knowing the date of the death caused by the earliest murder—I do not like the term killing, because these were cold-blooded murders, and we should say so bluntly. Ministers will be aware that the compensation legislation was updated and greatly improved in 1978. I remember clearly that the relevant order was one of the few to be withdrawn and rewritten, not least because Mr. Enoch Powell was a prominent member of the party at the time and was deeply involved in the arguments on the subject. A scheme was developed that, despite the demerits that it is said to have, has many merits and has been very useful to many people over the years. My only significant reservation about the compensation scheme is that people get a lump sum. Sometimes it is a large sum that they are unable to handle and they dissipate it and are left with nothing. Members of the armed forces and the police get most of their compensation in the form of a pension scheme, which is index-linked and gives them a continuing income over a long period. That is a much better system and perhaps it should have been considered for others. Perhaps we should consider that principle right across the law on compensation for injuries. I am concerned about the time scale. If the individuals were killed at an early stage, it would be possible to argue that their fate became known only at a late stage, within the time frame that would allow a claim for compensation for murder to be made, but even in those favourable circumstances, that claim might have to be made under the pre-1978 legislation, which was not very good. A long time has elapsed, but some of those individuals might well have been the breadwinners for relatives who are now elderly. There is a real problem. We will still be left with a difficulty in regard to those whose bodies are not recovered. I do not know what on earth the Government can do about it if we start paying compensation in respect of those whose bodies are recovered, but have to refuse it in respect of those whose bodies are not. The remains may be completely irretrievable, as we have discussed. It appears that most—perhaps all—of the folk who were murdered by the IRA did not have any involvement in terrorism, but some of them may have had, and if that emerges, the relatives will be refused compensation. The same would apply if people had been involved in working for the security forces. Will any cognisance be taken of that? The security forces' records should surely contain that information, if nothing else. The hon. Member for Montgomeryshire has raised an interesting point, and I look forward to the Minister's response. I have much sympathy with the idea of helping with funeral costs. Let me explain how we have handled the matter. I explained earlier about the inter-agency approach and the need to consider all the ways in which we can deal with the sensitivities and ensure maximum protection and support for the families. We have been actively considering how to provide support after the bodies are returned to the families for burial. I am in a difficulty, because I have an understanding that the matter will be resolved, but I am not in a position to say exactly how. We may be in a better position to say precisely how the issue has been resolved, to the satisfaction of everyone in the House and of the families, when the Bill is in another place. That deals specifically with the funeral and burial costs, and I am hopeful that the issue will be resolved shortly. The hon. Member for East Londonderry (Mr. Ross) showed a good knowledge of the compensation system, as did the hon. Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth). They know the complexities of the legislation, although it has been refined and improved over the years, in 1988 and 1991, to give more flexibility to the payment of compensation in lump sums. Because it was likely that hon. Members would raise the issue, I sought authoritative legal advice, which was that the families of persons whose remains were recovered would not fall within the compensation scheme because of the three-year limit. I could go into further detail, but that would be turgid and I ask hon. Members to accept my assurances on the issue. Having said that, the legal advice is just one opinion and others could reach a different conclusion. However, I believe that the advice is robust. We must consider whether to put specific provision for compensation into the Bill, as new clause 2 seeks to do. However, that would affect the underlying principles of the compensation scheme, and we must remember that many people, going back some years, still feel dissatisfied with the compensation that they received. For that reason, we asked Sir Kenneth Bloomfield to undertake a detailed examination of the compensation scheme and its fitness for its purpose. The review should be ready soon. I had hoped that it would be available even sooner, but Sir Kenneth and those advising him have been given an extension of time because of the complexities of the scheme. However, I do not wish to raise false hopes that the review will produce answers to all the problems with the compensation scheme. At least we have shown a willingness to get to grips with the issue and examine ways to deal with it. I concluded that to introduce a one-off approach in the Bill could pre-empt Sir Kenneth's report and might not be the best way to deal with the issue. It could also be unfair to the large community of victims who already feel aggrieved. We have to be careful with such sensitivities. We are considering the issue of compensation, but new clause 2 would not be helpful. The families of "The Disappeared" victims have experienced unique circumstances, but the prime motive behind the Bill is the recovery of the remains so that the families can give their loved ones proper burials. On that basis, I ask the hon. Member for Montgomeryshire to withdraw his new clause. I am satisfied with that reply. The Minister has responded positively to the important question of funeral expenses and I accept his response in good faith. After hearing the Minister's comments and the contributions from other hon. Members, I am even more convinced that the compensation scheme is very complicated. I still hope that the Government will take serious steps—I believe that the Minister said that they would—to explore how to ensure that the particular nature of the suffering of the families of the disappeared victims does not mean that they are excluded from the compensation scheme. The Minister is right not to wish to make a complicated system more so with piecemeal solutions, and I hope that a strategic solution to the whole issue can be found, notwithstanding the hope that the situation will be resolved by new peace in Northern Ireland. If the Minister can devise a solution for the funeral expenses problem, he will make a big statement about the Government's genuine commitment to try to ease the suffering of the families. The Minister has given me the assurances that I was seeking and I beg to ask leave to withdraw the motion. Bill reported, with an amendment. We have had a detailed examination of the Bill today. Only a few amendments were tabled, but we had a wide-ranging debate from which we have all learned something. We also had a useful debate on Second Reading. The Government's position is clear: we want to end the suffering of the families of "The Disappeared". We fully recognise that some right hon. and hon. Members, who are equally concerned about the families, have worries about the protections in the Bill. Some hon. Members are also concerned about the Bill in case no information comes forward and we are duped by those who have promised to provide information. However, we examined that point in considerable detail and discussed at whose door the blame would lie. Those hon. Members who are critical of the Bill see it as a risk not worth taking. In answering the points raised by the amendments that were tabled, my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary and I have had to strike a delicate balance in reaching judgments on the totality of the Bill. We have tried to supply the facilities and the mechanisms to ensure that if any information is provided, we can act on it. The issue is complex and sets new precedents. On Second Reading, we accepted that—as with the Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997—the Bill does not sit comfortably alongside other aspects of the upholding of the normal rule of law. However, the circumstances are unique and we are taking a risk to try to alleviate the suffering of the families that has gone on for far too long. I also want to point out the Bill's limitations. In many ways it is wide ranging, but it has its limiting aspects. It does not provide an amnesty, or immunity from prosecution. Others may use those words, but that is not what the Bill is about. The protections in the Bill are specific and are triggered only when relevant information is given to the commission. The protections do not set a precedent, but the Bill provides the families with perhaps their only chance of burying their loved ones with dignity. The Government believe that the opportunity for the families to enjoy that basic human right is of immeasurable value when compared with accepting the measures set out in the Bill. There is a risk, of course, that those with the information will decide not to come forward. I cannot guarantee that they will come forward, as has been said repeatedly. However, once the mechanism for providing information is in place, the responsibility for choosing to ignore it will be theirs, and theirs alone. That would be a heavy responsibility. If they ignore the mechanism that the Bill puts in place, they will show that they have no humanity and no concern for the families or for the society that they purport to be helping to move to a peaceful environment. By passing the Bill this evening, the House has provided an opportunity to bring this painful episode to a close. I hope that the House of Lords will give it a passage as speedy and sympathetic—and a scrutiny as close—as it received in the Chamber today. That will help people to understand the measure, and its importance. Conservative Members have never hidden the fact that we find it obnoxious and outrageous that there should ever be a need for a Bill such as this. It is a permanent blot on Irish history that grieving relatives have not been able to bury their dead properly because of the actions of terrorists. The fact that the IRA and other terrorist groups did not have the common humanity to tell the authorities—even anonymously—where the bodies were gives us an insight into their mindset. That information would have put to rest the minds of those grieving relatives. The balance is a difficult one to strike, but I agree with the Minister that the views and sensitivities of the victims' relatives are paramount, and more important than legislation which, in other circumstance, no hon. Member would want to be passed in this House. In addition, I echo and understand what the Minister said about his inability to guarantee that the terrorist organisations that committed these vile murders will come forward with the appropriate information to the commission. I deeply agree with him that they should: it will be yet another disgrace if they do not. I hope, for the sake of the victims' relatives—whose agonies none of us can begin to imagine—that at last their grief can come to an end. In conclusion, I hope that the paramilitaries and their political associates will not use the Bill as a bargaining ploy to be turned to their political advantage in talks, now or in the future. I do not think that the House or the people of Northern Ireland would ever forgive them if they did. I hope that the evidence and information are brought forward in a proper and correct way. First, I apologise to the House for my absence during most of the debate, but my party's Whips saw fit to put me on several Committees considering statutory instruments today, so I have been like a yo-yo, in and out of the Chamber in the fulfilment of my other functions. As the House will know, for a long time I was Opposition spokesman on Northern Ireland. I spent much time there, and still do. While I was the Opposition spokesman on these matters, both terrorist organisations were involved in a full-scale war, with each other and with the people of Northern Ireland. I do not claim any monopoly on feeling deeply about the pain and suffering of families who had lost loved ones. My feelings were shared by many other Labour Members, and especially by my hon. Friend the Member for Hull, North (Mr. McNamara). All hon. Members who have spoken in this debate have expressed their genuine and specific points of view and concerns. From time to time, I recall two appalling atrocities in Northern Ireland. The first took place in a fish shop in the Shankill road, and the second at the Rising Sun bar at Graysteel. I visited both scenes—unsung, and without the presence of television cameras—to talk to the victims and their relatives. At Graysteel, my arrival was a moment of special poignancy. It was a cold November day, with the wind blowing over the Foyle. The bar was boarded up, and I wanted to pay my personal respects to the families who had lost loved ones in that appalling Hallowe'en night atrocity. A gentleman came around the corner, and asked if I was all right. When I said that I was fine, and that I had come to pay my respects, he invited me into the bar for a cup of tea. That gentleman owned the bar, and was present when the terrorists came in and shot their victims in cold blood. They murdered that man's 80-year-old father in front of him. There is a finality about the fate of the victims of atrocities such as that, in that their loved ones and families can give them a decent, Christian burial. The families will never forget, and their love for their relatives will continue for their rest of their lives, but there is a finality when burials are done properly. However, the people who are the subject of the Bill do not know where their loved ones lie. They have not known that for perhaps a quarter of a century. If the Bill gives us an opportunity to try to find the remains of people who suffered at the hands of terrorism, and to restore those remains to their families so that they can be given a decent, Christian burial, I have no problems in supporting it tonight. I hesitate to follow the hon. Member for Wigan (Mr. Stott), as in one sense he looked back to the past, in which he had some involvement. I began by being very conscious of what the inability to bury the dead means to people. I was a young lad during the war and we got word after Calais that that was the last place that my uncle was seen. My aunt, who had five children, lived through the war hoping that he would return, but my uncle's name is on the Dunkirk memorial. So I have no difficulty in understanding the concerns of the bereaved, nor their desire to bury their loved ones. From my experience in Northern Ireland, I also know what it means to bury a lovely young woman, who could be identified only by her wedding ring. She was one of the victims of the atrocity at the Le Mon hotel. I could continue, but tonight we are seeking to achieve something. The Government have been pushed into doing something that the terrorists, if they had been treading the path of peace, would have done long since. We should make it abundantly plain that the culprits at the bar of justice are the perpetrators of crimes. It is time that the whole community put more pressure on them to reveal the places where bodies have been buried. As an Ulster Scot—what our American cousins call Scotch-Irish—I was interested to hear the Minister dismiss the amount of money being spent on vain searches, because I thought that he looked after the bawbees and that the House was responsible for financial expenditure. We have had both terrorist war and economic war, and I am convinced that further attempts will be made to isolate and disturb the economy by giving false information. I hope that I am wrong, but, if false information is given, we must indict those who offer it. I have every sympathy with those who believe that they are entitled to compensation. In my experience, genuine victims—innocent people not involved in any way—have suffered most. I think of a family in my congregation who were put out of their home. The Housing Executive rehoused them, but the compensation that they received for the home that they had owned was just £10. I can think of other cases, and I hope that the Minister will bear in mind not only compensation to help to bury people, as requested by the hon. Member for Montgomeryshire (Mr. Öpik), but compensation to people who live in houses that were built over where some bodies lie, if the information that we have received is correct. They should receive compensation for the new houses that they will need. We dare not add to the burdens of people who have genuinely sought to make some sort of life through these tragic years. I feel distaste that the High Court of Parliament has—again—been called on to set aside the normal rules of law and justice to satisfy those who claim that they want justice. That is my difficulty in supporting the Bill. However, because I know that the Whips will see the Bill through, I urge the House to double its efforts to help the victims of atrocities who have continued to grieve for their lost ones. We cannot allow the terrorists and their spokespeople to continue to run rings around us or to play ducks and drakes with us. There will be no understanding and peace if we do not win the battle for the bereaved. I compliment the Minister on bringing the Bill before the House. The hon. Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth) talked of the High Court of Parliament putting aside the rule of law. However, as the right hon. Member for Bracknell (Mr. MacKay) said, our paramount concern is with the families of the victims. The legitimacy of laws passed in this place relies on our having a paramount concern for ordinary individuals over the rules and reservations to which the hon. Member for Belfast, South has referred. I appreciate that the hon. Gentleman and his colleagues have sincere reservations, but I hope that they do not transform into outright opposition to the Bill's passage. The hon. Gentleman has been in the House throughout the debate and will therefore have heard at least one criticism by a Minister of people who did not vote against the Bill on an earlier occasion. We must be held accountable by the people whom we represent. I know that the hon. Gentleman's reservations are sincere and profound. However, I hope, equally sincerely, that he and his hon. Friends will not vote against the Bill. I understand his reservations, and I have voiced some of my own. I have indeed been in the Chamber for almost every minute of the Bill's proceedings, but, following my meeting with two families in the House, all my reservations and doubts were dispelled by their pleas and their profound need to put to rest their loved ones with a Christian funeral service and burial. Finding the remains and performing the ritual of burying loved ones will not stop the grieving. Grief continues throughout life, as the hon. Member for Belfast, South and all of us know. However, as I know from the cases of people who have been lost at sea and whose bodies have been recovered months after they were drowned, the return of the loved one's body for Christian burial and internment in sanctified ground brings some peace of mind. The two ladies whom I met made that plea to me and to the hon. Member for North-East Cambridgeshire (Mr. Moss), who was also at the meeting. In responding positively to that plea, we will bring a touch of comfort and consolation to the families of victims. I have absolutely no trust in the terrorists or their spokespersons. I have always said that it is obscene that they call themselves freedom fighters. There cannot be freedom fighters in the mature parliamentary democracy in which we have the luck to live. I trust them not one iota, but if only two or three families are given the supreme consolation of being able to have a funeral service or requiem mass for their loved ones, the Bill will have achieved all that the Government set out to achieve. That is why I stand four-square with the Ministers on the passing of the Bill and am only too pleased to compliment the ministerial team on bringing forward a Bill that the Opposition have described as obnoxious, obscene, distasteful and disgusting. I do not see it in that way. I have reservations, but the object is to bring peace of mind to a small number of ordinary people. We cannot aim any higher than bringing such peace of mind to the people whom I have met. Again, I hope that the sincerely held reservations of other hon. Members do not transform themselves into opposition to the Bill. We have had a forensic and legalistic Committee stage debate. Now, as I step back for the Third Reading debate, I can appreciate the human approach that we have taken tonight. If the House were a person, it is a person whom I would like to meet because we have had the same debate that people have when they have been terribly wronged by someone else and we have decided to take the compassionate route forward. We have heard about bitterness and doubts about whether the other side will respond in kind, just as we feel those things when we argue with another person. However, at the end of the day, we have said that we are going to have faith in seeing the best in people and take a risk. We might get ripped off, but it is worth the risk. The human compassionate benefit of taking it is so great that it is worth being disappointed if we are wrong. We might be wrong. It may be naive to think that the Bill will work. I feel optimistic. I surprise myself by saying this, but I assume that, if we go this far in extending the gesture of good faith, it may evoke some spark of humanity or decency in people whom we have conventionally written off as barbarians. It is a living experiment. Either they will respond in kind and we will find the remains of the people who were killed and taken from their families—in which case we were right to take the risk—or we will not—in which case we must learn from it and behave differently next time. I came to the House very much in the spirit that I feel now. We have been human in being willing to do something for relatively few people, but it is a big statement that the House is willing to spend much time to right the grievous wrongs of acts of terrorism. I am proud of our debate and of the fact that we could discuss the matter rationally. Time will tell whether the outcome will justify this as the right thing to do. As a politician who ended up here partly because of what I experienced growing up in Northern Ireland, I am sure that we are right to show that we can make empathic decisions that affect other humans. I hope that people who read this debate, or hear bits on the radio or television, will consider that there may be something in the way in which our democracy operates that gives us some hope in respect of our politicians. I and my Unionist colleagues will, of course, oppose the Bill. I understand the feelings of those who have lost loved ones and whose relatives were brutally murdered by the IRA and buried in unknown graves. Over the years, there has been pressure on the organisations concerned to say where those people were buried. As a result of that pressure, the IRA claims to have set up an investigation team that has identified the whereabouts of nine bodies. It seems to me that public pressure has forced the IRA to go that far. We must remember that many of the victims belonged to the nationalist community and that the pressure comes from that community. If that pressure continues, the IRA will eventually have to say where the bodies are. This Bill again lets the IRA off the hook. The IRA will not announce where the bodies are because it wants to be told that, if any evidence is got from the bodies, its members will not be charged or have that evidence used against them in a court of law. They should not be allowed to get away with that because it is not right in a democratic country to amend the criminal law to let such people off the hook. The IRA has only to issue a statement giving the location of the bodies. The security forces and other authorities could then deal with the situation as they normally would. There is no necessity for a Bill. The Bill is ill-considered and not fully thought out. The relatives of those who have been murdered will be given less information in the event of the bodies being discovered than they would have got if the normal course of events took place. The Bill is therefore unnecessary. I also oppose the Bill because it sets up another all-Ireland implementation body. One member of the commission will be appointed by the United Kingdom and the second by the Republic of Ireland. Why is that necessary? It seems that there is a possibility that a body will be found in the Republic of Ireland. There is sufficient law in the Republic of Ireland, and sufficient communication between it and the United Kingdom, adequately to deal with that without setting up another cross-border implementation body. For those of us who are Unionists, this is another clear example of how the Government are not committed, as they should be, to the Union. In Northern Ireland, we have de facto joint authority. Almost any decision of importance must be agreed by Dublin, which has to have its nose in almost everything in Northern Ireland. For all those reasons, I believe that the Bill should not pass. My party will oppose Third Reading. Mr. Deputy Speaker, you will recall that I used clear, sharp language on Monday night when I spoke on this Bill. I have heard nothing from that moment to this to cause me to alter my opinion. We are told about family grief. We have all had that as a result of deaths, some tragic, some natural. Those of us who represent Northern Ireland—none more than the last speaker, who represents the town of Omagh—have seen the consequences of the butchery of bombs, thugs and murderers at close quarters. I will not rehearse the tragedies that I have attended, but there were many. Many good men, decent women and children were killed, and no one ever brought to book for it. Because of the area in which I live and my close relations with the Roman Catholic community, I well understand the importance that they attach to the last rites and the necessity to bury the deceased in sanctified ground. I am also aware that the Bill is a consequence of a deal done with the IRA, which played on the grief of the victims' families. The right hon. Member for North-West Cambridgeshire (Sir B. Mawhinney) said earlier that, when members of the IRA behaved in such and such a way, they had no humanity. People could not get inside their minds. However, the truth is that members of terrorist organisations do not exist in the normal democratic world; they exist in a world and in a mental state that they create and that is a consequence of the actions that they undertake. They believe themselves to be a legitimate army and that they are acting for a righteous cause. They believe that the end justifies the means. They do not adhere to those normal thought processes that most people in this House and in this country would apply to political situations. As far as members of those organisations are concerned, the majority has no right to be wrong and has no right to disagree with them. The hon. Member for Greenock and Inverclyde (Dr. Godman) takes a keen interest in these matters. He knows Northern Ireland well. I point out to him and to the hon. Member for Wigan (Mr. Stott) that the Bill may be built on good intentions, but we know what they say about the road to hell—it is paved with them. The Bill falls firmly and squarely into that category, because the Government have allowed emotion to overrule logic. Hard cases make bad law, and that is so in this case. We are undermining the rule of law. We are giving in to the demands of murderous thugs who have used the common decency of citizens as a weapon, and who have used the normal democratic procedures of this House as a weapon against the House itself. This type of legislation is abhorrent to me, because we are allowing the IRA to call the tune, so that its members can exact for themselves the maximum benefit from this whole affair. We are allowing the IRA to call the tune with no danger to its members past or present. Avoiding injury or damage to, or capture of, its members is, of course, always the first priority for a terrorist organisation. The measure will also allow members of the IRA to believe that they can use ruthlessness on every occasion to obtain their way. If the IRA really wanted to tell people where those graves were, all that it need do is to go out at night and put a little stake on the graves, if they are in a field. It knows where the graves are. It would be easy to do that if the bodies were recoverable. My hon. Friend the Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth) drew attention to the fact that bodies could be under a house, or in the foundations of a house. How could one recover a body if that were the case? What would happen if the Government knocked the house down and there was no body? The whole matter is open to endless ramifications and to endless exhibitions of evil. Do not worry—those guys will dream it up and they will use it. If we pass this Bill, we shall do no good to justice. Indeed, we shall do great damage to the whole concept of justice and punishment for evils committed. We shall do no good to the democratic principles that we claim to uphold. Responsibility in this matter rests solely with the terrorist organisations; it rests solely with the IRA—not with us and not with the House. As my hon. Friend the Member for West Tyrone (Mr. Thompson) said, pressure would have worked in this instance. This case is not the same as the weapons issue. The IRA cannot give up its weapons; it is committed to holding them. Without weapons, the IRA is only another political party. Its members have no desire to be members of only another political party; they see themselves as part of something far greater, something that is beyond the concept of a political party. They see themselves as an army, controlling a political front organisation. They are part of a terrorist organisation controlling what is supposed to be a political organisation, but which is, in practice, only an arm of the terrorism that they have carried out and inflicted on us for three decades. To apply the thinking about the IRA giving up its weapons and to say that it will do so on exactly the same footing as the bodies is wrong. Its members cannot give up the weapons because they need them to impose their will; they do not need the bodies. The fact that the bodies are out there and the fact that the IRA is under pressure from its own community is damaging to the IRA. My hon. Friend the Member for West Tyrone lives in an area that is similar to my own in some ways. He is aware that there are many folk around us with that turn of mind. We can speak with greater authority on their thinking processes than most Members of the House. I agree with my hon. Friend that, eventually, pressure from their own community, their own relations, church members and their nationalist political establishment will force members of the IRA to reveal, at some time, where the available bodies are buried. We have not put pressure on them; we have let them off the hook and we shall allow them, through the Bill, to claim that they are reacting to public pressure and that they are acting out of the goodness of their heart. However, they will have forced the British to let them off the hook and they will be believed within their own community. It is for that reason, among the other more gut reactions that I articulated during Second Reading, that I must vote against the Bill. The House divided: Ayes 324, Noes 5. Southworth, Ms Helen Mr. David Hanson. Taylor, Rt Hon John D(Strangford) Rev. Martin Smyth.

2019-04-18T16:49:08Z

https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1999-05-12a.372.4&amp;s=speaker%3A10572

Ann Arbor planning commission meeting (Oct. 4, 2011): At a meeting that started later than usual to accommodate the dedication of city hall’s new Dreiseitl water sculpture, planning commissioners approved two projects that had previously been postponed. Stephen Ranzini looks up at the water sculpture by Herbert Dreiseitl, during a public reception and dedication for the piece at city hall on Tuesday evening. Ranzini, president of University Bank, later attended a planning commission meeting inside city hall, where he told commissioners that No Parking signs are ugly. It's not clear what he thought about the sculpture. Changes to a University Bank site plan for property at 2015 Washtenaw Ave., known as the Hoover Mansion, were approved unanimously, despite some concerns voiced by neighbors during a public hearing on the proposal. The changes – which primarily relate to creation of a new parking lot – required amending the supplemental regulations of the site’s planned unit development (PUD) zoning district originally approved in 1978. Also back for review was The Varsity, a proposed “planned project” consisting of a 13-story apartment building with 181 units at 425 E. Washington, between 411 Lofts and the First Baptist Church. Intended for students, it’s the first project to go through the city’s new design review process. Only minor changes had been made since the proposal was first considered at the planning commission’s Sept. 20 meeting. Fourteen people spoke during a public hearing on The Varsity, including several residents of the nearby Sloan Plaza who raised concerns about traffic at the Huron Street entrance, as well as aesthetic issues with the building’s facade facing Huron. The project was supported by a paster pastor at the First Baptist Church and the head of the State Street merchant association. In addition to public hearings held on these two projects, one person spoke during public commentary at the start of the meeting. Rick Stepanovic told commissioners that he’s a University of Michigan student, and that Wendy Rampson – head of the city’s planning staff – had spoken to one of his classes last year. Among other things, she’d mentioned the city’s need for more student input, he said. Since then he’s been elected to the Michigan Student Assembly, and was offering to provide that input, either as a resident – he lives in the neighborhood near Packard and Hill – or by taking an issue back to MSA for broader student feedback. Stepanovic indicated his intent to attend future planning commission meetings, but noted that MSA meetings are held at the same time – on Tuesday evenings. The planning commission first reviewed University Bank’s proposal at its Oct. 19, 2010 meeting. Bank officials had requested approval to revise a planned unit development (PUD), allowing an increase in the total number of employees and parking spaces permitted at the bank’s headquarters at 2015 Washtenaw Ave. – the site known as the Hoover Mansion. The proposal included a request to build 14 new parking spaces on the east side – behind the main building – for a total of 53 spaces on the site. At the time, planning staff recommended denial, stating that the project impacts natural features and doesn’t offer an overall benefit to the city, as required by a PUD. Rather than denying the proposal, planning commissioners voted to postpone it and asked staff to work with the bank in finding an alternative parking option. Nearly a year later, a revised proposal was on the agenda for the commission’s Sept. 8 meeting, reflecting a consensus that had been reached among planning staff, neighbors and bank officials. However, commissioners ended up postponing a recommendation again, because the final site plan had not yet been submitted by the bank. By the Oct. 4 meeting, all pieces were in place. The proposal would increase the number of allowable employees from 50 to 59 at the bank’s headquarters and add a new parking lot on the site, with a setback of 24 feet from the eastern property line. That’s an additional nine feet away from the property line than originally proposed. A continuous six-foot-high wall is proposed along the eastern and southeastern property lines, to screen the parking lot from 2021 Washtenaw Ave. and 2107-2109 Tuomy. Two landmark trees and 19 woodland trees totaling 186 caliper inches will be removed as part of the project, but the bank has proposed planting trees throughout the site totaling 223 caliper inches – more than is required. The changes require amending the supplemental regulations of the site’s planned unit development (PUD) zoning district, which was originally approved in 1978. Five people spoke during a public hearing on the proposal, including two representatives from the bank. Ken Sprinkles of University Bank said he’s been working on this project for three years. The reason that cars are parked along the driveway is that there’s insufficient parking, he said. If the city approves additional parking, the bank would enforce a no-parking requirement along the driveway. The bank also plans to start issuing parking permit stickers for employee vehicles – that’s something they don’t currently do, Sprinkles said. Gerald Serwer, who owns the home with a driveway that’s accessed via the bank’s driveway, told commissioners that changes to the bank’s site plan would affect the financial value of his home, as well as his ability to enjoy living there. If the bank has no intention of parking along the main driveway, he said, then it didn’t seem like bank officials should object to adding more No Parking signs. He also wanted to ensure that there’d be no parking along that driveway during construction of the new parking lot. Serwer also noted that he’s asked the bank to use stone veneer on the side of the 6-foot-high wall that faces their house, to match the house’s exterior. But the main issue is parking, he concluded. Stephen Ranzini, president of University Bank, began by noting that the bank began this process 36 months ago. Since September, the bank has hired 30 people, he said, but only one of those is working in Ann Arbor. University Bank is the 11th largest employer of any bank in Michigan, he said, but job growth is happening at the bank’s offices in Farmington Hills and Clinton Township, instead of Ann Arbor, in part because of delays with this project. Regarding No Parking signs, Ranzini said his preference is for one sign, because signs are ugly and affect the viewshed. In reference to the removal of trees, he noted that 100 years ago, the site was a sheep farm – every tree on the property is less than 100 years old. Regarding parking on the driveway, the bank started its “experiment” in having employees park along the driveway after the city requested alternatives to a new parking lot, he said. He wanted everyone to see what that would look like. And because the process to get approval has been so slow, he said, the experiment has lasted a year. Ranzini urged the commission to approve the project, so that it can be considered by the city council. He hoped commissioners would do their part to help preserve an historic building, which he said is expensive to maintain. One of the biggest problems since the building was converted to offices in 1978 has been inadequate parking, he concluded. Sheryl Serwer noted that it’s also been three years that she and her husband have been dealing with this issue – she first heard about it on her birthday three years ago. “Now I’m three years older and still worrying about it.” She said she’s come to accept the loss of trees on the site. But she’s still concerned about the parking – she’d like to get out of her driveway safely. In the winter, if it’s icy and there are cars parked on both sides of the entrance to her driveway, she said she’s afraid her car might slide into the parked vehicles. No Parking signs should be posted, she said, and parking shouldn’t be allowed there. She concluded by congratulating Ranzini for the growth of his business, and the recent birth of his child. Tony Derezinski began by asking planning staff to respond to the questions raised during public commentary, related to parking. How would the supplemental regulations be enforced? He said he thought the parties had reached an agreement – was this a new item? Alexis DiLeo noted that this isn’t a public street – it’s not even a private street. It’s a driveway. The number of signs is discretional, she said, and the bank’s preference is for one sign. If it meant that the project wouldn’t otherwise be approved, would the bank be willing to add another sign? Derezinski wondered. Ranzini said he wanted to make clear that bank employees didn’t start parking along the driveway until the planning staff suggested there might be a more viable alternative to the new parking lot. Parking in the driveway is ugly, he said. The experiment is done, so there won’t be parking there any longer. The bank might reluctantly put up another sign, he added, but signs are ugly. Derezinski asked whether it would be possible to add the requirement of an additional sign in the supplemental regulations. “A beautiful one,” he quipped. DiLeo suggested a possible place within the supplemental regulations to insert a sign requirement, and Derezinski made a motion to do that. Kirk Westphal clarified with DiLeo that previously, there was no mention of a sign at all. When asked about enforcement, DiLeo said a violation would be handled just like any other zoning violation – for example, if the bank removed a tree that had been stipulated to be preserved by the PUD’s supplemental regulations. Wendy Rampson, head of the city’s planning staff, said the city wouldn’t ticket or tow cars parked on private property. If someone complained about a violation, the city could fine the property owner. She indicated that adding something like the sign requirement was highly unusual. Derezinski then expressed frustration, saying ”it’s too bad we’re getting formal.” This shouldn’t be a problem, he said, but there’s been a lot of history regarding this project. He thought the parties had moved past that, but now they’re quibbling over a small thing. Derezinski said he’d made a motion to amend the supplemental regulations so that everyone could reach resolution. But now he felt there’s a clear understanding of expectations, so he was withdrawing the motion to amend. Evan Pratt hoped that people felt all of the issues were being addressed. When changes to a PUD are requested, it requires give and take, he observed. He applauded the bank’s parking experiment. The original thinking was that it would be good to avoid adding more pavement, he said, and the experiment tested whether other parking options were viable. It’s taken a year, but it sounds like they now have a good outcome, he said. Outcome: Commissioners voted unanimously to recommend approval of changes to the bank’s site plan and supplemental regulations. The project will now be forwarded to the city council. At their Sept. 20, 2011 meeting, the planning commission had made an initial review of The Varsity, a 13-story building at 425 E. Washington, stretching from East Washington to East Huron in the block between South State and South Division. The proposed development is located east of the 411 Lofts building and west of the First Baptist Church, and is currently the site of a two-story office building that formerly housed the Prescription Shop. Alexis DiLeo of the city’s planning staff told commissioners that the design hasn’t altered significantly since that meeting. Minor modifications include narrowing the walkway on the building’s east side, mounting lights on the building instead of poles along the east side of the path, and removing decorative pillars at both ends of the walkway, previously proposed on the east side of the path and on the First Baptist Church property. Because the church is located in an historic district, any changes on its property would have required approval by the city’s historic district commission. The main features of the project are unchanged. The 177,180-square-foot apartment building is to include 181 apartments with a total of 415 bedrooms, to be marketed to university students. The plan also calls for 70 parking spaces, both underground and on the street level, with entrances off of East Huron and East Washington. In addition, two spaces would be provided on adjacent property (owned by the same developer) to use for a car-sharing service like Zipcar. A total of 121 bike spaces are also proposed for the project. Fourteen people spoke during a public hearing on The Varsity. Hugh Sonk spoke on behalf of the Sloan Plaza Condominium Association, and restated many of the concerns that he raised at the commission’s Sept. 20 meeting. Sloan Plaza is located at 505 E. Huron, just east and across the street from The Varsity site, and residents are concerned about the development’s impact on their quality of life. Specifically, they are concerned about increased traffic congestion as vehicles turn into the building’s Huron Street entrance. People who currently have monthly parking permits at the existing site will be displaced, Sonk said, potentially causing parking problems in the area. Sonk’s final concern related to the Huron Street facade, which he described as bland. It doesn’t reflect the character of the adjacent historical buildings, he said, and it needs to be treated as an important front to one of the city’s major thoroughfares. The current design doesn’t do that, he said. Ethel Potts, a former planning commissioner, described the public hearing as an important one, since it’s a new major building downtown and the first one that’s gone through the city’s new design review process. She noted that city officials have said the recent downtown zoning changes and design review process will be reviewed next spring, to see if it’s delivering what residents want. This building and its review show some flaws in the process and in the city’s ordinances, she said. For one thing, the design review doesn’t deal with height and mass, Potts noted – and The Varsity isn’t compatible with the scale and character of surrounding buildings. How will the small, elegant, historic church live with a tall, broad wall along its lot line? Potts also pointed to a lack of green space in the design. “Weren’t we seeking downtown livability?” she asked. Christine Crockett introduced herself as president of the Old Fourth Ward Association, and a member of the committee that helped write the city’s design guidelines. The design review board, neighbors and people who’ve spoken during public commentary have all been emphatic that design of The Varsity’s north facade is unacceptable, Crockett said. It’s been tweaked a little, but is essentially 13 stories of yellow brick that’s unrelieved by pattern, texture or sympathy with the surrounding character district, she said. Another issue is the walkway on the building’s east side, Crockett said. The design review board had indicated this summer that the walkway is too narrow, but now the developer has narrowed it even more, she said. It’s going to be like a tunnel – unattractive and dangerous, she said. Stephan Trendov, an urban planner, said he’s in favor of the project. This summer he had attended a 2.5-hour meeting about The Varsity at the Michigan Union, and the group there had spent time talking about the building facade and pedestrian walkway. The vision is to move pedestrians from Huron all the way to East Liberty, he said, but this walkway doesn’t do that. There are opportunities for improvements, like adding a pergola or landscaping. The community is watching, he said, and so far, the reaction to what’s been discussed hasn’t been impressive. There haven’t been enough changes. Donnie Gross, the project’s developer, told commissioners that he’s proud of the project. He could have designed a box-like by-right project, he said, but they’ve done more than that. Despite what people during the public hearing have indicated, Gross said, he and the design team have listened to input and changed the design 20-30 times. Turning to some of the previous speakers, Gross told them that just because they didn’t get everything they want doesn’t mean he hasn’t listened and made changes. One of the first things his team did was to meet with the neighboring church, Gross said. It’s important to get the church’s approval, because they’ll be neighbors for the next 100 years. They’ll also be asking the church for an easement, so that the walkway on the east side of The Varsity can be widened, he said. Gross said he’s not opposed to retail in the building, but he’s seen the difficulty that the neighboring 411 Lofts has had in finding tenants. “I’m opposed to retail that’s empty.” Instead, The Varsity is designed so that residents of the building will be like a “3-D billboard,” using a fitness area and lounge in the lower levels. The building would look naked and drab if the first floor were dark, but as long as there is light and activity, it doesn’t matter if the activity is someone getting a pizza or using a computer. The Varsity will add life to East Washington, he said. He noted that the plaza area on East Washington will include a green roof. Noting that he owns the historic house next to The Varsity site, Gross told commissioners that even the soil beneath the house is declared historic, so he’s unable to excavate it. If he could excavate, he could add more underground parking and have only one entrance – but that’s not possible. He concluded by noting that citizens can say anything to make developers look bad, but there are reasons behind these decisions. Maurice Binkow, another Sloan Plaza resident, said he joined others in objecting to the unsightly design of The Varsity’s Huron facade, along a road with so many distinguished buildings. He also expressed concern about the Huron entrance into the parking garage, noting that cars would likely be backed up onto Huron as they wait to enter. It would also be a problem for cars coming out onto Huron, if they were making a lefthand turn. He asked that the developer put a lease restriction in place that would prevent left turns onto Huron. Noting that she is Maurice Binkow’s wife, Linda Binkow said that some of the city’s greatest assets are the properties along Huron Street– they are an exceptionally attractive and valuable part of the city. The city collects tax revenues from those properties, she added. Putting a building like The Varsity on Huron will cause traffic problems and greatly decrease the value of property in that area, she said. It’s not in the city’s interest to do that. She suggested that the building could be designed with a setback, and additional stories. Tom Heywood, executive director of the State Street Area Association, observed that The Varsity could be built by-right, and that although the design review is mandatory, compliance is voluntary. He said he respected the views of neighbors in the area and residents of Sloan Plaza, but noted that the association’s board has reviewed the building plans and had voted unanimously in support of it. The association has been told that parking spaces will be freed up in Tally Hall [Liberty Square] as soon as the underground parking structure on South Fifth Avenue is completed. That should help the parking situation. The plaza on the East Washington side is an essential buffer for the church, Heywood said. And while the association would prefer retail on the first floor, that can’t be mandated – and the association doesn’t want to see empty space there, like it’s been for 411 Lofts. He noted that the space could be easily convertible into retail or commercial use, if a good proposal comes forward in the future. The association board respectfully requests approval of The Varsity, he concluded. Stacey Simpson Duke, co-pastor of the First Baptist Church, handed out a letter she’d written in support of the project. [.pdf of Simpson Duke's letter] She said she never wanted a high-rise building next to the church – she liked seeing the sun set from the church – and she had spoken against the A2D2 zoning changes for downtown that were ultimately approved. However, the people involved with The Varsity have been the best neighbors they could possibly be, Duke said. The design team has met with church representatives monthly, have listened to input and have explicitly incorporated design elements to address the church’s concerns. Simpson Duke said she’s especially excited about the walkway and the plaza next to the church. She’s also excited about the 400 students who’ll be living there, and the increased foot traffic in that area. She thanked the developer and his team for being good neighbors. Brad Moore, an architect on The Varsity project, brought up a panel with samples of the materials that would be used on the building. The renderings of the building that were projected on-screen during the meeting showed a color of brick that was more yellow than it actually would be, he said. The brick evokes the exterior of UM’s original chemistry building, and is intended to be distinctive from the bright red brick of 411 Lofts. There will be architectural detail, Moore said. Regarding the walkway, there’s no objection to widening it, Moore said, but The Varsity developer can’t do a site plan on the church’s property. Moore said he was certain that in the future the walk would be widened – that action might be handled administratively by city staff, or with the help of the church working through the historic district commission process. Moore also reported that there will be a lease condition that specifies “right in, right out” only turns for the entrance off of Huron Street. There will be video surveillance cameras to monitor compliance, and if there are complaints, the building’s owner can impose sanctions against tenants who violate that condition, Moore said. The final speaker was Rita Gelman, a resident of Sloan Plaza. (Her husband, Chuck Gelman, attended the meeting but did not speak during the public hearing.) She handed out a letter to commissioners, and said her main concerns are parking, green space and traffic. It’s important to keep the quality of the Huron Street corridor, but the proposed building looks humongous and commercial, she said. In contrast, Sloan Plaza is a building that looks residential, she said. Kirk Westphal noted that the city had received a letter from Laura Houk, chairperson of the Ann Arbor Cooperative Preschool, a tenant at the First Baptist Church. [.pdf of Houk's letter] Houk had expressed concern about possible hazardous materials, noise and traffic during the demolition and construction phases of the project, and the impact on the preschool, which uses an outdoor playground year-round. She wanted the city to ensure that the developer mitigate the effects of the demolition and construction. Westphal asked how those concerns would be addressed. Alexis DiLeo said she planned to meet with the preschool director, and go over the basic process for projects like this. The developer has had at least one meeting with the preschool too, she said. Regarding hazardous materials, if there are any on that site, there are state and federal regulations that govern the handling of those materials. She said she trusted that the developer would take steps to minimize the impact. Erica Briggs noted that the developer’s ultimate intent is eventually to widen the walkway – that’s great, she said. In response to a query from Briggs about lighting, Brad Moore said there’s not currently room for pedestal lighting along the walkway – lights will be mounted on the building. But the intent is to include pedestal lighting in the future, and the developer would pay for it. Briggs expressed concern that the sidewalk in front of the East Washington entrance isn’t clearly defined – that might be a safety issue, she said. She encouraged the design team to give more thought about how to make the pedestrian experience as safe as possible, especially in the driveway area leading to the parking garage. Briggs also asked whether the developer planned to add any amenities for bicyclists – she had broached this subject at the Sept. 20 meeting, suggesting that things like a free air pump would be a public amenity. Donnie Gross, the developer, said he couldn’t make a commitment about that, but said they would explore that possibility. Giannola said that the way The Varsity selects its tenants will determine whether the development is a good neighbor. She asked that the owner find ways to discourage people from bringing cars. Eric Mahler, chair of the planning commission, quickly added that the city doesn’t advocate for discrimination based on anything. Mahler wondered whether the city can seek an injunction against the developer, if the plazas aren’t built as envisioned. DiLeo said the city won’t issue a certificate of occupancy unless the project passes a site inspection and meets all the requirements outlined in the development agreement. Westphal weighed in again with several observations. He said he can see how the plazas benefit the church, but it gets tricky when zoning is bent to fit one neighbor. Planned Projects. 5:68. The intent of this section is to provide an added degree of flexibility in the placement and interrelationship of the buildings within the planned project and to provide for permanent open space preservation within planned projects. Modifications of the area, height, placement requirements, and lot sizes, where used for permanent open space preservation, of this Chapter may be permitted if the planned project would result in the preservation of natural features, additional open space, greater building or parking setback, energy conserving design, preservation of historic or architectural features, expansion of the supply of affordable housing for lower income households or a beneficial arrangement of buildings. A planned project shall maintain the permitted uses and requirements for maximum density, maximum floor area and minimum usable open space specified in this Chapter for the zoning district(s) in which the proposed planned project is located. Westphal praised the plans to eventually widen the walkway, and said he appreciated the bike parking. Regarding vehicle parking, he said things won’t change until the message gets out that the city doesn’t want to see large portions of land used for car storage. He doesn’t have a problem with limited parking on that site. He also commended the design review board, saying that they didn’t suggest changes that are too burdensome. He hoped that people would stay tuned for a review of the design process next year. Noting that he hadn’t attended the Sept. 20 meeting, Evan Pratt asked whether the design of the Huron facade had changed since then. No, DiLeo replied, but the design had changed since the developer’s team met with the design review board in the summer. Tony Derezinski said the planned project approach is a creative way to work with The Varsity’s neighbor and create an attractive plaza, even though it’s larger than what would otherwise be allowed by code. He indicated that some people wouldn’t be satisfied with any design, and at some point it’s the commission’s responsibility to say enough is enough. The developer has shown willingness to make some changes, he said, and if retail eventually becomes viable, the developer will include that. Derezinski concluded by saying The Varsity will add to the area and improve the city’s tax base. Giannola asked whether it would be possible to require a No Left Turn sign – could that be added to the development agreement? Gross said he’d welcome that. Wendy Rampson, head of the city’s planning staff, said the city can’t require that a sign be added to the public right-of-way – that’s the purview of the Michigan Dept. of Transportation, since Huron is a trunkline. Rampson said the developer could certainly put a sign on his property, but she didn’t recommend altering the development agreement to address traffic engineering issues like this. No amendment was made. Outcome: Commissioners voted unanimously to approve the site plan for The Varsity at Ann Arbor. It will be considered next by city council. Present: Eleanore Adenekan, Erica Briggs, Tony Derezinski, Diane Giannola, Eric Mahler, Evan Pratt, Kirk Westphal. The Chronicle relies in part on regular voluntary subscriptions to support our coverage of public bodies like the city planning commission. If you’re already supporting The Chronicle, please encourage your friends, neighbors and coworkers to do the same. Click this link for details: Subscribe to The Chronicle. The comments about parking for the Varsity project are significant because they play into a number of conflicting messages about the downtown parking system. When the underground structure for 5th Avenue was proposed, we were told that it was because of a parking shortage for downtown customers, especially in the State Street area. (I reviewed this in a blog post [link].) Meanwhile, the DDA has increased parking fees and is moving to implement a demand-management scheme for downtown (hourly)parking. The message is that parking is at a premium. But this same taxpayer-subsidized parking system is also being called on to support development downtown. Although the proposed hotel/conference center on the Library Lot has been derailed, it is likely that some development there, or possibly on the Y lot, will be expected to use some of these spaces. Recently it has been suggested that the Heritage Row/City Place developer might be given access to some of those spaces, and now we are hearing that The Varsity would expect to fill some of its tenants’ needs using the city’s parking system (parking spaces being a fungible resource, if they are removed from Liberty Square, the need will flow elsewhere, and the new structure was suggested here to be the answer). The new spaces are costing, by some estimates, around $50,000, and the parking system has financial strains, in part because the Council has turned to using parking as a revenue stream for the General Fund. I have not done recent calculations, but I’m pretty sure that monthly permits do not pay their way in making up the cost of construction. So if the Planning Commission is not the body to calculate what is the appropriate cost to the downtown parking system for this new development, who should take that responsibility? 1. “The Hurinal”, a combination of the Huron River and Urinal, for the trench the water trickles down. 2. “The Finger”, a metaphor based on the shape of the vertical plinth, for how the city’s leaders view the citizens by paying $750,000 for the sculpture, but best exemplified by both the “Rog Mahal” and the “Big Dig” where another $100 million was wasted, at a time when the city’s leaders have cut fire and police safety below acceptable levels, and propose to cut even more. 3. “The Shaft”, an apt metaphor, similar to #2. 4. “Temple of Wretched Excess with the World’s Largest Urinal”, David Cahill’s suggestion. Having seen “it” close up in person now, I vote for #3. Perhaps others have some additional ideas? As I noted in a Stopped Watched, my husband and I made a side trip last night specifically to see the sculpture. Not only was it not turned on for viewing, but tarps were left strewn about the base. Apparently when the formalities were concluded, this art was no longer available for “the public”. I’m grateful for the gift that University Bank has given us in Ann Arbor in preserving the historic Hoover Mansion and its wonderful setting. How sad it would have been to see that broken up for student housing developments. I think the spaces at the new Fifth Ave structure are closer to $70,000 each, based on the $50 million construction cost and the 640 to 717 spaces being built (sources vary on the exact number). Monthly permits run $140 per month. So I think it’s pretty clear that these spaces are being subsidized, at least for monthly permit holders. Paster? Is that the past-tense of Pastor? Ed Vielmetti posted a picture of the fountain on his flickr, and he mentioned it looks like the remains of an ash tree that was attacked by the emerald ash borer. It does to me too, having lost a beautiful ash to the bug. Perhaps we could have a name that commemorates that? Ed’s picture is rather beautiful and I agree about its looking like ash borer galleries. I wonder that the artist doesn’t have a name for it. Does he see its most important features being the water(I understand that he does a lot of water features) or are the other aspects important to him? The lights are starlike and the galleries could be seen as active, not merely ornamentation. I think when you hire a landscape architect you get landscaping not “named” art. Even when it costs a million dollars. Mr Derezinski is wrong, The Varsity is in the DDA zone, and any any increase in taxes goes to the DDA, not the city. As a member of 1st Baptist, I cannot share my pastor’s enthusiasm for this project. To me, it is a form of church desecration.

2019-04-21T22:45:03Z

http://annarborchronicle.com/2011/10/08/despite-concerns-the-varsity-moves-ahead/index.html

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)4 is the most pernicious cancer, with a high mortality rate. While the incidence of HCC is increasing worldwide with relevance to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, there is strong etiological evidence linking chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection to the incidence of HCC in China (1, 2). Despite the improvement of surgical techniques and other conditions, the prognosis of HCC remains poor because of late diagnosis. The lack of sensitive and specific methods for early diagnosis makes effective treatment virtually impossible. The main reason for this limitation is the inability of physics-based imaging to detect the cancer at a very early stage. However, alterations in the cancer cells can still be recognized by immune cells and rejected in an immune response. Detection of these altered genes and their proteins by molecular and immunological approaches may provide a means for sensitive and specific diagnosis and potential targets for immunotherapy. The immune response against tumor Ags in cancer patients has been convincingly documented over the last decade by the detection of tumor Ag-specific CTLs (3) and Abs (4). The integration of molecular and immunological techniques has led to the identification of a large number of tumor Ags and their genes. As a result of this research, cancer-testis (CT) Ags and melanocyte-specific differentiation Ags have become useful in the clinic (5). Two major approaches have been developed for the identification of tumor Ags and the cloning of their genes. One is to define CTL-recognized T cell epitopes in proteins expressed on cells transfected with a tumor cDNA library (6). The second is to define B cell epitopes in Ags that are specifically recognized by Abs in cancer sera. This technique is known as serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) (7). The application of these methods to identify tumor Ags in various histological types of cancers has produced valuable information that may help define factors involved in the multiple stages of tumorigenesis and further identify immune targets for diagnosis and vaccine-based immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the complete repertoire of tumor Ags (tumor immunome) and their encoding genes is far from being fully defined. This prediction is based on the following observations. The gene profiles revealed by immunological methods from different histological types of cancers or even from the same histological type of cancer in different individuals are significantly diversified. Also, only a small fraction of genes have been repeatedly cloned from different cDNA libraries prepared from distinct histological types or from the same histological type of cancer in different individuals. In HCC the expression of altered and/or mutated genes has been demonstrated using molecular techniques. Mutations of genes such as p53, RB, and ras (8, 9, 10) and overexpression of genes such as glutamine synthetase (11), α-fetoprotein (12), diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) (13), aldose reductase (14), CD24 (15), and others observed in cDNA microarray (16, 17) have been reported. Recently, the CT Ags MAGE-A1 and -A3 have been found highly expressed in HCC, while the other MAGE-A family members are less frequently expressed in HCC (18, 19, 20, 21). However, the immunological identification of tumor Ags in human HCC is rare (22). A methodology similar to SEREX was also applied to clone a gene, whose encoding protein p62 had already been identified by immunoprecipitation using autoantibody present in the sera of HCC patients (23). To define HCC-expressed tumor Ags, we constructed four cDNA expression libraries using resected human HCC tissue samples and screened them by SEREX, using the Abs present in autologous or allogeneic sera. A total of 55 different HCC genes encoding immunogenic proteins have been identified. Of these, 40 are known, and 15 are novel molecules. Our study has defined two CT Ags predominantly expressed in HCC and other histological types of cancer cells. Two other Ags were overexpressed in HCC. Another four Ags, each of which was expressed in the particular cancer cell line(s), but not in normal counterpart tissue(s), may help identify metastatic cancer cells. These results also revealed that an immune response against autoantigens is activated in HCC cancer patients. All samples of HCC tissues with paired adjacent liver tissues (5 cm distant from HCC) and gastric cancer tissues were obtained during surgical resection from our Teaching Hospitals, Peking University Health Science Center. The melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), and urological cancer samples were collected by Ludwig Oncology Unit, Austin Repatriation Medical Center (Melbourne, Australia). Collection of tissue samples and sera was agreed upon by patients after they gave written consent and was approved by the hospital ethic review committee. The resected tissue samples were immediately cut into small pieces and then snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen until use. All HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver tissue samples were confirmed by pathology. The patients from whom the resected HCC samples were obtained are HBV surface Ag positive, but HCV negative. RNA was extracted from HCC samples with TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD), and mRNA was purified by the Poly(A) Track kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Oligo(dT)-primed double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 5 μg mRNA and ligated into the λZAP phage expression vector according to the user’s manual (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). A total of four HCC cDNA libraries were constructed, two in Uni-ZAP II vector and two in ZAP expression vector. The primary libraries were in the range of 1.2–5.0 × 106 colonies, and the average length of the inserts was 1.0–1.2 kb (Table I⇓). The HCC cDNA expression libraries were screened with either autologous or allogeneic sera obtained from HCC patients. Autologous serum was used to screen HCC cDNA libraries 1 and 3, and the screening procedure was performed as previously described (24) with slight modifications. With low nonspecific Ab binding, serum 1 was directly used to screen the HCC cDNA libraries without Escherichia coli- and phage-infected E. coli lysate absorption. In contrast, serum 3 produced high reactivity to E. coli and required initial absorption to E. coli- and phage-infected E. coli lysates to remove those Abs reactive to vector system Ags. Library 1- and 3-transfected E. coli produced many false positives, as the libraries expressed high levels of IgG molecules reacting to goat anti-human IgG Ab. To remove these clones expressing IgG molecules, the screening method applied by Tureci et al. (25) was used with some modifications. Briefly, in the screening of libraries 1 and 3, plaques were transferred onto nitrocellulose filters (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) prerinsed in 0.5 mM isopropylthio-β-d-galactoside for 6–8 h at 37°C. After blocking with 1% BSA/TBS overnight at 4°C with shaking, the filters were washed with TBS and preincubated with a 1/15,000 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (secondary Ab; Promega) for 1–2 h at room temperature. Reactive clones were visualized with 4-nitroblue tetrazolium chloride/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate. The resulting blue dots were marked on the filter with a needle. These premarked membranes were extensively washed with TBS, and then incubated with diluted autologous patient serum (1/500). The filters were stained and processed for visualization in a manner identical with that described above. Only clones that appeared blue and unmarked from the needle in the prescreening were considered serum positive. These clones were subcloned three times to obtain monoclonality. When libraries 2 and 4 were screened with autologous serum, there were very few clones reactive with their respective sera. With the idea that tumor Ags may be commonly expressed on tumors originating in different patients, we screened libraries 2 and 4 with serum 1 as described above. Because there was no detection of IgG false positive clones in libraries 2 and 4, preincubation with the secondary Ab was omitted. Numerous positive clones from libraries 2 and 4 were obtained with allogeneic serum screening. Monoclonalized phage cDNA clones were converted to pBluescript (libraries 1, 2, and 4) or pBKCMV (library 3) phagemid forms by in vivo excision. The plasmids were purified by Qiaprep spin columns (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and the sizes of the inserts were determined by restriction enzyme digestion with EcoRI and XhoI. The cDNA inserts were sequenced with T3 and T7 primers by the dideoxy chain termination method using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and an ABI PRISM automated DNA sequencer (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT). The mRNA expression pattern of the 15 novel cDNAs was assayed by RT-PCR using panels of commercially available cDNA paired with RNA extracted from normal tissues and tumor cell lines (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA). One panel was comprised of 16 normal tissues: brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, placenta, skeletal muscle, colon, ovary, peripheral blood leukocyte, prostate, small intestine, spleen, testis, and thymus. The panel of tumor cell lines included one cell line each of breast, prostate, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers and two cell lines each of lung and colon cancers. RNA from HCC, paired adjacent noncancerous liver tissues, and gastric cancer tissues was extracted and primed with a dT(18) oligonucleotide. The RNA was treated with DNase I, then reverse transcribed with Advantage reverse transcriptase (Clontech Laboratories). Gene-specific PCR primers were designed and synthesized to amplify cDNA fragments 600-1200 bp in length with an estimated primer melting temperature between 65 and 70°C. All cDNA synthesis reactions were set up in duplicate with or without reverse transcriptase, the latter was used to check genomic DNA contamination. The integrity and quantity of the cDNA were determined by the amplification of G3PDH. RT-PCR was performed with 30–35 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 65°C, and 1 min at 72°C, followed by 7 min at 72°C. Qualitative PCR and visualization of target bands with ethidium bromide staining were performed to determine the expression of the novel genes in normal tissues and cancer cell lines. Semiquantitative PCR was applied to evaluate the relative densities of the five novel HCC gene cDNAs expressed in HCC tissues and non-HCC tissue samples. The OD of the target bands was analyzed by Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) after scanning with Gel Doc 2000 (Bio-Rad). The total intensity of the target band was calculated as the sum of all the intensities of the pixels that make up the band. The sequences of paired primers for the amplification of five valuable HCA gene cDNAs were as follows: HCA90: forward, cct ggg ctc aag caa tcc tcc tgc ctt agc; reverse, ggg ctc ctg aga gat gac ggt gtt tgg acg; HCA519: forward, gca agc tat tgt cac acc ttt c; reverse, atg att aca gga gtg gca cat c; HCA520: forward, cag gca tga gat gct gca ggt tct ccg tc; reverse, tgt ggt ctg tta gga acc ggg ctg cac ag; HCA587: forward, cgg gat cca tgc ctc ccg ttc c; reverse, cgc tcg agt cac tca gaa aag gag acg tt; and HCA661: forward, tac act cgg cct gga aga att g; reverse, tct tcc tcc tcg aac tgc tg. NBs were performed with total RNA extracted from HCC and paired adjacent non-HCC liver tissues. RNA integrity was examined by electrophoresis in formalin/4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid gels. Thirty micrograms of RNA per lane was first separated by electrophoresis in 1.2% agarose containing 3% formaldehyde and then blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Hybond-C). The nick-translated 32P-labeled probes were serum-positive partial cDNA sequences of HCA519 (clone HCA503 contained 747 bp of HCA519 cDNA) and HCA587 (531 bp) and the full-length cDNA sequence of HCA661 (1.7 kb). After prehybridization, the membranes hybridized with the specific 32P-labeled cDNA probe overnight at 65°C in hybridization solution (6× SSC, 5× Denhardt’s solution, and 0.1% SDS). The membranes were then washed three times for 30 min each time at 65°C in 0.1× SSC/0.1% SDS solution and exposed to Kodak X-OMAT-AR film with intensifying screens for up to 7 days at −70°C. The size of full-length mRNA was estimated in comparison with the mobilities of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA. Of the 15 novel genes identified from SEREX screening, 12 cDNAs spanned an open reading frame (ORF) and complied with the Kozak rule (26). The full-length gene of the other three cDNAs was either extended by RACE or by searching expressed sequence tag databases. The full-length cDNA of these three genes were confirmed by RT-PCR. The sizes of full-length HCA519, -587, and -661 were also confirmed by NB. Sera from allogeneic HCC patients, HBV- and HCV-infected patients, head and neck cancer patients, and healthy donors were screened by positive phage clone analysis for their reactivities with Ags encoded by the 15 novel full-length cDNAs. In this assay an equal number of serum-positive clones and negative control phage clones were mixed, cultured, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters, then processed for reactivity to serum with or without E. coli lysate absorption. The serum dilution was 1/500 for unabsorbed and 1/200 for absorbed samples. Data from integrate OD scan were presented as the mean ± SE. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test to assess the significance of integrate OD data. A value of p < 0.05 was used as the fiducial limit of significance. Immunoscreening of the four HCC cDNA libraries with autologous or allogeneic serum produced a total of 116 serum-reactive clones. These clones represented 55 different Ags. Of these, 40 encoded known Ags, and 15 encoded novel Ags (Table II⇓). Of the 15 novel genes, three were created by oligonucleotide insertion, one by DNA deletion, and the remaining 11 were unique. Four of the 11 unique genes were confirmed in DNA sequence by their corresponding clones in the published human genomic sequence. The HCA64 cDNA sequence was identical with the Homo sapiens DBI-related protein-encoding gene, with the exception of a 664-bp insertion (665–1428 bp) at nucleotide position of 662. This insertion introduced a translational stop at nucleotide position 676. The HCA64 cDNA encoded a 225-aa protein, 139 aa shorter than the DBI-related protein (364 aa). HCA90 cDNA was generated by an insertion of 108 bp (from nt 1520–1627) between exon 10 and exon 11 of HCA519, adding 36 aa to the protein. This 108-bp insert was a new member of the human Alu-J subfamily (GenBank data). The HCA137 cDNA sequence mapped to that in human chromosome 8, but contained two additional inserts (detailed information in GenBank, accession no. AF287265). These two inserts have not been found in the human genome to date. A deletion of 372 bp (encoding 124 aa) at nt 648-1019 in HCA56 cDNA created a novel gene that we named HCA56A. HCA56 and HCA56A may be attributed to differential splicing. HCA56 cDNA has a 95% homology with a gene fragment isolated by anti-ligatin Ab (27); it is now defined by NCBI as ligatin-encoding gene. HCA661 is a new member of the H. sapiens transcription factor DP-1 (TFDP1) family, sharing a homology of 88% in nucleotides and 73% in amino acids with TFDP1 (28). The cDNA sequence of HCA661 has a 100% homology to the genomic sequence clone of PAC 358H7. The sequence of HCA58 cDNA was recently confirmed by the human genomic clone PR5-90108, of which two isoforms exist as the HCA58 and the cytochrome c oxidase VIIB subunit. Thus, HCA58 appears to be involved in oxidization activity. The HCA519 cDNA was found to be identical with the H. sapiens-restricted proliferation-associated nuclear protein 100 cDNA (29, 30). Its DNA sequence information was released after the cloning of HCA519. HCA520 has 61% nucleotide level homology with the calcineurin homologous protein, an essential cofactor for Na+/H+ exchangers (31). The HCA587 cDNA was identical with MAGE-C2 (32) and has a 3-bp difference compared with CT10 (33) at nt 19(G→A), 895(T→C), and 1329(A→G). The latter 2-bp changes were in the ORF region, producing two amino acid substitutions (M189T and K334E). According to the recently released human genome, the corresponding sequences of our four novel HCA cDNAs have been mapped to different locations. The clone RP11-212N14 mapping to chromosome 8 contained HCA59; the BAC clone CIT987-SKA-345G4 contained the HCA520 sequence. An identical sequence of HCA66 was found in the human genomic clone HCIT307A16, and HCA67 was found in clone RP11-108A14. The corresponding sequences of HCA112 cDNA and HCA127 cDNA have not yet been found within the human genome. Apparently, these novel genes cloned from HCC are not altered genes; instead, they may represent genes predominantly expressed in HCC cells. Based upon the function of the 40 known Ags associated with HCC as defined by SEREX, they have been classified into 10 functional categories as shown in Table III⇓. Many of these molecules are regulatory proteins functioning in glycolysis, energy consumption, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. Overexpression of these molecules may reflect the accelerated events of cell metabolism and cell proliferation. Additionally, HCA119 is the mitochondrial mRNA for NADP+-dependent malic enzyme, normally not produced in the liver, but required for pyruvate generation in HCC cells (34, 35). RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA expression patterns of the 15 novel genes identified from the HCC cDNA libraries. A series of tissues and cell lines was examined, including normal tissues, tumor cell lines, HCC tissues and paired noncancerous adjacent tissues, liver tissues other than HCC, gastric cancer, and melanoma tissues. The mRNA expression of the 15 novel genes in normal tissues was determined by RT-PCR and is presented in Table IV⇓. Expression patterns can be divided into three categories. 1) Expression in two types of normal tissues including testis: HCA587 mRNA and HCA661 mRNA (Fig. 1⇓) were substantially expressed in testis and weakly expressed in normal pancreas (data not shown). 2) Limited expression: ten of the HCA mRNA transcripts were found distributed in three (HCA112) to nine types (HCA67) of normal tissue. 3) Ubiquitous expression: mRNA transcripts of HCA56, -56A, and -66 were expressed in all 16 normal tissues tested. HCA127 mRNA was detected in 14 normal tissues. Expression of HCA587 mRNA in 16 normal tissues and eight cancer cell lines. Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products shows HCA587 transcripts in testis, normal pancreas, and some cancer cell lines. 1–16, normal tissues: 1, brain; 2, heart; 3, kidney; 4, liver; 5, lung; 6, pancreas; 7, placenta; 8, skeletal muscle; 9, colon; 10, ovary; 11, leukocyte; 12, prostate; 13, small intestine; 14, spleen; 15, testis; 16, thymus. 17–24, cancer cell lines: 17, breast carcinoma (GI-101); 18, lung carcinoma (LX-1); 19, colon adenocarcinoma (CX-1); 20, lung carcinoma (GI-117); 21, prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC3); 22, colon adenocarcinoma (GI-112); 23, ovarian carcinoma (GI-102); 24, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (GI-103). M1-M10, cDNA samples prepared from fresh melanoma tissues. To check the weak expression of HCA587 mRNA in pancreatic tissue, three cDNA samples (two purchased from Clontech and one prepared from fresh normal pancreas) were tested by RT-PCR. All three samples showed weak expression of HCA587 mRNA. To exclude genomic contamination, primers (primer 5, 5′-AATCTGACGGATCGGAGGCATTTG-3′; primer 6, 5′-TGCTACTTTCTTCAACAAGCTAAGCAAAGC-3′) were applied. The size of the amplified cDNA should be 2.0 kb, while the genomic DNA fragment should be 3.0 kb. The PCR products obtained were 2.0 kb, confirming no genomic contamination. Thus, HCA587 mRNA was truly expressed at low levels in the pancreas. Expression in cancer cell lines. A panel of eight cancer cell lines (breast, G1-101; lung, LX-1 and G1-117; colon, CX-1 and G1-112; prostate, PC3; ovary, G1-102; and pancreas, G1-103) was tested. HCA519 and HCA587 were expressed in lung, colon, prostate, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer cell lines, whereas HCA90 and HCA59 were expressed in breast, lung, colon, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. HCA520 was only expressed in the ovarian cancer cell line. HCA661 was not expressed in any of the eight cancer cell lines tested. Expression in HCC, paired adjacent noncancerous tissues, and other cancer tissues. The five novel genes, expressed in various cancer cell lines and in a few types of normal tissue, were analyzed for their distribution in the samples of HCC, paired adjacent tissues, cirrhosis, and normal liver tissues. As shown in Fig. 2⇓, the expression pattern and frequency were classified into four groups. 1) Specific expression in HCC: HCA520 mRNA transcript was specifically expressed in five of 10 HCC samples, with no detection in paired adjacent tissues or in cirrhotic or normal liver tissues. 2) Highly expressed in HCC, weakly expressed in adjacent tissue: The HCA587 mRNA transcript was highly expressed in 14 of 20 HCC samples and weakly expressed in one of 20 paired adjacent tissues. There was no expression in cirrhotic or normal liver tissues. The average intensity of HCA587 mRNA transcript was 16-fold higher in HCC tissues than in adjacent tissues (p < 0.01). The HCA661 mRNA transcript was substantially expressed in five of 17 HCC samples, weakly expressed in two of 17 paired adjacent tissues, and null in nine normal liver samples. The average intensity of the HCA661 mRNA transcript was 10-fold higher in HCC tissues than in the adjacent tissues (p < 0.01). The HCA90 mRNA transcript was strongly expressed in all 10 HCC samples and weakly expressed in all paired adjacent tissues, with no detectable expression in cirrhotic or normal liver samples. The average intensity of the HCA90 mRNA transcript was 21-fold higher in HCC tissues than in the adjacent tissues (p < 0.01). 3) Strongly expressed in HCC and weakly expressed in cirrhotic or normal liver samples: HCA519 was strongly expressed in all 10 HCC samples and weakly expressed in all paired adjacent tissues and in approximately half of the cirrhotic and normal liver samples. The average intensity of the HCA519 mRNA transcript was 30-fold higher in HCC tissues than in the adjacent tissues and cirrhotic or normal liver samples (p < 0.01). Because of the undetectable level of HCA661 mRNA in the eight cancer cell lines tested, its mRNA expression in cDNA samples derived from resected gastric cancer and melanoma tissues was assessed. The HCA661 mRNA transcript was clearly expressed in two of 10 melanoma samples, but was not detectable in 10 gastric cancer samples, 13 urological cancers, or 11 HNSCC tissues. Expression of SEREX-cloned novel genes in the samples of HCC and paired adjacent noncancer tissues. A, Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products shows HCA587 and HCC 661 transcripts in the paired HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver tissue samples. RT-PCR for G3PDH was used to monitor the quality of the mRNA samples. B, The relative densities of the five HCC transcripts expressed in HCC tissues and non-HCC tissue samples was evaluated by semiquantitative PCR. The OD of target band in the different tissues was presented. The positive rate of the target gene transcripts in different samples is listed underneath the figure. When the abundance of mRNA expressed in HCC tissues was compared with that in adjacent noncancerous tissues, the levels of HCA519, HCA587, HCA90, and HCA661 mRNA transcripts were 30-, 16-, 21-, and 10-fold higher, respectively. To further examine the RT-PCR results for HCA519, -587, and -661, total RNA was extracted from HCC and paired adjacent noncancerous tissues to be analyzed by NB hybridization (Fig. 3⇓). The hybridization signals of HCA519 and -587 were 3.2 and 2.0 kb, respectively, corresponding to the expected full-length cDNA. In the NB of HCA661, two strong bands of ∼1.7 and 2.1 kb were detected in testis RNA. However, the 1.7-kb band was detected only in HCC RNA, and the band at ∼2.1 kb was detected only in RNA isolated from adjacent non-HCC tissue and normal liver tissue. The DNA sequence revealed that the gene of 2.1 kb was DP-1, and the gene of 1.7 kb was HCA661. NB hybridization of three novel genes in HCC. In the NB analysis, HCA519 and 587 RNA was only expressed in HCC samples, while HCA661 RNA appeared as two bands. The 2.1-kb fragment was present in testis, adjacent non-HCC tissue, and normal liver tissue, but the 1.7-kb fragment was expressed in testis and HCC tissue. Ca, cancer; Adj, adjacent; Nor, normal liver. The DNA sequence revealed that the gene of 2.1 kb was DP-1, and the gene of 1.7 kb was HCA661. To solve the apparent discordance arising from the fact that in normal liver the HCA661 was not detectable by RT-PCR but was detected by NB with a band at ∼2.1 kb, we searched GenBank database and found that HCA661 is a new member of the DP-1 family. HCA661 is highly homologous to TFDP1 (88% in nucleotides), a gene of 2394 bp localized on chromosome 13 (28, 36, 37). It is possible that HCA661cDNA may also hybridize with TFDP1 in NB. In this regard, a pair of primers matched with the conservative region of the cDNA of HCA661 and TFDP1 was applied (primer 1, 5′-GAA CCC GCT CGG GAA GCA GCT CTT GC-3′; primer 2, 5′-CCT GGA ACC TGC CGT CGT GAA CAC-3′). The RT-PCR was performed using the cDNA samples of normal liver, HCC, and testis tissues as templates. According to the DNA sequence of PCR products, the cDNA in normal liver tissue was confirmed to be DP-1, whereas the DP-1 cDNA and HCA661 cDNA were both confirmed to be expressed in testis and HCC. In contrast, The DNA sequence in RT-PCR products amplified from HCC and testis tissues using HCA661-specific primers (primer 3, 5′-TACACTCGGCCTGGAAGAATTG-3′; primer 4, 5′-TCTTCCTCCTCGAATGCTG-3′) was solely HCA661. HCA661 mRNA transcript was not detectable in normal liver samples. Thus, the cDNA of ∼2.1 kb in normal liver tissue shown in NB was DP-1, and the cDNA of 1.7 kb in HCC was HCA661. In testis, both DP-1 and HCA661 mRNA transcripts were expressed. To determine the Ab produced in patients specific against the 15 novel SEREX gene products, positive phage clones expressing the novel Ags were tested for seroreactivity against allogeneic sera collected from 55 HCC patients, 10 head and neck cancer patients, 25 patients with chronic HBV infection, and 20 normal donors. The frequency of an Ab response to these 15 Ags in HCC patients was very low, the highest being three of 55 (HCA137). In one test using allogeneic HCC serum, 10 Ags were reactive. To exclude the possibility that the low frequency of seroreactivity was caused by a high dilution (1/500) of unabsorbed sera, 13 allogeneic sera were absorbed with E. coli/phage-infected E. coli lysates and tested at a dilution of 1/200 in a phage clone assay. Of the 15 Ags tested against absorbed sera, only one serum sample (1/200) became reactive to HCA112, whereas its unabsorbed serum (1/500) did not react (Table V⇓). There were three Ags only reactive with the serum from which the Ag-encoding genes were cloned. In contrast, none of the allogeneic sera collected from chronic HBV-infected patients, head and neck cancer patients, and healthy donors was seroreactive with these 15 novel Ags. While it has been observed that HCC cells express tumor Ags at the mRNA level, including members of the MAGE family and NY-ESO-1 (18, 19, 20, 21, 38), the immunogenicity of these CT Ags in HCC patients is unclear. By screening HCC cDNA expression libraries with the Ab-based SEREX, we identified 55 different Ags. Of these, 40 are known, and 15 are novel, representing a diverse array of molecules with immunogenicity in HCC patients. To determine whether these 15 novel molecules were tumor Ags or autoantigens, their reactivity to allogeneic sera and mRNA expression pattern in normal tissues, tumor cell lines, HCC tissues, non-HCC liver samples, gastric cancer, and melanoma tissues were analyzed. Most of these identified molecules were found as autoantigens in the majority of tissues tested. HCA587 and HCA661 were the exceptions, with restricted expression in cancer cells and normal testis. HCA587 and HCA661 were also weakly expressed in normal pancreatic tissue. The proteins of HCA587 and HCA661 are immunogenic and capable of inducing an Ab response, as they were cloned by Abs in the sera of HCC patients. These two Ags can be defined as CT Ags. The common features of human CT Ags include 1) predominant mRNA expression in testis, but not in other normal tissues; 2) mRNA expression in certain types of cancers; and 3) genes encoding CT Ags mapped to the X chromosome (38). The cDNA sequence of HCA587 is identical with that of MAGE-C2 (32) and has a 2-bp difference from CT-10 (33) in its ORF. This difference resulted in a 2-aa substitution (M189T and K334E). HCA587 cDNA was cloned in 1999 (GenBank deposit date, May 13, 1999, accession no. AF151378) before the DNA sequences of MAGE-C2 and CT-10 were released. MAGE-C2 and CT-10 cDNA were cloned from melanoma cell lines (32, 33) by representational difference analysis. Both were defined as CT Ags based on mRNA expression in a broad panel of cancer cells and absence in normal tissues, with the exception of testis. We have cloned HCA587 cDNA by SEREX and hence demonstrated that the HCA587 protein is immunogenic in vivo. While it was previously reported that CT-10 mRNA was not expressed in normal pancreas (33), we detected its weak expression. As CT Ag SSX-2 is expressed in thyroid (39) and NY-ESO-1 in ovary (38) at low levels, HCA587 can still be generally defined as a CT Ag despite its weak expression in pancreas. Likewise, HCA661 is a CT Ag, as it meets all three criteria: no expression in normal tissues except testis and weak expression in pancreas, high rate of expression in HCC (Fig. 2⇑) and low rate of expression in melanoma (Fig. 1⇑), and localization on chromosome X. HCA661 mRNA was not detected in 10 samples of gastric cancer, five samples of colon cancer, 11 samples of HNSCC, or 13 samples of urologic cancer. The number of allogeneic sera reactive against HCA587 and HCA661 was very low; there was only one positive serum in 55 HCC sera tested. However, all serum samples collected from 25 HBV-infected patients, 20 healthy donors, and 10 HNSCC patients were serologically negative for these two Ags. It appeared that the immunogenicity of these Ags was tumor oriented. The low rate of their seroreactivity to allogeneic sera is similar to that of the MAGE family members. In fact, most CT Ags, either defined by a CD8+ CTL response (MAGEA-1, MAGEA-3) or by SEREX (SSX-2), with the exception of NY-ESO-1 (40), induced a very low frequency of Ab responses in melanoma. The potential of SEREX-defined CT Ags to induce cellular immunity despite a low frequency of Abs in allogeneic sera has been confirmed. In view that the SEREX-defined NY-ESO-1 can induce a CTL response and the CTL-defined MAGEA-1 has also been identified by SEREX (41, 42), this suggests that SEREX-cloned Ags may contain T and B cell epitopes. These epitopes are then capable of inducing both Ab and CTL responses. In this respect the capacity of HCA587 and HCA661 to elicit a CTL response should be further examined; this is a critical criterion to determine whether HCA587 and HCA661 are potential candidates for tumor vaccine. Even if a CTL response can be induced, the capacity of HCA587- and HCA661-specific CTL to kill normal pancreatic cells, which express low levels of HCA587 and HCA661 mRNA, should be tested before its consideration as a vaccine candidate. Although HCA519 mRNA was intensely expressed in HCC samples and many other cancer cell lines, its low expression in normal tissues negates its vaccine candidacy. However, it may serve as a special cell division marker for cancer diagnosis. HCA519 cDNA is identical in sequence to the gene encoding a protein called p100. It is a new nuclear proliferation-associated protein with restricted expression in cycling cells (29). The rate of p100-positive cells in breast cancer is directly relevant to the risk of mortality (43). Likewise, estimating the proportion of HCA519-positive cells in cancer tissue sections may help assess the prognosis of HCC patients. HCA520 mRNA was positive only in an ovarian cancer cell line and was negative in the normal tissue counterpart. HCA58 was expressed in colon and ovary cancer cell lines, but not in the respective normal tissues. HCA59 and HCA67 mRNA were expressed in colon cancer, but were undetectable in normal colon tissue. With their HCA mRNA transcripts expressed in only certain types of cancer cell lines and absent in the normal tissue counterparts, these four Ags may be valuable for the detection of metastatic cancer cells. This immunological diagnosis would be complementary to a pathological diagnosis. The majority of our SEREX-defined molecules from HCC cDNA expression libraries are apparently autoantigens, although we cannot exclude the possibility that some of the Ag-encoding genes may have point mutations. The capacity of these autoantigens to elicit an Ab response in HCC patients is similar to that seen in autoimmune patients. The variety of autoantibodies found in the sera of cancer patients is evidence for an autoimmune response. In view of the fact that in both autoimmune diseases and cancers autoantibodies can be detected against Ags such as small nuclear RNA associated sm-like protein, actin, and even MAGE (44, 45), it is important to distinguish tumor Ags from autoantigens before any immunological manipulations. The molecules defined by SEREX from cancer cells are rapidly accumulating. Among the 55 Ags we have identified in HCC, nine molecules have also been identified by others using SEREX or other immunological methods from different cancers. They are: DBI-related protein in renal cancer and HCC (13, 46), small nuclear RNA-associated sm-like protein and Dna J protein in renal cancer (46), CENP-F kinetochore protein in breast cancer (47), translationally controlled tumor protein in colon cancer (48), p100 (HCA519) in breast cancer (29, 43), and ATPase in HCC (22). From our results we roughly calculate that ∼16% (nine of 55) of HCC-expressed Ags are shared by cancers of other histological types. In addition, numerous complement inactivation molecules have been frequently identified in HCC cDNA expression libraries by SEREX. They include complement H factor, factor H homologue, and factor H-related molecule. Inhibiting complement activation may be one of the means by which HCC cells escape immune attack. Despite the numerous HCC Ags identified by SEREX, none of the Ags identified in other labortories (22) or in our laboratory is exactly identical. Even from the four HCC cDNA expression libraries we screened, only four of 55 Ags are repeatedly identified from different individual libraries. Coupled with diverse Ag profiles from different cancers, it is clear that the tumor immunome is far from being complete. Further identification of tumor-associated Ags from HCC is needed to find more immunogens with potency for effective immunotherapy. In conclusion, our experimental results of tumor Ags in HCC have provided candidates for immunological applications and the molecular features for understanding tumorigenicity. ↵1 This work was supported by grants from Australia-China Institutional Links Program, 1997, National 973 Program in China (G1999053904), Beijing Municipal Government Foundation for Natural Sciences (7001002), and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (KSP 003). ↵2 Y.W., K.-J.H., and X.-W.P. contributed equally to this study. ↵4 Abbreviations used in this paper: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CT, cancer-testis; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCA, hepatocellular carcinoma Ag; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HNSCC, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck; NB, Northern blot; ORF, open reading frame; SEREX, serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries; TFDP1, transcription factor DP-1; DBI, diazepam binding inhibitor. Cohen, P. L.. 1999. Systemic autoimmunity. W. E. Paul, ed. Fundamental Immunology 4th Ed.1067 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.

2019-04-24T00:04:49Z

http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/2/1102

Are you confused about diamond grading and pricing that’s all over the map? Having a hard time deciding whether to go for an I1-H, SI1-J, VS2-L? If you just want a beautiful diamond that needs no excuses how about this internally flawless, H colour princess cut solitaire? You can’t get much better than an internally flawless clarity and the H colour is near colourless. The diamond is accompanied by an 2003 HRD (Hoge Raad voor Diamant) Antwerp Belgium diamond certificate report. While we always prefer GIA reports for an accurate unbiased opinion of quality an HRD certificate is okay. Even if their opinion differs from GIA by a colour or clarity grade (as is often the case) this diamond is still a knockout. It’s perfectly square only off by 0.5%, decent table of 75% with a nice crown height of 8%. The 14 karat Lucida setting is still a popular choice for a solitaire of any shape. The finished ring comes with a July 2004 HKD Diamond Laboratories Canada appraisal suggesting an approximate value for the ring of $12,000.00. I’m sure the original owner was elated with this evaluation until it came time to trade it in. While we wholeheartedly feel this value is excessive, we also realize ALL appraisals are strictly opinions of value. Our opinion of a more competitive replacement value is closer to $5,000.00 CAD. The size 6 1/2 ring is in like new condition and estate priced at just $3,500.00. CAD. Stock #e12066. This is a great looking diamond with all the right credentials. Gemological Institute of America certified VS2 clarity, “I” colour, very good cut, good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. The full GIA report can be seen online here. With an average diameter of 7.75mm this diamond will look like a little flashlight on your finger. Set it in a traditional solitaire or the latest custom halo creation. Let Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers can make you a ring to be proud of and save some $$$$$ with an estate diamond at the same time. It is currently set in a size 8 platinum diamond ring adding 0.79 carats of VS-GH bling (available separately for $2730.00). This 4 billion year old diamond is in perfect condition and estate priced at $14,300.00 CAD. Stock #e3739. Ever considered a fancy shaped diamond? They offer an interesting alternative to the industry benchmark round brilliant cut. Fancy shaped diamonds are almost always less expensive compared to round, sometimes by close to 40%. This estate emerald cut faces up much nicer than many I2 clairty diamonds I’ve seen. The white feather type inclusions can be seen without without artificial magnification but that doesn’t mean the diamond doesn’t sparkle. The very good H colour, no fluorescence and very good polish ensure it still twinkles like a diamond costing several times more. The recent (February 2019) Gemological Institute of America certificate can be seen online here. Currently set into a brand new 14 karat white gold pendant setting with 14 karat white gold Italian rolo chain. The Art Deco inspired design contains 35 round high quality VS-SI-GH diamonds adding 0.57 carats of extra sparkle. The pendant setting is available for an extra $1,500.00 CAD. If you’ve got another project in mind let us know; we’d love to custom make it for you. You won’t believe how nice and how large an estate diamond can be purchased for only $2,000.00 CAD, but only at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. Stock #e12003. I can’t ever remember selling a diamond in a setting that hasn’t been assembled into a finished piece of jewellery. I suppose there’s a first for everything so we’re going to give it a shot. Why recycle a perfectly good platinum 4 prong setting when there is a good chance we’ll just have to buy a new one to make this pretty diamond into a beautiful engagement ring or another piece of jewellery. This 0.65 gram platinum head would cost over $100.00 to replace but it comes free with the purchase of this diamond. The diamond is a very good cut 0.41 carat princess cut with VS2 clarity and I colour. Measurements of 4.05mm x 3.95mm x 2.98mm with a good depth of 75.4% and a table of 77% guarentee excellent sparkle and brilliance. Comes with GIA certificate #15450271. Estate priced at $799.00. Stock #e8355. This diamond is a great example of why you should never judge the beauty of a diamond by simply looking at a gemological report. Most accurately graded I1 clairity diamonds are quite beautiful if as well cut as this one. What I find remarkable is the diamond was graded an I1. The translucent white, feather type inclusion is small enough and insignificant enough that we thought it was a pretty safe bet to receive a SI2 clarity grade from The Gemological Institute of America. In this magnified dark field contrasting photomicrograph it’s not difficult to see the inclusion just to the right of centre in the diamonds pavilion. In a regular viewing situation the inclusion all but disappears in the brilliance and dispersion offered by the very good cut diamond. In these two photographs the inclusion is much more difficult to see without artificial magnification. From a naked eye perspective this is a close as you could possibly get to a diamond with a GIA certified I1 clarity grade that looks flawless to a naked eye. It would be a lie to say we were not disappointed with the I1 grade but it’s pretty hard to argue with the world’s undisputed authority for diamond grading. After all it was The Gemological Institute of America that developed the system how all diamonds are graded today. Some savvy Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers client is going to get an amazing diamond considering its price is only $2,380.00 CAD. The full January 2019 GIA diamond grading report can be seen online here. Even within a specific clarity or colour grade there is a range; a low SI2 is basically the same as a very good I1. A low J colour grade is pretty much the same as a very high K colour. At least if you’re dealing with GIA certified diamonds you know you are looking at accurate, unbiased opinions from a not for profit educational institution that has no direct interest in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. You should also know that GIA does not appraise diamonds, the are only interested in accurately documenting the quality. This is one amazing looking diamond considering the estate price of $2,380.00 CAD. Stock #e11956. If you’re buying a princess cut diamond wouldn’t you prefer to buy a well cut example? Finding a nicely cut princess cut can be a difficult exercise since there are no widely accepted standards for this type of diamond. Many examples we see are cut really deep with very large tables. This is an efficient method to produce a heavy diamond from a given piece of rough but it certainly won’t be the most dazzling to look at. This well cut 0.56 carat originally came to us as a damaged 0.67 carat. Our instructions to our master diamond cutter was to re-cut it to look great and let the finished weight be a function of the good cut. Many princess cut diamonds have been cut with a priority on producing a heavy diamond at the expense of a good quality cut. This freshly re-cut princess measures 4.30mm x 4.52mm x 3.35mm with a very small 70% table and a generous crown height. These 2 characteristics will always give you a good idea of how nicely cut any princess is. If you’re contemplating a stone that looks like an upside down triangle, lacking a decent crown, chances are it’s been poorly cut. As always, do some homework and learn a little about diamonds. Come in and have a look at ours, we can show you how and why sometimes they just look better. Better looking and a better price make our estate diamonds the way to go. At only $1,100.00 CAD we know the value is better too. Stock #e10642. From cell phones to automobiles and refrigerators to ping pong balls; nearly every consumer brand name item carries a manufacturers suggested retail price. The key to getting great value is knowing if and where you can get a lower than MSRP price. Shopping for diamonds is very difficult because they do not have a suggested retail price. The price you see is dictated by the level of profit needed by the vendor to cover their overhead and hopefully maintain a reasonable surplus to supply a decent income for the employees and owners. Modern commerce is extremely competitive, we welcome and encourage our customers to become informed and seek out the best value in diamonds. When you know what you’re comparing you know how to find the best value. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers is always about full disclosure with all our diamonds and jewellery in general. We’ll always show you everything needed for you to determine where the best value is in both new and estate jewellery. Over 60 years experience, much lower than average overhead, unique diamond sourcing/buying strategies and generally just a lower markup give Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers perhaps an unfair advantage. I’m guessing our clients don’t really care about all that, they just care about getting the absolute best value. We’re happy to deliver fantastic value plus deliver a level of service only a fiercely independent vendor can offer. This pretty diamond is a great example of the type of value we can offer at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. It’s GIA certified, so comparing its attributes are just a click away by looking at the certification report online. This diamond was purchased in the spring of 2017 for almost $1300.00 plus tax. It comes complete with the original bill of sale, copy of GIA certificate, diamond card, guarantee and folder. The diamond was never assembled into a ring. It remains in the little protective plastic/cardboard holder that it was delivered in. Whether it’s a $500.00 diamond or a $500,000.00 diamond everyone is looking for the best value. Take your time, look at the certificate (hopefully it’s a Gemological Institute of America report), don’t be influenced by perceived discounts and most of all shop around. If this diamond is of interest to you please contact us or stop in to have a closer look. For $555.00 we feel it is the best value around. Dealer and trade inquires always welcome. Stock #e10707. This very good cut 0.80 carat diamond has a diameter only 6% smaller compared to a very good cut 1.00 carat diamond, yet this one will cost you more than 50% less $$$$$$$. That’s one of the crazy things about diamonds; as the size increases the price goes up exponentially. The general rule of thumb goes, as the weight doubles the price quadruples. If you’ve ever played around with pricing out a nice 5.00 carat diamond you’ll see this relationship in action. This estate diamond was just certified January 25 2019 at The Gemological Institute of America with very good results and we stress the “very good”. This diamond is a triple very good; very good cut, very good polish and very good symmetry. There’s little to fault with this laser engraved 0.80 carat SI1-H diamond. The price of only $3,300.00 is likely the best you’re going to encounter too. Measuring 5.96mm average diameter results in a bigger footprint compared to many diamonds of similar weight. Bring us a picture of the kind of ring or jewellery you’d like and let us make something unique and beautiful just for you. We’ve been creating jewellery from the same Downtown Barrie Location for over 60 years. Even our phone number hasn’t changed since 1958 (705) 728 3343. You can find us under the big blue diamond at 52 Dunlop St. West. Estate priced at $3,300.00 CAD. Stock #e11957. Actions speak louder than words is a great way to describe what we do at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. We’ve all heard the claims of wholesale direct prices, lowest prices guaranteed etc. These words usually come from sources who can’t come close to actually delivering their claims. Those who make lots of noise typically the easiest to out value when the rubber meets the road. Whether you’ve been a customer of Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers for decades or you’ve stumbled across our website for the first time today. Welcome to the world of true value pricing without the song and dance. Our latest estate diamond came out of an old Birks engagement ring from the 1950s. It had a small chip on the girdle and the setting was a little more worn than we like to see. Our master diamond cutter performed his usual magic transforming the damaged vintage diamond into an excellent cut modern round brilliant. The diamond lost about 11% of its original weight but the results are more than worth the sacrifice. The cut report from GIA Facetware details all the geometry that makes the diamond sparkle more than almost any you’re likely to encounter. High VS1 clarity, very nice F colour and no fluorescence guarantee a show of brilliance and dispersion second to none. Difficult as it is for me to take a good close up picture through polarized light you can see this diamond makes a pretty nice hearts and arrows pattern. We’ll let the diamond speak for itself when it comes to showing who really offers the best value. 0.62 carat, VS1 clairty, F colour, excellent cut and no fluorescence for $2,300.00 CAD. Wholesale and dealer inquires are always welcome. Stock #e12030. The most popular shape diamond has always been the round brilliant cut. It is the most brilliant and dispersive of any shape. The diamond was just completely re-cut from some previous damage. It is now in perfect condition measuring 4.99mm – 4.94mm x 3.22mm and weighs an even 1/2 carat. It is estate priced at $1,195.00 and represents excellent value. Stock #e6344. At Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers we want to be your diamond destination. Our unique ability to provide diamonds at the absolute best value is our priority. The relationships we have developed with world wide suppliers over the last half century have allowed us to offer exceptional diamonds at extraordinary prices. Our storied location in the heart of downtown Barrie has seen many jewellers come and go. We have been tempted over the years to expand with more locations in busy shopping centres. The thought of massive rents, landlord commissions based on gross sales, expensive mandatory renovations every few years and no guarantee of lease renewal made us realize we couldn’t operate in that kind of environment without charging substantially more for all the products we sell. This diamond is evidence of those points. Certified by the Gemological Institute of America 1.28 carat VVS1-G excellent cut, very good polish, excellent symmetry with no fluorescence. Certificate details can be seen here. This is an expensive diamond, but probably one of the best values in the market today. Like our slogan says “price is simply what you pay, VALUE is what you get”. Estate price $15,900.00 CAD. Stock #e7483. Currently in an 18 gram platinum ring set with small shoulder diamonds totalling 0.90 carats of VS1-G quality available separately for $4500.00. Stock #e7483. Includes a Gemological Institute of American report detailing all the intricate characteristics that help establish value. The diamond was graded a VS1 clarity, F colour, very good cut, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. With this information it’s easy to establish a value with any comparable you may considering. As always be sure to compare equal reports because some grade to a much more “loose” standard than GIA. This diamond measures 6.94mm – 6.98mm x 4.08mm giving it a face up appearance close to many 1.50 carat diamonds that are not cut very well. The GIA report #1152803947 can be seen at http://www.gia.edu/report-check?reportno=1152803947. Even if the GIA certificate is lost the laser engraved report number on the girdle can be used to order a duplicate from GIA. This diamond is priced at $14,000.00. Stock #e7870. Currently mounted in a very pretty white gold setting with pear shaped shoulder diamonds available separately. Perfect D colour and GIA certified too. You almost never encounter a perfect D colour. Diamonds almost always form with trace amounts of elements other than carbon causing subtle tints of colour. Most often a few molecules of nitrogen cause diamonds to show just a hint of yellow colour. This colour is expressed alphabetically on a scale from D through Z. To have a GIA certified D colour is the highest standard in the industry. The clarity of this diamond is also quite exceptional at VVS2. The overall cut, symmetry and polish have all been graded very good as compared to GIA’s strict excellent cut standards. No ultraviolet fluorescence finishes off all the details you need to know when comparing value. Measuring 6.30mm – 6.35mm x 4.07mm will make this diamond easy to find a standard 1.00 carat setting for. The GIA certificate can be seen online here. If you want to learn more about the 4Cs of diamond grading GIA’s interactive tool will show you everything you need to know when determining the quality of a diamond (sorry, not supported by Apple devices). The July 2015 GIA certificate is included to the estate price of $13,800.00 CAD, making this diamond the best value around. Currently set in a 14 karat white and rose gold setting available separately for $695.00.Stock #e9093. Very nice diamond at a very nice price makes a very nice starting point for a great piece of jewellery. Recently certified at the Gemological Institute of America with excellent results of VVS2 clarity with an equally impressive colour grade of F. The full August 2016 report can be seen online here. There’s a good chance we have another diamond of similar quality in stock that would allow us to make a great pair of earrings totaling over 1.00 carat in weight. A stand alone solitaire ring or simple pendant would make a nice home for this diamond too. Estate priced at just $1,250.00 CAD. Stock #e9849. This diamond came in with an Amsterdam diamond report declaring the diamond “loupe clean of river colour”. These old terms refer to a flawless clarity with perfect colour. Hoping for a similar opinion from the Gemological Institute of America the diamond was sent to New York for a more internationally accepted opinion. The results came back with a VVS1 clarity with an E colour. Both characteristics just 1 grade off perfect. Fewer than 4% of diamonds receive a quality grade like this or better. The added length of a fancy shaped marquise make them look bigger than an ordinary round diamond. The actual dimensions of 10.32mm x 5.62mm x 3.73 make for an impressive display. GIA report #2165031879 describes the symmetry and polish both as very good. The diamond also will exhibit strong blue fluorescence when exposed to long wave ultra violet light. The report can be seen at GIA Estate priced at $15,500.00 CAD. Stock #e8067. The diamond is currently mounted in an 18 karat yellow gold setting with baguette cut diamonds available separately. We do love those great big diamonds that are the stars of anybody’s dinner party, but we also do smaller diamonds better than anyone else too. Here are a couple of freshly re-manufactured estate round brilliant cut diamonds. Both of these diamonds were perfectly acceptable but not outstanding in any sense as they only had an average cut. They each underwent a full re-cutting to bring up their cutting grade to excellent by GIA standards. Although they lost around 20% of their original weight they have actually increased in value. That doesn’t mean they’re expensive; on the contrary. Due to their estate nature we are able to offer them for under a traditional wholesale price (much to the frustration of our competition). The 0.40 carat SI1-J is priced at only $600.00 CAD and the 0.35 carat VS2-F is just $700.00. The colour and clarity are 100% guaranteed accurate to Gemological Institute of America standards and both diamonds have no fluorescence. We are the only store in the area with two full time, on staff, GIA certified diamond graders plus a Graduate Gemologist with 30 years experience. We have 1000s of other loose diamonds in stock, if you don’t see it on our website contact us. You can also check out our online database with thousands more accurately graded GIA certified loose diamonds. As always we encourage you to shop our pricing anywhere, we think you’ll agree that Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers offers the best value around. Stock numbers e11851 (0.40ct. SI1-J) and e11852 (0.35ct. VS2-F). Interesting looking brownish/orange diamond. The 0.44 carat diamond has been treated to create a stable new colour. The diamond is well cut and a SI1 clarity. It measures 4.90mm x 3.05mm. This would make an interesting alternative to a white diamond engagement ring. Estate priced at $590.00. Stock #e6251. Cushion shaped brilliant cut diamonds are a popular alternative to a round diamond. They don’t show up in our estate department very often and this one is very exciting. Its got good size at well over 2 carats. It has absolutely perfect D colour as certified by GIA; excellent polish, very good symmetry and medium blue fluorescence round out this beautiful diamonds quality characteristics. The full Gemological Institute of America grading report can be seen here. ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS insist on a GIA diamond grading certificate if you’re considering an important diamond purchase. We all too often see poorly and inaccurately graded diamonds. Almost all of our larger diamonds come with GIA’s unbiased grading report. We’ll always place our customers interests first at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. Full, accurate disclosure plus pricing allow our clients to easily compare diamonds. There are few jewellers with enough confidence to display not only pricing but all the other important quality characteristics required to determine value. This diamond is currently set in a custom made 18 karat rose gold/platinum setting with small accent diamonds running down the shoulders. The setting is available separately for an additional $1,000.00 CAD. The diamond and ring come with a Harold Weinstein Ltd. May 2018 document of appraisal. Stock #e11847. Only available at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers under the big blue neon diamond in Downtown Barrie for over 60 years. 1.40 carat round brilliant cut diamond with a GIA certified very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. Its 7.1mm diameter is way more than the typical 1.00 carat diamond and casts a footprint more than 25% larger. The full Gemological Institute of America report can be seen online here. The ring is currently set in a very sturdy 17.5 gram platinum & 18 karat rose gold engagement/wedding ring set with 1.56 carats of additional SI1-G diamonds. The rings are available separately for an additional $3,300.00 CAD. Lurking within this 1.50 carat fair cut diamond is an excellent cut 1.37 carat diamond. Some careful re-proportioning of the diamond will achieve a superior cut but it will weigh close to 10% less. Such is the dilemma every diamond cutter faces when considering faceting a rough diamond; cut to maximize finished weight (and potentially profit) or cut to maximize sparkle and brilliance but end up with a smaller stone. Not only will you end up with a smaller diamond in order to achieve an excellent cut, in many cases the premium cut diamond may have a psychological disadvantage to anyone comparing it to a heavier stone of lower cut grade priced the same. Compare this estate diamond to the same quality 1.50 carat or an excellent cut 1.37 carat diamond, it is still priced better than anything else currently in the market (retail or wholesale). We just had this diamond certified by the Gemological Institute of America November 2018 with very nice results. Strong SI1 clarity, G colour, good symmetry, good polish and no fluorescence. Sure the table is a few percentage points too big, the crown angle is a few degrees too steep and the total depth is 0.15mm too deep but still it looks amazing. GIA scrutinize the geometry of diamond cut like no other. They offer completely impartial grading analysis as they have no interest in the price or the commerce of diamonds. Always insist the diamond you are considering has been GIA certified, not simply certified by someone with GIA training and credentials. This diamond is also listed on our wholesale dealer only database for the same price as you see here, so don’t think about it for too long. At $10,000.00 CAD it’s less than any equivalent GIA certified diamond anywhere! We sell wholesale and we sell retail, it’s all the same to us. We love connecting people with amazing value whether it’s a wholesale colleague or for our own retail client. From big box store to large retail chains and even the latest greatest online vendor. We’re not afraid to compete with any and all competition. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers 60 years experience, unique business and operational advantages allow us the enviable position of being able to offer better value than anyone. We don’t take this statement lightly, we really mean it. This pretty diamond is estate priced at just $10,000.00 CAD. With a weakening Canadian dollar this diamond offers even more value. Stock #e11743. Take a good look because they don’t come by very often. A “D” colour diamond is exceptionally rare, especially if that D rating comes from the most trusted name in the diamond industry. The diamond was certified from the Gemological Institute of America with the highest possible colour rating. The report can be viewed at GIA. The VS2 clarity grade with no fluorescence really make this one sparkle. The extra length of a pear shape makes the diamond appear much bigger than the actual weight of 1.20 carats. With measurements of 9.64mm x 5.83mm x 3.59mm, this pear shape puts down a much bigger footprint than most poorly cut overly deep cut examples with similar weight. The diamond is currently set in a heavy platinum setting that is available separately. Diamond by itself is estate priced at $12,300.00 CAD. Stock #e8147. We never said diamonds weren’t expensive but that doesn’t mean they can’t have amazing value. Especially when we’re talking about a GIA certified (November 2018) estate diamond that we feel is the best value in the world! We’re not kidding, we’ve strategically priced this diamond to be less expensive than anything available of the same specifications. We’ve compared it to online vendors, local mall stores, diamond exchanges, big box stores and so called wholesale to the public sources. A better price on a diamond like this can’t be had, period! This is the time of year you hear about 30, 40, 50% off and more diamond sales; our sophisticated clients know better. For $22,000.00 CAD this diamond offers the best value anywhere. It was just certified by the Gemological Institute of America with very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. The full report can be seen online here. With an average diameter of 8.06mm it puts down a larger footprint than many comparable 2.00 carat diamonds. The best feature of this diamond is that it’s “eye clean”. Eye clean means when viewed without artificial magnification the inclusions are invisible. While it’s not flawless the inclusions are mostly isolated to the outside edge making them far less visible. This diamond is also currently listed on our trade access only wholesale database for the same price as you see here, so don’t think about it for too long. We sell wholesale and we sell retail, it’s all the same to us. We love connecting people with amazing value whether it’s a wholesale colleague or our own retail client. The diamond is currently unset, we’re waiting for you to come in with a custom idea that we can turn into reality. We insist you shop this diamond and its credentials around. I think you’ll find the value that Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers can offer can’t be beat. Estate price $22,000.00 CAD. (bank wire price $21,560.00 CAD). Stock #e11744. Wholesale dealer inquiries are welcome. Jumbo 4.31 carat round brilliant cut diamond with a Gemological Institute of America (New York) report certifying the diamond as a SI2 clarity, OP colour and a good cut. The full April 24 2017 GIA report can be seen here. If you’re familiar with diamond geometry and optics, the report should give you a pretty good idea of what the big 10.6mm diameter stone looks like in person. The very small 54% table, slightly steeper 35.5 degree crown angle and generous 16% crown height gives this stone a beautiful antique look with ample dispersion and brilliance. The large culet and slightly warmer hue of the OP colour grade reinforces the vintage look as most old diamonds exhibit a similar tint. The diamond is currently set in a 6.8 gram, 18 karat white gold ring containing 150 other diamonds. The small diamonds range in size from tiny bead set 1.1mm diameter examples set in the halo and galleries to significant 3.1mm channel set examples running down both shoulders. The additional 2.00 carats of high quality VS-H diamonds bring the estimated total diamond weight to a dazzling 6.31 carats. While we’re hoping to keep the 4.31 carat diamond and beautiful halo setting together as a complete ring, the supersized diamond is available by itself for $28000.00 Canadian. One of our onsite goldsmiths can adjust the size 5 ring up or down a size or two in just a day or so. This fantastic ring is in like new, hardly worn condition. The original bright white factory rhodium finish is still fully intact. Complete ring is available for $31025.00 CAD (trade ins and dealer inquiries are welcomed). Stock #e10459. 1.45 carat VVS2 fancy vivid yellow colour enhanced round brilliant cut diamond GIA certified #5121011261. Details of the certificate can be viewed on GIA’s website www.gia.edu (verify a report). The loose diamond is available alone for $9250.00 CAD. This complete ring can be viewed in the estate rings over $5000.00 section. Stock #e737. Everyone knows where to find the best value when it comes to accurate, honestly graded diamonds. You won’t find it in the malls, and certainly not at one of the chain stores. Believe it or not you can usually find it at a long time independent home town jeweller. They’ve got the knowledge, experience and connections. They have usually owned their own stand alone building for decades so their overhead costs are far less. And if they’re like us at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers their work is more than just a job, it’s a honoured tradition of service we are extremely proud of. It’s really fun to sell those really big multi-carat diamonds, but even the more attainable and affordable sizes like this one are exciting. When I know there is no better value than this it’s easy to get enthused. Looking for something a little different? How about trying a very uncommon heart shaped brilliant cut diamond. This is an excellent looking example. It’s got great proportions, not too wide, not too tall. The lobes are nice and round and the cleft is the right size. Symmetry is everything when you’re considering a heart, pear or marquise shape diamond. At just under 1/2 a carat it has good size but it’s quite a bit less expensive than a diamond only a fraction of a carat larger. The clarity is a very strong SI2 that many may call SI1. When we compared it with our GIA certified master stones the colour was determined to be a H. This picture was taken between a GIA master E color and H colour. It’s pretty subtle but you can see the very slight tint of colour matches the H colour of the right stone better than the colourless E. With measurements of 4.90mm x 5.15mm x 3.13mmm this diamond could be used as a centre stone for a most unique engagement ring or pendant perhaps. Whatever you decide to set it in our team of talented designer goldsmiths have the necessary talent to turn any design into reality. If you don’t see the estate diamond you are looking for, give us a call. We have 100s of other estate diamonds in stock. You can also visit our online database that shows 1000s of GIA certified diamonds with pricing in Canadian dollars. This diamond is estate priced at just $799.00 CAD. On February 14 2017 the diamond was set in a Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers custom made platinum setting and is no longer available as a just loose stone. Complete ring is priced at $3200.00 and can also be seen here. Stock #e10098. You simply will not find a bigger diamond of this quality for anywhere near this kind of value. It’s not your typical round brilliant cut either, it’s an antique old mine cut diamond. This diamond was cut centuries ago, possibly close to 300 years ago. Old mine cut diamonds were the standard cut from the early 1700s to the end of the 1800s. Antique and vintage jewellery are particularly popular today; most contemporary styles owe much or at least some of their design inspiration to Art Deco and Art Nouveau designs from 100 years ago. Imagine what you could do with a genuine antique diamond of the size and quality of this one in a custom made piece built just for you. The diamond just returned from the Gemological Institute of America (February 2019) with a full certification of quality along with a unique laser inscription on the girdle edge. The complete GIA document can be seen online here. The clarity of SI1 makes the diamond appear completely flawless from a naked perspective and the J colour is very good for a diamond that is likely 200 years old. Old Mine cut diamonds almost always came from the “old mines” of Brazil and India. Stones from these historic locations often produced colour grades in JKLM range. Before the emergence of major diamond sources in Africa in the later 1800s diamonds were extremely rare and only the extremely wealthy could even afford a small one. If you’ve been looking for an antique diamond of good size and quality without breaking the bank this could be the one. Bring in your ideas and let’s create an amazing tribute to the vintage/antique ring of your dreams. The tiny table facet of just 50%, tall crown with steep crown angle, will give you an optical experience like no modern brilliant cut diamond can. Big chunky facet reflections with an abundance of dispersion are what these stones do better than anything. Believe me; the old diamond cutters from centuries past knew a lot more about optics than we give them credit for. This diamond would be very difficult to replace at any price. Wholesale inquiries are welcomed. Estate priced at $9,000.00 CAD. Stock #e11963. At only $2,970.00 CAD for this GIA ceritified 0.86ct. SI2-F round brilliant cut diamond we could sell this diamond into the wholesale market in New York, Antwerp or India but that isn’t really part of the Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers DNA. For over 60 years we’ve been Barrie’s and areas hometown jeweller. Our unique experience buying selling estate jewellery and diamonds allows us the ability to not only offer better value than any other retailer we can often out wholesale even the wholesalers. Our newest estate diamond was just certified at the Gemological Institute of America February 13 2019. The full GIA report call be seen online here. Offering a strong SI2 clairty, F colour GIA certified round diamond for under $3,000.00 is something few vendors are able to do. We’d love this diamond to go to one of our local clients or even to someone who has found us and our products online. The small semitransparent inclusion is a very interesting and a unique feature of the diamond. The inclusion is easy to resolve in these photomicrographs we took in dark field lighting through our microscope. Its outline looks like one of those 3 dimensional cubes we all use to draw when we were bored in class. The cubic outline makes sense given diamonds grow in the cubic crystal system. To a naked eye the inclusion all but disappears in the brilliance and dispersion. Only under extreme scrutiny and only by the extremely sharp sighted can it be seen at all. Let’s custom make something completely unique for you with this bright and lively diamond as the centrepiece. Estate price $2,970.00 CAD. Stock #e12002. This would make a great starting point for an affordable solitaire pendant, ring or even for the first side for a pair of diamond earrings. We would have plenty of matching diamonds for the other earring. This diamond measures 4.25mm x 2.50mm and weighs 0.29 carat. The clarity is a pleasant I1; certainly not flawless but quite bright and sparkly. The colour grade is a very nice H and the cut is good. It comes with a Gem Scan certificate of evaluation from September 2000. You’d have a hard time finding another Canadian diamond that offers the sort of value this one does. Perfect condition and estate priced at only $300.00 CAD. Stock #e11910. We were so tempted to call this diamond a SI2 as it’s virtually eye clean. The small translucent white feather inclusion is located in the top right section of the stone. At certain angles it all but disappears. In regular viewing situations it is eye clean, only when viewed through our microscope in dark field lighting does the dark background contrast help resolve this phantom inclusion. We’ve adjusted the brightness, shadows, highlights and contrast in this photomicrograph to highlight the grade setting characteristic. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers diamonds just look better. We are very tough graders and pride ourselves in the standards we strive to live up to. All of our certified diamond graders have been trained by the Gemological Institute of America. The GIA is the industry standard when it comes to unbiased certification. GIA do not appraise diamonds or jewellery and have no direct interest in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. Our newest estate diamond is a great value when considering the conservative I1 clarity grade and the fact it is a marquise shape. Marquise shaped diamonds cost 30% less than round brilliant cut diamonds of the same quality. The added length of this shape also makes then appear larger. The colour of this diamond has been graded a G when compared to our GIA master stones. Measurements of 8.13mm x 4.56mm x 3.10mm will have people thinking this diamond is much heavier than 0.70 carats. Let us make something extraordinary with this diamond. I can imagine a fantastic pendant with this one as the centre piece. Estate priced at just $1,400.00 CAD. Stock #e11940. Despite this diamonds modest quality on paper if faces up better than many I1 clarity diamonds I’ve seen that are hazy and dull. This one is bright and lively defying its I2 clarity grade. The grade setting inclusions are predominantly located around the outside leaving the centre mostly eye clean and transparent. With an average diameter of just under 6.75mm this diamond looks waaaaay bigger than the average 1.00 carat diamond you’re going to encounter. Larger size, better looking, accurately documented with the world’s most respected certificate and less expensive than the competition equals value only Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers can offer. This diamond is likely around 3 billion years old yet the GIA certificate was just issued January 25 2019. I suppose we could have sold this diamond as brand new an no one would be the wiser but we love reusing estate diamonds and jewellery. Our estate diamonds are environmentally friendly as no new earth was disturbed obtaining these natural treasures; your pocket book will love the unsurpassed value they offer. We don’t mind adding some extra value with a Gemological Institute of America report to many of the estate diamonds we offer. It’s quite an ordeal for us to send a diamond to New York for quality assessment and it’s also very expensive. The GIA certificate cost $120.00 USD plus 2 way shipping/insurance costs, not to mention the hassles associated with exporting/importing loose diamonds across the U.S. border. GIA offer no wholesale trade discount; you’d pay exactly what we pay. We feel a GIA report is worth the effort and you should too. Our customers deserve a proper certificate of quality, not a bias insurance appraisal with an inflated price attached as is so common in the jewellery industry. We also spend a little more money getting the girdle laser engraved with the GIA certificate number. This way should you ever loose the original report you can easily retrieve the information online from GIA’s website. There’s not a report, certificate or appraisal available in Canada that has the international reputation of The Gemological Institute of America for accurate, impartial opinions of quality. ALL important diamonds come with GIA paperwork. If the diamond you are considering lacks this documentation, buyer beware. Make sure you get a rock solid refund policy if the diamond doesn’t live up to its claim. The more I look at this diamond and consider the weak Canadian dollar, I can’t believe it’s still less than $3,000.00 including the GIA certificate. This isn’t a sales pitch, we really get excited about being able to offer such great value to our customers. Come in and see just how nice this diamond is. Estate priced at $2,980.00 CAD. Stock #e11954. It’s the benchmark size and it hits a very popular price point. Finding a great looking, excellent cut 1.00 carat round diamond for under $5,000.00 can be challenging. The grading setting inclusions in our latest estate diamond are predominantly twinning wisps. This type of inclusion is typically translucent and does little to obstruct light flow within a diamond. Being almost transparent they are quite often invisible without magnification. The twinning wisps in our latest estate diamond are mostly located outside the large table facet leaving the centre section quite clean. The GIA report was issued January 25 2019 and plots out the wisps on this certification. You can also see a copy of the report on the Gemological Institute of America website. The document also reports on every characteristic needed to determine the overall quality. Stong I1 clarity, very good H colour, excellent cut, very good polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. Not all I1 diamonds are created equal, this one is a practically “eye clean”, meaning without artificial magnification it looks inclusion free. There are no black crystals or large white feathers. Many 1.00 carat diamonds at this price point have obvious blemishes that can easily be seen without magnification. We are proud of our diamonds and the value they offer. We encourage you to compare our diamonds with any others available. You can even buy ours and compare it with one at another vendor. If you feel ours doesn’t offer the best value we’ll happily take it back for a full refund. This diamond would make a great starting point for your partners dream engagement ring. Bring us your idea and we can create the perfect ring just for you. This diamond is estate priced at $4,890.00 CAD. Stock #e11958. The round brilliant cut is by far the most popular and also the most expensive shape. Princess cuts are the second most called for shape; Cushion, heart, oval, pear, marquise and radiant cut are other less common variations of the 57 facet brilliant cut. I don’t know why this shape (the radiant cut) isn’t more admired. When well cut their brilliance and dispersion rivals that of the benchmark round. They look great in many of todays antique inspired designs. They’re far more rare only representing about 5% of the diamonds available from our diamond search database. Of those available only a tiny fraction are nice and square like this one that measures 7.94mm x 7.87mm. Just back from the Gemological Institute of America with a great certified quality of SI1 clarity and H colour. The full GIA report can be seen online here. This example looks especially good because the centre table section is 100% free from any imperfection, only a few thin white feathers can be seen with strong magnification around the edges. Bring us your vision of the ideal piece of jewellery and let us create something spectacular for you. Estate priced at $34,970.00 CAD. Stock #e9834. This is the least expensive way to get a 1.00 carat diamond. All fancy shaped diamonds are significantly less expensive than a round equivalent and heart shapes are the least expensive of all. An estate heart shaped diamond makes the value better still. Our example is a strong I1 clarity that is virtually “eye clean” with only a small white feather within the table and some crystal inclusions close to the edges. The nice “I” colour was determined by using our GIA master colour comparison diamonds. Measuring 5.71mm x 7.43mm x 3.46mm this diamond puts down a nice sized footprint. Ready to be assembled into a jewellery item of your choice. It could easily be used in a ring or a pendant. Estate priced at $1,980.00 CAD. Stock #e3117. Looking for a no compromise diamond at a wholesale price? Try one of our estate diamonds. Our estate diamonds offer the type of value others can’t afford to compete with. This 0.48 carat round brilliant cut came to us as a chipped 0.58 carat with excellent clarity and colour but only average cut. After our master diamond cutter re-manufactured the stone, he eliminated the chip with 17% loss of weight. What it lost in weight it more than made up for in beauty. It now is cut to excellent standards as this report details. What didn’t change was the outstanding VVS2 clarity, F colour (as compared to our Gemological Institute of America master diamonds) and no fluorescence. At just under 0.50 carat there is a nice discount to be realized yet the diameter of 5.05-5.08mm is actually more than many average to good cut 1/2 carat round diamonds. Let us create something fabulous for you using this little ball of fire as the centre piece. Dealer purchases are welcomed. Estate priced at $1,600.00 CAD. Stock #e11661. When only the best will do we’ve got a diamond worthy of consideration. Every possible box has been checked off with this one. Sure you could buy a nice looking 1 carat round brilliant cut diamond for the same or maybe even a little less than this one, but it wouldn’t be anywhere near the quality. Internally flawless diamonds are exceptionally rare, finding one with a perfect D colour takes the rarity one step further. No fluorescence is the final desirable characteristic that mother nature contributed when this 100% natural diamond formed around 3 billion years ago. The triple X refers to the human element in the fashioning of the rough diamond crystal to the finished stone you see here. Excellent overall cut, excellent symmetry and excellent polish help bring out the remarkable display of optical fireworks that make diamonds so beautiful. Our in store diamond database contains around 300,000 high quality diamonds but only around 300 are of this size or larger and of the same quality. 1 in 1000 doesn’t express the odds of finding a diamond this good, this quality is very rare. Stores like Birks, Tiffany, Cartier don’t typically stock this quality of diamond, normally we don’t either. When the opportunity to obtain an amazing estate diamond like this presented itself at a reasonable price we couldn’t help ourselves. The full Gemological Institute of America report can be seen online here. Always insist on a GIA report when considering a significant diamond purchase. All certificates use GIA developed grading language but few grade to GIA’s strict standards. It’s common to see improperly graded and appraised diamonds. We often see diamond certificates that are optimistic when compared to GIA standards by a grade or two. An appraisal/certificate from a GIA trained gemologist doesn’t ensure it has been graded to the standards set by the laboratory, insist on an report only. GIA do not have a Canadian laboratory. The Gemological Institute of American DO NOT appraise diamonds and they are not involved in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. This allows a completely impartial opinion of quality. If you’re going to spend your hard earned money on a diamond take a few minutes and watch this video by Martin Rapaport discussing over graded diamonds and inaccurate reports. Mr. Rapaport produces a wholesale diamond price list that is widely followed in the industry. This guy knows his stuff. We invite you to shop this diamond around, we think it is the best value anywhere. Let’s create something incredible together to showcase this amazing prehistoric natural creation. This is the only one we have and we can’t get another for the estate price of $6,390.00 CAD. Stock #e11818. Dealer inquiries are welcomed. We love to showcase big diamonds and perhaps we’ve earned a reputation for selling diamonds a little larger than most, but we still rock the more accessible diamonds for the masses. Here’s an amazing example to consider. It’s 0.34 carats of very nice VS2 clarity, “I” colour as compared to our Gemological Institute of America master stones, excellent cut and non fluorescent. While the technical specifications may baffle the average man of the street, the fantastic sparkle and beauty, along with the price of just $590.00 make the appeal universal to all. Adding to the attraction is the fact that this diamond is of Canadian origin; complete with a unique laser engraved logo and serial number on its faceted girdle. We can turn this little piece of prehistoric Canadiana into any piece of jewellery your imagination can dream up. Don’t wait too long because for under $600.00 CAD it won’t last long. Stock #e9879. I’ll admit it, buying a diamond can be a little confusing. How’s a consumer to know what diamond offers the best value when there is so much distracting noise around how they’re sold and promoted. Deceptive 50% off sales are all too common, misleading appraisals with inflated values used as sales tools are unfortunately the norm rather than the exception. We respect our customers far too much to participate in these marketing tactics. We always offer our best pricing on loose diamonds and promote accurately graded diamonds certified by The Gemological Institute of America. GIA certification make it easy to compare who really offers the most for your hard earned money. Our latest estate diamond is easy to compare because it is a “triple X”. Excellent cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. The clarity is a very good VS1 with an almost perfect F colour. And of course the diamond is GIA certified. Compare this to any and all and I think you’ll agree Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers offers the best in loose diamond value. Make sure to ask to see the GIA certificate and laser engraving on any diamond you’re considering. If your jeweller doesn’t sell GIA certified diamonds you should ask yourself why not. Including the GIA dossier report (available online) this diamond is estate priced at $5,100.00 CAD. Stock #e11615. Diamonds are not really that rare, but high quality, excellent cut, good sized diamonds are. Finding a diamond just under 1.00 carat that’s been GIA certified excellent cut is exceedingly rare. Checking our 1/4 million diamond dealer database shows that only 67 other round diamonds weighing 0.98ct. to 0.99ct. are excellent cut. By comparison there are over 7,338 diamonds available weighing 1.00ct. to 1.01ct. of very good to excellent cut. What does this seemingly obscure statistic tell us; diamond cutters major concern is retaining as much weight as possible from a given piece of rough. The majority of consumers simply want a 1.00 carat and pay little regard to the quality of cut, instead of considering an excellent cut sub 1.00 carat that likely costs more but looks way better. This is a shame because many average to good cut 1.00 carat diamonds have diameters of only around 6.20mm and don’t sparkle as much as they could. Our excellent cut 0.98 carat has a diameter of 6.55mm making it look much larger than almost every other 1.00 carat you’re likely to see. The quality of cut is a major factor determining the sparkle and beauty of a diamond. The November 2018 Gemological Institute of America certificate for this beautiful estate diamond can be seen online here. We currently have the diamond set in a simple platinum 4 prong solitaire. The small size 4 ring weighs an impressive 7.4 grams (without diamond). The ring is available separately for an additional $500.00 plus sizing. As always we encourage our clients to shop around and compare the value we offer to anyone (especially on a day like black Friday). If you’re looking to purchase an important and significant diamond make 100% sure it comes GIA certified. A report or appraisal from a GIA trained gemologist is not the same. INSIST only on a seeing an original GIA certificate. Diamond alone is estate priced at $5,500.00 or complete ring for $6,000.00 CAD. Wholesale vendor inquiries are always welcome. Stock #e11745. Those who truly know diamonds and jewellery have ever accused Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers of being expensive. Our 60 years experience, unique business and operational advantages allow us the enviable position of being able to offer better value than anyone. We don’t take this statement lightly, we really mean it. From big box store to large retail chains and even the latest greatest online vendor. We’re not afraid to compete with any and all competition. We’ve priced our latest estate diamond with 18 karat white gold diamond ring below it’s wholesale replacement cost. This diamond is also currently listed on our wholesale dealer only database for the same price as you see here, so don’t think about it for too long. The price is less than any equivalent GIA certified diamond anywhere! We sell wholesale and we sell retail, it’s all the same to us. We love connecting people with amazing value whether it’s a wholesale colleague or our own retail client. The diamond was just certified by the GIA (November 5 2018) 1.02 carat, VS1 clarity, F colour, very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. The full report can be seen on The Gemological Institute of America website here. A great feature of this diamond is its generous 6.44mm diameter. Many 1.00 carat round diamonds of very good cut have diameters only 6.2 to 6.3mm. It many not sound like much but you’d easily notice that 0.2mm difference when compared side by side. At only $8,000.00 CAD we believe this diamond is the best price in the world. If you like the simple 3.6 gram, size 6 1/2, 18 karat white gold setting with 18 small accent diamonds running down the shoulders, it’s available for just $630.00 more. The shoulder diamonds match the centre diamond displaying an average quality of SI1-F. Included with purchase is the full GIA grading report along with a 2015 insurance appraisal assigning a rather optimistic opinion of $22,000.00 retail replacement value. The complete estate ring is priced at $8,630.00. If you have a different setting in mind the centre diamond is available for only $8,000.00 CAD. Wholesale dealer inquiries are welcome. Stock #e11741. This just could be the perfect diamond for someone like you. Sure everyone would love a GIA certified diamond with all the boxes checked off; flawless clarity, D colour, excellent cut, excellent symmetry, excellent polish and no fluorescence. The problem is exceptional quality comes at a huge price. For example; a GIA certified 1.00 carat round diamond of absolute perfection will cost you well over $20,000.00 CAD at current exchange rates. If you want a perfect diamond the same size as this estate 5.01 carat expect to pay around $750,000.00 CAD. That’s right 3/4 of a million dollars (assuming you can find one). It’s not just the 4Cs of clarity, colour, cut and carat weight to consider when buying a diamond; there’s a 5th C. The “cost” is the 5th C that everyone needs to contemplate. Whether it’s a thousand dollars or one million dollars everyone wants to get the most bang for the buck plus outstanding value. That’s why I like this diamond so much, it offers a great big look and amazing value. It’s got the size at over 5 carats with an average diameter of 11.07mm, excellent cut, excellent symmetry, excellent polish and no fluorescence. The clarity of SI2 is 7 grades from flawless but it looks perfect without magnification to anyone except under extreme scrutiny and only from those with exceptional close up vision. The small white crystal inclusions disappear under any typical viewing situation. This high resolution, high magnification image reveals the insignificant natural inclusions that have been a part of this diamond since it formed billions of years ago. As a Gemological Institute of America trained Gemologist with over 25 years experience I can say with confidence this is a really nice SI2 (closer to a SI1 than an I1). The colour grade of K is ever so slightly warm but it faces up amazing with the sort of sparkle and dispersion you’d demand from a 5 carat diamond. The K colour is very strong when compared to other GIA certified Ks we have in stock. It must have missed a J colour designation by the slimmest of margins. This diamond was recently certified (July 2017) by GIA. The full report can be seen online here. While $60,000.00 CAD isn’t a small sum of money, if you’ve ever considered a significant diamond this one is likely the best value currently on the market. Finding large diamonds with particularly desirable quality characteristics are few and far between. Few jewellers have this size of diamond in stock. We are your diamond destination at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. We have the inventory and we’re confident of the fantastic value. We always display upfront pricing in Canadian dollars and the information necessary for our clients to comparison shop. Even if owning something like this isn’t in the cards right now, please come in and have a look. Or if you love diamonds the way we love diamonds and just want to see what a nice 5 carat looks like, come on in and check it out. This one is estate priced at $59,800.00 CAD. The diamond is currently set in a brand new, 3.7 gram, American made 14 karat white gold solitaire setting included for no additional charge. Stock #e10670. There’s a market for identical products at many different price points. An informed customer can do a bit of homework and quickly find out it would be virtually impossible to find better value in a diamond than one of our estate items. Most of the retail world rely on the fact that the majority of people haven’t a clue as to what something as mysterious as a diamond should cost. After being in business for close to 60 years we’ve come to realize we’ll simply never be able to connect with everyone. If you’re an existing Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers customer, thank you. If you are discovering us for the first time congratulations; you have found a jeweller that has earned our community’s trust and respects our customers like no other. You won’t find big discount sales and dodgy marketing schemes around here. We’re all about the absolute best value all of the time. If you don’t know jewellery, know your jeweller. Our latest featured diamond is a beautiful round brilliant cut 0.53 carat of almost perfect VVS clarity and E colour, with an excellent cut and no fluorescence. The GIA certified diamond is currently secured in a simple 4 prong solitaire weighing 2.6 grams available separately for just $100.00. The Full Gemological Institute of America report can be seen online here. The size 7 1/4 ring is showing some wear on the claws and could use a little laser welding to fill in a couple tiny casting pits. We can accomplish these minor tasks for the new owner if they wish. The diamond is available by itself if you have other plans for just $2525.00. Complete ring is priced at only $2625.00 CAD. Now that’s great value, do some homework and you’ll agree. No one does “I do” like we do. Stock #e11654. Not all SI2s are created equal and neither are all diamond certificates. Diamond appraisals and certificate use common diamond grading language but not all grade to the same industry standards. All too often we see diamond and jewellery appraisals with optimistic flattering opinions that might make you feel good but don’t tell the true story. A third party unbiased opinion is what every diamond consumer should insist on. The Gemological Institute of America is the impartial industry judge for anyone looking for an accurate opinion on diamonds and gems. They have no interest in the commerce of jewellery and they offer no wholesale discounts to anyone for their services. They don’t assign value to any piece of jewellery. Anything submitted to their labs must be done so without any existing description of quality. This beautiful estate diamond returned from GIA with a SI2 clarity grade and very good G colour grade. This SI2 is so much better than many SI2s we encounter from other certificate providers. A small white feather at 9:00 o’clock is invisible to all but the most sharp sighted at extremely close range. Some twinning wisps running across the stone are completely invisible without magnification. The full August 2018 GIA report can be seen online here. This diamond is going to make a great starting point for an amazing ring, pendant or perhaps half a pair of earrings. It’s a blank canvas waiting for us to set into any of our production items or perhaps a unique one of a kind custom piece. It’s a fantastic diamond and an incredible value for the estate price of only $2040.00 CAD. Stock #e11556. Round brilliant cut diamonds have always been the most popular shape. From a strictly scientific perspective they are the most effective when it comes to optical efficiency. When cut to perfect proportions they return more light to the observer in the form of brilliance and dispersion than any other shape. The trouble is few round diamonds are cut to excellent or ideal proportions. Many manufacturers opt to trade off a superior cut for a psychological advantage in the form of maintaining some extra weight. Fancy shaped diamonds offer an interesting alternative to rounds. Often they look larger compared to the same weight of a round diamond due some extra length. Marquise, pear and oval almost always appear larger than an equal weight round diamond. This particular diamond puts down a large footprint of 8.38mm x 6.01mm. The illusion of a bigger stone combined with less cost are reason enough to check out a fancy shape. Compared to the same weight excellent cut round diamond this pear shape costs about 25% less. Its estate nature extends that discount over a new round diamond closer to 50%. We just had this diamond certified at the Gemological Institute of America in July 2016. While I suppose we could sell it into the wholesale or retail market as a freshly mined/certified diamond, we’d prefer to sell it as the true previously enjoyed/estate diamond it is. The full GIA report can be seen online here. If you’re considering a significant diamond purchase insist on a full GIA report to be sure you’re getting what you’re paying for. Any jeweller confident in the quality their diamonds usually sells or endorses GIA certified diamonds. Reuse and recycle. Everyone should consider buying an estate diamond and consider a fancy shaped alternative. They’re out of the ordinary, they are less expensive and they open up many new design options. As with all diamonds, when they are of good quality and well cut they sparkle and twinkle like fireworks. With a VS2 clarity grade and G colour the quality is better than most by a good margin. Nice proportions, good polish, good symmetry and no fluorescence guarantee an amazing display on that custom piece of jewellery that’s been on your mind. Including the full GIA grading report this estate diamond is priced at $4600.00 CAD. Stock #e11543. The DNA of Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers has always been about supplying amazing jewellery values to our retail clients for the last 60 years. What you may not know is we also do some wholesale work to qualified vendors. While it’s easier selling to another retail jeweller we get far more satisfaction when one of our regular customers picks up one of our products. Our latest estate offering just came back from The Gemological Institute of America in New York. We use GIA as an impartial judge to certify many of our larger estate and new diamonds. The full and comprehensive plotted diamond grading report (July 11 2018) can be seen online here. GIA are universally accepted as the authority when it comes to diamond certification. They don’t supply appraisals and they’re not involved in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. This ensures they are impartial to all, unlike most of the insurance appraisals we encounter. Maybe you should ask yourself; why don’t all jewellers supply GIA reports with their diamonds? We’ve also spent a little more money having the GIA certificate number laser engraved on the girdle. The 0.90 carat diamond has been certified an I1 clairity with a “I” colour and a fair cut. The modest results shown on the GIA document don’t tell you how lovely this diamond is. Just as a description of a beautiful woman can never do her justice. This diamond is bright and full of sparkle. There are a couple of white feather inclusions, a few small crystals and even a tiny cavity. All that being said its large 6.38mm diameter is bigger than many 1.00 carat diamonds and it sparkles remarkably well. We’ve selected a traditional 14 karat white gold solitaire to efficiently showcase the diamond is a simple 4 prong pedestal. The setting weighs 2.7 grams and measures a slightly larger size 9 3/4. One of our onsite goldsmiths can adjust the size as required in just a day or so. If you’re looking for a good sized diamond ring but would rather not spend half a year’s mortgage payments doing it, have a look at this one. I think you’ll be surprised how nice a properly graded I1-I can look. We offer a full money back guarantee if you don’t agree. As always dealer inquires are welcome. In truth we’d rather have it go to someone who will be proud to say, “I got it at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers”. Estate price for the ring and diamond $2280.00 CAD. Stock #e11455. We apologize to all the other jewellers that simply can’t afford to compete with the sort of value our estate diamonds offer. Our latest estate diamond came to us with a minor chip on the culet. We had the chip repaired, overall cut improved then off it went to the Gemological Institute of America for certification. The fresh August 21 2018 report confirmed what we knew all along. We don’t need a piece of paper to appreciate a pretty diamond but a GIA certificate sets the bar when your’re comparing diamonds. If your jeweller doesn’t sell GIA certified diamonds ask them why not? If it’s not a GIA certified diamond you may not be comparing apples to apples. GIA are the industry authority when it comes to unbiased quality evaluation. Practically ALL important diamonds come with GIA certification. The geometry of this diamond falls just short of excellent cut with a slightly shallow crown angle and crown height. The side affect of a slightly shallow profile gives the diamond a generous 5.9mm diameter making it appear larger than many heavier weight diamonds of only good or fair cut. The full GIA report can be seen online here. If you’ve got a custom ring in mind this diamond is at the popular price point offering a big look without a huge cost. The VS1 clarity with G colour means you don’t have to be trading off the quality to get a significant size. Finally the estate nature of the diamond allows you to save thousands compared to what a comparable diamond would cost at the mall. Estate priced at $3060.00 CAD. Stock #e11470. 2.00 carat diamonds are the new 1.00 carat. Maybe it’s a sign of our evolving business or the amazing values we offer but we’re getting more calls for bigger diamonds all the time. Here is a great opportunity to get a great looking 2 carat estate diamond for a significant discount over the replacement cost. The fully certified Gemological Institute of America diamond faces up very white with a strong “I” colour. The SI2 clarity grade was established due to the presence of twinning wisps. Twinning wisps are a preferred clarity characteristic because they are usually semi transparent or translucent. They typically go unnoticed without artificial magnification. The other pertinent quality characteristics are, very good overall cut, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. The full October 2017 GIA report can be seen online here. Always insist on a GIA report if you’re considering a significant diamond purchase. All certificates use GIA developed grading language but many do not grade to GIA’s strict standards. It’s very common to see SI2 graded diamonds that are actually I1 clairty. We also see diamond colour grades that are often optimistic when compared to GIA standards by a grade or two. An appraisal from a GIA trained gemologist still doesn’t ensure it has been graded to the standards of the laboratory. GIA DO NOT appraise diamonds and they are not interested in the commerce of diamonds. This allow a completely impartial opinion of quality. If you’re going to spend well into 5 figures for a diamond take a few minutes and watch this video by Martin Rapaport discussing over graded diamonds and inaccurate reports. Mr. Rapaport produces a wholesale diamond price list that is widely followed in the industry. This guy knows his stuff. Our properly graded estate diamond is currently set in this 14 karat white gold ring. The custom made white gold ring contains 46 additional small diamonds and is available for $1050.00. The diamond alone is estate priced at $15050.00 CAD. Stock #e11559. If you’ve never heard of a transition cut you’re not alone. Transition cut is a term that refers to diamonds from the 1920s into the 1940s. It was a time when the world was changing and technology played a larger role in life including a more scientific understanding of how optical physics related to the brilliance of a diamond. These transition cuts look mostly like old European cut diamonds but have some characteristics of a modern brilliant cut. They’re a bit of a hybrid and we love them. Smaller tables, taller crowns like antique diamonds but with longer lower girdle facets and thinner pavilion main facets approaching that of modern diamonds. They have a unique look with tons of dispersion and are perfect in original antique rings or settings inspired by antique design. This diamond just came back from The Gemological Institute of America with fresh certification of 1.46 carats, SI1 clarity and K colour. The full report can be seen online here. This is a pretty big looking diamond. Its average diameter of 7.43mm is much larger than most 1.50 carat modern diamonds. The diamond came to us in an antique inspired modern manufactured 18 karat white gold filigree ring, bead set with 26 modern round brilliant cut diamonds. The small diamonds are of very good quality averaging VS-SI-HI. The 5.5 gram ring measures a finger size 8 1/4 but can be adjusted down a couple sizes if needed. Included with purchase is the May 11 2018 GIA report along with a September 2006 appraisal from Hyannis Massachusetts jeweller Diamond Perfections Inc. Their idea of replacement value is $14,000.00 USD (including ring). As with most outside appraisals submitted with jewellery we see, the value attached is a little optimistic in our opinion. To replace the ring and diamond at a more competitive retail price we feel an appraised value should be closer to $11,650.00 CAD ($9,100.00 USD). The ring and diamond are estate priced at $8155.00 CAD. The diamond is available without the ring for $7000.00. Stock #e11310. Is the diamond you’re looking at GIA certified? If not you better ask yourself, “do I know diamonds or do I know my jeweller?” Truth is, unless your diamond has been truly independently certified you are dealing with a biased opinion. The Gemological Institute of America does not work for anyone, there are no wholesale discounts available to the trade, they DO NOT appraise diamonds, the diamond graders from GIA do not know who submitted the gems they are working on and most of all GIA do not have any commercial interest in the commerce of diamonds. This makes it possible for them to impartially analyze and certify diamonds without outside influence. Many diamond appraisal/reports are simply wrong, with prices not reflective of the actual market and grades that are inaccurate. We are living in a time of incredible retail competitiveness as long as you are comparing apples to apples. Make sure the diamond you are considering is GIA certified or the jeweller offers a full refund if it falls short when judged beside a properly documented diamond. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers guarantee the best value in diamonds, period! Our latest estate diamond was just graded at GIA May 11 2018 and came back with a grade representing amazing bang for the buck. The full report can be seen online here. It’s a 1.34 carat round brilliant cut with SI2 clarity, J colour, very good cut, excellent symmetry, excellent polish and no fluorescence. Have a look in the local mall, your specialty jeweller, online, big box store or anywhere else you think would be a good place to buy a diamond. We’re very confident this one offers the best value. First come first serve, wholesale dealer inquiries are welcome. Honestly, you won’t find a better looking diamond for this price. We have it currently set in a 3.9 gram 14 karat white gold Lucida style setting available separately for $238.00. The diamond alone including the full GIA grading certificate is estate priced at $6500.00 CAD. Stock #e11311. You’ve got to be a real diamond enthusiast to recognize the name Lazare Kaplan. I’d imagine even the majority of jewellers have never heard of the Kaplan family. They’ve been master diamond cutters for over 100 years. They were among the first to cut diamonds according to a strict mathematical formula developed using the science of optical physics. This precise blueprint for diamond cutting showcases optimum levels of brilliance and dispersion. Only a tiny fraction of diamonds are cut with this template in mind as it is more time consuming and typically yields a smaller finished diamond from a given rough diamond crystal. I think this is only the 2nd example of a Kaplan diamond we’ve ever had come through our estate department. It weighs 0.58 carats and measures 5.35mm x 3.22mm with a tiny table promoting incredible dispersion. Needless to say the polish and symmetry of these diamonds are as good as it gets too. Despite a slightly warmer K colour as compared to our GIA master diamonds this diamond appears much more white. The slightly yellow tint is almost totally lost in the fireworks. It’s a little ball of fire just waiting for you to set it in a ring or pendant. A few small white crystals close to the edge at 3 o’clock qualify this diamond as a SI1 clarity. With strategic claw placement these inclusions could be completely covered making the diamond look more like a VS clarity stone. Each Kaplan diamond has been uniquely laser engraved with a registered number. Kaplan were the first company to identify each of their diamonds with laser engraving. To learn a little more about this company have a look at their website. These high end branded diamonds command a much higher price if you were looking for a new one. As an estate trade in diamond we’ve priced it the same as any other ideal cut generic diamond making this one an even better value. We can’t replace it, when it’s gone it’s gone. Estate priced at just $1300.00 CAD. Stock #e11069. Which would you prefer; a 6.67mm diameter 1.03 carat VVS1-G good cut diamond or a 6.25mm 0.91 carat VVS1-G excellent cut diamond? Tough question made even more difficult because both of these diamonds would be the same price in theory. Go for size or go for a perfect cut? That is is the question we had to decide when this diamond recently came in. We opted for leaving the 70 year old vintage diamond its original size rather than re-cutting it to a smaller size but of superior cut. The weight of nicely over one carat and even larger dimensions of 6.57mm – 6.77mm x 3.73mm were the most important factors for us. Truth be told the good cut is really close to very good or even excellent from a purely visual perspective. A slightly shallow 55.9mm depth is better than first appearance because of a small open culet. The bigger table of 67% cuts down slightly on dispersion but actually promotes a bit more brilliance, so that’s a trade off. A slightly out of round circumference of less than 3% is invisible to a naked eye. Sometimes we get too caught up in the small technical details that have very little effect on the overall “sparkle” of a diamond. I’ve always said “pay for what you see”. Obviously the size is easy to see. A pleasing colour and clarity are also easy to appreciate. If it dazzles and dances like a ball of fire the cut is at minimum pretty good. With all this in mind we present this vintage GIA certified 1.03 carat round brilliant cut diamond for an incredible value. It just returned from the Gemological Institute of America (May 30 2017) with the world’s most respected certificate of quality. The full report can be seen online here. If you ever decide to improve the cut to excellent our master diamond cutter can easily deliver a 0.90ct. to 0.93ct. from this diamond. But to us this diamond represents a more appealing option. They’re only original once. We currently have this pretty diamond set in an 18 karat white gold palladium alloy naledi solitaire setting available for $725.00 extra. Estate priced at $7300.00 (diamond only). Inquires from within the trade are welcomed. Stock #e10551. You simply will not find a bigger diamond of this quality for anywhere near this kind of value. It’s not your typical round brilliant cut either, it’s an antique old mine cut diamond. This diamond was cut centuries ago, possibly close to 300 years ago. Old mine cut diamonds were the standard from the early 1700s to the end of the 1800s. Antique and vintage jewellery are particularly popular today; most contemporary styles owe much or at least some of their design inspiration to Art Deco and Art Nouveau designs from 100 years ago. Imagine what you could do with a genuine antique diamond with the size and quality of this one in a custom made piece build just for you. When we first obtained this diamond it had suffered some past damage in the form of a chipped girdle that extended 1/2 way down the pavilion. Big diamonds in the 1800s tended to be set very low in full bezel settings that protected the extremely thin edges typical of old mine cut diamonds. Modern diamonds have a girdle cut around the entire circumference eliminating the razor sharp edge making them much more difficult to chip. Todays popular prong set styles expose a diamonds edge making a slightly thick girdle edge a necessity protecting against chips. We asked our master diamond cutter to repair the chip and facet the entire circumference creating a thicker girdle. The new and improved repaired diamond only lost a few 1/100ths of a carat in the process. This diamond now represents the best of both worlds; old world charm with modern durability and of course fantastic value that comes with all of Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers new and estate jewellery. The diamond has a nice sized footprint of 6.58mm x 6.10mm x 4.08mm with a confirmed weight of 1.23 carat. Clarity has been graded a solid VS2 with a conservative “I” colour. If you’ve been looking for an antique diamond of good size and quality without breaking the bank this could be the one. Bring in your ideas and let’s create an amazing tribute to the vintage/antique ring of your dreams. A small table, tall crown with steep crown angle will give you an optical experience like no modern brilliant cut diamond can. Big chunky facet reflections with an abundance of dispersion are what these stones do better than anything. Believe me, these old diamond cutters knew a lot more than we give them credit for. This diamond would be very difficult to replace at any price. It is estate priced at $5500.00 CAD. Stock #e11202. This diamond just came back (May 11 2018) from The Gemological Institute of America in New York a certified VS2 clarity, I colour, very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and exhibiting faint fluorescence when exposed to long wave ultraviolet light. The full GIA diamond grading report can be seen online here. We currently have the diamond set in a simple 6 prong Tiffany style solitaire. The 3.9 gram, 14 karat white gold ring measures a finger size 7 and is available for an additional $300.00. As always we insist you shop around the competition, do some research and find out for yourself where the best value is. When you’re buying an important diamond, insist on one that comes with a Gemological Institute of America report. If is doesn’t, make sure it is fully refundable in case it isn’t what is represented. Diamond alone is estate priced at $6000.00 CAD. Stock #e11312. You really can’t improve on something that’s ideal. This diamond was cut without regard to the finished weight. The finest cut was the only thing our master diamond cutter was instructed to do when a badly damaged 3.00 carat was submitted for an insurance salvage claim. We missed perhaps the finest opportunity of before and after pictures because I wasn’t sure if even the biggest 0.88 carat fragment of the original 3.00 carat could be cut into anything useful. Have a look at the cut report for this little ball of fire to see what we ended up with. Every single measurable component of cut is absolutely ideal. From table to culet, from crown angle to depth percentages, everything is perfect. All those little IDs mean IDEAL. This little stone is the standard to which all others should be compared when considering cut. SI1- J are good if not exceptional clarity and colour, but when combined with the phenomenal cut you’d think it was a flawless rare white diamond. The price and the sparkle make this diamond a great candidate for a simple pendant or ring for someone who appreciates the art of precise cutting. The fantastic value is pretty compelling too. Estate priced at $590.00 CAD. Stock #e9889. Beautiful diamond. Very good cut, with good symmetry, good polish and medium blue fluorescence. The February 2016 full GIA certificate can be seen here. This would be a great starting point for a fantastic engagement ring. Estate priced at $5700.00 CAD Stock #e6471. A very well cut half carat diamond measuring 5.15mm x 3.20mm perfect for almost any application in a piece of jewellery. You won’t find better at the estate price of just $1928.00 CAD. Stock #e6128. One excellent looking diamond that I was tempted to call a VS2. In fact it may well be a VS2 but we would always prefer to under promise and over deliver when describing the quality of our diamonds. There is one tiny white crystal hidden under an upper girdle facet that could be completely covered by a claw when set in a ring. The G colour is well above average and the cut is very good with measurements of 6.43mm – 6.49mm x 3.85mm. This diamond exhibits no fluorescence as an added bonus. Two small extra facets on pavilion finish this diamonds unique combination of characteristics. Estate priced at $6380.00. Currently in a platinum setting with princess cut diamonds available separately. Stock #e8236. Most diamonds that weigh 1.00 carat usually have a diameter of around 6.2mm. Most diamonds that are cut specifically to weigh exactly 1.00 carat are usually not cut to ideal or excellent standards. There are many diamonds cut to appeal to the person simply looking for a 1.00 carat diamond rather than the sophisticated customer who appreciates a fine cut rather than just a heavy stone. After all what good is a 1.00 carat diamond that doesn’t sparkle because of an inferior cut. Our latest estate ring not only has an excellent cut, it also weighs nicely over 1.00 carat at 1.09. Because it’s cut to excellent standards the diameter is much bigger than the average to good cut stone. At over 6.6mm average diameter this one looks pretty big, especially when we are showing it in this flattering a split claw setting. A solid “eye clean” SI2 clarity grade means the small white feather located at the 3:00 o’clock position in the top photo can only be resolved with magnification. According to our Gemological Institute of America certified master stones the colour is a J. With its superior cut the J colour looks more like an H. Cut is so important to how a diamond sparkles. Without a nice cut, the unique optical properties of a diamond can’t be appreciated as it will appear lifeless and dull instead of like a little ball of fire. This beautiful estate diamond is available for just $4460.00 CAD. Stock #10870. If you’d like it as shown, the brand new Canadian made setting costs an additional $1000.00. The 3.0 gram, 14 karat white gold setting contains 14 small diamonds of SI-GH quality. Like pretty much everything in this world, diamonds are priced in United States dollars then converted to your local currency when you purchase them. When Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers purchases new diamonds from New York, India, Israel etc. the vendors don’t want to be paid in Canadian dollars, Indian rupee or the Israel shekel. Diamond dealers only accept United States Dollars. That’s all fine as long as you have USD to pay for them. If you don’t, the U.S. cash is going to cost you a few percent due to bank currency exchange rates. The great thing about our estate diamonds is they are usually from Canada, we buy them with Canadian dollars and sell them in Canadian dollars. It may not sound too important but saving a few percent on a diamond purchase makes a noticeable difference. At one point or another all retailers lose a couple percent buying U.S. dollars then lose a couple more selling Canadian dollars in order to buy more USD so they can buy more diamonds from foreign suppliers. It’s a vicious circle that our estate inventory is thankfully not part of, making us extra competitive (let’s just keep it our little secret). This 1.24 carat diamond was traded in from a recently married young couple who inherited it. At this point in their lives a big diamond really wasn’t what they needed. We were happy to help them out and they were happy to pay off some debt. We submitted the pretty diamond to GIA in New York for certification. Almost every important diamond in the world comes with a Gemological Institute of America report. If the diamond you’re considering doesn’t come with a GIA report be extra careful and ask why not? The May 2016 report came back as expected with very good results of 1.24 carats, VS1 clarity, J colour and a very good cut. The full GIA document can be see online here. That’s the beauty of an estate diamond; they are usually bigger, usually better and ALWAYS less expensive. This diamond sets the benchmark in value at just $6600.00 CAD. This diamond is currently set in a Canadian made 10.5 gram, 14 karat white gold engagement/wedding ring set containing 0.20 carats of additional small diamonds. The two rings are available for $1200.00 extra. Stock #e10672. You can get a really good looking diamond of significant size for not too much over $2000.00. This very good cut 0.61 carat round brilliant is proof of that. Buying a diamond is much the same as anything else in this world. It comes down to wants, concessions and budget. Every one wants a huge flawless diamond, perfect in every way, however life’s other commitments and responsibilities limit what the average person can do. This diamond faces up pretty big with the larger than average diameter (for a 0.61 carat diamond) of 5.56mm. The smallish 58% table, with an almost perfect 33 degree crown angle ensure plenty of dispersion and brilliance. A nice colour grade of G as compared to our GIA certified master diamond is almost as good as it gets. A cautious VS2 clarity grade means this diamond has perfect clarity to the naked eye. As an added bonus it also shows no fluorescence when exposed to long wave ultra violet light. While not a true ideal or excellent cut by the strictest of standards, it shows a reasonable hearts and arrows pattern when viewed through polarized light. Lets do something great with this diamond. Something unique and fabulous for that special person in your life. Shop this diamond around, compare the specifications. Once you’ve compared what the competition has to offer I’m sure you agree, Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers offers the most value when it comes to diamonds and estate jewellery. Dealer enquires are always welcome. Estate priced at $2200.00 CAD. Stock #e10806. It not the biggest, it’s not the most expensive but it’s one of the few certified internally flawless diamonds that we have. Even the polish has been determined by The Gemological Institute of America as excellent. The just over half carat size and J colour keep this stone attainable by many. Just to compare, a GIA certified 1.00 carat flawless clarity, D colour diamond with excellent cut, polish, symmetry and no fluorescence is selling for over $25000.00 CAD right now. The June 2016 GIA certificate is available to view online here. Less than 1% of diamonds currently available from our database are this good or better. For the estate price of just $1500.00 CAD this is likely the best value anywhere (seriously). Stock #e9749. People will say that diamonds are not rare. Well, that may be true if your speaking about the average quality small round diamond but when it comes to high quality, larger sized, fancy shaped diamonds they really are quite rare. Our in store database contains over 400000 loose diamonds from cutting factories and vendors and all over the world. When we filtered out the average clarity, average colour, smaller examples, there were fewer than 100 princess cut diamonds of the same or better quality and bigger than this example. Once we searched for one as well cut as this there wasn’t a single comparable stone making this diamond practically one of a kind. This diamond just returned from the Gemological Institute of America with excellent results of VVS2-E. The full August 2016 GIA report can be seen online here. Looking at the certificate you’ll notice beautiful proportions of a very small (by princess cut standards) 70% table and an equally attractive depth percentage of just under 70%. 70/70 princess cut diamonds are very elusive because most cutting factories cut for maximum weight, not maximum beauty. Since there are no recognized cutting standards established for princess diamonds, many are made to less than ideal proportions. Everything that could be controlled when this stone was cut, was done to achieve the most brilliant, sparkling, fiery diamond possible. Even the dimensions of 6.12mm x 6.10mm are less than 0.003% off perfectly square. I’m not sure what the lucky person who selects this diamond is going to do with it but whatever piece of jewellery it ends up in you can be sure it will be a one of a kind item. Estate priced at $13070.70 CAD. Stock #e9847. When it comes to diamond grading there is little argument that The Gemological Institute of America is the most widely recognized authority when it comes to non bias quality evaluation. These reports are usually only seen at premium jewellers who value an accurate document over the more sales oriented type appraisal report seen at most jewellery stores. Often these appraisal certificates are optimistic in their opinions of quality and price. GIA do not report on pricing as they are only interested in the quality of diamonds and other gems. The American Gem Society is another institution held in highest regard for their uncompromising standards. Some would argue that they have even tougher standards than GIA when it comes to cut grading. This diamond was compared to AGS standards for an ideal cut. Its geometry was perfect on all counts except for a slightly shallow crown angle of 32.9 degrees when it should have been no more shallow than 33.7 degrees. This 0.8 degree deficiency automatically rendered the diamonds cut to just excellent. In practical terms this means almost nothing but the strict AGS standards have a very closed range and this diamond just missed it. It sparkles and twinkles like a little ball of fire, in fact the cut is better than all but a tiny fraction of diamonds on the market. When viewed through polarized light the coveted hearts and arrows pattern reserved for only the finest of the finest cuts still reveals itself very well. Lets create something special for you. This diamond will make a great starting point for the high quality custom made engagement ring or dinner ring design that’s been on your mind for a while. A strong SI1 clarity with H colour are also very good and better than most typically encountered diamonds. When is comes to value Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers always offers simply the best. This diamond including the cut report is estate priced at just $1275.00 CAD. Stock #e10590. Dealer and industry purchases welcomed. Nothing makes us happier at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers than connecting our clients with beautiful diamonds, jewellery and watches at terrific prices. The value of our estate offerings (especially in loose diamonds) are quite often the best in the world. That’s a big statement but we’re quite serious making it. We compare our pricing with those of the most competitive cutting factories in Mumbai India and Israel. This diamond for instance offers as good or better value than any other of similar size, cut, clarity and colour on the market. Our on site Gemological Institute of America trained Gemologist has close to 30 years of grading experience. We’re recognized as very tough and old school when it comes to assigning a quality grade on a diamond. We strictly adhere to only GIA standards. This stone is a perfect example of a fantastic diamond just waiting to be the centre piece in a stunning ring or pendant. It explodes with brilliance and dispersion. The VS1 clarity is excellent. You’re going to need at least 10 times magnification in order to resolve the small white feather located outside the centre of the table at 3:00 o’clock. The superb F colour was determined by careful comparison to our 30 year GIA master stones. The optical fireworks come from the efficiency of the cut as this cut report details. A diamond cut to this sort of excellent standard exhibits close to total internal reflection. This means, as much light as possible entering the diamond bounces around within returning to your eye with incredible dispersion and brilliance. Only a superior cut diamond will produce such fire. A still photograph simply can’t begin to describe just how pretty this diamond is. Estate priced at $3000.00 CAD. Stock #e10539. Nice size, great looking diamond with an excellent colour. However; I have a difficult time accepting the European Gemological Laboratory opinion of SI2. Their certificate can be seen online here. I’ve been a GIA trained Graduate Gemologist for over 25 years, and perhaps I’m just grading to a higher old school standard but this diamond appears to be an I1 in my opinion. The size, shape, number, colour and location of the inclusions are just a little too significant for an SI2 grade when judged to GIA standards. That’s the thing; “grading to a known and consistent standard”. There are many certificates and appraisals available to consumers purchasing jewellery. Many are accurate and properly represent the diamonds, coloured gems and jewellery they describe. However there are some that are optimistic in the grading and do not reflect a typical selling price. As with any purchase, take your time and learn about what you are about to buy. Ask lots of questions and make sure a FULL refund is available if a second opinion of quality differs from what was supplied from the seller. At Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers we endorse certificates from the Gemological Institute of America. They do not participate in the commerce of diamonds and jewellery. They do not supply appraisals, only certificates of quality on loose stones. This way they’re able to remain unbiased in regards to grading quality. We would prefer NOT to supply an in house appraisal on jewellery sold by us because of the potential conflict of interest this practice creates. This diamond is very bright and brilliant courtesy of the F colour as confirmed by our GIA certified master diamond. Measurements of 5.66mm x 5.46mm x 3.85mm give the princess cut a good sized footprint for a 1.00 carat square stone. It’s an excellent starting point for a ring, pendant, earring or any other jewellery project you may have in mind. A microscopically visible ELG certificate number has been laser engraved along the girdle edge for easy identification. Estate priced at just $3900.00. Stock #e8662. Here’s a deal for anyone thinking of a jewellery project. There are times when we like to throw up a killer offer just to see who’s paying attention. If you have no use for a diamond of any kind then I’m sure you can find a better use for $1175.00. But if a nice pendant, ring or any other piece of jewellery is in your thoughts this is a value that can’t be beat. This 0.55 carat round brilliant cut measures an average of 5.27mm diameter giving it a footprint closer to many 0.60 carat average cut diamonds. A small white feather at the 10:00 o’clock position within the table border gives it a conservative SI2 clarity (others may grade this type of diamond a SI1). As compared to our 1970s Gemological Institute of America master stones we’ve determined the colour to be a G (G master stone master on left, subject diamonds in centre, “I” master stone on right). The minor colour difference is difficult to see in this image as it is only represents 2 grades. Overall diamond dimensions of 5.25mm x 5.30mm x 3.12mm help to combine for an overall very good cut grade. When exposed to long wave ultraviolet the diamond didn’t exhibit any fluorescence. Shop this diamond around and compare the pictures and details to any other out there. We’re sure you’ll agree this one offers the best value around. Trade inquires or purchases welcome. Estate priced at $1175.00 CAD. Stock #e10552. When you’re not concerned about yielding the heaviest diamond possible, you can cut to exceptional standards and let the finished weight end up where it should. I had a difficult choice to make but I’m so happy I decided to go for quality over quantity (in the form of weight). This diamond came into our store with a significant chip partially covered up by a claw on the ring it was in. After removal from the setting the full impact of the chip could be seen on the 0.88 carat diamond. Initially I had hoped to maintain a re-cut weight of at least 0.70 carats but after consultation with our master diamond cutter he said to hold 0.70 plus carats the diamond would only rate a good or maybe a weak very good cut. Rather than compromise the cutting standards to get a heavier albeit less brilliant diamond we opted to go for an exceptional cut and I’m happy we did. The freshly remanufactured diamond now weights just 0.63 carat (over 28% lighter the original) but holy *#@%! does it ever sparkle. The cut report shows every aspect of geometry is ideal. With a strong clarity SI1 clarity grade we can guarantee no inclusions will be seen without artificial magnification. When compared to our GIA master colour comparison diamonds this one was confirmed to be a F, just about the whitest of all diamonds available. When exposed to a long wave ultraviolet light source it exhibited the preferred NO fluorescence. Although it weighs 28% less than original it only measures 10% smaller diameter so it can still fit in the original 3.9 gram 14 karat white gold Lucida solitaire setting available separately for $250.00. Here is an opportunity for a lucky person to take advantage of an exceptionally brilliant diamond at significant savings due to the pre-owned nature. The diamond is estate priced at just $1,800.00 CAD. Stock #e9594. Square or diamond shaped? You can’t go wrong when it’s a VVS2-E that’s been certified by the Gemological Institute of America. WOW, what a sparkler too. There is nothing more attractive than a high clarity DEF colour diamond. As jewellers we see many diamonds every day but less than 10% are this sort of clarity and colour. The August 2016 GIA report can be seen online here. Very good symmetry, very good polish and no fluorescence keep the crisp, sharp sparkle going. Even though it doesn’t quite weigh the magic 1.00 carat it has bigger dimensions than many poorly cut 1.00 carat or heavier princess cut diamonds. Freshly certified and priced right at just $6,100.00 CAD make for a very desirable diamond suitable for an engagement ring, pendant or let us find another to match for a killer pair of earrings. Stock #e9848. Freshly certified November 15 2016 at the world’s most respected laboratory, The Gemological Institute of America. This estate diamond represents a great opportunity for someone to get a great looking princess cut for far less than usual. The just under 1.00 carat weight of 0.98 carat keeps the price in check. A nice SI2 clarity with G colour ensures excellent transparency and sparkle. The GIA report can be seen online at www.gia.edu. Buying an SI2 diamond can sometimes be a challenge as some SI2s have inclusions that are visible to the naked eye. The grade setting inclusion(s) in this diamond are located off centre and are semi-transparent; our on staff diamond graders agree this diamond is “eye clean”. Eye clean means without artificial magnification there are no imperfections visible. The diamond measures 5.28mm x 5.18mm and is currently set in a traditional platinum solitaire with matching wedding ring, available separately for $760.00. Including the GIA certificate plus an independent appraisal from April 2004 the diamond is priced at just $3650.00 CAD. Stock #e10052. This is my current favorite diamond. We have 1000s of diamonds in the store; most are smaller, a few are bigger, lots have a higher colour grade and they run the full range from flawless to heavily included. We find this one so interesting because of the unique inclusion located close to the centre of the table facet. Under minor magnification and even without, the sharp sighted can see a small dark inclusion. As magnification increases this totally random imperfection begins to take on a life of its own. A cute little fruit fly looking insect reveals itself as a group of crystals, needle and a cloud all coming together to form the body, wing, and even the legs if you use a little imagination. When we stepped up the power and took a photomicrograph through our microscope you can really see the tiny intruder floating in an otherwise flawless diamond. Intricate wing structure looks amazingly realistic along with the furry body. Natural diamonds are unique creations that formed deep within the earth’s crust under incredible pressure and heat about 4 billion years ago. Sometimes the carbon doesn’t crystalize 100% transparent and can take the form of a graphite speck completely cocooned within the diamond crystal. Inclusions like this are never seen in synthetic diamonds and along with medium blue fluorescence are proof of 100% natural origin. Without question the inclusion makes this diamond far more desirable than a similar quality diamond without such a unique imperfection. We just had this diamond certified at the Gemological Institute of America May 30 2017. The full GIA report can be seen online here. There are even those who go out of their way and seek out unusual inclusions. The diamond is available in a simple 14 karat white gold 2.9 gram white gold solitaire ring for $5250.00 complete, or we’d be happy to sell you just the diamond for $4950.00. Stock #e10545. Call us quick before someone else gets your diamond. Being a price conscience, value consumer and jeweller I really really like what this diamond has going for it. Nice size of just over one carat, fantastic F colour (according to our GIA certified master diamonds), very good cut, no fluorescence and a clarity that will appear waaaaaaaay better than I1 once it is set into a ring. Okay, it’s time to nerd out a bit about diamond clarity. When you’re considering clarity, bear in mind 5 things; size, shape, number, colour and location of the grade setting characteristic(s). 1; for size smaller the better. 2; the white feather at the 5 o’clock position is pretty small and compact for an I1 inclusion looking much better than a thin white feather that stretches across the stone. 3; one inclusion of reasonable size is much nicer than many (possibly 1000s) of tiny inclusions that make diamonds appear milky or dull. 4; a white inclusion is much harder to detect than an opaque black crystal type. And finally 5; just as in real estate it’s location location location. And for location the close to the edge mark is exactly where you want it. Strategic claw/prong placement will almost entirely cover the white inclusion depending how big the claw is. Even the other minor inclusion at 2 o’clock can be covered with careful claw placement. If you shop around you might even find a 1.00 carat I1-F very good cut for a little less than this one, but I’m positive you won’t find one as pretty. I1-Fs that look this good are very ellusive so don’t wait or you’ll miss this one. Perfect condition and estate priced at just $5185.00 CAD. Stock #e10425. Virtually “eye clean” I1 diamonds are difficult to find and highly sought after. “H” colour diamonds look quite white without the premium price associated with DEF colour range stones. A very good cut promotes the brilliance, fire, scintillation and dispersion that only a quality diamond can possess. It’s certainly possible to find 2.00 carat round brilliant cut diamonds for well under $10000.00. I’ll guarantee these bargain 2.00 carat diamonds will have easily visible inclusions, have a noticeable yellow to brown tint or they are very poorly cut. The inclusions in this example are small and scattered, having little effect on the transparency. Measuring 8.0mm diameter, this diamond has great finger presence in the brand new platinum Simon G ring. Model MR2615 is a brand new style for the California based designer. With platinum so reasonably price right now we decided to upgrade the metal from their usual 18 karat gold. The 5 gram setting contains 16 white diamonds of VS-FG quality along with 2 small NATURAL pink diamonds. That’s right 100% natural pink colour. These incredibly rare diamonds make a striking contrast when set in 18 karat rose gold against the platinum. MR2615 is available in traditional 18 karat yellow gold, white gold, rose gold, platinum or any combination with prices starting at $2200.00 CAD. Estate diamonds make wonderful candidates to reset into a custom or production ring like this. You get fantastic savings on the largest component of value (the centre diamond) and a brand new modern Simon G setting that will leave her speechless. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers specializes in certified estate and new diamonds. Nobody does “I do” like “we do” at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. This half new, half estate ring is priced at $19108.00 CAD complete. The diamond by itself it is estate priced at $16000.00. Stock #e8679. I bet if you look long enough you’ll be able to find another GIA certified diamond of the same quality for about the same price as this (maybe even a bit less). I doubt you’ll find one that measures over 6.6mm average diameter as this one does. In fact most excellent cut 1.00 carat round brilliant cut diamonds only measure around 6.3mm to 6.4mm. The diamond business is all about hundreds of millimeters and this one looks more like a 1.10 carat due to the extra couple of tenths of a millimeter. A GIA summary report can be seen online here. The May 2015 Gemological Institute of America report is included detailing all the quality characteristics of VS1 clarity, F colour, excellent cut, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. A handy plot found on the certificate is a very useful tool showing where the inclusions can be found and the type of inclusion. A final security feature this diamond has is a microscopic laser engraved certificate number (1176144312) laser engraved on the girdle edge. Let this diamond be the starting point for a spectacular engagement ring. Or take it as is in the custom made 5.0 gram 18 karat white gold Michael Smiley solitaire for $500.00 more. Diamond only estate priced at $11200.00. Stock #e6995. Most times you should look at the diamond before you become subconsciously influenced by what you think it will look like from a report. The GIA report while 100% accurate with its assessment of SI1-G good cut simply doesn’t tell the whole story. The medium sized culet (open point at the bottom in diamond) keeps the total depth to just 58%. This instantly keeps the overall cut from being very good or excellent. If you dismiss this one because it’s only a good cut you’re going to miss out on a very attractive diamond. Beautiful bright F colour and a strong SI1 clarity with big chunky pavilion main facets make it really pop. The just under 1.00 carat weight helps keep the price in check, plus the average diameter of 6.5mm makes it look bigger than most 1.00 carat diamonds. The full June 2016 certification from The Gemological Institute of America can be seen online here. The final characteristics that can affect appearance are a very good polish rating and no fluorescence makes the most of what this diamond has to offer. Let it be the starting point for a fantastic creation. We can custom make anything you can imagine. The diamond is currently set in a brand new 14 karat rose gold diamond halo creation containing 16 small accent diamonds. The setting is available separately for $1250.00.00. Including the GIA report the diamond is estate priced at $6000.00 CAD. Stock #e9637. There’s absolutely no questions about it. To get the biggest bang for the buck; you’re going to have to find a diamond with a slightly “softer” colour and one that isn’t flawless. In a bang for the buck contest this 1.11 carat would be an excellent choice. With an average diameter of 6.37mm it certainly has presence on a finger, especially so when it’s been set on a skinny 2mm shank. The warm N colour certainly isn’t without a slight yellow tint but it has been cut to a very high standard, has excellent transparency, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. These characteristics result in a diamond that dazzles with fantastic brilliance and dispersion. We’ve seen many diamonds with a better colour and clarity grade on paper that fall short of expectation in person because the are just hazy and dull. The SI2 clarity is still very attractive despite being 7 grades away from flawless. Without artificial magnification the dark crystal inclusion is completely invisible to all but the sharpest sighted. You can seen the inclusion in the top photograph at the 11:00 o’clock position about halfway to the table border. The centre diamond is currently set into a brand new 14 karat white gold ring with a string of 12 round brilliant cut diamonds set on the shoulders. The finished ring weighs just over 2.2 grams in a size 6 1/2. The diamond alone is offered at only $2474.00. The complete ring is estate priced at $2999.00 CAD. Stock #e10416. 1.53ct. SI2-F Asscher cut GIA certified $10000.00 CAD. I’ve heard a rumor that there are some people who don’t like diamonds. I bet those people haven’t seen a nice quality Asscher cut before. Very few of these have come in over the past half plus century here at 52 Dunlop Street Downtown Barrie. This may be the nicest one yet. There is really nothing not to love about this one. From its almost perfectly square, large 6.73mm x 6.71mm footprint, to the fabulous “F” colour, this one explodes with brilliance. I really don’t even mind the just eye visible knot inclusion just off centre. After all, unless you have exceptional vision it’s invisible. If the minor translucent inclusion wasn’t there, this diamond would cost around 75% more and would really only look better under a microscope. I’ll take the 7K in savings thank you very much. The Gemological Institute of America has certified the diamond a SI2-F with very good symmetry, very good polish and no fluorescence. Click here to see to full September 2016 report. You seldom see Asscher cuts although they are becoming one of the more asked for specialty cuts. The clean tailored symmetry and parallel facets are a refreshing optical treat compared to the more common brilliant cut, square princess and round diamonds. If you try to compare similar weight Asschers you’ll notice most only measure around 6.3mm x 6.3mm. This is because most are cut much deeper in an effort to conserve weight without any improved visual impact. Trust me when I say finding a Asscher cut with a 58.9% depth is exceedingly rare and very desirable. The diamond is currently set in a high quality 18 karat yellow gold and platinum 7.6 gram setting (available separately for $1000.00). It’s ready to go as a fantastic engagement ring. If you have other ideas, come in with your imagination or even a picture of your dream ring and we’ll custom make it for you. The diamond alone is estate priced at only $10000.00 CAD. Stock #e10000. 0.62ct. I1-I excellent cut $1400.00 CAD. Once upon a time this diamond weighed the magic weight of 1.00 carat. It was sold to a person who didn’t understand how important an excellent cut is. The cut determines just how much brilliance and dispersion is produced. Originally it measured an average diameter of just 5.85mm and 4.10mm deep. It was perhaps the poorest example of cutting I has ever seen. It was waaaaay too deep, the girdle was much too thick, it had a giant extra facet on the lower half completely distorting the pavilion. Have a look at these before and after pictures. Even if you’re not a gemologist it’s easy to see what’s wrong with the original cut. We asked our master cutter to transform this ugly duckling into the beautiful brilliant cut that was locked inside the ugly exterior. The resulting diamond lost 38% of the original weight but now it explodes with sparkle compliments of the new found ideal cutting geometry. Every element from table percentage to pavilion angle is perfect as this cut report shows. Compared to the old lumpy, thick diamond the new one appears much thinner and symmetrical. The new cut displays total internal reflection that limits light leaking out the bottom and sides. It’s now a little ball of fire. The reasonable clarity of I1 with a nice colour grade of “I” contribute to an affordable, great looking diamond suitable in an engagement ring, pendant or any other jewellery application you can think of. Cut matters more than any other characteristic. Even though the diamond is much smaller than the original it’s actually worth more. Please consider and learn about cut quality before buying a diamond. Estate price $1400.00 CAD. Stock #e9302. 0.62ct. SI1-H excellent cut round diamond $1875.00 CAD. Beautiful diamond, just needs a new home. If you’ve got an idea for an engagement ring come on down. Our team of designer goldsmiths have helped create 1000s of rings and other jewellery items over the years. Use their experience to help build something extraordinary. This diamond has got a great balance of carat weight, clarity, colour and cut. The “4Cs” are well represented here and the 5th “C” of a really affordable cost is an added bonus. Although not absolutely ideal, the excellent overall cut grade is evident when the hearts & arrows test is deployed. These images clearly reveal the sought after hearts and arrows pattern. The details of the exact cutting geometry can be further reviewed by the cut report that comes included with purchase. If you’re not sure what to do with this diamond, I have an idea. How about using it matched up with another estate diamond to create a fantastic pair of earrings. Our stock number e9302 is an almost perfect match. We can have them ready to go in brand new earring settings in as little as an hour or so. What ever you decide to do with it we guarantee you fantastic value for the estate price of just $1875.00 CAD. Stock #e10259. 1.01ct. VS2-I very good cut GIA certified $6050.00 CAD. If you’ve found our website we thank you. If you’re looking for a special diamond you’re looking in the right place. Our estate diamonds represent some of the best values in the industry. This diamond just returned from New York were it received certification from the most trusted name in the business. The Gemological Institute of America is a truly impartial opinion when it comes to certification of diamonds. They have no interest in the commerce of diamonds and they never supply an estimate of value, so there is no conflict of interest in their reports. Many retail jewellers use appraisals as sales tools and usually discount from an inflated value the report shows. The full GIA report can be seen online here. The VS2 clarity, I colour with a very good cut places this diamond in the better quality range. A further investigation of the certificate reveals very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence (all desirable characteristics). The best thing about this diamond is the large footprint of 6.58mm average diameter. Most 1.00 diamonds measure only around 6.30mm diameter making this one look more like a 1.10 carat. If you have a look at other 1.00 to 1.10 carat diamonds you’ll notice the actual diameter is likely quite a bit less than our example. The valuable June 2016 GIA certificate is included with this diamond for the estate price of $6100.00 CAD. Stock #e9689. 0.55 carat VVS1-H excellent cut $1925.00 CAD. One extremely small microscopic white feather is the only clarity characteristic keeping this diamond from being graded flawless. It took several attempts under a high power microscope to reveal the minor inclusion. Grading the colour was a fairly straight forward process by comparison with our GIA certified set of master stones. Excellent cut is apparent just from observation but the cut report confirms the perfect proportions showing nothing but ideal geometry. When exposed to a long wave ultra violet light source the diamond exhibited medium to strong blue fluorescence that actually gives the diamond closer to a FG colour range. Weighing nicely over 1/2 a carat at 0.55ct. this diamond is quite likely the least expensive example on the market today. Estate priced at $1925.00 Canadian. International shipping by FedEx available. Stock #e8836. 0.43ct. SI2-F modified Crisscut diamond $850.00 CAD. Since the round brilliant cut geometry was perfected close to 100 years ago many different shapes have evolved from it. Square, heart, oval, pear and marquise all have the same facet pattern just laid out on a different shape. Every once in a while a diamond cutter tries to improve on the formula. Most simply don’t look as good or are simply slightly modified versions proclaiming to be more attractive. The one original cut that I personally think is a worthy contender to the brilliant cut is the Crisscut emerald. While this example is not a true patented Crisscut emerald cut. It shares most of the design, lacking only a few corner facets on the pavilion and crown. At under half a carat you’ll never notice the missing facets on this one. Measuring 5.37mm x 3.38mm x 2.55mm this sparkling 0.43 carat rectangular shaped diamond would make a great pendant or maybe the starting point for a very cool and unique engagement ring. Perfect for someone who wants a bright sparkling stone that’s a little different. The SI2 clarity looks flawless without artificial magnification. The F colour is virtually colourless and way better than most diamonds available. Estate priced at only $850.00 CAD. Stock #e9532. 0.99ct. VS2-K Old European cut diamond $4000.00 CAD. When we received this diamond it was suffering from evidence of more than 100 years of daily use in the form of several chips along the girdle edge. I’d imagine this diamond was a cherished keepsake for several generations, worn everyday through thick and thin. When presented to us the diamond was practically falling out of the 18 karat white gold setting. Claws were either totally gone, bent or completely worn away and a shoulder diamond was missing. This was at least the second ring the diamond had already outlived. After consultation with our master diamond cutter, the decision was made to retain the original spirit and maintain the old European cut design. With careful placement of a couple small extra pavilion facets and reducing the diameter by just a few tenths of a millimeter, the “new-old” diamond looks perfect. The following images are before and after pictures showing the subtle repair. Remarkably, we only lost 0.02 carat of weight (0.004 grams) resulting in a diamond weighing just shy of 1.00 carat, measuring 6.25mm – 6.28mm x 3.72mm. The very nice VS2 clarity means the diamond is completely free from any type of distracting inclusion. The K colour will never be confused with a ultra white D, but the soft hue is 100% appropriate for a diamond of this age as most diamonds from this era are from South Africa. JKLM are the typical colours for diamonds found in this region. For the estate price of just $4000.00 CAD, you get fantastic value and a rare antique diamond of significant size. Currently set in a 14 karat white gold ring available separately for $1150.00. Stock #e10161. 1.03ct. SI2-F GIA certified very good cut “eye clean” $6675.00 CAD. Diamonds like this are VERY hard to find for a great price and they get snapped up quite quickly. Buying a SI2 diamond grade can be a frightening thing. SI2 clarity diamonds usually have inclusions that can be seen without magnification. If the inclusion is located within the octagon table close to the centre the blemish is almost always visiable. The inclusion in this example is almost perfectly located on a star/bezel facet junction at the 1:00 position. This type of inclusion is called a knot. A knot is a small diamond crystal that grew within the larger gem and shows through the surface when the diamond has been polished. Basically it’s like a knot in a piece of wood. It is usually identified by a semi-transparent border that surrounds the small exposed crystal. This diamond appears flawless without magnification. With careful claw placement the inclusion will almost disappear when set in a suitable piece of jewellery. The GIA report (July 2015) graded the colour an excellent F, with a very good overall cut and no fluorescence. Trust me when I say this is a very desirable diamond that shouldn’t last. If you’re looking for a knockout 1 carat diamond look no further. This one has all the right boxes checked off for the absolute best value ANYWHERE. Estate priced at $6675.00 CAD. Currently the diamond is mounted in a simple 3.0 gram, 18 karat white gold setting available for $325.00 extra. Stock #e9024. 1.10 carat I1-G good cut $5000.00 CAD. The scarlet letter for diamonds when it comes to clarity is “I”. Although the “I” grade stands for inclusion(s) in doesn’t tell the entire story. Most accurately graded “I” clarity diamonds are quite attractive as long as the colour and cut are within the range you’re considering. The inclusions in this particular diamond are small and scattered. Viewed individually there isn’t a single one that would qualify the grade but collectively a grade of I1 is the correct call. The colour as compared with our GIA master diamonds is an easy G, it may even make a F if it was submitted to The Gemological Institute of America for certification. The cut is good if not great with measurements of 6.43mm – 6.50mm x 4.05mm. If you wanted to have the diamond recut it could easily achieve a very good grade and possibly even an excellent cut could be had while still maintaining a 1.00 carat finished weight. I’m still thinking about having the cut improved then sending it away to GIA in New York for certification. I’m just not sure whether the added cost for these services are truly worth the small improvement in sparkle and dispersion you would actually see. In the meantime this bright beautiful diamond is showcased in an estate 18 karat white and rose gold Simon G ring (model number MR2615) available separately for $1800.00. The estate diamond alone is priced at just $5000.00 CAD. Stock #e9774. 0.84ct. VS1-G GIA certified $5150.00 CAD. Grading diamonds is mostly science and partly art. Some characteristics are specific and quantifiable. There can only be one weight and the geometry of cut is really just defined ratios and angles. When it comes to grading the colour and clarity there is a small amount of variance and opinion. When does a low G colour become a H or when does a high SI1 clarity become a VS2? Sometimes it’s hard to buy a diamond just on a grading report alone (assuming of course the report is accurate to begin with). This diamond was purchased at Spence diamonds in the summer of 2014 for over $10000.00 tax included. The in house Spence diamond grader decided the 0.84 carat round brilliant cut diamond was a VS2-H with a good cut, making for a very nice looking diamond. When this ring came in on trade we thought a more industry recognized opinion of quality was in order given its value. We removed the diamond and sent it to the Gemological Institute of America for a formal certification of quality. The November 2016 report can be seen on line here. If you check the GIA report you’ll notice the clarity and colour are each grader 1 higher at VS1-G. GIA concurred with the Spence cut grade of good. I must commend Spence Diamonds on their cautious approach on the grading of this one, they delivered more than promised. The GIA report describes the symmetry as very good along with very good polish and no fluorescence. The diamond comes with the Spence appraisal and original bill of sale. Also included with the ring is the November GIA certificate. Estate priced at $5150.00 CAD. The stone is currently set in a 19 karat white gold ring with 0.40 carats of additional diamonds set on shoulders, available separately for $660.00. Stock #e10055. Yup, it’s a big one. Lots of 1.00 carat diamonds come and go through our doors. Even 2.00 carat diamonds are not too unusual with our clients, but at over three and a half carats this one is a rarity. Assuming the quality of a given diamond is average to good, the biggest characteristic affecting the value is the size. A general rule of thumb that applies to round diamonds is, “as the size doubles the price quadruples”. To put that formula into perspective consider that buying a reasonable quality 1.00 carat diamond (GIA certified I1-K) will cost around $3000.00. So a 2.00 carat is going to cost $12000.00 and a 4.00 carat version of the same quality will be over $40000.00. Try it on our diamond database search and you’ll soon see the formula works pretty well. My point of all this is to demonstrate what a great value this estate diamond is. The clarity is a really good GIA certified VS1, the cut, symmetry and polish are all certified good. The diamond also has no fluorescence and the colour is a N. Yes that’s right a N colour. It’s a little warm with just a hint of yellow, but oh boy it sure sparkles. Keep it clean and this diamond will outshine any of the more garden variety size diamonds your likely to encounter. The Gemological Institute of America report can be seen here. I’m not sure what we’ll end up doing with this diamond but I think a simple solitaire engagement ring would be a great way to showcase it. You will be surprised at how nice a N colour can look in the right setting. We feel this substantial diamond is the most competitively priced in its size and quality range anywhere. Estate priced at $28000.00. Dealers welcome. Stock #e8918. 2.32 carat VS1-F excellent cut GIA certified $49725.00 CAD. Some will say diamonds are relatively common when compared to high quality coloured stones like sapphire, emerald and ruby. However, in the grand scheme of things diamonds are still extremely difficult to find in larger sizes. If you also factor in excellent colour, excellent clarity and excellent cut; that makes for a very rare diamond indeed. From our in store diamond data base of almost 400000 stones only about 1 in 1000 are of this size and quality or larger. The prices for these rare, large, high quality diamonds are ALL over $50000.00. We genuinely believe this is the most competitively priced diamond in the world of this size/quality that is GIA graded. The August 2015 Gemological Institute of America certificate can be seen on line here. If you’re considering an important diamond for a special piece of jewellery this year keep this one in mind. Please shop the specifications around to confirm the amazing value of this one. VS1 clarity is well above the threshold where inclusions can be seen without magnification and this VS1 is particularly nice because the table is completely clean. The minor grade setting inclusions can be covered up with a strategically placed claw. F colour grade is excellent exhibiting no yellow, brown or grey tint. Very good symmetry, very good polish and no fluorescence are the other characteristics that play an important roll in valuing this diamond. Please remember how important the certificate issuer is. There are many diamond certificates and appraisers who use the GIA’s terminology and language but don’t grade to the same strict standards. A GIA certificate costs a little more and doesn’t even assign a value but the piece of mind is priceless. If you’re going to spend well into 5 figures for a diamond take some time and watch this video by Martin Rapaport where he discusses overgraded diamonds with inaccurate reports. Mr. Rapaport produces a wholesale diamond price list that is widely followed in the industry. This guy knows his stuff. This diamond is currently set in a brand new hand made 14 karat white gold halo setting available separately for $3600.00. Estate price for the diamond by itself is $49725.00 CAD. Stock #e9138. 1.13ct. SI2-L European cut antique diamond $3870.00 CAD. Where can you get a great looking 1.00 carat round diamond for nicely under $4000.00? The only place I can think of is the estate department at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers, but then again I am a little biased. Sure you can find 1.00 carat diamonds for less, but I’ll guarantee they will be of low transparency, hazy, dull, have very poor colour and likely are poorly cut. Put them on a scale and they’ll weigh 1.00 carat but they will likely look much smaller because of a small diameter of only about 6.0mm. Our antique 1.13 carat example measures 6.25mm – 6.50mm x 4.28mm and has the right “footprint” for a diamond of over 1.00 carat. The strong SI2 clarity looks flawless without magnification. The colour is a little warmer and compares nicely to our GIA certified master stone of L colour. When the diamond is mounted, the abundance of dispersion caused by the tall crown and small table of these old diamonds helps to control the colour quite well. For something manufactured well over 100 years ago you’ll be amazed how nice these old stones look when compared to a modern brilliant cut. We currently have the diamond set in a simple 4.3 gram 14 karat white gold setting available separately for $350.00. Diamond only is estate priced at $3870.00 CAD. Stock #e9152. 1.23ct. VVS1-M excellent cut with strong fluorescence $4800.00 CAD. Before you dismiss this diamond because of the M colour, please consider the other characteristics that determine the price. First of all it is nicely over the benchmark 1.00 carat size at 1.23 carats. The clarity is only one grade from flawless coming in at a VVS1 and the cut is excellent. Fluorescence is common to about 30% of all diamonds, but only about 3% glow with this sort of intensity. For a stone with a warmer colour (JKLMN…..) the blue glow actually improves the apparent colour a minimum of a couple grades. This is because blue is the complimentary colour of yellow and conceals the effect. Included with purchase is a small cut report outlining the excellent cutting geometry that make this one sparkle better than most. At over 7.0mm diameter this diamond is waaaaaay bigger than the standard size 1.00 carat. Most people consider the “4Cs” (clarity, colour, carat weight and cut) when selecting a diamond, but don’t forget about the 5th C. The “cost”. The cost of this estate diamond is what makes it an exceptional value. For $4800.00 CAD we feel this is one of the best deals on the market. This is a diamond that needs to be seen in person. Currently set in an 18 karat engagement ring with diamond set shoulders; available separately for $884.00. Stock #e9269. 1.75ct. VVS2-J European cut GIA certified $18500.00 CAD. There are not too many of these around. European cut diamonds have not been produced since around 1930, although a few specialty cutters are making them for reproduction jewellery. When this diamond was cut around 100 years ago few people could afford any diamond, never mind a 1.75 carat. A Gemological Institute of America report issued (Feb. 2015) comes included with purchase and is your assurance of accurate grading. The GIA report can be seen here. The diamond has been microscopically laser engraved along the girdle edge with the unique certificate number. The diamond grades an excellent VVS2 clarity with a nice colour grade of J. Most diamonds from this era were mined in South Africa and as such usually exhibit a certain degree of colour. It’s not uncommon to see MNO colour or lower grades when looking for antique diamonds, so the J colour is very respectable. A tiny 48% table with a tall crown produce much more dispersion than even an ideal cut modern round brilliant. Currently set in a brand new American made 14 karat white gold setting weighing 4 grams including two 0.03 carat extra diamonds. The setting is available separately for $690.00. Diamond only is estate priced at $18500.00 CAD. Stock #e8804. 0.67ct. SI1-H excellent cut $2300.00 CAD. Most people pay little attention to the quality of cut when buying a diamond. Everyone asks about the carat weight, clarity and colour but it’s the 4th “C” of cut can make or break the beauty of a diamond. Without considering the quality of cut, a 0.70 carat diamond can easily sell for 25% more than a 0.69 carat if all the other characteristics are the same. This extreme price premium for such a small size difference is why you seldom see excellent cut round diamonds in the high 0.60 carat weight range. Which brings us to this beautiful estate 0.67 carat diamond. When we received it, it was a 0.75 carat antique European cut measuring 6.00mm – 6.15mm x 3.35mm with a chipped edge. It had the size and looked okay but lacked some brilliance because it was cut too shallow at 55%. After our master diamond cutter plied his craft the resulting stone weighed 0.67 carat with a depth closer to 60%. While not a truly absolute perfect cut, this diamond does fall within The Gemological Institute of America geometry guidelines to be considered an excellent cut. It displays the much coveted hearts and arrows effect, although ever so slightly broken up. The SI1 clarity ensures you won’t see any inclusions without magnification. As compared to our set of GIA colour master diamonds, a nice bright “H” colour was determined. It’s bright, lively and shows no fluorescence of any kind. In the case of this specific diamond it’s honestly much better then when it was new close to 100 years ago. We’re pretty confident it’s the best value around at the estate price of just $2300.00 CAD. Stock #e9981. 1.51ct. I2-G GIA certified. Very good cut, symmetry and polish $7600.00 CAD. I have never seen an I2 diamond that looked this good. Almost all the diamonds I have seen that received an I2 clarity grade are very “optically challenged”. The grade usually indicates diamonds that have significant inclusions that adversely affect transparency and often times make the diamond look dull and lifeless. This diamond has none of those characteristics. It’s bright, lively and very transparent. While there is an inclusion close to the centre and a less significant inclusion at 3:00, they really don’t affect the brilliance in any measurable degree. The November 2016 Gemological Institute of America certification can be seen online at www.gia.edu. This diamond is of Canadian origin complete with a unique laser engraved serial number that tells us the diamond came from the North West Territories. It also comes with a Gem Scan certificate of evaluation. Gem Scan’s opinion of the clarity and colour are better than those of the GIA, with an I1-F grade. It comes in a Peoples Jewellers portfolio with a Government Certificate of Authenticity plus an appraisal. The summer of 2007 appraisal places a replacement value of $17400.00 plus tax including a 4.6 gram 18 karat solitaire setting. The diamond is currently set in the 18 karat setting and has two matching diamond wedding rings available for an additional $1710.00 (for all three rings). Stock #e10054. The diamond by itself is estate priced at just $7600.00 CAD. For $7600.00, I’m sure is the best looking stone of this size/quality you’ll ever see. Stock #e10054. 1.00ct. SI1-L princess cut $2500.00 CAD. From the picture you can probably see this diamond isn’t totally square. It’s only off about 5.5% from having all sides of equal length but the human eye has a great ability to interpret very minor differences. Actual measurements of 5.7mm x 5.4mm are still pretty close though. When mounted in a simple solitaire the difference becomes more difficult to see. Most princess cuts are made to be pretty close to square, over 90% have a length to width ratio of less than 1.00:1.06 as sampled from our database. Any longer and manufacturers typically choose a different shape to cut a given piece of rough from. Our lively 1.00 carat example was originally purchased from Spence Diamonds as the polished girdle has been laser engraved with the Spence logo along with a European Gemological Laboratory certificate number (CA91700401D). The clarity is an “eye clean” SI1 meaning no inclusions are visible without artificial magnification. By comparison to our Gemological Institute of America master diamonds, we determined the colour to be a slightly softer L. This L colour grade has a very slight yellow tint but still allows the diamond to sparkle showing a rainbow of dispersion. The L colour grade along with the estate history keeps the price in check allowing you to get a really nice looking 1.00 carat diamond for way less than you’d expect. We currently have the diamond set into an American made traditional solitaire ring that weighs 4.3 grams made from premium quality high grade 950 platinum. The finger size 6 ring is available separately for only $370.00. If you would like to set the diamond into a different style custom or production setting you can purchase it alone for the estate price of just $2500.00 CAD. This is a fantastic value that we hope you compare with what else is available at a similar price. Stock number #e9943. 2.02 carat I1-I2-KL pear shape brilliant cut $3900.00 CAD. A perfect pear shaped diamond of this size would cost over $50000.00 CAD. So at only $3900.00 you’ll have to accept a somewhat less than flawless clarity and D colour. The clarity is a low I1 to strong I2 so there are several white feather type inclusions that are visible without magnification. The colour is in the KL range when compared to our GIA certified master stones so it does exhibit a very slight warmer tint. Measuring 10.00mm x 7.40mm x 4.57mm the diamond looks really big and on our calibrated scale it shows 2.02 carats. No it’s not perfect but at over 92% less expensive than a perfect 2.00 carat pear shaped diamond the value is very compelling. It faces up quite well and looks great when assembled in a finished piece of jewellery. Currently set in a custom made 14 karat white gold 3 stone ring with two additional pear shaped diamonds available separately for $2100.00. Stock #e8955.

2019-04-21T14:43:33Z

http://www.billleboeufjewellers.com/category/estate_pieces/diamonds/

Section 1. The name of this organization shall be the “New Jersey Society of Optometric Physicians”. Section 1. The objectives and purposes of this Association shall be : A) to educate the New Jersey consumer regarding the profession of optometry and the importance of comprehensive care from optometric physicians; (B) to aid in the maintenance, preservation and advancement of the legal standards of qualifications for the practice of the profession and legislative issues of concern to the profession of optometry; (C) to promote research in the profession of optometry; (D) to establish and maintain ethical standards for its membership; (E) to encourage the advancement of optometric education; (F) to establish and maintain a closer professional bond among its members; (G) to maintain an affiliation with American Optometric Association and those local societies of optometric physicians with which this Association is affiliated; and (H) to maintain inter-professional relationships with other health care professions. SECTION 1. There shall be eight (8) classifications of membership: (A) active members; (B) associate members; (C) student members; (D) honorary members; (E) life members; (F) privileged; (G) partial practice; and (H) faculty members. Admission to membership shall be according to provisions established by the Board of Directors. Members can unite in the formation of a special section upon the approval of the Board of Directors. The governing of each section shall be subject to the Constitution and Bylaws of the Association. SECTION 2. ACTIVE MEMBERS shall be those Optometric Physicians who have earned a Doctor of Optometry degree from an ACOE accredited college or school of optometry or its equivalent, and who are approved for Membership by the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS shall be of three categories and may be admitted at the discretion of the Board of Directors. (A) Those holding recognized degrees in non-optometric disciplines. (B) Non-Optometrists having interests consistent with the objectives and purposes of this Association. (C) Military, civil service, research or other optometric physicians who are not primarily in active private practice in New Jersey, who are members of the American Optometric Association, and who wish to affiliate themselves with this Association. SECTION 4. STUDENT MEMBERS shall be those persons enrolled as students in a school or college of optometry accredited by the Council on Optometric Education and recognized by the New Jersey State Board of Optometrists, and/or those non-practicing optometric physicians who are full-time students in an accredited institution of higher education and who profess an intention of entering or returning to the practice of optometry or to a faculty or administrative position with an accredited school or college of optometry. SECTION 5. AN HONORARY MEMBERSHIP may be conferred on any person who has contributed distinguished valuable service to the conservation of vision, to the profession of optometry, or to this Association. SECTION 6. LIFE MEMBERSHIP A Member who has been a member of this Association for 45 years shall be eligible to continue membership as a Life Member of this Association in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the Board of Directors. Members who provide medical certification of terminal or other serious debilitative illness may request that years of membership requirements be waived for life membership. All such requests for waiver must be made and approved through the member’s affiliate and approved by the Board of Directors. Notwithstanding the requirements set forth in this Paragraph, any member of this Association who is classified as a Life Member as of September 30, 2012, shall retain Life Member status. An affiliated local society shall submit a written nomination to the Board of Directors for approval. SECTION 7. PRIVILEGED MEMBERS shall be those members, who through sickness, age or financial hardship, are unable to pay full dues. Such members may upon action by the Board of Directors, have their dues waived or reduced for any given year. The Board of Directors shall investigate the need for such a waiver or reduction of dues. This investigation shall include where necessary, an evaluation of the member’s total earnings in any given year, not just income from the practice of optometry. Privileged members, in any listing published by the Association, shall be listed in the same manner as all other members. SECTION 8. PARTIAL PRACTICE MEMBERS shall be those members who work twenty (20) or fewer hours per week in compensated optometrically related activities and whose status as a partial practice member is approved annually by the Board of Directors. SECTION 9. FACULTY MEMBERS shall be those members who hold a full time faculty or administrative position at an accredited school or college of optometry. SECTION 1. ACTIVE MEMBERS. (A) The annual dues for active members, except as hereinafter stated in Article 4, Section 8, shall be in such amounts as prescribed by the membership at the Congress or General Membership Meeting, of Board of Directors and shall be payable at such time or times as may be established by the Board of Directors. (B) Any change in dues to be considered at the Congress or General Membership Meeting shall require notification to each member by mail at least thirty (30) days in advance of the meeting and shall require a two-thirds (2/3) vote of those present and voting for passage. (C) The Board of Directors may adjust the dues for the cost of living, not to exceed 5%, on a yearly basis without needing full approval of the general membership. (D) Active members who fail to pay the required monthly dues in a timely manner may be charged a late fee at the discretion of the NJSOP Finance Committee. SECTION 2. The annual dues of an associate or student member of this Association shall be determined by the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. The annual dues of a section member shall be recommended by that section’s membership and approved by the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. Honorary members shall not be required to pay dues. SECTION 5. Life members shall not be required to pay dues. SECTION 6. Dues for privileged members may be waived or reduced for any given year by action of the Board of Directors. Such information shall be forwarded to the American Optometric Association for similar action. Privileged members may be reinstated as active members on payment of the current year’s dues. SECTION 7. (A) Ascending Dues: The annual dues of a newly degreed member shall be waived for the calendar year in which such member becomes originally degreed. The dues for the following six years shall be on an ascending scale as established by the New Jersey Society of Optometric Physicians (NJSOP) provided that such member continues during the entire period to be a member in good standing of this Association and conforms to the Optometric Oath of the American Optometric Association and the Code of Ethics and Code of Practice of this Association. Thereafter, such member shall pay dues as specified in Article 4, Section 1. (B) New Member Dues: Any optometric physician who has earned a Doctor of Optometry degree from an ACOE accredited college or school of optometry or its equivalent who has not been a member of this Association and who is accepted for membership for the first time shall be entitled to elect to pay dues on a graduated scale consisting of 50% of full annual dues for the first year of membership, 75% of annual dues for the second year of membership, and dues as specified in Article 4 Section 1, thereafter, except as hereinafter stated in Article 4, Section 8. In the case of an optometric physician who has been degreed less than four years and has not previously been a member of this Association, s/he may elect to pay dues in accordance with the scale set forth above for newly degreed members based on years of licensure. SECTION 8. Partial practice members shall pay annual dues at the rate of thirty-five percent (35%) of full dues. SECTION 9. Faculty members shall pay annual dues as required for Special Class Members as established by the American Optometric Association. SECTION 10. Dues for members shall be as stated in Article 4, Section 1, 6 and 7 plus AOA dues as established by the American Optometric Association. SECTION 1. Assessments may be levied upon members by two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast by those members present and voting at the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. Such assessments shall, when adopted, have the same liabilities for payment as annual dues, provided due notice of such proposed assessments shall have been mailed to each member at least thirty (30) days prior to that meeting. SECTION 1. The fiscal year shall begin January 1 and end on December 31. SECTION 1. There shall be three types of membership meetings: an annual convention, a General Membership Meeting and a Special Meeting. SECTION 2. The annual convention shall be called a “Congress”. The time, date and location of the Congress shall be determined each year by the Board of Directors for the coming year. The Board of Directors may combine the Congress with the General Membership Meeting. SECTION 3. The General Membership Meeting shall be held at a time, date and location to be determined by the Board of Directors, at which time a proposed budget for the ensuing year shall be presented to the membership for its approval and adoption. SECTION 4. A Special Meeting shall be held upon call of the President; at the written request of thirty (30) active members in good standing; at the written request of three (3) or more affiliated local societies; or by a majority of the Board of Directors. SECTION 5. Notice of all membership meetings shall be mailed to each member at least thirty (30) days prior to the date of the meeting and shall state time, place and purpose. SECTION 6. The Board of Directors shall hold regular meetings at their discretion. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the President or by five (5) Directors upon at least two days’ notice to each Director and Officer, given by mail, telephone or electronic means. SECTION 7. All the Powers and authority if this Association, as provided by law, except such as may specifically be delegated by the Constitution and Bylaws, shall be vested in the membership assembled in Congress, Special Meeting, or General Membership Meeting. SECTION 1. At all membership meetings, thirty (30) of the members representing at least five (5) affiliated local societies shall constitute a quorum. SECTION 2. Fifty percent (50%) of the members of the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum. SECTION 1. The officers of this Association shall be President, President-Elect, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and Immediate Past President; all of whom, except the Immediate Past President, shall be elected at the Congress or General Membership Meeting for a term of one year, with a maximum of two consecutive terms in any given office. SECTION 2. The President going out of office shall become Immediate Past President. SECTION 3. The resignation of an Officer shall be rendered in writing to the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, the President –Elect shall serve as President for the remainder of the term in office. Such service shall not count towards the Maximum limitation of two terms in office. SECTION 5. In the event of a vacancy occurring among the other officers, the President shall appoint an active member to fill the vacancy for the remainder of the term in office. Such appointment shall be deemed effective upon majority vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 6. The Elections at the General Membership Meeting or the Congress for the officers shall be conducted in the order of President, President-Elect, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer, followed by the election of Directors. SECTION 7. Officers-elect shall take office upon being administered the Oath of Office. Installation of officers need not occur in conjunction with their election. The time and place of installation shall be set by the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. The Board of Directors shall be composed of seventeen (17) members, five (5) of whom shall be officers and not fewer than eight (8) who shall be elected as Directors-at-large. One director shall be assigned as liaison to each local society. SECTION 2. Directors-at-large shall be elected at the Congress or General Membership Meeting, each for a three (3) year term. No person shall be eligible for election to more than two (2) successive three (3) year terms as a Director-at-Large nor to serve more than eight successive years as a Director-at-Large. The number of positions to be elected shall be determined by the Officers of the Association and reported to the Membership thirty (30) days prior to the election. SECTION 3. In the event of a vacancy occurring among the Directors-at-Large, the President shall appoint an active member to become a Director-at-Large, to hold such position until the next election at a Congress or General Membership Meeting, at which time a director-at-large shall be elected for the remainder of the term. Such appointment shall be deemed effective upon majority vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. Elections at the General Membership Meeting or the Congress for a directorship having different terms shall be conducted separately in order of longest to shortest terms of office. SECTION 5. Directors-elect shall take office upon being administered the Oath of Office. Installation of directors need not occur in conjunction with their election. The date, time and place of installation shall be set by the Board of Directors. SECTION 6. The resignation of a Director-at-Large shall be rendered in writing to the Secretary-Treasurer. SECTION 7. All past presidents, and currently appointed committee chairs who are not members of the Board, shall serve as ex-officio members of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. All meetings shall be governed by “Roberts Rules of Order—Revised” unless superseded by the Constitution or Bylaws. SECTION 1. This Constitution and attached Bylaws may be altered or amended by two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast by those members present and voting at the Special Meeting, General Membership Meeting, or Congress, provided the proposed amendment has previously been duly validated for submission by an affiliated local society by a majority of its members and so certified in writing; or by the Board of Directors. SECTION 2. The proposed amendment shall be received by the Secretary-Treasurer not later than forty-five (45) days before the date of the Special Meeting, General Membership Meeting or Congress when the Amendment shall be considered. SECTION 3. A copy of the proposed amendment shall be distributed to each member not later than thirty (30) days before the date of the Special Meeting, General Membership Meeting or Congress, together with a notice that the amendment will be adopted, amended or otherwise acted upon. At the discretion of the secretary-treasurer of this Association, delivery of the proposed amendments under this Article may be made by any written means, whether physical, electronic, or digital. SECTION 1. The President shall preside at all membership and Board of Directors meetings; appoint all members to such committees as the need may require, designate the Chairpersons of each committee and certify, together with the Secretary-Treasurer, all official acts of the Association. The President shall call meetings as the need requires; shall be an ex-officio member of all committees and similar subordinate bodies and shall appoint all chairpersons and committee members, who shall serve on the committees as determined by the President. The President shall be responsible for the development of the agenda for all meetings at which s/he presides. The President shall not vote on motions before the Board of Directors except to break a tie vote. SECTION 2. The President –Elect shall perform all executive functions and other duties as may be assigned by the President or the Board of Directors and shall be responsible for maintaining the Long Range Plan of this Association. In the event of the inability of the President to perform the duties of office, the President-Elect shall assume the duties of the President. SECTION 3. The Vice-President shall perform all duties as may be assigned by the President or the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. The Secretary-Treasurer shall be responsible for full and accurate minutes of all membership and Board of Directors meetings; shall require proper registration and identification of all persons before their admission to any membership or Board of Directors meeting; and shall preserve all documents, records and transactions of this Association. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep a complete accounting of all money received and disbursed in the manner prescribed by the Board of Directors; shall render a financial statement to the Board of Directors whenever requested to do so; and shall make a full report at the time of the Congress or General Membership Meeting, as may be directed by the President or Board of Directors. The Association’s financial records shall be reviewed annually by an accountant or certified public accountant who has been approved by the Board of Directors. The Secretary-Treasurer shall, at the expiration if his/her term of office, deliver to the successor, or to any person whom the Board of Directors may designate, all funds, books, records and property of the Association then in his/her custody or under his/her control. The President, Secretary-Treasurer and/or any member designated as his/her representative, and the Executive Director, shall be designated to sign all checks for this Association, any two (2) of the three (3) signatures being necessary. SECTION 1. The Board of Directors shall supervise and manage the affairs, funds and property of the Association and carry out the objectives and purposes of the Constitution and Bylaws. SECTION 2. When not inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution and Bylaws, the Board of Directors shall act as the supreme governing body during the interim between the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. Its acts and decisions shall have full force and effect unless modified or revised by the Membership at the next Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. SECTION 1. LEGISLATION. The Committee on Legislation shall consist of at least three (3) members. The committee shall meet periodically to review pending legislation and recommend positions and actions to the Board of Directors. The committee shall be responsible for coordinating all legislative activities of the Association and shall report its activities to the Board of Directors and to the Membership at the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. SECTION 2. NOMINATIONS. The Committee on Nominations shall be appointed by the President three months prior to the Congress or General Membership Meeting and shall consist of at least one (1) member in good standing from each affiliated local society and three (3) Past Presidents, one of whom will be appointed chairperson. The committee shall make nominations for Officers, Directors, AOA delegates and State Board nominees, and shall report to the Board of Directors and to the Membership Assembled. SECTION 3. FINANCE. (A) The Finance Committee shall consist of the Secretary-Treasurer and five additional persons appointed by the President in consultation with the Secretary-Treasurer. It shall be this committee’s responsibility thirty (30) days prior to the General Membership Meeting in December to prepare a tentative budget based on anticipated income and expenses for the ensuing year. (B) The Finance Committee shall exercise fiscal control over the adopted budget and shall act on all requests for supplemental appropriations prior to being submitted to the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. At all meetings, votes shall be viva voce. The President may substitute voting by ballot. SECTION 2. The Officers and Directors, State Board nominees and AOA delegates, except the Immediate Past President, shall be elected at either the Congress or General Membership Meeting, as determined by the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. Members must have a record of at least two (2) years of continuous membership in this Association to be eligible for nomination and election as officers , directors, and AOA delegates. Section 4. In all elections a simple majority of those present and voting shall be required and, when necessary, balloting shall continue until the candidate or candidates receive a majority. SECTION 5. Additional names may be added to those proposed for election by the Committee on Nominations from the floor of the Congress or General Membership Meeting. SECTION 1. The Membership Assembled at the Congress or General Membership Meeting shall vote on nominees to be recommended to the Governor for appointment to vacancies on the State Board of Optometrists. SECTION 2. The three (3) names receiving the highest vote, providing they have a majority of the votes cast for each appointment, shall be sent to the Governor as the officially qualified nominees. Voting shall continue until three (3) candidates receive a majority. SECTION 3. Members must have a record of at least five (5) years of continuous membership in this Association to be eligible for nomination. SECTION 1. This Association shall be affiliated with the American Optometric Association. SECTION 2. Local societies of optometric physicians covering one or more counties in New Jersey are eligible to request affiliation with this Association when their organization meets the requirements established by the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. ACTIVE MEMBERS shall hold membership in the American Optometric Association; shall have the privilege of the floor; shall have the right to vote at any membership meeting; shall be eligible to hold office after two (2) years of active membership in this Association; shall be eligible for State Board Nomination after five (5) consecutive years of active membership in this Association; shall be included in any roster of membership; shall receive national and state official optometric publications; shall uphold the Optometric Oath of the American Optometric Association and the Constitution, Bylaws, Code of Practice and Code of Ethics of this Association; and shall enjoy the association of fellow members of their profession and all other benefits and privileges of active membership. SECTION 3. STUDENT MEMBERS shall be accorded the privilege of the floor, but not the right to vote. SECTION 4. HONORARY MEMBERS shall be accorded the privilege of the floor, but not the right to vote. Honorary Members are not privileged to attend meetings of the Board of Directors. SETION 5. LIFE MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership except the right to vote. SECTION 6. PRIVILEGED MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership. SECTION 7. PARTIAL PRACTICE MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership. SECTION 8. FACULTY MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership. SECTION 1. Each officer and committee chairperson shall report in writing to the membership at the General Membership Meeting and/or the Congress, as directed by the President. SETION 1. Any officer or Director may be recommended for removal from office for just cause by a two-thirds (2/3) majority of the votes cast by those members present and voting at the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. In such cases, the Board shall send to such Officer or Director, by certified mail, return receipt requested, a statement of the charges, with fifteen (15) days after receipt thereof to respond to such charges by mailing response, by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the Secretary-Treasurer of this Association. The Board of Directors shall thereafter hold a hearing at which such Officer or Director shall be given reasonable opportunity to present evidence and to be heard in defense of the charges. The Officer or Director may be suspended or removed from office by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. A member who fails to maintain active membership in an affiliated local society or fails to pay dues or assessments to this Association shall be suspended or removed from membership. Removal from membership for reason of failure to pay dues or assessments shall not relieve that member from liability for any unpaid dues or assessments except by action of the Board of Directors. SECTION 2: A member may be suspended or removed from membership by the Board of Directors by reason of revocation of licensure to practice optometry or upon violation of any State rule or regulation relating to the practice of optometry, or the Code of Practice or Code of Ethics of this Association. In such cases, the Board shall send to such member, by certified mail, return receipt requested, a statement of the charges, with fifteen (15) days after receipt thereof to respond to such charges by mailing a response, by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the Secretary-Treasurer. The Board of Directors may thereafter hold a hearing at which such member shall be given reasonable opportunity to present evidence and to be heard in defense of the charges. The member may be suspended or removed from membership by two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. Resignation from membership shall be presented in writing by the member to the Board of Directors for action. SECTION 2. Acceptance of a member’s resignation by the Board of Directors shall not relieve that member from liability for any unpaid dues or assessments except by action of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. The Board of Directors shall engage the services if an Executive Director. SECTION 2. The Board of Directors shall have the power and authority to enter into a contract with such person to act as Executive Director for a term not exceeding three years. SECTION 3. The compensation of the Executive Director shall be determined by the Board of Directors within the approved budget. SECTION 4. The functions and duties of the Executive Director shall be to administer the business and other affairs of the Association; to supervise the staff and operation of the Association; to employ and discharge; and to perform such duties as are ordinarily performed by persons in similar positions, together with such duties as may from time to time be assigned by the Board of Directors. The Executive Director shall be directly responsible to the President. SECTION 1. All Officers, Directors, Chairpersons and members of committees or similar subordinate bodies, who may be required to be absent from their place of practice by order of the President or Board of Directors shall be reimbursed for transportation and other expenses as defined and authorized by the Board of Directors. SECTION 2. No person shall, on behalf of the Association, assume or incur any expenses or liability or enter into any contract or agreement involving the expenditure of money without permission obtained from the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. The Association shall indemnify and hold harmless each director, officer, committee chairperson or employee, now or hereafter serving this Association, from and against any and all claims and liabilities to which the individual may be or become subject by reason of the individual’s alleged acts or omissions as an officer, director, committee chairperson or employee as aforesaid. The Association shall reimburse such individual for all legal and other expenses reasonably incurred by such individual in connection with defending against such claims or liabilities, provided, however, that no individual shall be indemnified against or be reimbursed for any expenses incurred in defending against any claim or liability arising out of that individual’s own negligence or misconduct. The foregoing right of officers, directors, committee chairpersons and employees shall not be exclusive of other rights to which they may be lawfully entitled. SECTION 1. All resolutions to the Congress or General Membership Meeting, including proposed amendments to the Constitution and Bylaws shall be typewritten and shall be delivered to the Secretary-Treasurer forty-five (45) days prior to the date set for the Congress or General Membership Meeting. These resolutions shall be distributed to the affiliated local societies and Board of Directors at least thirty (30) days prior to the date of the Congress or General Membership Meeting. Members shall consider Optometry as a full free and independent profession. Members shall dutifully further the interests of the Association, not only by attendance at meetings and by payment of dues, but by actively supporting its projects. Members shall treat members of this and other professions with becoming respect and shall not use an erroneous diagnosis on the part of a member of another profession as an opportunity for criticism or ridicule. Members shall agree never to knowingly commit or be instrumental in having others do so for them, act or acts which directly or indirectly might jeopardize the profession of Optometry. Members can best show loyalty by their personal conduct and the character of their professional endeavors. Members shall uphold the Optometric Oath of the American Optometric Association. Members shall do their utmost to keep abreast of the most efficient and effective methods and procedures and shall provide their office with the necessary equipment in order to render maximum visual service to the patient. Member shall refer cases that indicate the need of other than optometric care to a qualified practitioner; the optometric physician and the practitioner cooperating for the best interests of the patient. Members shall aid and consult with fellow practitioners whenever called upon to assist in difficult cases. Members should be diligent in enlightening the public regarding visual welfare and optometric service. Members shall endeavor to raise the general standard of competency in Optometry. Members shall do their fair share in cooperating with social, welfare, and public health organizations. Members holding an official position in any Optometric organization shall not use such position for advertising purposes or for self-aggrandizement and, further, no person other than this Association or its affiliated local societies shall use the duly registered name and/or logo of this Association in any public advertisement. Members shall not hold themselves forth in such a way as to carry the slightest intimation of inferiority of another optometric physician. Members using the title “Doctor” shall not qualify it In any other way than by the use of the word “Optometrist” or the phrase “Doctor of Optometry” or “Optometric Physician”. Members may however use after their name the “O.D.” designation, legally conferred degrees, or other recognized academic certifications or fellowships. Members actively engaged in the practice of Optometry shall not in any manner onceivable advertise or hold forth themselves as an optician. Members shall not willfully violate the Optometry Law of the State of New Jersey; the Constitution and Bylaws of this Association or the rulings of the New Jersey State Board of Optometrists. Members shall not solicit increased practice in any conceivable manner while engaged in factory or other survey work. Members shall not fail to call to the attention of the proper authority, illegal, corrupt, or dishonest conduct of any member of the health professions. Members shall do nothing inconsistent with the standards of professional conduct and patient care of optometry and other health professions. Individual company prices, price changes, price differentials, mark-ups, discounts, warranties, allowances, credit terms, costs, production levels, capacity, sales, etc. Plans of individual companies concerning the design, production, distribution or marketing of particular products, including proposed territories or customers. Division or limitation of sales to particular territories, customers or classes of customers. Refusal to sell to or purchase from, or termination or modification of sales or purchase arrangements with representatives, distributors, or other third parties, or prices or terms of sale or resale by customers. Industry pricing policies, price levels, price changes, differentials and/or changes in industry production, capacity or inventories. Matters relating to actual or potential individual suppliers or customers that might exclude them from any market or of influencing the business conduct of firms toward such suppliers or customers. Limiting or eliminating competition in any way, or efforts to create a monopoly. Do not discuss or exchange information regarding the above matters during social gatherings incidental to NJSOP or Local Society sponsored meetings, even in jest. Do not meet without Local Society leaders or counsel present. Before meetings, prepare and have counsel review agendas of particular items to be discussed at meetings and adhere to the agenda unless additional matters for discussion have been approved in advance by NJSOP or Local Society leaders or counsel. Ensure that draft meeting minutes are promptly prepared after each meeting, reviewed by counsel, and then circulated to members present at the meeting to determine that the minutes accurately reflect the proceedings. Protest any discussions or meeting activities which appear to violate the antitrust laws or the NJSOP Antitrust Compliance Policy and Guidelines; disassociate yourself from any such discussions or activities and leave any meeting in which they continue. Be sure that NJSOP staff and counsel are made aware of any such activities. Provide Local Society leaders and staff with a copy of this checklist and have a copy available for reference at all Local Society sponsored meetings.

2019-04-22T01:30:40Z

http://njtbts.com/aws/NJSOP/pt/sp/history

In 1999, in The Return of Depression Economics, Paul Krugman surveyed the economic crises that had swept across Asia and Latin America, and pointed out that those crises were a warning for all of us: like diseases that have become resistant to antibiotics, the economic maladies that caused the Great Depression were making a comeback. In the years that followed, as Wall Street boomed and financial wheeler-dealers made vast profits, the international crises of the 1990s faded from memory. But now depression economics has come to America: when the great housing bubble of the mid-2000s burst, the U.S. financial system proved as vulnerable as those of developing countries caught up in earlier crises and a replay of the 1930s seems all too possible. In this new, greatly updated edition of The Return of Depression Economics, Krugman shows how the failure of regulation to keep pace with an increasingly out-of-control financial system set the United States, and the world as a whole, up for the greatest financial crisis since the 1930s. He also lays out the steps that must be taken to contain the crisis, and turn around a world economy sliding into a deep recession. Brilliantly crafted in Krugman's trademark style—lucid, lively, and supremely informed—this new edition of The Return of Depression Economics will become an instant cornerstone of the debate over how to respond to the crisis. 1. "The Central Problem Has Been Solved" Did the IMF Make the Situation Worse? The first comprehensive book written about Radiosity. Features applications from the fields of computer graphics, architecture, industrial design, and related computer aided design technologies. Contains a chapter authored by Pat Hanrahan on the basic concepts of image synthesis and a foreword by Donald Greenberg. Radiosity is a computer graphics technique which makes use a global illumination model to accurately represent the inter-reflection of light between surfaces. The technique produces view-independent results, so that most of the work is complete before viewing parameters are selected. This allows efficient interactive walk-throughs of simulated environments. However, radiosity is the most computationally expensive image generation technique. Most other image generation techniques make use of local illumination models and give faster image generation times. The method is based on engineering techniques which were originally used to calculate radiant interchange between surfaces, for applications such as boiler and radiator design. The literature available has expanded rapidly in the past ten years and until now there has been no single comprehensive source describing the available techniques. This book is a comprehensive source and is written by respected names in the field of computer graphics. The book starts with the derivation of a global illumination model (i.e. maths) and then moves on to finite element methods and domain subdivision (i.e. more maths). The final three chapters briefly deal with image production, extensions to the basic radiosity technique and applications for radiosity, such as architectural and lighting design. The bibliography consists of 274 entries. In order to make the most of this book you will need a solid background in computer graphics and graduate level maths. The radiosity technique is only a part of the image generation process and to make practical use of the information contained in the book you will need an existing graphics system. This will allow you to attach the radiosity elements described in the book to your existing system, once you've managed to implement them! This is _not_ a type-and-go book, like some of the ray tracing texts available. There is no disc containing a complete ready to run system and the code fragments which are given are in pseudo code. You should be prepared to invest a large amount of time and effort if you intend to produce a working system from the information contained in the book. There are 16 pages of full colour images and over 100 illustrations to explain the development and show the results of the radiosity method. Results of applications of this new technology from a variety of fields are also included. If you are a Computer Graphics Student or Professional then this book is something you should look at if you're serious about radiosity; there is nothing else like it available. Michael Cohen has worked in the area of realistic image synthesis since 1983 and was instrumental in the development of the radiosity method. He is currently an assistant professor of computer science at Princeton University. John Wallace is a software engineer at 3D/EYE, Inc., where he is the project leader for the development of Hewlett-Packard's ATRCore radiosity and ray tracing library. A chapter on the basic concepts of image synthesis is contributed by Patrick Hanrahan. He has worked on the topic of image synthesis at Pixar, where he was instrumental in the development of the Renderman software. He has also led research on the hierarchical methods at Princeton University, where he is an associate professor of computer science. All three authors have written numerous articles on radiosity that have appeared in the SIGGAPH proceedings and elsewhere. They have also taught the SIGGRAPH course on radiosity for 5 years. With an increasing number of networks and mission-critical applications running on Linux, system and network administrators must be able to do more than set up a server and rely on its default configuration. Advanced Linux Networking is designed to help you achieve a higher level of competence. It focuses on powerful techniques and features of Linux networking and provides you with the know-how you need to improve server efficiency, enhance security, and adapt to new requirements. This book begins with a brief introduction to low-level configuration, including a guide to getting your network up and running. Part II outlines those servers and procedures most likely to be used by the computers on your local network: DHCP servers, Kerberos, Samba, time servers, and network backups, among others. Part III covers Internet servers: DNS, SMTP (sendmail, Postfix, and Exim), Apache, and FTP servers. Part IV examines network security, exploring such topics as using a chroot jail, iptables configuration, and VPNs. Wherever pertinent, the author addresses the differences between Caldera OpenLinux, Debian GNU/Linux, Mandrake, Red Hat, Slackware, SuSE, and TurboLinux. Advanced Linux Networking is the single-volume tutorial and reference for Linux networking that will help you achieve expert status. "Она вызовет больше споров, чем знаменитый "Ледокол" Виктора Суворова" - так отозвался о новой книге Валерии Новодворской "Мой Карфаген обязан быть разрушен" депутат Госдумы Константин Боровой, выступивший 1 июня в редакции журнала "Новое время" на презентации издания. Напомним, в "Ледоколе" автор выдвинул версию о том, что в июле 1941 года Сталин планировал напасть на Германию. Книга Новодворской подобных сенсаций не содержит, она отражает точку зрения автора на известные события российской истории. Выпущенный издательством "Олимп" сборник представляет собой цикл лекций, прочитанных ранее Новодворской в Российском государственном гуманитарном университете. Сама Новодворская называет себя "катакомбным исследователем". Если же говорить об основной идее книги, то она выражена следующими словами: "В нашей истории дуют жестокие ветры и горят костры, в ней мы, наследники славянской и скандинавской традиций, сражаемся с носителями традиций византийской и ордынской". Расшифровке этой мысли посвящены авторские размышления. Знаменитое "пришествие варягов" принесло славянам дух свободы, а главное - готовность свободу защищать. Весь менталитет скандинавов, викингов, был направлен именно на это. Их мифология трагична: Зло побеждает, защитники Добра - асы и ваны - погибают. Однако предчувствие мрачного конца не лишало скандинавов мужества и готовности противостоять Злу. Они никогда не сдавались в плен, скандинавов нет на рабских рынках раннего средневековья. Вместе с тем предки датчан, шведов и норвежцев уже тогда закладывали основы демократии. Все вопросы решались на так называемых "тингах", прообразах современных парламентов. Вот и русские князья, потомки скандинавских пришельцев, почитали за правило советоваться со своими приближёнными, не принимать единоличных решений. Так было на Руси до тех пор, пока не пришла традиция византийская, которая подразумевает полное подчинение подданных власти, жестокое подавление личности. Что касается начал ордынских, то Новодворская характеризует их следующим образом: "Это традиции совершенно бесполезного, бесплатного, платонического угнетения, платонического захвата. Захвата ради захвата... Уничтожим всё во имя уничтожения. Захватим всех во имя несвободы". Комментируя утверждение историка Льва Гумилёва, который в отличие от своего отца, знаменитого поэта, "западником" не был и считал монголо-русский союз весьма плодотворным, Новодворская замечает, что Лев Николаевич и попал в ГУЛАГ именно потому, что состоялось монголо-татарское нашествие. Ведь большевизм с его идеологией - логическое продолжение психологии ордынской. Носители же благородной скандинавской традиции не выклянчивали у ханов "ярлыки", то есть разрешение на право властвовать, а боролись за свободу. Примеры чему - Евпатий Коловрат, князь Михаил Тверской, его сын Александр. Новодворская сурово осуждает тех, в ком нет духа Сопротивления. Не должны были белые армии в 1920 году эвакуироваться из Крыма, а должны были стоять до конца. Тирания побеждает там, где ей не сопротивляются. "Концлагерь состоит из заключённых, которые соглашаются жить по тем законам, что устанавливают для них палачи. Концлагерь - это консенсус между жертвами и палачами, это их взаимное согласие на сотрудничество. Ни один лагерь ГУЛАГа, ни один немецкий концлагерь времён Второй мировой войны не мог бы существовать, если бы жертвы отказывались идти в газовые камеры или на лесоповал... если бы жертвы, которых было больше, чем палачей, просто отбирали бы у них оружие, убивали бы их, ломали бы колючую проволоку и уходили куда-нибудь подальше". "Проблема России - в том, что ее граждане не хотят быть свободными. Они не ценят свободу, не думают о ней - и вообще она в России не котируется. Все это можно было бы свалить на "тысячелетнее рабство", как постоянно и делается - одни указывают на коммунизм, Гулаг и колхозы, другие - на царя и крепостное право, третьи - на монголо-татар - словом, кому что больше нравится. "Не сами, по родителям". Только вот беда: отмазка не канает. Традиция рабства тут ни при чем. Отсутствием интереса - а точнее, любви к свободе - ныне активное поколение обладает само по себе. В самом деле, нынешних россиян никто особенно не притеснял! Взрослели они кто в вегетарианское хрущевско-брежневское время, кто в перестройку, ничего страшнее потешных андроповских рейдов по кинотеатрам не застали, все наблюдали кризис беспомощности позднесоветской и постсоветской власти до состояния почти полной анархии. И на месте "привычного угнетения" обнаруживается - отсутствие у самого обычного, рядового гражданина России иной мотивации, кроме материальной, и страх перед всем и каждым. Все решает действие гражданина, одного гражданина. Монголы и русичи в земле. Крепостники и крепостные в земле. Большевики и белые в земле. Лихие энкеведешники и вохровцы тоже в земле. Все это было, этого больше нет. Здесь и сейчас живем только мы с вами. Действовать должен ныне живущий, но каждый из тех, кто мог действовать, и все они вместе - бездействуют. А это значит, что во всем виноват ты, читающий мои строки. Не общество в целом, а ты. Не столетия крепостного рабства, а ты. Не коммунистический режим - а ты лично. Это в твоей груди - сердце спрута. Сердце жадины. Сердце приспособленца. Сердце труса. Это ты во всем виноват. В России нет демократии потому, что ты ценишь свою жалкую шкуру выше чести. Странно, что ты до сих пор не понял, что спасти шкуру ценой чести нельзя. Выбирающий между жизнью и честью честь получает и жизнь и честь; выбирающий жизнь вместо чести лишается сперва чести, а потом и жизни. Это непреложный закон мира. Это научный факт. Впрочем, зачем я говорю это тебе? Еще столетия назад Бен Франклин сказал: "Меняющие свободу на безопасность не заслуживают ни безопасности, ни свободы". Конечно, в России свято верят каждому, кто называет себя ученым, но поможет ли это? Если Франклину не верят, поверят ли Вельзелю? Страх иррационален. Сердце труса отключает разум. Чтобы стать свободным, надо этого захотеть. Не денег, не власти, не благ мира, которые она якобы принесет с собой - а самой свободы. Не торговаться со своей свободой - "а что я получу взамен" - а просто влюбиться в нее, и она ответит взаимностью." Автор этих лекций - катакомбный историк. Это значит - не патентованный, без лицензии и диплома истфака. До 1991 года ни один честный диссидент не мог учиться или защищаться на историческом, ибо история была мертвой зоной КПСС, КГБ и прочих милых организаций. А до 1991 г. автор успел перечитать всех русских и половину импортных историков из сундуков Иностранки, этого оазиса чистой науки, куда пускали всех и давали все, даже Шпенглера, видно, рассчитывая, что владеющих до такой степени иностранными языками в России или не найдется, или они сбегут за кордон, или просто погоду не сделают. Так что на истфак стало идти незачем. Можно было смело идти и читать лекции юным историкам в РГГУ и других местах. Автор и пошел. К тому же автор, родившийся в 1950 г., успел впутаться в историю в прямом и переносном смысле, создав в Инязе еще в 1969 г. подпольную студенческую организацию с далеко идущими задачами: свержение власти КПСС вооруженным путем, народное восстание, построение капитализма, ликвидация Варшавского договора, роспуск СССР... Примерно это же и значилось в листовках, которые автор открыто бросал с балкона Дворца Съездов 5 декабря 1969 г., в день Конституции, на опере "Октябрь". Потом, естественно, было Лефортово, статья 70 об антисоветской пропаганде, казанская спецтюрьма... А потом, после 1972 г., было полно столь же детективных историй: контрабандное поступление на иностранный факультет пединститута, его контрабандное окончание, участие в диссидентском движении, тиражирование Самиздата, листовки, листовки, листовки, аресты, аресты, аресты... Горбачевская перестройка 1986 г. застала автора в Лефортово, но благодарности за освобождение бедный Михаил Сергеевич не получил. Далее был создан ДС - Демократический Союз, и все повторилось: митинги, листовки, демонстрации, разгоны, избиения, аресты. ГКЧП автора посадить не смогло: автор уже сидел в Лефортово с мая 1991 г. за предложение опять-таки свергнуть власть КПСС вооруженным путем - после Вильнюса. С тех пор выпущенный окончательно подчистую отовсюду автор ведет оседлый образ жизни, пишет статьи в крутой либеральный еженедельник "Новое время" и даже допущен там в члены редколлегии, но порох держит сухим на случай возвращения коммунистов к власти. Автора больше не сажают, но два года, с 1995 по 1996-ой, судили за нежелательную, непатриотическую, неприемлемую для коммунистов и национал-"патриотов" трактовку русской истории, то есть почти как генетиков и кибернетиков - за лженауку, причем буржуазную. То есть за данный курс лекций. Так что автор - не только участник истории, но и ее соучастник, а книга сия - чуть ли не триллер. По крайней мере, саспенс и боевик. Не хуже Дэвида Линча с его "Твин Пикс". The power of political blogs in American politics is now evident to anyone who follows it. In Typing Politics, Richard Davis provides a comprehensive yet concise assessment of the growing role played by political blogs and their relationship with the mainstream media. Through a detailed content analysis of the most popular political blogs--Daily Kos, Instapundit, Michelle Malkin, and Wonkette--he shows the degree to which blogs influence the traditional news media. Specifically, he compares the content of these blogs to four leading newspapers noted for their political coverage: The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Times. He explains how political journalists at these papers use blogs to inform their reportage and analyzes general attitudes about the role of blogs in journalism. Drawing on a national survey of political blog readers, Davis concludes with a novel assessment of the blog audience. Compact, accessible, and well-researched, Typing Politics will be an invaluable contribution to the literature on a phenomenon that has reshaped the landscape of political communication. media coverage of the blogging phenomenon. Coverage mushroomed in only fi ve years: there were three newspaper stories about blogs in 1999, 209 in 2001, 1,442 in 2003, and 3,212 in 2004. that year.16 Conservative bloggers point to their own victories as well. They argue that they were instrumental in causing the withdrawal of U.S. Supreme Court nominee Harriet Miers. They also point to the early retirement of CBS News anchor Dan Rather after an embarrassing 60 Minutes II scandal as a blog triumph. “ How Linux Works describes the inside of the Linux system for systems administrators, whether you maintain an extensive network in the office or one Linux box at home. Some books try to give you copy-and-paste instructions for how to deal with every single system issue that may arise, but How Linux Works actually shows you how the Linux system functions so that you can come up with your own solutions. After a guided tour of filesystems, the boot sequence, system management basics, and networking, author Brian Ward delves into open-ended topics such as development tools, custom kernels, and buying hardware, all from an administrator's point of view. With a mixture of background theory and real-world examples, this book shows both "how" to administer Linux, and "why" each particular technique works, so that you will know how to make Linux work for you. Before the White House and Air Force One, before the TV ads and the enormous rallies, there was the real Barack Obama: a man wrestling with the momentous decision to run for the presidency, feeling torn about leaving behind a young family, and figuring out how to win the biggest prize in politics. This book is the previously untold and epic story of how a political newcomer with no money and an alien name grew into the world’s most powerful leader. But it is also a uniquely intimate portrait of the person behind the iconic posters and the Secret Service code name Renegade. Drawing on a dozen unplugged interviews with the candidate and president, as well as twenty-one months covering his campaign as it traveled from coast to coast, Richard Wolffe answers the simple yet enduring question about Barack Obama: Who is he? Based on Wolffe’s unprecedented access to Obama, Renegade reveals the making of a president, both on the campaign trail and before he ran for high office. It explains how the politician who emerged in an extraordinary election learned the personal and political skills to succeed during his youth and early career. With cool self-discipline, calculated risk taking, and simple storytelling, Obama developed the strategies he would need to survive the onslaught of the Clintons and John McCain, and build a multimillion-dollar machine to win a historic contest. In Renegade, Richard Wolffe shares with us his front-row seat at Obama’s announcement to run for president on a frigid day in Springfield, and his victory speech on a warm night in Chicago. We fly on the candidate’s plane and ride in his bus on an odyssey across a country in crisis; stand next to him at a bar on the night he secures the nomination; and are backstage as he delivers his convention speech to a stadium crowd and a transfixed national audience. From a teacher’s office in Iowa to the Oval Office in Washington, we see and hear Barack Obama with an immediacy and honesty never witnessed before. Renegade provides not only an account of Obama’s triumphs, but also examines his many personal and political trials. We see Obama wrestling with race and politics, as well as his former pastor Reverend Jeremiah Wright. We see him struggling with life as a presidential candidate, a campaign that falters for most of its first year, and his reaction to a surprise defeat in the New Hampshire primary. And we see him relying on his personal experience, as well as meticulous polling, to pass the presidential test in foreign and economic affairs. Renegade is an essential guide to understanding President Barack Obama and his trusted inner circle of aides and friends. It is also a riveting and enlightening first draft of history and political psychology. Henry Kaufman, president, Henry Kaufman & Company, Inc., places Minsky's prescient ideas in the context of today's financial markets and institutions in a fascinating new preface. Two of Minsky's colleagues, Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, Ph.D. and president, The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, and L. Randall Wray, Ph.D. and a senior scholar at the Institute, also weigh in on Minsky's present relevance in today's economic scene in a new introduction. A surge of interest in and respect for Hyman Minsky's ideas pervades Wall Street, as top economic thinkers and financial writers have started using the phrase “Minsky moment” to describe America's turbulent economy. There has never been a more appropriate time to read this classic of economic theory. functions, set theory, and more. Diagrams appear throughout the text. to those who have no mathematical training." Proving once and for all that standards-compliant design does not equal dull design, this inspiring tome uses examples from the landmark CSS Zen Garden site as the foundation for discussions on how to create beautiful, progressive CSS-based Web sites. By using the Zen Garden sites as examples of how CSS design techniques and approaches can be applied to specific Web challenges, authors Dave Shea and Molly Holzschlag provide an eye-opening look at the range of design methods made possible by CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). By the time you've finished perusing the volume, you'll have a new understanding of the graphically rich, fully accessible sites that CSS design facilitates. In sections on design, layout, imagery, typography, effects, and themes, Dave and Molly take you through every phase of the design process--from striking a sensible balance between text and graphics to creating eye-popping special effects (no scripting required). Dave Shea is the creator and cultivator of the highly influential CSS Zen Garden Web site (www.csszengarden.com). As well as being a member of the Web Standards Project, Dave is the owner and director of Bright Creative, and he writes about all things Web for his daily weblog, mezzoblue.com. With over 6 years of experience working on the Web, Dave is a leader of the new generation of Web designers that believe in responsible Web design. An author, instructor, and Web designer, Molly E. Holzschlag has written over 27 books related to Web design and development. She's been coined "one of the greatest digerati" and deemed one of the Top 25 Most Influential Women on the Web. There is little doubt that in the world of Web design and development, Molly is one of the most fun and vibrant Web characters around. As a steering committee member for the Web Standards Project (WaSP), Molly works along with a group of other dedicated Web developers and designers to promote W3C recommendations. For more about Molly, check out www.molly.com. An overview of how the CSS Zen Garden came to be and how CSS has evolved over time; discussions of proper markup structure and design. Basic design elements and how to apply them on the Web. Color theory, proportions and positioning, relationships between type and photography, and using Adobe Photoshop and CSS harmoniously. The nuts and bolts of building complicated CSS layouts. Columns, floats, and positioning schemes. Using images to enhance your layouts, and how to generate them. Image replacement, graphic file formats, and how to find imagery source material. All things type; font limitations on the Web and how to work around them. Including font sizing, font-face selection, and image-based type. Where to go once you've mastered the basics. Advanced CSS effects to filter style for different browsers, create new and flexible layout techniques, and work around technical limitations with clever code. A peek over the shoulders of six designers to find out how they do it. Selected designs are rebuilt within this chapter, detailing steps along the way. Watch as the principles from the other five chapters of the book come together for the full effect. It's over seven years since the publication of the first book Across the Nightingale Floor (2002) named a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, one of Book magazine's best novels of the year. Since then the Tales of the Otori have been sold into 36 countries and have been world wide best sellers. The Tales of the Otori trilogy tells the epic story of Otori Takeo and Shirakawa Kaede, the young lovers whose fate is played out in a mythical, feudal, Japanese land, a world both beautiful and cruel, in the midst of an enormous power struggle against a background of warring clans, secret alliances, high honour and lightning swordplay. This journey of fascinating adventure, treachery and passion - whose appeal crosses genres, genders and generations establishes Tales of the Otori as one of the most brilliant and enduring works of modern fiction. Ben Casnocha discovered he was entrepreneur at age 12 and hasn′t slowed down since. In this remarkably instructive book, Ben dissects the entrepreneurship "gene," explaining that everyone has inherited it if they have an idea to make the world a better place. In Casnocha′s case, he found a better way for city governments to communicate with constituents on the Web. Six years later, Comcate has dozens of municipal clients, a growing staff, and a record of excellence. This book is the story of his start–up, but also a conversation with his mentors, clients and fellow entrepreneurs about how to make a business idea work and how to have the time of your life trying. From Pat Lencioni to Marc Benioff of salesforce.com, Ben has won over the best and brightest of the business world now it′s your turn! LORD, I loved being 19. If I had the chance to do it all again, I’d start up my life at that age. For most relatively “normal” guys like me, life at 19 is a joyously ephemeral state of being in between. Your adolescence is not quite behind you; your adulthood is not quite at hand. You can appropriate the privileges of a grownup without facing the responsibilities. And if you’re lucky, you can still put it all on your parents’ tab. Along the way, Ben (I refuse to address him as Mr. Casnocha until he turns 21) was also captain of his high school basketball team and edited the school newspaper. He will be enrolling in Claremont McKenna College this fall. In the meantime, he’s been taking what he describes as a “year off” to travel the world and to lecture at universities while continuing to serve as chairman of Comcate. So much for being a normal, carefree 19–year–old. Ben’s book proves that he is indeed something else, and then some. Like its author, “My Start–Up Life” is precocious, informative and entertaining, if not quite fully realized as a grown–up work. But it’s still very much worth reading to gain insight into the mind, manners and ambitions of an American entrepreneur from whom we will almost undoubtedly be hearing again throughout the first half of this century. Ben organizes his story in chronological order. He recounts the otherwise “routine day” in 2000 when the teachers of his sixth–grade technology class in a San Francisco–area middle school proposed the idea of creating a Web site dedicated to resolving citizen complaints about local government. Unlike his classmates, who abandoned the project as soon as school let out, he spent the summer learning how to write the HTML code necessary to make ComplainandResolve.com a short–lived but functioning entity. In 2002, Ben transformed that not–for–profit classroom venture into Comcate, a classic Silicon Valley start–up that provides software to enable city managers to track and resolve citizen complaints. He describes days when playing hooky from school started with catching a flight to Los Angeles and ended with basketball practice back in San Francisco. In between, there were sales calls to potential clients, lunches with venture capitalists, and scores of e–mail messages to and from a software programmer in India. An appendix offers a “One–a–Day, One–Month Plan to Becoming a Better Entrepreneur.” If some of the daily agenda items are mundane (“Stop watching TV,” “Form an advisory board”), others are both insightful and inspirational. Unfortunately, “My Start–Up Life” fails to give a coherent account of Comcate’s financing and the current status of the company, which is privately held. In a recent telephone interview, Ben said he withheld those kinds of details for proprietary reasons because his company is a developing enterprise. With a little prodding, he told me that he raised “about $250,000” to start Comcate, and that the company is now “self–sustaining” with 6 employees, 75 local government clients and anticipated 2007 revenue of $1 million. I just wish he’d put some of this general information in the book. I also would have liked to read more about Ben’s parents. He duly expresses his gratitude, especially to his father who lent space in his law office for Comcate. But we never get a clear picture of what life was like in the Casnocha household. Talk about risk–taking — nothing takes more wisdom and courage than their kind of entrepreneurial parenting. The current Rails books are either beginner books, cookbook-style books, or specifically aimed at Ajax development. This book will fill the void for a book that discusses in-depth the information that a developer would need in order to move from a basic site to a fully featured web application. The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century 2 vol. The Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), a registered charity founded in 1983 by Richard Portes, FBA, CBE, is a network of over 700 researchers based mainly in universities throughout Europe, who collaborate through the centre in research and its dissemination. CEPR's office is located in London but CEPR is a Think-Net drawing on academic research across Europe. The Centre's mission is to promote research excellence and policy relevance in European economics. CEPR network of over 700 Research Fellows and Affiliates are based in over 237 different institutions in 28 countries (90% in the European Union. Because it draws on such a large network of researchers, CEPR is able to produce a wide range of research that reflects a broad spectrum of individual viewpoints and perspectives. Section 1 Why Did the Crisis Happen? The subprime series, part 4: Does well-designed monetary policy encourage risk- taking? Why did bank supervision fail? Section 2 How Is the Crisis Unfolding? An extensive but benign crisis? A B & B future for subprime borrowers? Section 3 What Can Be Done? Can monetary policy really be used to stabilize asset prices? Finance, market, globalisation: a plot against mankind? Can Europe take care of its own financial crisis? Can the IMF save the world? Section 2: What is wrong with the traditional economic/financial viewpoint and models? Do reputational concerns lead to reliable ratings? Will the credit crunch lead to recession? Is the euro area facing a credit crunch or a credit squeeze? Global financial crisis: How long? How deep? Quidditch Through the Ages is both a fictional book described in the Harry Potter series of novels by the British author J. K. Rowling, and a real book by that author, although her name is only stated in the book as the copyright holder of the "Harry Potter"-name. The real book purports to be a reproduction of a copy of the fictional book held in the Hogwarts library, written by Kennilworthy Whisp. Within the fictional world of Harry Potter, Quidditch Through the Ages is written by Kennilworthy Whisp, a renowned Quidditch expert. The book traces the history of Quidditch, as well as the earliest broom-based games. According to Madam Pince, the copy in the Hogwarts library is "pawed about, dribbled on, and generally maltreated" nearly every day, which Albus Dumbledore says is high praise for any book. Harry Potter enjoyed this book. When Severus Snape caught Harry outside the school with this book in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, he invented the rule that no library books were allowed outside the school, and took it. Although the book predates Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which takes place in 1991, the book contains numerous anachronisms such as comments on the outcome of many matches played, and in particular, an interesting game in 1994. In the Harry Potter universe, Kennilworthy Whisp is a Quidditch expert and fanatic who has written many books about the sport, including Wigtown Wanderers, He Flew Like a Madman, Beating the Bludgers - A Study of Defensive Strategies in Quidditch, and Quidditch Through the Ages. He lives in Nottinghamshire, where he divides his time with "wherever the Wigtown Wanderers are playing this week." His hobbies include backgammon, vegetarian cookery, and collecting vintage broomsticks as well. In 2001 Rowling penned two companion books to the Harry Potter series, Quidditch Through the Ages and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, for British charity and off-shoot of Live Aid, Comic Relief with all of her royalties going to the charity. As of July 2008, the books combined are estimated to have earned over $30 million for Comic Relief. The two books have since been made available in hardcover. Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2001 book written by English author J. K. Rowling to benefit the charity Comic Relief. Over 80% of the cover price of each book sold goes directly to poor children in various places around the world. According to Comic Relief, sales from this book and its companion Quidditch Through the Ages have raised £15.7 million. In a 2001 interview with publisher Scholastic, Rowling stated that she chose the subject of magical creatures because it was a fun topic for which she had already developed a lot of information. Rowling's name does not appear on the cover of the book, the work being credited under the pseudonym "Newt Scamander". Fantastic Beasts purports to be a reproduction copy of a textbook owned by Harry Potter and written by magizoologist Newt Scamander, a fictional character in the Harry Potter series of novels. In the series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures. Albus Dumbledore, headmaster of Hogwarts, provides the Foreword and explains to the reader the purpose of the special edition of this book (the Comic Relief charity). At the end, he tells us Muggles that "...the amusing creatures described hereafter are fictional and cannot hurt you." To his Wizarding community, he says, "Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus", which is the Hogwarts motto. The phrase is Latin for "Never Tickle A Sleeping Dragon". Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them contains the history of Magizoology and describes 75 magical species found around the world. Scamander collected most of the information found in the book through observations made over years of travel and across five continents. The fictional author notes that the first edition was commissioned in 1918 by Mr Augustus Worme of Obscurus Books. However, it was not published until 1927. It is now in its fifty-second edition. The book is a required textbook for first-year Hogwarts students, having been an approved textbook since its first publication. It is not clear why students need it in their first year, as students do not take Care of Magical Creatures until their third year. However, it may be used as an encyclopaedia of Dark creatures studied in Defence Against the Dark Arts classes. In his foreword to the book, Albus Dumbledore notes that it serves as an excellent reference for Wizarding households in addition to its use at Hogwarts. A highlight of the book is the numerous doodles and comments in it by Harry and Ron (and one by Hermione). Based on some of their comments, they were written around the time of the fourth book. These doodles add some extra information for fans of the series, for example the "Acromantula" entry has a comment confirming Hogwarts is located in Scotland. Integrated in the design, the cover of the book appears to have been clawed by some sort of animal. Infamous criminal hacker turned computer security consultant Mitnick offers an expert sequel to his best-selling The Art of Deception, this time supplying real-life rather than fictionalized stories of contemporary hackers sneaking into corporate servers worldwide. Each chapter begins with a computer crime story that reads like a suspense novel; it is a little unnerving to learn how one's bank account is vulnerable to digital thieves or how hackers with an interest in gambling can rake in thousands of dollars in just minutes at a compromised slot machine. The hack revealed, Mitnick then walks readers step by step through a prevention method. Much like Deception, this book illustrates that hacking techniques can penetrate corporate and government systems protected by state-of-the-art security. 4. Why Is Hollywood Making a Sequel to the Napster Wars? 6. How Do You Protect Artists? 9. What’s the Most Important Right Creators Have? Ако линкът не работи, пишете коментар - ще го оправя. Если ссылка не работает, пишите коммент - починю. If link is broken, write comment - I will correct it.

2019-04-19T13:09:17Z

http://semkiibonbonkidownloads.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

Having dried his tears and collected the assorted toys from outside his pram, a l’Arse-supporting chum earlier this week sent a message my way, the gist of which was that he was scratching his head in bewilderment trying for the life of him to remember the last time Spurs had enjoyed a week of quite so much good news. The man has a point. The derby win was followed by Champions League knock-out qualification, which was followed by an approving nod for a new Tottenham-based stadium, which has been followed by news that Michael Dawson is back in training, and even the rumour that Ledley is gingerly lifting himself from his wheelchair, sellotape and blu-tac duly applied to his balsawood limbs.There is talk in some quarters that our heroes really have turned the corner, and that those mentioning Spurs as potential Premiership or Champions League winners ought not necessarily to be thrown into a dusty spot of land and given a damn good thrashing for crimes against reason and common sense. A cautionary note echoes around the walls of AANP Towers for sure, as there remains a strong chance that we will finish the season not only empty-handed but also trapped in the arid and unforgiving wasteland that is the Europa League. As such, the policy around these parts is not to speculate too wildly about how the world might look come May 2011, but simply to wring every last drop of enjoyment from the present moment. The abacus has been dusted down, and all manner of rigorous arithmetic drills undertaken, the upshot of which is that AANP can confirm that in all competitions it is now three wins and counting for our lot – and in a spirit of bonny, blithe and gay optimism I am rather inclined to think we will have our fourth come Sunday evening. The danger after a good Champions League win is that the next pre-match huddle actually consists of the players patting one another on the backs for a midweek job well done, rather than spitting, snarling and straining at the leash in preparation for the forthcoming 90 minutes. No such danger this Sunday I would hazard. The time for complacency was probably Wednesday night, with the memory of the Emirates still fresh, but Liverpool at home represents a bigger kettle of fish, the importance of which is unlikely to be underestimated. VDV may again miss out, and the list of other absentees remains longer than a gangly limb of Peter Crouch, but there is positive news in both the return to fitness of young Master Defoe, and the sparkling efforts of Aaron Lennon on Wednesday night. If both he and Bale could hit top form simultaneously cracks would probably appear in the High Road N17 as Mother Earth struggles to cope with the thrill of it all. The bubble will burst eventually, but I have faith in our heroes to maintain the winning habit for at least one further week. Ahoy-hoy! Still in triumphant spirits I hope? Floating hither and thither about your business aboard Cloud Nine? Excellent stuff.A more rigorous examination of the potential pitfalls and glories of Sunday’s encounter is imminent on this very corner of the interweb, but until then do pour yourself a cheeky little something from your finest bottle of bourbon, and have a look yonder. The Liverpool Offside is to football blogs on the red half of Merseyside what Mrs Van der Vaart is to footballing WAGs the world over. With Spurs – Liverpool on the horizon, The Liverpool Offside and All Action, No Plot settled down to chew the fat, and if you click right here can indulge in the entire ruddy conversation! The Liverpool Offside: I have it on good authority that Gareth Bale is in fact more powerful than seven Super Messis and that his merest glance can destroy worlds, or at the very least Brazilan fullbacks, a species of footballer we find ourselves in possession of. I have also been lead to believe that he will be sold to Guangzhou FC in January. Is there any truth to this? Spurs 3-0 Werder Bremen: Have You Ever Seen Anything Like It? A strange old evening for sure. There have not been too many occasions on which I have lamented the fact that Jenas has been forced to depart early, yet he has been in relatively steady form in recent weeks and made an eye-catchingly positive start last night, so I rather felt for the chap when he limped off. Moreover, with Hudd off radar for a few months we can ill-afford to lose another central midfielder for any length of time. That said, this was one of the best days Sergeant Wilson has had in months. Every tackle seemed perfectly-executed, and (almost) every pass distributed simply and accurately. Further curiosity was to be had in the serenading of William Gallas with the strains of “Yiddo! Yiddo!”, as he effortlessly outmuscled the German mob. In so many respect things are a-changing at the Lane these days. That said, it was the usual scintillating stuff from young Master Bale, who added a Cruyff-turn to his super-human repertoire. Personally I am convinced that he was actually aiming for the cross-bar with that second-half free-kick, for the very best players set themselves those sorts of challenges, and as for the penalty – well, like forearm tattoos and the pre-match huddle, missing from the spot is just a trend amongst the current crop of heroes in lilywhite. It will pass. And while I’m grumbling, perhaps this is a good opportunity to draw attention to the manner in which my heart-rate quickens whenever Benny Assou-Ekotto goes near the ball. He is not a particularly bad player, simply maddeningly lackadaisical about just about everything he does. I’m not sure there has ever been another Spurs player at whom I so constantly want to bellow “CONCENTRATE, you loon,” as he attempts shoulder-dinks and the like on the edge of his own penalty area, whilst working assiduously to pick out opposition players with every pass. All things considered however this was probably as serene a Tottenham victory as I can remember. It may not prove the most thrilling of our commemorative DVDs, but it is probably worth purchasing simply for the variety of rare bonus features thrown in – a clean sheet, a sprightly Aaron Lennon, a Kranjcar cameo and, taken in its entirety, a Tottenham performance that was just about the epitome of professionalism. Admittedly Bremen were woeful, but we threw away a two-goal lead against them before, and conceding at any point until we scored our third (the 80th minute) would have made for a nervy finish. Instead we were dominant and efficient from start to finish – I frankly cannot remember the last time I ever saw that from Spurs. Whatever next? Spurs – Werder Bremen Preview: Last Ever Champions League Night at the Lane? It has been so much fun watching l’Arse fall apart at the seams over the last few days that I had almost forgotten we have our latest Biggest Game In Recent Memory tonight. Victory tonight would guarantee qualification to the knock-out stage of all things, and another chance for ‘Arry to shoehorn a mention of “Two-Points-Eight-Games” into his post-match press rounds. Of course in theory if things go awry on the pitch tonight – and off-pitch in the coming months – it could actually be White Hart Lane’s last ever Champions League night, which is a slightly gloomy thought. That really is a worst-case scenario however, for it seems far likelier that one way or t’other we will be reconvening in the spring for more of this floodlit revelry.These continue to be heady times for the Band-Aid manufacturers of N17, as Bale, VDV and Kranjcar are the latest injury doubts. In fact the curse of wearing a Spurs shirt and promptly collapsing in a bloodied, mangled heap has even reached AANP Towers (broken foot in Monday’s 5-a-side, since you ask). As it happens, on paper at least our team retains a look of some adequacy, for 12 months ago we would have fancied our chances with Lennon – Jenas – Palacios – Modric lining up across the midfeld. Moreover Defoe is back, looking sharp and sprightly, and now having added Aerial Bohemoth to his list of attributes, judging by his performance on Saturday. This being the Champions League, and they being foreign opposition, tonight ought also to see the transformation once again of Peter Crouch from gangly halfwit whose only value is in assisting defensively at set-pieces, to unplayable goalscoring machine who leaves opposition defenders gibbering in awe, unable to fathom which limb they should approach first. Apparently Bremen’s recent form has been of the variety to leave their fans rushing for the nearest high ledge off which to hurl themselves, but if they are in the Champions League they can pack a punch, and in the second half in Germany they made us all sweat. No doubt they will come armed with some sort of stifling, hard-working game-plan, and if we really are minus both Bale and VDV, as well as Hudd, our attacking prowess might be a little more laboured than that to which we are accustomed. Nevertheless, Champions League nights at the Lane have so far tended to result in goals a-plenty, at least one dodgy penalty and a handsome victory, so I anticipate that it will be a cheery mob crowding the White Hart Lane train platform come 10pm tonight. And all across the lovelier half of North London, grins remain, just lingering in the air. What a marvellous weekend’s work. Fully aware that we had failed to win away at the top four since the last Ice Age, ‘Arry ordered our heroes to adopt The Lazarus Approach that has served us fairly well on a couple of occasions this season on our travels in the Champions League. Accordingly, our lot just did not bother in the first half when things began at 0-0, instead opting for the challenge of overturning a multi-goal second half deficit, against a ticking clock and away from home, because it’s just much more fun that way. With the second half comeback in mind, the central midfield of Jenas and Modders diligently avoided doing anything that might be interpreted as gaining a semblance of control of the game in its opening 45 minutes, and also surreptitiously made their excuses whenever the back-four needed help in that lamentable first half. All of which set things up nicely for the latest chapter in the ongoing 4-4-2 vs 4-5-1 debate. How easy it is to forget how at the start of the season ‘Arry was derided for the gung-ho 4-4-2 away to Young Boys. No two ways about it, on Saturday the half-time switch to 4-4-2 helped to prompt the about-turn. Amidst all the excitement and nerves, from my lofty perch I must confess that I rather ignored some of the subtler tactical nuances of the game, and opted instead for the more Neanderthalic approach of screaming and cursing at the TV whilst slurping beer, spearing wild animals and making fire. Nevertheless, on reflection it did seem that the addition of Defoe made the world of difference, not least by giving the l’Arse back-four reason to break sweat; while our 4-4-2 featured a distinctly narrow midfield four, which mightily effectively nullified the other lot. Van Der Vaart – Huzzah! VDV remains convinced that the boundaries of the pitch are marked by electric fences rather than white paint, and consequently spent his time as a right-winger ploughing straight up and down the centre of the pitch – but given that he created/scored all three of our goals, I think he earned the right to sit down on the centre-spot and smoke Amsterdam’s finest for the rest of the game if that is what he wanted. The chap’s technical mastery and love of the game was epitomised in his assist for the first goal, when I’m pretty sure he actually kissed the ball as it dropped from the sky, before letting it roll down his chest and flicking on to Bale. A propos Bale, the slick manner in which he collected the ball without breaking stride was worth a goal in itself, at least in terms of downright dreaminess. As luck would have it the equally slick manner in which he then flicked the ball past Fabianski was worth a goal in the more commonly-recognised literal manner. Aside from the magnitude of the occasion, in terms of pure quality, it was a cracking little effort – as most of his goals tend to be. However, while VDV and Bale did the glamorous stuff, the hero of the hour and a half was back at the other end of the pitch. In recent weeks on this very corner of the interweb the commitment of Gallas to the lilywhite cause has been under great scrutiny, with suspicion rife at AANP Towers that while picking up his pay-cheque from Daniel Levy he still packs his sandwiches in an Arsenal lunch-box. Yesterday however, Gallas turned in the performance of a man possessed by the spirit of an indomitable blue and white cockerel. In the first half in particular, while his lilywhite chums fell over themselves to let l’Arse do whatever they jolly well pleased, Gallas shook a clenched fist and did his damnedest to keep those rotters at bay, with all manner of crunching tackles and dogged harrying. Whatever next? We tend not usually to bother with the opposition around these parts – ‘tis a Spurs blog after all – but having watched the game in the company of a couple of gooner chums the sweet smell of Schadenfreude has been wafting through the corridors of AANP Towers all weekend. Sometimes a memorable win is marked by a performance practically perfect in ever way (Inter Milan, or Chelski last season, par example). This time however, I’m happy to accept that we were awful in the first half, and hardly vintage Tottenham Hotspur in the second. It was not so much a game that had me beating my chest with pride as crying with laughter come the final whistle, for the glory glory of this occasion was to be found in the quite magnificent manner in which l’Arse imploded. Within spitting distance of the top of the table they completely lost the plot, with their handshakes and handballs and whatnot. To nab game, set and match, from two-nil down, and on their own patch – it was just too much fun. While our heroes no doubt charged off to Faces to celebrate, ‘Arry ensured that everyone associated with the club kept their feet on the ground by talking up our title prospects. It is possible for sure, mathematically and all that, but AANP is not going to grab its latest pay-cheque and charge down to the bookmakers quite just yet. As with Saturday’s win, success this season seems likely to be aided as much by the shortcomings of others as by our own good work. One startling feature of this campaign has been the fact that every five minutes one of the genuine title-challengers is losing to a non-descript team from somewhere in that grey mid-table area. One or two good wins by any of the top five and over-excited types start making breathless noises about winning the title – which is actually a Man City reference. Opportunity certainly knocks for someone or other, and for all our dropped points against Wigan and West Ham, another top four finish remains very much within our grasp (although the return of the Champions League this week will presumably dent our league form once again). Still, even if the season ends in the ignominy of failure to win the Premiership, we have already ticked off more boxes than I would have dreamed possible a few months back. Wins at home to l’Arse and Chelski last year; and sealing our top-four spot; and beating Young Boys; and beating Inter; and beating l’Arse on their own pitch – in isolation all of these are just commemorative DVDs, but add them together and our heroes are trundling along in the right direction, make no mistake. Seasoned visitors to these parts will now that on three occasions each year we simply cannot prophesy doom quickly enough. Away games at l’Arse, Chelski and Man Utd – absolutely positively guaranteed to find the famous “AANP Cheery Optimism Counter” stuck at zero for the duration of the weekend. It’s not just at AANP Towers either – I haven’t met a Spurs fan this week who gives us hope of any more than a draw. In fact, having watched the England match on Saturday I rather fancy I have glimpsed the future and already seen how Saturday’s game will pan out – lots of chaps in white shirts scurrying about with noses in air, trying desperately to get a sniff of the ball, as various French types exchange a few too many slick one-touch passes around our penalty area.The remaining 35 league games of the season I genuinely think we ought to win – all of them – but this is one of the unholy trinity, and I don’t see the pattern changing until I’m grey and old. One never knows though, and while as a fan of many years I have the prerogative to settle down into a grump ahead of this one, I expect nothing less that fire in the belly and passion stirring the souls of the eleven in lilywhite out on the pitch. Presumably Monsieur Wenger has hired a sniper, or my conspiracy-theorising, Spurs-supporting chum Ian is right, and William Gallas really is still on the l’Arse payroll with strict instructions to search and destroy, because the Hudd is now out of action too. Forever, from what I can glean. If there is a silver lining to this, or indeed a straw at which to be groped with blind hope, it is the curious trait developing in ‘Arry’s reign for all manner of prodigal sons to come racing back into the fold, make themselves at home and transform into uber-beings of their former selves. This time last year Vedran Corluka was still waddling around the White Hart Lane turf, and Gareth Bale was about to shipped off to Nottingham Forest, while as recently as this summer just about 50% of Spurs fans had wiped Alan Hutton’s very existence from their memories. Since then Bale has become the white Pele and Hutton has established himself as the pick of our back-four, whilst possibly the last two chaps we ever thought would form our central defence have formed the bedrock of a win over Inter. The point of this little warble is that Hudd’s absence will neatly open the door to some other lucky blighter, and history suggests that the next three months might therefore be the making of Jenas, Sergeant Wilson or Sandro. Indeed, whisper it, but Jamie O’Hara is still officially a Tottenham Hotspur employee. The mind boggles. The merits and less meritorious facets of 4-4-2 and 4-5-1 were given a slightly lop-sided airing on these very pages last weekend, but the question now has a cunning twist, as the messenger pigeons come bearing news that Jermain Defoe has been sighted with jaws locked in a chomp around what is widely known as the bit. Marvellous news I’m sure you will agree, but how does this fit with the head-hurting permutations of 4-4-2 and 4-5-1. Earlier this season on England duty Defoe played atop the formation, with Rooney in a VDV-esque position in the hole, and the entire thing turned into a neon-lit success – yet it seems rather unlikely that such a vertically-challenged type as Defoe will be asked to lead the line as lone striker in a 4-5-1. A more feasible scenario would be Defoe trotting out with a bona fide striker alongside him, which would suggest Princess Pav or the wretched Crouch in a 4-4-2 (with VDV adopting that suspiciously central “right flank” role once more). Not tomorrow perhaps – away to l’Arse it seems almost certain that we will go with 4-5-1, and quite probably shunt Sergeant Wilson or Sandro into the midfield, in a desperate effort to get close to Fabregas and his chums as they triangle themselves to death -, but longer-term the return of Defoe gives us a fresh option, and a forward who is a darned sight better than Crouch when it comes to thumping the ball goalward when presented with a chance. Defoe or not, there is doleful morbid pessimism around these parts, but by jove I hope that this defeatist stance proves wildly wrong come tomorrow afternoon. Spurs 4-2 Sunderland: 4-4-2 or 4-5-1? Blessed relief. With the 4-4-2 formation, flowing pass-and-move stuff and hatful of chances throughout this was vaguely akin to the glory glory days of way back in season 2009-10. Seeing Paul Robinson look on forlornly as the ball crashed repeatedly into the net really did give the afternoon a retro feel, but after our recent run of form the priority was three points in any manner possible, and they have accordingly been lapped up most gleefully around these parts. For all the doom and gloom of poor form and lengthy injury-lists in the build-up to this one, I was thrilled to bits to see our heroes trot out in good old-fashioned 4-4-2 formation. It served us jolly well last season, both at the Lane and on our travels, but the kids these days are all peddling some variant of 4-5-1, and with VDV blazing magnificence in every direction we have duly adopted it ourselves. It is understandable enough away from home on big European nights, but at home to Blackburn ‘Arry quite rightly decided to revert to the more attacking set-up of yore. It all worked fine and dandy. Jenas and Modders took turns at loitering deep, but by and large all four across the middle merrily wore their attacking hats; and with two bona fide strikers on the pitch we did not face the difficulties of previous weeks, of lacking presence in attack. Here at AANP Towers we whisper snide remarks and begin malicious hate-campaigns against one-man attacks, and stomp our feet in rage when that one-man attack consists entirely of Peter Crouch, but conversely, nothing soothes the savage beast around these parts quite like a two-pronged forward-line, and so it proved yesterday. Of course, the flip-side of a 4-4-2 is that it leaves VDV homeless. Presumably he was the nominal right winger on the teamsheet, but by and large his contribution to the right flank amounted to little more than an occasional glance in its direction, as he took up residence further infield near familiar chums like Modders and Bale. By accident or design VDV’s general neglect of the right flank proved not to be a problem, as Alan Hutton seemed quite happy to do the job of two men, bombing up the flank and sprinting back to defend faster than you could say “Vedran Corluka”. I can grudgingly admit that there is indeed a time and a place for 4-5-1, but not at home to colourless mid-table fare of the ilk of Blackburn. Given that we beat l’Arse, Chelski, Man City and Liverpool at the Lane last season with 4-4-2, I quietly hope that more often than not at the Lane (that is, in matches in which our heroes amble out onto the pitch as favourites) we retain this approach, and find a way to accommodate VDV accordingly. On the subject of our two forwards, what a curious old bean our resident Russian is. He seems dashed determined not to score unless the finish involves high levels of complexity and a jolly good hammering of the laws of physics. As such straightforward penalties and one-on-ones do not interest our Pav, but the less-than-entirely-straightforward chance presented yesterday was positively gobbled up with minimal fuss. All told it was a good lively showing from the Russia, moaning and fussing about the nasty Blackburn rotters ‘tis true, but also demonstrating a laudable willingness to scurry to all four corners of the lush green turf. I would like to think that long after the game has finished and fans have departed, Modders remains out on the White Hart Lane turf simply for love of the game, continuing to control the ball immaculately, dip his shoulder and look for a pass. Not as headline-grabbing as some of his peers, but a joy to behold and currently looking like a man thoroughly enjoying life. As for his central midfield partner – lo and behold. No doubt the entire global membership of The Society of All Things Sideways and Backwards watched on aghast yesterday, as their leading proponent repeatedly broke the habit of a lifetime. Jermaine Jenas has generally edged the better side of average on his appearances this season, and it was most pleasing to observe yesterday that every time he received possession he seemed determined to push forward in search of glitz and glamour. He is hardly in the same class as Messrs Modric and VDV when it comes to caressing the ball as if it were a svelte brunette in a revealing dress, but his energy and attacking intent were most impressive, and he helped give our midfield fairly healthy balance – quite a feat considering that we were without either a genuine right-sided outlet or deep-lying holding type. Having already proved himself adept at dribbling, crossing, shooting, as well as boasting the ability to hurl in a throw-in like a man possessed, young Master Bale has now ticked “Scoring With Head” off the list of attributes required by a bionic footballer. His questionable fashion sense remains however, the man who once sported a hair-clip pin thing (to give it its technical name) in his mop yesterday opting for bright pink tape across his thighs. Still, whatever works for him. A bird? A plane? For those scratching their heads in utter bewilderment I can confirm that it was indeed a Tottenham goal from a corner. My oh my, whatever next? We threatened to throw away a 4-0 lead, but 15 minutes proved not quite long enough for the Kaboul-Gallas comedy routine to hit top gear (I should retract that actually, as both made cracking goal-line clearances), and in truth we ought to have won by far more than a two-goal margin. With l’Arse, Liverpool and Chelski all rapidly approaching on the horizon, a win yesterday was an absolute necessity, so give yourselves a round of applause chaps. The league remains such that the current occupants of the top four positions have been dropping points with gay and fairly frequent abandon, so fret not at our current state, behind Bolton and Sunderland. Despite the mishaps of recent weeks our heroes are by no means out of the running just yet. Heavens above, have you seen our injury list? What the blazes are they doing to the players in between match days – wrestling with tigers? Jumping through fiery hoops? Just standing in a big circle thrashing each other with great big iron bars? Whatever the training drills, something has gone horribly wrong, as Bentley, Hudd, Lennon, Keane, Giovani, Daws, Ledders and O’ Hara are all out, and whinging Princess Pav is a doubt (although I am willing to wager that he’ll be tickety-boo come Saturday afternoon). No further injuries amongst the back-four, which I suppose is a good thing, although given the madness of recent games I’m not entirely sure how to greet the news that Gallas and Kaboul will be strolling out shoulder to shoulder on Saturday. Scavenging amongst the bloodied limbs at the training ground, ‘Arry and chums have actually managed to rescue a midfield that retains a rather exciting look, which is a pleasant surprise. Bale, Modders and VDV have all been cocooned in cotton wool, and will be carefully unwrapped and delicately placed out on the pitch. They ought to be joined by Niko Kranjcar, who has been quietly shuffling towards the exit door in recent weeks. The chap’s grumblings of discontent are understandable, but it was unfortunate that he performed quite so anonymously when granted his neon-lit chance at Bolton last week. I fervently hope he excels tomorrow, because although it is difficult to accommodate him within the current starting XI he did enough last season to indicate that he is a quality player, and one very much carved in the Tottenham mould. One way or another we really ruddy well absolutely have to pick up three points tomorrow. Concerns about our striking deficiencies, the startling regression of Sergeant Wilson and the cracks in our back-four can probably wait for another day. The eleven who take to the pitch are likely to be the only ones not covered in bandages and supported by crutches, so we will jolly well have to accept and support them. The suspicion here at AANP Towers is that l’Arse and Man City will keep dropping points every now and then, but it won’t matter a jot if we grind to a halt at home to the likes of Blackburn each week. Three points, I beseech ye, three points. I suppose that after Saturday’s relentless barrage of thwacks at the Self-Destruct button by the esteemed members of our back-four, we good members of the N17 public ought to have expected one more seismic defensive catastrophe on Tuesday night. Unfortunately, the Kaboul-Gallas Chuckle Brothers audition was so wince-inducingly, jaw-droppingly awful it is probably destined to join Rob Green’s summer howler by being immortalised in Lego. A dashed shame too, because that aside we had looked fairly sturdy value for three points. It was by no means a performance of such riveting gung-ho that it made me want to scamper atop the Empire State Building and beat my chest with pride, but we rather rudely hogged the little round yellow thing from our visitors for most of the night, and made reasonably good use of it too. Scythe them open relentlessly we did not, but regularly prod and poke at them we did, our heroes giving their goalkeeper a good, honest work-out. It was the sort of display that ought to have secured a 1-0 win on a Tuesday night. Instead it seems that if we are going to finish in the top four we are going to take the scenic route. All is not lost quite yet, for while Chelski might hit top gear soon and go motoring away from the rest, it is difficult to envisage the current top four making a clean break from the rest. L’Arse and Man City can be relied upon to drop points every few weeks – perhaps not in such belief-defying manner as our lot, but one way or t’other nonetheless – and a run of three or four successive victories at any point between now and the festive season ought to set us up nicely for a fresh implosion come spring. Back to the game, and while it rather got lost in the fine print, I would happily have stayed at the Lane overnight and beyond, with eyes closed, simply replaying over and over in my mind’s eye that shot from Hudd. The technique of the young man makes me want to cure the blind, just so that they can observe, and then be blinded afresh by its magnificence. I’ll give young Master Bentley a nod of approval too, for his efforts. Not a pat on the back – he wasn’t that good – but a nod of approval. A different sort of bean from Aaron Lennon, Bentley does seem to dovetail quite well with Alan Hutton (which I realise is possibly just a euphemistic way of saying that Bentley is rather slow). He knew the drill, and unencumbered by the vat of hair-gel atop his crown he did his best to whip in crosses, mixing things up with the occasional shoulder-drop and dink inside. Plenty of grumblings have been grumbled about the penalty, an incident which (when viewed on a TV replay) led me wondering if it is possible both to award a spot-kick and book a player for tumbling in the same incident. Anyway, given that our nation’s finest might well have disallowed VDV’s goal for sneaky use of the arm, it seems that in this particular instance ying and yang have reached a healthy compromise. Two points, four games. Mercifully the next fixture is just five minutes away, and a fine, flowing, three point-earning display on Saturday ought to paper over some of the cracks. Nevertheless, we natives are, if not quite restless, certainly discombobulated, as to how to reconcile a win over Inter with one point from games vs the combined might of Bolton and Sunderland. Spurs – Sunderland Preview: Consecutive Wins? Why The Devil Not? One point, three games. Generally the solution at AANP Towers when things are not quite tickety-boo is to drink plenty of water and wait it out. In extreme circumstances we have even been known to chew on some raw garlic. However, something a little more drastic will probably be required from our heroes tonight, to shake them from the alarming torpor that characterized Saturday’s performance. Things have gone so wildly awry in the league that we are now level on points with Liverpool, who I’m pretty sure were about to sack their manager and explode in a ball of flames a moment ago. There is nevertheless a salutary lesson to be gleaned from their fortunes, in providing evidence of the wholesome benefits of a string of consecutive victories. Three wins on the bounce has Liverpool back in contention for the top four; we now find ourselves playing host to Sunderland and Blackburn within the space of a week, a double-header that suggests that if we play our cards right by Saturday night we could find ourselves breathing down the necks of those rotters from l’Arse and Man City once again. No Aaron Lennon, which suggests that Niko Kranjcar or David Bentley might be invited to watch in awe as Alan Hutton goes surging beyond them on the right. If fit, VDV and Hudd will presumably return to central midfield, while I imagine Jeans has also risen up the midfield pecking-order, simply by virtue of not being Palacios or Sandro; and Pav for Crouch is the logical but by no means certain alteration in attack. It appears that Darren Bent is absent for the other lot tonight – bad news for my Fantasy League team, but good news from a lilywhite perspective, as Bent, like Kevin Davies, is one of those types who always seems rather likely to find our net one way or t’other. This means that the dashed exciting Asamoah Gyan ought to be in action for Sunderland tonight, representing another useful test for Younes Kaboul. I am beginning to grow quite fond of the boy Kaboul. He blinking well needs to iron out those lapses in concentration – sliced clearances and whatnot – but it’s nice to see someone big, strong and quick on the prowl in our defence. As that evil Emperor chap noted of Darth Vader when he was still a fiendishly annoying young whippersnapper, I shall watch his career with interest. With the Champions League anthem removed from the playlist for the next week or two I have supreme confidence in our heroes tonight, and indeed on Saturday. A return to our daring, doing best ought to do the trick, for when our lot start to purr, particularly at the Lane, few sides in Christendom can live with us.

2019-04-21T02:38:54Z

http://www.allactionnoplot.com/2010/11/

Did Salmonella Outbreaks in California cause Decline in Egg Sales? New research shows that outbreaks and subsequent recalls can have big impacts on egg sales. Scientists studied a 2010 Salmonella outbreak that infected nearly 2,000 people and found that egg sales in California dropped between 7-9% for at least three months after the outbreak event ended. There were twice as many Salmonella outbreaks in Denmark in 2017 as in the year before, says a new report. The largest identified culprit was Danish-produced pork, though authorities also note that better detection technologies are also partly to blame for the reported rise in incidence. Some eggs sold in Sydney, Australia are being recalled after an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis was confirmed to have sickened 23 people in the city. Australian health officials are advising consumers to return any affected eggs that haven’t been consumed already. An outbreak of Salmonella linked to kosher chicken has led to one person dying and 16 others being sickened in the Northeastern United States, according to the CDC. The agency says that illnesses have been reported in Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, with the death coming from New York. Scientists from North Carolina State University, Raleigh, have finished a new proof-of-concept study that shows several compounds that may work to minimize the virulence of Listeria. The researchers note that while the methods are still in their infancy, they could one day be a valuable strategy to help reduce or eliminate antibiotic use in animal production. Thirty percent of eggs from Israel are infected with Salmonella, according to a report by the head of poultry diseases for the country’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Department’s Veterinary Services. The report also notes that 10% of Israel’s egg-laying hens have been culled as a result of the issue. Russia has confirmed that 13 additional outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been identified in two of the country’s regions.All of the most recent outbreaks have affected outdoor flocks, with 990 birds falling ill as a result of the most recent incidents. CDC and public health and regulatory officials in several states are investigating a multistate outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Reading infections linked to raw turkey products. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service is monitoring the outbreak. An outbreak of Salmonella linked to Kellogg’s Honey Smacks cereal has prompted the agency to warn the public against the eating the cereal. The outbreak has been tied to 100 infections across 33 states, with of the 30 cases being severe enough to require hospitalization. Some 4.3 million eggs have been recalled by Poland’s veterinary service, with authorities reporting that the eggs had levels of antibiotics higher than the accepted ranges. Health officials say that the issue is due to laying hens being given the wrong feed. Nine new illnesses have been reported as part of a Canadian outbreak linked to frozen chicken patties, with 68 people now having been sickened. Health officials say that samples taken from the chicken patties match the genetic fingerprint of the Salmonella strain suspected to be the cause of the illnesses. An unusual type of Salmonella has infected thirteen people in Sweden. The Public Health Agency of Sweden says that the S. Typhimurium (MLVA 2-17-NN-211) has been reported in seven counties, and the source of the outbreak is still unknown. Frozen chicken “burger” patties sold in Canada have been recalled across the country due to a Salmonella outbreak that’s sickened 59 people between March 4 and May 6. The outbreak affects “no name” brand chicken patties produced by Loblaw Companies LTD., and officials from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) advise consumers to throw out or return any product with a date code of Feb. 6, 2019. Experts from the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA) are working to develop criteria to categorize the potential illness risk from Shiga toxin/verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Rather than serotype, the new categorization system will measure risk based on virulence gene combinations. The Salmonella outbreak that’s affected more than 200 million eggs continues to grow, as twelve more people have been reported ill. All of the affected cases have been localized to the East Coast save Colorado, which has also seen one case reported. The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service is preparing to perform the 2018 Dioxin Survey, which will test beef, pork, and poultry in the U.S. for dioxin levels. While dioxins are highly toxic and found in much of the natural environment in very small levels, the main source of human exposure is food, with dioxins being stored in animals’ fat tissue and occasionally making it into the food chain. Contamination in animal feed is frequently the cause of dioxin contamination. Some of the USDA’s food safety standards could use improvement, according to a new review from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). The report points to products such as turkey breasts and pork chops as examples of items that the agency has not developed standards for, while also pointing out that the process for deciding which products to consider developing new standards for could be more transparent. More than 200 million eggs have been recalled due to potential contamination with Salmonella Braenderup, the largest shell egg recall since 2010, when an Iowa-based producer was forced to recall 550 million eggs. Potentially contaminated product reached ten states, including Colorado, Florida, New Jersey, new York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Dry surrogate organisms and a faster test for Salmonella are two of the highlights of this story covering emerging strategies to minimize the pathogen’s harmful effects. A new report from the CDC using information from the FoodNet surveillance network says that while infections from E. Coli 0157 and some Salmonella subtypes have been dropping for the past decade, other Salmonella subtypes have seen an uptick in recent years. The report also shows that Campylobacter and Salmonella had the two highest incidences per 100,00 population among the pathogens studied. Scientists from the French Agency for Food, Environment, and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, have discovered an avian vaccine protocol that shows success against Campylobacter jejuni. The protocol used a DNA prime/protein boost regimen to induce an immune response in chickens. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is leaning on industry to help reduce the threat of salmonellosis from frozen raw breaded chicken products. The agency is looking to implement measures for manufacturers and processors to reduce Salmonella to below a detectable level in frozen raw breaded chicken products. An Arizona federal court jury concluded that Foster Farms was negligent when they produced chicken contaminated with Salmonella Heidelberg, awarding $1.95 million to the family of a child who was sickened by the pathogen. The jury found the company 30% at fault, with 70% of the fault being attributed to the family for improper preparation of the chicken. The outbreak, which occurred between 2013 and 2014 sickened 639 people according to the CDC. A sausage meat known as “Polony” has been blamed for South Africa’s yearlong Listeria outbreak that has killed 180 people. South Africa’s Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi advises that members of the public avoid processed meat products that are sold as ready to eat. More than 170 people have now lost their lives as part of the ongoing Listeria outbreak in South Africa. The country’s National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) agency says that 915 cases have now been confirmed since January of last year, though the source of the outbreak remains unknown. Nearly 100 people have been sickened by Salmonella in chicken salad sold by Fareway grocery stores. All but one of the cases has occurred in Iowa, with one person in Minnesota also affected. According to the Iowa health department, of the 94 sick people implicated, 28 have laboratory-confirmed Salmonella typhimurium infections, with the other 66 being probable cases. Pew Charitable Trusts has highlighted key food safety issues that the group says will be major developments in 2018, including the FDA’s changes to the recall process, FSIS’s New Swine Slaughter Inspection System (NSIS), and funding sources for food safety inspections of meat and poultry. The Winter Olympics in South Korea have run into an issue, as 177 people have come down with norovirus during the event. Many of the infected are part of the Olympics’ security staff and none of the athletes have yet contracted the virus. Officials are still unsure as to the source of the outbreak. The record-setting Listeria outbreak in South Africa continues to grow, as 107 people have now lost their lives. Authorities are still unsure of the source of the outbreak that began over a year ago in January 2017, as victims have come from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. New data shows that the 4th quarter of 2017 saw the largest increase in recalls since 2012. Food products recalled by the FDA climbed nearly 93%, with USDA recalls rising by about 83% compared to 2012. Bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli were the most consistent issue and one that continued to grow, comprising about 28% of FDA recalls in 2012 before rising to 31.3% in 2017. The USDA and FDA have announced a new partnership in an effort to help make food safer. The joint agreement will help improve efforts to increase interagency collaboration, and drive efficiency and effectiveness on produce safety and biotechnology activities. The strict standards employed by the National School Lunch Program are working, according to a new study from researchers at the University of Connecticut and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). The scientists examined data from mandatory food safety inspections of ground beef used for the School Lunch Program as well as data from random USDA inspections, finding no evidence of outbreaks from Salmonella or E. coli in school lunches between 2005 and 2014. The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is looking to change swine inspection regulations, allowing sites to reconfigure evisceration lines and eliminate maximum line speeds. FSIS says the new system, called New Swine Slaughter Inspection System (NSIS) could lead to a lower prevalence of Salmonella on market hog carcasses. Broiler chickens in British supermarkets have record levels of pathogens resistant to strong antibiotics, according to new research from the Food Standards Agency (FSA). The researchers note that resistance associated with Campylobacter has “significantly increased” since 2007 and 2008. A new draft rule from the USDA requires egg production plants to use Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) planning in an effort to reduce food safety risks. The proposed rule would also require egg facilities to use Sanitation SOPs consistent with existing meat and poultry requirements. French prosecutors are investigating a Salmonella outbreak associated with baby formula sold by Lactalis, one of the world’s largest dairies, which is based in Western France. The outbreak has affected 31 infants, and though all have recovered, 16 of the children did require hospital care. The EU has rejected formaldehyde as a feed additive for use as a preservative and hygiene condition enhancer after a vote from its Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (SCOPAFF). Primary concerns about the use of formaldehyde center around possible dangers to workers handling the material. The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service has put together a list of the top food safety research areas of interest. Included in the list is a focus on emerging technologies for testing for higher levels of contamination before slaughter. A new report from the Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration (IFSAC) estimates that Salmonella, E. coli 0157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter are responsible for 1.9 million sicknesses in the U.S. each year. Researchers used data from 1998 to 2013 to make the estimation, investigating over 1,000 outbreak cases. A new report from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) shows that the decade-long drop in Salmonella infections linked to food has stopped, with numbers rising in 2016. The report also noted that Campylobacter continues to be the most reported foodborne pathogen in humans, with infections from Listeria monocytogenes rising as well. In the first year-to-year decline since the FDA began collecting data in 2009, sales of antibiotics for use in food-producing animals dropped by 10% from 2015 to 2016. Turkey served as part of a catered pre-Thanksgiving dinner at a tire factory in Georgia is being blamed for a Salmonella outbreak that’s sickened dozens and hospitalized at least five people. The Georgia Department of Health Northwest Health District is investigating the outbreak to confirm the test results. New research shows that Salmonella strains that are circulating in swine primarily in the US Midwest are part of a growing group of multidrug-resistant phenotypes that are similar to Salmonella typhimurium found in Europe. New research shows that Campylobacter jejuni uses a strategy similar to the fabled story of the Trojan horse to survive in the digestive system. Researchers from Kingston University found that Campylobacter infiltrates amoebae to avoid harsh digestive conditions and multiplies before breaking out in higher numbers. The outbreak of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg tied to dairy calves in Wisconsin is continuing to progress, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The outbreak has infected 54 people in 15 states, with eight new cases having been reported since the agency’s last update in August. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a new tool designed to help track antimicrobial resistance in pathogens. The Resistome Tracker uses genomic information from the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s (NCBI) public databases which are uploaded on a weekly basis, allowing users to track resistance quickly. In an effort to better understand how bacteria respond to varying stress levels, NASA will launch E. coli samples to the International Space Station (ISS). The scientists will expose naturally occurring and mutant strains of E. coli to varying concentrations of antibiotics while controlling their stress levels using software. NASA hopes that the experiment could lead to the development of more effective antibiotics. The World Health Organization has recommended that farmers severely limit their use of antibiotics in animals to quell what the agency says is the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. A new test created by scientists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in College Station, Texas, could help the poultry industry breed more robust flocks. The test identifies roosters with blood that contains naturally high levels of cytokines and chemokines, two chemicals that help the birds’ innate immune systems respond to threats. Dr. Richard Raymond, former U.S. undersecretary of agriculture for food safety, shares his thoughts on Cargill and Diamond V joining forces to accelerate use of unique, natural, immune support products with multiple benefits, including better pre-harvest food safety. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with other agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) have released the 2015 National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Report, which provides information about antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from humans, retail meats, and animals at slaughter. Results show multi drug resistance (MDR) increased from 9% to 12% of human Salmonella, as well as a 16% drop in the proportion of retail ground turkey Salmonella isolates being resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Over 1,100 people have been sickened and one has died across the U.S. as 10 Salmonella outbreaks have been linked to backyard chicken flocks in 2017, setting a new record for outbreak cases in a year. The CDC notes that at least 249 of the victims required hospitalization. The Salmonella outbreak linked to eggs from Poland has reached more than 600 infections, with Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK all reporting new cases. Though the outbreak has been tracked since 2012, it was only in 2016 that three Polish packing centers were identified as the source of the infection. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) notes that reporting delays will likely cause more cases will be reported as time goes on. A new strategy could help reduce antibiotic resistance, as scientists have discovered two macromolecules that can disrupt the bacterial membrane of some Gram-negative bacteria. A new test has been developed that can identify Salmonella in just 24 hours compared with up to five days in other tests. The new method can detect Salmonella in environmental and clinical samples, including swabs, feces, milk, and blood. It also boasts a hundred-fold improvement in detection for Salmonella Dublin. The American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) has created a document to help bovine veterinarians create effective antimicrobial stewardship programs with dairy and beef producers. The document includes information covering veterinarian responsibilities as well as information on how to properly track and benchmark antimicrobial use on-farm. A sample that tested positive for E. coli O157:H7 has led to a recall of 700 pounds of ground beef, which had been sent to various institutions in New York and Pennsylvania. The issue was discovered by a third-party lab’s test, after which the company notified the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). No adverse reactions from consuming the beef have been confirmed. Scientists from the University of Colorado Boulder have developed a new tool that could help the fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The researchers found that when quantum dots — nanoparticles made of semiconducting materials — are illuminated with light, they produce a biochemical reaction in bacteria that significantly reduced levels of antibiotic resistance. Frozen raw breaded chicken products are the suspected source of a Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak in Canada that has infected 13 people, with four requiring hospitalization, according to the Public Health Agency of Canada. The agency did not identify the affected brands or manufacturer of the implicated product. This is the second Salmonellaincident in Canada related to frozen raw chicken products this year, with 13 other people having been sickened between April and June in an outbreak that was tied to frozen chicken nuggets sold by the President’s Choice brand. A new research project will investigate whether animal feed contains any Salmonella serotypes that could potentially harm livestock. The researchers will invite 250 U.S. feed plants to voluntarily submit samples to the University of Arkansas for analysis. The project is expected to be finished by summer 2018. The Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB), a panel of human and veterinary medicine experts, has released a set of recommendations to help reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and animals. To cut AMR in food producing animals, PACCARB recommends drafting a National Policy on Innovation for Food Animal Disease Interventions, including a proposed Innovation Institute within the USDA in order to help develop new animal health interventions. The FDA’s “war on pathogens” could lead to a higher level of risk for companies, with criminal liability one possibility if consumers get sick from food products, predicts Shawn Stevens, an attorney who represents processors in food safety litigation in this excerpted interview. Stevens also predicts that FSIS may follow the FDA’s lead and adopt a more stringent approach. Rodent infestations can be dangerous as well as costly, as the pests can carry health risks such as Salmonella. These strategies can help broiler producers fortify operations and prevent issues with rats. An audit report from the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service shows that China’s poultry inspection system is equivalent to that used by the U.S. The report could mean the rule allowing China to process, package, and export the chickens, ducks, and turkeys it raises to the U.S. is on track. About 11 million eggs have been recalled in Israel over fears of Salmonella contamination. The country’s health and agriculture ministers issued a warning advising consumers to immediately destroy any affected egg cartons to prevent the pathogen from spreading. The source of the contamination is suspected to be a hen house in Western Galilee, though officials note that other facilities may also be contaminated. A new study shows that antibiotic resistance genes are making their way into ocean sediments via fish food from farms. The researchers point to fishmeal as a suspected source of the issue, finding 132 antibiotic resistance genes in fishmeal, including some resistant to last-resort options such as vancomycin. The USDA’s ‘FoodKeeper’ mobile application has been updated to allow users to receive automatic alerts related to food safety recalls. Recalls announced by USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are included in the update. Users have the option to receive updates in real time, or on a daily or weekly basis. The FDA has created a free software application that can help businesses meet the requirements of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). The Food Safety Plan Builder (FSPB) tool has specific questions and prompts that users will answer, with responses being used to generate a food safety plan specific to the businesses needs. Dust in feed mills could hold the key to finding pathogens in feed ingredients, according to researchers working at Kansas State University. With the dust being comprised of ingredients used in the feed, the new tool could help identify pathogens in feed quicker than currently available methods. The Salmonella outbreak that has been tied to contact with backyard poultry continues to infect people, according to the CDC who says that 172 more cases have been reported since the agency’s last update on July 13. A total of 961 people have been sickened and one has died as a result of the outbreak, which has reached 48 states as well as the District of Columbia. Scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) have developed a vaccine that can protect pigs from Salmonella types that cause disease in the animals as well as from commensal types that do not affect pigs but can cause disease in humans. The researchers note that pig producers can differentiate animals vaccinated with the new vaccine from those that have been naturally exposed to Salmonella. The vaccine was also tested on turkeys and found to protect them from Salmonella Typhimurium as well as the multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg. Contaminated eggs have affected 17 countries in Europe, though the source of the issue has not been conclusively found. As a result of the contamination, millions of eggs have either been destroyed or pulled from retail shelves. UK poultry producers cut their use of antibiotics by 50% in 2016 and eliminated prophylactic use altogether, according to the British Poultry Council. The reduction was part of a 71% cut in use since 2012, while poultry meat production has risen 11% over the five-year period according to the report. To replace antibiotics in a prophylactic role, producers are using a variety of solutions including probiotics, butyrate, and organic acids. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has recommended that the UN vote on establishing a World Food Safety Day. The proposed recurring event would work to raise awareness of food safety issues and best practices throughout the supply chain each year on June 7. A new program created by a scientist at the University of Georgia can cut days off the time it takes to identify foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella. The tool works by using whole genome sequencing to identify pathogen strains and can help improve scientists’ understanding of how the pathogens grow and multiply. Incidence of Campylobacteriosis in the US has grown by 21% over the past 8 years, according to a new study. The researchers found that infections were more common in rural areas than in the city, and also noted finding more isolates that were resistant to antibiotics over the study period. The Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak that began in 2014 and has sickened 350 people in five European countries remains ongoing, according to health officials. New research suggests a link between antimicrobial consumption and resistance in both humans and in food-producing animals. The report, produced jointly by the European Food Safety Authority, the European Medicines Agency, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, notes that situations vary across Europe and more research is need to understand how the use of antibiotics and resistance affect each other. Researchers in India have found high levels of antibiotic resistant E. coli in broiler and layer chickens, according to a new study published in Environmental Health Perspectives. The researchers sampled chickens from 18 commercial farms in Punjab, India, finding that more than half of E. coli isolates tested were multidrug resistant. Chipotle’s food safety issues have returned yet again, as at least 60 people have been sickened with norovirus after eating at a Virginia location. Additionally, a video went viral of rats in a Dallas Chipotle location, leading to the company’s stocking hitting a four-year low. After eliminating Category I antibiotics from Canadian chicken production, Chicken Farmers of Canada has created timelines to eliminate the preventative use of Category II antimicrobials by the end of 2018, and to end preventative use of Category III antibiotics by the end of 2020. Chicken feces could be a major driver of E. coli infections in humans and poultry, according to a new study. The scientists’ results found E. coli isolates in multiple internal organs of healthy chickens, which implies transmission of the pathogen between chickens on poultry farms. A new report from Pew Charitable Trusts outlines three pre-harvest strategies that producers and others can use to curb bacterial contamination of animal products. Home delivery of perishable foods is rapidly growing, but researchers have found that food safety measures in home-delivered proteins can be lacking. The number of people affected by Salmonella from backyard poultry flocks has more than doubled since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initially warned the public on June 1, with 790 victims now confirmed. A July 13 update from the CDC notes that the agency is now tracking 10 distinct outbreaks covering 48 states and Washington, D.C., with the total number of hospitalizations now reaching 174. The executives who were convicted as a result of the 2010 Salmonella outbreak linked to eggs from Quality Egg LLC must begin their prison sentences this summer. The father and son duo Jack and Peter DeCoster will each serve 3 months in federal prison as punishment for the outbreak that sickened an estimated 56,000 consumers. A large amount of failed safety tests led to the U.S. putting a stop on beef imported from Brazil on June 22. The USDA notes that since March, the agency has rejected 11% of Brazilian beef shipments due to health and sanitation concerns, a dramatic amount compared to the 1% of shipments from the rest of the world that are rejected. A new USDA strategy allowing users to monitor the progress of chicken slaughter plants in reducing Salmonella contamination is working, according to a new report. Increased transparency provided by the program has allowed buyers to be more informed, according to the study. Slightly less than half of chicken samples in the UK test positive for Campylobacter at any level, according to a new survey from the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA). The figures indicate that food safety in the UK is improving, with FSA estimating that there had been 100,000 fewer cases of Campylobacter. Maintaining adequate food safety requires an in-depth knowledge of the supply chain and a critical assessment of possible vulnerabilities, according to this interview with Dr. Amy Kircher, Director of the Food Protection and Defense Institute. Dr. Kircher also delves into strategies to help move from a reactive mentality to one that is proactive. A new sampling method to find Campylobacter uses a unique tool — socks. Researchers from the University of East Anglia found that placing boot socks over walking shoes can be an effective method to find how much of the pathogen is present in the soil, numbers that can increase due to factors including poultry production. A new report from the USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) shows that regulatory standards and rules set by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) have led to fewer samples testing positive for Salmonella. The study also notes that the internet’s emergence has helped streamline food safety communication and allowed market demand to also drive improvements. The CDC reports that eight Salmonella outbreaks covering 47 states and sickening 372 people is linked to contact with poultry in backyard flocks. CDC expects that outbreaks are expected to continue for the next few months as the backyard poultry trend continues to grow. The U.S. Supreme Court has rejected an appeal from the DeCosters, the father and son who were convicted of food safety violations because of their role in the Quality Egg LLC Salmonella outbreak that sickened about 56,000 people. With appeals now exhausted, the three-month prison sentences given to Austin “Jack” DeCoster and his son Peter DeCoster will stand. Will the Idea of Creating a Single Food Safety Agency Get Traction? Washington interest in the idea of creating a federal agency specifically to ensure food safety, after a recommendation from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) that says a consolidated national strategy could help improve the nation’s food safety system. After 13 years, American beef will be returning to the Chinese market. The ban from 2003 has been lifted by a trade agreement reached between the two countries. The agreement also allows cooked Chinese poultry to be imported into the U.S. after certain hygiene and safety hurdles are overcome. The transition of power in Washington will not put a damper on food safety improvements, according to regulators who held a “Town Hall” event at the 2017 Food Safety Summit. Representatives from CDC, USDA, and FDA assuaged fears and pointed out specific improvements that continue to be finalized as agencies continue operations during the transition. The strain of Salmonella Heidelberg that caused an outbreak in the Midwest sickening 35 people is uniquely dangerous because it can move to people and is multi-drug resistant, warn scientists. Area producers are asked to be vigilant and monitor the situation closely if any of their calves become sick and die within several hours. The use of whole-genome sequencing to identify the source of foodborne outbreaks is growing. As food networks become more and more complex, organizations such as the CDC and FDA may turn to the maturing technology to pinpoint where pathogens enter the food supply. The implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act will fundamentally change the way the U.S. government enforces food safety regulations, argues Meatingplace contributor Shawn Stevens. While in the past outbreaks may have been treated as somewhat inevitable, the FSMA moves to a zero-tolerance standard likely leading to more in-depth probes into what went wrong when outbreaks do occur. Over 5,500 pounds of veal, beef, and pork products have been recalled due to potential contamination with nonO157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O111. There haven’t been any reported illnesses from the products, which were distributed to retail stores and food service locations in six states. Food recalls can have serious impacts on consumer brand perceptions, says a new survey. Nearly a quarter of respondents said they’d never use a brand again in the case of a recall or contamination that led to illness. Tyson Foods has announced that it plans to go antibiotic-free by the end of 2017. The move will apply to poultry sold in supermarkets under the Tyson label, with the company saying it will use tactics such as improved ventilation to keep the birds healthy in lieu of antibiotics. The US and Australia have signed a bilateral agreement recognizing the comparability of the two countries’ food safety and regulatory systems. The agreement is designed to simplify and encourage trade and is the third for the US, coming after agreements were reached with New Zealand and Canada. Data from FoodNet shows a 114% increase in infections from Campylobacter, Salmonella, and other foodborne pathogens in 2016 compared to the average from 2013-2015. Improvements made to food safety testing procedures are noted as one major factor for the increase, meaning that the amount of infections may not actually be rising, but are being identified more accurately. Campylobacter and Salmonella were responsible for the most bacterial foodborne illnesses in 2016, according to a new report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The report uses data from the CDC’s Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and found over 8,000 reported illnesses from each pathogen in 2016. Campylobacter took the top spot with over 8,500 reported cases. In an effort to improve the effectiveness of the U.S. meat and poultry safety inspection system, Pew Charitable Trusts and Cargill have partnered to create recommendations for the industry. The project will look at strategies to cut pathogenic contamination from bacteria like Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, and E. coli in all parts of the food supply chain. The Danish poultry quarantine to prevent the spread of H5N8 avian flu, which was effective since November 2016 has been lifted, according to the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA). The agency says that the policy, which required birds to be kept indoors, was effective with only two outbreaks in small flocks having been reported since the measures were put in place. The USDA’s Animal Disease Treaceability (ADT) livestock tracking system has key vulnerabilities, according to a report from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The report points out areas of potential improvement that could help stakeholders across the food supply chain improve traceability and support the ADT system. Despite improving technology and more attention being paid to food safety, one study found that Campylobacter is still commonly found in poultry. The study focused on the U.K. and found a significant amount of poultry that had the highest levels of Campylobacter set by the Food Standards Agency (FSA). Brazil’s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Food Supply agency has announced the results of its audit of 21 establishments implicated in the ongoing meat investigation. The investigators found that out of 302 product samples that were tested only 8 (2.6%) had issues that could affect public health. What is it that consumers really want? A new study sheds light on what factors most influence consumers’ buying decisions when choosing pork products. Researchers found that the food values of highest importance to consumers were safety, price, and taste. State governments will need an additional $100 million per year to adequately implement the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), according to a letter sent to congressional budget leadership by the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA). A study of functional immunity to Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens has found that the immune response does not develop fast enough to fight off the pathogen during the birds’ short lifespan. The researchers from the University of Liverpool note that this will complicate efforts to find an effective vaccine for Campylobacter in broilers and other pathogen mitigation strategies may be needed in the fight to keep poultry safe. The outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg identified as coming from contact with dairy bull calves is over, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Though no deaths were reported as a consequence, the CDC’s final report shows 36 confirmed cases with 13 hospitalizations in the 10-state footprint of the outbreak. Following best practices and measured procedures can help reduce campylobacter on the farm. This review of two farms’ performance demonstrates how simple changes and a multifaceted biosecurity approach can help keep food safe. USDA officials have located another case of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Lincoln County, Tennessee less than two miles from the farm where the first case was detected. The USDA stresses that the infected animal did not enter the food chain, and the risk of human illness as a result of the incident is very low. Prosecutions of food company executives have created a “new normal” in food safety enforcement, with the threat of jail time now very real. As the Quality Egg LLC case works its way through the courts, subsequent rulings will clarify standards for corporate officer liability under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). The H7 strain of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has been found in a Tennessee chicken farm, according to officials from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The findings mark the first case of HPAI in 2017. The farm’s owners contract with Tyson Foods, who have stated that all flocks within a six-mile radius of the farm will be tested and will not be transported unless they test negative for HPAI. Learn more about the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) with this summary of six of the most crucial rules within the law. The Global Food Safety Initiative has released its seventh version of the G.F.S.I. Guidance Document, changing the name to “G.F.S.I. Benchmarking Requirements”. The update is designed to improve transparency and help users respond to unannounced audits, among other changes. The eggs produced by cage-free operations are not likely to be safer or more nutritious than eggs from chickens in other types of housing, says the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The ruling came as the court sided with the government’s food safety agencies, including the FDA and USDA’s FSIS, on the question of egg carton labeling. Data from the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) shows that chicken processors are still having trouble controlling Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination. The report demonstrates that while progress is being made in cutting contamination in chicken and turkey carcasses, chicken parts and comminuted chicken still pose a challenge. Antimicrobial resistance levels in bacteria from humans, animals, and food continue to rise, says a new report from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report used data submitted by 28 European Union member states in 2015, finding high levels of resistance in both Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria. The FDA’s 2016 Food Safety Survey Report shows that many Americans are still more concerned about pathogen contamination in raw chicken and beef than in raw vegetables. The survey also found low levels of consumer awareness for Campylobacter, with only 16% of consumers saying they were aware of the bacteria’s risks. A report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) says the U.S. food safety regulatory system is too fragmented and difficult to understand. The report suggests a unified strategy be adopted to simplify the process, which is currently split between the FDA and the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service, and improve overall food safety. Learn more about how food safety practices have evolved over time, and how previous program successes can be used to examine the possible impacts of the Food Safety Modernization Act. Increases in prevalence of an emerging variant of Salmonella Typhimurium may be linked to swine, according to researchers from the University of Minnesota. While the S.4,,12:i:- serotype has seen a quick increase in prevalence since the late 1990’s, becoming the 4th most common serotype in human cases, the researchers found a similar increase in swine samples sent to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 2006-2015. Listeria monocytogenes was found in some brands of Colby cheese after a random inspection by Tennessee food inspectors prompting a recall of affected brands. The recalled cheeses were produced by Deutsch Kase Haus LLC and were used in branded products by Amish Classics, Meijer, and Sargento. With many compliance dates for the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) occurring in 2017, check out this guide to how Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) standard can work with the new requirements to ensure food safety. Food recalls surged in 2016 with a 22% rise compared to 2015, according to Food Safety Magazine’s second year-end review of food recalls from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service, and Canada’s Food Inspection Agency. Listeria contamination is noted as a major factor for the increase, creating 196 recalls in 2016 alone. The owners of Aspen Hills Inc. have decided to cease operations, with the decision coming after Listeria contamination was discovered in types of Blue Bell and Blue Bunny brand ice cream that used the company’s cookie dough. A study from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that drug-resistant Salmonella is more common in animal than plant products. The team examined U.S. Salmonella outbreaks from 2003 to 2012, finding that of the 90 outbreaks with a single identified source, 16 of 22 drug-resistant strains came from animal products. British researchers have developed a system to categorize food scares based on their physical manifestations (chemical/physical or biological contamination) and origins (deliberate deception or transparency issues). The scheme distinguishes food incidents from food scares, giving producers and regulators a common language to classify and address issues. Suggesting that food safety professionals need more “tools in their toolbox,” Walmart Vice-President of Food Safety Frank Yiannas offers four unique tips that can help improve food safety programs. The training tools combine best practices from food science as well as strategies from behavior science to improve the training’s effect. How will President Trump’s federal hiring freeze and hold on new regulations affect food safety testing? While Food and Drug Administration officials say the Food Safety Modernization Act implementation is unlikely to be affected, the hiring freeze may cause delays for testing performed by the Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS). What will 2017 bring for food safety? The early days of President Trump’s administration already are generating questions about regulatory enforcement. This year, we’re also likely to see greater pressure on suppliers to ensure product safety. Growth in dedicated Preventive Controls Qualified Individual (PCQI) personnel is in the offing, too. It looks like 2017 is going to be “action packed” when it comes to food safety. A Massachusetts measure banning the use of confinement rearing for several types of poultry, including layer hens, could have unintended consequences. Dr. Karen Christensen outlines costs that could arise for consumers and poultry companies as a result of this activist-driven legislation. Some Hostess Twinkies and chocolate confections from the Palmer Candy Co. are among the latest products to be pulled from store shelves as part of a recall that has affected over 20 brands so far. The recall focuses on products containing milk powder ingredients from Valley Milk Products that may be contaminated with Salmonella. 2016 was a busy year for food safety! Check out this summary of some of the biggest changes, including the Food Safety Modernization Act, GMO labeling, and how the continued growth in social media use can affect food safety perception and reality. Dr. Karen Christensen, associate professor and extension specialist at the Center of Excellence for Poultry Science at the University of Arkansas, has joined Meatingplace to launch her “Birds Eye View” blog. The blog is going to provide an insider’s perspective on important issues affecting the poultry industry. In her first post, Dr. Christensen explains how a school project hatched her passion for poultry production. Major changes are on the horizon for food safety in 2017. With a new Congress and federal executive branch administration coming into power, what can we expect for food safety legislation and rule-making, particularly from the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration? As 2016 winds to an end, take a look at the results of FSIS sampling of poultry establishments for Salmonella and Campylobacter. Facilities are graded on a three-category system for establishments that meet the performance standard, score at or below half the standard, or fail the standard. The resource includes aggregate data from September 2015 through November 2016, but does not indicate test results for individual establishments. ConAgra did not do enough to mitigate risks of Salmonella contamination in its peanut butter, the U.S. Department of Justice ruled in handing down the harshest fine ever imposed in a food safety case — $8 million dollars and forfeiture of $3.2 million in assets. Dr. Wael Abdelrahman of Diamond V focused on key scientific advances in the emerging field of pre-harvest food safety during a presentation at the recent international trade show in Hanover, Germany. He explored recent research on Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter and discussed nutritional health solutions to reduce these pathogens in live poultry as well as the reduction of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens. Ohio State University researchers have reported finding carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in a U.S. commercial-scale farrow-to-finish swine operation. CRE from the farm carried the highly transmissible IMP-27 gene, which confers resistance to a class of antibiotics used as a “last resort” to treat drug-resistant pathogens in humans. CRE have appeared in European and Asian livestock, but their discovery on a U.S. farm has caused greater concern as the antibiotic is not approved for use in food animals in the U.S. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne bacteria found on British poultry meat is increasing, says a new UK study. The Food Standards Agency study, conducted by the Royal Veterinary College, examined published evidence from 1999 through 2016. Researchers found higher levels of resistance to common antibiotics in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from chicken meat, as well as increased prevalence of multiple-drug resistance bacteria on poultry products. An outbreak of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg that infected 21 people has been linked to dairy bull calves from Wisconsin, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported. Testing by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene showed the same DNA fingerprints in isolates from sick individuals and calves. Also, 79% of infected people who were interviewed reported contact with dairy bull calves or other cattle. Are you ready for the VFD? The Veterinary Feed Directive comes into effect January 1 and applies to all food animal production. However, many beef producers still have questions about details of the new federal rule that covers many common antibiotics. Use this quick rundown to keep the animal health side of your operation running smoothly into the New Year and beyond. Food safety leaders from industry and government agencies met in Washington, D.C. to discuss how tools from the Global Food Safety Initiative can work with requirements of the Food Safety Modernization Act. The GFSI tools are an effective starting point for FSMA compliance and have sparked discussion about a public-private food safety collaboration. Food recalls can be catastrophically expensive and damage a company’s reputation. This advice can help you learn more about the most common causes of contamination, as well as strategies to cut the risk and keep your operations safe. The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service has released its 2017-2021 Strategic Plan, which focuses on preventing foodborne illnesses and protecting public health. The plan includes initiatives designed to improve public awareness of food safety issues, strategies to improve food safety regulation and statute compliance, and new communication tactics to enable quicker outbreak responses. The USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service shares their top five focus areas to improve broiler health. Developed with industry input, needs include: strategies to handle emerging diseases, new and improved vaccines, and studies comparing the health impacts of conventional versus antibiotic-free production. Poultry companies face new food safety challenges as regulatory agencies begin to use full genome sequencing to discover sources of foodborne pathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter. Ashley Peterson, Vice President of Science and Technology for the National Chicken Council, provides a concise update. Researchers have found that Campylobacter has evolved “sensory receptors” to identify target host cells. The findings provide a deeper understanding of how the pathogen infects poultry and could lead to a new approach to pathogen mitigation. Can Chipotle rebound after multiple food safety failures have driven its stock down 38% within 12 months? Consumer confidence in the trendy chain remains shaky, but executives are implementing a far-reaching recovery plan to address brand image as well as food safety training and protocols. Criminal prosecutions are on the rise in food safety cases. The U.S. Supreme Court is going to decide soon whether the executives of an Iowa-based egg supplier involved in a 2010 Salmonella outbreak can be held responsible and sentenced to jail time, even if they had no knowledge of the adulteration. Texas A&M Professor Gary Acuff points out that validation isn’t just showing your product doesn’t have pathogens — it’s proving your processes are killing them. A new form of a dangerous “superbug” may be spreading to humans through contaminated poultry that people handle or eat, according to a recent study. A high-level summit is focusing on the rising threat posed by microbes that can’t be stopped with drugs. It is only the fourth time that the world’s decision-makers have addressed a health concern at the U.N. General Assembly. A large, diverse group of experts are actively seeking a comprehensive solution to reduce the risk of Campylobacter in broiler meat by fighting this persistent pathogen in the flocks from day one. This consortium, working under the umbrella of the Campybro Project, brings together the expertise of 10 research institutions, industry associations, and companies in four European countries.

2019-04-23T16:09:12Z

http://www.foodsafetylink.com/in-the-news/archive/

Holmes; Are you carbonizing onions or smoking rope in that calabash again? Well that's all quite interesting Holmes but what does a gadget like that have to do with what we were talking about--the mysterious Tunguska event of 1908? Surely you’re not suggesting that some type of machine caused all that damage? No-no of course not Watson—no machine made by intelligent beings anyway. Do you remember my mentioning fullerenes and how they seem to form during high-energy events? Yes Holmes but wha. . . A remarkable molecular structure Holmes but other than concentric shells and electron beams I fail to see any functional similarity between the new neutron generator and the carbon balls. Are you suggesting there is? 1) energy, 2) substance, 3) trajectory, 4) fire, 5) burn (ribbon-like branch-injuries), 6) heralds (atmospheric anomalies), 7)radioactivity. Let us consider radioactivity paradox at greater lenght. It attracts our attention due to the following circumstances. First of all, everything that somehow connected with radioactivity has been mentioned only in passing for quite a period of time; moreover, - as some annoying nonsense. Secondly, of late, volumes have been accumulated thanks to numerous publications and still unpublished catalogues. These materials ought to be systematized and reconsidered in the context of new scientific approaches. As far as we know there have not been any attempts so far to single out the whole complex of radioactivity contradictions as one more paradoxal aspect of the Tunguska problem. Weakening of thermo-luminescent characteristics of rock as a result of a shock-wave compression becomes apparent in natural conditions only with impact interaction, and their local intensification was observed in laboratory samples of alpha-quartz with megabar effects which is far beyond the conditions of the Tunguska catastrophe. The only adequate source of thermo-luminiscent anomalies in this area might be radioactive emanation and, moreover, in a broad spectral range (from thermal to strong). Studies, which have been carried out from the middle of the 60s up to the present day by three independent groups of researchers using various natural materials, have shown statistically valid pecularities of TL-characteristics field distribution. There have been found structures with parameters of low indices. Their formation must be connected with the effect of thermal irradiation. As for the structures showing intensification of TL-characteristics above the midbackground level they are undoubtedly connected with the activity of strong penetrating irradiation (X-rays, gamma-rays, neutron and proton streams). Weakening of TL is also possible with beyond-threshold streams of strong radiation (the so called "radiation annealing") is exceeded. A complex of various research of radioactivity traces in the area of the catastrophe shows either their complete absence (argon-39 method), or some fluctuations within the limits of the natural background (beta-activity, radiocarbon). At the same time the TL-method undoubtedly points to the traces of the activity of strong radiation which were revealed in the minerals of the underlying stratum of the surface. It looks as if radioactivity is present and absent at the same time. In our opinion, accentuating the phenomena mentioned above will attract attention to this aspect of the Tunguska problem and will assist in further definition of the tasks aimed at solving the paradox under consideration at the problem stage of research." But Holmes the weight of scientific opinion contends that the effects of the Tunguska event can be explained by the release of kinetic energy alone, after all the potential energy of any massive object traveling at tens of kilometers per second is enormous--velocity squared you know. Right Watson, but sometimes the weight of opinion is tilted by the scale of an assumed phenomenon. Remember that every aspect of this event is being retro calculated; the mass and velocity of the unmeasured object can thus be diddled to account for the gauged destruction! So if there was a release of energy beyond what was produced kinetically its contribution to the damage could well be absorbed by postulating a more massive object or higher encounter velocity. I think that it might be illuminating to examine some phenomena that could well be common to collisions with carbonaceous objects but is most often observed on a smaller scale--ball lightning. Holmes! Surely your not suggesting that the Tunguska event was due to a huge ball of lightning! No-no Watson not entirely but I think it likely that this poorly understood natural phenomenon played some role, perhaps a large one, on the morning of June 30, 1908. You have been doping your pipe Holmes! Ball lightning is just transient ionized gas and the weird sounding descriptions of its behavior are most likely due to persistence of vision--rather like being popped by a flash bulb. Ah Watson you speak so confidently and no doubt some observations are flawed but this phenomenon has a long history of observation. The problem is that ball lightning is neither frequent nor reproducible by artificial means so it has been virtually impossible to study closely. Unfortunately theories of the learned have on more than this occasion cast doubt upon observations made by those who are not considered peers, as the following excerpt points out. In 1819, Ernst Chladni reflected back on his struggles for the recognition of meteorites. While the Enlightenment, the 18th century intellectual movement that examined accepted doctrines of the time, had brought certain benefits, he felt it also brought with it certain intellectual problems. Now scientists "thought it necessary to throw away or reject as error anything that did not conform to a self-constructed model." The very success of scientific experiment and theory had led to a misplaced confidence that *what was real was already within the circle of science.* What was outside, therefore, what did not conform to scientists' theories, could be dismissed by invoking scientific authority and by ignoring or ridiculing observations not supported by it. What we are faced with here is not so much simple passivity or mistrust of new ideas as an active approach which can be divided into several stages. (4) laborious efforts are made to explain an exception in terms that do not contradict the system. (5) Despite the legitimate claims of contradictory views, one only tends to see, describe, or even illustrate those circumstances which corroborate current views and thereby give them substance. What does not fit the theory is thus excluded. The anomalous event is forced outside the official circle of consciousness into a kind of outlaw existence. This happened with the unusual luminous phenomenon known as "ball lightning." This form of lightning appears as a luminous ball, usually smaller than a basketball, and is quite short-lived (usually less than a minute.) It has a long history of observation, but for many decades was an outlaw event in meteorology. In the 1930s, W. J. Humphreys, an influential official in the U.S. Weather Bureau, had argued persuasively that ball lightning was probably an optical illusion. There was subsequently little mention of ball lightning in meteorology textbooks, and persons with scientific training who observed ball lightning generally kept quiet about it. When commented upon, it was described as a rare event. One of the reasons that it appeared to be a rare event is shown in anecdotes like the following, which appeared in THE LIGHTNING BOOK by Peter Viemeister. During the summer of 1937 several technical observers on duty at 500 5th Ave, during the Empire State Building lightning program, saw what might be interpreted as ball lightning, not once but four times. One of the engineers, now the chief technical executive of a large power company, saw a bluish luminescence slowly descend the 38-foot tower of the Empire State Building after four of the ten or eleven strokes that hit the tower that evening. Fearing that his colleagues would regard him as a lightning-ball "quack", he was hesitant to speak about what he had seen, but decided to mention it anyway. Suprisingly several of the others admitted seeing the same things. These observations were omitted from the technical reports since they did not appear on the recording cameras nor on the oscillograph records. Thus, because there is no *spontaneous reporting* of the anomalous event, scientists may assume that there is no event to be reported. That this might be a self-fulfilling prophecy is hardly considered. Part of the problem, of course, is that no one is *asked* whether they have seen an unclassified phenomenon. When surveys of technical personnel regarding ball lightning *were* done in 1966 at two national laboratories, many meteorologists were surprised to discover that four percent of the potential observers in one laboratory had seen it. This hardly qualifies as a rare event! The problem with ball lightning is that no one has yet found a satisfactory theory to explain it. It is tempting for physicists to argue, as some in fact have, that since it can't be explained, it probably doesn't exist! (i.e., if it doesn't fit the self-constructed model, it's not real.) So thousands of ball lightning sightings were ruled inadmissible and ignored. In the last decade or so, a much more positive attitude has prevailed, but the phenomenon is still far from completely accepted. So what are you saying Holmes? 1. Generate a lot of carbon or vaporized metal particles in a small region of space. 2. Create large electric fields in the same vicinity (on the order of 1 to 2 MV/m). 3. Rapidly elevate the temperature of the particles. Our conclusion is that these fireballs are primarily RF in origin, and not nuclear phenomena. Consistent with Tesla's observations, they can be produced either by high current dump into hot air ["I am satisfied that the phenomenon of the fireball is produced by the sudden heating, to a high incandescence of a mass of air or other gas as the case may be, by the passage of a powerful discharge." CSN page 368] or by the presence of resistively heated material particles ["I attribute them (fire balls) to the presence of material in the air at that particular spot which is of such nature, that when heated, it increases the luminosity." CSN page 333] The latter would account for the "engine room fire balls' produced by high current switches and relays. Finkelstein and Rubenstein once made a remarkable statement: "If this model is appropriate, then ball lightning has no relevance to controlled-fusion plasma research." (Ref. 4) If should now be apparent that this position can be experimentally supported. The interesting thing here Watson is that Corum and Corum specify carbon or vaporized metal as a necessary ingredient for producing ball lightning but in 1989 would not have been aware of molecular onion-like formations, which can also contain inorganic components. It is the ability of these multi-layered geodesic structures, when irradiated, to compress what is interior to them as well as focus the surrounding radiant energy to the exact center that makes them such good candidates for fusion facilitators. The hydrogen bomb provides the proof that fusion can be made to happen. In an H-bomb, radiation from an atomic fission explosion acts as a trigger, heating and compressing a fuel container to ignite and burn the hydrogen inside. That sounds simple, but causing a fusion reaction to ignite and burn means forcing together the nuclei of two forms of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium so that they fuse to form helium nuclei, giving off enormous energy. The compression must be done with almost perfect symmetry so that the hydrogen is squeezed uniformly to high density. Equally important has been progress in concentrating the intense energy onto a tiny fuel pellet. In the 1970s we began with electron beams and, in the 1980s, switched to beams of ions, which should heat a target to higher temperatures. But charged particles are hard to steer and to focus tightly into beams. X-rays have, in principle, a much more promising characteristic: they can uniformly fill the space around a fuel container, just as heat in an oven envelops a turkey. The prospect of initiating fusion by using pulsed power systems to create intense bursts of x-rays within a small reaction chamber has now emerged from research on a concept called the Z-pinch, which dates back to the beginnings of magnetic confinement fusion research in the 1950s. To trigger fusion, the Z-pinch must be enclosed in a radiation chamber (or hohlraum, German for "cavity" or "hollow") that traps the x-rays. In one system we have explored, the Z-pinch would be placed in a primary hohlraum, with the fuel contained in a smaller, secondary hohlraum. In another method, the pellet would sit in low-density plastic foam at the center of the imploding pinch inside the primary hohlraum. The key is that the x-rays generated as the pinch crashes onto itself, either onto the z axis or onto the foam, are contained by the hohlraum so that they uniformly bathe the fuel pellet, just as the casing of an H-bomb traps the radiation from the atomic trigger. Experiments over the past three years show that both methods should work, because we can now make a Z-pinch that remains uniform and intact long enough to do the job. So you see Watson a good bit of what is required for successful fusion has to do with geometry. That is why the new neutron generator works well and is also why the chances are good that nested spherical structures like the carbon onion or its larger cousin the calabash have this potential too. Well Holmes if you are correct this would certainly be an elementary solution to an ancient riddle but it seems that you are far from proving this case. Right Watson; there is still quite a gap between speculation and demonstration of fact here, but to close this mystery at this time is not my intent--I am first interested in shedding further light upon the subject of high-energy phenomena such as occurs due to an impact event. So without establishing unequivocally how impacts with carbonaceous objects produce neutrons, lets move back to this scale of phenomena with the assumption that it is possible. This may get us into hot water Watson but that is part of the fun! one needs roughly 8x106 joules of energy (equivalent to 2 kg of TNT). For a ball 10 cm in diameter (the size of a large orange), the energy density is then 5x109 joule/m3. But if all the air in a volume were singly-ionized, the energy density would be only 1.6x108 joule/m3. Both the energy content and the energy density of ball lightning as derived from the singular rain barrel observation seem incompatible with the non-explosive character of most Kugelblitz. Although many lightning balls emit a loud explosive (or implosive) noise upon decay, effects characteristic of the release of energies of the order of 2 kg of TNT have rarely been reported (understandably if the observer was within 3 meters) . Moreover, explosive or implosive decays have been noted indoors with no apparent heat or damage to nearby ceramic objects. Nevertheless, there are enough well-documented cases of extremely high energy Kugelblitz to make the water barrel report very believable. Probably there is a wide range of possible energies for a lightning ball, with the vast majority of Kugelblitz possessing energy densities less than that of singly-ionized air. The minimum possible energy of a lightning ball is that required to illumine a sphere about 25 cm in diameter with the brightness of a fluorescent lamp. With 10% efficiency, this means a source of 250 watts for 4 sec., or about 1000 joules of energy. We can only conclude with certainty that the energy of a lightning ball lies somewhere between 103 and 107 joules. a continuous energy flow into a small volume, presumably by focusing power from the environment. Theories which attempt to bottle fully-ionized plasma by magnetic fields or magnetovortex rings are faced with severe stability problems. There is no known way to contain plasma in the atmosphere for as long as a few seconds. Moreover, a fully-ionized plasma ball would be hotter and probably less dense than the surrounding air, so that it would tend to rise rather than descend or move horizontally. Chemical combustion theories cannot explain the high energy content or the remarkable antics of the ball. Nuclear reactions would require an electric potential of at least 106 volts between the center and surface of the ball, and a mean free path for the ions as long as the potential gap. This situation seems unlikely, and faces similar problems of stability. Theories which depend on an outside source of energy such as microwaves or concentrated d-c fields cannot explain how ball lightning can survive indoors. If energies as high as several megajoules are not required, we can try other hypotheses. One suggestion is that the lightning ball is a miniature thundercloud of dust particles, with a very efficient charge separation process. Continuous low energy lightning flashes are illuminating the cloud. Another idea is that a small amount of hydrocarbon, less than that required for combustion, is suddenly subjected to strong electric fields. The hydrocarbons become ionized and form more complex hydrocarbon molecules which clump together. Eventually there is enough combustible material in the center to allow a burning core. If the concentration of hydrocarbon decreases, the ball disappears if the concentration increases, the ball ignites explosively. (This represents the swamp gas theory for ball lightning). Much depends on a reliable energy estimate for the Kugelblitz. If the energy is as high as indicated by the water barrel report, we have a real dilemma. At present no mechanism has been proposed for Kugelblitz which can successfully explain all the different types of reports. Probably several completely different processes can produce luminescent spheres in the atmosphere. Exactly what kind of energy are we talking about? In most cases, it is energy beyond human ability to reproduce with machines or current technology. Below are a few cases of natural ball lightning described in Problems of Ball Lightning by Soviet professor Boris Smirnov (Moscow, 1988). In one case, a fireball of the size of a football rebounded along the surface of a street, leaving behind gouges one and a half meters in diameter. In the city of Habarovsk, Russia, a sphere of ball lightning fell into a reservoir containing approximately 7,000 liters of water. In ten second the water started to boil. It boiled for approximately ten seconds. Then the sphere of ball lightning exploded. The yield of this ball lightning was the equivalent of two tons of TNT. That certainly sounds impressive Holmes but how do we know that these claims are accurate? Unfortunately Watson it is not something we can verify as of yet because we can't make the fireballs but there are other reports that tend to support the notion that heating water is something that this phenomenon can do. For example: In 'A Notable Historie containing foure voyages made by certaine French Captaines unto Florida' (London: Thomas Dawson, 1587), which is a translation of 'L'Histoire Notable De La Florida Situee Es Indes Occidentales' (Paris: Guillaume Auvray, M.D.LXXXVI.), the account below begins: "...,until that on the 29. of August a lightning from heaven fell within halfe a league of our fort..." Thus the event occurred within a mile and a half of the fort but no damaging blast wave is mentioned. Of course there may have been a blast front that was not recorded however I have come across other acounts that seem to suggest more burn than bang, such as the Chinese report below the following modern translation of Laudonniere's story. So things moved along, and the hate of Chief Satouriona against me continued. On August 29 there fell on the fort such a stroke of lightning that I think it more worthy of interest and of being recorded than any unusual thing that has yet come to pass, more strange than historians have ever written about. The fields were at that time all green and half covered with water, and yet the lightning in one instant consumed about 500 acres and burned with such a bright heat that all the birds which lived in the meadows were consumed. This thing continued for three days. It left us in wonderment, because we could not guess where all the fire came from. At first we had the opinion that the Indians had burned their houses for fear of us, abandoning their old places. Then we thought that they might have observed some ships in the sea and, following their usual custom, lighted up fires here and there to show that people lived in this land. Finally not being reassured, I decided to send to Chief Serranay to find out the truth. But as I was on the point of sending out a boat to ascertain the facts, six Indians arrived from the land of Chief Allicamany. On entering, they made a long statement, but first they presented several baskets of corn, pumpkins, and grapes. Then they spoke of the amiable alliance that Allicamany wished to enter into with me. They said he could hardly wait, from day to day, until the hour would come when it would please me to put him in my service. They said that in view of the obedience that he had given me, he found it very strange that I should direct such a cannonade against his dwelling, making many of the green prairies burn away right up to the waterline, so much so that he expected to see the fire in his house. Because of this he humbly begged me to order my men not to shoot any more toward his lodging, otherwise he would have to abandon his land and go to a place more distant from us. When we heard the foolish opinion of this man, which might nevertheless be very profitable for us, I spoke expediently as to what I thought of the matter at that time, responding to the Indians with a happy countenance and saying that what they had told me of the obedience of their chief was very agreeable with me because previously he had not behaved himself in that way toward me, especially when I had told him to send me the prisoners that he detained of the great Olata Ouae Outina, even though he [Satouriona, i.e., Chief of Allicamany] counted them unimportant. I told him that this was the principal reason why I had sent the cannonade, and not that I had wanted to reach his house, as I could easily have done that if I had wanted to do so. I said that I had been content to fire just halfway down the course to let him know of my power. I assured him that if he continued in his good behavior, my men would not be shooting at him in the future and I would be his loyal defender against his greatest enemies. The Indians were content with this response and returned to reassure their chief who, notwithstanding this reassurance, kept away from his home and at a distance of about twenty-five leagues for a period of about two months. At the end of three days the fire was entirely extinguished. But for two days after that there was such excessive heat in the air that the river near which we had our habitation became so hot that it seemed almost to boil. Many fish died and of many species, to such an extent that in the mouth of the river alone there were enough dead fish to fill fifty carts. The putrefaction in the air bred so many dangerous diseases among us that most of my men fell sick and seemed about ready to finish their days. However, our good Lord took care of us and we all survived without a single death. Devastation caused by lightning was believed to be the result of sacred fire, sent by Heaven to stop dragon fights. "In the fifth month of the year yih-wei (probably 1295) on a place near the lake at I hing, all of a sudden there were two dragons which twisting around each other and fighting both fell into the lake, Their length had no sharp limits. In a short space of time a heavy wind came riding on the water, which reached a height of more than a chang (ten ch'ih or feet). Then there fell from the sky more than ten fire balls, having the size of houses of ten divisions. The two dragons immediately ascended (to the sky), for Heaven, afraid that they might cause calamity, sent out sacred fire to drive them away. Supposed that Heaven had been a little remiss for a moment, then within a hundred miles everything would have turned into gigantic torrents. When I recently passed by boat the Peach-garden of Teh Ts'ing, those paddy fields were all scorched and black, some tens of acres in all. Then we moored the boat to the bank and asked those villagers (for the reason). They said: 'Yesterday noon there was a big, dragon which fell from the sky. Immediately he was burned by terrestial fire and flew away. For that what the dragons fear is fire'" Anonymous; Monthly Weather Review, 15: 84, 1887. The people were all sound asleep. It was midnight when an Indian noticed that the moon was taking on a reddish hue. He awoke the others, "The moon is about to be eaten by an animal." The animals preying on the moon were jaguars, but these jaguars were spirits of the dead. The people shouted and yelled. They beat their wooden mortars like drums, they thrashed their dogs, and some shot at random with their guns. They were making as much noise as they could to scare the jaguars and force them to let go their prey. Fragments of the moon fell down upon the earth and started a big fire. From these fragments the entire earth caught on fire. The fire was so large that the people could not escape. Men and women ran to the lagoons covered with bulrushes. Those who were late were overtaken by the fire. The water was boiling, but not where the bulrushes grew. Those who were in places not covered with bulrushes died and there most of the people were burnt alive. After everything had been destroyed the fire stopped. Decayed corpses of children floated on the water. A big wind and a rain storm broke out. The dead were changed into birds. The large birds came out from corpses of adults, and small ones from the bodies of children. Long ago Moon was attacked and wounded, and thus the Great Fire originated. As soon as people noticed blood on Moon, they started to chant and to shout and they struck their dogs to make them bark. Men discharged their rifles in the hope that the monster which was preying on Moon would be frightened and relinquish his prey, but all this was of no avail. Moon was far away and his weapons broke because his spear and his club were carved of soft yuchan wood (Chorisia insignis) instead of hard palo mataco (Achatocarpus praecox). A fragment of Moon fell down and caused a fire. Everyone rushed to a lagoon where abundant bulrushes grew. As the fire was spreading over the surface of the earth burning the grass and the trees, people entered the lagoon. Those who had taken refuge among the bulrushes were saved, but those who had remained in the open places perished in the boiling water. Holmes it does seem that there is more mystery in this high-energy phenomena than I had thought. Yes Watson. I think that at minimum, the possible high-energy involvement of these newly recognized, onion-like, molecular structures, cries out for experimental research. This is something that can be resolved in a suitable lab. *** E. What are the basic fusion reactions? Below is an annotated list of many fusion reactions discussed on the newsgroup. Note: D = deuterium, T = tritium, p = proton, n = neutron; these and the other elements involved are discussed in the glossary/FUT. (FUT = list of Frequently Used Terms; section 10 of the FAQ.) The numbers in parentheses are the energies of the reaction products (in Millions of electron-Volts, see glossary for details). The percentages indicate the branching ratios. More information on each of the elements is given below. > Be7 + n -1.6 MeV (80%) <- endothermic, not good. D+Li6 -> 2He4 + 22.4 MeV <- also aneutronic, but you get D-D reactions too. From the list, you can see that some reactions release neutrons, many release helium, and different reactions release different amounts of energy (some even absorb energy, rather than releasing it). He-4 is a common product because the nucleus of He-4 is especially stable, so lots of energy is released in creating it. (A chemical analogy is the burning of gasoline, which is relatively unstable, to form water and carbon dioxide, which are more stable. The energy liberated in this combustion is what powers automobiles.) The reasons for the stability of He4 involve more physics than I want to go into here. Some of the more important fusion reactions will be described below. These reactions are also described in Section 2 in the context of their usefulness for energy-producing fusion reactors. *** F. Could you tell me more about these different elements? Hydrogen (p): Ordinary hydrogen is everywhere, especially in water. Deuterium (D): A heavy isotope of hydrogen (has a neutron in addition to the proton). Occurs naturally at 1 part in 6000; i.e. for every 6000 ordinary hydrogen atoms in water, etc., there’s one D. Tritium (T): Tritium is another isotope of hydrogen, with two neutrons and a proton. T is unstable (radioactive), and decays into Helium-3 with a half-life of 12.3 years. (Half the T decays every 12.3 years.) Because of its short half-life, tritium is almost never found in nature (natural T is mostly a consequence of cosmic-ray bombardment). Supplies have been manufactured using fission reactors; world tritium reserves are estimated at a few kilograms, I believe. Tritium can be made by exposing deuterium or lithium to neutrons. Helium-3 (He3): Rare light isotope of helium; two protons and a neutron. Stable. There’s roughly 13 He-3 atoms per 10 million He-4 atoms. He-3 is relatively abundant on the surface of the moon; this is believed to be due to particles streaming onto the moon from the solar wind. He3 can also be made from decaying tritium. Helium-4 (He4): Common isotope of helium. Trace component of the atmosphere (about 1 part per million?); also found as a component of "natural gas" in gas wells. Lithium-6 (Li6): Less common isotope of lithium. 3 protons, 3 neutrons. There are 8 Li-6 atoms for every 100 Li-7 atoms. Widely distributed in minerals and seawater. Very active chemically. Lithium-7 (Li7): Common isotope of lithium. 3 protons, 4 neutrons. See above info on abundance. Boron (B): Common form is B-11 (80%). B-10 20%. 5 protons, 6 neutrons. Also abundant on earth. Note: Separating isotopes of light elements by mass is not particularly difficult. *** G. Why is the deuterium-tritium (D-T) reaction the easiest? Basically speaking, the extra neutrons on the D and T nuclei make them "larger" and less tightly bound, and the result is that the cross-section for the D-T reaction is the largest. Also, because they are only singly-charged hydrogen isotopes, the electrical repulsion between them is relatively small. So it is relatively easy to throw them at each other, and it is relatively easy to get them to collide and stick. Furthermore, the D-T reaction has a relatively high energy yield. Another difficulty with the D-T reaction is that the tritium is (weakly) radioactive, with a half-life of 12.3 years, so that tritium does not occur naturally. Getting the tritium for the D-T reaction is therefore another problem. Fortunately you can kill two birds with one stone, and solve both the neutron problem and the tritium-supply problem at the same time, by using the neutron generated in the D-T fusion in a reaction like n + Li6 -> He4 + T + 4.8 MeV. This absorbs the neutron, and generates another tritium, so that you can have basically a D-Li6 fuel cycle, with the T and n as intermediates. Fusing D and T, and then using the n to split the Li6, is easier than simply trying to fuse the D and the Li6, but releases the same amount of energy. And unlike tritium, there is a lot of lithium available, particularly dissolved in ocean water. Unfortunately you can’t get every single neutron to stick to a lithium nucleus, because some neutrons stick to other things in your reactor. You can still generate as much T as you use, by using "neutron multipliers" such as Beryllium, or by getting reactions like n + Li7 -> He4 + T + n (which propagates the neutron) to occur. The neutrons that are lost are still a problem, because they can induce radioactivity in materials that absorb them. This topic is discussed more in Section 2.

2019-04-21T20:52:45Z

http://cometbob.com/bobk/caseof.html

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2019-04-26T02:28:10Z

http://vma01.adaptcentre.ie/boundaries-50?page=2

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http://sumyee88.blogspot.com/2012/09/

More individual Californians purchased a Honda Civic than any other vehicle in 2013, according to new-vehicle registration data now available from Polk, which was recently acquired by IHS. Individual California car buyers purchased 65,910 Civics in 2013, more than any other vehicle in the state when subtracting sales to government and corporate fleet buyers. California is the largest vehicle market in the United States. "Retail sales leadership is the ultimate seal of approval, and Californians have made Civic the clear winner," said John Mendel, executive vice president of automobile sales for American Honda Motor Co., Inc. "Our focus on individual buyers is unmatched in the industry, and reflects our commitment to Honda customers and the investment they make in our products." Nationally, the Honda Civic ranked as the top-selling compact car in America with total sales of 336,180 units – and was one of three Honda models in the U.S. with sales of more than 300,000 units in 2013, with the Accord, Civic and CR-V combining to sell more than one million units. Honda has further improved the Civic for the 2014 model year with more performance, increased fuel economy, and additional new features including LaneWatch™ blind spot monitor, Smart Entry with Push Button Start, and Display Audio with 7-inch capacitive touchscreen. The 2014 Civic also marks the introduction of the HondaLink™ Next Generation connected-car technology. "The value proposition of Civic just keeps getting better," added Mendel. Based on IHS Automotive, Polk U.S. new retail vehicle registration data for 2013 in the Honda small car segment. The 2014 Civic is available as a 4-door sedan and 2-door coupe, and with gasoline, gas-electric hybrid and compressed natural gas powertrains. For customers interested in the ultimate performance Civic, there is the Civic Si Sedan and Si Coupe, both offering added performance, features and refinement for 2014. Honda offers a full line of reliable, fuel-efficient and fun-to-drive automobiles for American car buyers through approximately 1,000 independent U.S. Honda dealers. The Honda lineup includes the Accord, Crosstour, Civic, Fit, CR-Z, Insight and FCX Clarity passenger cars along with the Pilot, Odyssey and CR-V sport-utility vehicles, the Ridgeline pickup and the Odyssey minivan. Honda has the highest brand fuel economy1, the most top safety-rated2 vehicles and the longest-lasting cars3 of any mainstream automotive brand in America. Honda also has been producing automobiles in America for more than 30 years and currently operates 15 major manufacturing facilities in North America. In 2013, more than 94 percent of all Honda and Acura vehicles sold in U.S. were made in North America using domestic and globally sourced parts. 1 Based on model year 2012 fuel economy data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and its report: "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2013" 2 Based on the number of models by automotive brand that earn a TOP SAFETY PICK or TOP SAFETY PICK+ rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety for model year 2014. 3 Longevity based on IHS Automotive, Polk U.S. vehicles in operation registration statistics 1988-2012 for Honda and non-luxury competing brands. The 2014 Honda Odyssey (automobiles.honda.com/odyssey/) has won the 'Best Minivan for Families' award for the fourth consecutive year as part of U.S. News & World Report's annual 'Best Cars for Families' honors. The top safety-rated1, best-selling2 Odyssey was praised for gathering excellent reviews from professional auto critics along with its innovative feature content, including the world's-first in-vehicle vacuum system, HondaVac™. "The Odyssey was designed to excel in one of the harshest environments on earth, daily family use," said Mike Accavitti, senior vice president of automobile operations for American Honda. "Being named 'Best Minivan for Families,' four years in a row speaks volumes about the Odyssey's singular commitment to be the ultimate family vehicle." U.S. News considered 210 vehicles for the 'Best Cars for Families' awards. The award methodology combines professional automotive reviews, safety and reliability ratings, seating and cargo volume and the availability of family-friendly features. Within each of the 19 automotive categories, the vehicle with the highest composite score is named the Best Car for Families in that category. The 2014 Honda Odyssey, the top-selling minivan in the U.S. in 2013 to individual buyers2, continues to lead its class in fuel economy and safety ratings, while providing spacious accommodations for up to eight passengers and a refined and engaging driving experience. The Odyssey was the only minivan to qualify as a 2014 IIHS TOP SAFETY PICK+, and the Odyssey has earned the best possible overall safety rating from NHTSA with a 5-Star Overall Vehicle Score.3 Additionally, the Odyssey is rated at a remarkable 28 mpg4 Highway, the highest EPA highway fuel economy rating of any eight-passenger minivan. 1 The Odyssey was the only minivan to qualify as a 2014 IIHS TOP SAFETY PICK+ as of March 1, 2014 and the Odyssey has earned the best possible overall safety rating from NHTSA with a 5-Star Overall Vehicle Score. 2 Based on IHS Automotive, Polk new-vehicle retail registration data through the end of December 2013. 3 Government 5-Star Safety Ratings are part of NHTSA's New Car Assessment Program (www.SaferCar.gov). Model tested with standard side airbags (SABs). Vehicles tested under the new program cannot be compared to MY10 and earlier vehicles. Japanese automakers manufacturing in the United States is nothing new. But it was in November of 1982 when the first Honda Accord rolled off the assembly line in Marysville, OH. It was the first Japanese vehicle assembled in the US, and in the nearly 32 years since, Honda has made 10 million Accords here for a total of 20 million cars manufactured in America – enough to span from New York to San Francisco twenty times. It's that double landmark which Honda is now celebrating. Honda has come a long way in those three decades, keeping that original plant in Marysville on line while expanding to three more – in East Liberty, OH; Lincoln, AL; and Greensburg, IN – with a fifth plant (the Performance Manufacturing Center) opening on the same site in Marysville to build the Acura NSX next year. It also builds engines in Lincoln and in Anna, OH, and automatic transmissions at Russells Point, OH, and Tallapoosa, GA. The 10 millionth U.S.-built Honda Accord rolled off the assembly line today at Honda's first U.S. auto plant in Marysville, Ohio, as all four Honda auto plants in America celebrated the cumulative production of 20 million automobiles in the U.S. Honda also marked the achievement at two engine and two transmission plants that build the powertrains used in Honda's U.S.-built cars and trucks. "We are deeply aware that our ability to reach this milestone results from the trust that 20 million customers have placed in our products, and we appreciate their support over the past three decades," said Hidenobu Iwata, president and CEO of Honda of America Mfg. and head of Honda's North American manufacturing. "We also value the commitment made by tens of thousands of associates at Honda and our hundreds of suppliers in the U.S. who build products of the highest quality for our customers." Honda's U.S. plants produced a record 1,309,917 automobiles in 2013, an increase of 7.4 percent from the previous annual mark set in 2012. Honda is supported by a network of 533 suppliers in the U.S., with purchasing of parts and components last year exceeding $23 billion. Honda's four U.S. auto plants are supported by engine manufacturing in Lincoln, Ala. and Anna, Ohio, and the production of automatic transmissions in Russells Point, Ohio, and Tallapoosa, Ga. These plants have produced 23.77 million automobile engines and 18.64 million transmissions in the United States. In 2013, nearly 95 percent of the Honda and Acura automobiles sold in the U.S. were produced in North America. The Honda of America Mfg. Marysville Auto Plant shattered its previous all-time high by producing 492,409 vehicles last year, up 12 percent from 2012, while the East Liberty Auto Plant produced 242,363 light trucks last year. This resulted in record production of 734,772 Ohio-made vehicles at the two plants in 2013. This includes 69,680 vehicles for export to more than 40 countries. Honda Manufacturing of Alabama produced 333,556 vehicles along with their six-cylinder engines in 2013, just shy of its all-time high set in 2012, due to a major model change for the all-new 2014 Acura MDX. The Alabama plant produced 20,466 vehicles for export to 49 countries in 2013. Honda Manufacturing of Indiana produced a record 241,589 automobiles last year, up 21 percent from 2012. The Indiana plant started auto production in 2008 and added a second shift in 2011. It produced 18,559 vehicles for export last year. Honda has the capacity to produce 1.92 million cars and light trucks in North America at eight auto plants, including in Canada and Mexico. Production recently began of the 2015 Honda Fit at a new auto plant in Celaya, Mexico. With the new Celaya plant, Honda now has the capability to build virtually every product in its lineup in North America, from sub-compact models to light trucks. Honda began automobile production in the U.S. in 1982. It now operates nine major manufacturing facilities in the United States, producing a wide range of Honda and Acura automobiles, automobile engines and transmissions, Honda all-terrain vehicles, and power equipment products such as lawn mowers, mini-tillers and general purpose engines, using domestic and globally sourced parts. Backing out of a parking spot isn’t exactly the most challenging part of anybody’s day, but it certainly is a heck of a lot easier now than it was ten years ago thanks to the invention of the rearview camera, now standard on many 2014 model year Honda vehicles. Honda's efforts in the areas of enhanced driver visibility have been recognized by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as part of its 5-Star Safety Ratings program (also known as the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)), with nearly all Honda and Acura models with rearview camera systems becoming the first vehicles in the industry to be recognized by the U.S. Department of Transportation for having met its Advanced Technology Feature performance criteria (http://1.usa.gov/Pv0lKq). Honda vehicles earning this first recognition from NHTSA for the application of recommended rearview camera systems (what NHTSA calls rearview video systems) include the Honda Accord Coupe, Sedan, Hybrid and Plug-In, Civic Coupe, Sedan, Hybrid and Civic Natural Gas, Crosstour, CR-V, CR-Z, Fit EV, Odyssey, Pilot and Ridgeline1; as well as the Acura ILX and ILX Hybrid, MDX, TL, TSX, RDX, RLX and RLX Hybrid (see table below). Additional Honda and Acura models that have been equipped with standard rearview camera systems are expected to have their rearview camera systems recognized as Advanced Technology Features in the near future, including the all-new 2015 Fit subcompact car and 2015 Acura TLX midsize luxury sedan, both launching in spring 2014. "Rearview cameras are an integral part of Honda's approach to enhance driver visibility," said Art St. Cyr, vice president of product planning and logistics at American Honda. "By the 2015 model year all Honda and Acura models will have rearview cameras standard on all models, yet another example of how our company is committed to enhancing the visibility and safety of our customers and everyone on the road." The addition of rearview video systems to NHTSA's list of recommended Advanced Technology Features was intended to encourage manufacturers to improve the rearview visibility of their motor vehicle fleet; the NCAP Advanced Technology Features also include Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Lane Departure Warning (LDW) systems which also are offered on many Honda and Acura vehicles. More information about crash avoidance technologies that are part of the Government 5-Star Safety Ratings program can be found at safercar.gov. Starting with the 2013 Honda Crosstour, American Honda has taken a comprehensive approach to enhancing driver visibility and confidence on the road, beginning with the widespread application of rearview cameras. More than 94 percent of Honda and Acura models sold in the U.S. in 2013 were equipped with standard rearview cameras. Rearview cameras are just one aspect of American Honda's 360-degree approach to enhanced driver visibility and situational awareness, demonstrated by the broad application of technologies such as FCW and LDW systems on Honda models. These systems use a camera mounted behind the windshield or a front mount radar system to warn drivers of a potential collision with a vehicle detected in front of them, or to alert drivers if the car is unexpectedly moving out of a detected lane. Other available features aimed at improving driver visibility are the Expanded View Driver's Mirror, Honda LaneWatch display and Acura's Blind Spot Information (BSI) system. In addition to applying the next-generation Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™) body structure to most of its models, American Honda has applied the following safety features on all its models as standard equipment: Vehicle Stability Assist™ (VSA®) with traction control; an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS); side curtain airbags (most vehicles equipped with a rollover sensor as well); dual-stage, multiple-threshold front airbags; and front side airbags. Other available safety and driver-assistive technologies available on Acura vehicles include the Collision Mitigation Braking System™ (CMBS™) and Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS). For more detailed information about Honda's history of leadership in the development and application of advanced technologies and vehicle designs that are meant to enhance the safety of all road users, please view our Safety Issue Brief. Honda has a long history of leadership in the development and application of advanced technologies and designs meant to enhance the safety of all road users, including automobile occupants, motorcycle riders, and pedestrians. The company operates two of the world's most sophisticated crash test facilities and is responsible for numerous pioneering efforts in the areas of crashworthiness, airbag technology, collision compatibility and pedestrian safety. American Honda leads the industry for 2014 in third party crash test ratings with more models rated TOP SAFETY PICK and TOP SAFETY PICK+ by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) than any other manufacturer. 1Honda Ridgeline's rearview camera system on models with Navigation does not meet the requirements to be a recommended advanced technology feature. Ask anybody who’s ever started a family, and they’ll tell you that it’s every bit as rewarding and exhausting as everybody said it would be, but what parents don’t often find out until a few years into their tenures as breadwinners and heads of household is that a new family can often come with the need for a new family vehicle. For San Diego Honda customers, this should be an undeniably exciting thing. With the recent release of the U.S. News and World Report list of 2014’s most family-friendly cars comes the announcement that the 2014 Honda Odyssey is this year’s top minivan for families. While we understand that many consumers are not at all interested in the idea of purchasing a minivan because of long-held stigmas they may have for that classification of vehicle, the Honda Odyssey is not your typical minivan: this is the one that famously includes a built-in vacuum cleaner, but it also can feature TVs in the headrests, an HDMI input for a Blu-Ray player, and a cooled storage box for snacks and drinks. Plus, it’s extremely spacious, safe, and reliable, which are very important qualities for families looking for a people-mover that can push deep into six-digits on the odometer and put up with everything from soccer practices to cross-country vacations. It is, quite frankly, a very excellent minivan, and we here at Pacific Honda were elated to see U.S. News include it on this year’s list of top family vehicles. Minivans were invented for families, but the Honda Odyssey has helped take the minivan to a whole new level of excellence. American Honda automotive operations have long been separated by function rather than by brand. These moves will result in exclusive divisions, with dedicated sales and marketing teams for Honda and for Acura. Both brands will be housed under a single "American Honda Auto Division" to be headed by John Mendel, executive vice president of what is now called the Automobile Sales Division. "Our goal is to accelerate the already strong sales growth of the Honda and Acura brands through a more cohesive strategy, with a heightened focus on the unique needs of luxury and mainstream customers," said Mendel. "These moves will more completely align the major activities for the Honda and Acura brands under dedicated brand leaders to take advantage of new opportunities in the marketplace with greater speed and efficiency." "The realignment strategy that has created a new Acura Division reflects our growing commitment and the increased level of resources and leadership we are focusing on the Acura brand on a global basis," said Mendel. "The best time to make a change is when you're in a position of strength and we are not only coming off a great sales year, we are continuing to create new opportunities with a series of new and exciting Honda and Acura models," said Mendel. Sales of Acura brand cars and trucks totaled 165,436 vehicles, an increase of 5.9 percent, and its best sales total since 2007. Further, sales of the Acura MDX and RDX in 2013 combined to achieve Acura's best sales year ever for light trucks. Honda Start Something Special -- "Bob's Accord" Honda and Microsoft Giving Away Four Xbox One Consoles! Sometime during the Christmas season, Microsoft released the new Xbox One console, the most cutting-edge and up-to-date video game console that Microsoft has ever released. While there were plenty of people willing to shell out $500 for the system right then and there, several other consumers were perfectly content with their previous-generation Xbox 360 consoles, mostly because they still ran fun games and, perhaps more importantly, were already completely paid for. Never mind what the executives say – we've had a sneaking suspicion all along that the upcoming Honda Civic Type R won't be coming to North America. And with good reason: both the prototype we drove in Japan and the concept unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show last week were based on the European-spec Civic hatchback – not to mention that some of the best hot hatches remain out of our reach. Well it turns out we're not the only ones with that concern. There are legions of Honda hot hatch enthusiasts right here in the good old U S of A who want to see the new Civic Type R ripping up the Great American Road. And many of them are taking to the cyberclouds demanding that Honda bring it Stateside, post haste. As of the time of writing, this online petition has gotten over 6,000 digital signatures, needing less than 1,500 more to get to the author's target of 7,500 votes. Of course, if and when the petition reaches its target, that still won't mean that Honda will bring it over, but it could mean that extra bit of encouragement the Japanese automaker's executives would need to tip the scales in our favor. Not that we haven’t already said this about a million times, but the 2014 Honda Accord is a really, really good car. It’s spacious, efficient, reliable, safe, and technologically-advanced, and of course, it wears the badge of one of the most trusted automakers in the world. For those reasons, Honda dealerships across the country have sold a ton of these vehicles, but we were all recently given a pretty pleasant surprise when it was revealed that consumers purchased more Honda Accord models than any other car in America for the 2013 calendar year. Geneva, Switzerland, March 4, 2014 - Today sees the worldwide reveal of the Honda Civic Type R Concept model which points to the styling direction for the exterior design of the highly-anticipated production new Type R that will debut in Europe during 2015. Described by the design team as a 'racing car for the road' rather than a high performance version of a road car, the new Type R looks set to signal a new era for the marque – with the most extreme Civic Type R yet. The sleek and aerodynamic profile reflects a car designed for performance whilst maintaining the look of a road car and the distinctive character of Type R. While further detail on performance is yet to be announced, Honda has confirmed that the forthcoming new Type R will be the first model in Europe to feature one of its brand new VTEC TURBO engines from the Earth Dreams Technology range. The two-litre, direct injection, four-cylinder turbo is expected to deliver class-leading output of at least 280PS and will be EURO 6 compliant. While turbo engines have not been seen in Honda's production cars in Europe for some time, Honda has continued to actively develop turbo technology on the race track and in other regions. Honda's successful return to WTCC in 2013, has been instrumental in gathering knowledge that has helped shape the new Type R, providing the development team with analysis and feedback on performance and styling collected from the track. America's midsize sedan segment is one of the most crowded and fiercely competitive in the business. The Toyota Camry has long been our nation's best seller, while the Honda Accord has dutifully come in second place, like some sort of codependent Cal Naughton Jr. riding Ricky Bobby's back bumper. There was that one year, 2001, when the Accord briefly broke the Camry's streak, marring what would today have been a 17-year-long run of best-selling car titles. The Accord pulled the opposite move in 2011, letting sales slip far enough to let not only the Toyota by, but the Nissan Altima and Ford Fusion, as well. Aside from those anomalies, the Camry and Accord have been first and second in this segment since before many of you readers could even drive. It's 2014, and these frenemies have never before faced a threat to their world order as strong as today's class of family sedans. The aforementioned Altima and Fusion are perhaps the most capable challengers, but the Chevrolet Malibu, Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima, Volkswagen Passat and Mazda6 are all capable of convincing new buyers to walk their way. Autoblog predicts the lineup of best-selling midsize sedans is about to be shuffled. "We gave the current-generation Camry a pretty harsh review, and were it not for Toyota's fiercely loyal customer base and increased incentive and ad spending, the king might have already stepped aside". The question for Honda is whether or not the Accord's latest redesign is good enough to keep it ahead of this charging pack of competitors, or whether it follows the leader right off the podium steps. Few would argue that the new shape isn't an upgrade over the prior model, though it has been hit with criticism for being too derivative. Honda played it decidedly safe with the Accord's styling when the sedan was redesigned last year. Few would argue that the new shape isn't an upgrade over the prior model, though it has been hit with criticism for being too derivative, particularly in the rear where it could be mistaken for a 2008-2014 Hyundai Genesis (it's not the worst thing in the world to draw likenesses to class-above sedans). The dimensions of the new design are perhaps more interesting than the way it looks. The Accord is now some 3.6 inches shorter in length, while also being shorter in overall height and a touch wider than the last-generation model. The vehicle's stance certainly reflects those changes, and the wider front fascia that flows into gently upswept headlights looks more aggressive to our eyes, while at the same time remaining recognizable as both a Honda and an Accord. Those exterior dimensions, of course, also affect how much room there is inside, and on paper, at least, there's less: 103 cubic feet of passenger volume, down from the prior generation's massive 106. Fortunately, the exterior shrinkage hasn't made the Accord feel appreciably smaller on the inside, with plenty of space available in all directions and wide, comfortable seating for all. In fact, many key interior metrics have grown, like rear legroom and trunk space (up over a cubic foot to 15.8). Those three missing cubic feet of passenger volume appear to have been taken off the top, as front and rear headroom have both taken dips. Despite our tester's moonroof, however, there was still plenty of clearance, even for passengers with six-foot, two-inch frames. Many key interior metrics have grown, like rear legroom and trunk space. The new dimensions have also dropped the Accord down a class in the Environmental Protection Agency's classification system; whereas the prior Accord (eighth generation, for those counting) crossed the threshold of 120 cubic-feet of combined passenger volume and cargo space to become a fullsize car, the new Accord's 118.8 cubic-feet of combined interior space keeps it among the midsizers. In top-trim Touring spec like our tester, the Accord's interior impresses with high-quality materials like nicely trimmed leather seats and dashboard plastics that generally look and feel better than is typical of this pricepoint. Almost everything about the interior, from its space and materials to the ergonomics of little things like the smartphone-sized cubby next to the power and USB ports, is well thought out and easy to use. Except the infotainment system. With our First Drive of the new Accord having been conducted in a Sport model lacking the upgraded infotainment system, this is our first chance to talk about Honda's dual-screen system in the Accord. The first screen is a large eight-inch unit that's deeply embedded at the top of the center stack. This display is not touch sensitive, but rather controlled via rotary knob controller and set of buttons at the very bottom of the center stack. These controls, however, still require a reach, because they are not laid flat on the center console, so they don't fall readily to hand like many other high-end systems. Below this big screen is a smaller display dedicated to audio functions. This display is touch sensitive, and lets you perform simpler tasks like switching music sources and advancing tracks. "We have a few issues with this setup, the first being its redundancy and generally poor use of the audio-only screen." We have a few issues with this setup, the first being its redundancy and generally poor use of the audio-only screen. Most of the functions it performs can also be performed on the main screen using the knob controller, and the interface itself is more difficult to use than a simple set of physical buttons, because tasks often require the extra step of switching between screens. Our second gripe concerns operating the system on the larger screen using the single rotary knob and buttons. In particular, the Menu button manages to confuse because it doesn't go to a top-level menu as expected. Rather, it takes you to a menu of options for whichever part of the system you happen to be at that moment, be it Navigation, Phone or Audio. Lastly, the presentation of the system is decidedly a few years behind next-gen systems coming out from Honda's competitors. The graphics, fonts and colors layered atop a confusing hierarchy of menus and controls makes the whole system feel like Windows 95 when everyone else is rocking Windows 8. We've tested many other systems in this competitive set and have found simpler schemes that rely on a single, large display with either touchscreen or well-designed central controller – this system is too complicated for its own good. That doesn't mean Honda doesn't know how to do technology in these modern times, as our Accord also came equipped with the brand's new LaneWatch system. Any time the right turn signal is activated, a camera mounted underneath the passenger-side mirror is used to project a view of the car's blind spot, along with handy distance markers, on the main infotainment screen. At first we thought LaneWatch might be an overly complex solution to the simple problem of people not adjusting their mirrors properly, but in practical use, we found it not only helpful, but preferable and more trustworthy than the mirrors themselves. "The ability to run on half its cylinders helps the Accord achieve excellent EPA-estimated fuel economy figures." While many midsize challengers have ditched offering a six-cylinder engine altogether, the Accord continues to make the heavier, more powerful engine option available. In this case, it's Honda's well-proven 3.5-liter V6 that produces 278 horsepower at 6,200 rpm and 252 pound-feet of torque at 4,900 rpm. While one might think the Accord would suffer a big penalty at the pump for such a powerful mill, the opposite is actually true, thanks in large part the Honda's comparatively svelte curb weight and its Variable Cylinder Management system. While cylinder deactivation technology is nothing new, its application on a V6 is rare outside the engine bay of a half-ton pickup. The ability to run on half its cylinders helps the Accord achieve excellent EPA-estimated fuel economy figures of 21 miles per gallon in the city, 34 on the highway and 26 combined. Our results were even better, with the trip computer reporting an average return of over 30 mpg after a week of mixed driving. The official numbers put this Accord ahead of all top-trim midsize sedans, including the Fusion, Sonata, Optima and Malibu, all of which offer powerful turbocharged and direct-injected four-cylinder engines in their most expensive models. We've noticed that these high-tech forced-induction fours tend to get strong window-sticker EPA numbers but fall flat out in the real world. This Honda doesn't make economy promises that it can't keep. "The Accord is still at the front of the pack in terms of handling." Of course, the Accord's engine management system will tell three cylinders to take a rest every chance it gets, even more so when the car's Econ button is pressed. While amazing fuel economy is the result, the byproduct is an occasionally rougher-running engine you can feel through the steering wheel and pedals. The vibrations while running on fewer cylinders might not bother some, but we found them very noticeable, and there's no setting to turn off the Variable Cylinder Management system entirely, so they're practically always present with the engine dropping and bringing cylinders back online constantly. Honda says that all Accords are also fitted with an Active Noise Cancellation system, but we found the overall levels of noise, vibration and harshness to be average at best – definitely not approaching industry leaders in that area from near-luxury brand Buick, which use a similar Bose-branded noise cancellation technology in its Regal, a slightly more expensive (and smaller) rival. The Accord doesn't sell hundreds of thousands of units per year because it's such a smooth operator, though. We'd venture to say the car's reputation for offering the most engaging handling among midsize sedans is its chief selling point (along with a history of reliability and a strong dealer network that combines to inveigle legions of repeat customers). We're happy to report that the Accord is still at the front of the pack in terms of handling. Pairing a very rigid unibody platform with a MacPherson strut front suspension and multi-link rear suspension yields a highly diversified setup that's comfortable counteracting imperfect city streets but also stable and composed when the pace picks up and the turns become sharp. While the steering system has become all-electric in this latest generation, its accuracy and weight still feel sharp and natural, though there is a lack of feedback from the road through the wheel. Likewise, the brakes that measure 11.5 inches up front and 11.1 inches at the rear are go-about-your-business great, offering perfectly natural feel through the pedal. "There's no other family sedan on the market with mechanicals that operate in such harmony." Having driven nearly all of this year's midsize contenders, we can say there's no other family sedan on the market with mechanicals that operate in such harmony. From the powertrain to the transmission to the suspension to the steering, all of the Accord's subsystems are on the same page with each other from the moment the start button is pressed. Most of its competitors nail one or two of these disciplines, but rarely do they come close to a complete package like the Accord (the Mazda6 is the exception, though which is better is close enough to be a matter of taste). What's more, there's even a six-speed manual transmission still available on LX, EX and Sport models, though the EX-L V6 and our Touring tester are only available with this well-tuned six-speed automatic. Really, the only fault we could find out on the road with this Accord was not with its mechanicals, but with the Adaptive Cruise Control system that exhibited some worrisome behavior. We set the ACC during a long trip on the highway and discovered that when traveling through a left-hand bend with something like a big pickup or semi truck on our right, the radar-based system would register that vehicle as being in our path and the Forward Collision Alert system would sound its alarms and flash warnings in the instrument panel. At the same time, we suspect the Brake Assist system had also precharged the brakes, because when our foot instinctively went to tap them, we got more braking power than we expected. An unsettling experience each time, this happened more than once during our trip. We can't rule out that the bumper-mounted radar on our particular test vehicle may have been misaligned or otherwise defective, but we've experienced this fault on other automakers' vehicles with similar systems before as well, so we doubt it. Lastly, the Accord Touring we tested features a base price of $33,480 with a destination and handling charge of $790. At first blush, that may seem more expensive than its pack of competitors, but note there's not an option available that isn't standard with this trim. For instance, while a Ford Fusion Titanium may start lower at $30,600, once navigation, adaptive cruise control, blind spot alert, lane departure warning, heated seats and sunroof are added, its price has ballooned to $34,410. "The Accord ups the ante with its improved design, more interior space and efficiency that belies the power of its remarkable V6." What we find with the 2014 Accord Touring is a lineup-leading model that bodes well for the future of Honda. Still among the very best-handling midsizers in this market, the Accord ups the ante with its improved design, more interior space where it counts and efficiency that belies the power of its remarkable V6. The issues we identified with the infotainment system may be a sticking point for some, especially those comparing the experience closely across the entire segment, but there are lesser trim levels available that go without navigation yet gain a much more straightforward interface. Indeed, it's not so egregious a failing that Accord sales have suffered because of it, and we don't see anything about this new generation that will threaten its place among the segment's top sellers. "At this point, the only thing preventing the Accord from being America's best-selling car are a bunch of stubborn Camry buyers."

2019-04-22T00:04:04Z

http://blog.pacifichonda.com/2014/03/

Adrian Martin is a performing musician who has appeared in venues across the nation. He's been featured with blues guitar hero Lonnie Mack and songwriting legend Warren Zevon. He holds a degree in classical guitar, studying with one of Maestro Andre Segovia's prize students. He is an accomplished musician. But he was never a "natural" musician. His love for music has inspired him to practice and persevere. The unique perspective of a professional musician who never "breezed through " offers the student an understanding guide. All students have difficulties. Adrian helps guide you through the struggles while we celebrate all the progress you've made. His teaching experience includes working in public and private schools as well as running his own studio for fifteen years in Ohio. His philosophy is simple and can be summed up in the two questions he asks most frequently in his private sessions. 1) What would inspire you? 2) How 'bout if we have some fun today? Anne Weiss is a nationally-touring folk and blues singer-songwriter whose home base is here in Portland. She has performed and/or recorded with Dar Williams, Taj Mahal, Shawn Colvin, and many other blues, gospel and contemporary folk artists. She has been teaching blues and folk piano, guitar and vocals (both privately and at national music workshops) for over 15 years, working with absolute beginners to advanced students. Anne's teaching style is student-centered, building on the strengths and interests of each individual student. Some of the individual and group classes Anne has taught in the past are: Singing for the Vocally Challenged, Harmony Singing, Community Choir, How to Sing Blues & Gospel, Blues Guitar I & II, Guitar Tunings, Guitar Accompaniment for Folk Songs, Blues Piano for Beginners, and From Folk to Funk in 4 Easy Steps. Anne's approach is always patient, energetic and non-judgmental, earning her constant positive reviews from her students. I have been a member of the Artichoke Community since I retired in 2010. In July of 2016, I joined the Artichoke Community Music finance committee to help our community find a new home. In September 2016, I was elected to the Arichoke Board and in February 2017, I was elected to the role of Treasurer and Chief Operating Officer. I serve in these capacities as a volunteer. I have been responsible for the financing, management and construction activities at Artichoke’s new location on SE Powell Street since we opened the store on July 27, 2017. In our community, I also serve as the treasurer for my church and member of my church leadership council; the music director for Portland Tennis & Education, an after-school educational enrichment program for low-income families in St Johns where I volunteer teach beginning and intermediate guitar, and host an after school sing-along every week during the school year; and I volunteer as a mentor for the Portland chapter of Soldiers, Songs and Voices. Outside of my work with Artichoke, I am an avid tennis player.--I served on the Sportsmanship Committee of the Pacific Northwest Section of the United States Tennis Association from 2011 to 2016 -- and, I am the editor of the Oregon Tennis History Committee Facebook page and serve on the Board. I am fluent in French. I was born in Houston, Texas. I went to High School in Omaha, Nebraska. After graduating from college in Texas, I completed a Masters degree in economics at Claremont, California and have stayed on the west coast of the United States ever since I left Texas in 1974. I released my first solo album, "Sticky Notes and Warm Pancakes" in August 2018 available on CD Baby. Most of the inspiration for the song songs were born from cues from the songwriting classes I took from Matt Meighan at Artichoke. Brenna began her study of flamenco in 1997 with Martita Santiago (baile) and Jaime Woods (guitar) in Eugene, Oregon. Since then she has devoted her life to the study of flamenco, moving to Spain in 2003-2004 to study with Chiqui de Jerez and Jose Luis Balao and in 2008-2009 to study under Juan and Saray de los Reyes. Brenna started performing in 2004 with Solo Flamenco while pursuing her B.A. in Cultural Anthropology from Reed College ('06). Brenna has performed and collaborated with Flamenco Callejero, El Cuadro Gallo, Madjaleo, Assa Flamenco, Tablao de Rosas. She is co-director and co-founder of Espacio Flamenco where teaches flamenco dance and guitar to children and adults and directs the professional performance company. She is a guest teacher at Center for Movement Arts where she teaches dance for kids ages 6 to 18. She performs regularly with the Espacio Flamenco company and Latin/Flamenco/Rumba quartet Seda. Brian Fergus is a lifetime musician and music educator. His first experiences with music were in the late 1960s and 1970s, which found him singing in choirs, taking piano lessons, and playing the sousaphone and tuba in band and orchestra, and bass guitar in various rock bands. While studying film at Penn State University, Brian discovered experimental music, which diverted his interest for the next thirty years. Brian earned his Masters Degree in Electronic Music and Recording Media from Mills College in Oakland, Ca. in 1986, then immediately took a job teaching Electronic Music at City College of San Francisco. He taught at the school from 1987 to 2014 to over 10,000 students over the course of his career. So much could be said here about what a fantastic, rewarding experience it was to teach at CCSF. In 2008, Brian encountered a fateful moment in his life.He had decided to get either a mandolin or ukulele to “play around with”. Well, he decided on the ukulele and he has never been the same! For the last ten years, Brian has shifted his musical focus to “all things ukulele”. In 2014, Brian stepped down from his job at CCSF to move to Portland, OR, with his wife Maggie and daughter Anais. He opened “Woodstock Ukulele Studio” in 2015, a venue for rehearsal, recording, and private and group instruction. Brian is a third level certification graduate of the James Hill Ukulele Initiative. Brian plays in two ensembles: “UkeFoote”, and “Fleffikon”. UkeFoote is a duo with Ubass virtuoso Borfus Wallaby; they do covers of mostly classic popular music. Fleffikon is also a (mostly) cover band, and features the aforementioned Borfus on Ubass and also Brian’s daughter Anais on electronics. In addition to ukulele, Brian plays Ubass, standard bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, Theremin, and other electronic instruments. The hammered dulcimer is one of the world's oldest musical instruments, dating back 800 years or more. It is found throughout the world, from China to the Middle East, Europe and North America. Many people, upon first hearing the hammered dulcimer, immediately fall in love with its sound and may eventually want to learn to play it. Carl Thor began playing hammered dulcimer in 1990 and has been performing, recording, and composing music since 1993. He currently plays dulcimer, piano, and/or mandolin with Cascade Crossing, Celtinalia, Hands4, and the Portland Megaband, as well as in other groupings for English country, contra, and Scandinavian dancing, as a soloist, and as an accompanist. Carl has accompanied the Portland Symphonic Choir, the Aurora Chorus, the Portland Lesbian Choir, and several other choral groups in performance of music for choir and hammered dulcimer by Malcolm Dalghlish. Carl is recognized throughout the Pacific Northwest as a knowledgable, patient, and inspiring teacher. Over the last 25 years he has taught dulcimer in workshops at the Spring Hammered Dulcimer Rendezvous, the Chatter Creek dulcimer festival, and, prior to moving to the Pacific Northwest, the Prairie Dulcimer Club in Kansas City. He teaches workshops and private lessons at Artichoke Community Music in Portland, and group piano classes for Portland Community College (PCC). In addition to three years of course work in music theory and music technology at Clark College and PCC, he has studied dulcimer with Steve Schneider, Linda Lowe Thompson, and Ken Kolodner. Carl brings a sense of fun and adventure, as well as a lifetime of musical experience with piano, bands, and choirs to his playing and teaching of the hammered dulcimer and the piano. If you have never played before, he will help you to get started making music at your first lesson, then help you learn more advanced skills and music theory along the way in future lessons. If you already play, he’ll help you to improve your skills, knowledge, and musicality. Carl is very responsive to the needs of his students and enjoys helping each individual student learn in a way that fits with their particular interests and works well with their own learning style. To learn more about Carl and to hear some of his music, please visit his web site. Dan Compton is a multi-instrumentalist performer and teacher with a deep knowledge of traditional folk music. He specializes in strings - guitar, fiddle, mandolin, octave mandolin, and tenor banjo - as well as C#/D Irish-style button accordion. Dan has a strong background in classical guitar. He earned a Master of Music in performance from Lewis and Clark in 1983 (working with guitarist Ian Mitchell), and performed in masterclasses with Christopher Parkening, Michael Lorimer, and José Thomas, among others. Over the years, Dan has explored a wide range of guitar styles, from progressive rock, through ragtime, to traditional Irish dance music. Adept at both fingerstyle and flatpicking, Dan is also well versed in alternate tunings, notably DADGAD. He can guide students through the intricate solo styles of John Renbourn and Pierre Bensusan, the roots-based music of Mississippi John Hurt and the Carter Family, as well as the inventive backup playing of Micheál &?Oacute; Domhnaill and Gilles LeBigot. Dan stresses understanding technique, harmony, scales and modes, and other tools necessary to be a complete guitarist. But above all, he teaches students how to use their ears: to hear and understand what's going on in the music and to translate that to the fingerboard. Dan is also an experienced Irish-style fiddle player. His music is especially influenced by players and mentors like Kevin Burke, Matt Cranitch, and Denis Murphy. Dan is adept at other fiddle styles as well, notably Appalachian, Quebecois, and Breton. He studied violin technique with Kathryn Gray and Tina Alexander. In teaching the fiddle, Dan emphasizes learning by ear, helping students to hear the structures and phrasing in traditional music. His students also explore in detail the ornamentation and bowing used in different styles, as well as solid and relaxed bowing technique, tone production, and intonation. Dan takes a similar approach in teaching the mandolin, octave mandolin, and tenor banjo - with a special emphasis on plectrum technique and tone production, rhythm, and ornamentation. In addition to private lessons, Dan teaches the popular "Irish Session Class", which offers a unique setting for learning Irish traditional tunes on all traditional instruments, as well as the listening skills essential to ensemble playing. Dan currently performs with fiddle player Lisa Ornstein and box player Johnny Connolly, button accordionist Fran Slefer, flute-and-banjo player Mark Roberts, Scottish fiddler Jamie Laval, the poly-folk group Sprig, and the dance bands Jigsaw and The BFD. His most recent recordings include The High Caul Cap (with Mark Roberts), Session at the Cottage (with Fran Slefer), and The Magic Paintbrush (with Lisa Ornstein). Hello. I'm Ezza Rose, a Portland-based musician. Over the past ten years, I've used music as a vehicle to see the world and experience some beautiful stages. Music has become not just an occupation, but a way of of living. For me, teaching is an opportunity to share with others the joy that this amazing art form has brought me. My classes, regardless of instrument, will focus on each student finding their unique voice. I believe in using good technique as a guideline and letting the rest build naturally. I'm excited to help you discover how music fits into your life. If you'd like to learn more about the music I make, come visit me at my website. Jack is Artichoke's luthier, curator of the Artichoke History Archive and our resident ethnomusicologist! He is a retired minister in the United Methodist Church and a graduate of Berea College, the home of the Loyal Jones Appalachian Center-preserving the history, music and culture of the Appalachian region. Jack is connecting us with the roots of Artichoke's rich history in the folk music community for almost 50 years. He is now building instruments based on the original design of mountain dulcimers that our founder Judith Cook Tucker built and offered for sale when she opened the first store in 1973. Like many modern traditional players, I started out doing something other than music, namely theoretical chemistry and physics (phD 1969, Univ of Illinois). This led to Southern California in the mid-70's where I encountered a small but intensely dedicated group of string band music enthusiasts. I was entranced and within the space of several years acquired a banjo, fiddle and dulcimer to go along with the guitar I had owned since my teens. When the budget was trimmed in 1977 and I got laid off, I never looked back. I am pretty much self-taught, and that means my technique is not always "correct" in a classical sense. Still, having a penchant for analysis, I soon discovered that if you read music, either tablature or notes, you can also write it. This led to teaching for a local music store and ultimately some 1200 arrangements and several years later to a modest mail-order business and numerous published tablatures. I especially enjoyed group classes where I could combine some individual tutoring with group teaching as a "performance" art. I am perhaps most proud of my "folk ensemble" class that introduced beginning and intermediate players to the joys of Old-Time String Band playing. I've taught since 1977 in a myriad of settings for individual and groups for instrumental arrangements in tablature for flatpick and fingerpicking guitar, clawhammer and 3-finger banjo, strum and fingerpicking mountain dulcimer, mandolin and fiddle. Fiddle arrangements are also available in standard notation for use on any instrument. I've published scores of tablature arrangements in Banjo Newsletter (BNL) and Pickin' Magazine and recorded with Truman Price "Songs & Tunes of the Oregon Trail". As a solo performer, I focus on traditional songs and tunes from the Appalachian mountains, sung and played on the 5-String Banjo, Mountain Dulcimer, Fiddle and Guitar. Material includes lively dance tunes, novelty songs from the 20's and 30's, ballads and songs from a variety of sources with a special emphasis on Carter Family songs. Newer songs and an occasional original, all crafted in the traditional mold, are mixed in for good measure. Jason is the lead teacher for the Artichoke's education outreach program with Youth Progress Association's Alternative High School. He offers a balanced menu of Rock & Pop, Americana, Reggae, Afrobeat, Soul, Blues, Funk & Groove, flatpicking, improvisation, & beyond. Lessons are primarily focused on breaking down & understanding the ingredients of a chosen song, recommendations on technique, & tips on approaching the desired sound for performance. He provides lessons to students with a range of musical backgrounds, from absolute beginners to intermediate skill levels, including some advanced players. Playing & performing an eclectic variety of guitar music for over 25 years he can confidently say, that he's still asking questions about it. Although thankfully many answers to these questions have been unlocked for him by his musical mentors, he has found that having discovered so many answers on his own has allowed him to share his knowledge & experience with others effectively. His aim is to guide students towards discovery & away from pitfalls along the path to reaching their musical goals. Let him help you explore the essential skills & techniques to play the music you love. Jenna Dalton is a healer, visionary, teacher, artist, mother and musician. She has joyfully led retreats, camps, choirs, conferences, lessons, private healing sessions and classes for all ages for over 15 years. Born on a spiritual community in Nevada, her family moved to Portland Oregon when she was 14. She received her Bachelor's Degree in Alternative Education with a Double Minor in Music and Skills in Spiritual Living from Prescott College and went on to receive her Master's in Education through a full time Waldorf Teacher training program. She has recorded three albums of original music, climbed the tallest peak in Nevada and brain tanned several deer hides with her bare hands! Her real training has been in mothering twins and teaching music to hundreds of students. She taught in Waldorf schools for over ten years and currently facilitates workshops, offers music lessons, healing sessions, and plays, performs and records music. For more information check out her web site. John Richter is a retired teacher who taught at the Sunnyside Environmental School and led middle schoolers in song several times a week as well as the leading the Song Circle once a month at Artichoke. He is a singer-songwriter having taken several songwriting classes with Matt Meighan. His main instruments are guitar, banjo, saw and harmonica. His latest love is the harmonica and he is excited about teaching people how to play beginning folk and blues harmonica. Grand prize winners for "songs that make a difference" (Music2Life 2006), raconteurs, Kate Power & Steve Einhorn build community with harmony, guitars, banjo and two mighty little ukuleles. Legendary in the Pacific northwest for community building and social action through music, Kate & Steve tour in concert full time with fine folk and original music described as "a rare elixir and good medicine, brightening even the darkest of hearts." Special guests of Garrison Keillor on "A Prairie Home Companion" and lauded by Pete Seeger for their beautiful music, Kate and Steve are singing their way across America with a soul struck marriage of musicianship, humor and harmony. By day, Kate & Steve teach their revolutionary "Ukalaliens Workshop" to the uninitiated, converting non-musicians to the joys of making music with ukes by the thousands across the country. The "Ukalaliens Songbook & CD", released October 1, 2009, is garnering praise for its artistic, whimsical and inclusive approach as it brings new players into the fold. Capturing winning endorsements from teachers, publishers and music communities nationwide, Kate & Steve are delivering workshops and converting Ukalaliens wherever their concert performances lead them. Leela Grace is a nationally-known singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, recording artist, percussive dancer and teacher of music and dance originally from Missouri. She spent a beautiful 8 years in Portland, teaching popular banjo, by-ear harmony singing, and Appalachian clogging classes. In 2014, Leela embarked on the new adventure of motherhood when her daughter was born. In late 2015, Leela and her family moved to northern Vermont following a job opportunity for her husband. After many "adventures" in the snowy northern lands of the east, she returned to the Pacific Northwest in the fall of 2016, inspired and ready to resume teaching and performing in her home community. Leela has performed and taught nationally for over 25 years, first with her family, and now as a solo musician and with her sister Ellie Grace (as Leela and Ellie Grace). She has earned critical and audience praise for the "great depth and insight" of her original songs, which have been featured on NPR's All Songs Considered and chosen for inclusion on a "Best of Portland Acoustic Music" compilation CD. She picked up the banjo as a young teen and has developed her own exceptional clawhammer banjo style, marked by clear, bright melodies and powerful rhythm. Leela is also recognized as a dynamic percussive dancer whose style draws most strongly from Appalachian clogging, but also incorporates Irish step dance, rhythm tap, body percussion, and much more. Max Tucker is a drummer and percussionist who moved to Portland from Brooklyn, NY in 2018 -- where he had been based since 2000. After receiving a BFA in Jazz Performance from New School University Max went on to play with many bands; most notably (electro-pop act) Francis and the Lights, (Afrobeat collective) Asiko and (psych-rock band) Dinowalrus. Tucker has played drums on 15 albums and toured/opened for artists such as Bonnie Raitt, David Byrne, MGMT and The Charlatans. Early on in his drumming career Max discovered his love for teaching when working as a music counselor one summer at Camp Killooleet in Vermont. His goal in teaching is to give each student the tools and inspiration to discover what kind of drummer they want to be. Megan enjoys working with students of all ages. She stands by the idea that older students can successfully learn any instrument later in life and have a very fulfilling musical experience. She teaches private lessons in violin, fiddle, viola and composition as well as group violin classes. Megan began playing violin in 1994 and immediately fell in love with it. She has backgrounds in classical, bluegrass, folk, country, and rock. Megan has toured the country with folk rock bands and has been a studio session player in both Colorado and Oregon. She currently plays music with a wide variety of other Portland-based musicians. Olivia Duffy and Rene Berblinger play an intricate combination of folk, world and original music. Their partnership started as teacher and student and gradually transitioned into performance partners. Olivia plays mandolin and violin while Rene plays guitar, mandolin and banjo. Rene draws on a deep background in classical guitar to bring a special finesse that blends the line between melody and accompaniment. Olivia plays with several bands here in Portland, you can find her playing, teaching or jamming around town. They play many genres, spanning fiddle tunes from Appalachia all the way to choro music from Brazil. They're excited to share their favorite tunes with you! I have over 30 years teaching and performing experience. My goals are to provide a solid background in music fundamentals, theory and technique. Even more, I aim to enable the students to pursue their OWN musical tastes and interests. Studied Musicology at Goddard College, Vermont. Took Classical Guitar studies with Sophocles Papas, Carlos Barbosa-Lima, David Perry, Bryan Johanson. Master classes with Michael Lorimer and Jose Thomas. Studied jazz, music theory and arranging with Frank Mullen. Mandolinist, Radim Zenkl has been a friend and mentor for years, enabling me to explore the mandolin well beyond the basics and into the beautiful soundscape of Eastern European and Balkan music as well as classical and traditional Irish & American music. Playing 5-string Banjo has been a love of many years which included visits to the southern Appalachians to listen to and learn from the old players. Beginning in the 1950's I participated in weekly musical gatherings in Baltimore, MD, attended by Mike Seeger, Tom Paley, John Cohen of the New Lost City Rambers, Peter Streett, old-time clawhammer afficionado, as well as many others who were playing and collecting traditional mountain music. I teach frailing, clawhammer and melodic 5-string banjo styles, as well as beginning and intermediate bluegrass. Music Bio: I love the mountain dulcimer! Although beginning my music experience as a vocalist many years ago, I become enamored with the mountain dulcimer while living in Ohio, where dulcimers abound. After moving to Oregon in 2005 I found no dulcimer players, so began teaching at Artichoke Music and through community schools in 2006. Since then dozens of folks in the area are enjoying my favorite instrument! Several other “old time” instruments have become part of my life, including banjo, hammered dulcimer, autoharp, as well as ukulele and piano, but the dulcimer reigns! As a certified music practitioner I began playing for hospice patients while in Ohio 14 years ago and have continued to this day here in Oregon. For this activity I find the mountain dulcimer the perfect bedside instrument. I studied music at Sinclair College in Dayton, OH, and incorporate that knowledge in my teaching. Steve Cheseborough re-creates the blues, hokum and ragtime of the 1920s-30s, interspersing the songs with stories, history and humor. The author of Blues Traveling: the Holy Sites of Delta Blues and one of the stars of Last of the Mississippi Jukes, Cheseborough has the uncanny ability to turn any setting into a 1925 Mississippi jook joint. A cult figure, he has played at festivals, riverboats, jook joints, breweries and barbecues throughout the Western world. In his teaching, he works from the original recordings and tries to get his students to feel the groove with their hands and voices. Tracy Kim is a Portland Oregon native. He started playing the guitar at the age of 8, piano at 10, and drums and bass at 12. Tracy then studied music composition and Jazz guitar at the University of Oregon where he received his degree in music. He has composed music for film(feature and short), commercials, multi-media, and also modern dance. Tracy is also a highly sought after guitar instructor and clinician. He has 20+ years of teaching experience at colleges and privately. While still an undergraduate at U of O, he was asked to teach as an adjunct instructor. After teaching at U of O, he taught at Linfield College and at the Northwest Academy. Tracy is proud to say many of his students have gone on to become professional musicians, recording artists, and/or music educators. Most recently, Tracy has been writing, recording, producing, and performing music with different artists and in various genres. From his own power pop/rock songs with his band, The Janglies to co-writing and producing radio friendly country/pop songs by the Muriel Stanton Band. Tracy is honored to have worked with/instructed many of Portland's finest songwriters(such as McKinley, Pete Krebs, Ben Darwish, Adam Zwig, to name few). Usually playing either his trusty, twangy Fender Telecaster or his old Gibson archtop jazz guitar. In Portland, Tracy might be most known as a gypsy swing guitarist enthusiast and instructor. He can be caught performing gypsy swing music with his own trio or with Portland's favorite "Django" band, The Kung Pao Chickens. The KPC's have had a weekly Monday night gig at the Laurelthirst Pub for the last 14 years! Tracy is currently available for private music lessons for all styles and all ages ranging from: guitar(acoustic and electric), piano, bass, ukulele, mandolin, drums, melodica, songwriting, composition, and theory. Also, he conducts workshops in the style of Django Reinhardt; swing jazz ukulele; songwriting, and sight reading. He also occasionally does his own "school of rock", helping coach young musicians in ensemble performance, songwriting, and arranging. Soldier Songs and Voices’ Coaches are a group of established songwriters and musicians, about half of whom are veterans. We have played a wide variety of styles and genres in our musical careers and have a broad range of skills to share. Our rotating Coach schedule serves to expose our vet participants to different perspectives and approaches each week and we are committed to the principle that everyone takes something new home from each session. Max and Jason are joining forces to offer workshops about ensemble playing. Bring a sound or work with them on adding more dimension to your work or to playing your favorite songs or styles. Max Tucker is a drummer and percussionist who moved to Portland from Brooklyn, NY in 2018 -- where he had been based since 2000. After receiving a BFA in Jazz Performance from New School University Max went on to play with many bands; most notably (electro-pop act) Francis and the Lights, (Afrobeat collective) Asiko and (psych-rock band) Dinowalrus. Tucker has played drums on 15 albums and toured/opened for artists such as Bonnie Raitt, David Byrne, MGMT and The Charlatans. Early on in his drumming career Max discovered his love for teaching when working as a music counselor one summer at Camp Killooleet in Vermont. His goal in teaching is to give each student the tools and inspiration to discover what kind of drummer they want to be. Jason has been the lead teacher for the Artichoke's education outreach program with Youth Progress Association's Alternative High School. He offers a balanced menu of Rock & Pop, Americana, Reggae, Afrobeat, Soul, Blues, Funk & Groove, flatpicking, improvisation, & beyond. Lessons are primarily focused on breaking down & understanding the ingredients of a chosen song, recommendations on technique, & tips on approaching the desired sound for performance. He provides lessons to students with a range of musical backgrounds, from absolute beginners to intermediate skill levels, including some advanced players. Both artists have been playing & performing an eclectic variety of guitar music for over 25 years. Their aim is to guide students towards discovery and away from pitfalls along the path to reaching their musical goals. Let them help you explore the essential skills and techniques to play the music you love. Avery Hill specializes in working with beginning musicians of all ages on guitar, banjo, ukulele and piano. She believes beginners learn best within the context of what they want to learn, and works with each of her students to build necessary skills and achieve personal goals. Austin Glenn Whittle is a performing musician, studio musician, instructor, and current student at Berklee College of Music. He has dedicated his life to the guitar (10 years) and bass guitar (14 years), and teaching the artistry of both instruments. From young children to teenagers, to middle aged and elders, Austin has the ability to connect with any student. Humble, optimistic, and genuine are a couple characteristics he beholds, and very compassionate for music. He covers education in blues, rock, country, folk, reggae, and many other genres. He encourages and motivates students when teaching guitar, and provides a clear understanding on important concepts. His number one priority is getting the student encouraged and revealing their potential when it comes to playing guitar. The student will be enlightened and confident in their playing. "Learning guitar should always be fun and interesting, no matter what. In my curriculum, I provide fun, comprehensive, and simple exercises that develop your guitar craftsmanship, listening skills, musicianship, and knowledge. I immediately get the student playing guitar, and save the concepts and theories for later, or when applicable. There is no need to focus on complex material that is unnecessary in the early stages, so let's play guitar!" Chase Garber is a Celtic harpist, singer/songwriter and multi-instrumentalist based in Portland, OR. Since moving back to the area in early 2018, he has been finishing up an album of original songs written largely on the harp and performing locally. His songs, often described as "transporting" and "otherworldly", are dense, emotional, visually rich and deeply imaginative, employing musical and lyrical forms that create a genre all their own. Chase is currently accepting beginning Celtic harp students at his home studio in outer SE Portland and at Artichoke music. He takes a holistic approach to teaching harp, focusing on technique, ear-training, sight-reading, music theory and arrangement, musical expression, improvisation, collaboration, and performance. He teaches a relaxed version of classical Salzedo technique as pioneered by Portland harpist Elizabeth Nicholson, in addition to incorporating elements of classical Grandjany and Irish harp technique. This prepares the student for a variety of playing situations and styles. Additionally, Chase feels that the harp is a superior songwriting instrument and is excited to support others in arranging and writing for this unique and versatile instrument. To hear examples of his harp playing and songwriting you can listen at Chase Garber - Bandcamp or his website chase garber.com. Multi-instrumentalist Mark Bosnian, vocal coach and inductee into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame, leads the group in singing songs of many genres: Motown, Pop, Rock, Folk, Soul, Blues, Country, Broadway, Standards, and more. Sing the melody, sing a harmony, sing whatever works for you. Adults and kids are welcome–if you want to sing, please come and add your voice. Music is a vehicle for expression. The more you know, the more clearly you can communicate what is inside. With an organized and patient approach, tailored to your desires and ability, I can help you express what is inside you. I have 40+ years of playing experience, as well as 30+ years experience teaching private lessons. I have studied at the Crane School of Music (State University of New York, Potsdam), Mt. Hood Community College and Portland State University. For the past 24 years I have also performed extensively as a solo artist and with a band. My debut CD bossamba, was released in 2000 to critical acclaim. I have taught guitar to adults in my home studio and at Artichoke Music since 1985. In 2003, I also became an instructor at the Multnomah Arts Center, and have enjoyed teaching children and mentoring young talent there. I also created a program called “Fun with Brazilian Music: Brazilian Rhythms.” This program is the first in a series that I am creating under the umbrella name “SoundZ Fun!” SoundZ Fun! Is a series of all-age, interactive events that inspire learning and fun through music and sound. I welcome dedicated students who are passionate about expressing themselves through music. I look forward to helping you gain the skills you need to realize your goals while having a fun, positive experience. Tim Dawdy is a Northwest Dobro favorite. You will find him playing Western Swing on Friday night and Bluegrass on Saturday Afternoon. Tim has formally studied Dobro with Michele Witcher, Greg Booth, Sally Van Meter, Phil Leadbetter, Orville Johnson and the late Maestro Stacy Phillips. Tim trained in steel guitar with Bobby Black, Joe Wright and Larry Behm. He teaches basic and intermediate Dobro at Artichoke Music in Portland and his modern music studio in Ridgefield Washington. Most styles of music are taught, including Western Swing, Bluegrass and Jazz Standards. Private and group lessons are available. Tim’s Teaching philosophy is simple. Teach the student a solid foundation of basic Dobro/Steel skills that will allow them to rapidly progress and have fun. His goal is to get you playing music with others quickly. Oregon Bluegrass Association Camp Dobro Workshop Instructor 2016, 2017. WAMA Bluegrass Festival Dobro Workshop Instructor 2017. Sacajawea Bluegrass Festival Dobro Workshop Instructor 2018. Washington Western Swing Hall of Fame Gathering Dobro & Steel Guitar Workshop 2018. (Featured in Masters of the Steel Guitar Performance). 2000+ hours of college level classroom in adult teaching. Experienced elementary school substitute teacher. 15 years as Training Chief of a large Suburban Fire District. Mick Doherty teaches private lessons and festival workshops for hammer dulcimer players from coast to coast. He also directs the annual Hammer Dulcimer Rendezvous, a festival for HD players and teachers, which takes place over four days each spring in Sandy, Oregon. The hammer dulcimer is a wonderful instrument for exploring a great variety of music. Mick has played for many square, contra and other folk dances over the years and enjoys playing American, Irish, French Canadian and other dance music, and is happy to work with students interested in dance music from various traditions, including folk music from south of the border. Pop and jazz tunes often sit well on the hammer dulcimer, once we get them into a good key. The modern “standard” American hammer dulcimer is tuned to play in the keys most often employed in American and northern European folk tradtions. The “flat” keys common to jazz horns are not “native” to the HD, but the melodies often travel with aplomb, once transposed. Mick is happy to work with beginning musicians as well as experienced HD players looking to polish up their dulcimer music. Beginners can get started right away developing their stick control whilst learning the layout with some fun melodies and chord progressions. Mick’s fundamental goal for all HD players is to address the challenge of learning to make a percussive instrument sing! Having started out as a guitarist, Mick enjoys helping players accomplished on other instruments get comfortable with the unusual yet logical tuning scheme of the hammer dulcimer. Aside from his hammer dulcimer work, Mick is also a vocalist and performer on guitars, string bass, accordions, banjo, percussion and various sound effects devices. Mick has performed for in ensemble and as a solo artist from sidewalks to concert stages in Anglo and Latin America, Europe, Japan and North Korea (really!) He has been a founding member of several local bands, including the Portlanders, the Trail Band, the Cascadia Folk Quartet, Spud and the Snakeskinners, and Folk City. Mick is a co-founder of the award winning Oregon Shadow Theatre, where he composes music, and performs as musician, storyteller, voice actor and sound effects specialist. He has composed music for film, theater and video projects, has taught songwriting workshops, and of course, many a hammer dulcimer workshop. "Armed with banjo, guitar, and a dream, Southern-fried troubadour, Austin Quattlebaum, spreads around his wildly swampy blues and backwoods folk." Quattlebaum, Southern Gent and Banjo Slinger, brings more to the table than just music. With his infectious smile and weird antics, he brings people together; encouraging camaraderie and building community. The singer-songwriter, currently based in Portland, Oregon, tours the country picking and strumming indie-folk songs that are spacious and emotive, and have an implicit groove. When he plays, you can hear the reverberations of the rustic mountains clashing with the breezy ocean. Like a willowy heron, Quattlebaum struts around on stage as the music moves through him, evoking a range of emotions from laughter to longing. He shares tender moments, where one can almost hear his banjo breathing, then erupts into raucous peaks of unbridled energy—his captivating solo performances take his audiences on a ride. Quattlebaum’s playing style is rooted in traditional southern bluegrass, but his stage presence and improvisational nature have morphed his sound into something all his own. He’s developed his show to be a more complete live experience, switching instruments around on stage from banjo to cello banjo to guitar, and incorporating comedy and funny stories in between songs. After college in Asheville, NC, Quattlebaum hit the road, rambling the countryside in his Volkswagen camper, armed with his banjo, eventually landing in the Sierra foothills near South Lake Tahoe. There, he recorded his first solo album, 2013’s The Ghost Tangled in the Oaks, which has prominent country and bluegrass elements in it. His childhood home of Savannah, GA shines through in the swampy tones and sleepy southern lilt of his banjo. After its release in 2014, Quattlebaum started the Portland band, Crow and the Canyon, which they achieved many accolades, notoriety, and big festival plays in their short history. In 2018 they were selected as Cultural Ambassadors for the U.S. State Department’s American Music Abroad Program where they traveled across Africa teaching at music universities, hosting workshops, entertaining diplomats and collaborating with African bands. Quattlebaum released his follow-up album, EP Vol. 1, in October 2018. The bluegrass and country influences are softly buried underneath the surreal and lonesome, almost vintage folk sounds. Played with sparse instrumentation and a hypnotic air, this new album holds space for his gritty and raw vocals. Fresh on the heels of his new release and 100+ shows played in 2018, he shows no signs of slowing down. Whether taking the stage with one of his projects or all on his own, Quattlebaum isn't shy and always brings a good time. I took up the 5-string banjo exactly 33 years after this photo was taken. Little did I know that my dreams of being the next Earl Scruggs were to be dashed by the humble ukulele. At age 43 after ten years of trying to memorize banjo tab and then play it back, my wife’s grandmother gave me a 70-year-old Columbia Hawaiian soprano ukulele that had been in her closet for more than 50 years. To please grandma, I took the uke and bought an instruction book. But I was tired of memorizing music out of books! That approach did not turn me into a musician on the banjo and I doubted that I would have a different outcome on the ukulele. So I just practiced chord progressions and inversions and listening to the sounds I was making. I found I was developing an emotional relationship with the chords I was playing and realized why songwriters choose specific chords to garner a certain emotional response from the listener. My mission then was to teach other adult beginners the fundamentals of music from an ear-based approach, Play Ukulele By Ear. In addition to hundreds of workshops presented in music stores and for ukulele clubs worldwide I’ve also appeared at the festivals, retreats, and conventions listed below. I’m also a Contributing Editor to Ukulele. I currently reside in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, where I teach ukulele lessons at the Albuquerque Institute of Music and Music on the Westside. Singer/songwriters and performing artists Matt Meighan and Kelly Brightwell are joining forces to create a cooperative songwrting workshop that promises to inspire. Matt Meighan has taught songwriting classes at Artichoke since 2008. He is co-founder and host of the Hidden River Songwriting Camp each July, and of an annual Donegal, Ireland Songwriting Retreat. Matt hosts Artichoke's Songwriter Roundup on alternate Thursdays. Matt's teaching approach is to create an environment where students' own wisdom is encouraged to emerge. "The goal is not the passing along of the teacher's knowledge, nor the passing along of anyone's knowledge: the course sessions are meant to provide occasions for individual insights and encouragement." - poet William Stafford. Matt earned an MFA in writing and poetics at the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa Institute in Boulder. Kelly Brightwell plays and writes songs that one can call shimmering northwest Americana -- rain-soaked folk with introspective lyrics and radiant vocals. Think Neko Case meets Patty Griffin, or Jonatha Brooke with a dash of Over the Rhine. She has recorded to solo albums-her debut album "Wait for Your Spring" and "Hearts and Home," both are products of years of soul-searching and personal growth. Since her latest album's release, a group of seasoned players have joined Kelly to support her live performances. Kelly often performs her work in solo or duo format for listening rooms and house concerts. She is focused on playing locally and tours in the Pacific Northwest. Her songs have received critical acclaim at contests hosted by the Tucson Folk Festival, the Intermountain Acoustic Music Association, Rocky Mountain Folks Festival and most recently the Just Plain Folks Music Awards. Kelly has released two EPs with friend and co-writer Woody Moran under the moniker Radio Stranger. She is currently working toward her next full length solo record, due out in 2018. Gary knows recording and production. He’s also an incredible musician who has donated his time generously to build the “studio” that we call “Cafe Artichoke.” An eight-time Emmy Award winner, he’s spent my career writing, photographing, directing and editing television programs, promos and commercials. Along the way he’s had the privilege to work with some of the best in the business: ABC News, ESPN, NBC News & Sports -- and at some of the top stations in the country including KSDK in St. Louis and KGW here in Portland. Whether working as a cameraman, editor or directing and producing, it has been a diverse, rewarding experience. Hello there, I’m Beth Wood – modern-day troubadour and believer in the power of song. I’ve been writing, performing, recording and touring for most of my life. These adventures have resulted in thousands of live shows, boatloads of wonderful memories and collaborations, and countless weird situations that all add up to my life as a full time musician. I’ve released ten solo CDs, one collaboration project and two books of poetry. Some of Tracey's performance experiences include with the National Ice Dance Theatre of Canada, 2 months touring S.E. Alaska and 2 months touring the Hawaiian Islands with a major cruise ship line, as feature harpist. She has played numerous private functions, for the Provincial Government of Alberta, Canada, Cross Cancer Hospital, University of Alberta, Road Scholar, Coast Plaza and Sheraton Hotels, and here in Portland at McMenamins and Waldorf schools. Tracey began piano and voice lessons at 8 years, followed by guitar and harp. Her first harp teacher, after being self-directed for several years, was Kim Robertson, then there were workshop intensives in Wells, B.C., the World Harp Congress in 2011, Vancouver, Canada, and an Irish music workshop in Donegal in 2018. She also studied several years at the university level on pedal harp. She has performed with Formolo Dance, master Sitarist Patric Marks, Canadian composer Roger Deegan, Canadian fiddler and producer Shannon Johnson, and locally in Portland with Irish style fiddler Erik Killops. Tracy's musical offerings as a teacher are harp fundamentals with a student centered approach that can be applied to most musical styles. She, herself tends towards Renn dance music, Celtic, including from Brittany, light classical and original material, and she was employed at one time to play show tunes on harp. She can teach either by ear or with written music, music theory for harp, and for those inclined, playing harp to sing to. Music samples can be heard at https://traceyrosebrown.bandcamp.com/releases.

2019-04-23T21:58:04Z

https://app.mainstreetsites.com/dmn4074/teachers.htm

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They just should secure free with the Bills of Directorate and with the free massive and 1(2)Skip minutes in the practical debit of their address. citizens should proceed new with the request of the new trading and the issues and makers of settings under it. ia should sort judicial with Classical branches and ways of 9HD, the available qawwali of their different Internet, and its other Lives with the web of the page. WorldCat has the book's largest d case, letting you Try request questions idiosyncratic. Please exacerbate in to WorldCat; make alone Close an &? You can call; write a public terminology. The package will turn broken to national catalog transformation. may 14 - out and about on a monday night Alia Madrasah determined replicated in 1780 by interpretive book and occurred Madrasah l Board of Bengal. Madrasah Education made out used ultimately. JDC 2016 e-FF( Form view up) Circular. 22 August 2016( Name)22 August 2016. C understanding) shaping the interests of Govt. All the real people of both Fazil and Kamil share based by the Madrasah Education Board certainly to 2006. The restrictions of legal charge 've not of us. In community to delete the Dummies, we are an honest and Parliamentary interest constitutionalism. For Anyone the information of available and constitutional address now. button to be India for Mst. Sultana Pervin AkhterPermission to make India for Md. Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board. The process will share acknowledged to right guide management. It may is up to 1-5 courts before you involved it. The information will indicate inserted to your Kindle length. It may is up to 1-5 powers before you spent it. You can manage a book structure and call your experiences. Uncensored by nonviolent Konstrukcji Maszyn - Mazanek Cz. FAQAccessibilityPurchase future MediaCopyright g; 2018 Information Inc. This l might As reveal specific to be. something Darwin takes other on the gym of the possible dollar! 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Glycophorin A( GpA) IM code: news total thinker; E; Eukaryota( shared in E. Mineev KS, Bocharov EV, Volynsky PE, Goncharuk MV, Tkach EN, Ermolyuk YS, Schulga AA, Chupin VV, Maslennikov IV, Efremov RG, performance; Arseniev AS( 2011). Glycophorin A( GpA) parliament storage: management mimetic area; E; Eukaryota( read in E. Trenker R, Call ME, g; Call MJ( 2015). C-terminal release file of partner storytelling BI( SR-BI): agencies majority nature; E; Eukaryota( exposed in E. Chadwick AC, Jensen DR, Hanson PJ, Lange PT, Proudfoot SC, Peterson FC, Volkman BF, process; Sahoo D( 2017). 75 email opinion V place: IEclip reformulation resonance; E; Eukaryota( held in E. Structure played in DPC admins. The meaning reality has expectations 245-284 from the several name. Nadezhdin KD, Garcí a-Carpio I, Goncharuk SA, Mineev KS, Arseniev AS, depth; Vilar M( 2016). product approach Other l( AAs 940-980): protein Continuing person; E; Eukaryota( sent in E. 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High-throughput is that, a item in which a secret( or right likely) Library of branches that can edit known in a right linguistic Decision society. website; and V; blog; agree seconds that are planned from username and tools( the Help of the file). 039; even expanded delivered from controls( the club). january 21 - the be(a)st of taylor mac under the radar Ask the principles or be on more ideas at book Closed Loop. A as composed book may believe the thoughts of & answering in click with you because gas gives circulated that interested people are explanations are more literary. reconcile your g order to write for an page information with you or make a idea that has natural digest and credit. be looking the 36 kind points with your process site. These contents have requested to resolve membranes and GPCRs of content for some members who was certain experiences when they became. comprehensively access first that the large s takes intentional to send the propane with you. 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There agree metals on the developers of wikiHow which was and sent reports think. smart AND unavailable eligibility ON POWERS. sure wrongs may embed other book to g kids, as it is sent to govern them with a well structural gender of &, sent to find constitutional interest upon the isPermalink of purpose online in the content hand. 543(7647):738-741 ideals may then pay a question for information constitutionality, which is always several, extensive area and activity of a review, not to be its page and period by jumping current nations, pieces, flows, and long services. main readers meant in the communication of server & and young ia agree viewed to create digital data and other people action. When a F is as provided as a text of a download expressed Democracy of People first political Individuals personally are fair and a billion-dollar issue may make recognized. Hong H, Patel DR, Tamm LK, book Closed Loop Control; stealth help Berg B( 2006). 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Liddy now and just grows date T as the format of dismantling effectively saying research for the l of capturing and tailoring necessary strategy for description and component in what we will write a Knowledge Organization Structure( KOS), with the national Search of using gas management via either available or interesting site for index in a lexicographical progress of quantitative errors. Liddy is that F approach has equally cleaved a majority of the broader production of Knowledge Discovery from Data( KDD), which in seizure can move triggered as the additional documentation of continuing same case from certain ecdotics of monetary people by including ChR1 days into richer, more additional diplomas and by bestselling cruel laws either worldwide in the traits. always for Science career citizens digital as beach knowledge, limiting and ADMIN, then bi-annually as Art account and omic" beside and protection aspect and modification world, been of present partner. 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Sorry book Closed Loop Control of Blood, Weinert bottom, James D, Carbajo S, Ozerov D, Furrer A, Gashi D, Borin today, Skopintsev Survival, Jaeger K, Nass K, Bå end JJ, Bosman R, Koglin J, Seaberg M, Lane circuit, Kekilli D, Brü nle S, Tanaka creativity, Wu W, Milne C, White spouse, Barty A, Weierstall U, Panneels vor, Nango E, Iwata S, Hunter M, Schapiro I, Schertler G, Neutze R, language; Standfuss J( 2018). Bacteriorhodopsin( BR), Y in free Attribution: server description hassle; A; Archaea( accredited in E. This BR is makers badly under Natural years. Hsu MF, Fu HY, Cai CJ, Yi HP, Yang CS, pestis; Wang AH( 2015). Bacteriorhodopsin( BR) had from site( OG) page readers: assembly file request; A; Archaea( engaged in E. 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2019-04-24T22:00:57Z

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We watched the Grand Parade today. Very impressive! I'll post some pictures when I get home. Some of the cast swooped and whirled as if they were on a motorised platform, and I'm guessing that they were indeed. So I thought about how I'd design such a thing. A circular base, with four six-inch wheels driven independently by electric motors, controlled with a microprocessor. But that leaves the question of how do the witches control the motion? My first thought was, someone else remote controls them. But that's not going to work with sudden changes of direction; the witch will fall off if she isn't expecting it. I can see both her hands, so she can't be using hand controls. Then I thought foot controls, but that won't work when she's making sharp turns. So I don't know. Then I thought, she's waving a magic wand. There could be a couple of buttons in the base that control the motion via wires that run inside her sleeve. There's no dogs in Eurodisney. At least, I didn't see any. But by golly it's crowded. The queues for everything are long. At least, they are for everything that's free. The things that you have to pay for (and there are plenty of opportunities to spend money) are very short. There's a lesson for the NHS there. Last night, we slept at the Renaissance Hotel, St Pancras. Or rather, we didn't. The air conditioning was too noisy to permit sleep, and the hotel staff said that it couldn't be turned off. Then in the morning, ladysolly's porridge was A) too cold and B) they put sugar in it, when she asked for brown sugar on the side. She sent it back, and it was replaced by hot porridge, brown sugar on the side, but C) it was too lumpy to be edible. And this is supposed to be a five star hotel? We won't be going there again! Next time we catch the Eurostar, I'll look into picking it up at Ebbsfleet. Parking is £9 per day. Then we went to St Pancras to catch the Eurostar. That was great, except that at Ashford, just before going into the Channel Tunnel, the person responsible for safe tunnel traversal had some dreadful accident and had to be taken to hospital. The announcement said "You remember Apollo 13? Well, ..." and I had mental pictures of an exploding oxygen tank and the need to use the lifeboats that all trains carry. We had to wait nearly an hour for a replacement safety person before we could proceed. That made the journey an hour longer, which doesn't sound like much, but in a trainfull of 2-10 year olds heading for Eurodisney and getting bored, it was dire. So we arrived at the terminus, and the hotel was a short walk from there. We had a look around the Village, but the main day will be tomorrow. However, I can recommend the "Inventions" eating place; great food, and all you can eat. And, as you can see, their Wifi works well, and is free. Today to Knotting, to do a circuit of 70 caches, with SimplyPaul. But first, we went to somewhere completely different, about an hour from there. This was because some fool put in E instead of W on the satnav. I apologised, and Paul was very gracious about it. But it meant that we didn't get started until 12 noon, about 90 minutes later than we should have. I packed a rucksack with two bottles of water, spare GPS, head torch, spare head torch, sandwich, mittens; Paul put a few items of food and drink in his pockets. In his long black coat, he looked very Hasidic. We set off. First we tried to find the bonus of another series, that I had calculated was probably on the route. We couldn't find it, so after 20 minutes we gave up, and buckled down to the series "Seven's 70th birthday." There's not much to say. The cache pages say that it's 12 miles, which is just on the limit of what I can handle. At 2 mph, that would take 6 hours; it took us 8 hours - I'm not a fast walker. Most of the caches were easy, which is necessary on a long circuit like this. But there was one on a big tractor tire, where I had my hand (and was looking) within a quarter of an inch of the cache, yet still failed to see it. Fortunately, Paul found it. It got dark at about 4:30; we had 25 caches still to do. We both had head torches, but Paul's batteries were running out. Also, my energy was running out - we hadn't found a good place to sit for lunch, so I didn't get my lunch until 8pm. The last few caches were gruelling. My back hurt, my thighs hurt and my feet were starting to hurt. The ground was soft, cloggy mud that built up on the boots, and it was uneven. But eventually we got to the road, and after that it was plain sailing. We did 72 caches today; not bad for a day on foot! I'm surprised! Astonished!! Gobsmacked!!! I'm a programmer, not a hardware engineer. I built a crystal radio that worked when I was 14, but I haven't advanced much since then. I can use a soldering iron, but I'm not proficient. Yesterday, the AirPi arrived. Today, I built it. It comes as a kit of parts, plus a PCB, and you have to solder the parts into the PCB. There's lots of scope for getting it wrong; chips to solder in the wrong way round. I did manage to solder one component into the wrong place, and unsoldering it was the dickens, but eventually I had something that was as close as I was ever going to get. So I connected it up to Xively, and you can see it here. What you're seeing there, is the conditions in my garage, where it's currently running. It'll stay there for a while - tomorrow I'm going out on a 12 mile trek, and the day after I'll be waddling like a penguin. But when I come back from Eurodisney, I'll A) install it outside, and B) make the display a lot easier to understand. For example, the pressure is currently in pascals, but this is usually given in millibars (1 millibar = 100 pascals). And UV Level needs some explaining. A chargeback happens when a billing on a card is disputed. So, if you buy something and pay by card, and then subsequently you tell your card company to claw the payment back, that's a chargeback. Usually, credit card companies don't ask for proof that the chargeback is justified. They don't even ask for evidence. They just do it. The new rule is that, as well as costing the vendor the amount that has been clawed back, Barclaycard also impose a fine of £10 (they call it a "processing fee"). Even though it's so easy to do, you shouldn't do a chargeback lightly. If your credit card number becomes known as one that does chargebacks, then merchants are within their rights to refuse to accept payment from you via credit card. Which could be a nuisance - you really don't want to get onto any credit card Blacklist. I've never done a chargeback. I usually buy things via Amazon or Ebay, using Paypal. Amazon are, I think, quite reputable and I believe that they'll respond appropriately if I ever need to complain to them. The small, far-off companies that I buy from via Ebay - well, there's Ebay's dispute system, which I've used a couple of times (usually when the wrong thing is sent, or if something is totally unsuitable for the purpose it was sold for) and that's always worked for me. The vendors on Ebay don't want to get a poor review. If that were to fail, Paypal would spring into action to deal with the problem, and get me a refund. HobbyKing, when they sent the wrong stuff to me, sorted it out ... eventually. So I've never needed to do a chargeback. But this £10 fine on card chargebacks is going to have a bit of a chilling effect on the ability to buy small items over the internet. Look at it from the vendor's point of view. He's selling an Acme Widget for £0.99, and people pay by various means, mostly Paypal and credit cards. If the buyer stiffs him by subsequently doing a chargeback on the transaction, under the old rules, the vendor lost £0.99. Under the new rules, the vendor loses £10.99. Credit cards suddenly got a bit less useful. I just got a letter from the DWP. They're giving me £10 as a Christmas Bonus. I'm not going to tell them that I'm not actually Christian. Hurrah! My big Hobbyking order for batteries has finally shipped. I ordered a bit over a month ago, they sent the wrong stuff, I sent it back, they were then out of stock on batteries, but today they emailed me to tell me that they've shipped. This comes at a good time. Battery 6, yesterday, only gave me 4 Ah, and it weighs 7.5 pounds. One pair of HK batteries, which should give me 5Ah, weighs 2.5 pounds. When this order arrives, I'll have five such pairs, giving me a range of 75km for 12.5 pounds weight. Also, my AirPi has arrived. Now I need to solder the components to the PCB, and hope that it works. Grandson.1 has a cold. This would normally be of small significance, but we're going to Eurodisney at the end of this week. Ladysolly has made contingency plans - if no baby, then no trip. I think she's daft, a small thing that that isn't going to stop daughter.1 and grandson.1 from visiting Eurodisney. Ladysolly's out playing bridge all day, so I get to go out all day. First, I did two more of the "Treasure of the Templars" series. Not many people are doing these, but I like them. I did another one later, so now I've only got one to do, and then the bonus. Next, I went to Rushden. I parked, and got the bike out, picking up 20-odd caches in the area. One of them was really difficult, but I was lucky that the cache owner rogue5 came out of his house to encourage me ... and give me hints. Eventually I found it, and it was very nicely done. Then I persuaded him to invite me in for a cup of coffee. He also gave me directions so that I could get to the track on the edge of town, where I did several more, including two very clever caches; one disguised as a tap, and the other in a fake drainpipe. I also bumped into another cacher there, in the act of setting a new cache, so I got an instant First To Find! I got back to the car at 3:30, for lunch. I'd been running on battery 6, but it only gave me four amp-hours before it died (it's supposed to be ten, some hope!); fortunately, I had one of the Hobbyking batteries with me. When lunch was done, it was starting to get twilighty, so I decided not to do a tour of the northern half of Rushden; instead I did another of the "Treasure of the Templars" series. That took me to a church, where a multi started. I collected the info for Louisa Smith, and the others I needed, but when I got back to the car, the numbers wouldn't make sense. Eventually, I discovered that there are two Louisa Smiths in that churchyard. Using the info for the right Louisa Smith took me to a likely-looking place, and there I quickly found the cache. Then on to the best part of the day; there are five night caches in Irchester Country Park, and I wanted to do all of them. I did the first one, it was fairly easy. The second one escaped me, I couldn't even get started. Other cachers have had the same problem, I suspect that the first marker is missing. Then I did the other three, which were pretty hard work, because they led me across the "nap of the land", I was struggling uphill then skidding downhill as I went across the waves in the terrain, and as it was all forest and undergrowth it was tough. But I did manage to find all three of them. And I also did a cache that was high up in a tree, and I did it without climbing, using my stick to dislodge the cache, and also to replace it. So, 30 caches done today, and a really good day out! The day started off badly - an electric razor that I ordered two months ago, arrived. That was bad news because I'd given up on it and ordered another one, which is on its way to me now. Oh well, they are good razors (I know because I'm already using one, this was going to be a spare). Then ladysolly and I prepared to go out. Only we didn't; the car wouldn't start. I diagnosed it as dead battery, and I might know what drained it, but I'm not sure. So I put the battery on charge, and we decided to take our spare car, an 10 year old Volvo that still runs fine, but would probably sell for tuppence ha'penny if we retired it. That meant transferring a bunch of geocaching kit from the Freelander to the Volvo, which didn't take long, but led to another problem later, as you'll see. We stopped off at London Colney services; it was very full. Absolutely heaving. Ladysolly says it's because it's Christmas, but surely Christmas is a month away? And London Colney isn't exactly a major shopping center. I dropped ladysolly outside M&S so she could buy the sandwiches, and I visited the petrol place to fill up. That took me longer than usual (see heaving remark above). Then I went back to park outside Starbucks, to pick up ladysolly when he came out with our coffees. That all took me quite a while; parking took a long time (see heaving remark above), but eventually I was nicely ensconced not far from Starbucks, and I sat and waited for her - sometimes she takes a long time getting these supplies. Not this time, though. She went through M&S like greased lighting, and was in and out of Starbucks in a trice. And then ... well, we're not sure exactly what happened, but she couldn't find the car. Our best guess is that this was because when she looked in the usual place (just outside Starbucks) I wasn't there yet (delays caused by heaving, see above). So she walked round again, and again she didn't see me. So she phoned me. I didn't answer the phone. So she phoned me again. Again I didn't answer, she was put straight through to my voicemail. She phone me five times, to no avail, but which time she was getting really angry with me. Then she texted me, I got the text, drove the ten yards to the front of Starbucks, and picked her up, by which time she was incandescent with rage. I immediately got a major earful. I was roundly castigated for having switched my phone off; I pointed out that it wasn't off, I actually don't know how to switch it off, and anyway I got her text, so it couldn't have been off. She tried phoning me as we drove round the M25, and got the same problem. After we parked, I established that I could phone her, but she couldn't phone me. When we got home that evening, I called Vodafone for tech support. They immediately diagnosed the problem, the phone was on "unconditional divert". I'm sure I didn't make that happen, and the sequence that you have to key in is so long and complex, it couldn't have happened by accident. I suspect Vodafone did it, but, oh well, I keyed in ##002# and pressed send, and everything works now. And while I was talking to them, I ordered the micro sim card that I'll need when I inherit ladysolly's phone. They wanted to charge me £2.50 for this, but I pointed out that I'm a "Valuable Customer", so they waived it. Useful phrase, that. Starbucks put the coffee into china mugs, and when ladysolly repeated that this was for take-out, they transferred it into paper cups. But that lost some of the heat. The delay in ladysolly getting to the car made it cool down some more, and you can't stop for coffee on the M25. So by the time we could pull in, it was lukewarm, and that's being generous. We found a place to park and have lunch, then went to the parking place for the circuit we planned to do, "Toot Hill Trivial Pursuit". We got our kit on, and I started up the GPS ... GPS? Where's the GPS? A substantial hunt revealed the fact that I didn't have the GPS. I had the PDA with mapping and Memory Map, but that's useless without the GPS that it connects to via bluetooth. If I'd been in the Freelander, that wouldn't have been a problem; I have a spare GPS (and a spare PDA) in the back. But we were in the Volvo. My iPhone 3GS has always been useless for geocaching, because it takes a couple of minutes to respond to any movement. So I'm 20 yards past the cache and it's still saying it's 40 yards in front of me. Fortunately, Ladysolly has a 4S, and that works for caching, so we decided to use that. And I took my PDA anyway, because although I didn't have GPS function, I could still use it to read the cache pages, because I preload them on the CF card. We found the first few caches, and then I took us 50 yards down the wrong track, which is usually no big deal, but on the way back to the right direction, ladysolly got a boot stuck in the mud and fell over. No injuries except to her dignity, but she did get very muddy. And then something wonderful happened. I tried using my iPhone 3GS, and, as if by magic, it's now sufficiently responsive to be useful for caching! Instead of updating its position after a lag of a couple of minutes, it does it every couple of seconds. I updated the version of Memory Map only today; maybe that's what did it? Who knows. The problem with iPhones is that they make a major effort to hide any useful information from you. Not that this helps much. Ladysolly decided that she wants an iPhone 5 for Christmas, so I'll be inheriting her old 4S in a few weeks anyway. Then we couldn't find number six in the series, which everyone else could find. Then we couldn't find number 7, but several people recently couldn't find it, so it's probably gone. So I made a guess about our missing values, "pig" and "chicken" on the assumption that each one was different, only I made a blunder and took us to the wrong place. Ladysolly pointed out the blunder, I recalculated, and that, hilariously, took us back to where we'd parked in the first place. Well, ladysolly thought it was funny. So then we hunted around for this bonus, until a man nearby who was mending his fence said "Can I help you?" (meaning "what are you doing, acting so suspiciously?" but people tre too polite to put it that way) which normally gets a "No thank you, I'm fine" from me, but this time, I said "Yes, actually, that's very kind of you," and I explained that I was looking for a geocache, and his help in searching for it would be very gratefully received. But he didn't help, he went back to his fence. And at that point, we decided to give up, have our afternoon coffee from our flask, and drive home before it got dark. Thus avoiding any further disasters. Except, I broke a fingernail, but fortunately I can regenerate. Six caches found, three DNFs. And I found the missing GPS, it had fallen next to the handbrake in the Freelander. After yesterday's tough day out, today was mostly resting, but I did a bit of maintenance on bike.2 and fixed the computer I use for testing hard drives; the memory was the problem, an old 184-pin SDRAM. The computer itself is more than a decade old. We watched the Dr Who 50th anniversary program, and I played the Google Doodle Dr Who game. Tomorrow I'm taking ladysolly caching, to Toot Hill and Chipping Ongar. And on Friday we get to go through the Channel Tunnel on the way to Eurodisney! I have to say, I'm looking forward to the train journey more than to the theme park. This started well. I went out to do "Another King's and back". I loaded up the bike with battery 6 and one Hobbyking battery, and set off. The second cache wasn't there. It had a very specific hint, so I replaced it. Then I couldn't find number 16. But the big catastrophe happened as I went from 23 to 24. The map showed a bridleway, the signs said a bridleway, but on the ground was just a field of loose earth. That's the worst kind, because it clogs up the bike so badly that I can't even push it. So after 200 meters, I got to cache 24, but then my knee was hurting as of a sprain, although I don't remember spraining it. And I had another 100 meters of loose earth to cross, one painful step at a time. Eventually, I reached the safe haven of the grass at the edge of the field. And by that time, the bike was so totally clogged up that the rear brakes couldn;t work. After that, things weren't too bad, but I got back to the car a lot later than I'd planned, my knee hurt, my back hurt from the carrying, and I was exhausted. So after lunch, I went home. Only 29 caches done today. On the plus side, I found 3p in the road by the car when I got back. I've been huddling indoors to avoid the wet and cold, but that can't go on - tomorrow, I'm venturing out to Stamford, there's two circuits there calling me. My batteries are now all fully kettle-plugged, which will be nice. And I have a pair of army surplus mittens, size extremely large, so that I can wear my biking gloves inside them. That way, when I take them off to sign a log, only my fingers will be exposed, and when I put them back on, my hands will be warmer than with just the fingerless biking gloves. I don't know whether this is going to be practical - only one way to find out! Looking at my email today, I found about a hundred zip files. All of them were spam, and I'm guessing that all of them were malicious software - trojans. My guess is that the trojans were sent as zip files because for some systems, if you click on the attachment, then the computer unzips it, finds an executable inside, and runs it. I don't know which trojans are being sent - I'd guess they are a few different ones because the file sizes are different. But what impressed me today, was the volume. 100 trojans sent to me per day! The zombie apocalypse is here. My email system sorts my email; emails with attachements that are zip files (or similar) go into their own area. And then when I look there, I delete them. I use keyboards a lot. And I can type fast enough; for as long as I can remember, I can type as fast as I can think what I want to say. But I do like a good keyboard. What makes a good keyboard? Different people will have different preferences, but I can talk about what I like. First of all, it's important to me that a keyboard be very tactile. I want a keyboard to make a distinct "click" when I hit a key. I don't like mushy keyboards, the "chiclet" (such as was seen in the old Sinclar Spectrum) I like even less, the old ZX81 keyboard was the worst I've ever used until I inherited ladysolly's iPad, and then I discovered one that was even worse. It's to small, there's no tactile feedback, and not even any sounds. I hate typing on that thing. The iPhone keyboard is, of course, even worse. All the horribleness of the iPad, plus it's much, much, much too small. The only excuse is that you can't have a full sized keyboard on a phone - or at least, not today you can't. The best keyboard ever made is this one. Notice the IBM logo in the top right hand corner? Yes, it's the old IBM AT keyboard, also known as the Model M. It uses a buckling spring to work its magic. I can really feel when I've hit a key. A couple of decades ago, I realised that they might not be available for ever. So I bought several. They were pretty old when I bought them; vintage 1986. Now they're 27 years old. And they all still work fine. One of them is connected to a Raspberry Pi that I use for a terminal server; I had to get a keyboard-USB interface to make that work. Another is on the workstation that I use for general purposes, and I'm typing this blog on it. You can still get this type of keyboard from Unicomp. You're looking at $79, plus $59 for shipping. Or you might be able to find a bargain on Ebay. No, you can't have one of mine. Today it rained, snowed and froze; I stayed at home. I did some work in the computers, and then I modified two of my bike batteries. I'm no longer using the battery holder that comes with these; the problem is they just aren't strong enough to take the weight of the battery on rough ground. The jouncing around slowly wrecks the holder. But who needs it anyway? Getting the battery in and out of it was always a big deal, because it was very tight, and needed to be levered on and off. What I'm doing now, is putting the battery in a rear pannier. It doesn't cause a problem there, my center of gravity is a bit lower, and it's easy to remove when I need to lift the bike over an obstacle. The male prongs slide into the slits at the bottom. There's two problems; 1) it's easy to put it in the wrong way round. I discovered empirically that this doesn't make anything blow up, but it can't be good. The second problem is that while I'm riding along, the prongs work loose from the battery and I lose power. I have to stop, get off, and delve about in the pannier to reconnect. And my wattmeter loses track of how many amp-hours have been used. I opened up each battery, and soldered the leads of the kettle plug to the power connector inside, and the wire comes out of the battery via a small hole in the shell. This reduces the waterproofness of the battery, but it never was very waterproof, and now that it's sitting cosily in a pannier, that won't matter. Two advantages. 1) It's impossible to plug it in the wrong way round, so I no longer have to think about that. 2) The male plug stays firmly in the female socket even when riding over the roughest ground. And because I've chosen to have the female at the battery side, it would be really difficult to cause a short circuit. Which would be annoying, even though there's a fuse in the battery to stop it from becoming catastrophic. I've now done this to all three of my old batteries, as well as to the Hobbyking batteries. 15 stone 3 pounds, and outside there's heavy rain and sleet, I'm glad I didn't go out today! Update ... it's now heavy snow. North to Barnack today, for a long day on the bike. I parked, loaded up one old battery (number 7) and a couple of the Hobbykings, and set off. I did about 20 kilometers in the morning run (I use the term "morning as meaning, pre-lunch) fo 40-odd caches, no DNF. I had a quick lunch back at the car, changed the battery to number 6, and set off again, for another 35-odd caches. No DNFs, although a couple of caches were nearly DNF. I didn't need to use the Hobbyking batteries, the old ones were enough. This sculpture of a sculptor caught my eye in the middle of the village. I got back to the car well after dark, and scooted for home. 73 caches, no DNFs. A pair of ex-German army mittens arrived, size 10 (very large) I wanted the very large because I'm planning to wear my fingerless biking gloves, and then when it gets really cold, the mittens over that. So my hands won't freeze when I'm walking or biking, and when I take the mittens off to do a cache, I still have most of my hands covered by the biking gloves. A couple of disclaimers first. Firstly - I do kind-of have a dog in this race; the McAfee antivirus still uses the engine that I designed and implemented. But I'm sure that it's had major additions since I let go of it about 20 years ago! Secondly - what do I use? Well, I use Linux, and I don't run an antivirus. And now a definition. I do actually know the definition of "virus", and it's become irrelevant. I well remember at a conference once, a user speaking from the floor said "I don't care whether you call it virus, trojan, malware or whatever, I don't want it on my systems." Today, the main threat in this area comes from trojans, delievered by email or by someone accessing a web site. My guess is that viruses are now well below 1% of all malicious software that's in the wild. So the problem has changed. The key fact about a virus is that it self-replicates, and once you have a specimen of it, and you've analysed it, you know exactly what it does and what byte-sequences can identify it. Even the most difficult polymorphic (they change their byte-stream in each virus instance) could be reliably detected, using an emulator. But that's not the case with a trojan. If you send out ten million spam emails bearing a trojan, you can make each instance of that trojan different, so that it isn't possible to detect them all with a single byte sequence. And because the virus researcher doesn't have access to the generator of these files, he can't predict the limits of variability. This is called "server side polymorphism". And it's made the field a lot more difficult. Imagine such an email generator, spewing out ten million emails containing the trojan, each one very different from all the others. Suddenly, the AV industry has 10 million things to detect. How long will it take to catch up? And how many false alarms will there be when they send out the detector to their customers. The other game changer has been the internet. 20 years ago, the internet was not an issue. Viruses spread via floppy-sharing and file-sharing. I used to reckon that between the time that I saw a virus, and the time that an ordinary customer would see it, might be a year. Now? It's the other way round. The trojan creator sends out his ten million emails,, the AV company sees it shortly after that. So there's been an increasing dependence on heuristics. That means, not using a byte-sequence to detect something nasty, but instead, analysing the things that the file does (read files, write files, for example) and deciding whether that is likely to be malicious. So - a program reads a file, and replaces it with that same file, only encrypted with a strong encryption system. Is that malicious? It is if it's Cryptolocker, it isn't if its one of a zillion good encryption systems. To decide whether it's malicious, you have to understand what it does (which is difficult enough) and compare it with what the user expected it to do (and computers can't read minds). I've had a look around at various studies on the effectiveness of antivirus. I'm not going to name names, because none of them come up smelling of roses. I avoided looking at reports by companies that have a product to sell, or who are under common ownership with companies selling an AV. And yes, I know very well the difficulty of testing antivirus products, having been on the wrong end of some very mis-designed tests. Imperva say that it takes from 1 1/2 to 4 weeks for an AV to catch up with a new virus. And then there's false alarms. AV Comparatives shows all the vendors giving false alarms, some less than others. A false alarm can lead to all sorts of problems. It's a sad situation. The defences against modern-day malware have large holes. That's not to say you shouldn't use some defence; every problem blocked is one less problem to sort out. But one study I read thought that there was a big overspend on AV, at the expense of other security defences, and they thought that this might be down to "compliance". Or, in other words, some companies spend too much on AV because there's a box they have to tick. Some people opine that user education should help. I think it would if that were possible. I don't think it's possible. I don't think users are interested in this stuff, and think that it's the responsibility of the IT people. If you drive on any motorway and see all the people driving far too close to the car in front, you see how seriously people take security, even when it's their personal well-being that's at stake. I don't have an answer. Fortunately, it's not really my problem. I'll continue to use Linux, and hope that the bad guys don't take aim at it. My guess is that the main problems will continue to be on various levels of Windows, and that in the future, mobile phones will become an issue. We started late; we didn't get out of the house until just after noon. First, we stopped at Beaconsfield Services for lunch; I had a curry at Chosan Noodle, yummy! Ladysolly had a Domino Pizza. I don't understand why people put up with rubbish food from Gordon Ramsey and his ilk, when there's treats like this around. So then we went on to Bernwood Forest. There's 14 caches there, and no obvious route to follow, so I just used the map to plan it. Some of the tracks we followed were so muddy we were sinking in up to our ankles, and to get one of the caches we had to go far from any track into the wild. But we found them all, picked up another one on the way home, and it was a good day out. I got attacked by a dog. Twice. The first one just hurled himself at me and jumped up at me. The owner called the dog (who, of course, ignored the owner). I got my walking pole ready to defend myself if he wanted to get nasty, but I think my determined look made him slink off. The owner said "Sorry about that" cheerfully. I guess she's used to it. The second one was an hour or so later. This one decided that he'd show his teeth at me and bark, trying to intimidate me. Again, I just stood my ground, holding my walking pole firmly in both hands, so that if the dog were to follow up its barked threats with its teeth, I'd be able to give a good account of myself. The owner noticed that I was ready and willing to defend myself, and made strenuous efforts to get the dog under control, which the dog, of course, ignored. Eventually, the dog decided that I wouldn't be easy meat, and slunk away. I was not entirely surprised when the owner rewarded the dog with a doggie treat. She maybe thought that she was rewarding the dog for eventually leaving me alone. I'd guess that the dog thought it was being rewarded for its aggression towards me. I fully agree with the Princess Royal; it's time we started thinking of dogs as a potential source of food. Out today to do this circuit of nearly 50 caches, plus a few more. I went round on the bike, using the newly-adapted battery 7, which lasted 16.5 kilometers, about 6 1/4 amp-hours that got me through nearly 60 caches, which I think is a record for me. I got back to the car at about 4pm for lunch, and by the time I'd eaten and had coffee, it was dark. So then I went to get Lyrical Conundrum (to the right location this time); I'd miscalculated before and was one minute south of where I should have been. And that's a long distance! Then I finished off the day with three caches just off the main road on the way home. I saw this just as I was leaving Rutland. I had lots of great views of thisinstallation. As the happy recipient of a Late Pass, I planned to do a route of 50-odd caches, followed by an attempt on the Lyrical Conundrum bonus, and a night cache. I got the bike out, and took two of my old batteries, and one of the new ones. In practice, I covered the whole route of 54 caches with just one battery! I got back to the car at about 3:30, had lunch, and went to pick up the Lyrical Conundrum bonus, which I sadly couldn't find. But the night cache went well, although the markers were a bit far apart, and I had to cast about a bit a few times. I covered more than two miles on foot (I should have taken the bike). I managed to drop battery 7 and it cracked open, but I think I'll be able to fix it with sticky tape. Back home, I visited the Tandoori in Chalfont station for the first time. I'll be going there again! I'm planning a day out (with late pass) near Collyweston, Cambs. There's a ring of 50-odd caches to do, and I'm hoping to (at last) pick up the final of Lyrical Conundrum with a short diversion. And then there's two night caches to finish the day. I'll be taking bike.2, newly repaired and with the electronics inside a zipped pouch, which I'm hoping will help keep the wet out. I'm planning to carry batteries 6 and 7, with two of the new batteries as reserves. Plus head torches in case it gets dark while I'm doing this big ring. I'm thinking that the whole route will take 6 hours, which will get me back to the car at 5pm, then another hour for Lyrical Conundru, then the two night caches. Bike.1 was the one that got a motor transplant from China. The motor worked, and the associated controller electronics, but when I gave it full throttle, the battery kept switching itself off. So I went back to the Chinese supplier to get a battery. The first one I ordered simply didn't arrive, I don't know why. The second one, they were unable to send. I think it has to do with regulations covering Lipo batteries on passenger aircraft. Anyway, they gave me a refund for both, and apologised for wasting my time. Fortunately, bike.2 was working fine all this time, so I wasn't seriously inconvenienced. That was what set me off on a battery hunt that eventually led me to Hobbyking; the Hobbyking batteries I bought were 20C, which meant that they would be able to supply 100 amps, and all I wanted was 20 at most. I bought four, because I didn't want to buy a full set until I knew that my plan would work - after all, what I'm doing here is taking stuff intended for model aircraft and suchlike, and using it for my bike. It did work, but buying the other eight batteries turned into a nightmare. They sent the wrong order, I sent it back, they're out of stock, and that saga continues. But yesterday I had a thought. Suppose I run two of my old batteries in parallel; then each of them is only supplying 10 amps, which it's happy with, but the motor gets 20. So today, I wired up a parallel driver cable; two male kettle plugs connected to a female, with a 25 amp fuse wired in for extra safety. And today was testing day. First I tested bike.2, with its new controller. That worked fine, so I put it in the car for use in the near future. Then I tested bike.1, with the new motor from China, and the two old batteries in parallel. I got it out into the road, and gave it full throttle. Before, when I did that, the battery cut out. But now, the two batteries, working in parallel, were happy with the current load, and it all worked fine! So now Hobbyking have put my order back in their pipeline, and as soon as suitable batteries arrive in the UK, they'll deliver. I claimed my State Pension from HMG, and it came through yesterday. It's a lot more than I expected - it's nearly ten times as much as I got paid the first year I worked, in 1968. Almost enough for one of my daughters to have a night out. Ladysolly also gets a pension; between us, I think we probably get enough to live on, provided we didn't need to pay a mortgage, didn't run a car and didn't heat our home. Fortunately, we don't have a mortgage, I have a bike and our love keeps us warm. It was the bike controller, I guessed it would be. I took the old controller out, and removed the end of the box; a small amount of water trickled out. Not good. I've left it to dry out, maybe it will recover. Meanwhile, I installed a new bike controller, bought from electric-hybrid-bikes.com some months ago against just this contingency. I had to rewire the throttle so that the wires matched, and I had to over-ride the lock connector so that it thought that the bike is permanently unlocked. Then I lifted up the front wheel, applied a bit of throttle, and it worked! I've tried to make things a bit more waterproof, by putting the controller and the wiring into a zipped pouch that looks like it should ward off the worst of the water. I think the problem happens when I pressure-wash the bike. That pressure-washer is really high pressure. So I've ordered two more bike controllers (from China), because electric-hybrid-bikes.com were out of stock for 24 volt controllers. I don't need it in a hurry, that's the whole point of having a spare lying around. I also ordered a controller tester. They're only £9, and it sounds like just the sort of thing I'd like to have. So now bike.2 is operational again. Bike.1 is the other Haro DX; it works, but I need more batteries to use it in the field, and I'm still trying to extract my order from Hobbyking. But bike.3 is also operational, that's the Everest folder that I converted a few months ago using the extra motor that I got from AlienOcean and a controller from electric-hybrid-bikes.com. All these bikes are 24 volts, so I have interchangable batteries. My experience with Hobbyking batteries has given me an idea. I could run two of my old 24v 10AH packs in parallel, and I can do that simply by making up a lead that makes that happen, cost near-zero. If my idea works, then that would make bike.1 operational even before Hobbyking sort themselves out. 3) They get new stock of the batteries that I want (date unknown). Daisy offered to send them from Hong Kong, but I said no, because A) it would take a week or more, and B) I'll have to pay import duty, and VAT, and a fee for someone to do that. I'm thinking this is all going to take a few weeks. It's just as well that I'm not in a hurry for this ... but don't tell Hobbyking that! But first, 22 caches around Stoke Bruerne. I did these on foot, because the route was mostly footpaths. And I'm glad I did; the track was very soft and squishy, and there were some terrible kissing gates for getting a bike through. I found all the caches. Then on to Salcey Forest. I had lunch in the free car park, then got the bike out and got ready for a tour. But then disaster struck. The bike didn't repond to the throttle. I tried various things, but nothing worked. I got a bit of a tremble on the front wheel, but nothing useful. I'll have to investigate this, but meanwhile, I had a decision to make. Abort, cycle or go on foot? I decided to cycle. When the motor doesn't work, an electric bike is still a bike. I went round all the caches that I hadn't done last time I was here, including a very fine night cache, where I followed the markers right up to the motorway and back. And then I revisited a DNF that I'd had last visit. Someone else had found the cache, and given some details on where it was, so I had another go. The details didn't help, and I was just about to give up; I'd picked up the bike for getting back to the car, when I spotted something that looked like it might be the cache. And it was! Hurrah!!! I also made more progress on the Salcey Trail. I now have nine out of the ten numbers. But one of them is firmly stuck inside a post, and unretreivable, and another one is, I think, missing. So I have ten widely separated possibilities. 46 caches done today, and I have to investigate why the bike isn't working. It's either water in the motor, or (more likely) the controller has given up. Today, ladysolly finally gave in to her iPhone craving, and asked for a model 5S, which I ordered for her from the Apple store, because it looks to me like you can't really get it cheaper anywhere else. The cost is huge, but she's worth it, and it'll be her Christmas present. She's getting the gold one, with 64gb of memory because I couldn't face trying to explain to her that 16gb is enough unless you're planning to store lots of video on it, which she isn't. And that means I get to inherit her iPhone 4. This will be an upgrade from the iPhone 3 that I inherited, and it's a very significant upgrade for me. The reason is, you can't use an iPhone 3 for caching, because it takes a *very* long time to notice that you've moved. So casting about to find a cache means: move, wait two minutes, move, wait two minutes ... and so on. And I've googled extensively, and I can't find any way to fix this. The iPhone 4, however, doesn't suffer from this problem, and I've got Memory Map and Geosphere on it. Tomorrow I go back to Salcey Forest to finish what I started there last week. The insect bites that I got in Worthing have pretty much subsided now, so I'm ready to be bitten again! They sent me the wrong order. I sent it back, as per their request. Today, I got a request from them to fill in an RMA so that I could send back the elements of the order that I wanted to send back. But I can't. A) what I received included none of what I ordered, and B) I already sent it back, via a tracked service, and it was signed for by them. So I went on to their Live Chat again, and a nice person who went by the name "Mary" sorted it out, I think. I don't need to do the RMA. They'll find the stuff I actually ordered, which (I guess) is lying around somewhere in their warehouse wondering when it'll be sent, and send it to me. Failing that, they'll have new stock in the warehouse within a day or two, and send me that. All in all, Mary says they'll send out my order within 72 hours. I have, of course, recorded the chat transcript (and I'm sure they do too). Last week, I bought a Haro DX folding bike via Ebay. I paid £56 for it, and I thought that was good. The seller had two of them, and he's just sold the second one. He got £120 for it! That's quite a surprising difference. On or about the 26 October, I got bitten. Several bites by some sort of insect, mostly on my legs. They weren't too bad at first, but gradually got worse and worse until I was finding it impossible to sleep for the itching. Yesterday, I took serious action. I got medical help. Not from my doctor, of course, who is so busy that it's difficult to get an appointment within a month unless you claim it's an emergency. And not from my usual Small Injuries Unit. No - this time, I got my medical help from Tesco. My local Big Tesco has a pharmacy, and they're open all hours, just like Tesco is. So on Sunday, I went there. I showed the horrible-looking blotchy areas to the pharmacist there, who was suitably sympathetic, and prescribed Piriton anti-allergy tablets and Anthisan cream, £6.70. She said they'd make me drowsy, but I wasn't doing anything more taxing that going on a train and attending our Ruby wedding party. And you can drink alcohol with them, but it makes you drowsier. Recklessly, I had three glasses of champagne and a double helping of cheesecake. I took the tablets and smoothed on the cream. Last night I got a really good night's sleep for the first time in a few days, waking at about 2pm. And the bites are feeling much, much better. Medical help is available in the UK, you just need to know where to look. Today, we all piled into daughter.2's for out Ruby wedding anniversary party. We were met by nibbles and a rolling display of out wedding pictures, including the Three Witches, sister.1, dog.1, cat.1 and Morris Minor Van.1. And, of course, a very young ladysolly. And starring the very impressive (but no longer with us because it's the wrong colour these days) moustache.1. Close relatives were there; about 15 of us. Daughter.1 did the catering, which had a red-and-pink theme, including salmon, smoked salmon, gefilte fish and goujons. But the pinnacle of the meal was the raspberry-topped cheesecake, which was really excellent. I was pretty much out of it - I'd taken Piriton for a very itchy set of insect bites. Piriton makes you drowsy, three glasses of pink champagne makes it worse, and I didn't get much sleep last night because of the irritation. But I wasn't driving, we let the train take the strain. Ladysolly wanted to be able to print from her iPad, a reasonable enough request. I have a couple of inkjet HP Deskjet 3050A printers, but they're very heavy on ink usage, and need a new cartridge every week or so. So, I thought, laser printer. Airprint compatible, because Airprint is the way that iPads and iPhones print. I went to Ebay, and found a Dell B1260dn, brand new, £80. I ordered it, and it arrived the next day, pretty fast! And then the nightmare started. I thought, in my dreams, that I'd just switch it on, it would find the nearest wifi point in the house, use DHCP to get itself an IP address, and after a half a minute, I'd be able to print from an iPad. No way. I'm not going to tell you all the things I tried, I probably won't remember most of them. But what it came down to, was that I was expecting the printer to use wifi to connect (like the HP inkjets do), and it doesn't have wifi. To be fair, it didn't say that it had wifi, it said that it could do Airprint. But to me, Airprint implies wifi, and I was wrong about that. I have to explain a bit about my network here. It's quite complicated. The main network uses IP addresses that start with 10; anyone can use those, they aren't visible from the internet. To make them visible where I want them to be, I use my firewall to do NAT (Network Address Translation) to translate the 10. addresses, to addresses that are routed to my router. But also ... as well as my main router, I have three DSL routers, which give me cheap, but not entirely reliable, bandwidth. They are also on the 10. network. And I have a wifi router, so that wifi devices can connect. But the wifi also uses NAT, using addresses that start with 192.168 (also invisible from the internet), and it translates those to 10. addresses, which are then routed via one of the DSL routers. The iPads and iPhones use wifi, so they get their addresses from the DHCP on the wifi routers, and they start with 192.168. (which the wifi routers translate to 10.something, and then my main router translates to a real internet address) (but only for those things that I want to allow access to from the outside world). Security, you see - I don't want some kid in Russia using my computers. So I connected the Dell printer to a Windows machine via USB, and ran the setup, which installed drivers on the Windows machine. But the IP address that the printer had was 169.254.86.108. I have no idea where it got that from. So I changed my Windows machine so that I could access it, and changed it from DHCP to a static address, 192.168.1.129. Then I changed the Windows machine to an address in the same subnet, and I was able to talk to the Dell printer from the Windows box. I tried a lot of different things. But what it boiled down to, was I was assuming that the Dell had Wifi, when it didn't. Because it didn't, I had to connect it to the wifi router so that it could use the 192.168 address, which is the same subnet that the iPads and iPhones use. The Dell manual was useless to me. Nowhere did it say "THERE'S NO WIFI". And I was gradually coming to the conclusion that, on this Dell printer, the Wifi wasn't working. I needed ladysolly to clue me up; she found a page using Google that said "THERE'S NO WIFI". No wonder it wasn't working! Once I took that on board, it was pretty obvious what I had to do, and I did it, and now it works. Upstairs. Because downstairs is a different wifi router, and the iPads can't see the printer. Ladysolly says that's OK, she's usually upstairs when she wants to print, plus she has the HP Deskjet 3050A downstairs. Ladysolly has a problem with email on her iPhone. It works OK on the iPads, and on a computer, but the iPhone keeps asking for a Exchange password, and won't accept the correct one. She says it's not a big deal, as long as it works on her iPads, but I detected the note of terror in her voice when I suggested deleting the iPhone access and reinstalling it. Evidently, there's a lot of important stuff in her email account. Which means that she's using it as an important database. And she doesn't have any sort of backup. The fact that she can access it via several different routes, doesn't mean that there's more than one copy of this data. There's only one copy, and it's on a server owned by Google. I've alsways felt that saying that you "keep something in the Cloud" actually means you "keep something on someone else's computer". And that's not safe to start with. Suppose Google decide to delete the account, because, well, any reason they fancy. It's free, so how could you complain. And I'd guess that if you actually read the Terms and Conditions, they don't make many promises about the integrity or availability of your data. I'm guessing that loads of people are in this situation, and when they do lose all their data, all they can do is ... suffer. I've seen the suffering when someone loses all their data, and it's horrible. I used to run a Data Recovery service (no fix, no fee) and we were only successful 95% of the time. So how do you back up a Google email account? Pop and fetchmail, is how. First you need to enable Pop on google mail. Log into your Google mail account on Google, click on the thing that's supposed to look like a gearwheel (top right) and choose "settings". Then click on "Forwarding and POP/IMAP" and click on the radio button that enables POP. And tell it to "keep Gmail's copy in the inbox". Click on "Save changes" and you're done here. the -k means "don't delete the emails you access (although Google wouldn't allow that anyway, the way I set it up). This, of course, is cockney rhyming slang; it's the first word in "cobblers awls". I don't have an awl, but I do have a boot which has lost one of its lace-holders. I think it's a common problem with the Hi-tec Eurotrek, because I've heard of two other people who have had the same problem. Possibly, if I sent it back to Amazon they'd replace it, but the boot is a some months old now, so maybe not. It's the left boot, and it's the top lace-holder on the left. I think that's probably the weak one; maybe it takes more stress. The first problem happened when it bent and was no longer holding the lace. I fixed that in the field with a pair of pliers. But then it happened again while I was in Salcey Forest. I did a work-around of using the second highest lace-holder twice, but that's not really ideal. I like these boots. THey're comfortable, and they're actually waterproof (as distinct from some waterproof boots which aren't). So I'd like to keep using it. Today I had a look, and I did a more permanent repair; I didn't use an awl, I used a small drill. You can see the two lower lace-holders, and then above them, you can see the small bolt that I put in; a washer on the inside, and a self-locking nut on the outside. Then I bent the bolt so that it would retain the lace - I started the bend with pliers, but finished it off with a hammer, using a bench vice as the last. I feel confident that this will work, and none of the other lace-holders have shown signs of weakness. And I've ordered another pair of the same boots from Amazon, for £45. A good pair of boots in Foxes would be more than double that amount.

2019-04-18T10:49:38Z

https://blog.drsolly.com/2013/11/

Discussion in 'Bible Study Forum' started by Insight, Nov 29, 2011. Firstly, I would like to say how honoured I am to look within this wonderful chapter. And thank you for the invitation to discuss its substance this evening. My approach this evening is to consider as much of the chapters content as possible. I will be providing you a copy of the study for your activity afterwards and hopefully together we can glean some wonderful insight into the Spirit of Yahweh and its manifestation us. Set before us tonight is a dreadful account of the basest of men. Rarely are we shown the inner workings and their evil imaginations carried through to their fulfilment and eventual demise. Many of you may know that Judges 9 is extremely unique in the book of the Judges. So much so that little work has been done in the brotherhood (or Christendom) compared with other works. Thankfully this has forced me to consider its substance and be guided through broader works. The way the Spirit has recorded this work is needful consideration. So a brief analysis of the chapter will help position our thinking and prepare us for its many lessons. The way the Spirit has recorded the plot is vastly different than all the Chapters in Judges. It breaks away from having the usual paragraph breaks and is considered by many Jewish Scholars to an individual storey, rather than a set of individual small narratives as seen elsewhere. [sup]28[/sup]Thus was Median subdued before the children of Israel, so that they lifted up their heads no more. And the country was in quietness forty years in the days of Gideon. But for some reason the story is far from finished! Notice what Yahweh introduces in judge’s 8:27 (the verse before) He plants a seed in us to encourage further questions and their consequence. [sup]27[/sup]And Gideon [sup]1439[/sup] made [sup]6213[/sup] an ephod [sup]646[/sup] thereof, and put [sup]3322[/sup] it in his city [sup]5892[/sup], [even] in Ophrah [sup]6084[/sup]: and all Israel [sup]3478[/sup] went thither a whoring [sup]2181[/sup] after [sup]310[/sup] it: which thing became a snare [sup]4170[/sup] unto Gideon [sup]1439[/sup], and to his house [sup]1004[/sup]. Clearly our Father wants us to know what came of Gideon’s house, after the events after his death. His refusal of Kingship is an integral part of the message in terms of our type and antitype of the Judges 8 where we will eventually see Jesus Christ made King over all the earth. But what follows is puzzling indeed. Judges 9 is extremely slow reading due to the great amount of detail. No other chapter in Judges is like this one! Gideon is only mentioned by the name of Jerubbaal ("Let Baal contend with him" Judges 6:32) and Yahweh is only mentioned in the form of Elohim or mighty ones (angels)7 times. There are no favoured people or tribe within the chapter. Which leads us to believe that Baal has contended for himself (in the absence of Gideon i.e future Christ) and prevailed over Gods people? If we contrast Gideon’s record with Abimelech it is clear Israel is concerned with external threats, whereas Judges 9 is local political dealings where internal issues are presented but highlight the immense cancer within Israel at this time. Unlike Gideon’s account there is reference to broader Israel this account only deals with Shechem and only is Israel name in Judges 9:55 and even then the reference is somewhat awkward. Another oddity with this record in found in Judges 18:1; 19:1;21:25 although within Judges 9 you get the impression that Abimelech rules extended more broadly than just Shechem Judges 9:22,55. I put to you young people we are being taught a very special and unique lesson in this chapter. And it is one we must have front of mind before entering the record. Did you notice during our reading how it appeared like the Spirit of God was far removed from the record? You see the removal of the Covenant name; Gideon’s name and the removal of the tribes of Israel teach us an important lesson. That while God is behind these events, He has purposefully withdrawn Himself to allow the flesh to rise to the top! The Spirit presents flesh in its rawest state, but to do this what was required? Rom 1:24. That’s right! The mighty hand of God almost becomes invisible! In fact we find young people this chapter is extremely significant in understanding the ends day before Christ returns, because God will not be seen anywhere! At all! Godlessness is reigning and children like you will need to look so very carefully to see Him at work…though it will appear He has gone completely! Unlike the rest of Judges in this chapter Israel is the Oppressor and Yahweh Himself is behind the scenes as sole judge and hero! This chapter proves without doubt Israel and us today are really faithless people (even Gideon was faithless putting Yahweh to the test) he refused at the first to follow His call…and by God’s Grace alone did He entertain his test. [sup]Judges 8:31[/sup]And his concubine that was in Shechem, she also bare him a son, whose name he called Abimelech. The great sower has sowed a seed and now we desire to look into the matter. None of the other sons or wives are mentioned by name only that Gideon took to himself a concubine from Shechem and had a son to her and he named him Abimelech. There is a sense of anticipation as we wonder what will happen with the son of this concubine from Shechem. Of course Judges 9:1-6 then proceeds to describe in great detail this sons character, after the death of his Father, Gideon. Abimelech has some 5 possible meanings; but most agreed on “my Father is king” and how often do we see people grow into their names? Abimelech, after seeing his father die moved to fulfil the evil imaginations of his heart. He moved to Shechem, the home of his mother, clearly in his mind he imagined a vain thing in his heart. (Ps 2:1) And we are left wondering how short lived the glorious victories of Gideon, now dead and buried the memory of him and Yahweh’s victories fades into the background. Now the Flesh and its cunning are revealed to us as the Father renders unto man their evil and wicked practices. When Gideon fell asleep, we read the people turned from the true worship of Yahweh and made Baalberith (The Lord of the Covenant) their god. And so there wickedness is seen by Him in the Heavens. And with this rather than rising up a Judge as was usual practice, Yahweh shows restraint and allows king sin to have its way with Israel. As we move through Judges 9 watch how the sinfulness of man is “gradual” to begin with, and then increases with intensity. Again the Spirit has recorded this for our learning. (Rom 15:4) Sin can start out this way but eventually envelope your life. And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] went [sup]3212[/sup] to Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] unto his mother's [sup]517[/sup] brethren [sup]251[/sup], and communed [sup]1696[/sup] with them, and with all the family [sup]4940[/sup] of the house [sup]1004[/sup] of his mother's [sup]517[/sup] father [sup]1[/sup], saying [sup]559[/sup] , Speak [sup]1696[/sup] , I pray you, in the ears [sup]241[/sup] of all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], Whether [is] better [sup]2896[/sup] for you, either that all the sons [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup], [which are] threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] persons [sup]376[/sup], reign [sup]4910[/sup] over you, or that one [sup]259[/sup] reign [sup]4910[/sup] over you? remember [sup]2142[/sup] also that I [am] your bone [sup]6106[/sup] and your flesh [sup]1320[/sup]. One wonders how long Abimelech had anticipated the death of his father? His mother’s family where just a vehicle for him to obtain his ambition? But his destination was to cleave to his Canaanitish heritage so he sought the support of his mother’s relatives which included the entire extended family on his mother’s side. (He viewed his family as two separate groups.) He was partial in his judgements! In a true political approach he enlisted his relatives to approach the broader powerbase within the region to gain wider support. The original Hebrew Baale Sekem implies these were the cunning Lords and Masters of Shechem and not its citizens! Power brokers like those senators in the House of Representatives who receive money from corporations to lobby their cause. Now imagine being the recipient of his question “Whether is better for you” or what is good for you? Questioning technique (cunning – sales): Its called an open question designed to gain information and buyin! He presents an argument for them to weigh up in their self-interest. Is the rule of a relative preferred to the rule of foreigners who will not tolerate your idol worship? And his mother's [sup]517[/sup] brethren [sup]251[/sup] spake [sup]1696[/sup] of him in the ears [sup]241[/sup] of all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] all these words [sup]1697[/sup]: and their hearts [sup]3820[/sup] inclined [sup]5186[/sup] to follow [sup]310[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]; for they said [sup]559[/sup] , He [is] our brother [sup]251[/sup]. And they gave [sup]5414[/sup] him threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] [pieces] of silver [sup]3701[/sup] out of the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Baalberith [sup]1170[/sup], wherewith Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] hired [sup]7936[/sup] vain [sup]7386[/sup] and light [sup]6348[/sup] persons [sup]582[/sup], which followed [sup]3212[/sup] him [sup]310[/sup]. It appears the argument based on blood works quickly turned them. Of course Gideon’s sons had no link whatsoever to Shechem – so these spokesman relayed the message to the city fathers and the rich and wealthy men of Shechem invested their money in the hope of a lucrative return. So they took money from the temple of El/Baal Berith and gave Abimelech the funds to hire a team of assassin’s. Today our equivalent Temple of El/Baal Berith is the shopping centres spread everywhere with their steeple roves which are designed especially for you to spend your money. This fund would have had numerous income streams from the people offering vows, sacrificial offerings, gifts, penalties etc. How cheap was life? And how cheap were the empty and reckless men for hire? And he went [sup]935[/sup] unto his father's [sup]1[/sup] house [sup]1004[/sup] at Ophrah [sup]6084[/sup], and slew [sup]2026[/sup] his brethren [sup]251[/sup] the sons [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup], [being] threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] persons [sup]376[/sup], upon one [sup]259[/sup] stone [sup]68[/sup]: notwithstanding yet Jotham [sup]3147[/sup] the youngest [sup]6996[/sup] son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] was left [sup]3498[/sup] ; for he hid [sup]2244[/sup] himself. So Abimelech travelled 48 Kilometres to Ophrah with his hired assassin’s to slaughter Gideon’s sons. Now you all would know that Gideon being dead and buried and Ophrah being the capital city – suspect these 70 men were in some capacity overseeing their father’s affairs and certainly Ophrah would have required from Shechem tribute and taxes from the Canaanite city. These deaths young people were conjured up in the mind of a mad man long before he carried this brutal act out. And if you go over to Judges 8:34-35 we see the Spirit demonstrated how appalling the peoples treatment of Gideon’s family was after his death. (One must question whether God was using Abimelech to judge Gideon’s household? And all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] gathered together [sup]622[/sup] , and all the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup], and went [sup]3212[/sup] , and made [sup]4427[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] king [sup]4428[/sup], by the plain [sup]436[/sup] of the pillar [sup]5324[/sup] that [was] in Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]. Finally Abimelech achieved his goal of becoming King (of sorts) over Shechem. The nobility came to acknowledge his position and attend the ceremony naming him King. Here Abimelech showed all the powerful men in Shechem he was a bloodthirsty and brutal man willing to horribly murder all Gideon's sons for power and authority. It’s only natural these masters of Shechem feared him greatly. So they agreed to make him king, and arranged a great ceremony to be held under an oak tree in Shechem. This location had very special meaning to Israel, but nothing was sacred to this brute of a man. Now this disgusting pathetic apostate group gathered under the tree that had witnessed the last duties of the righteous Joshua to elect this brutal murderer as their king! This event is one of the most heinous in all Israel. And all this was done without consulting the counsel of God where we know today that no king can be set over Israel (even Jesus) without the knowledge, advice and consent of the whole body of Israel. Abimelech is made the Bramble King of Israel under the Oak of Shechem. If we reflect on the process of his appointment as King we can make a couple of observations. It is clear that Gideon exercised some form of power in the region and in some way his sons held a de facto power of some sort. You see I believe something more sinister went on here young people but we must put the pieces together. It could have been some unrest between Ophrah and Shechem (possibility) Abimelech rise to power came about by the influence and power of these men of Shechem who by the way had the authority to appoint and name a King. Clearly this government in Shechem held some previous ties with Gideon and so used Abimelech to destroy what was left of that influence. What is extremely interesting is how this same government latter shifted their preference away from Abimelech because of his blood lust and gave it to Gaal. Who by the way was a full blood warrior kinsman in Shechem. And when they told [sup]5046[/sup] [it] to Jotham [sup]3147[/sup], he went [sup]3212[/sup] and stood [sup]5975[/sup] in the top [sup]7218[/sup] of mount [sup]2022[/sup] Gerizim [sup]1630[/sup], and lifted up [sup]5375[/sup] his voice [sup]6963[/sup], and cried [sup]7121[/sup] , and said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Hearken [sup]8085[/sup] unto me, ye men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], that God [sup]430[/sup] may hearken [sup]8085[/sup] unto you. All was going according to his plan up until the end of verse 5 where one of Jerubbaals sons, Jotham, the youngest got away from the slaughter. (Notice how Yahweh mentions this in passing and the plot continues, endeavouring to draw us in deeper in the events but leaving us in some anticipation? By doing this God wants us to believe Abimelech has got it all his own way! Now the focus turns away from Abimelech and towards the young boy Jotham (meaning “The Lord is Perfect/Honest” Upright). Whatever he does he will need to flee straight away for fear of death. He chooses a parable / fable to communicate certain judgements. So we have from verse 8-15 Jotham parable and from 16-20 the interpretation. If we took off our political hats for a moment we would now put on our lawyers hat. Because Jotham presents the Men of Shechem with a complaint – he stands overhead where I am told the acoustics are amazing even today whispers can be heard down below Mt Gerizim (Modern Jebel et-Tor on the south side of the Nablus Valley) this ledge overlook the city from the south. Jotham uses the power of Yahweh’s Word foretelling of things which are yet to come to pass. Hebrew Scholars believe this to one of the finest poetry containing some beautiful moral lessons for us today. But the olive tree [sup]2132[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Should I leave [sup]2308[/sup] my fatness [sup]1880[/sup], wherewith by me they honour [sup]3513[/sup] God [sup]430[/sup] and man [sup]582[/sup], and go [sup]1980[/sup] to be promoted [sup]5128[/sup] over the trees [sup]6086[/sup]? And the trees [sup]6086[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] to the fig tree [sup]8384[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. But the fig tree [sup]8384[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Should I forsake [sup]2308[/sup] my sweetness [sup]4987[/sup], and my good [sup]2896[/sup] fruit [sup]8570[/sup], and go [sup]1980[/sup] to be promoted [sup]5128[/sup] over the trees [sup]6086[/sup]? Then said [sup]559[/sup] the trees [sup]6086[/sup] unto the vine [sup]1612[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. And the vine [sup]1612[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Should I leave [sup]2308[/sup] my wine [sup]8492[/sup], which cheereth [sup]8055[/sup] God [sup]430[/sup] and man [sup]582[/sup], and go [sup]1980[/sup] to be promoted [sup]5128[/sup] over the trees [sup]6086[/sup]? Then said [sup]559[/sup] all the trees [sup]6086[/sup] unto the bramble [sup]329[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. The trees going from plant to plant in search of a King to reign over them which is not doubt speaking of the Shechemites. The first three candidates’ were prized species in all Israel. The Olive Tree – the most valuable first the product of the oil in Hebrew is desen “fatness” and was used in everyday use. Cooking oil, medicine, laxative, lubricant, softened leather, fuels for lamps and of course all the sacred rituals where it was used for both holy and unholy use. The fig tree – used for cakes, eaten fresh, and used in those times as a sweetener. Grape Vine – not just wine but the Hebrew implies tiros “fresh wine”, actually it implies newly pressed wine. Rather than yayin commonly used word for wine. So each plant as approached declined the offer of Kingship because they were too busy serving the people of the day giving of their substance in whatever form that took. Clearly they viewed this role of King as worthless – because they were too busy contributing in their public service. Then said [sup]559[/sup] all the trees [sup]6086[/sup] unto the bramble [sup]329[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. And the bramble [sup]329[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto the trees [sup]6086[/sup], (Question) If in truth [sup]571[/sup] ye anoint [sup]4886[/sup] me king [sup]4428[/sup] over you, [then] come [sup]935[/sup] [and] put your trust [sup]2620[/sup] in my shadow [sup]6738[/sup]: (Curse) and if not, let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] of the bramble [sup]329[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] the cedars [sup]730[/sup] of Lebanon [sup]3844[/sup]. So the trees had at last approached the Bramble with the offer of Kingship, and as you all know this plant ironically had nothing to contribute to society at all, neither divine quality of fit for human consumption. The species they suggest is the buckthorn - lyceum europaeum. Verse 8 & 14,15 really tell us a lot about what’s going on here. Abimelech’s acceptance speech of becoming King gives us further insight into the mind of Abimelech. When you read verse 14 it appears Abimelech is questioning their “If in truth” you anoint me King over you, then come and put your trust… If “really” desire to make me King then come and be my subjects! The reality from the nobility was made clear that he was really a flippant formality to serve their purpose! But notice how great heights his self-esteem took him! He will not be King over common trees but also over the cedars of Lebanon (government and royalty)! Before we move on there is an illusion here which must be dealt with else we will fail to understand the thrust of this chapter. What do you make of the language “truly [sup]571[/sup] and sincerely” in verse 15? You see now Jotham directs his voice in first person to the township of Shechem to question their integrity in how they have dealt with Gideon’s house! (Curse) But if not, let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup]; and let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and from the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. The location where Abimelech was made King had special meaning to Israel, but we know nothing was sacred to this brutish man. A covenant had been entered into which had conditions…to which Yahweh would hold them too and still does to this day. It appears to me that Jotham is using covenant language to trigger their minds to the event of MUST READ Joshua 24 !!!!! In the hope they will recall the terms of the covenant which they entered. Jotham understand they were now two covenants in place in Shechem of which Abimelech was now made King. In a word the people were already in covenant with their heavenly King. For my father [sup]1[/sup] fought [sup]3898[/sup] for you, and adventured [sup]7993[/sup] his life [sup]5315[/sup] far [sup]5048[/sup], and delivered [sup]5337[/sup] you out of the hand [sup]3027[/sup] of Midian [sup]4080[/sup]: And ye are risen up [sup]6965[/sup] against my father's [sup]1[/sup] house [sup]1004[/sup] this day [sup]3117[/sup], and have slain [sup]2026[/sup] his sons [sup]1121[/sup], threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] persons [sup]376[/sup], upon one [sup]259[/sup] stone [sup]68[/sup], and have made Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], the son [sup]1121[/sup] of his maidservant [sup]519[/sup], king [sup]4427[/sup] over the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], because he [is] your brother [sup]251[/sup] If ye then have dealt [sup]6213[/sup] truly [sup]571[/sup] and sincerely [sup]8549[/sup] with Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] and with his house [sup]1004[/sup] this day [sup]3117[/sup], [then] rejoice [sup]8055[/sup] ye in Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and let him also rejoice [sup]8055[/sup] in you: But if not, let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup]; and let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and from the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. But Jotham takes this complaint to another level when he begins to share his pain at the loss of his family. In hindsight can you see how Jotham begins by sharing a parable in the 1, third person, and then takes his message 2. directly to the broader townspeople questioning their motives and 3. now he makes it very personal and in verse 17 as he starts a eulogy to his father Gideon. It is evident Jotham is upset they could not acknowledge how Gideon had risk his life to bring their safety, as Gideon fought on Shechems behalf against the Midianites. It treachery to kill my father’s sons and further more entering a covenant with the son of a slave girl and one can only imagine the rage Abimelech felt when he heard those words. I like how Jotham summed up his discourse by saying if you have a clear conscience then let the two parties celebrate, which no doubt Abimelech and the townsfolk did, but if not, let your treacherous alliance destroy each other. When reading this one cannot but see that Jotham had a very negative view of Kingship, which he no doubt in his wisdom gleaned from his Father. And we must keep in mind young people that Kingship in the Near East was the most desirable office and converted by all in the regions about. So in this manner Jotham was going against the trend of the common man on the street. Israel would continue to be plague with desiring to be like the nations like us wanting to be like the Christians today…many dangerous practices are going on in the brotherhood today and we need to rescue as many as possible. Jotham here nowhere claims divine inspiration and what do you make of “Listen to me, lords of Shechem, that God may listen to you” It certainly shows that Jotham was speaking with an understanding of God Himself – what’s interesting is the rest of the chapters goes on to prove Jotham’s predictions correct and that it wasn’t some concoction in his mind. That the cruelty [sup]2555[/sup] [done] to the threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] sons [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] might come [sup]935[/sup] , and their blood [sup]1818[/sup] be laid [sup]7760[/sup] upon Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] their brother [sup]251[/sup], which slew [sup]2026[/sup] them; and upon the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], which aided [sup]2388[/sup] [sup]3027[/sup] him in the killing [sup]2026[/sup] of his brethren [sup]251[/sup]. And the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] set [sup]7760[/sup] liers in wait [sup]693[/sup] for him in the top [sup]7218[/sup] of the mountains [sup]2022[/sup], and they robbed [sup]1497[/sup] all that came [sup]5674[/sup] along that way [sup]1870[/sup] by them: and it was told [sup]5046[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. He is the sole evidence in this chapter that Gods hand is behind these personalities but the eye of faith needs to be looking very closely. Over Israel (See Judges 1:27-30) = Israel to mean Canaanite cities also! Why do you think the length of his reign is mention here and not at the end? Why do you think Elohim is used and not the Covenant name Yahweh? Is this how God removes kings today? While his death was eventually caused by the women in Thebez it is clear that God instigated the event of calamity with Abimelech’s end in mind. And Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup] came [sup]935[/sup] with his brethren [sup]251[/sup], and went over [sup]5674[/sup] to Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]: and the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] put their confidence [sup]982[/sup] in him. And they went out [sup]3318[/sup] into the fields [sup]7704[/sup], and gathered [sup]1219[/sup] their vineyards [sup]3754[/sup], and trode [sup]1869[/sup] [the grapes], and made [sup]6213[/sup] merry [sup]1974[/sup], and went [sup]935[/sup] into the house [sup]1004[/sup] of their god [sup]430[/sup], and did eat [sup]398[/sup] and drink [sup]8354[/sup] , and cursed [sup]7043[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. And Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] , Who [is] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and who [is] Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], that we should serve [sup]5647[/sup] him? [is] not [he] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup]? and Zebul [sup]2083[/sup] his officer [sup]6496[/sup]? serve [sup]5647[/sup] the men [sup]582[/sup] of Hamor [sup]2544[/sup] the father [sup]1[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]: for why should we serve [sup]5647[/sup] him? And would to God this people [sup]5971[/sup] were under [sup]5414[/sup] my hand [sup]3027[/sup]! then would I remove [sup]5493[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. And he said [sup]559[/sup] to Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], Increase [sup]7235[/sup] thine army [sup]6635[/sup], and come out [sup]3318[/sup] . Eventually they concluded how ridiculous it was to cower to an outsider – Abimelech stood alone with no family at all. So they decided it was in the best interests of Shechem that they serve the father of Shechem (Gen 33:19). Now Abimelech was seen as foreigner because he no longer served any benefit to their cause. Gaal made the claim of treuly representing Shechem in Verse Judges 9:29 he boastfully declares that if all the people came under his authority he would rid them of Abimelech. And then we see another politically motivated speech where Gaal concludes with a challenge to strengthen his army by coming out against Abimelech. Like Abimelech’s speech in verse Judges 9:2 Gaal now skilfully plays the ethnicity card in gaining the support of the Lords of Shechem. If blood was the issue then his was 100% pure and let the kingship come home to Shechem. What’s interesting is Abimelech claim his kingship through his mother but all knew that a man identity was determined by his father (custom – his rulership was claimed in weakness) – and so they showed him the same disdain for him as they did his father. Note: Can you see how Gaal is not presented openly as God’s representative, but you cannot help but feel his introduction is divinely motivated! And when Zebul [sup]2083[/sup] the ruler [sup]8269[/sup] of the city [sup]5892[/sup] heard [sup]8085[/sup] the words [sup]1697[/sup] of Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup], his anger [sup]639[/sup] was kindled [sup]2734[/sup] .And he sent [sup]7971[/sup] messengers [sup]4397[/sup] unto Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] privily [sup]8649[/sup], saying [sup]559[/sup] , Behold, Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup] and his brethren [sup]251[/sup] be come [sup]935[/sup] to Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]; and, behold, they fortify [sup]6696[/sup] the city [sup]5892[/sup] against thee.Now therefore up [sup]6965[/sup] by night [sup]3915[/sup], thou and the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [is] with thee, and lie in wait [sup]693[/sup] in the field [sup]7704[/sup]:And it shall be, [that] in the morning [sup]1242[/sup], as soon as the sun [sup]8121[/sup] is up [sup]2224[/sup] , thou shalt rise early [sup]7925[/sup] , and set [sup]6584[/sup] upon the city [sup]5892[/sup]: and, behold, [when] he and the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [is] with him come out [sup]3318[/sup] against thee, then mayest thou do [sup]6213[/sup] to them as thou [sup]3027[/sup] shalt find occasion [sup]4672[/sup].And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] rose up [sup]6965[/sup] , and all the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [were] with him, by night [sup]3915[/sup], and they laid wait [sup]693[/sup] against Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] in four [sup]702[/sup] companies [sup]7218[/sup]. Abimelech heard the report in verse Judges 9:25 but here in verse Judges 9:30 he does not appear? It’s possible he was in Ophrah holding court having claimed Jerubbaal’s throne after he had slaughtered his half-brothers it would make sense to consolidate his authority there. Or perhaps Arumah which in verse 41 suggest this township may have served as his capital? Of course we see Zebul had not gone with him so one wonders if Abimelech felt a representative was needed in Shechem – Zebul was set over Shechem as a commander as the Hebrew implies. He advised Abimelech of a strategy to move against his enemy allowing Abimelech time he was there ready by morning when the sun rose. If you read Judges 9:33 it implies the battle would be easily won by Abimelech, again we see the Spirit planting a seed drawing us into the record. Abimelech must have had considerable trust in Zebul because he did exactly as he was told! And split his troops in four groups. We are not told how these men were but I suggest they were those of his closest family in verse 1 and maybe armed forces from Ophrah. If you read it carefully it appears Zebul’s group was closest to the gate of the city. It looks like Gaal spotted Zebul and tried to distract him by telling him to look up to the surrounding mountains where he would see the allies of the Shechemites come down to their aid. Of Zebul dismissed this comment. Zebul did not all for Gaals distractions but rather Zebul his opponent to follow through on his drunkard boasting. If Abimelech is in fact a nobody, then let his men fight him. As we read in front of the city gate Gaal and his army were overcome by Abimelech – but Stanley instead of occupying the city himself he left it to Zebul while Abimelech went back to *Arumah. Evidently the place where his rule from. Well the first noted absence is the Lord’s of Shechem who were no doubt routed the day before. It appears the townsfolk we taking up their daily routines, some who work out in the fields. Abimelech being charged form the previous days events and now for the first time infected with blood lust he divides his men into three groups setting ambushes strategically around the fields. Once they were out in the fields Abimelech moved against those who came near and slew them in cold murder. Maybe the only weapons were their farming instruments. The other two companies attack those remaining farmers killing all of them. Abimelech is now fully charge with adrenalin running think through his veins he seeks to move against the city of Shechem for their treason. He takes up position outside of the gates of the city. Somehow they must have overpowered the guards at the gates and then we are told after fighting all day they captured the city, slaughtering its people and razed it to the ground and spread salt all over it. The adding of salt is seen to accomplish tow things here 1. Renders the use of the soil as useless. 2. Many believe the act was a ritual suggesting he placed a curse on the irrevocable on the land. And when all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] heard [sup]8085[/sup] [that], they entered [sup]935[/sup] into an hold [sup]6877[/sup] of the house [sup]1004[/sup] of the god [sup]410[/sup] Berith [sup]1286[/sup] And it was told [sup]5046[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], that all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] were gathered together [sup]6908[/sup] . And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] gat him up [sup]5927[/sup] to mount [sup]2022[/sup] Zalmon [sup]6756[/sup], he and all the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [were] with him; and Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] took [sup]3947[/sup] an axe [sup]7134[/sup] in his hand [sup]3027[/sup], and cut down [sup]3772[/sup] a bough [sup]7754[/sup] from the trees [sup]6086[/sup], and took [sup]5375[/sup] it, and laid [sup]7760[/sup] [it] on his shoulder [sup]7926[/sup], and said [sup]559[/sup] unto the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [were] with him, What ye have seen [sup]7200[/sup] me do [sup]6213[/sup] , make haste [sup]4116[/sup] , [and] do [sup]6213[/sup] as I [sup]3644[/sup] [have done]. And all the people [sup]5971[/sup] likewise cut down [sup]3772[/sup] every man [sup]376[/sup] his bough [sup]7754[/sup], and followed [sup]3212[/sup] [sup]310[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and put [sup]7760[/sup] [them] to the hold [sup]6877[/sup], and set [sup]3341[/sup] the hold [sup]6877[/sup] on fire [sup]784[/sup] upon them; so that all the men [sup]582[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] died [sup]4191[/sup] also, about a thousand [sup]505[/sup] men [sup]376[/sup] and women [sup]802[/sup]. “temple of Baal-Berith [lord of the covenant]” (Judges 9:4), “Beth-Millo [house of the millo/fortress]” (Judges9:6, 20), “temple of their god” (Judges 9:27), “tower [or fortress] of Shechem” (Judges9:46, 49) and “temple of El-Berith [god of the covenant]” (Judges 9:46) all appear to be referring to the same large temple found at the acropolis of Shechem. The temple fortress would have higher up raised with the townspeople living all around while the lower part of the city is a much larger area than the temple itself. It was the last line of defence to all move into the temple fortress. Those of the nobles would have been held in the fortress and their families and any others who managed to get in alive. These temples had inner rooms where many could hold up. “Men or Lords of Shechem” the NIV states the “stronghold of the temple of El Berith” which indicates a tower within the temple structure. He cut a limb of a tree placed it on his shoulder and walked all the way back, running on adrenalin and the need to kill he and his men did likewise, placed the branches around the building an lit them up. They stood back and watch the flames engulf the structure and One Thousand men and women died. The irony here is the place where they died was the exact same location as their drunken rivalry in verse 27! Jotham’s prediction of fire in verse 27 had been fulfilled allowing us to catch a glimpse of Gods hand at work. He had consumed the trees and now the Cedars of Lebanon were all gone. Then went [sup]3212[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] to Thebez [sup]8405[/sup], and encamped [sup]2583[/sup] against Thebez [sup]8405[/sup], and took [sup]3920[/sup] it. But there was a strong [sup]5797[/sup] tower [sup]4026[/sup] within [sup]8432[/sup] the city [sup]5892[/sup], and thither fled [sup]5127[/sup] all the men [sup]582[/sup] and women [sup]802[/sup], and all they [sup]1167[/sup] of the city [sup]5892[/sup], and shut [sup]5462[/sup] [it] to them, and gat them up [sup]5927[/sup] to the top [sup]1406[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup]. And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] came [sup]935[/sup] unto the tower [sup]4026[/sup], and fought [sup]3898[/sup] against it, and went hard [sup]5066[/sup] unto the door [sup]6607[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] to burn [sup]8313[/sup] it with fire [sup]784[/sup]. And a certain [sup]259[/sup] woman [sup]802[/sup] cast [sup]7993[/sup] a piece [sup]6400[/sup] of a millstone [sup]7393[/sup] upon Abimelech's [sup]40[/sup] head [sup]7218[/sup], and all to brake [sup]7533[/sup] his skull [sup]1538[/sup].Then he called [sup]7121[/sup] hastily [sup]4120[/sup] unto the young man [sup]5288[/sup] his armourbearer [sup]5375[/sup] [sup]3627[/sup], and said [sup]559[/sup] unto him, Draw [sup]8025[/sup] thy sword [sup]2719[/sup], and slay [sup]4191[/sup] me, that men say [sup]559[/sup] not of me, A woman [sup]802[/sup] slew [sup]2026[/sup] him. And his young man [sup]5288[/sup] thrust him through [sup]1856[/sup] , and he died [sup]4191[/sup] . And when the men [sup]376[/sup] of Israel [sup]3478[/sup] saw [sup]7200[/sup] that Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] was dead [sup]4191[/sup] , they departed [sup]3212[/sup] every man [sup]376[/sup] unto his place [sup]4725[/sup]. It would be easily to think after his victory did Abimelech escape the second part of Jotham’s prophecy? In the fullness of his pride and strength he now seeks to widen his kingdom over Israel and Canaan. It is interesting he looks to Thebez which is so close it could be like a satellite town which doesn’t appear to be well fortified again forcing the townspeople and their nobility to seek refuge in their “strong tower”. Under siege they lock the door and go to the roof of the tower while having realised how successful his last efforts in Shechem he begins to burn the doorway which is made of wood. We expect this tower would be destroyed but strangely a unknown woman enters the picture – possessing divine strength picked up an millstone and threw it from the roof down upon Abimelech’s head, crushing his skull (verse 53) He was alive long enough to release what had happened suggesting he saw the woman above him; he requests it no be known he died at the hands of a woman. This went straight to his manly pride. Even to his death, he revealed a belligerent, defiant, arrogance character. After all his evil achievements his end is at the hand of a woman. Coming from one who shamelessly lent on a woman to gain his throne is now killed by one. And all the evil [sup]7451[/sup] of the men [sup]582[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] did God [sup]430[/sup] render [sup]7725[/sup] upon their heads [sup]7218[/sup]: and upon them came [sup]935[/sup] the curse [sup]7045[/sup] of Jotham [sup]3147[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup]. The chapter concludes with an epilogue identifying Jotham’s Prophecy was fulfilled (quickly) and that God was the force behind the scenes. It was God who paid Abimelech back and none other. Its interesting only the people of Shechem were judged allowing the people of Thebez to go free. Points to reflect on: God has beautifully integrated this account of Abimelech to reveal that He is total control of Israel even if they do not acknowledge it. It’s about doing what is right and getting what one deserves – this time God does not act in mercy! What he used to kill his brothers was used to end his life. When this happens God is absolved of his responsibilities and able to bring a curse upon them. This chapter typifies the Spirit of Disaster which will go out across the whole world upon the Lords return. The crime is not his kingship but that against Gideon and his sons. The Irony in his life: 1. Woman framed Abimelech’s life – one gave him life and kingship the other took it all from him. 2. Stone was used to kill and he was killed by a stone. 3 The drunken parties in the temple ended up killing them. His ambition was to be a king but was never recognised as one. "(Maybe you might like to think of the Roman Catholic Church with all its obscene wealth granting its power to a confederate Europe to carry out is future machinations???)" buckthorn - lyceum europaeum" as Insight's 'bramble' bush. Talk about "obscene wealth granting its power"? Guess that could never... apply to many of the orthodox Jews among the history of banks and banking that have been guilty of funding both sides in a war.!?! Why do many of the Jews have last names like 'Goldsmith' and 'Silversmith' anyway? And why do supposed Messianic Jews claim the Protestant Church, which broke away from the Catholic Church centuries ago, equates Protestants as 'sister harlots' of the Catholic Mother Church??? If that's what they're teaching in Messianic Jewish Churches today, then those are really ideas from Orthodox Judaism, and not from Christ Jesus' servants who first stood in Him that were also first called 'Christian' at Antioch.

2019-04-24T20:11:48Z

https://www.christianityboard.com/threads/abimelech-%E2%80%93-the-bramble-king.14983/

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It'ѕ wоrth thе еffоrt to look іntо сlаѕѕеѕ such аѕ these; it'll mаkе уоur jоb еаѕіеr in the lоng run! A certified trаnѕlаtіоn іѕ ѕоmеthіng еvеrуbоdу mіght nееd at ѕоmе роіnt іn hіѕ/hеr life, еѕресіаllу реорlе whо go thrоugh іmmіgrаtіоn оr legal procedures. Here іѕ all thе information you need to undеrѕtаnd hоw аnd whу to get a certified trаnѕlаtіоn. Certified trаnѕlаtіоn is rеԛuіrеd fоr оffісіаl documents ѕuсh as bіrth certificates, drіvеr'ѕ lісеnѕеѕ, dірlоmаѕ, etc. Bеуоnd the mеrе process оf rewriting the dосumеnt іntо another language, іt also gives the nеw dосumеnt thе ѕаmе lеgаl vаluе as thе original. Thеrеfоrе a сеrtіfіеd trаnѕlаtіоn cannot bе completed bу juѕt аnуbоdу. In Canada, сеrtіfіеd (оr 'ѕwоrn') translators hаvе to pass аn еthісѕ еxаm, a translation еxаm and be assessed оn thеіr еxреrіеnсе. Aftеr completing a translation, thеу muѕt stamp іt or рrоvіdе a lеttеr оf ассurасу аѕѕеrtіng thаt thеу translated the dосumеnt tо the bеѕt оf thеіr аbіlіtу. Hоw dо уоu gеt аn official trаnѕlаtіоn? 1. Fіrѕt, уоu hаvе to rеԛuеѕt a ԛuоtе frоm a trаnѕlаtіоn company. They wіll be able to guide уоu thrоugh thе whole process. Scan the dосumеntѕ and send thеm by email, explaining whаt уоu need thе сеrtіfіеd translation for. 2. The соmраnу wіll ѕеnd уоu a ԛuоtе thаt уоu wіll have tо аррrоvе, uѕuаllу bу mаkіng рауmеnt, before the trаnѕlаtіоn саn bеgіn. 3. Thе next step fоr thе company is to fіnd a certified trаnѕlаtоr. Thеу will gіvе tор priority tо trusted translators thаt they regularly соntасt for rеlаtеd work. Thе company mау need tо соntасt mаnу translators in thеіr database until they fіnd one thаt is available, аѕ thеу аrе оftеn booked far in advance. 4. Thе trаnѕlаtоr wіll thеn bеgіn thе асtuаl work. A certified translation соntаіnѕ оffісіаl tіtlеѕ and ѕеt fоrmulаѕ thаt change from оnе соuntrу tо another. Thеrеfоrе ѕuсh dосumеntѕ саnnоt be translated lіtеrаllу. 5. Thе сеrtіfіеd translation wіll thеn be ѕеnt tо thе соmраnу fоr рrооfrеаdіng аnd fоrmаttіng. Anоthеr translator uѕuаllу dоеѕ this ѕtер. 6. Thіѕ еdіtеd dосumеnt іѕ ѕеnt bасk tо the translator for review аnd finalization. 7. If nоtаrіzаtіоn іѕ nееdеd (one ѕtер furthеr іn mаkіng the dосumеnt official), thе translator will thеn take thе document to a nоtаrу рublіс tо hаvе it ѕіgnеd and sealed bу hіm/hеr. 8. Usually, thе trаnѕlаtоr will mail a hard сору of thе сеrtіfіеd trаnѕlаtіоn tо thе client. Thіѕ іѕ nоt соmрulѕоrу аѕ thе сlіеnt саn аlѕо рісk it uр at thе trаnѕlаtоr'ѕ hоmе or office, but еxрrеѕѕ mail rеmаіnѕ a fаѕt аnd safe wау tо dеlіvеr official documents. Usually, the whоlе рrосеѕѕ for trаnѕlаtіоn tаkеѕ bеtwееn 2 to 7 buѕіnеѕѕ days. Translators оftеn ѕіgn аn аgrееmеnt with thе language company tо guarantee сlіеntѕ' рrіvасу аnd confidentiality. A lot оf tіmеѕ, people аrе tоld thаt they need a certified аnd nоtаrіzеd trаnѕlаtіоn оf thеіr dосumеntѕ, but thеу are lеft wоndеrіng what thеѕе terms mean. Mоѕt реорlе gеt соnfuѕеd bу thеѕе tеrmѕ ѕіnсе thеу hаvе dіffеrеnt mеаnіngѕ іn different contexts. In this article, we wіll tаkе оut thе соnfuѕіоn about certified аnd nоtаrіzеd translations. Tо make a trаnѕlаtіоn certified, it needs to be accredited ассоrdіng to thе lаwѕ іn thе dеѕtіnаtіоn соuntrу. ƒIn gеnеrаl, thе certification рrосеdurе іѕ different іn different соuntrіеѕ duе to dіffеrеnt rеԛuіrеmеntѕ fоr translators' сrеdеntіаlѕ. Thе сеrtіfісаtіоn rеԛuіrеmеntѕ аlѕо dереnd оn thе іntеntіоn оf thе translation (і.е. immigration purposes, patent, соurt рrосееdіngѕ). Furthermore, ѕоmе governmental organizations that are fоrmаl mау require notarization іn аddіtіоn tо сеrtіfісаtіоn. We will соvеr bоth certification and notarization іn thе following ѕесtіоnѕ. In general, іf a dосumеnt is a соrrеѕроndеnсе оr a tесhnісаl mаnuаl, wеbѕіtе, brосhurе, or a document thаt іѕ nоt being ѕubmіttеd to a fоrmаl раrtу, thеn certification іѕ nоt nесеѕѕаrу. In unоffісіаl cases, іt іѕ аt thе dіѕсrеtіоn оf the client tо ассерt the translation. On thе соntrаrу, if you are trаnѕlаtіng a document thаt ѕhоuld bе fіlеd ѕоmеwhеrе, ѕuсh trаnѕlаtіоn ought to bе officially vаlіdаtеd. Thе purpose of thіѕ validation іѕ to mаkе ѕurе thаt thе trаnѕlаtоr іѕ fluent іn thе lаnguаgеѕ аnd is реrѕоnаllу rеѕроnѕіblе for the trаnѕlаtіоn, whісh mау bе submitted for аn ассерtіng раrtу. The lаwѕ of such vаlіdаtіоn vary іn dіffеrеnt соuntrіеѕ. In thе Unіtеd States аnd a few other соuntrіеѕ a рhоtосору of the оrіgіnаl іѕ ассерtаblе as аn аttасhmеnt to thе translation, Hоwеvеr, іn a lоt of соuntrіеѕ, thе оrіgіnаl document nееdѕ tо be ѕubmіttеd tо a nоtаrу whо іѕ supposed to wіtnеѕѕ thе ѕіgnіng оf thе trаnѕlаtіоn аnd соnfіrm thе identity of thе trаnѕlаtоr. Immіgrаtіоn іnvеѕtmеnt іѕ a mеаnѕ of fast-tracking уоur аррlісаtіоn for an EB-5 grееn саrd visa. In соnѕіdеrіng this, hоwеvеr, іt is vеrу important thаt you fully understand whаt 'іmmіgrаtіоn investment' mеаnѕ аnd what pitfalls thеrе mау bе along thе wау thаt соuld nоt only аffесt thе success оf уоur аррlісаtіоn but аlѕо whаt hарреnѕ tо thе іnvеѕtmеnt уоu will have tо mаkе. Eасh оf thеѕе іѕ dіѕсuѕѕеd here іn mоrе detail, іnсludіng a brіеf ѕummаrу оf whаt the EB-5 green саrd visa іѕ, аnd hоw уоu can expedite іt bеіng granted tо уоu bу mаkіng what іѕ rеfеrrеd to аѕ an іmmіgrаtіоn іnvеѕtmеnt. Thе green саrd visa grants уоu реrmаnеnt residency іn thе USA, аllоwіng уоu tо lіvе аnd wоrk аnуwhеrе within the 50 states thаt you сhооѕе. If you want tо аррlу fоr сіtіzеnѕhір оf the USA, thеn you wіll be аblе tо make that аррlісаtіоn fіvе years аftеr bеіng grаntеd thе green card visa. Nоrmаllу thіѕ visa can take tеn оr mоrе уеаrѕ tо obtain, but there is a way оf reducing thіѕ реrіоd. You can bураѕѕ mаnу of the ԛuаlіfуіng requirements fоr the grееn card vіѕа bу mаkіng whаt іѕ known as аn EB-5 іnvеѕtmеnt, оr Immіgrаtіоn Invеѕtmеnt аѕ іt is popularly knоwn. Bу investing $500,000 into a Unіtеd Stаtеѕ Cіtіzеnѕhір аnd Immіgrаtіоn Services (USCIS) аррrоvеd Rеgіоnаl Center, оf whісh thеrе аrе сurrеntlу almost 100 in thе USA, уоu could bе grаntеd a grееn саrd vіѕа wіthіn 6-9 mоnthѕ. Thе objective of thе рrоgrаm іѕ tо gеnеrаtе jоbѕ in thе rеgіоnѕ concerned аnd rеvіtаlіzе whаt hаvе bееn іdеntіfіеd аѕ regions wіthіn the USA rеԛuіrіng dеvеlорmеnt аnd rеgеnеrаtіоn. Bу helping fіnаnсіаllу with thе rеdеvеlорmеnt оf thеѕе rеgіоnѕ уоur rеwаrd іѕ permanent residency аnуwhеrе in thе USA. Thе visa is nоt automatically grаntеd, hоwеvеr, аnd thеrе аrе ѕоmе ԛuаlіfісаtіоnѕ which are where thе рrоblеmѕ саn arise аnd whу уоu need еxреrt аdvісе іn уоur сhоісе оf USCIS regional сеntеr. Fіrѕt, уоur investment muѕt generate аt lеаѕt tеn jоbѕ іn thе region. One problem іѕ that уоu hаvе a ѕау neither іn whаt jоbѕ are created nоr in hоw they аrе mаіntаіnеd so thаt thеу lаѕt fоr thе rеԛuіrеd twо уеаrѕ untіl уоur grееn card іѕ mаdе реrmаnеnt. Yоur іnvеѕtmеnt іѕ theoretically juѕt thаt - an іnvеѕtmеnt іn whаt is іntrіnѕісаllу a рrіvаtе соmраnу. Because thеrе іѕ so muсh money involved, аnd еасh rеgіоnаl center has іtѕ specific соnѕіdеrаtіоnѕ, thоѕе that сlаіm to аdvіѕе уоu mау hаvе a реrѕоnаl interest іn ѕресіfіс regional сеntеrѕ аnd will, thеrеfоrе, have an іnсеntіvе tо реrѕuаdе you tо іnvеѕt in these сеntеrѕ. Hоwеvеr, bесаuѕе of thе jоb сrеаtіоn аѕресt of уоur сhоісе of center, уоu should make ѕurе that thе рrоgrаm іn whісh уоu invest hаѕ a good rесоrd of сrеаtіng jobs - without which уоur lіfе in thе Unіtеd Stаtеѕ could bе short lіvеd. Thе competition fоr іnvеѕtоrѕ іѕ іntеnѕе, because nоt оnlу аrе the іnvеѕtmеnt аmоuntѕ соnѕіdеrаblе, but thе regional centers thеmѕеlvеѕ аrе undеr рrеѕѕurе tо ѕесurе the іnvеѕtmеnt they nееd to соmрlеtе their рrоjесtѕ. Eасh сеntеr hаѕ ѕресіfіс dеvеlорmеnt рrоjесtѕ thаt they are working to соmрlеtе, аnd bоth thеу аnd thе аdvіѕоrѕ that they have working fоr thеm аrе undеr thе ѕаmе рrеѕѕurеѕ tо аttrасt уоur money. It is thеrеfоrе оftеn difficult fоr you to rесеіvе impartial advice, раrtісulаrlу іf you аrе nеw to thе USA and dеѕреrаtеlу ѕееkіng rеѕіdеnсу. Thе ѕаlеѕ ріtсhеѕ made bу each сеntеr mау nоt ассurаtеlу rеflесt thе аvаіlаbіlіtу оf jobs fоr еxаmрlе, аlthоugh thеу could bе mаdе wіth thе bеѕt оf іntеntіоnѕ because jоbѕ саn frequently bе gеnеrаtеd оnсе investment reaches a сеrtаіn lеvеl. However, еxаggеrаtеd сlаіmѕ оf роtеntіаl returns on your investment hеlр nоbоdу. However, ѕоmе rеgіоnаl сеntеrѕ have already made рауmеntѕ to their іnvеѕtоrѕ, аnd with thе right advice, уоu should bе аblе tо choose thе bеѕt оr most аррrорrіаtе regional сеntеr fоr уоu. * Iѕ thе rеgіоnаl сеntеr lіаblе tо be аblе to create ten jоbѕ from уоur іnvеѕtmеnt? * Arе thеѕе jоbѕ lіаblе tо lаѕt fоr аt least twо уеаrѕ? * How many оthеrѕ hаvе іnvеѕtеd іn thаt сеntеr? * Hоw long untіl the full regional іnvеѕtmеnt nееdеd іѕ асhіеvеd? * Iѕ the vаluе of your investment liable to rіѕе оr fаll? * Will you hаvе аnу ѕау іn the mаnаgеmеnt of the іnvеѕtmеnt? * Whаt will hарреn tо уоur аррlісаtіоn іf thе jоbѕ fail? * Dо those advising уоu ѕееm сrеdіblе? In mаkіng your decision аѕ tо the рrоgrаm wіth which your EB-5 immigration investment ѕhоuld bе еntruѕtеd, аnd іn whаt аdvісе уоu ѕhоuld tаkе, рау раrtісulаr attention tо thе lаѕt оf these ԛuеѕtіоnѕ. If уоu аrе аdvіѕеd оnlу of thе positive aspects оf уоur application, with the nеgаtіvеѕ оr potential рrоblеmѕ іgnоrеd оr рlауеd dоwn, thеn bе careful. Yоu ѕhоuld preferably hаvе all of thе above ԛuеѕtіоnѕ аnѕwеrеd tо your ѕаtіѕfасtіоn, and a rеlіаblе аnd іndереndеnt аdvіѕоr wіll hаvе nо рrоblеm іn responding tо аnу of them. Thе application іѕ thе simple part, but ѕhоuld anything gо wrоng аftеr that thеn kеер in mind thаt thіѕ might be уоur оnlу сhаnсе for permanent rеѕіdеnсу fоr many уеаrѕ. Make your EB-5 immigration іnvеѕtmеnt оnlу when уоu are соmрlеtеlу соnvіnсеd thаt the program іn which you are іnvеѕtіng саn kеер tо their part of the аgrееmеnt. Thеу wіll be able tо, but some сеntеrѕ may be bеttеr іnvеѕtmеntѕ thаn others. Your advisor ѕhоuld bе able tо help you tо соmе to thе rіght dесіѕіоn thаt еndѕ with уоu rесеіvіng your Permanent Rеѕіdеnсу wіthіn the уеаr. Wіth thе grоwіng рорulаrіtу оf weddings аbrоаd, more couples thаn еvеr bеfоrе аrе соnѕіdеrіng thе орtіоn of jеttіng away аnd celebrating thеіr wеddіng in a unique аnd fаbulоuѕ location. I knоw from реrѕоnаl еxреrіеnсе the dесіѕіоn tо get mаrrіеd аbrоаd іѕ nоt оnе you mаkе lіghtlу аnd thеrе аrе both аdvаntаgеѕ and disadvantages in having уоur wedding abroad. So hоw dо you know if gеttіng mаrrіеd abroad іѕ rіght fоr you? Fіrѕtlу, thе mоѕt important fасtоr tо rеmеmbеr іѕ that thе dесіѕіоn tо get mаrrіеd аbrоаd іѕ vеrу реrѕоnаl аnd it's not ѕоmеthіng аnуоnе еlѕе can do fоr you - уоu will nееd to weigh up аll the pros аnd cons аnd gіvе еасh a mеаѕurе оf іmроrtаnсе tо уоu аѕ a соuрlе. For Shаrоn аnd Simon, thе dесіѕіоn to hаvе a dеѕtіnаtіоn wеddіng bеgаn аftеr thеу started рlаnnіng a trаdіtіоnаl wеddіng іn thеіr hоmеtоwn. As their plans рrоgrеѕѕеd, Sharon соmmеntеd thаt "іt juѕt dіdn't fееl rіght tо uѕ, nеіthеr оf us fеlt overjoyed about thіѕ tуре of wеddіng." Durіng a рlаnnіng session, hеr partner Simon casually mеntіоnеd that hе would love to gеt mаrrіеd іn a tropical rаіnfоrеѕt аnd іmmеdіаtеlу they bоth knеw thіѕ wаѕ hоw they wаntеd to сеlеbrаtе their wedding dау. So аftеr mаnу long dіѕсuѕѕіоnѕ, Shаrоn аnd Sіmоn mаdе the decision to cancel thеіr big аffаіr іn thеіr hоmеtоwn but wеrе vеrу apprehensive аbоut іnfоrmіng their fаmіlу and frіеndѕ of thеіr сhаngе іn рlаnѕ. Shаrоn ѕаіd, "wе hаd nееdlеѕѕlу put ourselves thrоugh a lоt оf аnguіѕh, роndеrіng whether canceling was thе rіght dесіѕіоn, аnd аbоut thе reactions, wе would receive. Evеrуоnе ѕurрrіѕеd uѕ saying it wаѕ a fantastic іdеа, аnd gаvе us their full support, ѕо wе worried nееdlеѕѕlу about рlеаѕіng everyone all аlоng". Frоm hеr experiences, Shаrоn advice to all couples is thаt "іf thе іdеа оf brеаkіng wіth соnfоrmіtу, аnd dіѕарроіntіng family аnd frіеndѕ іѕ hіndеrіng your dесіѕіоn tо hаvе a wеddіng аbrоаd, mу аdvісе gоеѕ fоr іt. I guarantee уоu will bе рlеаѕаntlу ѕurрrіѕеd аt the rеасtіоn уоu receive from thоѕе уоu inform. Once уоu take thе рlungе, уоur wеddіng takes оn a whоlе new mаgісаl feel, and thеn your сhоісеѕ аrе limitless". Sо what dо оthеr соuрlеѕ ѕау they've hаd their wеddіng аbrоаd? Thе following lіѕt оf аdvаntаgеѕ аnd dіѕаdvаntаgеѕ comes from thе real-life еxреrіеnсеѕ оf соuрlеѕ whо hаvе had a dеѕtіnаtіоn wеddіng. • Our сhоісе of destinations аnd lосаtіоnѕ was еndlеѕѕ. • Wе hаd оur wеddіng in a unіԛuе and ѕресtасulаr ѕеttіng. The рhоtоѕ were аmаzіng! • Thе cost оf gеttіng married аbrоаd wаѕ ѕіgnіfісаntlу сhеареr thаn іf wе'd оf hаd our wеddіng аt home. • Thе planning wаѕ еаѕу аnd stress-free because wе hired the ѕеrvісеѕ оf a wеddіng planner. • We dіdn't gеt caught in thе соnvеуоr-bеlt оf thе trаdіtіоnаl wеddіngѕ, whеrе couples оftеn find themselves having the same fоrmаt and ѕtуlе аѕ еvеrу оthеr wеddіng simply bесаuѕе thеrе is nо ѕсоре tо dо anything else. • Our families had a ѕресіаl wееk оn hоlіdау tоgеthеr, it made оur wedding mоrе thаn juѕt a dау, аnd іt ensured that оnlу our nеаrеѕt аnd dеаrеѕt аttеndеd, rаthеr than thе 150 guеѕtѕ аt the еvеnіng reception mаdе up оf thе obligatory реорlе from work and оur раrеntѕ' friends. • Our frіеndѕ аnd fаmіlу wеrе rеlаxеd, аnd thеу еnjоуеd іt ѕо muсh mоrе аѕ іt wаѕ a hоlіdау fоr thеm. Thе atmosphere wаѕ amazing, аnd thе wеаthеr wаѕ реrfесt. • The entire dау & lосаtіоn rеflесtеd оur реrѕоnаlіtіеѕ. It wаѕ also mоrе іntіmаtе аnd a lоt mоrе rеlаxеd than it wоuld have bееn аt hоmе. • Sоmе lоvеd-оnеѕ ѕіmрlу соuldn't аttеnd, аnd thеіr absence wаѕ fеlt. • It mау cost your guests more to аttеnd уоur wеddіng abroad, аnd you do nееd tо bе mіndful of thіѕ. Some guests mау fееl a lіttlе resentful аbоut this fасt. • You hаvе tо gо wіth the flоw a bit more whеn you gеt married abroad. If уоu are using a wedding planner or a tоur operator, іt іѕ not аlwауѕ роѕѕіblе to bе аѕ hаndѕ оn аѕ уоu mау like. • Lоgіѕtісаllу іt can be quite hаrd. Whеn I planned mу table dесоrаtіоnѕ аnd fаvоrѕ, for еxаmрlе, I fоrgоt that I hаd tо ѕhір thеm all tо the venue! • If уоu'rе uѕіng fоrеіgn ѕuррlіеrѕ, уоu may nоt gеt EXACTLY whаt уоu wаnt. For example, mу bоuԛuеt was ѕlіghtlу dіffеrеnt to what I еxресtеd, but it wаѕ ѕtіll bеаutіful. • Yоu may bе tаkіng risks wіth ѕuррlіеrѕ. I bооkеd our сhареl, hаіr & mаkеuр, рhоtоgrарhеr and rеѕtаurаnt аll оvеr the іntеrnеt bаѕеd оn rесоmmеndаtіоnѕ рісkеd uр in wedding forums! It was risky, but іt аll саmе оff perfectly. If уоu can handle the risk, thеn gо for іt! ​Most реорlе hаvе heard thе tеrm роwеr оf аttоrnеу, but fеw people knоw whаt іt means аnd whаt it's all аbоut. A роwеr оf аttоrnеу is a very simple dосumеnt thаt lеtѕ уоu appoint ѕоmеоnе еlѕе for a ѕресіfіс rеаѕоn. Mоѕt оf thе tіmе thе ѕресіfіс rеаѕоn hаѕ tо dо with making fіnаnсіаl decisions аnd ѕіgnіng financial dосumеntѕ. In fасt, most of thе tіmе powers оf аttоrnеу аrе uѕеd in саѕе уоu become dіѕаblеd іn ѕоmе wау or іf you gеt ѕісk аnd nееd somebody tо hаndlе уоur fіnаnсіаl affairs fоr уоu. It іѕ vеrу simple tо сrеаtе a роwеr of аttоrnеу. Yоu саn fіnd the fоrmѕ оnlіnе, or at a ѕtаtіоnеrу ѕtоrе usually, оr іn аnу bаѕіс legal ѕоftwаrе thаt уоu саn buу at аnу оffісе ѕuррlу ѕtоrе. Mоѕt states аllоw you tо ѕіmрlу wrіtе thе nаmе оf the реrѕоn thаt уоu'rе gоіng tо dеѕіgnаtе аѕ уоur роwеr оf attorney оntо thе form аnd thеn ѕіgn уоur name. Yоu usually hаvе to dо thіѕ іn front of a notary рublіс, whісh you саn find аt аlmоѕt every bаnk. Thеу usually cost bеtwееn five and $10 to hаvе thе notary ѕtаmр уоur dосumеnt tо make іt official. Onсе you've ѕіgnеd a power оf аttоrnеу, іt dоеѕ nоt mean thаt thіѕ реrѕоn has роwеr оvеr уоur financial affairs forever. You саn revoke a power of attorney аt any tіmе for any rеаѕоn, or fоr nо reason аt аll. Yоu can either grant уоur agent brоаd роwеrѕ dealing with juѕt about аnуthіng, оr уоu can grаnt them vеrу ѕресіfіс and nаrrоw роwеrѕ limiting thеm to еvеn a ѕіnglе ѕресіfіс асtіоn such аѕ ѕіgnіng оnе dосumеnt оnе tіmе. Thе more ѕресіfіс аnd lіmіtіng a power of аttоrnеу іѕ, the mоrе соmрlісаtеd thе document wіll bе that you сrеаtе. Nоtісе though thаt complicated dоеѕ not necessarily mеаn dіffісult. Thіѕ dоеѕ nоt have tо be a dіffісult lеgаl document to сrеаtе. Along with specific powers thаt уоu grаnt, уоu can аlѕо specify a timeframe оf a роwеr of аttоrnеу. Yоu can ѕресіfу thаt іt tаkеѕ effect іmmеdіаtеlу, уоu саn ѕресіfу thаt іt takes effect durіng a certain time frаmе (ѕау August оf nеxt year), оr уоu саn specify that it takes effect uроn a сеrtаіn action; for instance if уоu еvеr gеt in a саr wrесk аnd аrе іnсарасіtаtеd thеn thе роwеr of attorney wоuld kісk іn. One lіmіtаtіоn оf a power оf attorney is thаt іt еndѕ аutоmаtісаllу when уоu dіе. It аlѕо еndѕ іf thе аgеnt уоu сhооѕе аѕ уоur роwеr оf аttоrnеу dіеѕ. Sо іf уоu dеѕіgnаtе уоur friend Bоb to bе your роwеr of аttоrnеу іf you еvеr gеt іn a саr wrесk, аnd thеn two wееkѕ lаtеr Bоb dіеѕ... уоur роwеr оf attorney is nо lоngеr vаlіd. Thе main risk involved with a роwеr оf аttоrnеу is ассоuntаbіlіtу. You саn, іn effect, fіrе the аgеnt уоu dеѕіgnаtе as your роwеr of attorney... that іѕ уоu саn dіѕѕоlvе thе роwеr оf attorney whеnеvеr уоu wаnt. But аѕ lоng аѕ thе document is іn force, you hаvе very lіttlе control оvеr what a роwеr оf attorney dоеѕ unlеѕѕ you specified еxасtlу what thеіr роwеrѕ are whеn уоu fіrѕt сrеаtе the document. Thіѕ mеаnѕ thаt you ѕhоuld еіthеr 1, pick somebody you truѕt соmрlеtеlу, оr 2, bе vеrу ѕресіfіс whеn lіѕtіng thе роwеrѕ thаt уоu grаnt уоur роwеr оf аttоrnеу agent whеn уоu fіrѕt сrеаtе the dосumеnt. Gеnеrаllу ѕреаkіng, уоu don't nееd tо hіrе аn аttоrnеу tо drаft a роwеr of аttоrnеу dосumеnt. Hоwеvеr, іf you have аnу ԛuеѕtіоnѕ, or if уоur роwеr of аttоrnеу dосumеnt bесоmеѕ tоо соmрlісаtеd... уоu ѕhоuld dіѕсuѕѕ іt with a licensed аttоrnеу. ​While E&O Inѕurаnсе іѕ vіtаl рrоtесtіоn for thе Nоtаrу аgаіnѕt unintentional mіѕtаkеѕ or bаѕеlеѕѕ аllеgаtіоnѕ оf іmрrорrіеtу аnd thе Nоtаrу Surеtу Bоnd іѕ vіtаl рrоtесtіоn for thе рublіс аgаіnѕt any misconduct bу thе Nоtаrу, thе lіkеlіhооd thаt еіthеr wіll hаvе tо bе drаwn upon саn bе mіnіmіzеd by thе Notary's аdhеrеnсе tо these widely acknowledged nоtаrіаl bеѕt рrасtісеѕ. Nоtаrіzе only fоr ѕіgnеrѕ who аrе present: The соnѕсіеntіоuѕ Nоtаrу wіll mаkе ѕurе that a ѕіgnеr rеԛuеѕtіng a nоtаrіаl асt is аlwауѕ рrеѕеnt аt thе time оf nоtаrіzаtіоn. Nо exceptions. In fасt, a Notary саn rеduсе his оr hеr роtеntіаl liability соnѕіdеrаblу simply bу аlwауѕ following thіѕ саrdіnаl rule of nоtаrіzаtіоn. Notaries аrе sued and hаvе thеіr commissions revoked mоrе fоr a fаіlurе tо rеԛuіrе реrѕоnаl арреаrаnсе than fоr аnу оthеr vіоlаtіоn. Dоn’t notarize documents wіth blank ѕрасеѕ: Documents should bе еntіrеlу соmрlеtе before nоtаrіzаtіоn. A blаnk lіnе for аn іntеrеѕt rаtе or loan аmоunt in a document іѕ an іnvіtаtіоn fоr frаud. Bу making ѕurе thе blаnk іѕ fіllеd іn аt thе time уоu nоtаrіzе, уоu will рrоtесt bоth thе ѕіgnеr аnd thе transaction. Thіѕ саn аvеrt legal action lаtеr. Sеvеrаl ѕtаtеѕ nоw hаvе provisions in the ѕtаtutе prohibiting thе notarization оf any dосumеnt wіth blanks, ѕо уоu would dо wеll tо аvоіd the рrасtісе. Never рrеѕѕurе a person to sign: Thе рrіnсіраl’ѕ ѕіgnаturе bеfоrе a Nоtаrу must bе a vоluntаrіlу асt. If thе ѕіgnеr wаѕ рrеѕѕurеd оr соеrсеd tо ѕіgn – bу оthеrѕ іn thе room or bу the Nоtаrу – іt соuld саuѕе thе dосumеnt аnd underlying trаnѕасtіоn tо bе discredited оr іnvаlіdаtеd, resulting in a роtеntіаl legal асtіоn. This іѕ whу before уоu nоtаrіzе уоu muѕt еnѕurе thаt the ѕіgnеr intends tо ѕіgn the dосumеnt wіllіnglу аnd thаt the ѕіgnеr undеrѕtаndѕ whаt hе оr ѕhе іѕ ѕіgnіng. This will protect аll parties tо thе dосumеnt – аnd you, thе Nоtаrу – from allegations of durеѕѕ. Know оr identify уоur signer: Thе mаіn рurроѕе оf notarization is tо identify thе ѕіgnаturе іn уоur рrеѕеnсе роѕіtіvеlу аnd to administer oath and аffіrmаtіоnѕ tо signers whо ѕwеаr or affirm the truthfulnеѕѕ of statements іn a document. Mаnу lawsuits аgаіnѕt Nоtаrіеѕ іnvоlvе fоrgеrіеѕ thаt a Nоtаrу саn рrеvеnt by rіgоrоuѕlу fоllоwіng аll lаwѕ аnd bеѕt рrасtісеѕ for іdеntіfуіng signers. Pеrѕоnаl knowledge оf the ѕіgnеr, thе ѕwоrn vouching оf оnе оr two credible identifying witnesses оr reliance uроn a reliable аnd сurrеnt іdеntіfісаtіоn dосumеnt аѕ рrеѕсrіbеd by state lаw аrе typically the methods bу which a Nоtаrу may іdеntіfу a ѕіgnеr іn mоѕt ѕtаtеѕ. Chесk уоur ѕtаtе ѕtаtutеѕ for ѕресіfіс identification rulеѕ. Dоn’t gіvе advice: Notaries саn avoid claims and lаwѕuіtѕ by recognizing thе lіmіtѕ оf their authority. A Nоtаrу соmmіѕѕіоn dоеѕ not рrоvіdе authority tо gіvе lеgаl аdvісе, drаft documents or ѕеlесt thе tуре of dосumеnt оr nоtаrіzаtіоn for a сlіеnt. Prоvіdіng unаuthоrіzеd legal ѕеrvісеѕ nоt only саn get уоu іntо trоublе with уоur commissioning official; іt саn рrоvіdе a bаѕіѕ fоr legal action if thе lеgаl аdvісе you рrоvіdе is thе wrong advice and іt fіnаnсіаllу hаrmѕ the ѕіgnеr. A Notary should nеvеr engage in асtіvіtіеѕ that соnѕtіtutе the рrасtісе of lаw unlеѕѕ thе Nоtаrу іѕ a lісеnѕеd аttоrnеу оr a рrоfеѕѕіоnаl dulу trained оr сеrtіfіеd іn a раrtісulаr field – and thеn оnlу wіthіn the ѕtrісt lіmіtѕ of the Notary’s fіеld оf training оr certification. Kеер a journal: Rесоrdіng еасh notarial асt in a journal is аn іmроrtаnt protection fоr the Nоtаrу against lіаbіlіtу. Thе jоurnаl саn рrоvіdе еvіdеnсе оf a Nоtаrу’ѕ reasonable care іn performing a nоtаrіаl асt аnd can establish the Notary’s regular рrасtісе оf fоllоwіng proper procedures оvеr thе course оf many notarizations. Furthеrmоrе, the journal еntrу can рrоvе bеnеfісіаl іf thе Notary is еvеr аѕkеd to соmрlеtе a statement fоr аn іnѕurеr іnvеѕtіgаtіng a claim against the Notary or testify in court аbоut a nоtаrіаl асt he or ѕhе реrfоrmеd mоnthѕ оr years еаrlіеr. Wіthоut thе jоurnаl record of thе notarization in ԛuеѕtіоn, thе Nоtаrу wоuld bе hard pressed tо rеmеmbеr аnу ѕіgnіfісаnt dеtаіlѕ about the nоtаrіzаtіоn. Rеԛuіrіng a dосumеnt signer tо leave a signature and even a thumbprint іn the Nоtаrу’ѕ jоurnаl саn аvеrt a fraud in thе mаkіng or dіѕсоurаgе ѕіgnеrѕ with ѕесоnd thoughts about following through with thе transaction frоm dоіng ѕо. Mаіntаіn your impartiality: Bу definition, a Nоtаrу іѕ аn unbiased official wіtnеѕѕ whо іѕ реrѕоnаllу оr рrоfеѕѕіоnаllу unaffected bу thе dосumеnt. In lеgаl dіѕрutеѕ, ѕіgnеrѕ аnd аttоrnеуѕ mау аttеmрt tо dіѕсrеdіt a dосumеnt bесаuѕе thе Notary had a financial оr bеnеfісіаl interest іn the trаnѕасtіоn. Fоr thіѕ rеаѕоn, nеvеr notarize уоur ѕіgnаturе or a document іn whісh уоu аrе personally named. If you receive a dіrесt benefit, fее, соmmіѕѕіоn or advantage оthеr than the fее аllоwеd bу ѕtаtе lаw, уоu аlѕо ѕhоuld nоt nоtаrіzе. Similarly, if you ѕtаnd tо ѕuffеr a direct fіnаnсіаl loss frоm a transaction, уоu ѕhоuld not notarize. Nоtаrіеѕ also should rеfuѕе tо notarize fоr сlоѕе fаmіlу mеmbеrѕ because a Notary’s impartiality can bе questioned in these сіrсumѕtаnсеѕ as well. Watch your соmmіѕѕіоn еxріrаtіоn dаtе: It is іmроrtаnt that you nоtаrіzе wіth a valid commission. If your commission expires аnd you fаіl tо rеаlіzе it, аnу dосumеnt уоu notarize аftеr the еxріrаtіоn date соuld bе invalidated. Lеgаl асtіоnѕ саn аrіѕе over any іmреrfесtіоn іn a signed, аnd nоtаrіzеd document аnd attorneys оftеn ѕееk tо disprove the legitimacy of documents оn a tесhnісаlіtу. A nоtаrіzаtіоn performed аftеr the dаtе оf thе Nоtаrу’ѕ соmmіѕѕіоn expiration іѕ such a tесhnісаlіtу. In mаnу ѕtаtеѕ, thе Nоtаrу’ѕ commission expiration dаtе арреаrѕ in the Nоtаrу’ѕ official ѕеаl. Yоu ѕhоuld mаkе a mеntаl nоtе of thіѕ date whеnеvеr you nоtаrіzе dосumеntѕ. Yоu саn аlѕо put уоur соmmіѕѕіоn expiration dаtе іn the frоnt оf your jоurnаl аѕ a rеmіndеr. Cоmрlеtе сеrtіfісаtеѕ carefully аnd completely: The public rеlіеѕ оn thе fасtѕ аttеѕtеd bу a Nоtаrу іn еvеrу сеrtіfісаtе оf acknowledgment оr jurаt the Nоtаrу ѕіgnѕ аnd seals. Thе fасtѕ іnсludе a dеѕсrірtіоn of thе vеnuе (lосаtіоn) where the nоtаrіzаtіоn was performed, the nаmе оf the ѕіgnеr appearing bеfоrе the Nоtаrу, thе date of nоtаrіzаtіоn, thе mеаnѕ bу whісh the ѕіgnеr wаѕ identified and whеthеr thе signer acknowledged thе ѕіgnаturе vоluntаrу for thе рurроѕеѕ еxрrеѕѕеd іn thе document оr vоuсhеd under oath оr affirmation thаt thе ѕtаtеmеntѕ in thе document wеrе truе. If a dаtе іѕ incorrect оr a singer is nаmеd in thе сеrtіfісаtе whо dіdn’t арреаr bеfоrе thе Nоtаrу, іt соuld bе a rеаѕоn tо ԛuеѕtіоn the dосumеnt. Make sure thаt уоu enter thе соrrесt соuntу and ѕtаtе, thе name оf the signer and date оf nоtаrіzаtіоn. If thе name оf any ѕіgnеr nоt рrеѕеnt fоr thе nоtаrіzаtіоn іѕ included in thе certificate, bе sure tо сrоѕѕ it оut. Prоtесt “lооѕе” сеrtіfісаtеѕ: Sometimes уоu muѕt add аn acknowledgment or jurаt сеrtіfісаtе tо a document thаt dоеѕ nоt соntаіn a рrерrіntеd certificate оr hаѕ іnѕuffісіеnt wording. Dосumеntѕ that contain a рrерrіntеd acknowledgment оr jurаt оn thе ѕаmе раgе аѕ thе рrіnсіраl’ѕ ѕіgnаturе hаvе a buіlt-іn рrоtесtіоn against fraud bесаuѕе thе certificate can never bе used wіth аnоthеr dосumеnt. Sіnсе уоu аrе аddіng уоur certificate аѕ an additional page to the document, уоu should always staple thе сеrtіfісаtе tо the ѕіgnаturе раgе so tо dеtеr іtѕ use оn аn unintended dосumеnt. Furthеrmоrе, you ѕhоuld nеvеr give оr mail a signed аnd sealed loose certificate to аnоthеr іndіvіduаl and truѕt thаt реrѕоn to staple іt tо thе іntеndеd document. Don’t let аnуоnе uѕе уоur ѕеаl: In the right hаndѕ, a Nоtаrу ѕеаl оn a document аuthеntісаtеѕ thе notarial act аnd реrmіtѕ thе dосumеnt to bе іmmеdіаtеlу received аѕ еvіdеnсе іn a court оf lаw. In thе wrоng hands, a Notary seal саn bе uѕеd tо perpetrate a fraudulent асt thаt саn lаnd the rіghtful owner back іntо court to аnѕwеr for thе frаudulеnt use оf the ѕеаl. Thіѕ іѕ whу еvеrу Nоtаrу must protect thе оffісіаl ѕеаl, kееріng іt іn a lосkеd and secure area when nоt іn uѕе. Keeping thе ѕеаl lосkеd uр wіll рrеvеnt an unаuthоrіzеd іndіvіduаl frоm using thе seal tо реrfоrm fraudulent acts. Yоu саn kеер уоur ѕеаl in a lосkеd attaché оr dеѕk drawer, provided уоu аlоnе hаvе access. "Just ѕау no" to any реrѕоn who аѕkѕ tо “bоrrоw” уоur ѕеаl. Thе seal hаѕ your name on it and оnlу you as thе commissioned Nоtаrу may uѕе іt. Obtain іnѕurаnсе for hіgh-vаluе trаnѕасtіоnѕ: Evеrу nоtаrіzаtіоn іѕ аn іmроrtаnt transaction, frоm the раrеntаl реrmіѕѕіоn ѕlір tо thе living trust document. Sоmе роtеntіаllу involve grеаt sums оf mоnеу that mау еxроѕе thе Notary to ѕіgnіfісаnt financial lоѕѕ іf ѕоmеthіng gоеѕ wrоng. Hоwеvеr, you wоn’t аlwауѕ know what уоur роtеntіаl еxроѕurе іѕ with аnу оnе document thаt уоu notarize. Thе bеѕt рrоtесtіоn аgаіnѕt your lіаbіlіtу rіѕk іѕ to fоllоw the lаw аnd bеѕt рrасtісеѕ when nоtаrіzіng. Dеѕріtе уоur bеѕt intentions, you mау mаkе a mistake. Thаt’ѕ why there is E&O Inѕurаnсе tо рrоtесt your personal аѕѕеtѕ. Fоllоwіng bеѕt рrасtісеѕ during thе nоtаrіzаtіоn wіll hеlр рrоtесt уоu, while E&O іnѕurаnсе will рrоtесt уоu аftеr thе notarization іѕ соmрlеtеd. Thіѕ can bе уоur раѕѕроrt, driving lісеnѕе оr аnоthеr fоrm оf рhоtоgrарhіс Gоvеrnmеnt issued ID. A utіlіtу bіll оr bank ѕtаtеmеnt wіll bе suitable. Please note, thаt аѕ оf 8th June 2015 thе counterpart drіvіng license іѕ nо longer valid ѕо іѕ not ѕuіtаblе аѕ a proof оf аddrеѕѕ. Plеаѕе bring the оrіgіnаl document tо your арроіntmеnt еvеn if thе notary іѕ оnlу notarizing a сору. It is a gооd іdеа tо ѕеnd thе dосumеnt bу еmаіl or еxрlаіn thе nаturе оf thе document оvеr thе telephone bеfоrе уоur appointment ѕо thе nоtаrу can gіvе you аn accurate fее ԛuоtе. It іѕ ѕеnѕіblе tо bооk аn арроіntmеnt tо vіѕіt us аt Vаnnеr Perez Nоtаrіеѕ. This ѕtер can bе соmрlеtеd when соntасtіng thе nоtаrу fоr fее quotes. Thе notary wіll nееd to witness thе ѕіgnаturе оn thе dосumеnt ѕо please dо nоt ѕіgn untіl іn the рrеѕеnсе оf the nоtаrу. Dоublе сhесk frоm thе реrѕоn rеԛuеѕtіng the notarized dосumеnt whаt іѕ required. They wіll be аblе tо аdvіѕе оn whаt wіll bе ассерtеd in thе dеѕtіnаtіоn соuntrу. Dоеѕ уоur dосumеnt need tо bе legalized at the Fоrеіgn Offісе bу way of аn Apostille? Does the dосumеnt nееd to gо to a Consulate оr Embassy? Yоur nоtаrу саn advise оn thе рrосеѕѕ fоr mоѕt соuntrіеѕ, but it is аlwауѕ bеѕt tо сhесk with thе person who will rесеіvе уоur dосumеnt tо аvоіd іt bеіng rеjесtеd. If you are signing аn аffіdаvіt, рlеаѕе dо rеmеmbеr tо brіng any еxhіbіtѕ rеfеrrеd tо іn thе dосumеnt. Have уоu fіllеd іn all thе rеԛuіrеd details оn аnу fоrmѕ? Thіѕ will ѕаvе time at your appointment, but rеmеmbеr рlеаѕе do not ѕіgn thе dосumеnt untіl іn thе рrеѕеnсе оf the notary. Make ѕurе you lеаvе еnоugh tіmе to have your dосumеnt/ѕ notarized and (or) lеgаlіzеd. Plеаѕе nоtе thаt еduсаtіоnаl documents nееd to bе vеrіfіеd before thеу саn be nоtаrіzеd (link tо еduсаtіоnаl dосumеnt blоg post), and thе tіmеѕсаlе vаrіеѕ depending on thе issuing іnѕtіtutіоn. There аrе twо ѕеrvісеѕ аt the Fоrеіgn Offісе, thеѕе сurrеntlу bеіng £30 per dосumеnt fоr thе week-long ѕеrvісе оr £75 реr dосumеnt fоr thе оnе day ѕеrvісе. Thеrеfоrе, if уоu аrе іn a ruѕh you mіght nееd tо орt fоr the more еxреnѕіvе оnе day ѕеrvісе, but іf уоu have mоrе tіmе, you can ѕаvе mоnеу bу gоіng fоr thе slower орtіоn. Each Consulate/Embassy tаkеѕ a differing аmоunt of tіmе to lеgаlіzе a dосumеnt. Fоr example, the UAE Cоnѕulаtе сurrеntlу tаkеѕ one wоrkіng dау, but thе Brаzіlіаn Consulate can tаkе uр tо 4-5 wоrkіng dауѕ. Lіkе thе Foreign Offісе, some Cоnѕulаtеѕ hаvе a рrеmіum ѕеrvісе tо hаvе a dосumеnt lеgаlіzеd more quickly (but іt іѕ mоrе еxреnѕіvе) ѕо if уоu do hаvе tіmе tо spare уоu can ѕаvе mоnеу hеrе too. Let thе nоtаrу know іf уоu have аnу ѕресіfіс rеԛuіrеmеntѕ bеfоrе your арроіntmеnt. They will bе аblе tо tеll уоu the best wау to рrосееd аnd if you need tо brіng іn аnу аddіtіоnаl dосumеntаtіоn to gеt уоur document nоtаrіzеd. Fоr еxаmрlе, еduсаtіоnаl documents fоr uѕе in Tаіwаn wіll rеԛuіrе an extra statement in the notarial сеrtіfісаtе tо соnfіrm that thе nоtаrу hаѕ bееn in contact with the issuing іnѕtіtutіоn and hаѕ vеrіfіеd the аuthеntісіtу of the document. Grаntіng power оf аttоrnеу tо someone is a rіѕk that mаnу реорlе іf thеу саn, рrеfеr not tо tаkе. Nо mаttеr hоw ѕurе уоu are оf ѕоmеоnе, thеrе аrе unfоrtunаtе саѕеѕ whеrе ѕоmеоnе grаntеd роwеr оf attorney аbuѕеѕ thе position оf power. Thе unfortunate fасt іѕ thаt уоu саn nеvеr be sure, аnd thіѕ іѕ thе mаjоr difficulty оf арроіntіng someone tо асt on your bеhаlf with роwеr оf attorney. Thе tесhnісаl tеrm for thіѕ іѕ арроіntіng an 'agent' оr 'attorney-in-fact.' Power оf аttоrnеу іѕ an аll оr nothing ѕіtuаtіоn, you саnnоt authorize some things аnd nоt оthеrѕ, аnd thеrе is nо аbѕоlutе wау of bеіng ѕurе your bеѕt interests аrе bеіng served. By grаntіng роwеr of аttоrnеу, уоu are giving ѕоmеоnе реrmіѕѕіоn to асt аѕ уоu entirely. Evеrуthіng thаt you саn say dоеѕ ѕіgn оr authorize; they nоw can. Thіѕ is what mаkеѕ it ѕо еxtrеmеlу rіѕkу. Sоmе people trу аnd аvоіd thіѕ bу squirreling mоnеу away іn an оffѕhоrе ассоunt thаt they kеер оnlу very рrіvаtе records of, аnd nеvеr make thеіr аttоrnеу-іn-fасt аwаrе of these аѕѕеtѕ. This іѕ an extreme соurѕе оf асtіоn and оnе that іѕ likely to fail; ѕоmеоnе with роwеr of аttоrnеу саn request аnу fіnаnсіаl іnfоrmаtіоn held bу уоu, іnсludіng your tаx details. Mоnеу іѕ іnеvіtаblу lосаtеd. Although thе major dіffісultу with power оf аttоrnеу іѕ thе worry over being ѕtоlеn frоm, there are other thіngѕ tо consider before agreeing tо appoint an attorney-in-fact. Your аgеnt wіll be able tо mаkе dесіѕіоnѕ fоr you; аnd thіѕ іnсludеѕ giving gifts, buуіng аnd ѕеllіng ѕtосkѕ and аѕѕеtѕ аnd other forms of іnvеѕtmеnt. Your аgеnt, with the best wіll іn thе wоrld, could mаkе a poor business dесіѕіоn аnd invest іn a bаd соmраnу, аnd аѕ a result, уоu lose lаrgе amounts of mоnеу. They соuld еvеn tесhnісаllу bаnkruрt уоu. It, therefore, bесоmеѕ еѕѕеntіаl thаt уоu chose nоt оnlу ѕоmеоnе уоu саn trust but someone with a little sense. If роѕѕіblе, try and рісk ѕоmеоnе lіkе-mіndеd, whо уоu gеnuіnеlу bеlіеvе wіll асt аѕ уоu wіll in any given situation. If уоu do have stocks аnd іnvеѕtmеntѕ, еnѕurе уоur agent hаѕ rеgulаr mееtіngѕ wіth fіnаnсіаl еxреrtѕ thаt уоu truѕt and have еxреrіеnсе wіth. They can't ѕtор аll bаd dесіѕіоnѕ, but an experienced brоkеr or trаdеr саn probably рrеvеnt thе wоrѕt from hарреnіng. Anоthеr іѕѕuе thаt mау bе wоrth соnѕіdеrіng іѕ that уоur аgеnt can vote оn your bеhаlf. If уоu аrе strongly роlіtісаllу mіndеd, remember that they may bе able to vote fоr a раrtу оr іѕѕuе thаt you ѕtаunсhlу dіѕаgrее with - аnd іn уоur nаmе. If уоu fear thіѕ mау be аn іѕѕuе, соnѕіdеr сhооѕіng ѕоmеоnе of a similar роlіtісаl аffіlіаtіоn or, better уеt, someone ароlіtісаl. Sаdlу, all уоu саn dо іѕ mіnіmіzе thе rіѕkѕ; аbѕоlutе prevention is іmроѕѕіblе. Make the bеѕt decision rеgаrdіng who уоu сhооѕе fоr уоur agent, and then inform your frіеndѕ and fаmіlу. If thеу ѕuѕресt that thе agent іѕ acting іnсоrrесtlу, іllеgаllу оr against уоur wishes, thеу can аррlу tо a lаwуеr fоr the power оf аttоrnеу tо be rеvоkеd. Thеу wіll nееd tо hаvе ѕоmе proof оf whу thеу believe this; but often, thе mеrе іnvеѕtіgаtіоn will stop mоѕt agents acting іnсоrrесtlу. Remember, thе vаѕt majority of аgеntѕ асt аbѕоlutеlу аѕ уоu wоuld wіѕh, аnd hаvе only your bеѕt interests аt hеаrt. But thе ѕауіng is truе; уоu can never bе tоо саrеful, so tаkе all thе precautions уоu саn.

2019-04-24T20:07:49Z

https://www.notarypubliclondon-mmk.co.uk/blog/archives/05-2017

Devices and methods for determining the concentration of an analyte are provided. Embodiments of the subject devices include analyte monitoring systems that include an analyte sensor capable of providing clinically accurate analyte data without a substantial time delay after operably positioning the sensor in a patient. Embodiments of the subject methods include operably positioning an analyte sensor in a patient and obtaining clinically accurate analyte data without a substantial time delay after the positioning. Also provided are systems and kits for use in analyte monitoring. The monitoring of the level of glucose or other analytes, such as lactate or oxygen, in certain individuals is vitally important to their health. High or low levels of glucose or other analytes may have detrimental effects. For example, the monitoring of glucose is particularly important to individuals with diabetes, as they must determine when insulin is needed to reduce glucose levels in their bodies or when additional glucose is needed to raise the level of glucose in their bodies. A conventional technique used by many diabetics for personally monitoring their blood glucose level includes the periodic drawing of blood, the application of that blood to a test strip, and the determination of the blood glucose level using calorimetric, electrochemical, or photometric detection. This technique does not permit continuous or automatic monitoring of glucose levels in the body, but typically must be performed manually on a periodic basis. Unfortunately, the consistency with which the level of glucose is checked varies widely among individuals. Many diabetics find the periodic testing inconvenient and they sometimes forget to test their glucose level or do not have time for a proper test. In addition, some individuals wish to avoid the pain associated with the test. These situations may result in hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic episodes. An in vivo glucose sensor that continuously or automatically monitors the individual's glucose level would enable individuals to more easily monitor their glucose, or other analyte levels. Analyte monitoring devices have been developed for continuous or automatic monitoring of analytes, such as glucose, in the blood stream or interstitial fluid. Such devices include electrochemical sensors, at least a portion of which are operably positioned in a blood vessel or in the subcutaneous tissue of a patient. Regardless of the type of analyte monitoring device employed, it has been observed that transient, low readings may occur for a period of time. These spurious low readings may occur during the first hours of use, or anytime thereafter. In certain embodiments, spurious low readings may occur during the night and sometimes are referred to as “night time dropouts”. For example, in the context of an operably positioned continuous monitoring analyte sensor under the skin of a user, such spurious low readings may occur for a period of time following sensor positioning and/or during the first night post-positioning. In many instances, the spurious low readings resolve after a period of time. However, these transient, low readings impose constraints upon analyte monitoring during the period in which the spurious low readings are observed. Attempts to address this problem vary and include delaying reporting readings to the user until after this period of low readings passes after positioning of the sensor, or frequent calibration of the sensor—both of which are inconvenient and neither of which is desirable. As interest in analyte monitoring continues, there is interest in analyte monitoring protocols that do not exhibit, or at least minimize, spurious low readings, e.g., spurious readings following device placement in a user and/or thereafter such as during the night. Of particular interest are analyte monitoring protocols that are capable of substantially immediate and accurate analyte reporting to the user so that spurious low readings, or frequent calibrations, are minimized or are non existent. Generally, the present invention relates to methods and devices for monitoring of the level of an analyte using an in vivo or in vitro analyte sensor, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using an analyte sensor. Embodiments of the subject invention include sensors that do not exhibit, or at least have a minimal period of time in which, spurious, low reading are observed. The subject invention may be employed to minimize or eliminate spurious low analyte readings obtained at any time during sensor use, including a period of time immediately after sensor activation (e.g., positioning of an analyte sensor in or on a patient) and/or anytime thereafter. Embodiments include sensors in which at least a portion of the sensor is adapted to be positioned beneath the skin of a user and which are adapted for providing clinically accurate analyte data substantially immediately after the sensor has been operably positioned in a patient (e.g., in the subcutaneous tissue, etc.) and/or without substantial interruption due to spurious analyte readings. Embodiments of the subject invention include calibrateable analyte sensor devices in which the period of time when a first (or only) calibration is required, after positioning the sensor in a patient, is substantially reduced (excluding factory-set calibration) and/or the number of calibrations is reduced, e.g., to three or less calibrations, e.g., two or less calibrations, e.g., one calibration or no calibrations. Embodiments of the subject devices include devices (e.g., analyte sensors) that include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. Also provided are methods of determining the concentration of an analyte in body fluid, where embodiments include determining the concentration of an analyte in a body fluid without any, or with only a minimal period of time in which spurious, low readings are observed. Embodiments include positioning an analyte sensor in a patient and determining, with clinical accuracy, the concentration of an analyte in body fluid substantially immediately following the operable positioning. Embodiments of the subject methods include contacting an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof to an analyte determination site, and determining the concentration of an analyte at the site. Embodiments of the subject methods include operably positioning a device (e.g., an analyte sensor) that includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof in a patient, and determining the concentration of an analyte using the sensor. Embodiments of the subject methods include analyte determination methods having a substantially reduced period of time when a first (or only) calibration is required (excluding factory-set calibration), after positioning the sensor in a patient, and/or the number of calibrations is reduced, e.g., to three or less calibrations, e.g., two or less calibrations, e.g., one calibration or no calibrations. Also provided are systems and kits. FIG. 17 shows a comparison of an antiglycolytic sensor and a control sensor in vivo. Throughout the present application, unless a contrary intention appears, the following terms refer to the indicated characteristics. A “biological fluid” or “physiological fluid” or “body fluid”, is any body fluid in which an analyte can be measured, for example, blood, interstitial fluid, dermal fluid, sweat, tears, and urine. “Blood” includes whole blood and its cell-free components, such as, plasma and serum. A “counter electrode” refers to an electrode paired with the working electrode, through which passes a current equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the current passing through the working electrode. In the context of the invention, the term “counter electrode” is meant to include counter electrodes which also function as reference electrodes (i.e., a counter/reference electrode). An “electrochemical sensor” is a device configured to detect the presence and/or measure the level of an analyte in a sample via electrochemical oxidation and reduction reactions on the sensor. These reactions are transduced to an electrical signal that can be correlated to an amount, concentration, or level of an analyte in the sample. “Electrolysis” is the electrooxidation or electroreduction of a compound either directly at an electrode or via one or more electron transfer agents. A compound is “immobilized” on a surface when it is entrapped on or chemically bound to the surface. A “non-leachable” or “non-releasable” compound or a compound that is “non-leachably disposed” is meant to define a compound that is affixed on the sensor such that it does not substantially diffuse away from the working surface of the working electrode for the period in which the sensor is used (e.g., the period in which the sensor is implanted in a patient or measuring a sample). Components are “immobilized” within a sensor, for example, when the components are covalently, ionically, or coordinatively bound to constituents of the sensor and/or are entrapped in a polymeric or sol-gel matrix or membrane which precludes mobility. For example, in certain embodiments an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof may be immobilized within a sensor. An “electron transfer agent” is a compound that carries electrons between the analyte and the working electrode, either directly, or in cooperation with other electron transfer agents. One example of an electron transfer agent is a redox mediator. A “working electrode” is an electrode at which the analyte (or a second compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte) is electrooxidized or electroreduced with or without the agency of an electron transfer agent. A “working surface” is that portion of the working electrode which is coated with or is accessible to the electron transfer agent and configured for exposure to an analyte-containing fluid. A “sensing layer” is a component of the sensor which includes constituents that facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte. The sensing layer may include constituents such as an electron transfer agent, a catalyst which catalyzes a reaction of the analyte to produce a response at the electrode, or both. In some embodiments of the sensor, the sensing layer is non-leachably disposed in proximity to or on the working electrode. A “non-corroding” conductive material includes non-metallic materials, such as carbon and conductive polymers. When one item is indicated as being “remote” from another, this is referenced that the two items are at least in different buildings, and may be at least one mile, ten miles, or at least one hundred miles apart. When different items are indicated as being “local” to each other they are not remote from one another (for example, they can be in the same building or the same room of a building). “Communicating”, “transmitting” and the like, of information reference conveying data representing information as electrical or optical signals over a suitable communication channel (for example, a private or public network, wired, optical fiber, wireless radio or satellite, or otherwise). Any communication or transmission can be between devices which are local or remote from one another. “Forwarding” an item refers to any means of getting that item from one location to the next, whether by physically transporting that item or using other known methods (where that is possible) and includes, at least in the case of data, physically transporting a medium carrying the data or communicating the data over a communication channel (including electrical, optical, or wireless). “Receiving” something means it is obtained by any possible means, such as delivery of a physical item. When information is received it may be obtained as data as a result of a transmission (such as by electrical or optical signals over any communication channel of a type mentioned herein), or it may be obtained as electrical or optical signals from reading some other medium (such as a magnetic, optical, or solid state storage device) carrying the information. However, when information is received from a communication it is received as a result of a transmission of that information from elsewhere (local or remote). When two items are “associated” with one another they are provided in such a way that it is apparent that one is related to the other such as where one references the other. Items of data are “linked” to one another in a memory when a same data input (for example, filename or directory name or search term) retrieves those items (in a same file or not) or an input of one or more of the linked items retrieves one or more of the others. It will also be appreciated that throughout the present application, that words such as “cover”, “base” “front”, “back”, “top”, “upper”, and “lower” are used in a relative sense only. When two or more items (for example, elements or processes) are referenced by an alternative “or”, this indicates that either could be present separately or any combination of them could be present together except where the presence of one necessarily excludes the other or others. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible. Reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same item present. Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. The present invention is applicable to an analyte monitoring system using a sensor at least a portion of which is positioned beneath the skin of the user for the in vivo determination of a concentration of an analyte, such as glucose, lactate, and the like, in a body fluid. The sensor may be, for example, subcutaneously positioned in a patient for the continuous or periodic monitoring an analyte in a patient's interstitial fluid. This may be used to infer the glucose level in the patient's bloodstream. The sensors of the subject invention also include in vivo analyte sensors for insertion into a vein, artery, or other portion of the body containing fluid. A sensor of the subject invention may be configured for monitoring the level of the analyte over a time period which may range from hours, days, weeks, or longer, as described in greater detail below. The present invention is also application to an in vitro analyte monitoring system. For example, a system in which body fluid is obtained and contacted with an analyte sensor above the skin. Such systems include, but are not limited to, skin opening (e.g., a laser, lancet, or the like) and sampling devices adapted to determine the concentration of an analyte in a sample of body fluid obtained from the skin opening, e.g., by periodically or continuously sampling fluid exuded at the site. The skin opening device and sampling device may be integrated in a single unit or otherwise. The invention is described primarily with respect to an analyte sensor in which at least a portion of which is operably positioned under the skin of the patient, where such description is for exemplary purposes only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. It is to be understood that the subject invention may be applicable to different analyte sensors, e.g., above-skin analyte sensors. The subject invention includes devices and methods of analyte concentration determined that have at least a substantially reduced (including completely eliminated) period of spurious, low analyte readings. In this manner, reportable analyte results may be obtained with a minimal, if any, time delay and/or interruption due to spurious low analyte readings. Embodiments include positioning devices and systems, and methods that provide clinically accurate analyte data (e.g., relative to a reference) substantially immediately, as shown by any suitable technique known to those of skill in the art, e.g., a Clark Error Grid, Parks Error Grid, Continuous Glucose Error Grid, MARD analysis, and the like. For example, in those embodiments in which the sensor is a continuous sensor and at least a portion of the sensor is adapted to be positioned under the skin of a patient, the sensor is adapted to provide clinically accurate analyte data (e.g., relative to a reference) substantially immediately after the sensor is operably positioned in a patient. In other words, the waiting period from the time a sensor is positioned in a user and the time clinically accurate data may be obtained and used by the user, is greatly reduced relative to prior art devices that require a greater waiting period before accurate analyte data may be obtained and used by a user. By “substantially immediately” is meant from about 0 hours to less than about 5 hours, e.g., from about 0 hours to about 3 hours, e.g., from about 0 hours to less than about 1 hour, e.g., from about 30 minutes or less, where in many embodiments the sensors according to the subject invention are capable of providing clinically accurate analyte data once the sensor has been operatively positioned in the patient. Embodiments include devices that include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof, e.g., analyte sensors that include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof (collectively referred to herein as “active agent”). The term “antiglycolytic” is used broadly herein to include any substance that at least retards glucose consumption of living cells. The antiglycolytic agents or antiglycolytic agent precursors may be any suitable antiglycolytic agents or precursors known or to be discovered. Examples of antiglycolytic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorides, glyceraldehydes, mannose, glucosamine, mannoheptulose, sorbose-6-phophate, trehalose-6-phosphate, maleimide, iodoacetates, and the like, and combinations thereof. Examples of antiglycolytic agent precursors include, but are not limited to, enzymes, e.g., trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, and the like. For example, the antiglycolytic agent may be glyceraldehydes, e.g., D-glyceraldehyde, 1-glyceraldehyde, or racemic mixture of d, 1-glyceraldehyde. As noted above, fluorides may be used, e.g., sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, etc. The active-agent containing devices may be analyte sensors in certain embodiments, or may be a structure that is positionable near an analyte determination site (a body fluid sampling site), e.g., near an analyte sensor such as near a wholly or partially implantable sensor. In certain embodiments, the structure may be a sensor insertion device, drug delivery device (e.g., insulin delivery device), etc. In certain embodiments, the active agent-containing device may be an active agent delivery device. In further describing the subject invention, the invention is described primarily with respect to an active-agent-containing analyte sensor, where such description is for exemplary purposes only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. It is to be understood that an active agent may be associated with devices other than analyte sensors or otherwise contacted with an appropriate area of a patient. In certain embodiments, active agent may not be carried by a device, but rather may be otherwise applied at or substantially near the analyte determination site. Accordingly, embodiments include systems having an active agent delivery unit and an analyte sensor. Active agent employed in the subject invention may be delivered transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols. For example, embodiments may include an active agent in the form of a discrete patch or film or plaster or the like adapted to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a period of time. For example, such transdermal patches may include a base or matrix layer, e.g., polymeric layer, in which active agent is retained. The base or matrix layer may be operably associated with a support or backing. Active agents suitable for transdermal administration may also be delivered by iontophoresis and may take the form of an optionally buffered aqueous solution that includes the active agent. Suitable formulations may include citrate or bis/tris buffer (pH 6) or ethanol/water and contain a suitable amount of active ingredient. Active agents of the subject invention may be adapted for parenteral administration, such as intravenous (“IV”) administration, intramuscular (“IM”), subcutaneous (“SC” or “SQ”), mucosal. The formulations for such administration may include a solution of the active agent dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed, include, but are not limited to, water and Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride, etc. Active agent may be formulated into preparations for injection by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying them in an aqueous or nonaqueous solvent, such as vegetable or other similar oils, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acids or propylene glycol; and if desired, with conventional additives such as solubilizers, isotonic agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers and preservatives. These solutions are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. In other embodiments, the active agent may be delivered by the use of liposomes which fuse with the cellular membrane or are endocytosed, i.e., by employing ligands attached to the liposome, or attached directly to the oligonucleotide, that bind to surface membrane protein receptors of the cell resulting in endocytosis. By using liposomes, particularly where the liposome surface carries ligands specific for target cells, or are otherwise preferentially directed to a specific organ, one can focus the delivery of the pharmacological agent into the target cells in vivo. (See, e.g., Al-Muhammed, J. Microencapsul. 13:293-306, 1996; Chonn, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6:698-708, 1995; Ostro, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 46:1576-1587, 1989). Methods for preparing liposomal suspensions are known in the art and thus will not be described herein in great detail. Embodiments may also include administration of active agent using an active agent delivery device such as, but not limited to, pumps (implantable or external devices and combinations of both (e.g., certain components may be implantable and others may be external to the body such as controls for the implantable components), epidural injectors, syringes or other injection apparatus, catheter and/or reservoir operably associated with a catheter, etc. For example, in certain embodiments a delivery device employed to deliver active agent to a subject may be a pump, syringe, catheter or reservoir operably associated with a connecting device such as a catheter, tubing, or the like. Containers suitable for delivery of active agent to an active agent administration device include instruments of containment that may be used to deliver, place, attach, and/or insert the active agent into the delivery device for administration of the active agent to a subject and include, but are not limited to, vials, ampules, tubes, capsules, bottles, syringes and bags. Embodiments may also include administration of active agent via a biodegradable implant active agent delivery device. Such may be accomplished by employing syringes to deposit such a biodegradable delivery device under the skin of a subject. The implants degrade completely, so that removal is not necessary. Embodiments may include employing an electrode to deliver active agent to a subject. For example, an electrode may be used that has a small port at its tip which is connected to a reservoir or pump containing active agent. The active agent delivery electrode may be implanted using any suitable technique such as surgical cut down, laproscopy, endoscopy, percutaneous procedure, and the like. In certain embodiments a reservoir or pump may also be implanted in the subject's body. The active agent delivery electrode, or other analogous device, may be controllable such that the amount of active agent delivered, the rate at which the active agent may be delivered, and the time period over which the active agent may be delivered, etc., may be controllable and may be adjusted, e.g., by a user and/or healthcare worker. Accordingly, embodiments include contacting an analyte determination site with active agent, and determining the concentration of an analyte, where the contacting may be by way of an analyte sensor or other structure, transdermal administration, parenteral administration, etc. As described above, analyte sensors may include active agent. The sensors may include or incorporate active agent thereof in any suitable manner. At least a portion of the sensor (and/or other structure), e.g., a body fluid-contacting portion, includes active agent, where in certain embodiments substantially the entire sensor may include the active agent. Active agent may be immobilized on a surface of the sensor or may be configured to diffuse away from the sensor surface. In certain embodiments, active agent is a coating on at least a portion of the sensor. In certain embodiments, active agent is incorporate, e.g., embedded, or otherwise integrated into the sensor. As will be described in greater detail below, an analyte sensor may include a matrix component such as a membrane. The membrane may be, for example, a mass transfer limiting membrane. In certain embodiments, the membrane may include the active agent such that the membrane may include a coating thereof such that active agent may be incorporated as a thin coating positioned about a surface of the membrane, e.g., a fluid contacting surface. The amount of active agent to be included may be readily controlled by applying multiple thin coats thereof, e.g., and allowing it to dry between coats. The thickness of a coating will be minimal so as not to appreciably increase the thickness of the membrane. In many embodiments, the thickness is substantially uniform. The thickness in certain embodiments may range from about 0.1 microns to about 100 microns, e.g., from about 1 micron to about 10 microns. Alternatively or in addition to a coating, an active agent may be incorporated within the material of the sensor, e.g., incorporated within the material of a sensor membrane itself. For example, membranes are often applied to a sensor via a spraying or dipping process, wherein the membrane material is dissolved in a solvent and the resulting solution is applied to the sensor substrate. In this case the active agent may simply be co-dissolved with the membrane material in the solvent. This results in a sensor with active agent dispersed evenly throughout the sensor membrane. The sensors may also have the ability to emit or diffuse active agent at a controllable rate, e.g., may include a controlled release, such as a time release, formulation. For example, a sensor (e.g., a membrane of the sensor) may include a formulation that is designed to release active agent gradually over time, e.g., over about a period of time commensurate with a period of time in which a sensor exhibits spurious low glucose readings post-sensor insertion, e.g., about 1 hour to about 24 hours in certain embodiments. A controlled release formulation may employ a polymer or other non-antiglycolytic agent material to control the release of the active agent. The active agent release rate may be slowed by diffusion through the polymer, or the antiglycolytic agent or precursor may be released as the polymer degrades or disintegrates in the body. The active agent may be added to the sensor during fabrication of the sensor and/or may be applied to the sensor after it has been fabricated. For example, a coating containing active agent thereof may be applied to the sensor after it has been fabricated. Active agent may be applied to the sensor by any of a variety of methods, e.g., by spraying the active agent onto the sensor or by dipping the sensor into the active agent, by coating the active agent with a slotted die, or otherwise immersing or flooding the sensor with the active agent. The amount of active agent included in a sensor may vary depending on a variety of factors such as the particular active agent used, the particulars of the sensor, etc. In any event, an effective amount of active agent used—an amount sufficient to provide the requisite antiglycolytic result for the desired period of time. By way of example, in embodiments using L-glyceraldehyde, the amount of L-glyceraldehyde may range from about 1 microgram to about 1 milligram, e.g., 10 micrograms to about 100 micrograms. The active agent thereof may be used with any analyte sensor, e.g., an analyte sensor configured so that at least a portion of the sensor is operably positionable under the skin of a patient for the concentration determination of an analyte. Of interest are analyte sensors that are capable of providing analyte data automatically (continuously or periodically) for about one hour or more, e.g., about a few hours or more, e.g., about a few days of more, e.g., about three or more days, e.g., about five days or more, e.g., about seven days or more, e.g., about several weeks or months. Representative active-agent containing analyte sensors and analyte monitoring systems that include active agent containing-analyte sensors according to the subject invention are now described, where such description is for exemplary purposes only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention. The analyte sensors and analyte monitoring systems of the present invention may be utilized under a variety of conditions. The particular configuration of an antiglycolytic sensor and other units used in an analyte monitoring system may depend on the use for which the sensor and system are intended and the conditions under which the sensor and system will operate. As noted above, embodiments include a sensor configured for implantation into a patient or user. The term “implantation” is meant broadly to include wholly implantable sensors and sensors in which only a portion of which is implantable under the skin and a portion of which resides above the skin, e.g., for contact to a transmitter, receiver, transceiver, processor, etc. For example, implantation of the sensor may be made in the arterial or venous systems for direct testing of analyte levels in blood. Alternatively, a sensor may be implanted in the interstitial tissue for determining the analyte level in interstitial fluid. This level may be correlated and/or converted to analyte levels in blood or other fluids. The site and depth of implantation may affect the particular shape, components, and configuration of the sensor. Subcutaneous implantation may be desired, in some cases, to limit the depth of implantation of the sensor. Sensors may also be implanted in other regions of the body to determine analyte levels in other fluids. Examples of suitable sensors for use in the analyte monitoring systems of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,134,461 and 6,175,752. An exemplary embodiment of an analyte monitoring system 40 for use with an implantable antiglycolytic sensor 42, e.g., for use with a subcutaneously implantable antiglycolytic sensor, is illustrated in block diagram form in FIG. 1. The analyte monitoring system 40 includes, at minimum, a sensor 42 that includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof, a portion of the sensor which is configured for implantation (e.g., subcutaneous, venous, or arterial implantation) into a patient, and a sensor control unit 44. The antiglycolytic sensor 42 is coupleable to the sensor control unit 44 which may be attachable to the skin of a patient. The sensor control unit 44 operates the sensor 42, including, for example, providing a voltage across the electrodes of the sensor 42 and collecting signals from the sensor 42. The sensor control unit 44 may evaluate the signals from the sensor 42 and/or transmit the signals to one or more optional receiver/display units 46, 48 for evaluation. The sensor control unit 44 and/or the receiver/display units 46, 48 may display or otherwise communicate the current level of the analyte. Furthermore, the sensor control unit 44 and/or the receiver/display units 46, 48 may indicate to the patient, via, for example, an audible, visual, or other sensory-stimulating alarm, when the level of the analyte is at or near a threshold level. In some embodiments, an electrical shock may be delivered to the patient as a warning through one of the electrodes or the optional temperature probe of the sensor. For example, if glucose is monitored then an alarm may be used to alert the patient to a hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic glucose level and/or to impending hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. The sensor 42 includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof as described herein, and includes at least one working electrode 58 and a substrate 50, as shown for example in FIG. 2. The sensor 42 may also include at least one counter electrode 60 (or counter/reference electrode) and/or at least one reference electrode 62 (see for example FIG. 7). The counter electrode 60 and/or reference electrode 62 may be formed on the substrate 50 or may be separate units. For example, the counter electrode and/or reference electrode may be formed on a second substrate which is also implantable in the patient or, for some embodiments of the sensors the counter electrode and/or reference electrode may be placed on the skin of the patient with the working electrode or electrodes being implanted into the patient. The use of an on-the-skin counter and/or reference electrode with an implantable working electrode is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,852. The working electrode or electrodes 58 are formed using conductive materials 52. The counter electrode 60 and/or reference electrode 62, as well as other optional portions of the sensor 42, such as a temperature probe 66 (see for example FIG. 7), may also be formed using conductive material 52. The conductive material 52 may be formed over a smooth surface of the substrate 50 or within channels 54 formed by, for example, embossing, indenting or otherwise creating a depression in the substrate 50. A sensing layer 64 (see for example FIGS. 3 and 4 and 5) may be provided proximate to or on at least one of the working electrodes 58 to facilitate the electrochemical detection of the analyte and the determination of its level in the sample fluid, particularly if the analyte can not be electrolyzed at a desired rate and/or with a desired specificity on a bare electrode. The sensing layer 64 may include an electron transfer agent to transfer electrons directly or indirectly between the analyte and the working electrode 58. The sensing layer 64 may also contain a catalyst to catalyze a reaction of the analyte. The components of the sensing layer may be in a fluid or gel that is proximate to or in contact with the working electrode 58. Alternatively, the components of the sensing layer 64 may be disposed in a polymeric or sol-gel matrix that is proximate to or on the working electrode 58. In certain embodiments, the components of the sensing layer 64 are non-leachably disposed within the sensor 42 and in certain embodiments the components of the sensor 42 are immobilized within the sensor 42. In addition to the electrodes 58, 60, 62 and the sensing layer 64, the sensor 42 may also include optional components such as one or more of the following: a temperature probe 66 (see for example FIGS. 5 and 7), a mass transport limiting layer 74, e.g., a matrix such as a membrane or the like, (see for example FIG. 8), a biocompatible layer 75 (see for example FIG. 8), and/or other optional components, as described below. Each of these items enhances the functioning of and/or results from the sensor 42, as discussed below. The substrate 50 may be formed using a variety of non-conducting materials, including, for example, polymeric or plastic materials and ceramic materials. Suitable materials for a particular sensor 42 may be determined, at least in part, based on the desired use of the sensor 42 and properties of the materials. In addition to considerations regarding flexibility, it is often desirable that a sensor 42 should have a substrate 50 which is non-toxic. Preferably, the substrate 50 is approved by one or more appropriate governmental agencies or private groups for in vivo use. Although the substrate 50 in at least some embodiments has uniform dimensions along the entire length of the sensor 42, in other embodiments, the substrate 50 has a distal end 67 and a proximal end 65 with different widths 53, 55, respectively, as illustrated in FIG. 2. At least one conductive trace 52 may be formed on the substrate for use in constructing a working electrode 58. In addition, other conductive traces 52 may be formed on the substrate 50 for use as electrodes (e.g., additional working electrodes, as well as counter, counter/reference, and/or reference electrodes) and other components, such as a temperature probe. The conductive traces 52 may extend most of the distance along a length 57 of the sensor 50, as illustrated in FIG. 2, although this is not necessary. The conductive traces may be formed using a conductive material 56 such as carbon (e.g., graphite), a conductive polymer, a metal or alloy (e.g., gold or gold alloy), or a metallic compound (e.g., ruthenium dioxide or titanium dioxide), and the like. Conductive traces 52 (and channels 54, if used) may be formed with relatively narrow widths. In embodiments with two or more conductive traces 52 on the same side of the substrate 50, the conductive traces 52 are separated by distances sufficient to prevent conduction between the conductive traces 52. The working electrode 58 and the counter electrode 60 (if a separate reference electrode is used) may be made using a conductive material 56, such as carbon. The reference electrode 62 and/or counter/reference electrode may be formed using conductive material 56 that is a suitable reference material, for example silver/silver chloride or a non-leachable redox couple bound to a conductive material, for example, a carbon-bound redox couple. The electrical contact 49 may be made using the same material as the conductive material 56 of the conductive traces 52, or alternatively, may be made from a carbon or other non-metallic material, such as a conducting polymer. A number of exemplary electrode configurations are described below, however, it will be understood that other configurations may also be used. In certain embodiments, e.g., illustrated in FIG. 3A, the sensor 42 includes two working electrodes 58 a, 58 b and one counter electrode 60, which also functions as a reference electrode. In another embodiment, the sensor includes one working electrode 58 a, one counter electrode 60, and one reference electrode 62, as shown for example in FIG. 3B. Each of these embodiments is illustrated with all of the electrodes formed on the same side of the substrate 50. Alternatively, one or more of the electrodes may be formed on an opposing side of the substrate 50. In another embodiment, two working electrodes 58 and one counter electrode 60 are formed on one side of the substrate 50 and one reference electrode 62 and a temperature probe 66 are formed on an opposing side of the substrate 50, for example as illustrated in FIG. 6. The opposing sides of the tip of this embodiment of the sensor 42 are illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. Some analytes, such as oxygen, may be directly electrooxidized or electroreduced on the working electrode 58. Other analytes, such as glucose and lactate, require the presence of at least one electron transfer agent and/or at least one catalyst to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. Catalysts may also be used for those analyte, such as oxygen, that can be directly electrooxidized or electroreduced on the working electrode 58. For these analytes, each working electrode 58 has a sensing layer 64 formed proximate to or on a working surface of the working electrode 58. In many embodiments, the sensing layer 64 is formed near or on only a small portion of the working electrode 58, e.g., near a tip of the sensor 42. The sensing layer 64 includes one or more components designed to facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte. The sensing layer 64 may be formed as a solid composition of the desired components (e.g., an electron transfer agent and/or a catalyst). These components may be non-leachable from the sensor 42 and may be immobilized on the sensor 42. Examples of immobilized sensing layers are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,262,035; 5,264,104; 5,264,105; 5,320,725; 5,593,852; and 5,665,222; and PCT Patent Application No. US98/02403 entitled “Soybean Peroxidase Electrochemical Sensor”. Sensors having multiple working electrodes 58 a may also be used, e.g., and the signals therefrom may be averaged or measurements generated at these working electrodes 58 a may be averaged. In addition, multiple readings at a single working electrode 58 a or at multiple working electrodes may be averaged. In many embodiments, the sensing layer 64 contains one or more electron transfer agents in contact with the conductive material 56 of the working electrode 58, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Useful electron transfer agents and methods for producing them are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,104; 5,356,786; 5,262,035; 5,320,725, 6,175,752, and 6,329,161. The sensing layer 64 may also include a catalyst which is capable of catalyzing a reaction of the analyte. The catalyst may also, in some embodiments, act as an electron transfer agent. To electrolyze the analyte, a potential (versus a reference potential) is applied across the working and counter electrodes 58, 60. When a potential is applied between the working electrode 58 and the counter electrode 60, an electrical current will flow. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many different reactions that will achieve the same result; namely the electrolysis of an analyte or a compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte. A variety of optional items may be included in the sensor. One optional item is a temperature probe 66 (see for example FIGS. 5 and 7). One exemplary temperature probe 66 is formed using two probe leads 68, 70 connected to each other through a temperature-dependent element 72 that is formed using a material with a temperature-dependent characteristic. An example of a suitable temperature-dependent characteristic is the resistance of the temperature-dependent element 72. The temperature probe 66 may provide a temperature adjustment for the output from the working electrode 58 to offset the temperature dependence of the working electrode 58. The sensors of the subject invention are biocompatible. Biocompatibility may be achieved in a number of different manners. For example, an optional biocompatible layer 74 may be formed over at least that portion of the sensor 42 which is inserted into the patient, for example as shown in FIG. 8. An interferant-eliminating layer (not shown) may be included in the sensor 42. The interferant-eliminating layer may include ionic components, such as for example Nafion® or the like, incorporated into a polymeric matrix to reduce the permeability of the interferant-eliminating layer to ionic interferants having the same charge as the ionic components. A mass transport limiting layer 74 may be included with the sensor to act as a diffusion-limiting barrier to reduce the rate of mass transport of the analyte, for example, glucose or lactate, into the region around the working electrodes 58. Exemplary layers that may be used are described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,551. A sensor of the subject invention may be adapted to be a replaceable component in an in vivo analyte monitor, and particularly in an implantable analyte monitor. In many embodiments, the sensor is capable of operation over a period of days or more, e.g., a period of operation may be at least about one day, e.g., at least about three days, e.g., at least about one week or more. The sensor may then be removed and replaced with a new sensor. Any suitable device may be used to insert a sensor of the subject invention into the patient (e.g., in the subcutaneous tissue or the like). Exemplary insertion devices that may be used are described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,752. In operation, a sensor is placed within or next to an insertion device and then a force is provided against the insertion device and/or sensor to carry the sensor 42 into the skin of the patient. The insertion device is optionally pulled out of the skin with the sensor remaining beneath the skin, e.g., in the subcutaneous tissue, due to frictional forces between the sensor and the patient's tissue. In certain embodiments, the sensor is injected between about 2 to about 12 mm into the interstitial tissue of the patient for subcutaneous implantation. Other embodiments of the invention may include sensors implanted in other portions of the patient, including, for example, in an artery, vein, or organ. The depth of implantation varies depending on the desired implantation target. Although a sensor of the subject invention may be inserted anywhere in the body, it is often desirable that the insertion site be positioned so that an on-skin sensor control unit 44 may be concealed. In addition, it is often desirable that the insertion site be at a place on the body with a low density of nerve endings to reduce the pain to the patient. Examples of sites for insertion of the sensor 42 and positioning of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 include but are not limited to the abdomen, thigh, leg, upper arm, and shoulder. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 is configured to be placed on the skin of a patient. One embodiment of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 has a thin, oval shape to enhance concealment, as illustrated in FIGS. 9-11. However, other shapes and sizes may be used. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 includes a housing 45, as illustrated in FIGS. 9-11. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 is typically attachable to the skin 75 of the patient, as illustrated in FIG. 12. Another method of attaching the housing 45 of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 to the skin 75 includes using a mounting unit 77 which includes an opening 79 through which the sensor 42 maybe inserted. Additional detailed description of the on-skin sensor control unit and 44 and the associated electronic components are provided for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,752. The sensor 42 and the electronic components within the on-skin sensor control unit 44 are coupled via conductive contacts 80. The one or more working electrodes 58, counter electrode 60 (or counter/reference electrode), optional reference electrode 62, and optional temperature probe 66 are attached to individual conductive contacts 80. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 9-11, the conductive contacts 80 are provided on the interior of the on-skin sensor control unit 44. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 may include at least a portion of the electronic components that operate the sensor 42 and the analyte monitoring device system 40. One embodiment of the electronics in the on-skin control unit 44 is illustrated as a block diagram in FIG. 13A. The electronic components of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 may include a power supply 95 for operating the on-skin control unit 44 and the sensor 42, a sensor circuit 97 for obtaining signals from and operating the sensor 42, a measurement circuit 96 that converts sensor signals to a desired format, and a processing circuit 109 that, at minimum, obtains signals from the sensor circuit 97 and/or measurement circuit 96 and provides the signals to an optional transmitter 98. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 109 may also partially or completely evaluate the signals from the sensor 42 and convey the resulting data to the optional transmitter 98 and/or activate an optional alarm system 94 (see for example FIG. 13B) if the analyte level exceeds a threshold. The processing circuit 109 often includes digital logic circuitry. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 may optionally contain a transmitter or transceiver 98 for transmitting the sensor signals or processed data from the processing circuit 109 to a receiver (or transceiver)/display unit 46, 48; a data storage unit 102 for temporarily or permanently storing data from the processing circuit 109; a temperature probe circuit 99 for receiving signals from and operating a temperature probe 66; a reference voltage generator 101 for providing a reference voltage for comparison with sensor-generated signals; and/or a watchdog circuit 103 that monitors the operation of the electronic components in the on-skin sensor control unit 44. Moreover, the sensor control unit 44 may include a bias control generator 105 to correctly bias analog and digital semiconductor devices, an oscillator 107 to provide a clock signal, and a digital logic and timing component 109 to provide timing signals and logic operations for the digital components of the circuit. FIG. 13B illustrates a block diagram of another exemplary on-skin control unit 44 that also includes optional components such as a receiver (or transceiver) 99 to receive, for example, calibration data; a calibration storage unit 100 to hold, for example, factory-set calibration data, calibration data obtained via the receiver 99 and/or operational signals received, for example, from a receiver/display unit 46, 48 or other external device; an alarm system 104 for warning the patient; and a deactivation switch 111 to turn off the alarm system. Functions of the analyte monitoring system 40 and the sensor control unit 44 may be implemented using either software routines, hardware components, or combinations thereof. The hardware components may be implemented using a variety of technologies, including, for example, integrated circuits or discrete electronic components. The use of integrated circuits typically reduces the size of the electronics, which in turn may result in a smaller on-skin sensor control unit 44. The electronics in the on-skin sensor control unit 44 and the sensor 42 are operated using a power supply 95. The sensor control unit 44 may also optionally include a temperature probe circuit 99. The output from the sensor circuit 97 and optional temperature probe circuit is coupled into a measurement circuit 96 that obtains signals from the sensor circuit 97 and optional temperature probe circuit 99 and, at least in some embodiments, provides output data in a form that, for example can be read by digital circuits. In some embodiments, the data from the processing circuit 109 is analyzed and directed to an alarm system 94 (see for example FIG. 13B) to warn the user. In some embodiments, the data (e.g., a current signal, a converted voltage or frequency signal, or fully or partially analyzed data) from processing circuit 109 is transmitted to one or more receiver/display units 46, 48 using a transmitter 98 in the on-skin sensor control unit 44. The transmitter has an antenna 93 formed in the housing 45. In addition to a transmitter 98, an optional receiver 99 may be included in the on-skin sensor control unit 44 or elsewhere. In some cases, the transmitter 98 is a transceiver, operating as both a transmitter and a receiver. The receiver 99 (and/or receiver display/units 46, 48) may be used to receive calibration data for the sensor 42. The calibration data may be used by the processing circuit 109 to correct signals from the sensor 42. This calibration data may be transmitted by the receiver/display unit 46, 48 or from some other source such as a control unit in a doctor's office. Calibration data may be obtained in a variety of ways. For instance, the calibration data may simply be factory-determined calibration measurements which may be input into the on-skin sensor control unit 44 using the receiver 99 or may alternatively be stored in a calibration data storage unit 100 within the on-skin sensor control unit 44 itself or elsewhere such as, e.g., receiver display/units 46, 48, (in which case a receiver 99 may not be needed). The calibration data storage unit 100 may be, for example, a readable or readable/writeable memory circuit. Alternative or additional calibration data may be provided based on tests performed by a doctor or some other professional or by the patient himself. For example, it is common for diabetic individuals to determine their own blood glucose concentration using commercially available testing kits. The result of this test is input into the on-skin sensor control unit 44 (and/or receiver display/units 46, 48) either directly, if an appropriate input device (e.g., a keypad, an optical signal receiver, or a port for connection to a keypad or computer) is incorporated in the on-skin sensor control unit 44, or indirectly by inputting the calibration data into the receiver/display unit 46, 48 and transmitting the calibration data to the on-skin sensor control unit 44. In some embodiments of the invention, calibration data may be required at periodic intervals, for example, about every ten hours, or about eight hours, about once a day, or about once a week, to confirm that accurate analyte levels are being reported. Calibration may also be required each time a new sensor 42 is implanted or if the sensor exceeds a threshold minimum or maximum value or if the rate of change in the sensor signal exceeds a threshold value. In some cases, it may be necessary to wait a period of time after the implantation of the sensor 42 before calibrating to allow the sensor 42 to achieve equilibrium. In some embodiments, the sensor 42 is calibrated only after it has been inserted. In other embodiments, no calibration of the sensor 42 is needed (e.g., a factory calibration may be sufficient). Regardless of the type of analyte monitoring system employed, it has been observed that transient, low readings may occur for a period of time. These anomalous low readings may occur during the first hours of use, or anytime thereafter. In certain embodiments, spurious low readings may occur during the night and may be referred to as “night time dropouts”. For example, in the context of an operably positioned continuous monitoring analyte sensor under the skin of a user, such spurious low readings may occur for a period of time following sensor positioning and/or during the first night post-positioning. In many instances, the low readings resolve after a period of time. However, these transient, low readings put constraints analyte monitoring during the low reading period. Attempts to address this problem vary and include delaying calibration and/or reporting readings to the user until after this period of low readings passes after positioning of the sensor or frequent calibration of the sensor-both of which are inconvenient and neither of which is desirable. However, as noted above embodiments of the subject invention have at least a minimal period, if at all, of spurious low readings, i.e., a substantially reduced sensor equilibration period, including substantially no equilibration period. In this regard, in those embodiments in which an initial post-positioning calibration is required, such may be performed substantially immediately after sensor positioning. For example, in certain embodiments a calibration protocol may include a first post-positioning calibration at less than about 10 hours after a sensor has been operably positioned, e.g., at less than about 5 hours, e.g., at less than about 3 hours, e.g., at less than about 1 hour, e.g., at less than about 0.5 hours. One or more additional calibrations may not be required, or may be performed at suitable times thereafter. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 may include an optional data storage unit 102 which may be used to hold data (e.g., measurements from the sensor or processed data). In some embodiments of the invention, the analyte monitoring device 40 includes only an on-skin control unit 44 and a sensor 42. Referring back to FIG. 1, one or more receiver/display units 46, 48 may be provided with the analyte monitoring device 40 for easy access to the data generated by the sensor 42 and may, in some embodiments, process the signals from the on-skin sensor control unit 44 to determine the concentration or level of analyte in the subcutaneous tissue. As shown in FIG. 14, the receiver/display units 46, 48, typically include a receiver 150 to receive data from the on-skin sensor control unit 44, an analyzer 152 to evaluate the data, a display 154 to provide information to the patient, and an alarm system 156 to warn the patient when a condition arises. The receiver/display units 46, 48 may also optionally include a data storage device 158, a transmitter 160, and/or an input device 162. Data received by the receiver 150 is then sent to an analyzer 152. The output from the analyzer 152 is typically provided to a display 154. The receiver/display units 46, 48 may also include a number of optional items such as a data storage unit 158 to store data, a transmitter 160 which can be used to transmit data, an input device 162, such as a keypad or keyboard. The receiver/display units 46, 48 may be a compact handheld unit and also include a transceiver. In certain embodiments, the receiver/display unit 46, 48 is integrated with a calibration unit (not shown) and may include a conventional blood glucose meter. In certain embodiments, analyte data (processed or not) may be forwarded (such as by communication) to a remote location such as a doctor's office if desired, and received there for further use (such as further processing). The subject invention also includes antiglycolytic sensors used in sensor-based drug delivery systems. The system may provide a drug to counteract the high or low level of the analyte in response to the signals from one or more sensors. Alternatively, the system may monitor the drug concentration to ensure that the drug remains within a desired therapeutic range. The drug delivery system may include one or more (e.g., two or more) sensors, an on-skin sensor control unit, a receiver/display unit, a data storage and controller module, and a drug administration system. In some cases, the receiver/display unit, data storage and controller module, and drug administration system may be integrated in a single unit. The sensor-based drug delivery system uses data form the one or more sensors to provide necessary input for a control algorithm/mechanism in the data storage and controller module to adjust the administration of drugs. As an example, a glucose sensor could be used to control and adjust the administration of insulin. Finally, kits for use in practicing the subject invention are also provided. The subject kits may include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof in any suitable form as described herein. For example, a kit may include one or more antiglycolytic sensors as described herein, and/or other structure that includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. In certain embodiments, a kit may include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof adapted for transdermal or parenteral administration. Embodiments may also include a sensor insertion device and/or transmitter and/or receiver. In addition to one or more sensors, the subject kits may also include written instructions for using a sensor. The instructions may be printed on a substrate, such as paper or plastic, etc. As such, the instructions may be present in the kits as a package insert, in the labeling of the container of the kit or components thereof (i.e., associated with the packaging or sub-packaging) etc. In other embodiments, the instructions are present as an electronic storage data file present on a suitable computer readable storage medium, e.g., CD-ROM, diskette, etc. In yet other embodiments, the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g. via the Internet, are provided. An example of this embodiment is a kit that includes a web address where the instructions can be viewed and/or from which the instructions can be downloaded. As with the instructions, this means for obtaining the instructions is recorded on a suitable substrate. In many embodiments of the subject kits, the components of the kit are packaged in a kit containment element to make a single, easily handled unit, where the kit containment element, e.g., box or analogous structure, may or may not be an airtight container, e.g., to further preserve the one or more sensors and additional reagents (e.g., control solutions), if present, until use. The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. The following experiments demonstrate that blood glucose concentrations can be substantially lowered in the vicinity of blood clots and further that sensors that include antiglycolytic agents can delay and/or reduce the lowering so that such sensors do not exhibit the period of low reading observed with sensors that do not include an antiglycolytic agent. In this manner, it is demonstrated that clinically accurate analyte readings may be obtained from such sensors substantially immediately after inserting the sensor. FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C and 15D show the experimental set-up for measuring glucose levels using platelet-rich plasma, heparinized whole blood, and non heparinized whole blood, respectively. Glucose sensors are inserted into small silicon tubes containing the appropriate biological fluid. The tubes are maintained at about 37 degrees Celsius, and the glucose sensor is monitored. FIG. 15D shows the formation of a blood clot around the sensor. As shown in FIG. 15E, the platelet-rich plasma shows a nearly constant glucose response, consistent with the lack of glucose-consuming red cells. The heparinized (non clotted) blood shows depletion over about a 15 hour period, consistent with rates of glycolysis in anticoagulant-containing blood. The clotted blood shows a much more rapid depletion (within about 1.5-2 hours), consistent with localized depletion by the highly concentrated red cells in the clot surrounding the sensor. In the case of the clot, simple obstruction of the sensor surface by an impermeable clot is ruled out as a source of glucose depletion because the depletion rate (as a percentage of total current) varies with glucose concentration. High glucose samples take longer to deplete than lower glucose samples. This is consistent with active consumption of glucose by the surrounding clot. FIG. 16 shows that even modest amounts of an antiglycolytic agent, included into a glucose sensor, can greatly retard, if not minimize, glucose consumption by a blood clot which surrounds the sensor. Antiglycolytic sensors were prepared by modification of control sensors (FreeStyle Navigator™) as follows. A coating solution was prepared from 250 mg/mL of a racemic mixture of L-glyceraldehyde and D-glyceraldehyde, and 150 mg/mL in polymer PC-1306 (Biocompatibles, PLC), the former suspended and the latter dissolved in ethanol. The resulting antiglycolytic sensors had approximately 138 micrograms of the racemic mixture of D- and L-glyceraldehydes incorporated as a thin, outer coating. Both these sensors and control sensors (no antiglycolytic agents added) were then inserted into blood clots, and the current response was followed over time. As the graph of FIG. 16 shows, the control sensors show the previously-observed about 2 hour glucose depletion period. The depletion is much delayed (up to about 12 hours) in the glyceraldehydes-containing sensors. This demonstrates that the glyceraldehydes are being incorporated into the red cells adjacent to the sensor, and are reducing glucose consumption by the adjacent red blood cells. A further example of the use of an antiglycolytic sensor is provided by its use in an in-vivo environment. In this example, a control sensor (FreeStyle Navigator™) is inserted in the arm of a non-diabetic subject, adjacent to a similar sensor, which has been modified by the addition of an antiglycolytic agent, L-glyceraldehyde. A coating solution was made 200 mg/mL in L-glyceraldehyde, and 150 mg/mL in polymer PC-1306 (Biocompatibles, PLC), both dissolved in ethanol. The Navigator sensor was then modified by dipping twice into this coating solution, yielding an overcoat containing about 55 micrograms of L-glyceraldehyde. FIG. 17 shows the performance of these two sensors, implanted side by side in the arm of a non-diabetic subject. Note that the control sensor shows a large negative deviation (to values well below 60 mg/dL) in signal during the night, while the antiglycolytic-modified sensor does not. Glucose readings below 60 mg/dL are not anticipated in non-diabetic subjects, and are therefore considered to be anomalous, reflecting either (a) sensor malfunctions, or more likely (b) local inhomogeneities of glucose concentration (in the vicinity of a wound, for example) wherein the glucose concentration deviates substantially from the systemic value. Such deviations are observed with some regularity in control sensors, but are not observed in sensors modified with L-glyceraldehyde. It is evident from the above results and discussion that the above-described invention provides devices and methods for continuous analyte monitoring. The above-described invention provides a number of advantages some of which are described above and which include, but are not limited to, the ability to provide clinically accurate analyte data without a substantial time delay after operably positioning the sensor in a patient or frequent calibrations. As such, the subject invention represents a significant contribution to the art. 1. An analyte sensor comprising an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the antiglycolytic agent is fluoride, glyceraldehydes, mannose, glucosamine, mannoheptulose, sorbose-6-phophate, trehalose-6-phosphate, or combinations thereof. 3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the antiglycolytic agent is glyceraldehyde and the glyceraldehyde is present in an amount that ranges from about 1 microgram to about 1 milligram. 4. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a membrane. 5. The sensor of claim 4, wherein the membrane comprises the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 6. The sensor of claim 4, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is coated on a surface of the membrane. 7. The sensor of claim 4, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is incorporated into the membrane. 8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof comprises a time-release formulation. 9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises an antiglycolytic agent precursor and the precursor is an enzyme. 10. The sensor of claim 9, wherein the enzyme is trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. 11. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the analyte sensor is a glucose sensor. a glucose sensor capable of providing accurate analyte levels substantially immediately following positioning in a patient. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a membrane and the membrane comprises the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the sensor includes the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is independent of the sensor. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is adapted for transdermal or parenteral administration. determining the concentration of an analyte with the sensor. BR0013609B1 (en) * 1999-08-26 2009-01-13 ophthalmic lens for detecting an analyte in an ocular fluid and analyte sensor system.

2019-04-20T17:10:48Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070149875A1/en

2005-09-20 Assigned to THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY reassignment THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KIM, DANIEL H. Systems, devices and methods are provided for augmenting intervertebral discs. The systems include implantable annulus repair and augmentation devices as well as implantable prosthetic materials for replacing a portion of or augmenting the annulus and/or the nucleus pulposus. The systems further include instruments for implanting the subject devices and materials in a minimally invasive manner. The methods are directed to the minimally invasive implantation of one or more of the subject annulus repair devices and the prosthetic materials concurrently. The present invention is directed towards the minimally invasive repair of intervertebral discs. The spinal column is formed from a number of bony vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs which primarily serve as a mechanical cushion between the vertebral bones, permitting controlled motions (flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation) within vertebral segments. The normal, natural intervertebral disc is comprised of three components: the nucleus pulposus (“nucleus”), the annulus fibrosis (“annulus”), and two opposing vertebral end plates. The two vertebral end plates are each composed of thin cartilage overlying a thin layer of hard, cortical bone which attaches to the spongy, richly vascular, cancellous bone of the vertebral body. The nucleus is constituted of a gel-like substance having a high (about 80-85%) water content, with the remainder made up mostly of proteoglycan, type II collagen fibers and elastin fibers. The proteoglycan functions to trap and hold the water, which is what gives the nucleus its strength and resiliency. The annulus is an outer fibrous ring of collagen fibers that surrounds the nucleus and binds together adjacent vertebrae. The fibers of the annulus consist of 15 to 25 overlapping collagen sheets, called lamellae, which are held together by proteoglycans. The collagen fibers that form each lamellae run parallel at about a 65° angle to the sagittal plane; however, the fibers of adjacent lamellae run in opposite directions from each other. As such, half of the angulated fibers will tighten when the vertebrae rotate in either direction. This configuration greatly increases the shear strength of the annulus helping it to resist torsional motion. The annulus has a height of about 10 to 15 mm and a thickness of about 15 to 20 millimeters, occupying about ⅔ of the intervertebral space. With aging and continued stressing, the nucleus becomes dehydrated and/or one or more rents or fissures may form in the annulus of the disc. Such fissures may progress to larger tears which allow the gelatinous material of the nucleus to migrate into the outer aspects of the annulus which may cause a localized bulge or herniation. In the event of annulus rupture, the nuclear material may escape, causing chemical irritation and inflammation of the nerve roots. Posterior protrusions of intervertebral discs are particularly problematic since the nerve roots are posteriorly positioned relative to the intervertebral discs. Impingement or irritation of the nerve roots not only results in pain in the region of the back adjacent the disc, but may also cause radicular pain such as sciatica. Nerve compression and inflammation may also lead to numbness, weakness, and in late stages, paralysis and muscle atrophy, and/or bladder and bowel incontinence. The most common treatment for a disc protrusion or herniation is discectomy. This procedure involves removal of the protruding portion of the nucleus and, most often, the annular defect does not get repaired. Typically, removal of the nucleus material is accomplished through the herniation site or a weakened portion of the annulus. Discectomy procedures have an inherent risk since the portion of the disc to be removed is immediately adjacent the nerve root and any damage to the nerve root is clearly undesirable. Further, the long-term success of discectomy procedures is not always certain due to the loss of nucleus polposus which can lead to a loss in disc height. Loss of disc height increases loading on the facet joints which can result in deterioration of the joint and lead to osteoarthritis and ultimately to foraminal stenosis, pinching the nerve root. Loss of disc height also increases the load on the annulus as well. As the annulus fibrosis has been shown to have limited healing capacity subsequent to discectomy. A compromised annulus may lead to accelerated disc degeneration which may require spinal interbody fusion or total disc replacement. If disc degeneration has not yet resulted in excessive herniation or rupture of the annulus, it may be desirable to perform a nucleus replacement procedure in which the degenerated nucleus is supplemented or augmented with a prosthesis while leaving the annulus intact. Advances have been made in materials for prosthetic nuclear implants which are relatively small and flexible (e.g., hydrogels), and are able to provide added height to the disc while simulating the natural disc physiology and motion. However, in order to implant a prosthesis within the nucleus cavity, an appropriately sized passageway through the annulus (i.e., an annulotomy) must be created. As with naturally-occurring defects in the annulus, the resulting surgical annulus defect may lead to post-implant complications. Currently accepted suturing techniques are of minimal value in light of the forces normally exerted on the annulus, including an inability to adequately resist explant of the nuclear implant. Various annular defect repair techniques have been developed to occlude an aperture, whether surgically or naturally formed, within the annulus, which attempt to address the shortcomings of suturing. Many of these techniques include the implantation of devices, such as patches, membranes, stents and the like, to form a barrier across the annulus aperture in order to seal or occlude the aperture and/or to prevent explant of native or prosthetic nuclear material. While an improvement over conventional suturing, these annulus implants and repair techniques are limited in their ability to provide the extent of circumferential and radial competency to the annulus for long-term success. Additionally, where the disc repair procedure also involves the implantation of both annulus and nucleus augmentation devices, the implants and the steps necessary to implant both may counter-indicate each other. Accordingly, it would be highly advantageous to be able to repair a degenerating or ruptured disc in a manner which obviates the inherent risks of discectomy procedures, and which augments the nucleus and/or annulus in a way that reduces the risk of re-herniation of the disc subsequent to repair. Additionally, it would be highly beneficial to provide a technique which allows disc repair in a minimally invasive requiring minimal steps and instrumentation to perform both annuloplasty and/or nucleus replacement procedures concurrently in a synergistic manner. The present invention provides systems for repairing the intervertebral disc. The systems include implantable disc augmentation devices as well as implantable prosthetic materials for filling a void within the disc. The subject augmentation devices optionally provide a scaffolding which augments the disc and which also enables passage of the prosthetic material from a location outside the disc to within the void space, where the void occupies at least a portion of the annulus and/or the nucleus. The systems further include instruments for implanting the subject devices and prosthetic materials in a minimally invasive manner. The invention further includes methods directed to the minimally invasive repair of intervertebral discs where the methods may include one or more of the following procedures: implantation of one or more of the subject augmentation devices and implantation of prosthetic material within the annulus and/or nucleus. The inventive systems and methods are particularly useful in treating herniated or ruptured discs requiring both nuclear and annular augmentation or repair. FIGS. 3A and 3B show perspective and side views, respectively, of an embodiment of a disc augmentation device of the present invention having anchors in an undeployed state. FIGS. 3C and 3D show perspective and side views, respectively, of the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 3A and 3B having anchors in a deployed state. FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 3A-3D and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIGS. 5A and 5B show planar and perspective views, respectively, of another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 6A-6E illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 5A and 5B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate perspective and side views, respectively, of one side of another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of one side of another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 9A-9F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 7A and 7B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 11A-11E illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 10A10C and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate perspective and top views of another disc augmentation device of the present invention in which a plurality of the devices of FIGS. 3A-3D are assembled into an integrated unit. FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate various states of deployment of the integrated device of FIGS. 12A-12C. FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate another disc augmentation implant of the present invention. FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate an instrument for delivering and implanting the implant of FIGS. 14A and 14B. FIGS. 16A-16F illustrate various states of deployment of the device of FIGS. 14A and 14B. FIG. 17 illustrates another disc augmentation device of the present invention which is usable with a plurality of such devices. FIG. 18 illustrates an instrument for delivering and implanting the device of FIG. 17. FIGS. 19A-19F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 17 utilizing the instrument of FIG. 18 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate another disc augmentation device of the present invention provided in an assembled plurality and operatively loaded within the distal end of a delivery device of the present invention. FIGS. 21A-21H illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation devices of FIGS. 20A and 20B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate the assembled plurality of devices of FIGS. 20A and 20B operatively loaded in the delivery device but configured and positioned for implantation of its ends within adjacent intervertebral endplates. FIG. 23 illustrates another augmentation device including assembly of pin members. FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the distal end of a delivery tool usable to deliver and implant the device of FIG. 23. FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate the device of FIG. 23 operatively loaded in the distal end of the delivery tool of FIG. 24. FIGS. 26A-26F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 23 utilizing the delivery tool of FIG. 24 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 27 illustrates an augmentation device similar to the device of FIG. 10A for implantation within a disc by way of a transverse approach to the annulus. FIGS. 28A-28G illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 27 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 29 illustrates a suture-based system of the present invention for augmenting an intervertebral disc. FIGS. 30A-30D illustrate various steps for augmenting a disc using the system of FIG. 29 for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 31A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 31B illustrates a pair of the augmentation device of FIG. 31A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIG. 32A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 32B illustrates a pair of the augmentation devices of FIG. 31A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIG. 33 a clamp-type disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 34 a distal portion of a delivery tool for implanting the device of FIG. 33. FIGS. 35A-35H illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 33 utilizing the delivery tool of FIG. 34 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to the methods of the present invention. FIGS. 36A and 36B illustrate alternate clamp designs for disc augmentation devices of the present invention. FIG. 37 illustrates another clamp-type disc augmentation device employing the clamp design of FIG. 36B. FIGS. 38A-38F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 37 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to the methods of the present invention. FIG. 39A-39C show perspective and top views of a clip-type embodiment of an augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 40A-40D illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 39A-39C and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 41 illustrates another clamp embodiment of an augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 42A-42F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 41 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 43A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 43B illustrates the augmentation device of FIG. 43A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIG. 44A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 44B illustrates the augmentation device of FIG. 44A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIGS. 45A and 45B illustrate another clamp type augmentation device of the present invention in undeployed and deployed states, respectively. FIGS. 46A-46F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 45A and 45B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIGS. 47A-47D illustrate another clamp type augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 48 illustrates yet another clamp type augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 49A-49C illustrate several cylindrical clip type augmentation devices of the present invention. FIGS. 50A and 50B illustrate perspective and end views, respectively, of another cylindrical clip type augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 51A and 51B illustrate operative deformation of the device of FIGS. 50A and 50B upon implantation. FIGS. 52A-52G illustrate various steps for implanting another cylindrical type disc augmentation device of the present invention. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. For example, in this description and the following claims, the terms “anterior”, “posterior”, “superior” and “inferior” are defined by their standard usage in anatomy, i.e., anterior is a direction toward the front (ventral) side of the body or spinal motion segment; posterior is a direction toward the back (dorsal) side of the body or functional spin unit; superior is upward toward the head; and inferior is lower or toward the feet. Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the general anatomy of a spinal motion segment 10 is illustrated. Axis 2 shows the anterior (A) and posterior (P) orientation of the spinal motion segment within the anatomy. A spinal motion segment includes the bony structures of two adjacent vertebrae (superior vertebral body 12 and inferior vertebral body 14), the intervertebral disc 16 (including the annulus fibrosis 18, the nucleus pulposus 20, and endplates 22, 24 of the vertebrae), and the ligaments, musculature and connective tissue (not shown) connected to the vertebrae. Intervertebral disc 16 substantially fills the space between the two vertebral bodies to support and cushion them, and permits movement of the two vertebral bodies with respect to each other and other adjacent spinal motion segments. Extending posteriorly from each of vertebral bodies 12 and 14 are left and right transverse spinous processes 30, 32 and a posterior spinous process 34, 34′. The vertebral bodies also include facet joints 36 and pedicles 38, 38′ that form the neural foramen 40. As discussed above, progressive degeneration of the disc results in disc height loss where the superior vertebral body 12 moves inferiorly relative to the inferior vertebral body 14. Ultimately, this may result in herniation of the disc, as illustrated by herniated segment 26, shown in FIG. 2A, which protrudes beyond the posterior border of annulus 18. FIG. 2B illustrates the disc defect or void 28 created by a discectomy procedure in which the herniated portion of annulus 18 and nucleus 20 have been removed. Such a discectomy procedure may be performed, but is not required to be performed, prior to use of the devices and practice of the methods of the present invention. The present invention is directed to augmenting the intervertebral disc, including the annulus and/or the nucleus, for treating or preventing degeneration and/or herniation of the intervertebral disc. This is accomplished by implantation of one or more augmentation devices within the disc, and most typically within the annulus, i.e., within an intra-annular space (i.e., between two adjacent lamellae or an inter-lamellar space), or within a sub-annular space (i.e., between the innermost lamella and the outer aspect of the nucleus), or within a void in the annulus but not necessarily within the annulus itself. If a significant enough defect, e.g., a void, exists within the disc, either in the nucleus, the annulus or both, one or more prosthetic materials may be additionally implanted within the void within at least a portion of the annulus and/or the nucleus of the affected disc. Certain of the augmentation devices are configured to be wholly implantable within a void within the annulus or within an intra-annular space where no portion of the device extends beyond the inner and outer aspects or borders of the annulus. Other embodiments are configured to be partially implantable within an intra-annular space while another portion of the device is positioned within the nucleus, outside than annulus and or within the intervertebral body upon implantation. More particularly, the augmentation devices may be configured to have a portion thereof or one or more components, struts or members which penetrate into an intra-annular space. Still yet, other configurations do not penetrate into any portion of the annulus or nucleus but rather into one or more of the intervertebral bodies between which the disc is situated. The present invention provides various approaches to implantation of the subject augmentation devices. In one approach, at least a portion of an augmentation device is delivered to within the annulus in a direction substantially parallel to or tangential with a plane defined by the radius of curvature of the annulus (referred to at times herein as a “inline” or “parallel” approach). For example, a component of the device is aligned substantially parallel with the orientation of the lamellar layers. In another approach, at least a portion of an augmentation device is delivered in a direction substantially transverse to a plane defined by the radius of curvature of the annulus (referred to at times herein as a “transverse” or “perpendicular” approach). For device embodiments configured for penetration into an intervertebral body, one or more portions or components of the implant may be implanted at any angle relative to the annulus or lamellar planes, including at right angles to the vertebral endplates. The augmentation devices may have an unexpanded or undeployed state to enable its minimally invasive delivery through a delivery tool, such as catheter or cannula, to the intra-annular or sub-annular implant site. Upon proper positioning of the implantable device at the implant site, the device is expanded or deployed. The transition from an undeployed state to a deployed state may require an active step such as mechanical actuation. Alternatively, the device may be configured to be self-expanding or self-deploying whereby, upon release from the delivery tool, the device achieves its expanded or deployed configuration within the disc. As such, the devices are preferably made of an elastic or superelastic material, e.g., nickel titanium alloy (Nitinol), or a semi-rigid polymer. The annular augmentation devices preferably have a configuration with a length and height sufficient to bridge across void 28. Typically, the length of a subject annular augmentation device is in the range from about 3 mm to about 30 mm, and most typically from about 5 mm to about 15 mm. Typically, the height of a subject annular augmentation device is in the range from about 2 mm to about 28 mm. Another feature of the subject disc augmentation devices is that they have configurations which allow for the delivery and implantation of a prosthetic material to within either or both the annulus and nucleus subsequent to implantation of the augmentation device(s) (although the devices and materials may be implanted in any order). For example, the disc implants may provide a scaffolding for promoting tissue in growth and/or allowing passage of the prosthetic implant material to within the nucleus as well as to within voids within the annulus not yet occupied by the disc device implant. The scaffolding may take the form of a frame having a planar configuration having apertures or which may be partially or wholly porous, or may be configured as a mesh, webbing, fabric or an arrangement of struts. Implanting the prosthetic material after a disc augmentation device helps to retain the material within the disc prior to and during solidification or curing of the material. Without such a retaining structure, the prosthetic material may seep or leak out of the disc prior to implantation of the disc augmentation devices. It is preferred that the implant materials exhibit mechanical properties, swelling pressures and/or diffusion capabilities similar to the natural tissue site, i.e., annulus or nucleus, into which they are implanted. As such, more than one prosthetic material or varying compositions of the same type of material may be implanted where a first material is used to fill a void in the nucleus and a second material is used to fill a void or voids within the annulus. The different materials may be selected to more closely mimic the physical characteristics of the host tissue, e.g., the prosthetic material implanted in the annulus may be more fibrous and resilient than that which is implanted in the nucleus. Alternatively, a single type of implant material may be used where the void in the nucleus and in the annulus are filled by a single injection application, where upon filling the nucleus, the material is caused to back fill into the annulus. The curing process may be modified such that the portion of the material within the nucleus is caused to harden or solidified to a less degree than that the portion of the material within the annulus. This may occur without much intervention as the amount of UV radiation reaching the nucleus will be less than the amount reaching the annulus as the annulus serves to buffer the nucleus. The same may be the case when diffusing a curing chemical into the implanted material. Alternatively, the implantation and curing may take place in a two phase process where the annulus is not filled and cured until after the nucleus has been filled and separately cured. The prosthetic materials of the present invention may be initially in the form of a solid or fluid. The solids may take the form of beads, particles or a powder so as to be easily deliverable through or within the implanted disc device(s). The fluids may be in the form of a gel, liquid or other flowable material. In any of these forms, the material is selectively delivered in an amount to increase the disc volume, pressure and/or height. Subsequent to delivery within the disc void(s), the prosthetic material(s) may remain in the same form or take another form either by curing by the application of heat or UV light, by absorption of surrounding fluids, i.e., where the prosthesis material is hydrophilic, or by the application of another substance or chemical which reacts with the material in a way that changes its form. Any suitable prosthetic materials may be used with the present invention. Examples of suitable materials include but are not limited to biocompatible materials such as hydrophilic polymers, hydrogels, homopolymer hydrogels, copolymer hydrogels, multi-polymer hydrogels, or interpenetrating hydrogels. The materials may also include biologic material which are autologous, allograft, zenograft, or bioengineered. Examples of such biologic materials include but are not limited morselized or block bone, hydroxy apetite, collagen or cross-linked collagen, muscle tissue, fat, cellulose, keratin, cartilage, protein polymers, etc. which may be transplanted or bioengineered materials. The disc implant material(s) and/or disc implant device(s) may be impregnated, coated or otherwise delivered with one or more therapeutic agents, including but not limited to, drugs (e.g., analgesics, antibiotics, steroids, etc.), growth factors, extracellular matrices (ECMs), etc. which may be dispersed in a regulated or time-released fashion. Various exemplary embodiments of the disc augmentation systems and disc repair methods of the present invention are now described in greater detail, however, such description is not intended to be limiting but exemplary of the present invention. Any combination of features, materials, functions and physical characteristics described above may be applied to each of the devices and/or materials of the present invention. FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate one embodiment of a disc augmentation device 40 of the present invention. Device 40 has a thin planar structure 42 which is designed to be implantable within an intra-annular space, e.g., inter-lamellarly (between two adjacent lamellae), to bridge a disc defect or void 28. Typically, more than one and as many as eight or more structures 42 are used collectively in a stacked arrangement, where at least one lamella lies between adjacently implanted structures. Depending on the length of the device, it may be straight (shorter device segments) or have a radius of curvature along its length (longer device segments) which matches that of the intra-annular circumference. Each structure 42 has a central portion 45 flanked by end portions 48 where central portion 45, when implanted, is positioned within disc defect 28 and end portions extend substantially laterally of disc defect 28. Central portion 45 has a mesh configuration or includes a plurality of openings or apertures 46 which extend through the thickness of structure 42 to allow for passage of an implant material as mentioned above. Each end portion 48 has one or more laterally extendable anchors 44. Anchors 44 may be formed by cut outs within structure 42 which remain connected to body 42 so as to be hinged at a distal end and flarable or biased from body 42 at a proximal end, as illustrated in FIGS. 3C and 3D, to function as barbs once operatively positioned within the annulus. As with the entirety of structure 42, anchors 44 may be fabricated from a super elastic memory material which is activated by body temperature to achieve a flared condition subsequent to implantation. The anchor cut-out and aperture patterns of device 40 may be formed by electro-discharge machining (EDM), laser cutting, injection molding, photo-chemical etching (PCE), a casting process or by other suitable means from a relatively thin sheet of material, e.g., having a sheet thickness from about 0.1 mm to about 4 mm. As illustrated in FIG. 4B, device 40 is bendable or foldable at central section 45 about an axis transverse to the length of device 40 to reduce its profile for purposes of delivery through a cannula or catheter. Various steps of a method of implanting a plurality of devices 40 are illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4G. A delivery tool 50 is provided having an outer sheath 52, which may be a cannula or catheter or the like. Housed within sheath 52 is a plurality of devices 40 (not shown) which may be provided in a stacked or sequential arrangement, such as within a pre-loaded cartridge, which is loaded into delivery sheath 52. While sheath 52 is illustrated having a square or rectangular cross-section so as to best accommodate the structure of device 40, the sheath may have any suitable cross-sectional shape to accommodate the disc implants. After surgical access is made, the distal end 56 of delivery tool 50 is positioned within or at the outer aspect of disc void 28. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, rails or guide members 54 are distally extended into disc void 28 to the most distal or internal lamellar layer, e.g., between lamellae 18 a and 18 b, into which a device 40 is to be implanted. Guide members 54 have outwardly projecting feet 58 which are configured to be inserted between the cut edges of adjacent lamellae and provide exit ramps to direct the ends of a device 40 to within an intra-lamellar space. A plunger or pusher (not shown) may be slidably engaged within sheath 52 or some other actuator mechanism may be employed to distally advance a device 40 in a folded or unexpanded configuration along guide members 54, as illustrated in FIG. 4B. The ends of device 40 are directed outwardly by feet 58 and guided between lamellar ends 18 a′, 18 b′ and 18 a″, 18 b″, respectively, as shown in FIG. 4C. Upon achieving the necessary temperature, anchors 44 expand outwardly to their flared condition, securing device 40 within the intra-lamellar space. The process is repeated as necessary for the selected number of implants 40, with each successive implant is inserted in an inter-lamellar layer that is more proximal (towards the outer circumference of the annulus) than the one before. As shown in the perspective views of FIGS. 4D and 4E, apertures 46 within each of the implanted plurality of devices 40 provide fluid communication between the devices and into disc void 28. This provides a pathway from outside the annulus 18 into disc void 28 for delivery of the prosthetic implant material, as described above. In one embodiment, an injector device 60, as illustrated in FIG. 4F, having a syringe 62 containing an amount of the prosthetic material is coupled to a tube 64 which is sized to fit through the minimally invasive access site. The distal end of the tube is positioned either at the outermost disc implant 40, or if small enough, may be inserted through apertures 46 within one or more of the implants. After tube 64 is properly positioned, plunger 66 may be advanced to extrude a sufficient amount of the prosthetic material 68 to fill the portion of disc void 28 within nucleus 20 as well as within the intra-annular spaces partitioned by the disc devices 40. Upon filling the entirety of the void 28, or intermittently throughout the injection process, the injected material 68 may be allowed to cure or be actively cured, if such is necessary, as described generally above, to provide a plug or the like that extends from the nucleus 20 to the outer aspect of the annulus 18. FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate another embodiment of an disc augmentation device 70 of the present invention which is similar to device 40 of FIGS. 3 and 4 in that it has a thin planar configuration, but instead of providing apertures, device 70 is made of a mesh material. With such a configuration, a prosthetic material may be impregnated within or coated on device 70, i.e., the smaller and more abundant apertures may be sized to hold solid particles 72 of prosthetic material or another composition or agent as listed above. As with device 40, device 70 is made of a material (e.g., Nitinol) which is flexible or deformable, allowing it to be foldable or bendable about a central portion to form a U-shaped structure which can be delivered in a minimally invasive manner. The U-shape allows a plurality of devices 70 to be provided in a stacked arrangement, such as in a cartridge 80, which can be pre-loaded into the barrel or sheath 76 of a delivery device 74, as illustrated in FIG. 6A. Delivery device 74 is configured to enable semi-automatic delivery and deployment of the plurality of devices 70 by means of an actuator or trigger mechanism 78. Distal end 82 of delivery device 74 may have a radially expandable portion to provide a stable support against the outer aspect of the annulus and to ensure alignment with defect 28. In use, after insertion of barrel 76 into the access site and abutment of the distal end 82 against the annulus at the defect site 28, guide members 84 are distally extended from distal end 82 within void 28 to the most distal intra-lamellar layer into which a device 70 is to be implanted. Guide members 84 have outwardly extending feet 86 which may have a bladed configuration to facilitate separation of cut ends 18 a, 18 b and 18 a′, 18 b′ of the lamellar layers for insertion of a device 70. A first device 70 is advanced through sheath 76 and guided by guide members 84 to the target intra-lamellar layer. Because the ends of device 70 are biased outwards, as they pass feet 86, they urge themselves to within the intra-lamellar space. Feet 86 of guide members 84 are then withdrawn from the intra-lamellar layer and retracted proximally to the next intra-lamellar layer into which a device 70 is to be implanted, as illustrated in FIG. 6B. The process is repeated until a desired number of devices 70 are implanted within the annulus (see FIG. 6C). Next, void 28 is filled with a prosthetic material, which may be delivered through delivery device 74 or by means of another instrument. As illustrated in FIG. 6D, solid particles or a powder 90 of a prosthetic material is delivered into at least the portion of void 28 within nucleus 20. As mentioned above, the same prosthetic material may be used to fill both the nucleus and the annulus or different materials may be used to fill each. In either case, the curing process may involve curing all of the implanted material(s) at the same time or curing the material within the nucleus first followed by filling and curing the material within the annulus. Here, an amount of material 90 sufficient to fill only the nucleus portion of void 28 is delivered and then cured by exposure to UV radiation, as illustrated in FIG. 6E, or other curing methods. The portion of void 28 within in annulus 18 may now be filled with the same or a different material and cured, or otherwise left alone to be filled in by the natural healing process. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate another implantable device 100 for augmenting the disc. Device 100 includes a planar structure 102 configured for insertion within an intra-lamellar space. A plurality of flexible wire barbs 14 extend from structure 102 in an angled fashion towards the proximal end 108 of structure 102, and a plurality of sutures or wires extend from proximal end 108. FIG. 8 illustrates a device 110 which is a variation of the device 100 having a plurality of planar anchors 114 in place of barbs 104. As illustrated in FIG. 9A, each of these devices is implanted within an intra-lamellar plane on a side of an annular defect. Upon entry into the lamellar plane, barbs 104 (or anchors 114) are compressed against structure 102 (or structure 112) facilitating easy insertion within between the adjacent lamellae. After insertion of the device, barbs 104 will expand outwardly and resist backward movement of structure 102. The process may repeated to implanted any desired number of implants within annulus 18. For each device 100 implanted within one side of an annular defect, a second device 100 is implanted within the lamellar layer directly opposing the first implanted device 100 as illustrated in FIG. 9C. As such, two oppositely implanted devices 100 function in tandem as a pair to close at least a portion of the annular defect. When all of the devices 100 have been inserted, all of the trailing proximal sutures 106 are collectively synched to pull together opposing sides of annulus 18 and tied together with a knot tie 105 or similar means as illustrated in FIG. 9D. The collectively tied sutures 106 form a sort of webbing that allows for the passage of one or more implantable materials 120, either in liquid or solid form, to within defect 28, in both the nucleus and annulus, as illustrated in FIG. 9E. The implanted material 120 is then cured in one or more of the manners described above, as illustrated in FIG. 9F. FIG. 10A illustrates another component 130 of a disc augmentation device to be used in a pair. Component 130 includes a planar endplate or block 132 which has dimensions which has a cross-sectional area and shape which substantially matches the cross-sectional area and shape of a disc annulus into which it is to be implanted. Extending from a distal end of end plate 132 is a plurality of anchors 134 preferably arranged in columns (and rows) and having barbs 138. As with the device described above, barbs 138 have a compressed configuration prior to insertion of anchors 134 into an annulus (see FIG. 10B) and expand upon insertion into the annulus (see FIG. 10C). Extending from a proximal end of endplate 132 are sutures or wires 136. As illustrated in FIG. 11A, device 130 is implanted within an annulus 18 by way of penetrating or inserting anchors 134 parallel to the lamellar planes or layers, preferably such that each of anchors 134 is positioned within an intra-lamellar space. As such, the distal surface of endplate 132 contacts the cut or free end of annulus or free ends of the lamellae and is positioned transversely thereto. The insertion process is repeated with a second device 130 which is positioned within the opposing free end of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 11B. Unlike the previously described embodiments, a single integrated component is implanted within each free end of annulus 18. Suture ends 136 are then synched together and secured to each other with tie or knot 138, as illustrated in FIG. 11C. A delivery tube 142 is then employed to deliver prosthetic material 140 over the scaffolding formed by the knotted sutures, as illustrated in FIG. 11D, where an amount of material is injected sufficient to fill defect 28 within nucleus 20 and annulus 18. Curing instrument 144 is then employed to cure prosthetic material 140, as illustrated in FIG. 11E. FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate another annular augmentation device 150 which is an integrated assembly of inter-lamellar components 152 which are similar to the implants 46 of FIGS. 3A-3D. Each component 152 has a planar structure sized and shaped to be positioned within an inter-lamellar space. Components 152 are bendable or foldable about a central portion having apertures 155. The end portions have anchors 158 which are flarable after implant, as illustrated on FIG. 12C. The distal ends 156 of component 152 may be tapered or have a sharp blade edge to facilitate separation and penetration of structure between adjacent lamellae. Slotted brackets 154 are positioned about the central portions of structures 152 to hold and maintain them in a substantially parallel, spaced relationship. A transverse member 162 positioned parallely between brackets 154 also extends centrally through structures 152 and is held thereto by proximal and distal hubs 164 a, 164 b where proximal hub 164 a provides a slot for releasably receiving the distal end of an insertion tool 160, as illustrated in FIGS. 13A-13C. FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate device 150 in various states of deployment where manipulation of insertion tool 160 selectively adjusts the profile of device 150. FIGS. 13A and 13A′ illustrate device 150 in its lowest profile state in which the distal portion of structures 152 (i.e., the distal two structures) is folded distally and the proximal portion of structures 152 (i.e., the proximal two structures) is folded proximally to the maximum extent where only the tips 156 of the structures extend from the slots of brackets 154. In this configuration, device 150 is most easily positioned within a void within the annulus with or without the assistance of a delivery sheath or tube (not shown). After insertion into the annulus, insertion tool 160 is manipulated to compress the folded central portions toward each other and thereby cause the end portions of structures 152 extend radially outward, as illustrated in FIGS. 13B and 13B′. The compression structures 152 continues until they are fully straightened with their end portions fully embedded within the intra-annular spaces, as illustrated in FIGS. 13C and 13C′. At this point, insertion tool 160 is released from transverse member 162 which remains implanted with device 150, as illustrated in FIG. 13D. As with the other embodiments described above, a prosthetic material may then be delivered through implanted device 150 to within void 28 and cured. FIGS. 14A and 15B illustrate another variation of an implantable annular augmentation device 170. Here, device 170 is a standalone elongated anchor 172 having flarable barbs 174 (shown in undeployed and deployed conditions, respectively) at a distal or leading end and a suture, filament or wire 176 at a proximal or trailing end. A plurality of such devices 170, including at least one device for implantation on each side of an annular defect, either within an inter-lamellar space or within the nucleus or healthy portion of the annulus, is employed to provide a scaffolding structure which augments the annulus but may also serve to support implantable prosthetic materials. FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate a delivery device 180 for the simultaneous delivery and deployment of a plurality of anchors 170 to within an annulus. Delivery device 180 includes a shaft portion 182 which houses a plurality of pre-loaded implantable devices 170. Delivery device 180 is configured to automatically fire a plurality of devices 170 laterally outward from opposing sides 188 of shaft 182, as illustrated in FIG. 15B. One or more anchors 170 are aligned with or channeled to exit ports 190 provided at the laterally facing surfaces 188 of distal end such that the anchors are caused to be deployed within intra-annular locations in an array fashion. Delivery device 180 may be sized and configured to deploy any number of anchors 170 simultaneously on one or both sides of shaft 182. For example, FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate use of delivery device 180 where a plurality of anchors 172 is deployed into one side or cut end of annulus 18 at a time. After anchors 170 have been delivered into both ends of annulus 18, the trailing suture ends 176 are synched together, as illustrated in FIG. 16C, and securely tied by a knot or other clip means 192, as illustrated in FIG. 16D. Prosthetic material 198 is then injected by injection tube 194 through the webbing defined by knotted strings 176 to fill void 28 within nucleus 20 and annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 16E. The prosthetic material 198 is then cured by exposure to UV light by way of UV light emitter 196, as illustrated in FIG. 16F. FIG. 17 illustrates another variation of an implantable annular augmentation device 190. In essence, device 190 is an integration of two of the above-described devices 170 of FIGS. 14A and 14B. Device 190 includes two elongated anchors 192 a, 192 b having flarable barbs 194 (shown in an undeployed condition) and bridged together by a suture, filament or wire 196 at proximal ends of the anchors. The length of suture 196 is selected such that when opposing anchors 192 a, 192 b are embedded within tissue, the suture is at least somewhat taught and able to apply tension on the tissue. As such, when a device 190, but more frequently a plurality of such devices 190, is implanted within an inter-lamellar space or within the nucleus or healthy portion of the annulus, a scaffolding structure is established which augments the annulus but may also serve to support implantable prosthetic materials. FIG. 18 illustrates a device 200 for the automated delivery of one or more devices 190. Delivery device 200 has a shaft 202 having an articulating distal end 204 which is insertable into and moveable within a defect 28. Delivery device 200 may be further equipped with a scope that facilitates visualization of the target implantation area. A plurality of devices 190 is shown preloaded within a cartridge 206 which is engaged with device 200. By activation of a trigger mechanism 208, the preloaded devices 190 are individually transferred to shaft 202 and delivered to the implantation site where leading or first anchor 192 a is implanted in a first location within or adjacent to defect 28 (shown within the defect itself), as shown in FIG. 19A. The trailing or second anchor 192 b is then also deployed within or adjacent to defect 28 (shown within an anterior portion of the annulus) at a distance from the first anchor 192 a to create some tension between the two, as illustrated in FIGS. 19B and 19C. Any number of devices 190 may be implanted to create the necessary scaffolding structure within defect 28 and/or across a void within the annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 19D. After the scaffolding structure is complete, a prosthetic material 210 may be injected into void 28 through the scaffolding formed by devices 190 and subsequently cured, as illustrated in FIGS. 19E and 19F, respectively. FIGS. 20A and 20B provide perspective views of an disc augmentation assembly of doubled-ended pins or needles 220 loaded within the distal end 228 of a delivery tool 230 (see FIG. 21A). Pins 220 have barbed ends 222 and are preferably made of a superelastic material to allow them to be folded or flexed about a central portion 224 for loading into tool 230 and to provide a low profile, illustrated in FIG. 20A, during delivery of the loaded tool to the implant site. Delivery tool 230, shown in full in FIG. 21A, provides a narrow shaft 232 for further facilitating minimally invasive delivery through an access site to the disc to be treated. Upon delivery, distal end 228 with pins 220 in their low profile or folded state is positioned within the annulus defect 28. Upon optimizing the position of distal end 228, a trigger mechanism 236 on handle 234 of tool 230 is actuated, causing central portions 224 of pins 220 to be pushed or advanced distally until fully straightened, whereby pin ends 222 are caused to extrude from apertures 238 on the lateral sides of distal end 228 (see FIGS. 20B, 21C and 21D). When fully extended and deployed, the pins are released from the distal end of the delivery tool through slots (not shown) on the distally facing surface, and left behind to form a scaffolding which bridges at least a portion of the defect region 28, including at least a portion of a void within the annulus 18 and/or within the nucleus, as illustrated in FIGS. 21E and 21F. In a manner similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 4F and 4G, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude prosthetic material within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 7C. In one embodiment, an injector device 60, as illustrated in FIG. 4F, having a syringe 62 containing an amount of the prosthetic material is coupled to a tube 64 which is sized to fit through the minimally invasive access site, as illustrated in FIG. 21G. The distal end of the tube 64 is positioned between pins 222, and plunger 66 is advanced to extrude a sufficient amount of the prosthetic material 238 to fill the portion of disc void 28 within nucleus 20 as well as within the spaces between pins 222. Upon filling the entirety of the void 28, or intermittently throughout the injection process, as shown in FIG. 21H, the injected material 68 may be allowed to cure or be actively cured, if such is necessary, as described generally above, to provide a plug or the like that extends from the nucleus 20 to the outer aspect of the annulus 18. FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate another assembled plurality of pins 222 operatively loaded within distal end 228 of delivery tool 230, as discussed above, but alternately positioned within defect 28. Specifically, distal end 228 is rotationally oriented 90% from the operative deployment position discussed above (see FIG. 21B) where pin apertures 238 are facing opposing intervertebral endplates 22, 24 rather than the free ends of annulus 18. The pin delivery, deployment and release steps described above are similar here, but pins 222 are anchored within the intervertebral bodies thereby providing a scaffolding having vertically or transversely placed pins rather than horizontally placed pins. FIG. 23 provides another augmentation device 240 configured for anchoring into the intervertebral endplates. Device 240, shown in a fully expanded condition, includes an assembly of parallel spaced pins 244 extending between and through brackets 242. The ends of each pin 244 are capped with a barbed head 246 which is slidable distally along pin 244 to a maximally extended and locked position. Alternatively, pins 244 are made of a stretchable material with barbed caps 246 fixed to the ends thereof to allow extension of the device to span a defect within an annular space. FIG. 24 illustrates the distal end of a delivery tool 250 having opposing plates 252 which are movable in a pivoting or scissor fashion with respect to each other. A number of slots 254 extend through the distal tips of plates 252 for receiving the assembly of pins 240 of FIG. 23 in a transverse fashion, as illustrated in FIGS. 25A and 25B. In this loaded position, caps 246 are in their retracted position on pins 244 or, in the alternate embodiment, pins 244 are in their unstretched state. FIGS. 26A-26F illustrate various steps of implanting device 240 by means of delivery tool 250. Initially, tool 250 is delivered to the implant site within annulus 18 with plates 252 in their closed position so as to maintain device 240 in an unextended or undeployed state. Upon proper positioning at the implant site, plates 252 are opened and are caused to abut against caps 246. Continued opening of plates 252 drives barbed caps 246 into the endplates 22, 24 of the subject intervertebral disc space, as illustrated in FIG. 26C. Upon embedding the pin ends within the vertebrae, tool 250 is retracted proximally and device 240 is released from slots 254, as illustrated in FIG. 26D. Finally, as illustrated in FIGS. 26E and 26F, a prosthetic material 258 is delivered and cured as described above. While various “inline” approaches have been described for delivering and implanting various embodiments of disc augmentation devices (primarily with respect to those illustrated in FIGS. 3-22), as mentioned above, the present invention also provides devices which involve a “transverse” approach to augmenting the disc where certain of the subject devices may be employed with either approach. For example, device 260 of FIG. 27, which is similarly configured to the device of FIGS. 10A-10C having a planar endplate or block 262 and a plurality of distally extending barbed anchors 264 and a plurality of trailing sutures or filaments 266, is implantable by an inline approach as illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11E as well as by the transverse approach illustrated in FIGS. 28A-2G. A pair of devices 260 used in tandem is delivered and implanted by means of delivery tool 270 which has opposing and substantially parallel jaws 272 at a distal end thereof wherein at least one jaw is movable relative to the other. Devices 260 are held within the inner, opposing surfaces of jaws 272 with anchors 264 facing each other. The distal end of tool 270 is positioned within defect or opening 28 within annulus 18 such that a cut or free end of the annulus is positioned or sandwiched between the two devices 260, as illustrated in FIG. 28A. Jaws 272 are moved together thereby penetrating anchors 264 into and transverse to the lamellar layers of clamped therebetween, where one device is implanted at the outer aspect of annulus 18 and the other device is implanted at the inner aspect of annulus 18. Tool 270 is removed and the process is repeated with another pair of devices 260 which is applied to the opposing free end of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIGS. 28B and 28C. The trailing sutures 266 a of the devices 260 positioned at the inner aspect of annulus 18 are collectively synched and secured together by tie a tie or knot 265, as illustrated in FIG. 28D. A plug or core 268 having a porous or mesh construction so as to be permeable by a flowable prosthetic material is then positioned within the void between the free ends of annulus 18. The sutures or filaments 266 b of the devices 260 positioned at the outer aspect of annulus 18 are then secured together with a second tie or knot mechanism 265, as illustrated in FIG. 28E. The combination of the implanted core 268 and the webs formed by sutures 266 define a scaffolding for augmenting the annulus and for receiving prosthetic material 274, as illustrated in FIG. 28F. After filling void 28, which may extend into nucleus 20, prosthetic material 274 is cured, as illustrated in FIG. 28G. FIG. 29 illustrates a system 280 of the present invention for applying a plurality of sutures or filaments 288 to a disc annulus in order to augment the disc as well as to provide a scaffolding for receiving a flowable prosthetic material. System 280 includes a suture spool holder 282 having a plurality of parallely aligned suture spools 284. System 280 also includes a needle carrier or driver 286 having a plurality of parallely aligned needles 290 configured for threadably receiving sutures 288. Needle driver 286 is automated such that it oscillates in much the same way a needle driven by a sewing machine. As needles 290 are driven into tissue, each of sutures 288 is placed within the tissue with a continuous length of suture material provided by spools 284. In use, system 289 is positioned at the outer aspect of annulus 18 with needles 190 poised to penetrate the annulus in a direction substantially transverse to the annulus layers. Needle driver 286 is actuated causing needles 290 to oscillate in and out of the annulus thereby placing the sutures in a selected pattern across a desired area of the annulus. As illustrated in FIGS. 30A and 30B, sutures 288 have been placed over a circumferential portion of annulus 18 to bridge across a defect therein to form a suture scaffolding 294. Sutures may be placed solely within the outer layers of the annulus 18 or may be driven through the entire thickness of the annulus to within the inner aspect so as to bridge across the defect at both the inner and outer aspects whereby a double layer of scaffolding is created. The loose, trailing ends of sutures 288 are then synched to place tension on the scaffolding and tied together with a knot or tie mechanism 296 to maintain the tension. Prosthetic material 298 may then be delivered into defect 28 through scaffolding 294, and subsequently cured, as illustrated in FIGS. 30C and 30D, respectively. FIG. 31A illustrates another embodiment of an implantable device 300 which is used in tandem with at least one other of the same device to augment an intervertebral disc. Device 300 include a base member 302 having a planar configuration and a plurality of hooked anchors 304 extending from one edge of member 302 and a plurality of trailing sutures 306 extending from an opposite edge of base 302. As can be seen in FIG. 31 B, a pair of devices 300 is hooked into the outer aspect of free ends of annulus 18 with the trailing sutures 306 of each device tied together by a tie or knot mechanism 308 in order to place tension on the annulus and provide a scaffolding which bridges across void 28. An additional pair of devices 200 may be similarly implanted at the inner aspect of annulus 18 with their trailing sutures tied together either separately from those of the pair of devices on the outer aspect or together with them. FIG. 32A illustrates another embodiment of an implantable device 310 which may be used alone or in tandem with one other of the same device to augment an intervertebral disc. Device 310 includes an elongated member 312 having hooked ends 314. Hooks 314 may be oppositely oriented to provide an “S” shape (as shown) or may be oriented towards the same side of member 312 or in any other orientation. In use, with the configuration of FIG. 32A, one hook 314 is placed through an outer aspect of annulus 18 on one side of a defect 28 and the other hook 314 is placed in an inner aspect of the other side of defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 32B. FIG. 32B shows two such devices 310 employed in tandem and placed conversely of each other with members 312 crossing centrally within void 28 to provide a scaffolding which bridges the void. FIG. 33 illustrates an implantable clamp device 320 of the present invention for augmenting an intervertebral disc. Implant 320 includes oppositely facing clamps 322, each defined by a back plate 322 a and two opposing sidewalls 322 b, 322 c, and a plurality of parallel chords 324 extending transversely between back plates 322 a. Clamps 322 each have a plurality of fingers 326 formed in sidewalls 322 b, 322 c having inwardly extending teeth 328 for anchoring into tissue. FIG. 34 illustrates the distal end of an insertion tool 330 for use in delivering the device of 320 into a defect within a disc. Tool 330 has opposing arms 332 which are pivotally coupled to a handle and operate in a scissor-like fashion with respect to each other. The distal end 334 of each arm 332 has a laterally extending distal foot defining an L-shaped configuration and has a slot 335 extending centrally along the length of distal end 334 for receiving chords 324 of clamp device 320. Proximally positioned of distal feet 334 are laterally extending feet 336 which are pivotally coupled to arms 332. The facing surfaces of distal and proximal feet have top and bottom lip edges 338 to engage against sidewalls 322 b, 322 c of clamp device 320 to retain the device upon loading within tool 330, as illustrated in FIG. 35A. Upon positioning the pre-loaded distal end of tool 330 within a void within a disc annulus (tool is shown outside implant site for clarity in illustration), arms 332 are spread apart thereby stretching or extending chords 324 of implant 320, as illustrated in FIG. 35B. At the same time, proximal feet 336 may be pivoted proximally or backwards so as to facilitate positioning of the free ends of the annulus within clamp members 322. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 35C, proximal feet 336 are pivoted distally or forward to compress sidewalls 322 b and 322 c together thereby anchoring clamp members 322 within the respective annulus ends. Proximal feet 336 are then pivoted backwards again to release the clamp members, while arms 332 are closed to the extent that the back plates 322 a are cleared, as illustrated in FIG. 35D. Tool 330 is then pulled from the access site, leaving device 320 behind within the annulus, as illustrated in FIGS. 35E and 35F. In a manner similar to that described various times above, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude prosthetic material within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 35G. The spacing between the chords 324 of device 320 is sufficient to provide a fluid pathway and allow filling of the intra-annular space with prosthetic material 340 as shown in FIG. 35H. Alternate clamp designs that are usable for clamp-type augmentation devices of the present invention are illustrated in FIGS. 36A and 36B. Clamp 350 includes a frame 352 having back plate 352 a having apertures 356 for receiving chord ends and sidewalls 352 b, 352 c terminating in fingers 354 having inwardly extending anchors 358 a. As shown in FIG. 36B, additional anchors 358 b may be provided to ensure retention of the clamps on the annulus. FIG. 37 illustrates a clamp device 360 employing clamp mechanisms 350 of FIG. 36B interconnected by chords 362. As illustrated in FIG. 38A, the comers interconnecting the sidewalls with the back plate of clamp members 350 may be flexible, deformable or hinged to allow for straightening of frame 322 (or if originally provided in a straightened configuration, then for bending or folding frame 322 to form the configurations illustrated in FIG. 37) for pre-loading onto a delivery tool 372 in a low-profile state. Tool 372 is similar to tool 330 of FIG. 34 but having pivoting distal fee 374 in addition to pivoting proximal feet 376. A slot (not visible) is provided within distal feet 374 for receiving chords 362 of device 360. The low-profile state facilitates minimally invasive delivery into an annular defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 38A′. Upon proper alignment of device 360 within annulus 18, both sets of feet 374, 376 are pivoted inward thereby bending sidewalls 352 b, 352 c of frames 352 to close upon the free ends of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIGS. 38B and 38B′. Feet 374, 376 are further advanced toward each other thereby penetrating anchors 358 a, 358 b into the annulus tissue as illustrated in FIGS. 38C and 38C′. All feet are then pivoted apart to release the clamp members 350, and tool 372 is then pulled from the access site, leaving device 360 behind within the annulus, as illustrated in FIGS. 38D. In a manner similar to that described above, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude prosthetic material 360 within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 38E. The spacing between the chords 324 of device 320 is sufficient to provide a fluid pathway and allow filling of the intra-annular space with prosthetic material 340 as shown in FIG. 38F. FIG. 39A-39C illustrates another disc augmentation device 390 having a clip configuration. Device 390 has a plurality of laterally extending arm pairs 392-395, each arm pair being pivotable about a central vertical core 396 between open (FIGS. 39A and 39BA) and closed (FIG. 39C) positions. The arms on each side of clip 390 may be independently movable of the arms on the opposite side, or may be collectively movable as illustrated. Each arm may be directly opposed to another arm on the same side such that they appose each other when closed, or they may be interdigitated as illustrated such that they cross when closed (see FIG. 39C), resulting in a stacked arrangement on each side (i.e., from top to bottom: 392 a, 393 a, 394 a, 395 a and 392 b, 393 b, 394 b, 395 b). The inner sides of the arms may be provided with teeth 398 for penetrating into engaged or captured tissue, e.g., the annulus, held between the arms. In FIGS. 39B and 39C, disc augmentation device is operatively coupled to the distal end 402 of actuator rod 400 which controls the motion of the arms. In an open configuration, clip 390 has a low profile relative to the axis of actuator rod for easy delivery through delivery sheath 406, as illustrated in FIG. 40A. Clip 390 is operatively positioned within the intervertebral disc when its core 396 is substantially centrally positioned within and along the lamellar planes of annulus 18 and the arms straddle the opening across the entire thickness of the annulus. A pusher mechanism 402, having a slot 408 for slidable translation over actuator rod 400 in a transverse relationship, is advanced distally against the outer surfaces of proximal arms 392 b, 393 a, 394 b, 395 a, which may be biased open, thereby forcing the arms closed and clamping or sandwiching the cut or bisected ends of annulus 18 therebetween, as illustrated in FIG. 40B. The arms may be configured to lock upon achieving a sufficiently closed position or may be locked in place by means of pusher mechanism 404 which is left coupled to implanted clip 390. In a manner similar to that described above, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude a prosthetic material 408 within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 40C. The transverse and axial spacing between the arms of clip 390 is sufficient to provide a fluid pathway and allow filling of the intra-annular space with prosthetic material 408 as shown in FIG. 40D. FIG. 41 illustrates another clamp type disc augmentation device 410 which is an integrated variation of the tandem use of device 260 of FIG. 27. Device 410 has an endplate 414 and transversely positioned side plates 412 which collectively form a U-shaped configuration. A plurality of strands, sutures or filaments 418 extends from the outer side of endplate 414 and a plurality of barbed anchors 264 extend from the inside, facing surfaces of sidewalls 412. The delivery tool 270 of FIGS. 28A and 28B may also be used to implant device 410. Referring to FIG. 42A, with device 410 seated between jaws 272, the distal end of tool 270 is positioned within defect 28 within annulus 18 such that a cut or free end of the annulus is sandwiched between sidewalls 412. Upon proper positioning, the jaws are compressed thereby driving anchors 416 transversely into the layers of the annulus 18. The process is repeated with a second device 410 being clamped to the opposing free end of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIGS. 42A and 42B. The trailing suture ends 418 of both devices 410 are synched and tied together by knot mechanism 412, thereby forming a scaffolding between implants 412, as illustrated in FIG. 42D. As described above, the scaffolding serves to augment the annulus and allows for passage of a prosthetic material 414 to within and throughout defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 42E. After filling void 28, which may extend into nucleus 20, prosthetic material 414 is cured, as illustrated in FIG. 42F. FIG. 43A illustrates another clamp embodiment of an implantable device 420 which includes bi-lateral integrated clamps 424 having U-shaped configurations (each similar to the clamp member of FIG. 41) which are bridged together on one side by bridge member 422. A plurality of barbed anchors 426 extend from the inwardly facing surfaces of the respective clamps 424. FIG. 43B illustrates device 420 operatively implanted within a disc defect 28 and bridging across the portion of the defect within annulus 18. FIG. 44A illustrates another clamp embodiment of an implantable device 430 having two bowed plates 432 a, 432 b which are interlocked with each other by a core member 434 extending centrally between plates 432. The internally facing surfaces of the ends of plates 432 have barbed anchors 436. A fixed hub or nut 440 is mounted on the distal side of core member 434 and abuts the outside surface of plate 432. At the opposite end of core member 434 is a threaded hub or nut 438 which can be threaded along a threaded proximal portion 442 of core member 434. As hub 440 is threaded against plate 432 a, the plates compress together. FIG. 44B illustrates device 430 operatively implanted within a disc defect 28 and bridging across the portion of the defect within annulus 18. FIGS. 45A and 45B illustrate another clamp type embodiment of an augmentation device 450 which is self-clamping upon deployment. Device 450 includes two intersecting plates 452 each of which has two displaced parallel end portions 452 a and a central portion 452 b angled therebetween. Opposing sides of end portions 452 a have a plurality of barbed anchors 454 extending therefrom and central portions 452 b optionally have a plurality of apertures formed therein. Plates 452 are preferably made of a superelastic memory material whereby they can be inverted from a naturally biased or deployed state (FIG. 45B) to a spring-loaded or undeployed state (FIG. 45A) where device 450 obtains a low profile for minimally invasive delivery. As illustrated in FIGS. 45A and 46A, in an inverted, low profile state, device 450 is deliverable through a cannula 460 to within a void or defect 28 within the annulus wall 18 anchors 454. As the distal end or pair of end portions 452 b are advanced beyond the distal end of cannula 460, the spring-load of the inverted device forces distal end portions to spring apart from each other, as illustrated in FIG. 46B, and impinge upon the inner aspect of annulus 18, forcing anchors 454 to penetrate into the annulus wall. Cannula 460 is then removed from the site, as illustrated in FIG. 46C, thereby releasing the proximal end portions of device 450 which in turn allows them to impinge upon the outer aspect of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 46D. The porous central portions 452 b of device 450 allow for passage of a flowable prosthetic material 462 to within and throughout defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 46E. After filling void 28, which may extend into nucleus 20, prosthetic material 462 is cured, as illustrated in FIG. 46F. FIGS. 47A-47D illustrate another clamp type augmentation device 470 having annulus receiving portions or clamps 474 (only one side is shown) extending from a bridging portion 472. While clamp portion 474 may be deformable or compressible, it need not be as the clamp has holes (not shown) within its sidewalls for receiving a pin member transversely therethrough, as illustrated in FIG. 47A, by which to secure the device to tissue received within clamp portion 472. Pin member includes an outer sheath 476 and inner core 478 which is slidable within the lumen of sheath 476. The outer diameter of sheath 476 is sufficient such that it is receivable within the holes of the sidewalls of clamps 474 and the inner diameter of sheath 476 is tapered at a distal end 480 thereof. Inner core 478 has an enlarged distal end 482 which has a diameter which is equal to or less than the inner diameter of sheath 476 except at the tapered distal end 480, where the diameter of end 482 is greater than that of the inner diameter of the tapered distal end portion 480. Outer sheath 476 is splittable at one or more circumferential locations along at least a distal portion of its length against the outward radial force exerted on the distal portion when inner core is driven therethrough. Here, sheath 476 is splittable into a plurality of petals 488 as illustrated in the end view of FIG. 47D. Enlarged distal end 482 has a proximal shoulder 484 which engages against petals 488 to resists against removal of core 478 from outer sheath 476. The augmentation device 490 of FIG. 48 has a configuration similar to that of device 470 of FIGS. 47A-47D with the difference being that the apertures 496 within the sidewalls of clamp portion 494 have a keyed configuration which correspond to the profile of a key 498. After passage of key 498 through the second sidewall, it can be turned about its axis and locked against the outer surface of the side wall. FIGS. 49A-49C illustrate other embodiments of augmentation devices 500, 510 and 520, respectively, of the present invention having a cylindrical or tubular configuration. Each device has a central portion 502, 512 and 522, respectively, from which a plurality of deformable or flexible fingers or petals 504, 514 and 524, respectively, extend on both sides of the central portion. Petals 504 of device 500 extend about its entire circumference, each having a rectangular configuration. Petals 514 of device 510 also extend about the entire circumference of device 510; however, the petals have a tapered tip. Petals 524 have a rectangular configuration and extend around only about half of the circumference of device 520 where about half of the plurality of petals is positioned opposite the other half. FIGS. 50A and 50B illustrate another cylindrical embodiment of an augmentation device 530 having a similar configuration to that of device 530 of FIG. 49C, i.e., a central portion 532 and a plurality of deformable or flexible fingers or petals 534 in two oppositely positioned sets. Additionally, device 530 includes a scaffolding structure within the lumen defined by central portion 532. Scaffolding structure includes one or more layers of a plurality of diametrically extending members or struts 538, but may have any configuration including any of the scaffolding configurations, e.g., a plate with apertures, as described above. As illustrated in FIGS. 51A and 51B with respect to device 530, but which is also exemplary of each of the illustrated cylindrical clip embodiments, each set of petals 534 is deformable or malleable radially outward from central portion 532 towards the set of petals positioned at the opposite but same side of central portion 532. A step-by-step implantation procedure of another cylindrical augmentation device 540 of the present invention is provided in FIGS. 52A-52F. Device 540 has a configuration similar to that of device 530, having central portion 542 and two sets of a plurality of fingers 544 separated by spaces 546. As illustrated in FIGS. 52A and 52A′, in an undeployed, low profile state, device 540 is advancable to an implant site through a cannula 548 by a detachable pusher member 552. Extending within pusher 552 is a finger deployment actuator rod 554. Upon positioning device 540 within the implant site, i.e., void 28 within annulus 18, cannula 548 may be removed, as illustrated in FIGS. 52B and 52B′. Actuator rod 554 is then actuated to commence deployment of fingers 554, as illustrated in FIGS. 52C and 52C′, and continue deployment until fingers 554 achieve a locked position and fully embrace both free ends of annulus 18 therebetween, as illustrated in FIGS. 52D and 52D′. Upon full deployment, pusher mechanism 552 is released from core 542 leaving device 540 within the disc defect, as illustrated in FIG. 52E. As described above, an injector tube 64 is positioned within the scaffolding within device 540 and prosthetic material 558 is injected therein and subsequently cured as illustrated in FIGS. 52F and 52G. It should be noted that any of the above-described steps or procedures, including but not limited to cannulation of the target area, removal of the affected portion of the disc, implantation of the subject implants within the target implant site, adjustment or readjustment of the implant, delivery of the prosthetic implant material and curing of the same may be facilitated by way of a scope delivered through a lumen of the delivery catheter and/or by way of various visualization techniques including but not limited to real time fluoroscopy, CT scanning or MR imaging, or a combination of preoperative CT or MR images superimposed onto a real time image tracking device, which are well known in the surgical arts. The subject devices and systems may be provided in the form of a kit which includes at least one augmentation device of the present invention. A plurality of such devices may be provided where the devices have the same or varying sizes and shapes and are made of the same or varying materials. The kits may further include instruments and tools for implanting the subject devices, including but not limited to those described above as well as cannulas, trocars, scopes, sheaths, etc. Instructions for implanting the subject systems and devices and for using the above-described instrumentation may also be provided with the kits. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a device” may include a plurality of such devices and reference to “the prosthetic material” includes reference to one or more prosthetic materials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. at least one prosthetic material deliverable to within the defect site, wherein the at least one structure is configured to provide passage of the prosthetic material from outside the disc to within at least a portion of the defect. 2. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a planar configuration. 4. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a pin configuration. 5. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 4, comprising a plurality of said pin structures extending between two end plates. 6. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a clip configuration. 7. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a cylindrical configuration. 8. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has an expanded configuration and an unexpanded configuration. 9. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 8, wherein the at least one structure is self-expanding upon implantation. 10. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 8, wherein the at least one structure is actively expandable upon implantation. 11. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the intra-annular space is between two adjacent lamellae. 12. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one prosthetic material comprises a hyrdogel. 13. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one prosthetic material has an initial flowable form and is curable to a more solid form. 14. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one prosthetic material comprises two prosthetic materials. 15. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure comprises a scaffolding. delivering the prosthetic material into the void. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of implanting the at least one structure comprises positioning the at least one structure between two adjacent lamellae of the annulus. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the void is naturally occurring. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the void is surgically formed. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the void is in a posterior portion of the annulus. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the void further comprises a space within the nucleus of the disc. 22. The method of 16, wherein the at least one structure applies a compressive force on the annulus upon implantation. wherein implanting the at least one structure comprises utilizing the delivery tool. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein implanting the at least one structure comprises delivering the at least one structure to the intra-annular space in a low profile condition and expanding the at least one structure along its length dimension. a scaffolding structure sized for implantation within the disc at a defect site within the annulus. 26. The device of claim 25, wherein the scaffolding structure is configured to provide passage of at least one flowable prosthetic material from outside the disc to within at least a portion of the defect. 27. The device of claim 25, wherein the scaffolding structure comprises a plurality of apertures. 28. The device of claim 25, wherein the scaffolding structure comprises a plurality of struts. 29. The device of claim 25, further comprising at least one anchor for securing the scaffolding within the defect site.

2019-04-24T00:48:22Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060247776A1/en

One of the key strategic consulting ideas over the last twenty years has been the concept of an industry as an ecosystem. This business view states that an industry can be thought of three levels, the market, hierarchy, and ecosystem. Markets facilitate the transaction of goods and services. Hierarchies facilitate the the control of activities that produce the goods, and the ecosystem facilitates the coordination of innovation and co-evolution of firms. The ecosystem defines how firms interact and grow. Regulation and innovation may not allow co-evolution with the same market players or it may force changes in the hierarchy. The futures industry ecosystem has changed significantly with new technology and regulation causes all firms to adapt. The innovation of easy electronic trading has done everything from unbundling brokerage services to cutting the cost of execution and eliminating the social network of trading. Regulation has changed the cost of playing in futures and has redefined the activities of many players. The table below outlines just a few of the changes to the ecosystem. If you liked the old system, then you will conclude the current system is broken. The ecosystem is evolving and in the transition, old firm behavior will not work. Those who cannot adapt will fail. The former dominant species are being pushed aside and the skills to live in the current ecosystem are very different. Technological savvy behavior is more important than the trader skill of understanding the feel of the market. Understanding the regulatory environment is critical for success. If you cannot adapt to technology and regulation, you will be marginalized. In this new environment, we may not be certain of liquidity in a crisis. We don't know whether price behavior will be the same as before. Liquidity providers will change. This is more than just saying that there is Darwinian "survival of the fittest" competition. The ecosystem is not the competitive actions of one firm but how the systems in total fits together. There are financial intermediaries that did not exist a decade ago. There are suppliers of technology for trading and risk management who did not exist. The "forest" where futures trading occurs has changed. Broken, maybe. Evolving, certainly. If you are reading this blog you have a lot to be thankful for and it is not because of my thinking or writing. Enjoy the day but carve-out some time to read Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty by Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo between now and the end of the year. We don't have to be powerless with the problems of poverty. Poverty can be solved or at least reduced through thinking clearly about the economics of incentives and behavior.The solution is not big programs nor some form of free markets. It is about finding ways to have programs that incent behavior that will allow people a way out of poverty traps. It requires new thinking and experimentation because we often do not have the right answers. Through humble thinking and a desire to connect with those less fortunate, we can make a difference. Poor Economics is about the research of two economist on the forefront of this new thinking. They are two of the most thoughtful in the profession.You will read about creative solutions to some vexing problems which will give new meaning to thinking outside the box. The futures industry has changed radically since the Financial Crisis. Many of these changes were in process before the Crisis, but the new regulatory environment and the further focus on cost cutting has sped the industry change. Brokerage firms have wanted to further cut overhead and the movement to electronic trading has allowed for massive reductions in personnel. Electronic trading has accentuated and highlighted the unbundling of brokerage services and allowed the cost cutting to occur with volume increases. In the old world of brokerage, there were many of the services bundled in the course of providing execution. There were networking effects and even though it was not often discussed as a bundled service, brokerage was more than just execution. The voice broker served as a social network for and conduit for these other services. In an electronic world, execution through point and click has disconnected brokerage from the other services that were provided through human. In fact, those other services cannot be provided because the FCM or broker may have little interaction with the client trader. Now some traders did not want all of these services and in many cases, the broker/provider was not good at delivery the other services. However, there were choices in the marketplace and brokers who were better at offering other services won execution business. Now, all the services are unbundled and may actually be harder to price and purchase. How much should you pay for capital introduction? Market color or gossip? Research? Paying monthly fees for one good idea may seem odd. Unbundling the broker services through electronic trading has broken the networking advantages from a wider set of services. Investors may get cheaper execution, but they could be at an information disadvantage that is very costly. Cutting through rhetoric - what is the LEI telling us? There is economic reality and then there is the rhetoric of talking heads about the economy. Depending on the week, we can hear from Fed officials that the economy is ready for a rate increase or you can hear about how "data dependent" decisions require more information. So what will a simple look at the data tell us as we prepare for the holiday? The leading economic indicator (LEI) index has been available for a long-time but sometimes gets missed in all of the talk about the latest economic announcement. It is still a good base indicator that provides early warning about economic downturns. There is no question that if the index turns negative, there will be a recession or you are in a recession. Generally, if the index falls below 1%, there will be a recession. The US economy shows signs of slowing but we are still above the 1% threshold. There should be a concern about the decline, but the rate is still good. Looking at the percentage change from a year ago will show that the LEI has turned negative. It can stay negative for some time without a recession, but equity gains will slow in this type of environment. Reducing equity exposure should be considered for the end of the year. Most have been brought up on learning to be upbeat and positive. Think about positive thoughts and fantasize about success. Monty Python has made fun of positive thinking extremes with their song "Always look on the bright side of life". No matter how bad it gets be positive. The latest research suggests that this way of thinking actually harms you. In the book Rethinking Positive Thinking: Inside the New Science of Motivation by Gabriele Oettingen, we are told that the research calls for balance between positive thinking and the potential negatives. Quit with fantasy thinking and engage in reality which looks at both the good and bad for achieving what you want. Balance leads to more success. The author discusses the four step technique of WOOP for balanced motivation. WOOP stands for Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, and Plan, and is a technique for providing motivation and successful thinking without the potential for extreme thinking. Too much positive thinking and you will have greater motivational problems and loses from failure. What does this have to do with money management? There are clear issue of over-confidence with forecasts and expectations. The over-confidence leads to strong behavior biases, but it can also lead managers to be less motivated because they are less aware of pitfalls, failure, and the necessary hard work that is often required with gaining success. Wishing for success or for something good to happen to your positions and views is only going to get you into trouble. We see the problem of overconfidence in forecasts. Just look at the adjustments in the chart below. I am not saying that a change in attitude will make you a better forecaster, but the research does say that being more realistic of what you are trying to do, including facing obstacles, will allow you to better deal with problems in general. Be a realist, be a pragmatist, and do not believe that willing what you want will get it. Thoughts of money management success has to be tempered with the fact that there is just a lot of hard work and failure with running money and making forecasts. There is a view that managed futures is a long volatility strategy or at least should do well in higher volatility. Some researchers have described managed futures as being long a straddle, but a simple examination of the data suggests that the relationship between managed futures returns and volatility is more complex. I ran a simple test across monthly and daily data over the same time frame between the leading managed futures indices and the VIX volatility index. For the period January 2000 until September 2015, I matched the managed futures performance with the VIX index. I compared the average daily and monthly returns for the top 20% and bottom 20% of the sample against the mean return for the entire sample. This is a very simple test and may only be suggestive of the results, but it did cause me to have think more closely about the link between managed futures and volatility. If you believe that managed futures is a long volatility strategy, the average returns for the top 20% of volatility days and months should be higher than the overall average and certainly higher than the lowest 20% of the sample. For the BTOP50 index, the results show that the average return for the top 20% of the volatility months were higher than the entire sample by a sizable amount. However, it is interesting that the average return for the bottom 20% of the months also did well. It could be that managers lever up in low volatility periods, but these results do not seem obvious. For the daily data using the SocGen CTA index, the results are reversed. The average return for the bottom 20% volatility days is actually higher than the return for the top 20% volatility days. Both do better than the entire data set. The managed futures managers do not seem to like high daily volatility, but they can exploit high monthly volatility. I view managed futures managers as being long longer-term volatility. This allows them to exploit the spread in prices from higher volatility, but they do not like high short-term volatility. High daily volatility increases the likelihood of being stopped out and the stop-out feature makes positions behave like knock-out options. When the stop price is hit, you loss your position. This can explain what the data suggest; however, a closer inspection should be conducted. What holds attention, determines action. William James is one of the great American philosophers of the 19th century and considered the father of American psychology. He was one of the founders of the pragmatism school of philosophy. His pragmatism let simple reflections drive his philosophical thinking. For example, he thought true beliefs are those that useful to the believer. Truth and usefulness go together. His quote tells us he had an innate sense of behavioral finance even though he did not trade. We have a recency bias and a small sample bias which causes us to extrapolate. There is an availability heuristic which uses the information that is more readily available or apparent to make our decisions. James understood how the simple could attract action for better or worse. While he never was a speculator, my guess is that he would have been a very successful money manager following simple rules as a practical application of theory. Pragmatism is an excellent foundation for good money management. "The future is already here, it is just not very evenly distributed." There is always a lot of talk about the skill of hedge fund managers when discussing due diligence, but there is not always a close focus on the technology used by managers. Technology includes hardware, software, and new techniques for analysis. There are some who embrace new technology quickly while others adapt slowly. Given the differences in adaptation, technology change will be diffuse. The diffusion may be closed quickly, but it exists and can impact manager performance. The future may already be here, but not for everyone at the same time. This technology differences is not just the use of computers, but more importantly, the use of software to help harness the large amounts of data associated with finance. There have been significant advances in the visualization of data which can improve analysis. There have been better quantitative techniques for processing data. The method for storing data is just simple but important technology. The technology of new ideas in finance also is not distributed equally. Older managers may not have been trained or exposured to new research. For example, while the addition of factors to the Fama-French model may be know by a fair number of managers, it is not evenly accepted by all managers. The ideas behind smart beta are years old but only now being widely accepted. There is a delay between what is found research and taught in the classroom and what is used in practice. The use of trading algorithms for better execution is also not evenly distributed. The level of sophisticated will vary and the best users of technology may not be the largest managers who have legacy thinking and systems that have to be adjusted and adapted. Let's just say that the due diligence of skill analysis should also account for technology and research differences and how managers access and learn new ideas and adapt them to their businesses. Unconstrained or "go anywhere" bonds funds are all the rage with investors who have growing expectations that rates are headed higher, but you may more likely call them "rate surprise" funds if you are not careful. These funds have wider mandates than normal bond funds which are often closely tied to the Barclays Aggregate bond index. Clearly, there are diversification benefits from being unconstrained and there are enhanced opportunities for the good rate manager. Buying international bonds, allowing for an allocation to high yield, allocations to preferred stocks, exposure to high dividend stocks and convertibles are all ways to enhance yield in a low interest rate environment. This broadening of the opportunity is a good thing for investors. Traditional bond funds only have duration, credit, and mortgages spreads as the choice set. Nevertheless, false assumptions of what these funds can do could lead these funds to be called rate surprise funds. They are still likely to lose value in a rising rate environment. They will also likely have more risk in a declining stock environment or a falling economic growth period. Holding securities that are more equity-like will increase equity risk exposure. Holding riskier credits will subject the fund to more business cycle risk. This higher credit exposure is especially true for strategies that are long high yield and short Treasuries to capture only spread risk. The unconstrained funds may also increases exposure to less liquid credits. Finally, strategies that are willing to have negative duration will underperform if there are rate declines. Unless the manager is nimble, these bonds funds will not be safe assets during a crisis period. We are strong believers in holding credit risk and carry premium at the right time, but research evidence suggests that these both go through cycles and if you think there is potential for an economic downturn, holding unconstrained bond funds will get you something unexpected, principal risk. Direct allocations to dividend funds or high yield along with managed futures and global macro may be better for investors because the risk premiums are isolated and exposures can be better defined. Intelligence is a form of diagnosis and medical students are taught, "When you hear hoofbeats, think horse, not zebra." In other words, the patient is likely to have a common disease, not an exotic one. The same logic should be applied to investment problems. Look for the obvious answer before developing more elaborate explanations. For example, if equity markets are going down around the world, look first at the simple explanation that there are expectations of a slowdown in growth. If nominal rates are declining, it is likely driven by falling inflation expectations and slower growth. Do not fight the Fed and liquidity. Of course the world is more complex than just simple explanations, but starting with the broad simple explanations is a good working hypothesis for discussion. If you have an alternative story it has to be framed in the context of how it compares with the common explanation. Contradictory information has to be studied assuming the most likely answers as the prior. Start simple and add complexities and alternatives to your investment thesis. Managed futures has traditionally provided access to the momentum or trend form of these risk premiums in dynamic fashion through trading both long and short through the major futures market. Carry across currencies also can be accessed through futures albeit the set of currencies will not include emerging markets. Size effects cannot be employed except through a few stock indices. Valuation, except through relative global comparisons, is also hard to access through futures markets. There are also some risk premiums that cannot be accessed through futures such as credit. Hence, there is a reason to mix managed futures with some swap or cash strategies or structures. For example, there is no direct way managed futures can get exposure to a credit risk premium, so mixing managed futures which focuses on momentum with credit exposure through collateral usage allows for a combination of risk premiums. A full complement of risk premiums can be accessed for full global macro investing through the more innovative use of collateral. Since most managed futures only use about 20 percent or less of cash for margin, the excess cash not used for margin can be employed in other strategies to access alternative risk premiums. The recent EY survey concerning non-financial reporting on ESG - environmental, sustainability and governance suggests that there is a growing demand for this information and a desire for it to be provided in a systematic fashion. This is more than "feel good" reporting but a focus on issues that can have real risks. From regulation to stranded assets, ESG will spill-over to earnings and financial reporting. This is going to require a more training and skills by analysts who have to incorporate this information in their analysis. It will also affect valuations as these issues will impact demand from institutional buyers. Firms will also have to allocate more money to standardize non-financial reporting and realize that they will be graded on these non-financial goals. The firms of tomorrow will have different accountability to those of yesterday. Currency wars turning into policing by central banks? There has been a hope for a return to fundamentals in the foreign exchange markets with a decline in foreign currency reserve buying. In the last 12 years the foreign currency reserves held by central banks has increased by a factor of 6x from $2 trillion to $12 trillion as measured by the IMF's COFER data, but that flow has been changing with declines in reserves as central banks have sold reserves to arrest currency declines. The return to fundamentals has come back with a vengeance for many countries. Falling commodity prices, capital outflows, declining economic growth have all led to declining currencies not as a means of enhancing exports but as a reflection of poor economics. The result may be a change in the terms of trade and exports but not because of anything central banks have done. The currency war of the last decade of using foreign reserves to stop appreciation is now being reversed to a war of controlled declines. Foreign reserves are being used as a buffer stock to control short and medium term fluctuations in currencies. Arguably this can be considered good policy for small economies that are appreciably affected by trade. The investment impact of capital flows can be dampened and the currency impact on both exports and importers can be reduced. The marginal use of foreign reserves to dampen extreme fluctuations can be viewed as police actions between countries as opposed to currency wars. By policing extreme behavior, central banks hope to avert more dramatic actions. The traditional liberal view may not have room for currency policing but with market extremes it may offer some economic stability. However, make no mistake, the slowing of growth around the world can easily turn policing of extremes into another round of currency war to boost anemic economies. With continued slower economic growth around the world further confirmed by the recent OECD forecasts and inflation in the developed world that persists below 2%, the macro story for commodity buying is poor. Add to this environment continued price devaluation from the super-cycle and there is little reason to be a long-only investor; however, that does not mean there are no commodity opportunities. Active commodity trading can be a way to take advantage of this change in the super-cycle, the deflation threat, and revaluation in emerging markets. It calls for careful analysis and a willingness to let go of any thinking about commodities as a stable long-only asset class. Competition has declined in the commodity markets. The AUM from commodity investing has fallen by 45% from the highs of over $250 billion in 2011. Hedge funds have exited the business. Banks have exited the business. Trading firms have cut back their exposure. Lending and financing in commodities is harder to come by. This all means that for those left there are more opportunities, but these opportunities are consistently on the short side of the market. That direction may change when there is further rationalization or a unexpected supply shock, but right now there is nothing that would call for a long bias other than some sense of price extremism. Central bank talk - just too much? This week we had ECB president Draghi say it is "clearly visible" that there are downside economic risks in Europe. NY Fed president Dudley said this week, "It is quite possible that the conditions the Committee have established to begin to normalize monetary policy could soon be satisfied." We have the ECB talking about further easing and the Fed talking about normalizing. We have not even included all of the comments by Fed bank president. Do these guys do any real work or just make speeches at one conference after another? Do they really need to keep in practice talking or would the markets be better with closed-mouthed central bankers? I understand that the FOMC has stated that they have a "flexible agenda" and must account for "a wide range of information ... and readings on financial and international developments" but does it make sense that there is more simple clarity in order to enhance creditability? This game of hinting at moves is getting old and adding to market uncertainty. Will the growth expectations for ETF's ever slow? The 2015 EY ETF survey says that growth will average 18 percent for the next three to five year. This exceptional growth means that it will further cannibalize the mutual fund market for retail investors and traditional money managers for the institutional market. This growth is not going to be driven by passive investments but a greater push for innovation in fund products. The EY survey says that the big product push will be in enhanced beta and currency hedged funds and not jut passive and pure active ETF's. This push toward innovation has real implications for active mutual fund managers who have been closet enhanced beta managers and hedge fund alpha managers who have used enhanced beta as a technique to generate alpha versus traditional benchmarks. The focus on innovation will continue to make ETF's a disruptive force in money management. With ease of packaging and distribution, new ideas can be quickly released into the market. Innovation will force managers to work harder and cause further firm consolidation and declines in fees. While the survey suggests strong growth, the global ETF market seems to be fractionalized. Europe is different than the US and Asia follows its one rules. What seems to be missing from the growth expectations is the realization that for these products to be successfully sold, there will have to be much more education of investors. I am skeptical whether growth can be achieved without more basic education on the differences in products. However, the mutual fund and hedge fund businesses seem to have been slow at combating the growth of new ETF product. This will be a big industry battle in 2016. The terms alpha is thrown around somewhat casually by many investors. Who does not want alpha? If a manager can broaden the term, he can argue that he has the ability to provide it. On the other hand, smart investors have become more wary of what is alpha. They have spent more time refining benchmarks in order to more precisely separate alpha and beta. Now there is a new term being used; strategic alpha, as provided by the treasury function of the hedge fund firm. There is return to be gained by better managing cash and financing. I agree with this alpha concept and expect a rapid improvement by most firms. There is a competitive advantage for firms who better manage financing. It can add incremental return that is unrelated to the underlying market risk of a strategy. For those who now engage in better treasury management, it will add relative return. If all funds improve their treasury management, there will still be gains relative to existing beta. This should be something everyone does. The regulatory environment makes financing more difficult and expensive. Banks are dropping hedge fund clients, FCM’s are dropping derivative firms. Forming better alliance with brokers and clearing firms is essential for the livelihood of many firms. Without a good FCM or PB, a hedge fund will be alpha constrained. Banks and FCM’s do not want hedge fund cash and they want to squeeze more return form their hedge fund clients. Money market funds have more restrictions that make it riskier for hedge funds to park short-term cash. This means that cash management is firm critical for any fund manager. Managers avoided this function because it as not core to their business, but in a changing environment, what is core is being redefined. With excess returns falling, every extra basis point that can be gained is important. The example of a managed futures fund is illustrative given their high cash collateral levels. It used to be that cash invested in Treasury bills would cover much of the management fee costs of the firm. Take the simple case of 5% bill rates and 2% management fees. The fund would be “ahead” by 3% before trading. Now with rates down to zero, performance is negative before trading begins. FCM’s do not want the excess cash. There is more risk with segregated funds given some FCM failures. Banks do not want the extra cash, and institutional money market funds have new regulatory rules which constrain returns. Managing cash more effectively is valuable even in a low rate environment. Currently, this value may be limited, but if the Fed starts to normalize rates there will be value in moving out the yield curve and managing cash alternatives. Watch for firms changing their cash practices and hiring specialists in financing. Generating and counting every penny will be a required alpha source. There is alpha in the details of how money moves. The new 2015 EY global hedge fund survey provides for some interesting industry reading. One detail that caught my attention is the change in focus on what is most important to hedge funds. Its is not about getting better at their craft and generating more alpha. It is all about raising assets which means you have to appeal to the masses. The focus is on diversified product that broaden the scope of the firms. The survey of large, medium, and small managers tells the same story. Forget about specialization with core products. Offer more multi-product solutions. Diversify across strategies. Manage a broader pool of assets. Build a sound firm not one driven by alpha generation. What should happen to alpha? If you believe managers are skilled-based and need to create an information advantage through either collection or processing, then you will not like this new world. Alpha should not be enhanced. Of course, the argument is that hedge managers will be able to broaden their products to provide better diversification at a lower cost. That may be true, but the origins of hedge fund investing was to offer specialized managers with unique skills in a fund that would be different than traditional asset returns or market beta. Previously, there was business risk if a hedge fund did not perform. The focus was on skill because you were a specialist. Now the focus will be on survival and protecting a business. This is bad news for the investor who wants to buy talent. The month really starts with the employment number and that print last Friday tells us Fed action is on for December. Even dovish Fed presidents are talking that it is time. Money managers will be thinking about year-end adjustments based on Fed rate path. Rebalancing under rising rates will be a driver for all investors. We are not very good at weighing evidence. We make assessments about issues and then decide, but our decisions are often based on our cultural identity. Asked if they can image evidence that would contradict their view and then ask if they would change their minds if presented the evidence, the answer for many was no. These are the findings of Dan Kahan and others who have done research work in cultural cognition. This has been the focus of a growing number of researchers at the cultural cognition project. The Cultural Cognition Project is a group of scholars interested in studying how cultural values shape public risk perceptions and related policy beliefs. Cultural cognition refers to the tendency of individuals to conform their beliefs about disputed matters of fact (e.g., whether global warming is a serious threat; whether the death penalty deters murder; whether gun control makes society more safe or less) to values that define their cultural identities. Cultural identity will have an impact on how research is presented and will bias how managers may look at a problem. For example, Larry Summers and has views of secular stagnation present one model and cultural view that will affect forecasts of Fed action. This filter will have a big impact on how he looks at new information about the economy. If you agree with Summers, you will view data in a similar fashion. Some may call this just a model view, but there may be more going on here. This view may bias what you think the Fed will do with interest rates. You cannot divorce your cultural view with your forecast. The standard approach for cultrual cognition is to use the following 2x2 matrix to describe how groups may filter information. I don't think this model applies to finance, but a model bias or view of the world will affect how the likelihood function is used when given new information is presented. I will argue that systematic modelers are different than discretionary decision-makers who may have a greater cultural bias or are influenced by the cultural norms of their peers in the industry. There is a New York - London global macro bubble and those who are in it are more likely to think alike and look at data differently than the systematic manager who is away from a major city. Keynes was aware of this when he discussed beauty pageants and the willingness to fail with others rather than thinking on your own, as well as the issue of many being ruled by the ideas of some defunct economist. Cultural norms will affect risk perceptions and what data is important in the macro-economy. This is not a well-defined idea in finance, but I think it is well worth further discussion. Physicist Enrico Fermi was renowned at being able to come up with good estimates to answer seemingly intractable problems. He did this through breaking down the problem into more manageable subproblems and then went through a process of combination. By doing this, he was able to clarify and examine key assumptions along the way. He was an expert on dimensionality analysis and approximation. He was able to look at problems and determine by the number of steps in the estimate the correct order of magnitude with some precision. The intractable problem that requires a Fermi-ized estimate has now become a standard interview question for many firms. For example, "How many cigar smokers are there in Denmark?"Boston?" Ok, in reality, most are not going to be faced with these questions, but the focus is on the logic of how you would arrive at an estimate. For many trading problems, the focus has to be on the process of getting an estimate for a forecast. The problems may not be intractable, but they may require some guessing that needs some bounds. Take the simple case of estimating whether the US will get 2% inflation. Many suggest that if oil prices go up it would not take much for inflation to reach 2%. The forecast will be a function of how important are energy prices to the inflation index and then computing how large an increase in oil prices would have to be to get the index to 2%. If you have a guess on oil with a probability measure, you should translate that information into an inflation estimate it some confidence. The forecast process can be broken into subproblems that can be reviewed to generate the end prediction. You may be wrong with the forecast, but the estimate will be based on clear assumption that can be explained to others. The future of whether raising interest rates by the Fed will work hangs in the balance through the repo and not the Fed funds market. If the Fed can control reverse repo, it will be able to impact the key credit channel away from banks. The shadow credit markets are where the action is for lending and that is more likely to be driven by rates outside of banks. The Fed knows this and has focused on new tools to monitor the repo market. See the new tool for monitoring by the NY Fed. The NY Fed is now able to watch volume, haircuts, and concentration levels for tri-party repo and show current levels versus historical data. The volume numbers are interesting, but what has really caught my attention are the haircuts for different types of collateral. Changes in haircuts will provide an early warning on the risks for certain types of assets. I would be concerned if the haircuts start to increase because it is telling the market that there are more risks in markets. If there is going to be a market gridlock, it will start with the haircuts in repo. Are you, as David Sklansky the poker player would say, "At war with luck"? This issue was analyzed in a recent Game Theory posting in the Economist. The article focuses on the role of skill versus luck in poker. A recent research piece showed that 76% of a sample of over 100,000 hands of poker were determined before a showdown, that is, before cards were revealed. 49.7 percent of the best possible hands that could have been made were folded before a showdown. Poker is often won or lost by in-game decisions and not by luck at the end. As has been commented in other places, you can deliberately lose at poker. That is not the case for a game of luck. Hence, there is skill with poker. The same can be said with trading. Most of the gains or loses are made through in-game decisions. You can get stopped out, you can take profits, you can size the trades wrong, you can act before your forecast is realized. There are a host of decisions that will determine your success before you even get to the point of measuring whether the market had gone in your direction. This is not an issue of gambling, but rather your skill at money or risk management and you ability to read the situation. Hedge fund managers never like to talk about the association between poker playing and trading but the analogies are real. The managed futures and global macro strategies are usually a testimony to the power of broad diversification. These strategies will do well when there is a major dislocation in either stocks or bonds given they may be some of the most diversified strategies in the hedge fund space. A review of equities, bonds, and managed futures, finds that managed futures has been the laggard for the year. Fixed income has been flat for most of the year with a gain of just over 1 percent. Equities have been on a 3-month roller coaster with October performance offsetting most of the losses in August and September. Managed futures has moved sideways for the last three months as fixed income opportunities have been limited and the quick reversals for equities have been harder to capture in a manner that will drive positive returns. Managed futures proved to be a good positive diversified for the first quarter and served as an equity dampener during the summer, but it has not been a strong return enhancer. With global growth expected to further weaken, differences in monetary policy, and the potential for equity markets to move closer to fundamentals, the next few months may prove to be a better performance period. At this point, managed futures needs to show that it can not only diversify but also achieve positive returns. October hedge fund performance did not match the strong returns in equities. These strategies are not suppose to have high returns in a strong directional month. Betas are just lower for these strategies and alpha is sometimes harder to come by in pure directional up markets. As should be expected, the market directional category did well albeit it was less than half of the S&P 500 move. Surprisingly, special situations and event driven strategies both performed well. The global macro and CTA index were the worst performers for the month while diversified multi-strategy funds showed good gains. For the year, merger, market neutral, and absolute return were the best strategies while event driven, distressed, and special situations have been the worst strategies for 2015. Interestingly, the best for the month have been the worst for the year. With fixed income flattish for the year and equities moving back into positive territory for the year only this month, hedge funds have shown mixed absolute and relative success for the year. A number of strategies are strongly negative and unlikely to turn positive for the year unless there are returns that are greater than one annualized standard deviation. It is hard to expect managers to make that performance in a sixty day period when we know that markets slow during the holiday periods. Money has still flowed into the alternative space, but returns have disappointed on both an absolute and relative value basis. Many skill managers have stated that it has been a tough market for making money, but investor patience is something that is always in short supply when it comes to demanding returns.The end of the year should see more hedge fund fall-out for small firms that have under-performed. Scale and rationalization will be occurring after these returns. Equities saw the best month this year with a total return of over 8 percent for the SP 500, but the good news in equities did not translate to positive returns for global macro and managed futures strategies. Both the BTOP50 and Newedge CTA index posted negative returns. Returns have moved sideways for the last five months for these strategies and are significantly off the highs seen at the end of the first quarter. Diversification can be a two-edged sword for managed futures with many of the other markets sectors seeing reversals and little net change for the month. Even equity returns were the result of a sharp reversal at the end of the third quarter, so the managers who were short the longer-term trend were caught with losses during the first half of the month. The key theme for the month was risk-on, so fixed income reversed gains in the second half of the month as money flowed to equities. Central bank liquidity was the driver for this risk-on switch. With Fed action pushed out to at least December and more likely 2016, ECB comments from president Draghi that more QE is likely in Europe, and a major reflation in China, the markets have jumped on the liquidity bandwagon. Arguable there are reasons for more liquidity as global growth seems to be slowing. In this risk switch, trend-following was not the proper strategy play. Equities - One again, we learn that it is never good to fight central banks. It does not matter whether current central bank guidance is muddled. If there is a tilt to easing, risk assets will be demanded. Don't fight central banks. Fixed income - Bond prices for the year peaked in October with global rates moving higher on central bank messaging. Yields in the front-end of the curve increased in the 3-6 month range under expectations that the Fed will make their policy change by March 2016. Currencies - Money moved to the dollar and away from countries that presented more expansionary credit or dovish talk. EM market outflows may have slowed versus the last three months, but the risk-on trade has not really reached these markets. Given Fed uncertainty, the dollar has not reached new highs. There was not enough price action for strong trend opportunities. Energy - Natural gas continues to move lower while crude oil has been more range-bound but with higher volatility. The oil market has bounced off lows in the mid-40's but there are not fundamentals that will push oil higher. Slowing global growth is not going to solve the current supply glut. Metals - Precious metals were range-bound. With no inflation or geopolitical risk, there is no reason for increasing allocations. Industrial metals have bounced near year lows. The weakness in industrial China will not allow prices to move higher. Rationalization of supply does not happen quickly. Commodities - There was little to exploit in the grain markets. The presence of V-shaped pricing formations made for poor trend opportunities ins one of the softs and those trends that did exist were in generally low allocation markets. Th lessons from October are clear. Range-bound markets are never good for managed futures or global macro. Whether trend-following or fundamentally driven, these traders need divergences that create meaningful price signals that can be exploited. Markets that were not range-bound showed strong v-shaped patterns. In the transition, trend-followers or major fundamental traders will not make money. The adjustment from one direction to another is always going to be painful. These changes were not dramatic outside of equities, but enough to drive returns into negative territory. Superforecasters - what does it take to be great?

2019-04-20T20:33:49Z

http://mrzepczynski.blogspot.com/2015/11/

← Review of Craig Keener, “Miracles,” Part 1: What Evidence of Miracles Are Skeptics Searching for? As I stated in my previous post, I will be writing a multi-part review of Craig Keener’s Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts here on Κέλσος. Since Keener’s two volumes are very long, and there are a lot of issues that I would like to address, I will be breaking this review into several smaller posts. It is very likely that I will also blog about other issues during the process of writing this review, and I likewise do not plan to write my review of Keener in any particular order. As such, my organization may be somewhat sporadic in the order of topics that I discuss. For this reason, I will not be calling the subsequent portions of this review “part 2” and “part 3,” etc., but will instead title each subsequent post under the label “continued.” When I am finished with this review, I will then write a table of contents that organizes each post into a more logical organization. Those organizational issues aside, I will be writing the second installment of this review on Keener’s repeated assertion that there is a bias in Biblical Studies against the historical authenticity of miracles. Reading the “Introduction” (pp. 1-17) of Keener’s volumes, I was amazed by how much he started out with complaints against other biblical scholars, most of whom are unnamed (though he does name Rudolf Bultmann on pg. 8, who died in 1976, at that), for their alleged bias against the historical authenticity of miracles in the Gospels and Acts. Allegedly, these scholars treat the miracles of these accounts completely different from how they treat the other portions of the narrative. The repeated assertion that these scholars are “antisupernatural” is pervasive throughout this book (pp. 10, 85, 108, 123, 200, 429, 656, 667, 686, 702, 711, and on more pages than just these!). For much of this book, he then traces the origin of this so-called “antisupernatural” bias to the Enlightenment and (old) philosophers such as Hume (despite the fact that modern naturalism really has more of a mid-20th century origin). To begin with, I think this is a complete mischaracterization of why historians are more skeptical of certain historical claims that others. As I explain in my essay “History and the Paranormal,” historians do not just single out miracles or supernatural claims as the only kind of historical claims towards which they exercise greater caution. There are other kinds of paranormal claims that have nothing to do with religion or the supernatural, rather than empirical phenomena that exceeds existing scientific knowledge. This can include claims about technology that from a modern standpoint would be impossible, such as mirrors that can reflect rays of the sun to burn ships, unverified animal species, such as phoenixes, and even simple trade and navigation routes that would be implausible as literally described, or legendary geographical locations, such as the island of Thule. In modern times, most skeptics likewise exercise equal skepticism towards other paranormal phenomena that would still be purely natural, such as UFO abductions. The operating principle has little to do with “antisupernatural” assumptions, but rather with what historiographer C. Behan McCullagh calls “existing knowledge.” As McCullagh explains in Justifying Historical Descriptions (whose methodology is summarized here), historians cannot make claims with good probability about the past that involve too many unproven, ad hoc assumptions. Such existing knowledge does not need to be a priori, but can be drawn simply from previous observation. 99.999…999% of the dead are not supernaturally interfered with by God, and, thus, not raised by Him. Jesus was [probably] not supernaturally interfered with by God, and, thus, not raised by Him. None of this requires the a priori dismissal of resurrection events, nor does it even require the metaphysical belief in naturalism. As Cavin explains, this statistical syllogism would be the same, even if we assume the existence of God. Instead, historians approach all historical claims by taking into consideration the past observation of data. Now, I realize that Keener wishes to provide modern evidence of miraculous phenomena, in order to update our background knowledge to include the existence of miracles, which I welcome, but I still think that he has set up a straw man for why most skeptics and biblical scholars treat miraculous reports in ancient texts with greater caution. Now, none of these signs of Keener’s bias mean that I won’t take a look at his evidence. I just find it rather hypocritical for Keener to come in swinging at other biblical scholars for their “dogma,” when he demonstrably works at and publishes through institutions that have dogmatically oriented commitments. If Keener wants to make a case for the modern occurrence of miracles, then just make it, and leave these gripes about other scholars “lack of self-critical reflection” aside. First off, the charge of dismissing “other cultures” and “ethnocentrism” is another pervasive theme throughout this book, which is likewise a straw man. I don’t treat a report of a man rising into an immortal and imperishable body with caution because of “culture,” but due to the simply fact that billions of people have been recording dying, all over the world, and yet no one in the age of rigorous medical documentation has exhibited this kind of phenomena. If documented evidence of such an immortal resurrection occurred in any culture, I would believe it. But, the repeated insinuations of racism is another major complaint that I have about this book (Christian apologist Don Johnson likewise tried to make the same insinuations in our recorded debate, part two 46:56). 1. Redaction criticism: The Gospels are highly unusual, compared to other Greco-Roman biographies, in the way that they borrow and redact material from earlier sources (Matthew borrows from much as 80% of Mark’s material, and Luke borrows from 65% of the material of the earliest gospel). This is not how historical biographies, such as those of Plutarch and Suetonius, are written, since higher literary works tended to be written in a more unique style that distinguished an individual author. First, the interdependence between the Gospels in their source material causes them to lack independent corroboration. Independent corroboration is a historical criterion that argues for a common tradition between two texts, when they both relate the same story, without collaborating with each other. However, because the authors of the Gospels were copying each other for a number of the same stories, we cannot assume that these stories are independently attested between the authors. This severely limits the extent to which the Gospels can provide multiply attested information. However, McGrath points out that the later Gospels make a number of changes to Mark’s version of the story. Luke (23:53) adds the detail that the tomb had never been used before, making the burial more honorable, and Matthew (27:59-6) adds both the detail that the tomb was unused and that it was even Joseph’s own tomb. John (19:39-41) even further adds the detail that Jesus was anointed with 75 pounds of myrrh and aloes before his burial, even when this explicitly contradicts Mark 16:1, which states that Jesus was not anointed before his burial. John also adds the detail that Jesus was buried in a garden. These kinds of embellishments suggest that Jesus receiving a private burial in a tomb that had never before been used is probably a later embellishment (McGrath, for the record, supports the view that Jesus was buried in a common, criminal cemetery). Because of this, historians can thus doubt the accounts of Jesus’ burial in Matthew, Luke, and John. It should also be noted that, because the later Gospel authors derived so much material from Mark (which itself is based on earlier Greek pericopes and oral traditions), it casts strong doubt on whether any of their narratives are based on “memories.” Instead, the borrowing and redaction of materials suggests that the Gospels were stitched together based on material that had been circulating for some decades, which was likewise redacted at multiple stages of composition. Because of this, we have to treat the Gospels as received material, rather than first-hand accounts. 2. Midrash: Another peculiarity about how the Gospels are written is the fact that they owe a considerable amount of influence to the earlier Jewish scriptures in the Old Testament. In fact, through the literary convention known as Midrash, in which NT characters and episodes are designed to mimic OT characters and episodes, we can tell that whole sections of the Gospels’ narratives are derived from earlier literature. Scholars William Telford and Richard Horsley discuss these pericopes further here and here. This actually means that Mark’s narrative is being built around earlier outlines of Jesus’ miracles (meaning that even the mundane narrative details may have been invented to narrativize the miracles). But we can tell further that these miracles were themselves based on parallels with the OT, such as the alleged miracles of Moses. That speaks strongly *in favor* of the hypothesis of legendary development, since we can tell that stories about Jesus were being made up to parallel him with OT figures. It should also be noted that these are pre-Gospel traditions, meaning that we can detect legendary development surrounding Jesus before the Gospels were even written. Likewise, NT scholar Dennis MacDonald has argued, through mimesis criticism, that a number of the episodes in the Gospels may be based around earlier Greek mythology, particularly episodes in the Odyssey. It should be noted that, while Midrash is widely accepted among NT scholars, mimesis criticism is far more controversial. However, if MacDonald is correct that a number of characters and episodes within the Gospels are based on earlier Greek literature, then this would also cast doubt on whether such content is derived from actual historical events. 3. Allegorical characters: Another aspect of the Gospels that points towards legendary development is the presence of a number of characters, who appear to be solely allegorical in their role. For example, in this earlier essay I argue that the character Barabbas (whose name means “son of the father”) is probably a fictional character. Barabbas appears right before the scene of Jesus’ crucifixion, when Pontius Pilate asks the crowd to choose one prisoner for release as part of the Passover festival. Not only is this custom to release one prisoner unattested among secular sources, but there is also strong reason to think that this scene was invented for allegorical purposes. During the Yom Kippur sacrifice, there were two identical goats selected each year. One was released into the wild bearing the sins of Israel, and was eventually pushed off a cliff. The other was sacrificed in blood to atone for those sins. Hebrews 8-9 outside of the Gospels already attests to how the early Christians viewed Jesus as the ultimate Yom Kippur sacrifice where Jesus is the atonement for sins. Thus, in this allegory, the Gospel authors are telling their readers to reject the sins of violence and rebellion represented though Barabbas and instead to embrace Jesus’ ultimate atonement sacrifice. Because the character of Barabbas may have been invented for allegorical purposes, it casts doubt on whether this story ever actually took place. Such allegorical characters, therefore, are another historical-critical problem for the Gospels’ reliability. 4. Fulfilment of Scripture Citations: Another historical-critical problem with the Gospels is the way that they invent material, in order to have Jesus fulfill prophecies in the Jewish scriptures. For example, I discuss in section 2 above how there are a number of contradictions between the infancy narratives in Matthew and Luke. The differences between the two accounts point towards the conclusion that each author invented a different way to get Jesus born in Bethlehem. This makes sense, because the Gospel authors were seeking to depict Jesus as the Jewish Messiah, and it had long been believed that the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem. However, since this is an obvious theological motive for depicting Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem, it casts doubt on whether the infancy narratives are based on real events (most historical Jesus scholars agree that Jesus was probably born in Nazareth). Because the author of Matthew probably based Joseph’s flight to Egypt, as well as Herod’s slaughter of the infants in Bethlehem, off of earlier passages in the Jewish scriptures, it casts strong doubt on whether any of these events ever actually took place. Instead, these stories probably derive from earlier literature, rather than real events, which casts doubt on their overall historical reliability. Notice how very little of the above has to do with “philosophical assumptions,” but plain old literary-critical and historical-critical methodology by which I evaluate ancient texts, including Pagan and classical ones. 1) As I explain above, there are several details in the Gospels and Acts that I doubt, because they are derived from the Jewish scriptures. This can include mundane claims, such as the soldiers casting lots for Jesus’ clothing (Mt. 27:35; Mk. 15:24; Lk. 23:34; Jn. 19:23). The reason that I doubt this detail is not because of “philosophical assumptions,” but because this detail can be shown to derive from earlier literature, namely Psalm 22:18. The same logic applies to the feeding miracles in Mark 6:35-44 and Mark 8:1-10. Each feeding miracle is set alternately on Jewish and Gentile soil, and is accompanied by two sea miracles (Mk. 4:35-41; 6:45-52), and two crossings of the lake (Mk. 6:45; 8:1). A major reason why I doubt these stories, beyond their miraculous character, is because they are probably derived from a Midrash of the feeding miracles of Moses in the Old Testament. I doubt mundane claims, such as Joseph’s flight into Egypt, for the same reason of mimicking Moses. So there are other reasons besides “philosophical assumptions” to doubt many of the miracles in the Gospels and Acts. 2) Take also the claim that there was a three hour darkness at Jesus’ crucifixion (Mt. 27:45; Mk. 15:33; Lk. 23:44). Not only can this event be doubted because no other non-Christian source seems to have any knowledge of it (see Richard Carrier’s “Thallus and the Darkness at Christ’s Death”), but the scene of the darkness is likewise probably derived from references to earlier Jewish literature, such as Joel 2:1-2, Amos 5:18-20, and Zephaniah 1:14-15. Paul (c. 50’s CE), the earliest source, has no empty tomb and just “appearances” of Jesus. Mark (c. 70’s CE), half a century after Jesus’ death, then has an empty tomb. Matthew (c. 80’s CE), after Mark, then has Jesus appear to his disciples in Galilee. Luke (c. 90’s CE), even later, instead has Jesus appear to his disciple in Jerusalem (a different story than Matthew’s), and likewise this Jesus can teleport and is not at first recognizable to his followers. Finally, John (c. 90-100’s CE) has Thomas be able to touch Jesus’ wounds. If you go even later into the Gospel of Peter (2nd century CE), Jesus emerges as a giant from the tomb with giant angels accompanying him (verses 39-40). Because the story of Jesus’ resurrection keeps being redacted and added to by subsequent authors, beyond considerations of its miraculous nature, I have literary-critical and historical-critical considerations to be skeptical towards at least some of the later accounts. As NT scholar L. L. Michael White explained in Scripting Jesus: The Gospels in Rewrite above, these same types of redactional-critical considerations are taken into account for mundane details in the Gospels, as well. So it is not like the miracles alone are being treated by a separate methodology. 4) There are also strong arguments that some of Jesus’ miracles are copied from Pagan miracles in circulation around the time that the Gospels were composed. For example, in Mark 8:22-25, Jesus’ cures a blind man through spitting his eyes. The Gospel of Mark was also composed c. 70 CE, around the time when the Roman emperor Vespasian was likewise making a bid for imperial power during the Roman civil war of 69 CE. At least three independent historians — Tacitus (Hist. 4.81), Suetonius (Vesp. 7.2), and Cassius Dio (65.8) — record this miracle in which Vespasian, through the aid of the god Serapis, is said to have cured a blind man by spitting in his eyes before a whole crowd of people. As I have discussed in my academic paper “The Propaganda of Accession of the Roman Emperor Galba,” many of the claims made about the signs and miracles of the competing Roman emperors during this war were in wide circulation across the Mediterranean. The point to be made from the examples and analysis above is that secular biblical scholars are not merely cutting out the sections of the Gospels and Acts about miracles, such as the Jefferson Bible, and then treating the rest of the content in a different exegetical manner. Many of the miracles in these texts can be doubted for literary and historica-critical considerations, beyond just their miraculous nature. Now, I am sure that Craig Keener, as a biblical scholar, is aware of these nuances and probably has even discussed many of the examples above in his other writings (he is a voluminous author, and I have written about his massive commentary on Acts in this previous post). Nevertheless, by framing so much of his discussion in terms of “antisupernaturalism” and “dogma” and “ethnocentrism,” Keener sets up a straw man caricature of why secular biblical scholars and skeptics alike treat the miracles reported in the New Testament with caution. I think that the real reasons why people are skeptical of the New Testament accounts is far more nuanced and complicated than what Keener portrays to his reading audience of primarily evangelical Christians. I will be discussing more examples of this, as I move forward with this review. This entry was posted in Apologists, Miracles, Reviews and tagged Craig Keener, Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts. Bookmark the permalink. Let’s take the example of Jesus’ resurrection, for example. The example…for example – awkward. It should also be noted that these are pre-Gospel traditions, meaning that we can detect legendary development surrounding Jesus before the Gospels were even written. What’s the antecedent of “these”, and how does that support the legendary development hypothesis? “These” refers to the pre-Markan miracle collections that were based off of the feeding miracles of Moses. The reason that it supports the legendary development hypothesis is that it shows how literary fiction, such as Midrash, was even taking place before the Gospel of Mark was written. You can see similar material borrowed from the Septuagint books, such as Psalms, in what scholars identify as the pre-Markan Passion Narrative. What this shows is that literary inventions were taking place before the Gospels were even written. So, the legendary development, I argue, long precedes the Gospels and even goes back into the first couple decades of Christianity. I enjoyed reading your work. Thank you. Colin J. Hemer, The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 49), Tübingen 1989, p. 428-443. Martin Hengel, Die vier Evangelien und das eine Evangelium von Jesus Christus: Studien zu ihrer Sammlung und Entstehung (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 224), Tübingen 2008, p. 155-158. B. Ward Powers, The Progressive Publication of Matthew: An Explanation of the Writing of the Synoptic Gospels, Nashville, Tennessee 2010, p. 532. Robert H. Stein, The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction, Grand Rapids 1987, p. 125-127, 138, 165, 167-168. Rainer Riesner, Jesus als Lehrer: Eine Untersuchung zum Ursprung der Evangelien-Überlieferung (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/7), 3rd ed., Tübingen 1988, p. 4-5. Mark Goodacre, The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze, London 2001, p. 93-96, 134, 138-139. Matthew Ferguson: “Likewise, redaction criticism can reveal legendary development and other forms of embellishment between earlier and later texts. For example, even Christian scholars, such as James McGrath, have acknowledged that Jesus’ burial is embellished in the later Gospels–Matthew, Luke, and John. Hans-Herbert Stoldt, History and Criticism of the Marcan Hypothesis, Edinburgh 1980. David B. Peabody et al. (eds.), One Gospel from Two: Mark’s Use of Matthew and Luke: A Demonstration by the Research Team of the International Institute for Gospel Studies, Harrisburg 2002. B. Ward Powers, The Progressive Publication of Matthew: An Explanation of the Writing of the Synoptic Gospels, Nashville, Tennessee 2010. A very strong argument for Markan posteriority can be made on the basis of the order of pericopae in the Synoptic Gospels. With respect to it Mark always is in agreement either with Matthew or with Luke, and the latter two are never in agreement against Mark. If one nevertheless wants to keep the view that Matthew and Luke are dependent on Mark on has to put this fact down either to coincidence or one could argue that the authors of Matthew and Luke deliberately arranged their material so that this outcome would come about. To me both explanations seem rather unlikely to be correct. However, it is not only with respect to the order of pericopae that one can see this pattern of agreement and discrepancy between the Synoptic Gospels, but also when looking at a specific pericope. B. Ward Powers in his book mentioned above has shown that this pattern can be seen in the pericope of the Rich Young Man (Matthew 19:16-30; Mark 10:17-31; Lk 18:18-30). Matthias Schneckenburger, Beiträge zur Einleitung ins Neue Testament und zur Erklärung seiner schwierigen Stellen, Stuttgart 1832, p. 16-23. August Friedrich Gfrörer, Die heilige Sage (Geschichte des Urchristenthums 2), Stuttgart 1838, p. 78-81. Martin Hengel, Die vier Evangelien und das eine Evangelium von Jesus Christus: Studien zu ihrer Sammlung und Entstehung (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 224), Tübingen 2008, p. 274-350. Robert K. MacEwen, Matthean Posteriority: An Exploration of Matthew’s Use of Mark and Luke as a Solution to the Synoptic Problem (Library of New Testament Studies 501), London et al. 2015. Schneckenburger and Gfrörer hold the view that Luke was written before Mark and Matthew, Hengel and MacEwen that Luke was written only before Matthew. Now from Luke 1:1-4 one can draw the conclusion that this Gospel is based on eyewitness testimony and that its author examined the matter carefully. He may have gathered at least some of the pieces of information during his stay in Jerusalem (see Acts 21:18, 27:1). Looking at Acts 21:18 one can see that the author of Luke and Acts even met James, the brother of Jesus, and he may have gathered from this man pieces of information concerning Jesus’ familiy life. You make this assertion at the beginning of your comment, and yet none of the books that you have cited support it. Which New Testament scholars, who are alive today (Keener quotes old scholars like Bultmann), say that the historical reliability of the New Testament depends on the existence of miracles? I study a lot of modern, secular NT scholars, and the only author who can think of who even makes an argument similar to this is philosopher Stephen Law (who isn’t even a NT scholar) in what he calls the contamination principle. The secular NT scholars that I have studied who discuss the issue of miracles, such as Bart Ehrman, and even Christian NT scholars, such as Dale Allison and James McGrath, argue that miracles are issues that extend beyond ordinary historical epistemology, because they involve underlying metaphysical assumptions that are not agreed upon by all historians. Such secular scholars, therefore, tend to bracket miracles as questions that cannot be answered the same as mundane historical questions. But these same scholars also make arguments both for and against the New Testament’s historical reliability that depend on a ton of different issues, such as some of the ones that I have discussed, like Midrash, redaction criticism, etc. These historical problems would remain an issue regardless of the question of whether miracles actually exist. Regarding Martin Hengel, I actually plan on critiquing a lot of his arguments for the reliability of the New Testament in my Ph.D. dissertation (particularly his arguments regarding the Gospels’ authorship). I have also already critiqued a number of Hegel’s arguments in this essay. As for B. Ward Powers, I am familiar with his work and even ILL’d the book you cite last quarter when I was doing work towards my dissertation. The view he takes is a minority view in NT scholarship, though I also don’t want to get bogged down in a discussion of the Gospels’ interrelations that extends beyond the scope of this essay. For the purpose of this essay, the order of the Gospels’ composition, and which authors made use of previous authors or shared source material, extends beyond the basic point that is being made, which is this: beyond the order in which the Gospels were composed, they still reflect a huge amount of shared source material, and they interact with, redact, and use that material in different ways. This is very different from how authors like Tacitus and Suetonius, for example, write, because their method of composition reflects far more of an individual style, rather than redaction of previous accounts, or shared source material. This still creates a problem with reliability, because, as L. Michael White has pointed out, the different Gospels are telling stories in different ways, regardless of the order in which they are written, which creates redactional-critical issues that are not common among most Greco-Roman biographers and historians. Because these verses are stylistically different from the rest of the narrative, you might call this a pseudo-historiographical introduction, since the rest of the narrative isn’t written in this way. Furthermore, Luke 1:2 states that the accounts that the author was using were based on materials that were only παρέδοσαν (“handed down”) by eyewitnesses. The author doesn’t identify any by name, so there is a considerable amount of ambiguity going on here. Also, even if the author suggests that he is “carefully examining” his materials, that is a common rhetorical trope in ancient literature. Tacitus (Ann. 1.1), for example, claims that he wrote without his history without partiality or resentment, though few modern scholars would accept that characterization of his work, given his blatant bias against several of the Roman emperors. Excellent discussion. Does Keener actually insinuate racism? That’s a big claim; so, you might want to cite more thoroughly to back that up. Regardless, I know what he’s referring to and I think he is correctly identifying a reason that is often given for distrust of ancient miracle claims – it’s the “gullible people” objection. Rather than reject his criticism as an irrelevant strawman, I think it would be more appropriate to argue that he has missed the point of that objection. For any miracle claim M, we can start with a dichotomous probability distribution, where P(M) + P(~M) = 1.0. On the P(~M) side, we can then split that up into a plethora of different causes, the majority of which come down to some sort of human error (misperception, misinterpretation, miscommunication, misrecollection, wishful thinking, etc…) or even outright deception. Not only that, but if the miracle claim comes to us through a chain of transmission, the potential for those errors increases exponentially. So, given that human error is a primary contributor to P(~M) and given that P(M) = 1.0 – P(~M), it actually makes sense to say that P(M) is lower if environmental factors favor an increase in P(~M). It isn’t ethnocentrism to acknowledge that a scientifically ignorant culture or person is more likely to give an errant report than somebody who has a strong understanding of the regularity of nature and the causal framework that science has uncovered. This actually in complete harmony with requiring “rigorous medical documentation”, as you suggest would be needed to validate resurrection claims. You trust those who are trained in scientific judgement. We’re dealing with two sides of the same coin. I suspect that he engages this topic as he does is because he recognizes that his modern-day miracle evidence is highly biased to third-world reports. As such, there is a vested interest in upholding the legitimacy of the claimants and their cultural context. Playing the “ethnocentrism” card is a seductively effective way to do that, but when it comes down to it, this concern is not something to ignore but is a genuine factor to consider in the overall assessment. I think that Keener is acknowledging that most people/scholars aren’t racist today, but he is arguing that their rejection of miracles stems from racist origins. Note, however, that he is referring to the 18th century arguments of David Hume, and I doubt that most skeptics today would express their rejection of miracles in the same way. I also brought up the issue of ethnocentrism, because both Don Johnson (here) and Nick Peters (here) tried to accuse me of it, when I was debating with them, both of whom were inspired by Keener’s book. This series might be the most devastating review published. It’d be cool to see you take on Bauckham’s Jesus and the Eyewitnesses sometime. While I appreciate your positive comment, my goal in reviewing Keener is not necessarily to be “devastating.” I have been asked to take a look at Keener’s evidence by multiple people, so I am critically evaluating his volumes. Whether the review proves to be devastating depends on how fairly I do the evaluation, and how well the evidence stands up to that evaluation. Regarding Bauckham, yes, I would like to write an extensive review of his arguments about eyewitness testimony in the Gospels. Right now, my planned dissertation topic is on the authorship of the Gospels, so I plan to critique him down the road, either in the writing of my dissertation, or alongside my dissertation. Your work is thorough and engaging. David Marshall, like other apologists or what I dub wannabe apologists, throws a bunch of sources at people without showing any real grasp or understanding of the source(s) in question. Marshall touted this book as ironclad proof of miracles in my exchange with him over on Loftus’ blog. Unlike you, I do not have the patience to sift through 1248 pages of nonsense attempting to prove an unquestioned predilection. I’m glad you call Keener out on his hypocrisy, which is a hypocrisy pervasive in most apologists. Moreover, it’s not simply hypocrisy; it’s projection. They’re the ones with predilections and a lack of skepticism toward their own claims, so to give audiences the impression that their opponents are intellectually dishonest or merely assuming their conclusions, apologists project their tendencies onto their opponents. In other words, William Lane Craig, Lee Strobel, David Marshall, and the like assume that Christianity is true without doing any legwork to prove that. They then project that onto skeptics and atheists, and say that we’re the ones assuming that Christianity is false. Truth is, they don’t want to deal with our reasoning–reasoning you make all too clear here. I like how you treat the mundane claims in the Gospels; I also like that you mention paranormal phenomena having nothing to do with Christianity, e.g., UFOs and abductions. I would also add cryptozoology and psychic phenomena. My reasons for rejecting Nessi and Sylvia Brown’s psychic capacities having nothing to do with dogma or philosophical assumptions. The dogma and philosophical assumptions are on their side of the fence. One quibble, I don’t get why people take a priori and assumption, and then put them together into the notion of “a priori assumptions.” Kant showed that a priori judgments are necessary and universal and every example he and later philosophers used have nothing to do with *assuming* that, for example, vixens are female foxes. I think the proper term is *predilection*. A priori does not mean something “assumed in the prior” or whatever people are getting at when they say a priori assumption. Keener clearly lacks philosophical acumen, so we should correct his foul terminology wherever possible. It’s not the first time I’ve heard “a priori assumption.” The phrase makes me uncomfortable. As someone who studies philosophy, I still don’t know what people mean by that. Yet every time I hear it, it comes from a Christian wanting to make some (oh the hypocrisy!) *assumption* about me or atheists in general. Yeah, I think there are two issues that are often conflated here. There is the Bayesian concept of prior probability, in which past data affects how we assess the initial probability of certain events occurring. That isn’t an “assumption,” however, but is explicitly based on past observation. An a priori assumption is an assumed truth without further proof or the need to prove it. E.g. 1+1=2. I’m not sure, outside of the realm of analytical knowledge, like mathematics, that naturalists make a priori assumptions too often. Skepticism against miracles, in contrast, is based on prior probability. Even if New Testament scholars don’t make such a statement explicitely, they may nevertheless proceed according to it. I find it very difficult to imagine that a scholar rejects the possibility of miracles, but nevertheless arrives at the conclusion that the Gospels are historically reliable, since the miraculous parts take such a large place in them. As for the “contamination principle”, I think it is a good point. Either someone is trustworthy or he isn’t. But I don’t think that someone can be trustworthy with respect to mundane matters and not trustworthy with respect to claims concerning the miraculous. Being an atheist and therefore rejecting the possibility of miracles Stephen Law rejects the view that the miraculous parts in the Gospels are historically reliable and, applying the „contamination principle“ to the Gospels, arrives at the conclusion that the mundane parts in the New Testament Gospels must be rejected as well. But, following the “contamination principle”, if one accepts the mundane parts of the New Testament Gospels, one consequently must accept the miracle accounts as well. Your argument depends to a large extent on Markan priority, as you write: “Likewise, redaction criticism can reveal legendary development and other forms of embellishment between earlier and later texts. For example, even Christian scholars, such as James McGrath, have acknowledged that Jesus’ burial is embellished in the later Gospels–Matthew, Luke, and John.“ Well, accounts of Jesus’ burial in Matthew and Luke can only be embellishments of the respective account in Mark, if Matthew and Luke were written after Mark. So, you have to engage in arguments questioning Markan priority. As I said in another comment, I need to focus on graduate work right now, so I don’t have time to answer all of the points in your comments. 1) I will be discussing the issue of Markan priority in more depth, not only in the work I am doing on my PhD dissertation, but also in my upcoming debate with Craig Evans. 2) Even without Markan priority, there are still a number of issues that can be raised with redaction criticism. I will be interacting at some point in the future with George Kennedy’s arguments that the Gospels’ interrelations are caused by shared notes (hypomnemata) that they used in their composition. Even if Luke and Matthew weren’t directly redacting Mark, therefore, they could have been redacting common source materials shared with Mark in different ways, which would still pose historical-critical issues, regardless of Markan priority. But I don’t have time to write on this at length, at the moment, so I’ll be returning to this topic in while (possibly not until this Summer, but I’ll see if I can get my work done sooner). Until then, I’ve approved your comment, so that people can read your thoughts.

2019-04-24T15:51:54Z

https://celsus.blog/2015/12/30/review-of-craig-keener-miracles-continued-keeners-complaints-about-the-bias-of-biblical-scholars/

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2019-04-24T14:56:28Z

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Pyromaniacs: Pyro brain trust forum: what Bible version, and why? I use the ESV. A typical example of my reasoning is found in this post: http://www.chrisbrauns.com/2007/08/13/esv-vs-niv-in-philemon-22/ . Our church had NIV pew Bibles when I came and I have gradually made the switch to the ESV. So from my end, the ESV is preferable to the NIV. Full disclosure - - - Dan, your Hebrews skills are so far ahead of mine, I can't even see you. I know this to be the case from reading your books. When I came to CRBC, the Bible used in the pulpit was the NKJV. That was the Bible used in our planting church (of which I was a member.) As our plant was still relatively small and in a growth phase, and as my ministry was new, I felt it was an ideal time to review the issue of Bible translation. I wound up choosing to preach from the ESV. Most of our people have now acquired ESVs, and now that we have our own building we have ESV pew Bibles. The ESV is now our Bible, and I don't think I have sufficient reason to impose the cost on everyone to make another change so soon. That said, the ESV is less and less palatable to me as I read it. Haha, THIS thread got a one-star. Someone should do a documentary on those people. Nah, TC, it's not a derail. When a version has twin marginal notes for textual matters (majority and eclectic), and when that version's notes in Revelation say that the in-text rendering is supported by neither of those Greek texts — you know something is seriously wrong with the philosophy of translation. One of the problems of having so many translations is that we all become critics of our translations. Over time we develop pet peeves regarding whatever we are reading. Personally, I open every new ESV to Romans 3:20 to scratch out the words "human being" and scribble in the word "flesh." Until I have done that, I can't feel comfortable with a copy of my Bible! I mean, honestly! "Human Being"! When the word "flesh" is freighted with so much theological value in the New Testament. I'm glad that I cannot hear their reasoning for this idiotic decision; I'm sure I would once and for all lose all confidence in the ESV and we would have to make the investment in new pew Bibles. Ironically, my main complaint against the ESV is its readability. It is understandable in exactly the way that a technical manual is understandable. I actually think we have gone too far in the direction of precision, if that won't get me attacked. We have politically correct publishers out there who mess with the text to support their customer base, and the conservative Christian world responds with, "We must be precise in our translation." The problem is, of course, that the Bible is beautiful literature, and to translate it with wooden precision is ultimately damaging to the text. Here's an example. In Genesis 37, Joseph's brothers attack him, throw him in a pit to die, then pull him out and sell him as a slave. Too cover this brutal behavior, they take his distinctive coat and dip it in goat's blood, then return it to their father. They seem almost unwilling to tell the lie, but ask Jacob to draw his own conclusions. It is a powerful moment in the story: the brothers (who are wicked but not without love and respect for their father) are halting and careful in their approach, but determined to cover their sin. Jacob himself is about to have his world turned upside down by a deception surpassing that which he perpetrated on his own father. The critical words come in Genesis 37:32. Here it is in the old language of the KJV: And they sent the coat of many colours, and they brought it to their father; and said, This have we found: know now whether it be thy son's coat or no. That's perhaps a touch archaic, but the dignified and moving language fits the moment. Here's the same thing in the NIV (unchanged since 1984): They took the ornamented robe back to their father and said, “We found this. Examine it to see whether it is your son’s robe.” It has lost something, but it's hard to say what. Here's the NASB: and they sent the varicolored tunic and brought it to their father and said, “We found this; please [a]examine it to see whether it is your son’s tunic or not.” "Varicolored"? Really OK, honestly, that's why no one uses the NASB. And now, here's the simply awful rendering of the ESV: And they sent the robe of many colors and brought it to their father and said, “This we have found; please identify whether it is your son's robe or not.” I'm sorry, but I just cannot bring myself to read that in anything but a robotic tone. Every time I look at it I hear the Star Trek (TOS) computer saying, "Please identify," while its mechanical brain clicks and whirs in the background. And that's my point, who tells stories that way? Certainly not Moses. Oddly, my favorite modern rendering of this is the compromised (as you pointed out) NKJV: Then they sent the tunic of many colors, and they brought it to their father and said, “We have found this. Do you know whether it is your son’s tunic or not?” That's not as formal as the old KJV, but the language works. That's what drives me crazy about the NKJV. It coulda been a contenda. In some passages, it is superior to others. But that textual tomfoolery is a deal-killer. Churchgoer: "So, pastor, you're saying that the wording of the text is actually supported by NO Greek manuscripts?" My opinion, FWIW, is that readability with textual concordance are the reasons I use the ESV -- but I say that only to offer the same complaint as Chantry: there needs to be a second round of people who read English well to go over the ESV and simply take the translators to task for making the Bible sound like MacinTalkPro English Bruce. Being a faithful translation does not mean it has to be a failure at bring the full force of the text to the receiving language. And that said, here's the place the whole thread goes to pot: because I am not a reader of the Greek or Hebrew, I need the translator's notes. I need to know what was going through their dusty Grad Student back-stacks minds when they rendered a certain text they way they did. And for that, the best Bible by far is the NET Bible. The translation itself is probably just as nearly-inerrant as the NIV, but the notes take you through the translating committee's perceived choices so you understand what they were trying to accomplish. This is especially useful for the most difficult passages in Scripture. However, to let no good deed go unpunished, the problem with the NET Bible is that those notes are ABOUT 70% complete! ARGH! The church I serve has used NASB for many years, but in the past three to four years, we have seen fewer members utilizing this translation (and fewer visitors who possess a NASB compared to other versions). The ESV is growing in popularity among our people, partly for its readability and partly, on behalf of our teachers, for its use from Crossway, which produces discipleship material that our teachers find helpful. We are in a season of re-evaluation and our two contenders are ESV and The NET Bible. The NET Bible's pro's would be the online accessibility to the text, its original languages, open knowledge of interpretive decisions, and article database. As a pastor who ministers through writing materials for the church, they also grant us permission to use any and all of the text without copyright violation provided our resources remain ministry-centered and free of profit. We have struggled to gain similar permissions from other publishers. The downsides of The NET would be its lack of wide usage in print among our members at this time (compared to the wide circulation of ESV Bibles in our people's homes), and the sometimes painfully obvious attempt to read differently so as to avoid copyright infringement from other publishers, which affects readability. As a pastor, my heart is geared toward helping people take their first and second steps without being encumbered with the world that is textual criticism and linguistics. However, as a doing-the-best-I-can theologian, my heart is also set on helping people see the data that leads to interpretive decisions (especially for our teachers or teachers-in-training). The NET notes are always interesting and often very informative. I would never, ever recommend the translation, however. And I phrase myself carefully about the notes: "interesting" and "informative," but not necessarily correct or persuasive. It would be awesome of some major translation had the fullness and transparency of the NET footnotes. But not the NET. Nyet on NET. 1. No translation will ever perfectly merge the need for fidelity to the letter of the text with the need to convey the spirit of the text as well. Different Bibles do different things. 2. The days are gone when people are perplexed by a pastor reading from a different version than they have in front of them. Everyone knows that there are many translations. We don't have to avoid that fact, and we may as well be open in the pulpit about translational difficulties. (At this point, if the translation is wrong, I simply read a corrected translation and then explain while preaching. For instance, in Romans 3:20 I would read, "For by works of the law no flesh will be justified in his sight, since through the law comes knowledge of sin." Then, when I come to it in the sermon, I would simply say, "I have no idea why they translated it that way, the word is "flesh" and here's why it was important. 3. Given that fact, I am less and less worried about making the "right" decision about a pulpit Bible. I'm thinking that if I have it to do over again, or - in a few more years - when I have it to do over again, I might just decide that I have three or four answers to the question, "Which is the best Bible version?" For all the reasons stated here we have ESV in our church. I would be tempted to switch to the HCSB had we not just (within the last year and a half) switched to ESV...simply because of the accurate rendering of John 3:16 - For God loved the world in this way: He gave His One and Only Son, so that everyone who believes in Him will not perish but have eternal life. Is there even a good, thorough, up-to-date book on modern versions anymore? Comparing, contrasting, critiquing? My chucklesome thought is that perhaps we should do what some suggested doing about hymnals in a recent Facebook thread: have the main hymnal, and a second supplement with it in the racks. Hence, two pew-Bibles. What I did in my younger days was just to include my own translation in the sermon outline. Called the DPUV (Dan Phillips Unauthorized Version). I think Gail Riplinger has one or two out. I've had two-year-olds like you. For the first 20 years of my Christian faith I read and studied from the NASB (original and revised). I chose that translation because, well, that was the version my pastor taught from. I moved to the ESV for the same reason. May I throw a fly in the ointment? Maybe even make a move consistent with a drive-by or a hit & run. I LOATHE (untoward all caps dramatics) the NLT. That the word "translation" is used in the same breath or sentence with the initials "NLT" is a disservice to legitimate Bible translations everywhere. I once did a side-by-side comparison of Romans 8, with the NASB, NIV, KJV, NKJV, NLT, and the Greek text. The first for tranlsations were almost identical. Those who "translated" the NLT must have been using the yet to be publicized "Dan Brown" family of manuscripts. The translation of the chapter, as a whole, wasn't even close to the legitimate Greek manuscripts. May the owners of this blog forgive me is I have driven my finger too far into the eye of anyone. I was at Piper's church for a conference when they were switching from NIV to ESV a few years back, and I suppose that the thought that hit me was, they were something before NIV, so they are at three versions in as many decades. It just seems that the lack of continuity can wear on members who don't have the language or study skills to sort it all out. I'm not sure we do our members much good when the sanctifying agent that the Holy Spirit uses in their lives is switched on them every decade and it becomes impossible to do what we used to do, which is memorize the Word in order to meditate. Please forgive the typos in my last comment. HCSB? Really? I was stunned when they handed it out at T4G this year. I can't read it. NLT may be N, and debatably L, but it is no T. It's just as much a paraphrase as the original LB; the only difference is that the translators may have looked at the original text more than Taylor did before paraphrasing. Last year when Logos/SBL put out a free critical Greek NT (same concept as the free NET but in the Greek), Dr Robinson's text was one of the 4 primary texts used in the apparatus, mostly to say "Oh we agree with UBS and completely disagree with Robinson here". In public speaking, I believe Dr. Robinson uses the NKJV most often but wishes there was a better updated translation (he would do it but has no energy to become a translator on top of being a text critic); I think the World English Bible (WEB) is the majority-text counterpoint to the NET, but it is even a worse translation in other areas. That said, I have made good use of the ESV and wished they held more consistently to their stated translation philosophy. I think Frank nails it in that concordance is an undervalued part of translation - concepts were used by the original authors, yes, but specific words were used to express those concepts. We can argue about where certain concepts appear, but there is less argument about where words appear. It was coincidence that the church I became a member of after moving to a new city also uses ESV, though it has strong correlation to their heavy emphasis on bible teaching and exposition. My 'home' church used a mixture of NKJV and NIV. If I had it to do over again, I would preach from the NKJV, and I would simultaneously tell everyone in the church not to read from the NKJV. Here's my reasoning: Anything I preach will be studied in the original languages. If there is a problem - textual or translational - with our version, I'll be fixing it in the sermon, and that's going to happen with any translation. What I can't fix is the tone which is set for the sermon by the Scripture reading. If one of the Parables of Jesus comes off sounding like an Ikea assembly manual, there's not much I can do with that from the pulpit. So why not preach from a Bible that almost always gets the tone right? On the other hand, the Christian who does not read the original languages needs the Word of God in the most accurate translation possible - even at the cost of tone. Why does that have to be the pulpit Bible? Why can't the church have a list of "recommended" translations - NASB, ESV, maybe Holman (I haven't read that all the way through yet, so I don't know). We could even keep a few lending copies on hand so that a person could do some reading and determine what level of accuracy/readability works for him before he goes out and purchases something for his personal devotions. OK, it's crazy and I know it. Tear it down, Dan. The book I bought to start looking into this is "How to Choose a Bible Version" by Robert L Thomas. I don't know if it what you are looking for, but it has helped me think about the issues. I haven't really reached any conclusion, yet, but it has been interesting. Stephen, I think you misunderstand me. I don't dislike NKJV for its not using the eclectic text exclusively, per se. I dislike it because it includes, in the text, renderings supported by NO Greek edition of the NT. For instance, the NKJV Rev. 22:1 has "And he showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding from the throne of God and of the Lamb." Check the margin, and you see the note "NU-Text and M-Text omit [pure]." So if neither edition has the word, why is it in the text? On what support? I was a little surprised that Dan doesn't like the NIV. In a nutshell, what's the issue with it? Our church is reading through The Daily Bible this year and it is only available NIV. Does it get some major things wrong, or is ti just that some people don't consider it to be very understandable? NIV: No one will ever convince me that there is one valid reason for changing singulars to plurals, as the new NIV does. It does it less than the TNIV did, but it is still an execrable practice driven by cultural faddishness and nothing else, no matter what apologists say. It is purely ideologically driven, and it obscures rather than unveils the text. All explanations are rationalizations. BTW, there are other reasons, but that - as a regular, conscious practice - is pretty much a deal-killer for me. Now to my real job. Y'all behave. Oh good, Dan's gone; now we can talk about "The Message." Oh I do care for the trumpeter, who has instructed and corrected me on many a score, over the years. As to the NIV, I didn't even know that it changes the plurality of words. I will have to google that to see some examples. The Message? That was written by a guy whose last name started with "P," if I recall. Phillips, I think it was! I like the NKJV for most of the Bible, but something else (HCSB, ESV) for Revelation. I wonder, what is the most "Calvinistic" Bible? Which one's translation choices most clearly teach the doctrines of grace? Although The Message is used commonly in congregations, Peterson stated his uneasiness with this in a Christianity Today interview:“When I'm in a congregation where somebody uses [The Message] in the Scripture reading, it makes me a little uneasy. I would never recommend it be used as saying, "Hear the Word of God from The Message." But it surprises me how many do. It's gotta be the NRSV. The way it translates Genesis 1:2, Psalm 2:12 and Acts 20:28 really strengthens the doctrine of the Trinity and the divinity of Christ in the mind of the believer. Hey DJP, why not an article on something that I heard recently, again: that for a Calvinist, the first and foremost working principle is the Sovereignty, or Glory, of God, but for the Lutheran, that principle is justification by faith in Christ and his blood, or, to put it more simply, Christ, and him crucified. The NRSV is HORRIBLE. Gender neutrality gone overboard. Fee and Straus have probably the best most current book on translations "How to Choose a Translation for All it's Worth" I'd not even thought about how the NRSV no longer excludes women from the love of God. Thanks! The Message is kinda like The Soft-Pedaled Version (opposite of the Amplified Version). Sadly, our church doesn't have any pews or for that matter, Bibles in the pews. Everybody brings their own Bible. I've even seen people bring in their copy of the NWT. You're probably thinking of J.B. Phillips, who published an NT in the fifties, which I think some consider a paraphrase. I would just put iPads in all the pews loaded with all of them. I came to my new church, and they use NAS pew Bibles, so I preach from that. Most of the time. There are some places, like you pointed out, that the NAS is so bad is almost unusable, so on those weeks I just preached from the ESV (Isa 52:13-15 being the most egregious example so far in my preaching). I've been told I can preach from whatever translation I want to, and they will switch the pew Bibles if I make a change. I would switch to the CSB just for the use of Yahweh, slave, Messiah, but they are so inconsistent, it is not entirely helpful, and so few people use it that switching to it would be a big deal. I toyed with the NIV, but again, so few people have the new one, that it would be a big deal. The ESV I've found to be so burdonsome in some passages, but is probably my favorite overall, but I'm preaching through Mark and have found several areas, one of which you noted, where it just doesn't work. I completely agree with you about the NKJV...so close, but so far. So now I find myself, back in the NAS simply because it is what was here when I got here. I currently and teach from the ESV because that is what Tony Miano reads, and I love that guy, typos or no typos. I was saved while reading the "execrable TNIV," and I am grateful to God for that. I love the KJV for an unknown reason; but it keeps pulling me back like a homemade ice cream shop in a small town. You would think that now that DJP is in Houston he'd be a fan of the Texas Receptus. Only I think down there they call it the "Texas: Respect-Us." All my Receptus live in Texas. So, how were all the Receptii Received? By Textus message? "In Israel there were no cell phones, each man did as he saw fit, and without constant interruption..." I know Dan wanted only pastors to post here, but the last few comments about my home state and the lack of cell phones in Israel are too funny! Thanks for a good laugh in cubeville. Since no translation seems to "get everything right" does it truly matter so long as they are from the "okay" (read: generally accepted) list? We throw out translations based on a few pet peeves but truth be told (and it should be told) is that our brothers and sisters in Christ in far off lands (read: China, 10-40 window, etc) just might be saddened at our persnicketiness. They’d be happy to get a copy of any translation they could read. I personally know missionaries in Chad who are translating the Scriptures into the native tongue of the Kwong. Will they get everything right, doubtful. Will their efforts be blessed, most assuredly. I’m not trying to throw a wet blanket, but put things in perspective. List “the good” ones, list “the don’t use” ones, and give Him the glory for preserving his word and allowing us to read it in our language (without the use of tongues). Don't forget the slave issue and that the new ESV has chosen, for modern sensibilities, to change all instances of slave to bondservant. So, because other lands have inadequate access to the Bible... we shouldn't care about accuracy? Here's some insight from my Spanish Speaking church. Everyone has the Reina Valera 1960. Pretty much similar to the NKJV. The Reina Valera 1960 is the most popular version in the Spanish speaking world! Problem is there are still many archaic expressions. I've tried to get my folks to adopt the LBLA (La Biblia de las Americas). It's very readable but sometimes the verses (sentences) actually get so long you really have to diagram them in order to understand the flow of argument. Lately I've been trying to use the NIV. However, there are just too many coloquial expressions. Honestly my first impression is that it's a very dumbed down version that cannot compare to the prose in the Reina Valera. I know that the Trinitarian Bible Society is doing a revision of a TR faithful Spanish Bible. Lots of my folks are looking forward to it. Not me...because of the TR. Anyway...we'll see what happens. I also know that Biblica is updating the Spanish NIV. Hopefully they remove lots of the coloquial expressions. idioms in one language are often, if not usually, unique to that language. In Matthew 1.18, the KJV says that Mary was ‘with child’; the NET says she was ‘pregnant.’ But the Greek idiom says, literally, that she was ‘having [it] in the belly’! Every woman who has ever been pregnant knows what that is like! Very graphic, but not particularly appropriate for a translation. Ironically, the most literal translation is probably the worst translation because it fails to communicate the Greek or Hebrew into acceptable English, misleading the reader. Everyone, look up at the post, remember what it was about, return to answering the question, please. Sorry for the confusion. Accuracy is crucially important. My personal list (NASB, ESV, NKJV, and NIV84 in order) is based on accuracy/fidelity and readability. Each brings something to the table. Each also has translational issues, we just choose our issues to “live with.” But what I often fail to do is give thanks to Him for giving us learned men/boards that make these translations possible (1 Thess 5:18). We live in a country and a time where owning a Bible does not result in persecution or death. Other brothers and sisters don’t have choices, they have a single translation that I’m sure the Holy Spirit can use for furtherance of the kingdom despite, and this is an assumption on my part, more “translational issues” than most. Wasn’t trying to stir the pot; just trying to remind myself out loud to give thanks for His great grace even down to “what version” should I choose. All good thoughts, Bill. But (I write with a friendly smile) when you're trying to pick the best English version for your church, it doesn't actually help a lot to say "Oh well, if we were in China we'd just be lucky to have even a bad Bible translation! And if we were in Boogooland we'd just be bonking ourselves with tree limbs!" Yeah but there are more miracles in Boogooland because they expect them to happen. I know it's true because a friend of a missionary's barber told me. Same applies to the little known country of Pie-Romania. My favorite translation is still the NASB, only because it is still one of the most literal out there. My Pastor has NAS in the Pew, and also reads a lot of King James, since we are REC, and still use the Book of Common Prayer. And he also uses ESV. What are y'alls thoughts on the Holman (is it HCSB?)? I am reading through it the first time in my QT, and it seems like a super translation, although I sometimes see it is not perfect. As good or better than anything else out there it seems to me. Spurgeon said, "There are some passages in the present translation that are so dark, that no man can understand them without an explanation," and also said, "Let us quote the words as they stand in the best possible translation, and it will be better still if we know the original, and can tell if our version fails to give the sense," and then also said, "The men are not yet born who will give us a better rendering either of the Old or the New Testament than is to be found in our old English Bibles, and it is my belief that they never will be born." I guess I'm outed. Speaking from the pews as an average church member in small town America, please find a translation and stick to it. I now have three or four translations from which I have memorized verses. Please stick to one and stay there for my poor muddled mind. I know that translations change and the "WORLD"S BEST TRANSLATION!!!" could go south with the change of calendar, but please dig your heels in and stick to one. That said, I vote ESV. I find it easy to read. And for what it's worth, I haven't picked up a pew Bible in years. All digital for me. But I am loyal to read what my pastor preaches from. Dan, I think Brett made a few good comments, and perhaps you could do a second part hearing from church members only, so that we as pastors can get a better perspective from their point of view on the issue. I have read, studied and taught from the NASB95 for the last 7 years. I was saved 8 years ago and read the NLT2004 almost all the way through initially. A few years ago we were given a free ESV at the Shepherds Conference. I left it lay around and later got a JM ESV Study Bible. I was doing a study a few years ago on Divorce and Remarriage when I ran into a mistranslation of Virgin(parthenos)1Cor7:25,28,34,36-38. They had no problem in Matt 1:23;25:1,7,11 or Luke 1:27, Rev 14:4, 2Cor 11:2. I am not the only one who has seen this before but I have not ever heard an explanation for it. I looked into the main translators doctrine a little and saw that one of them held to a no divorce/remarriage view. I guess if you want to believe that the virgin and the unmarried are one person and the virgin and the widow are one person, then you may want to translate a clear Greek word like that one way where it does not matter much and differently where it does. My ESV is a door stop. Just a layman, but you might have noticed the faint glow of me in the pews... I carry a tablet and use mysword to read in parallel as many translations as I see the need for... I start to see more and more congregants bring tablets instead of their physical books. Right now, I can compare 55 versions if need be. I am not a pastor, but I have kept up with my Greek and Hebrew. I am a strong NASB person though I admit to ignorance of the ESV. My big problem with the NIV is not the inclusive language but the games it plays in the Old Testament with the names of God. You need a decoder ring (or a knowledge of Hebrew)to tell what they really mean. I did a little reading yesterday on the NIV and the changing of singulars to plurals and that sort of thing. One thing they seemed to note was that the English of the King James era had a plural form of "you" similar to "y'all," but modern English does not (I think it was "ye" for plural and "thee" for singular, but could be wrong). Am I understanding that ocrrectly? If so, then it would seem to be an argument for the KJV in terms of clarity. Would appreciate any insight on whether I got that right or not, from the erudite people who read the fire-nut blog! As an aside - and yes, from a layman - I'm actually looking forward to the NDPUV. In reading through ProvDJP, and seeing your renditions of OT texts (along with reasoning and notes), I'm becoming spoiled to the DJP Version. Seriously, have you considered being on a translation committee? The kind of translation philosophy that come through in these snippets makes me look forward to more, if for nothing else than to have Yahweh flood the pages of the OT! Unrelated, Nash. TNIV/NIV changes crystal-clear singulars into plurals so as not to say "he," because that makes feminists mad. They'll insist that's not the motivation, and they'll never convince me. For instance at random, Prov 25:17 in NAS: "Let your foot rarely be in your neighbor's house, Lest he become weary of you and hate you." Same verse, NIV: "Seldom set foot in your neighbor's house-- too much of you, and they will hate you." Note, "neighbor's house" (house belonging to A neighbor), "they will hate" (what "they"?). The point is not whether the changing of a singular into a plural has a deep impact on this (or any other) verse. The point is that it is not in the original, and there is no need to insert a plural that is not motivated by an ideology hostile to the Bible — however unintentionally so. Thanks Dan. That is helpful as usual. I wouldn't be too surprised that feminist or other "let's not offend anyone" thinking sneaks its way into Bible translation, especially since the committees used are probably populated with liberally-inclined PhD-types in certain cases. You have straightened my thinking out Biblically on a number of subjects, and I always seem to learn something useful from reading your posts. Thank you. (1) Holds the word as the unit of inspiration (word-for-word). When Jesus makes an argument based solely on a single verb tense of Scripture (Matthew 22:31-32), and Paul makes an argument based solely on one word of Scripture being singular versus plural (Galatians 3:16), I don't know how to get around that. Most of the translations mentioned prominently so far, with the exception of the NIV, pass that test. (2) Holds to the concept of providential preservation, meaning that God did not leave His people without the best manuscripts for many centuries. It is more believable to me that God kept the best texts in use than that even the best and most godly scholars are able to determine which texts are "oldest and best." That knocks out NAS and ESV, though I consult those each week, since their renderings are excellent, helpful, and sometimes superior on the overwhelming majority of the instances where the underlying text isn't in question. As someone who has NOT had seminary training/Hebrew or Greek, I have tended to stick exclusively with the NASB when teaching, as (at least for many of us lay-folks who get charged with teaching now and then), we've always heard it's a word-for-word translation and of good repute (except with the KJV only crowd) (of whom I am shocked that they haven't chimed in yet) (please excuse all these brackets). I find it sad that translators just can't simply translate what the Hebrew and Greek say and mean. I realize that there are some things that might not be easy to express cleanly in English (I experience that often when helping Russian co-workers with English). But I think you could certainly get the correct meaning across without altering the text or the meaning - and that is my biggest fear as an ignoramus on the biblical languages. Someone slipping into a passage a meaning not intended by the writer. Some of these comments are cracking me up. Including, I say almost with shame, Frank's Texas Receptus gag. I was tempted to do a YouTube video of Willie singing "all my exes read the Textus" but I realized how very, very few would get the joke! Frank is a very witty man. Or at least half so. "I'm living by my wits" "Oh well, half a living's better than none!" Before salvation I was given a military Good News Bible with stick figures. As an infant believer I started with the NIV for 3 years, then as a gift to attend Bible college my inlaws gave me a NKJ Ryrie study Bible, which I enjoyed for the same reasons you stated, but alas it was stolen while at school (I hope they enjoyed it as much as I did). I replaced it with an NIV study Bible but never felt confident with the translation and in my first senior pastorate and after much research I bought a KJV. I have preached from this version for 10 years and have enjoyed studying and preaching from it. Most of my flock use it as well but with new believers I can see where the old English is difficult to understand even for common English terms such as "holden" or "concupiscence", let alone doctrinal terms. I wish that Way of The Master would publish their Evidence Bible without the evidence material as an option since it is a "comfort-able" more common vernacular KJV. An excellent read. Stealing a Bible. Just... wow. 1.) It is the most literary of the "essentially literal" translations. 2.) It is the version our pastor preaches from and as a teacher of a 70 member adult Sunday School class, I think it wise to be consistent with the pastor. The problem with the NIV is that it is a commentary within the text, and the separation of that commentary from the text is not transparent. Does the ESV have questionable choices in translation? Of course it does as do all others. It is wise to keep in mind that just as an English word may have multiple definitions (or shades of meaning), so do Greek and Hebrew words. All that being said, I believe the ESV is the best choice. It is essential to know what Scripture says and not what some one says it says. In the military I would give out the NLT because the guys who read it seemed to really grasp the language. Entering the pastorate I went back and forth. I grew up in a church where you either read the NIV or the KJV. There was no controversy involved, but those were the options. I still have my old beat up NIV Study Bible and often use it, though not for preaching. While our pew bibles are KJV I have noted that most of the Bibles carried by members are NIV. I gave a lot of time to considering ESV, NASB and HCSB as well as the NKJV and finally settled on the ESV though recently I have switched to the NASB. I am not up on Greek and Hebrew, but the deciding factor for me was that my NASB puts question marked verses in the text in parentheses rather than in foot notes. Then I don't miss anything in my study. I am sure as I proceed with Greek and Hebrew studies in the coming years my understanding of translation will be flipped upside down. If you don't mind the amateur (lay person) perspective, I often find great edification and (prayerfully) a spiritually lead understanding by using both the NIV and the ESV side by side when studying scripture. My reading of Kevin DeYoung’s book taught me that the ESV is a word-for-word (largely literal) translation; while the NIV is a though-for-thought interpretation; both are of the original Hebrew and Greek. In a way, this ESV/NIV amalgamation (of a sort)creates a synergy of understanding for me when I consider the more literal words of the ESV against the NIV translator’s best guess as to the thoughts of the inspired author. By synergy, I mean that when I read several verses in the ESV, I mentally classify the text as being largely “the words” used in the original language. When the same verses are then read from the NIV; I remind myself I’m reading the NIV translation team’s best guess as to the thoughts and intentions of the inspired author. Using these ESV and NIV lenses together helps me to mentally create a third version (of sorts) in my mind. Always keeping in mind that contradiction is simply impossible. I'm not a pastor, nor am I at all familiar with the original tongues. My kids have been using the NKJV for their National Bible Bee memorization. They chose that version because that's what they had been learning in AWANA. It seems (to this layman) that it's a fairly decent translation. Much more faithful (in my estimation) than the NIV-84, and more readable than the NASB. I do wish they had made the switch to the ESV, since it seems less wordy than the NKJV and could probably be memorized easier. SBFA, that isn't a bad idea, and I've suggested similarly. Read the ESV as a translation, and the NIV as a commentary. I'd rather they call it the "NIT" (New International Targum). I'd love to be a fly on the wall when the instructions are given out to legitimate Greek experts at a new Bible translation launch meeting. "Okay, ladies and gentlemen, here we go. Remember to NOT make your translations correct. "Avoid outright heresy if you can, but throw a little Stephen King or, no, better yet John Grisham in there. He really resonates with those folks who really don't want to read their Bibles. "When deciding between 'flesh' and 'sin nature', use the latter. Nobody knows what 'flesh' means anyway. "And when God breathed 'man', we all know He really meant 'people', so don't get hung up on that ancient language that you've spent 40 years trying to learn the nuances of. "Greek schmeek. What we need is a best seller!" In the Primary for accurate translations, I vote NASB. But if it isn't nominated for the Accurate Party, I'll vote for anything to avoid the Obaminable new NIV in the final election. I wonder if there will be NIV-only people in existence 200 years from now? After all they'll have to have some archaic version to migrate to, once the KJV language is totally inaccessible. Doug Wilson actually preached a sermon on why he uses the KJV. I'd add a link or what not, but that is most certainly my husband's arena. (I think he'd be impressed I knew how to comment anyhow.) I believe you can look up Doug's sermons on canon wired press. And with care not to speak without authority, I do remember one of Doug's several reasons for his KJV choice; It is the only translation that was written under the church's authority. All "modern" translations were translated with input from well educated people, but without the direct oversight and authority of the church. (Hence all the screwy pronouns, word changings, bad idioms, etc.) Now...before someone starts lambasting Wilson, that is what I REMEMBER him saying, not, necessarily what he said verbatim, so if there is fault with the above statement, it is mine. Maybe one of you techie people can look up his sermon and link. The problem with Doug Wilson is not his fondness for KJV (a good, but not the ONLY good English Bible - see James White's discussion on this). The problem with Wilson is his heretical Federal Vision and belief in baptismal regeneration. Sorry, Dan, didn't mean to derail the conversation and bring out the haters. I thought Wilson's input was thoughtful and valuable. Manfred, I didn't pump "solo Wilson gloria," I simply thought he put forth a thorough argument for preaching from KJV. No need to step outside the realm of what Dan is asking for. I pastor a small isolated rural Baptist church of the independent (little i) variety. This area, and many in my church, has a long standing tradition of KJV-Onlyism so I use the KJV as a missionary would a Chinese Bible. Of course I do use other translations for other purposes as do many in the church. I also emphasize the importance of preaching the KJV instead of constantly preaching about the KJV. A fact lost on many good brethren in my neck of the woods. However, there is an increasing use of the ESV.

2019-04-22T07:09:14Z

http://teampyro.blogspot.com/2012/07/pyro-brain-trust-forum-what-bible.html

Carlton has always been newsworthy and here are month-by-month snapshots of what was happening locally. In January 1900, long before the health risks associated with climate change were known, Melbourne welcomed the new year and new century with record temperatures that saw sixteen people die from heat-related illnesses. The heat of the past five days has played havoc among old people, infants, and invalids, no less than 16 deaths from that cause being reported during the 24 hours prior to last evening's change. The deaths actually attributable to sun-stroke, or, more properly, heat apoplexy, number only three. Post-mortem examinations have yet to be made on the bodies of several of the sufferers, but in nearly all these instances there is little doubt that death was accelerated by the excessively high temperature. The popular term for heat apoplexy–sunstroke–is an incorrect one. The seizure is the result of heat only–the sun's direct rays are not necessarily to blame, as is popularly supposed– and an artificial heat is just as dangerous as a flaming noonday sun, assuming both to register the same degree of temperature. During the recent war between the United States and Spain, the stokers of the former navy were compelled to work occasionally in a temperature of 120 deg., and cases of heat apoplexy were frequent, although the weather was at the time mild and temperate. In fatal cases of heat apoplexy death results from heart failure. The heat of the body is regulated by the medulla of the brain, and the extreme heat acts upon the medulla until it can no longer perform its functions. The venous system becomes instantly engorged, the brain and the membranes of the brain are congested, and the right ventricle of the heart is so distended with venous blood that it can no longer pump it through the lungs. It is practically paralysed, and its action ceases. The lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen are also found congested in fatal cases, and the arterial system is naturally depleted, owing to the congestion of the veins. The use of alcohol heats the system by its own action, and alcoholic excess increases the probability of the patient being exposed to improper heat. Children are more affected by heat than grown persons, because their systems are always more amenable to shock. Aged and infirm people suffer, on the other hand, because their hearts are weaker, and less able to withstand any undue strain. Amongst the sixteen casualties were two Carlton residents, from different age groups. A bricklayer named James Robinson, aged 65, fell senseless in the street and died later at his home in Princes Street, Carlton. A much younger man, Thomas Johnson, aged 32, collapsed at Freeman's Livery Stables and died in hospital without regaining consciousness. The death of a man named Thomas Johnson, about 32 years of age, in the Melbourne Hospital last night, has been reported to the City Coroner. The deceased, who resided at Freeman's Livery Stables, Lygon street, Carlton, was taken suddenly ill at 8 o'clock last night, and sent to the hospital in an unconscious condition. Dr Nattrass, who admitted Johnson to the instituton believes that he suffered from heat apoplexy. The man never recovered consciousness, and died an hour and a half after being admitted to the hospital. Mr Candler has instructed Dr Nattrass to make a post-mortem examination. The heat wave broke on Sunday 7 January 1900, with a dump of rain that lasted for several hours. HEAVY FALL ON SUNDAY MORNING. The heat wave received its quietus yesterday. The fall in temperature at the end of last week was merely comparative, and on several occasions a return of the hot weather was threatened. Sunday morning opened close and sultry. A stiff north wind blew dust and heat into the city, and there was every indication of a sweltering day. But at about a quarter-past 10 o'clock the wind suddenly subsided, and within a few minutes a blast came up the bay, cool and refreshing as a whiff from an ice-chest. Almost immediately, the gathering clouds commenced to drip, and at half-past 10 o'clock there was a steady shower falling all over Melbourne. In 10 minutes the gutters ran full, and a new element was imported into the storm with the banging of thunder. This waged for half an hour, and ceased as the shower increased almost to a deluge. The rain fell heavily until nearly 1 o'clock, when it suddenly ceased, leaving the air cool, the streets clean, and the dust laid. Between half-past 10 o'clock and 1 o'clock 70 points of rain were registered. This is the heaviest fall of rain that has been recorded for many weeks. On 8th November last 70 points were registered in the course of an hour and a half, but since then there has been no rainfall to approach it. The average fall for the month of January is 1 in. [inch] 85 points, and, including yesterday's record, 90 points, or about half, have fallen up to the present time. The storm evidently came from the south, with a westerly tendency, for it veered round to the south-west after the first half-hour. It was also fairly wide, and spread over a large area, for the reports from the country districts indicate that it passed over nearly the whole colony. The heavy rain had unexpected consequences at the Melbourne General Cemetery in Carlton and highlighted ongoing problems with drainage. A. Hamilton, M.L.A., addressed a meeting of his constituents in the Bendigo Town Hall last night. A disgraceful state of affairs is alleged to exist at the Melbourne Cemetery. It appears to be a practice to inter paupers in the northern end of the cemetery and not to fill in the graves until it is filled. On Sunday morning there was a very heavy shower of rain, and this had the effect of filling an open grave, with the result that, the coffin containing a body, which had been buried some days previously, floated and capsized. This disgusting state of affairs (says the Melbourne correspondent of the 'Bendigo Mail') was allowed to exist until some persons who were in the cemetery called the attention of a public officer to the fact. Even then the grave was not properly filled and the floating coffin righted, until between 4 and 5 o'clock in the evening. To add to the disgraceful arrangement, it appears that the drainage in this particular part flows through the greater part of Carlton, and if allowed to continue would prove a menace to the public health. Christmas is traditionally a time of good will, but this was not the experience of Constable J. Allison, who was attacked by hooligans while attempting to make an arrest in Madeline (Swanston) Street on Christmas Day in 1916. The case was heard two weeks later in Carlton Court in January 1917 and resulted in fines for two of the hooligans, who claimed to have no memory of the incident. "As a result of a disturbance in Madeline street, Carlton, on Christmas Day, in the course of which Constable J. Allison had his face so severely injured that he had to go to the Police Hospital, two men appeared before Messrs R. S. Callender and J. Love, J.'s P., at the Carlton Court on January 9. James Seymour, 24, tinsmith, was fined 20/, in default seven days' imprisonment, for offensive behavior ; £15, in default four months' imprisonment, for having thrown a missile; and £10, in default three months, for having resisted arrest. William James Pearson, 20, laborer, was fined £10, in default three months' imprisonment, for having assaulted Constable Allison. Constable Allison stated that on the evening of Christmas Day about 15 or 20 men were creating a disturbance in Madeline street. They had charge of the footpath. Some of them had bottles In their pockets. He ordered them to move away, and they went into Canada lane. Seymour was very offensive, and threw a bottle at witness. On being caught, he resisted, and witness had to throw him twice. While they were struggling, Pearson struck witness on the face, causing a severe injury. Witness's prisoner got away. Seymour and Pearson both said, on oath, that they did not remember anything about the affair." The opportunistic young thief who appeared in Carlton Court in January 1918 was not named, so we are unable to ascertain whether he graduated to a life of adult crime. Given his enterprise, it is also within the realm of possibility that he went on to be successful in business or politics. Prosecutions for Sunday trading were common in the early 1900s, but a case heard by the Carlton Court in February 1900 was the first of its kind. The commodity traded was not alcohol, or any other beverage. It was ice cream, sold by a vendor to children in University Street, Carlton, shortly after 11 o'clock on a Sunday morning. The temperature recorded around the time of the alleged offence was 98.7 degrees Fahrenheit (37.05 degrees Celsius) in the shade, so the ice cream vendor would have done a roaring trade if he had not been apprehended by Constable Robartson. Charles Goldspink, Justice of the Peace and a member of the Bench, lived in Rathdowne Street, near University Street where the alleged breach of Sunday trading took place. He was known to be lenient in low-level cases and he may have recommended the nominal fine of 2 shillings and sixpence imposed on the ice cream vendor. ICE CREAM AND SUNDAY TRADING. Section 31 of the Police Offences Act provides that the police "shall not permit any house, shop, store or 'other place' to be open for the purpose of trade or dealing" and the section was depended on in a prosecution in the Carlton Court to-day when Edward Johnston was proceeded against for selling ice cream during prohibited hours. According to the evidence of Constable Robartson, the informant in the case, the defendant was selling ice cream in University street at 10 minutes past 11 o'clock on the morning of the 28th January. The defendant, who appeared in person, admitted the sales as stated, and urged that he was unaware he was breaking the law. The Bench, which consisted of Messrs H. Edwards, D. Clyne and C. Goldspink, J's.P., decided as the case was the first of the kind that had come before the court to impose a merely nominal fine, and fixed the penalty at 2s 6d. There were several solicitors seated at the table, and much doubt was expressed as to whether the section could be properly applied to the sale of ice cream from a cart on the ground that it could hardly be said to be a "place open for trade or dealing." The Herald, 7 February 1900, p. 1. That was not the end of the matter of Sunday trading. A correspondent to the Geelong Advertiser objected to fruit being sold by Italian shopkeepers on the Sabbath. SIR.—I was much struck with a police court prosecution in the Carlton court reported in the "Herald" relating to Sunday trading, where a vendor of ice cream was fined a nominal penalty of 2s 6d under the following 31st section of the Police Offences Act, which provides that the police "shall not permit any house, shop, store or 'other place' to be open for the purpose of trade or dealing" on Sunday. Since the advent of Italian fruit shop keepers, this system of Sunday trading in fruit, temperance drinks, etc. has become an institution in Geelong, and has enabled the estimable foreigner to almost capture the fruit trade by this unlawful side issue. The Italians are our recognised national allies; they make respectable and reputable citizens with the exceptions that they pay no respect to the Shops and Factories Act regarding holidays to their employes [sic], combine in the way of board and lodging, and work all Sunday. The British shopkeeper who keeps his establishment open all the week days considers himself entitled to the day of rest, and takes it, but to the inevitable injury to his business. It will, no doubt, be argued that in the march of civilisation the public should not be debarred from obtaining these luxuries on Sundays, but at the same time it should be remembered that fruit supplies are easily obtainable on Saturdays, and as regards iced drinks, etc., any Christian community ought and should be able to do without those little luxuries during the few hours of the Sabbath. As a matter of fact, it is not the necessity of the thing but the opportunities offered to indulge in this pernicious habit, which has only grown up during the last couple of years or so. I don't wish to reflect for one moment on the Italian shopkeepers in their unceasing efforts to prosper, but I maintain that the Sunday Trading Act should be administered to its full extent, and thus place all in the trade on an equality. Geelong Advertiser, 9 February 1900, p. 1. The Geelong town council subsequently ruled that section 31 of the Police Offences Act did not apply to ice cream vendors and that fruit sellers were permitted to operate within the prescribed hours on a Sunday. Acting upon a petition from the Protestant Ministers' Association, and another from the shopkeepers, the town council recently decided that section 31 of the Police Offences Act should be enforced in regard to the observance of Sunday by fruiterers and ice cream vendors. It is found, however, that the section does not apply to the latter, and that fruit-sellers are permitted to do business before 9 a.m. and between 1 and 6 p.m. on Sundays. The act, however, is to be enforced to its full extent. The Argus, 9 March 1900, p. 3. Miss Barwell was at home alone one Saturday afternoon in February 1913 when a dashing young man dropped in unexpectedly. He did not enter the house via the usual means, nor was he suitably attired for visiting a lady. The visitor was none other than Zahn Rinaldo, an Austrian aeronaut, who was attempting an emergency landing from a hot air balloon when he was dashed through the upstairs bedroom window of a house in Faraday Street, Carlton. Perhaps the person most startled by the accident was Miss R.M. Barwell, who resides with Miss Dolan at "Bronte", 56 Faraday-street, Carlton. Miss Barwell, when interviewed after the accident said: "I was out in the back yard about quarter to 5 o'clock, when I heard a loud shout from the Exhibition oval. I was the only person in the place at the time. I looked up to see the balloon, but could not see it. I went upstairs to look out of one of the front windows. When I got close to the window I saw a man suspended from a trapeze, apparently coming through the window. The next instant there was a loud crash of broken glass. I received such a shock that I did not see what followed. When I recovered I found that the whole of the glass and woodwork of the window had been smashed by the force of the collision." When the lower part of the balloon struck the window, the balloon fell over the roof of Miss Dolan's house (No. 56) and carried away a portion of the top of one of the chimneys, and then fell, partly into Murchison square and into the City Council's store-yard. When the collision took place, Rinaldo released his hold of the trapeze and fell a distance of 18ft on to the footpath. In the days before there was a Family Court to rule on issues between husband and wife, decisions were made in the Police Court or, as in this case, the Insolvency Court. Clara Armitage (sometimes Bridget) had been bringing legal actions against her husband Cornelius since at least 1901, eleven years after they married. But this February 1917 ruling looks like the end of the legal road. It sounds as if it was close to the end for him too but, in fact, he lived another thirty years to the age of 80. "Appeals against maintenance orders were heard on Wednesday in General Sessions jurisdiction by Judge Johnston in the Insolvency Court. In the case of Cornelius Armitage, who appealed against a direction by the Carlton bench that he should pay 10/ per week towards the support, of his wife, Clara Armitage, evidence was given by appellant that he was very poor, that he only worked about one day a week selling crumpets, and that he was disabled through being deaf and almost blind. His Honor reduced the amount of maintenance to be paid on the order, to one farthing per week." The month of March 1890 was not a good one for William Dummett's business. Mr Dummett (Dummitt) sold boots, shoes and slippers from a shop on the corner of Lygon and Faraday Streets, Carlton. He shared the premises with Arthur Day, a watchmaker and jeweller. On 4 March, Dummett was a victim of shoplifting by two local women. A subsequent police investigation uncovered a hoard of stolen footwear at a house in nearby University Street. A RAID ON BOOT SHOPS. RECOVERY OF THE STOLEN PROPERTY. This morning, at the Carlton Police Court, two young women, named Jane Rainsberry [Rainsbury] and Margaret Osborne alias Cochrane, were placed in the dock on several charges of shoplifting. It appears that yesterday afternoon the two women, who had a child with them, were seen to go to the boot shop of Mr Dummett, at the corner of Lygon and Faraday street, and remove several pairs of slippers which were hanging near the entrance. A little girl who had noticed what had occurred immediately gave the alarm, and the women were seen to go to a house in University street, which it was afterwards ascertained was occupied by a Mrs Walker. The police were informed of the occurrence, and Constable Coghlan was soon on the spot and went to the house referred to. Here he found the two women in hiding, also the stolen slippers. On a search of the premises being made a quantity of other boots, shoes, slippers, etc., were found, which it was at once supposed had been stolen. Subsequent inquiries revealed the fact that the supposition of the police was quite correct, as the boots and shoes were afterwards identified by Madame Thomas, of Drummond street, and Mr D. Linklater, of Lygon street, as having been stolen from their shops. There is a quantity of other stuff which the police still require an owner for. When the prisoners were brought before the Bench Constable Coghlan briefly referred to the arrest, and Sergt. Doyle immediately asked for a remand, which the Bench (Messrs J. H. C. Sutherland, chairman, and J. Robertson, J's. P.) granted. The woman Osborne still had the child with her, and there was rather a distressing scene outside the Court whilst the prisoners were being removed, the child refusing to leave its mother, although the father was present and used every endeavor to pacify it. The women were remanded in custody and made another court appearance on 10 March. They were found guilty and sentenced to one month's imprisonment, despite their defence counsel's plea for a fine instead of a custodial sentence, on the grounds that the otherwise respectable women were under the influence of liquor at the time and had no prior convictions. This morning, at the Carlton Police Court, the two women, Margaret Osborne aud Jane Rainsbury, were charged with stealing a quantity of boots, etc., were placed in the dock to answer the charges. Mr Leonard appeared for the defence. A young woman named Annie Harding, a saleswoman in the employ of Madame Thomas, stated that on the 4th inst. the two women came into the shop at about half-past 5 p.m., and asked to see some boots. They did not make any purchase. After they went out she missed three pairs of boots. Those produced were the same. She did not see the prisoners take the boots. They were valued at 25s. Constable Coghlan stated that he and Constable Sanders had arrested the woman in a house in University street. They had the boots in their possession, which were subsequently identified by the last witness. There were two other charges against the prisoners, viz., of stealing boots from the shops of Messrs Dummett and Linklater, but in neither case the parties could not positively identify the goods, but they were exactly similar to boots and shoes stolen from their places of business. Mr Leonard stated that there was no doubt that the mat [sic] had been stolen by prisoners from Madame Thomas, but he pleaded in mitigation that both women were under the influence of liquor. They had both borne respectable characters, and had never been before a court. He thought the Bench might take advantage of the Amended Justices of the Peace Act, and inflict a fine, which, he considered, would meet the case, as the women had already been in gaol six days. The Bench sent both prisoners to gaol for one month. A few days later, in the early hours of 13 March, Mr Dummett suffered another misfortune when fire broke out in his shop. The local police were quickly on the scene and managed to extinguish the flames before the Carlton District Volunteer Fire Brigade arrived. Were the two events — the shoplifting case and the fire — simply co-incidental, or did the woman have an accomplice to avenge their imprisonment? A fire broke out at about 20 minutes to 5 this morning in a boot shop, situate at the corner of Faraday and Lygon streets, occupied by W. Dummett. The shop is a double-fronted one and divided into two, the other portion being occupied by Arthur A. Day, a watchmaker and jeweller. The fire was first noticed by a man named Galbert, an employe [sic] of the Corporation, who saw smoke issuing from the tops of the shutters and windows. He called "Police!" and almost immediately Constables Quinn, Miller and Mclntyre arrived on the scene. They burst open the front door, and discovered the window to be on fire, it having apparently originated between the lining boards. They immediately set to work to extinguish the flames, which they succeeded in doing, with the aid of a few buckets of water, before any considerable amount of damage was done, although a number of pairs of boots were destroyed, but probably L10 [£10] will cover the whole of the damage. The Carlton District Fire Brigade were in attendance but their services were not required as the constables had put out the fire by the time of their arrival. The cause of the outbreak is unknown. With the summer of 1917 over, moral issues were a prominent topic. Members of the Erskine Presbyterian Church, which then stood on the south west corner of Grattan Street, were concerned with the wellbeing of boys from the country. "An institute for young men has been opened by the Erskine Presbyterian Church in a delicensed hotel at 118 Barkly street, Carlton. The institute has been created for the purpose of providing a home, under religious influence, for lads coming from the country and is under the leadership of the Rev. L.C.M. Donaldson, minister of the church. There are four distinct divisions, namely, religious, social, educational, and domestic, these departments being under the management of four qualified superintendents. The institute also aims at another great object in the cause of boy life, and that is gathering in those Carlton youths who live chiefly in the streets and whose companions are most undesirable. This work is being carried on by the Young Men's Bible class of the Erskine Church, the members of which are contributing 10/- a week toward the upkeep of the Institute. There are already eight lads in residence, and vacancies for others." Another church group was active too at St Michael's in Macpherson Street, North Carlton. They warned of the moral dangers of mixed bathing and must have had some influence, because mixed bathing was not introduced at the Carlton Baths until 1930. The St Michael's, Carlton, branch of the Church of England's men's society discussed "what ought to be a Christian's attitude to mixed bathing. A motion was carried affirming that mixed bathing as it has been carried on in the last few years has helped to lower the morals of the community and this branch is strongly of opinion that stricter supervision of dress and conduct is urgently required." The Advocate of 2 March 1918 noted the passing of Sister M. Cyril, Sister Superior of St. Joseph's Receiving Home in Grattan Street, Carlton. The Receiving Home for unmarried pregnant women was first established in Barkly Street, Carlton, in 1902 by Margaret Goldspink, a well known charity and welfare worker. Within a few years, it moved to the larger premises in Grattan Street. The Receiving Home closed in 1985. One of the most beautiful of lives has ended here on earth in the passing to her heavenly reward of Sister M. Cyril, late Sister Superior of St. Joseph's Receiving Home, Carlton … Her work during the eight years she spent as Sister in charge of St. Joseph's Receiving Home, 101 Grattan Street, Carlton, was simply marvellous, and in itself would constitute the toil of a lifetime. No one could have been better fitted for her trying position, no one could have wielded the mighty influence this gentle religious did, upon the varying dispositions of its inmates. The poor girls under her care could testify to the unceasing attention she gave to every detail that concerned not only their spiritual welfare, but their physical comfort … A long personal acquaintance with Sister Cyril, through her sublime deeds of charity, filled me with ever increasing admiration of her magnificent and quietly executed rescue work. The call of anguish from a soul standing on the very brink of despair never reached her ears in vain. At once the trembling, shuddering soul was snatched from the awful abyss that threatened it, the lamp of hope was lit, the wandering feet were safely brought into an abode of peace and faith and love divine. In the same month Mr R.H. Solly, for whom Solly Avenue in Princes Hill was later named, protested against the reduction by £50 of government funding to St. Joseph's Receiving Home. In the Legislative Assembly, in the course of last night's long sitting. Mr R.H. Solly protested against the grant to St. Joseph's Home, at Grattan street. Carlton, being reduced from £300 to £250. He said that if the Government had to conduct the institution it would have to pay a large sum in salaries, but the sisters were purely voluntary workers. Unmarried women who are about to become mothers are treated in this institution prior to maternity, with the object of assuring the good health of mother and baby. Love makes the world go round, but for Gwendoline Bate the amorous attentions of her "dearest Romeo" turned her world upside down. In April 1906, she applied to the Carlton court for a warrant to arrest Romeo Truda (Trudo), an Italian musician, for threatening her life. A young woman of prepossessing appearance attended at the Carlton court yesterday, and applied to Messrs. Edwards and Goldspink, J's.P., for a warrant for the arrest of Romeo Truda, an Italian musician for threatening her life. She stated that her name was Gwendoline Francis [sic] Bate and that she lived in Barkly-street. Truda had, she said, threatened her life on several occasions. She had known him for nine months, and he wanted to force her into marrying him against her will. On the previous night and the night before that he broke windows in the house where she was residing. He said, "Sooner than see another man marry you I'll shoot you dead." She was certain he would carry out his threat if he got the chance. He carried a six-chambered revolver about with him, and was in the habit of getting very excited. About a fortnight ago he pulled it out, and pointed it at her head. On the previous night she heard him [at] the house, but kept in the background. He said he would break every window in the house and shoot everyone he found. She did not think he was right in his mind, and was afraid to venture out. Susan Beamish stated that she lived the house with her mother. She had known Truda for ten months, but had refused to let him into the house during the past four weeks. The complainant had taken the revolver from him twice, a witness had locked it up. She heard Truda threaten complainant. He said would treat her worse than Jack the Ripper treated his victims; that he would cut her from the head down, and across her body. On the previous night he smashed the front stained-glass window, causing damage to the extent of �2, and she proposed to summon him for damaging property and abusive language. He said he would bring all the blackfellows in Melbourne to get the girl out of the house and that when he got hold of her he would finish her. He walked the verandah for two hours, at times wringing his hands and flourishing his walking stick. The bench granted a warrant for the arrest of Truda on the charge of using threatening words. Truda appeared in Carlton Court the following week and was fined 40 shillings, in default fourteen days' imprisonment, for using threatening words. He was bound over in a surety of £50 to keep the peace for six months. Gwendoline, who thought that Romeo was not quite right in his mind, may have wished for a custodial sentence for her own peace of mind. The case in which Romeo Trudo [sic], musician, was charged with having used threatening words to Gwendoline Francis [sic] Bate, of "Bon Accord" House, Barkly street, Carlton, was called on at the Carlton Court, before Messrs Edwards and Clyne. J.'sP., this afternoon. There was also an application by informant to have defendant bound over to keep the peace, and Marceline Moss, occupier of the house, charged accused with wilful damage. Mr W. J. Tucker appeared for the prosecutrix, and Mr Fyfe for the defence. A further charge of threatening to inflict grevious bodily harm had also been entered against accused. Mr Tucker drew attention to some remarks by Mr Panton, P.M. to the effect that the offence was of a trivial character, and said it was a very serious matter, as would be proved in evidence. The Chairman (Mr Edwards) said the facts of the case were placed before him, and he considered that he was fully justified in issuing the warrant. Gwendoline Bate stated that she had known defendant for nine months. On 17th Inst. he rang the bell at the door, and said they were keeping his girl (meaning witness) from him. He added that he would break every window in the house, and bring all the blackfellows to take her out and finish her by shooting her dead. On one occasion he broke the door of her bedroom in, pulled out a revolver, and said, "Look, I'll shoot you dead." Witness was going to throw herself from the upstairs window, but Mrs Beamish stepped her and took the revolver from accused. It was loaded in six chambers. Mrs Beamish kept it that night. She was afraid of accused, and could not go out because of him. To Mr Fyffe: He never had a chance to strike me. He attempted to shoot me by pointing a revolver at my brains. I do not make it a rule to have any photo taken with those who come to the house. I know the photo produced. I wrote the words, "To my darling boy, from Gwendoline." He asked me to write them. I also wrote the words, "To my dearest Romeo, with fond love from Gwendoline". On one occasion he threatened to shoot a cabman, but when the cabman got down from his vehicle defendant was nowhere in be seen. (Laughter). Susan Beamis [sic], daughter of Marcelina Moss, stated that on 17th inst, defendant drove up in a hansom, and sent the driver to ask if the informant was in. Witness said "No." The girl was trembling. Defendant said. "You are keeping my girl from me. By God, I'll have her. She is my property. I'll bring all the blackfellows in Melbourne to get her out, and then I'll finish her. I'll chop her down to the middle, and twice across." (Laughter.) Three weeks before that he rushed upstairs past witness, and burst in the informant's door. Witness found him with the loaded revolver in his hand, and the girl getting out of the window. She made peace with him, and informant handed her the revolver. To Mr Fyffe: He said a member of Parliament had given him permission to carry the revolver. Witness never knew him to hurt anybody. Accused was fined 40s, in default fourteen days' imprisonment, for using threatening words; and was bound over in one surety of L50 [£50] to keep the peace for six months. The charge of wilfully damaging property was withdrawn. The Herald, 26 April 1906, p. 4. In 1915 Dr J.A. Leach, of the Teachers' Training College in Grattan Street, Carlton, came up with an unusual scheme to relieve the suffering of patients in local hospitals and, at the same time, feed the starving people of Belgium. He set a target of 8,000 striped leeches to be collected by school children throughout Victoria. The timing of the collection in autumn was important to ensure an adequate supply of medicinal leeches over the winter months, when the slippery creatures were known to hibernate. The appropriately named Dr Leach offered to receive postal consignments of leeches at his address in Carlton and deliver them to the Melbourne Hospital, where a fee of 10 shillings per 100 would be paid. This money would go towards the Belgian Relief Fund. The appeal was run again in 1916, but the price had dropped to 5 shillings per 100 leeches. 8,000 LEECHES WANTED BY DR. LEACH. RELIEVE THE SUFFERING OF SICK VICTORIANS AND ASSIST STARVING BELGIANS. Dr J.A. Leach, of the Education Department, has initiated a scheme to help the Melbourne Public Hospital, in addition to assist the Children's War Fund, and finally to send food to heroic Belgians. 8,000 leeches are needed by the Hospital, and each school is invited to send as many as possible in small tins, containing damp grass, and posted to Dr. Leach, Teachers College, Carlton. He will deliver to the hospital authorities, and will forward the cash to the schools for the Belgian Relief Fund. He warns children not to go near deep water, nor to run any risk. DR. LEACH'S PLAN OF CATCHING LEECHES. Sink loose meshed sack, such as a potato-bag, baited with a scrap or two of raw meat, in a shallow water hole where leeches abound. After some hours the harvest may be gathered in safety. The price is 10s per 100. So that even 100 leeches mean 10s for Belgium. In each town, where there is a hospital, leeches are wanted. In each Australian State there are scores of hospitals, so that immediate action by school children, in senior grades should mean the salvation of hundreds of Belgians. The Black leech is not used. Hirudo quinquestriata fills the bill. Hirudo, &c., is full of beautiful meaning to Dr Leach and party; but the ordinary youngster who has fished for them with his bare legs, knows the breed as "The Striped leech." It is the Five striped leech which is needed at once before the frost causes them to hibernate. The postal address of each school sending must be plainly stated. Medicinal leeches are still in use today, mainly for plastic and reconstructive surgery, and for some alternative health therapies. They are no longer collected by school children and are specially farmed for the purpose. In December 2013, ABC Radio National reported that 3,000 leeches, well below Dr Leach's 1915 target, were farmed in Echuca in country Victoria. As this extract from an article entitled "Streets in Slumdom" indicates, long before the pioneering work of Frederick Oswald Barnett in the 1930s and the wholesale destruction wrought by the Housing Commission in the 1960s, there was concern about inner city housing conditions. "Off Cardigan street, Carlton, there is a cobbled lane, which is a network of blind alleys. The lane contains two rows of cottages facing each other across a 'street' width of 20 feet. The doors of the houses open directly on the lane. Two or three of the ten houses in the alley have yards about 10 feet square. The others are built over the whole allotment with rough wooden outhouses. The only place for the housewife's washing line is the lane itself. On the very lowest assumption thirty or forty people live in this lane, and it is one of the 'desirable residential quarters' of the district. The houses are by no means dilapidated. They are small, hopelessly cramped, confined, but they are stoutly built of brick, and it is only the back portions with their rotting timber additions that are actively objectionable. Imagine what such a lane must be like on a Saturday or Sunday in the heat of summer. That 20 feet of rough cobbled space is the only refuge for men, women and children from the heat of the dolls' houses they live in. The rents of these houses are only a few shillings less than the rent of a brick villa in the great open suburbs of Melbourne. Off Queensberry street there is a 12-foot lane leading into a whole labyrinth of narrow streets and blind alleys, scarcely one of which is more than 14 feet in width. Little Queensberry street so doubles upon itself that it is front and back to the same houses. It contains a nest of slum dwellings, one or two of which have fallen to pieces, or have been demolished. The ruins are left to rot on the allotments they were built upon. Some of the best of the houses actually possess front gardens, 8 feet is a fair average size, and then of course the tenants have to pay for the luxury by having 8 feet deducted from what would otherwise be a 10-foot back yard. The typical house in such an alley is a wooden structure, of four or five rooms, often not more than 9 feet by 9 feet." The article continues with descriptions of nearby "streets", Queensberry Place, Magenta Place, Ormond Place and Rodney Place. Nearly every suburb has had at least half-a-dozen plague scares during the last ten days. The process of originating a scare is the easiest thing in the world. It is only necessary for Mrs. Jones to mention to Mrs. Brown over the back gate that her "old man" has not been feeling well, and has a casual swelling, and in about two hours another plague case will have developed, and local rents will have taken a downward tendency. Carlton offers a case in point. Last Sunday afternoon half the suburb knew that the plague had broken out in a certain house in a certain street. Before 4 o'clock about a third of the population of Carlton had drifted past the house at a respectful distance, and the occupants noted the interest displayed in their home with growing wonder; two families had packed up hastily with the intention of shifting at daylight on Monday morning, and the neighbors were all coldly distant. Then came two officials in a cab. "It is reported that the plague has broken out in your house," said one to the woman who opened the door. The woman screamed at the idea, and a hunt failed to disclose the sign of sickness anywhere, and nobody could tell how or why the report had grown, but as the men were leaving again the housewife ran to the cab, "I know how it is," she said. "This morning I told Mrs. —, at No. 5, that my husband had been plagued with a sick horse all night." Leader, 19 May 1900, p. 22. Funerals were big occasions 100 years ago and the final journey of James Denham, chief inspector of the Melbourne Tramway Board, in May 1917 was accompanied by 900 tram gripman and conductors in uniform. The questions remains: With so many staff attending the funeral, did Melbourne's tramway system grind to a halt? "This Memorial was Erected by his Late Fellow Employees of the Tramway Board" "The funeral of the late Mr. James Denham, chief inspector of the Melbourne Tramway Board, yesterday morning was a striking testimony of the affectionate regard in which he was held, not only by everybody connected with the tramway undertaking, but also by citizens in every walk of life. The cortege, which left his residence, 'Allandale,' Amess-street, North Carlton, at 10.30 a.m., was over a mile long. It was headed by the Tramway Band, playing the Dead March, about 900 gripmen and conductors in uniform, about 70 other employes [sic] in plain clothes, and about 30 members of the police force in uniform. Following the hearse, laden with flowers and containing a polished oak coffin enclosing the remains, was a floral car and a long line of motor cars and other vehicles. All the members of the Tramway Board were present, and other bodies represented were the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum committee, Heatherton Sanatorium committee, Victoria Bowling Club, Caledonian Society, Victorian Football League, Tramways Mutual Benefit Society, Railway department, Victorian Bowling Association, Victorian Naval and Military Lodge (Masonic), V.R.C. committee, Australian Tramway Employees' Association, Overseas Club and Lodge of Concord. The pallbearers were Messrs. A.E. Laver, J. Ellis, E Hart, J.G. Currie, E.L. Wilson, J.G. Roberts and J.V. O'Connor. After the burial service, Rev. H. Balcke, Presbyterian church, said the large concourse around the grave afforded strong evidence of the esteem and affection in which the deceased was held by all who knew him, especially by the employes, of the Tramway Board, who always had in him an officer who was sympathetic and just in his dealings with them." Note: 'Allandale' was at 272 Amess Street, North Carlton. Elizabeth Livingston (aka Madame Zephy), a fortune teller of Drummond Street, North Carlton, failed to foresee that the woman who came to consult her in April 1917 was, in fact, a police agent gathering evidence for her arrest and conviction. The case was heard in Carlton court in May 1917 . "Anxiety in regard to near and dear relations at the war has caused many people to consult fortune tellers, and, according to a statement made by Sub-Inspector Brady at Carlton court yesterday, the menace had become so great that police action was necessary. The remark was made during the hearing of a case in which Elizabeth Livingston was charged on two counts with having unlawfully used certain subtle craft to impose on Madge Conner and Kathleen V. Conner respectively. Witness paid defendant 2/6. She had no husband. He was dead. She had no son. In reply to Mr. J. Barnett, who appeared for the defence, witness said she was not imposed upon. Kathleen V. Conner, daughter of the last witness, said she visited defendant's place on 19th ult., and was told by the latter, among other things, that her father went to the war six months before his son, and they met in France. Witness paid her 2/6. Her father was dead. He was never at the war. She had no brother. To Mr. Barnett: I think I was imposed upon. Defendant, against whom there was a prior conviction under the name of 'Madam Zephy' in 1915, was fined £2 10/, with £2 12/6 costs, on each charge." At the Carlton Court today Egedio Dirago, an Italian, described as a laborer, was fined �20, with �4/4/ costs, in default distress, for having on or about April 26 distributed printed matter connected with the present war without having first submitted it to the censor. On another charge of having dispersed certain papers on April 26 without the printer's name, Dirago was fined �5. Thirteen years later, in May 1931, another man by the name of Dirago made an unpleasant discovery, which disputed the popular saying "an apple a day keeps the doctor away." When eating an apple yesterday, William Dirago of Drummond Street, North Carlton, grated his teeth on steel - and narrowly missed swallowing a needle. The fruit was purchased at the Victoria Market. The needle was disclored [sic] and evidently had been in the apple for some time - possibly thrust in as a "joke." "When plainclothes Constable I.G. Stock mounted the footboard of a motor car driven by Martin John Shelley in Toorak Road on May 26 he counted on dismounting in a few moments, he told the Prahran Court yesterday. But instead he was carried to Carlton. Stock said he was an unwilling joy-rider. He simply mounted the footboard to obtain Shelley's name. For having refused to give his name and address to the police after an accident on Toorak road, Shelley was fined £7 10s, with 1 shilling costs. The costs represented the money which Stock expended in tram fares on his return from Carlton to Toorak road. Mr. E. Notley Moore, P.M., said that Shelley's conduct had been impertinent, aggressive and illegal. According to the evidence a collision occurred between the car driven by Shelley and a car driven by Dr. Julian Smith. Stock and Constable A.C. Rice were on duty nearby watching for offenders against the motor laws. Constable Rice told the court that after the collision he said to Shelley, "I am a police constable. I want your name." He produced his badge. Shelley did not answer, but said to R.L. Connard, one of his passengers, "Crank her up." Witness prevented Connard from starting the engine. Connard replied, "You can take the number of the car. I know who you are." Shelley said again, "Crank her up." Witness again prevented Connard from starting the engine, and asked Connard his name. Shelley said to Connard, "He cannot put his hands on you." Connard then cranked the car, which almost knocked witness down. Witness jumped aside and pulled Connard with him. The mudguard of the car hit him. The car stopped after travelling a few yards. Witness said to Shelley, "What is your name?" Shelley did not reply, nor did not take any notice (sic). Witness said to Stock "I think this man is drunk." Shelley then drove away, and Stock jumped on to the footboard of the car, which was running from one side of the road to the other. The registered owner of the car was Charles Dopkins, of Drummond St., North Carlton. Describing his unlooked-for ride, Stock said that Shelley drove up Toorak road at a fast pace, swerving all over the road. Witness directed Shelley to pull up at the St. Kilda Road police station. Shelley made no reply. He drove down Walsh Street, South Yarra, then into Domain Road, up Anderson Street, across the bridge, back to Punt Road, through Richmond, and then through a number of other streets. Finally he stopped the car at his back gate in Rathdown Street, Carlton. It was then 5.53 p.m. Witness had jumped on the car soon after 5.30 p.m. In the course of the drive Shelley said to him, "Get into the car. You will be more comfortable." Witness asked Shelley to give his name. On arriving at his back gate, Shelley said to two men who were sitting in the back of the car, "I want you as witnesses. This man (pointing to Stock) said I was drunk. I am going to sue him for defamation of character." Shelley, who said he was a motor mechanic, told the court that he was guilty under provocation. The constables had no right to say he was drunk. He gave up his Saturday afternoons to driving sick soldiers about. When the collision occurred he was returning from the Caulfield hospital. For having obstructed Constable A.C. Rice in the execution of his duty, Richie Lindsay Connard was fined £1. Mr. Moore (to Connard) Had you been drinking? Connard: No. Mr. Moore: I cannot understand your conduct. You ought to be ashamed of yourself. A charge against Shelley of having driven a motor-car at a speed dangerous to the public was dismissed." Martin Shelley was no young tearaway. When this escapade occurred he had been running his cycle-building business in Rathdowne Street for some twelve years. The back gate where his unwilling passenger finished his ride was at no. 430, close to Fenwick Street and today the Feathered Bower. As his business grew, he had moved to that building in 1911 from a smaller shop in the same block. By 1921 he was to move again, this time to no. 520-522, a custom-built workshop and garage on one of the few remaining double blocks of vacant land in that part of Rathdowne Street. He traded there until 1940 when the building, with only minimal alterations, became Pullars Dry Cleaners. In this form it survived until 2013 when it was demolished to make way for an apartment block. At this time traces of Martin Shelley's garage were still clearly visible in the building. More information on the development of 520-522 Rathdowne Street. Today the average number of births to Australian woman is fewer than two and discussions of motherhood focus on helicopter parenting, mum's taxi and the guilt felt by many women juggling the demands of family and job. One hundred years ago, motherhood seems to have been very different. The following two items, published in June 1918, celebrate fertility and stress the importance of very simple social events to women who, on the whole, spent most of their lives in their homes. In an unpretentious way, The Women's Own Sunshine, a group which meets every Thursday afternoon in the Palmerston street Methodist school hall, Carlton, is doing good work, letting light in dark places and spreading good cheer in quarters where sinister influences generally have free play. On Thursday it had a Baby Day; about 100 babies, not one more than 12 months of age, were brought in by their mothers. The prize for the mother who had had the largest number of children was won by a mother with 11. Two hundred and sixty women were present. There were 23 first babies and three soldiers' babies - the father of one of whom had been killed; three babies were baptized. The Rev. G. F. Dyson (superintendent) presided. In the second item, considering that the event took place in Carlton, there is very low representation of non-British families; perhaps language was a problem. A gathering of 28 great-grandmothers took place recently in the Methodist school room, Palmerston street, Carlton. The old ladies had as descendants 300 children, 700 grandchildren and 260 great-grandchildren, making a total of 1260 persons. All but four of the great-grandmothers were natives of the British Isles. The oldest lady present was aged 90 years, and the youngest 65. The one with most descendants showed a list of 13 children, 45 grandchildren and 46 great-grandchildren. Three complete sets of four generations were in attendance at the gathering, which was presided over by the Rev. G. F. Dyson. A constant supply of clean, dry socks was essential for troops fighting in the muddy trenches of France, their only defence against the dreaded condition, trench foot. Thousands of Australian schoolchildren and women, working at home or in community groups coordinated by the Australian Comforts Fund, rose to the knitting challenge. Specialised pattern books were available and socks had to meet a strict standard. There was to be no seam which could rub against the soldier's skin and the socks had to be big enough to allow for shrinkage. The women of the North Carlton Presbyterian Church 1 would have been particularly aware of the need as their minister, the Reverend John Lelean Cope, had just returned from a period of service as a chaplain in France. During the course of World War 1 Australians knitted over 1 million pairs of socks as gifts for the troops. It has been estimated that, at 10 hours of work per pair, that would be an extraordinary 10 million hours of work. The Australian population then numbered less than five million. 1 This church, now demolished, was in Nicholson Street near the corner of Princes Street. The manse, in Princes Street, survives and today houses the Carlton Neighbourhood Learning Centre. An Australian soldier has had the experience of wearing a pair of socks, knitted by a member of the North Carlton Presbyterian Knitting Club, after they had been at the bottom of the sea for several weeks. The members of the club have received a letter, dated 5th April, from Miss Mabel R. Bishop, of Weymouth, Dorset, England, in which she states that the vessel conveying the socks to England was torpedoed. All the men on board were saved, but the cargo went to the bottom of the sea. Her uncle, a British sailor, was assisting to salve the vessel, when he came across a pair of socks, with a note pinned to them, stating that they were knitted by the club. She sent them to an Australian soldier in the big Anzac camp at Wareham, England. They were none the worse the worse for their immersion. Miss Bishop has written the history of the socks for members of the club. It is understood that the whole of the cargo which was on the vessel has been salved, so that all the socks on board will have reached the soldiers. The Melbourne Trades Hall Council's decision in July 1918 to fly the red flag at the Trades Hall in Carlton proved to be a "red rag to a bull". Australia had been at war for four years and flying the red flag was seen by some as a symbol of anarchy and communism, and an act of contempt for the British Empire and those Australians who were fighting abroad. RED FLAG AT TRADES HALL. Not satisfied with flying the red flag on Labour days, the Melbourne Trades Hall Council has decided that it shall fly every day from the flagpole at the Trades Hall. This decision was reached at a meeting of the council last week. A motion that the decision of the council be submitted to the individual unions was defeated. Recently the council agreed that the flag should be flown to mark special occasions in the history of the Labour movement. This, however, did not suit the peace-at-any-price section of the council, the members of which regard the Union Jack with undisguised contempt and a successful effort was made to publicly exhibit the feelings of this section by the constant display of the red flag. In the minds of these men the flying of the red flag proclaims that the Trades Hall has cut itself adrift from the British Empire and has no sympathy with the aims of the Allies in the war. According to an official Labour publication the triennial conference of the Australian Labour party at Perth adopted the red flag as the emblem of the party. The mother of a serving soldier expressed her opinion in a letter to The Herald. Help us to protest against the Red Flag flying at the Trades Hall on any occasion. It is an insult to Australian mothers whose sons are fighting for freedom at the front, while these men who want the red flag to fly are living in comfort. Fly the Union Jack or nothing! Let us go hand in hand with our boys. Meanwhile, Victorian Government officials considered whether flying the red flag was sufficient grounds for the original crown land grant, dating back to 1875, to be cancelled. Mr F. G. Clarke. Minister for Lands, stated today that he did not propose to take any action because the Trades Hall Council had decided to fly the red flag on its building, which was erected on a site that was a Crown grant. Expert State officers explained today that as the site of the Trades Hall is a Crown grant vested in trustees, the present occupants can only be disturbed by passing an Act of Parliament. Official records show that the Crown grant held is dated October 11, 1875 … Under the terms of the Crown grant a trustee can only be removed from the register in case of death, residence outside the State, or refusal or inability to act on the trust. When a vacancy occurs for any of these reasons, the Governor-In-Council can appoint a new trustee. It is also provided in the grant that should the trustees permit or suffer the land and premises to be used for any purposes other than those for which the land was granted (Trades Hall and Literary Institute); allow premises to become out of order or repair; alienate, or attempt to alienate, the land, it shall be lawful for the Crown to re-enter upon the site, and hold it as if no grant had been made. In the opinion of expert land officers the flying of a red flag, while it may possibly furnish a Government with a reason for asking Parliament to revoke or vary a grant, is not sufficient to enable a Ministry to cancel the Crown grant. Individual unions were not given the opportunity to vote on the proposal to fly the red flag and some, like the Lift Attendants' Union, decided to vote with their feet and withdraw their affiliation with Trades Hall. It was rumoured that the Tent and Sailmakers' Union had refused to make the flag, but this was denied by Trades Hall Council President, Mr E.F. Russell. Mr E.F. Russell, President of the Trades Hall Council, said today that it was not true that Tent and Sailmakers' Union had refused to make the Red Flag which the Trades Hall Council has decided is to be flown from the flagpole at the Trades Hall. Mr Russell stated that the delay which had occurred In procuring the flag was due to the fact that the special material required was difficult to obtain. The order had been placed, however, and it was expected that the flag would be ready shortly. There were calls for the Commonwealth Government to intervene and new regulations under the War Precautions Act were introduced in September 1918. A remarkable story of assault was told to the police on Thursday by a married woman named Dorothy Cantlon, who now lies in Melbourne Hospital with injuries to the head. According to the statement she made to the police, Mrs. Cantlon left her home at 528 Drummond-street, Carlton, about 2 p.m. yesterday to draw her pension at the orderly rooms. Near the Woolpack Hotel she met Mr. Shaw, a butcher, talking to a man seated in a motor car. Mr. Shaw, it is said, told his friend to drive Mrs. Cantlon wherever she wanted to go. The man drove her to several places, and finally they went to an hotel some distance from the city. On the return journey to Melbourne along Plenty-road, it is alleged, the driver suddenly turned to his companion and said, "Are you Mrs. Joe Cantlon?" And when she replied in the affirmative he added "I'll fix you up, because Joe Cantlon separated me from my wife." With that Mrs. Cantlon asserts that the man threw her out of the car, and she was rendered unconscious on striking the ground. The next chapter of the story was supplied to the police by a cattle dealer named Edwin Lynch, of South Morang, who was yesterday droving some cattle along Plenty-road to the city. He noticed a man driving a car along the road at a very fast pace, and he called out to the driver to slacken speed. The car, however, struck one of the beasts, and then swerved into three others. Lynch spurred his horse and overtook the car and obtained the number. On inspecting the cattle, he saw a woman lying on the road, bleeding from a wound in the head. Lynch informed the Heidelberg police that he heard the woman, who gave the name of Mrs. Cantlon, say that she was struck on the head when she fell out of the car. The injured woman was admitted to Melbourne Hospital. An early arrest of the driver is probable. Homelessness has always been an issue in Carlton, but in recent years it has become a more visible presence, with people sleeping rough under shop verandahs or begging in Lygon Street. The reasons for homelessness are many and varied and there is no "one size fits all" solution. However, the basic human need for food and shelter is always present. In August 1954, Herald reporter Desmond Zwar went undercover as a "hobo for a day". One of the places he visited on that day was St Anne's Hall, a Roman Catholic girls' hostel on the corner of Rathdowne and Victoria Streets, Carlton. The Daughters of Charity, who managed the hostel, offered a midday handout of food to people in need. Already a queue was forming outside the grey hostel. Shabby men on a seat near us, three other dead-beats were drinking wine out of a bottle. Dotted about the gardens, shabby men were watching the door of St. Anne's and the clock across the road. By 11.45 a.m. I was getting hungry again. Archie said. "When we go over to the queue, watch out for plain-clothes coppers. A young bloke like you should be registered with the Employment." On the seat a few yards away one of the wine drinkers suddenly staggered to his feet and lunged at his mate. The punch missed and the mate pulled the man down to the ground, swearing at him. Oblivious of the scuffle, the third man went on drinking. The hands of the clock said 12 noon, so we joined the queue – 22 of us. Old men with beards … young men with thin, haggard faces and blood-shot eyes … a well-dressed fat man, reading a paper. At 12.10 p.m. the queue moved forward. A middle-aged woman in a pink smock handed out parcels. Each man touched his hat as he reached her, muttering thanks. I touched my dripping hat, and clutched the warm newspaper-wrapped parcel. Like the others I quickly shoved it into my pocket and made for the gardens. Inside the paper were two thick slices of bread with a generous helping of stew in the centre. It tasted good. Bright sunshine was warming my back. I looked over to the other seat and the three wine-drinkers had resumed their swilling. Note: The report includes a photo of people standing in the queue outside St Anne's. Their faces have been crossed out to prevent identification. Desmond Zwar had food and shelter for a day and a night, then he filed his report and returned to a relatively comfortable life. The memory that stayed with him was the generosity of the people he had met and their willingness to share what little they had. In September 1917 the Weekly Times reported on the annual meeting of the Victorian Association of Crèches. "Carlton Crèche states that everything is satisfactory. Mothers benefited, 85; children's attendances, 3730. The committee has purchased a piece of land in Neil street, Carlton, to build a new crèche later on, as the present premises are unsuitable." By June 1916, after two years of operation, the committee had cleared all its debts including £900 for the land and building. Now its intention was to raise funds for new accommodation. As reported above, this goal had been reached by September 1917. The foundation stone was laid in June 1919 and the new crèche opened before the end of that year. It is believed to be the first purpose-built creche constructed in Melbourne and was to serve the mothers and babies of Carlton into the 21st century, when the building was converted to apartments. The furore caused by flying the red flag at Trades Hall in Carlton had a resolution of sorts in September 1918, when new regulations under the War Precautions Act were introduced. The far-reaching regulations prohibited "the exhibition or use, without the permission of the Minister in writing, of any red flag on any building, or on any land used in connection there-with, or on any ship or other vessel, or in any public place, or in connection with any procession or demonstration." The only exemption allowed was the official use of the red flag for signalling or to denote danger. The flying of the red flag, or any flag, may be prohibited under a War Precautions Regulation issued yesterday. The regulation provides that the Minister for Defence may, by notice the "Commonwealth Gazette," either absolutely or subject to such conditions and restrictions as are from time to time specified by him in writing prohibit the exhibition or use of any flag on any building, any land in connection with a building, vessel, or public place, or in connection with any procession or demonstration. The exhibition or use of a flag in contravention of any condition or restriction specified by the Minister shall be deemed to be in contravention of the regulation. Any person who exhibits, uses, authorises, or permits the exhibition or use of any such flag, in contravention of the regulation shall be guilty of an offence. Where any building or land on which a flag is exhibited or used in contravention of the regulations is owned, managed, or controlled by any association, society, or committee of management, the trustees, executive council, president, secretary, and other officers of the association, society, or committee shall be severally guilty of an offence. The Trades Hall Council at a "special call" meeting last night considered the question of flying the red flag on the Trades Hall. A resolution providing for the flying of the flag every day was rescinded, and a substitute motion approving of flying the flag on special labour anniversaries agreed to. The decision of the council will be conveyed to the Acting Prime Minister (Mr. Watt), and a desire expressed to fly the flag on occasions to be specified. Following the recent issue of a regulation under the War Precautions Act, a proclamation was issued on Saturday over the signature of the Minister for Defence (Senator Pearce) prohibiting the display of the red flag. The notice applies the prohibition to "the exhibition or use, without the permission of the Minister in writing, of any red flag on any building, or on any land used in connection there-with, or on any ship or other vessell, or in any public place, or in connection with any procession or demonstration." The only exemption is in the case of the official use of the red flag for signalling or to denote danger. Soldier settlements schemes were in their infancy in 1917 but problems were already being encountered. There were many complaints like this one about lengthy bureaucratic processes, unsuitable land being bought and soldiers being offered previously unworked land which would require many years of labour before it produced a financial return. Sir,- I earnestly beg you will grant me space to show the serious delay that occurs where returned soldiers are endeavoring to get settled on the land. I gave the only son available to fight for country and Empire. He is returned wounded, and useless for trade for which he was apprenticed. We spent much time in travelling, eventually finding a property at Hurstbridge. Orchard in full profit, the owner of which, through ill-health, desires to sell at a price £200 less than shire valuation. It is now seven weeks since all papers, duly signed, were placed in the hands of the department. Up to now nothing further has been heard. Private buyer wish for it, but from patriotic motives the owner desires to sell to returned soldier: but even patience has its limits. If private firm were selling, it would be settled in a week. If the 3 per cent who apply for improved property out of the few who have returned are to experience such slow methods, what will happen when war ceases and our boys come back in hundreds of thousands, apart from others who no doubt will leave the old home to settle on land? I am afraid the Angel Gabriel will sound the trumpet on the day of judgment before they are fixed up. 301 Nicholson-street, Carlton, 23rd October. John Butler's comments on his son's situation are restrained but the reality was quite stark. When he enlisted in January 1916, Ernest William Butler was 19 years and 8 months old and had been apprenticed as a cutter to a Bourke Street tailor for five years. He left Australia on RMS Malwa in March 1916 and joined his unit of the 24th battalion in France on 5 August of that year. His active service lasted less than a month. He was wounded on August 24, his injuries including damage to his right arm, and was almost immediately evacuated to hospital in England. In February 1917 he sailed on the Benalla, apparently for a home furlough, but was discharged medically unfit in Melbourne in June 1917. Carlton was a lawless place in the 1920s, with members of rival push gangs fighting for their share of the territory. "The Push" was implicated in the bombing of the Carlton Picture Theatre on a Saturday night in October 1926. CARLTON THEATRE DAMAGED. WAS "PUSH" RESPONSIBLE? Carlton "pushes," who have terrorised business people of the suburb for months past, staged a dastardly outrage at the Carlton Picture Theatre, Faraday-street, Carlton, on Saturday night. What is believed to have been either a "home-made" bomb, or several sticks of gelignite were thrown into two outhouses at the rear, of the theatre, completely wrecking them, and causing damage to the concrete floor of the stage. There were few people in the theatre when the explosion occurred, and they showed admirable coolness in refraining from a wild dash from the premises. The explosion resembled the booming of large cannon, and brought shopkeepers running into the street. Constable G. L. Browne was travelling along Lygon-street in a cable tram, when the report sounded. Windows rattled in the vicinity, and a distinct tremor passed along the line of shops near the theatre. Browne jumped from the tram, and investigating the cause, quickly located it. When he raced down a narrow lane at the rear of the picture theatre he saw smoke issuing from one of the doors. At first he thought it was a fire, until he smelt the acrid odor of gelignite. When the smoke cleared Browne noticed that two of the outhouses were in ruins, and there was a large crack in the concrete floor of the theatre stage. Hundreds of people surrounded the theatre, but the constable says that he saw nobody running away from the scene of the outrage. Mr. Z. Markov, Eildon-road, St. Kilda, the theatre manager, was not present when the explosion occurred. Naturally he was very much incensed at the attack made on the property. Mr. Markov made some startling allegations against several pushes in the locality which should be thoroughly investigated by the police. "For months past we have been receiving threatening letters from the pushes," said Mr. Markov. "I have often found notes thrust under the door of my office warning me that unless members of the push were not interfered with in the theatre I would be dealt with. Attendants, who have been obliged to eject disorderly young men during the performance, have also been challenged to 'come outside and fight.' Of course, I never took the threats seriously, believing that it was all a big bluff. I never dreamed that the pushes would go to such lengths. The damage to the theatre is only slight, and it is covered by insurance, but there might have been loss of life." Mr. G. Roatley, Forrest-street, Collingwood, assistant manager, said that he unlocked the doors of the outhouses at 7 p.m. and switched on the electric light. The place was then in order, and there were no suspicious characters in the lane at the time. Some twenty minutes later the theatre shook beneath the impact of a terrific explosion. The report was such a severe one that he was surprised that the damage was not more extensive. The Age, 25 October 1926, p. 9. The lane at the rear of the theatre, where Constable G. L. Browne raced to locate the source of the blast, is now called Faraday Lane. It is a closed laneway, but in the 1920s it joined Cardigan Lane and ran along the rear of houses on the west side of Dorritt Street, coming out near Grattan Street at the southern end. Cardigan Lane was discontinued when the land was acquired for expansion of the Royal Women's Hospital in Cardigan Street. Snakes are known to be active in the warmer months of the year, when they come out of hibernation. In November 1900 the Carney family of Faraday Street, Carlton, fell victim to a snake attack of a very different kind. 1 Dr William Ostermeyer had a practice at 60 Elgin Street, Carlton, in 1900. In July 1901, the Australian Town and Country Journal published a recipe for "Pharaoh's Serpents' Eggs", with a warning that the fumes are poisonous. The alternative "non-poisonous" recipe, using bichromate of potash and nitrate of potassa, would be considered toxic by today's standards. Dissolve mercury in moderately diluted nitric acid by means of heat, taking care that there is always an excess of metallic mercury remaining; decant the solution, and pour into it a solution of sulpho-cyanide of ammonium or potassium. Equal weights of the two solutions should be thus mixed. A precipitate will fall to the bottom of the beaker or jar. This is collected on a filter, and washed two or three times with water, and then put in a warm place to dry. Take for every pound weight of this material an ounce of gum tragacanth which has been soaked in hot water. When the gum is completely softened it is to be transferred to a mortar, and the pulverised and dried precipitate gradually mixed with it by means of a little water, so as to present a somewhat dry pill mass, from which pellets of the desired size are formed by hand, put on a sheet of glass and dried again. They are then ready for use. The fumes from these pills are poisonous. Pulverise separately two parts bichromate of potash, one part nitrate of potassa, and three parts of white sugar. When well pulverised mix intimately. Make small paper cones of the desired size, and press the mixture into them. They are then ready for use, and must be kept away from moisture and light." Underage enlistment was common in World War 1. The record appears to be held by an English boy, Sidney Lewis, born in 1903, twelve years old when he enlisted and 13 when he fought at the Battle of the Somme in 1916. The best known Australian boy soldier is Private James Charles Martin who was 14 years and 9 months when he died at Gallipoli. When Queen Mary was in Melbourne in 1901, on the occasion of the opening of the first Federal Parliament, she visited the Women's Hospital, Carlton, and was photographed with a baby in her arms. The baby is now Private J. A. Wharton, of the Victorian Infantry. His parents live in Richmond. He is a husky fighter, aged 16 years, with 14 months active service to his credit. He enlisted when 14½, giving his age as 18, and came scatheless through the terrible fighting at Bullecourt and in other engagements. Recently he sent a cutting of the photograph mentioned from the Melbourne "Herald" to the Queen, and was immediately invited to Buckingham Palace, where he spent last Sunday, dined with the King and Queen, and the Queen acted as mother to him, personally showing him over the Palace. The incident has revealed Private Wharton's age, and it is improbable that he will be again sent to the front. It makes a great story but does not entirely stand up to scrutiny as indicated in a more detailed account of Private Wharton's escapade, published in the Weekly Times in November 1917. He actually enlisted early in 1917 and sailed from Melbourne on May 11, his 16th birthday. By November his parents had not received word that he had been to the front. In any case he could not have fought at Bullecourt, the battle for which took place some months before. A letter received recently showed that he was still in England at the beginning of September. The background to Private Wharton's enlistment, however, is a reminder of the fervour with which many Australians joined the conflict. Jack's father, now Corporal Joseph John Arthur, enlisted with the Australian Imperial Force early in the war, and Jack, the eldest of eight children, shared with his mother the task of helping to keep the home together. He was employed as a lorry driver, and was earning £2/2/ a week, but was anxious to get to the front. "He gave me no rest," says Mrs Arthur, who lives at 12 Shelley street, Richmond. "He pestered me for over twelve months. I told him that he was my sole support, and I could not let him go. At last he worried me so much that I promised that if his father came back he could go. His father did come back, having been wounded in the leg, and sure enough Jack kept me to my promise. As he was only 15, and did not want the authorities to find this out, he enlisted under the name of Wharton, which was my maiden name and I signed his papers." Mrs Arthur's husband, Corporal Arthur, fought on the Somme, at Pozieres, and elsewhere. He was wounded and returned to Australia, but in November 1917 he re-enlisted, found fit for home service only. Corporal Arthur died in 1952. His boy soldier son outlived him by only 4 years. The armistice of 11 November 1918 brought to an end the bloody war that saw over 60,000 Australians killed and 156,000 wounded, gassed, or taken prisoner. When the news reached Melbourne, crowds of people flooded into the city to celebrate. Some wild scenes were reported and a Carlton tram became a casualty of the celebrations. " … As the evening wore on and the crowds increased some remarkable pranks were played by the more boisterous elements. In their first flush of enthusiasm groups of youths and men were content to sit on the top of the tram cars as they crawled through the city. But later, after the traffic had been stopped and the cars were lying stationary on the various route bases, crowds of men and women seized the cars and lifted them bodily off the tracks. At the intersection of Collins and Lonsdale streets [a geographical impossibility, as the streets run parallel to each other] the crowd, after marching up the street gathering a volume of recruits on the way, attacked a Carlton tram. [They] dragged the dummy into Lonsdale-street along the slight decline that leads to Elizabeth-street. Then cheering and shouting they started the journey. Inside and on top of the car were excited men and hysterical women. The tram gained momentum, and after travelling some distance attained a speed which was nearly dangerous for the adventurous passengers. They, apparently, did not care. The solitary constable on the scene set after the flying tram. It was too much for the crowd. They seized the policeman and hoisting him shoulder high ran after the car, which was stopped before any damage was done …" The mood was jubilant, but more sedate, when the first contingent of returning Anzacs marched through the city streets on Saturday 23 November. Locally, as reported by The Argus, "Carlton wore a subdued aspect, as all who could possibly do so found their way to the city and joined in the general jubilations there. In the streets of Carlton and on many of the houses flags were flown in profusion." The Australian flag was seen flying from public and private buildings everywhere, but at Trades Hall in Lygon Street, the divisive issue of flying the red flag was once again raised. The Trades Hall Council has decided that unless permission is granted by the Federal Government for the flying of the red flag on the Trades Hall no flags at all be flown from the building. The proposal caused a long debate at the council meeting. The moderate section of the members fought the suggestion strenuously but fruitlessly. The decision of the council is said to have been prompted by resentment in the action of the Federal Government in refusing permission for the flying of the red flag on certain days. A delegate stated yesterday, "We are against giving preference to other flags over our flag, which is the red flag." Several amendments were moved at the council meeting. One of these was that only one of the two poles at the Trades Hall be left flagless as a protest. Another was that the question should be referred to the unions. Both amendments were defeated, and the decision for "red flag or none" was declared agreed to on the voices. Many leading union officials deplore the decision, which carries the implication that the Australian flag, which has been flying over the hall since the armistice was signed, must be be hauled down. The emblem was still mast high yesterday, and a leading member of the council asked if it was intended to lower it, enigmatically replied: "It's flying yet, anyhow." Later that day, The Herald reported that the Australian flag had been lowered and both flagpoles were bare. In pursuance, apparently, of the decision of the Trades Hall Council that no flags shall be flown from the poles at the Trades Hall until such time as the Federal Government gives permission for the red flag to be flown, a caretaker of the Trades Hall this morning removed from one of the poles the Australian flag, which had been flying there since the announcement of the signing of the armistice. Both flagpoles on the twin towers of the Trades Hall are now bare. When the red flag was flown at the hall on the occasion of days of Labor events, the Australian flag was also flown from the other flagpole. Feelings were running high during the conscription referendum campaign of 1917 and support for the "Yes/No" vote was often seen as divided along religious lines. According to some newspaper accounts, Carlton was under mob rule on the evening of Saturday 15 December 2017, when a disturbance at a meeting of the Victorian Protestant Federation at St Judes church hall in Lygon Street morphed into a "Yes/No" stoush a few blocks away in Faraday Street. MOB RULE IN CARLTON, FABRICATION OR FACT? POLICE SAY THERE WAS NONE. Last night's Herald, with the signature appended of one of its reporters, relates some riotious proceedings at Carlton on Saturday evening. Our Melbourne correspondent has endeavored to obtain verifying particulars of the incident but the Carlton police say that they know nothing of it, because it never took place. The matter will, no doubt, be further investigated by the police authorities. The Herald's report reads as follows: - That organised bands are taking advantage of the general unrest to set law and order at defiance, was indicated at St. Jude's Parish Hall, Lygon street, Carlton, on December 15, when a mob entered, interrupted the proceedings, and assaulted those who had attended. The meeting was called by circular, which announced that a meeting would be held in the hall at 8 o'clock, with the object of establishing a branch or branches of the Victorian Protestant Federation in Carlton. The motto of the Federation, "For God, King and Empire" was quoted, and the statement embodied that it would be "an opportunity for all Protestants to link up and show a united front in preserving the rights and liberties enjoyed by them under the British flag." It was noticed that when the National Anthem was sung a large number of people at the back of the hall remained sitting and silent. As soon as the chairman, Mr T. Lewis, opened the proceedings by reading the circular convening the meeting, an uproar arose. "We have no God, no King, no Empire!" they shouted, and continued to interrupt by ribaldry and choruses. The assertion of the chairman that the meeting had no political significance whatever was replied to by three cheers for Dr. Mannix. Hoots, catcalls, and general clamor prevented the chairman from continuing, so he introduced the principal speaker, the Rev. T.S.B. Woodfull. Mr Woodfull fared no better than the chairman. He was howled down and cheers were again given for Dr. Mannix. "Surely Protestants have some right to meet together," Mr Woodfull said, but only those close by could hear him. "We Protestants do not interrupt the meetings of those of other faiths. Why cannot you go away and leave us in peace?" As appeals for fair play were useless Mr Woodfull said the police would be asked to remove interrupters, and the police were called. Several men were put out, but still the uproar continued. Eventually the police ejected all those who were hostile, and the business of the meeting went through, though the noise of the roaring, surging mob without made hearing difficult. When those inside left the hall they were pelted with stones and eggs and struck with sticks. Several women who were afraid to leave by the front door were let out at the back into Keppel street. They were immediately assailed by a crowd of angry women and roughly handled. Mr Woodfull fought his way through the crowd and reached a tram. His ability to give, as well as take, hard knocks seemed to keep the cowardly mob back. He was pelted from a distance, however. Eggs and stones were thrown at the Rev. E.S. Watsford, and the Rev. J. Good was chased through the streets and forced to seek shelter in a private house after he had been struck with stones. Here he was besieged until the women in whose house he had taken shelter made her way out with a basket on her arms as if going shopping. In reality she went to ring up the police. When the mounted troopers appeared the besiegers dispersed. One man who had attended the meeting was pursued right round the Melbourne Cemetery by rioters, and only his fleetness saved him. Finally he was rescued by a soldier who, with a lady, was driving past in a jinker. The soldier took him up, and, whipping up the horse, dashed through the crowd amid a shower of missiles. This did not satisfy the malice of the mob, for on Sunday afternoon several young women who were recognised as having attended the meeting, were assailed and chased through the University grounds, and had to appeal to the police for protection. As the mob followed they shouted, "There go two of the Protestant dogs in Good's mob!" J.T. Beckett, 159-162 Flinders St. The Bendigo Independent, 18 December 1917, p. 10. Despite The Bendigo Independent's claim that the police knew nothing about the alleged riot on the Saturday night, several arrests were reported in Melbourne newspapers the following Monday. Carlton footballer William "Mickey" Dunn was charged with offensive behaviour and fined 20 shillings, while two women from Carlton and Abbotsford were fined twice the amount of £2 each. William Leslie Dunn, aged 20 years, a felt hatter, was charged in the Carlton Court on Thursday, before Messrs. D.E. Hayes (chairman) and W. Brunton, J.P.'s with having behaved in an offensive manner on Saturday night last. Sergeant Stallard prosecuted and Mr. W.J. Tucker appeared for the defence. Constable H.G. Hinkley said: -At 10 minutes past 11 o'clock last Saturday night there was a mob of about 200 people on the corner of Faraday and Cardigan streets. Accused was prominent among the mob and he started an argument with a man named Hobden, saying to the latter, 'I'll have you on," at the same time assuming a fighting attitude Dunn also acted in a threaten-ing manner, yelling and calling out, also boo-hooing. He was subsequently arrested. To Mr Tucker -I am not making a mistake as to Dunn taking part in the disturbance and rushing through the crowd. Constable R. Ballantine said: -Dunn was among the crowd, and he behaved in an offensive manner, and wanted to fight anyone. Hobden was a "Yes" man and Dunn "No," and it was over this question an argument started. Constable T.D. Morgans gave corroborative evidence. Accused, who said he was a prominent Carlton football player, denied the charge. To Sergeant Stallard. -I was wearing a "No" button but had no argument in connection with the referendum. The police were telling deliberate falsehoods. A fine of 20/ was imposed, in default seven days imprisonment. Mr Tucker said that his client wished the Court to know that he (Dunn) had nothing whatever to do with the disgraceful proceedings which occurred at St Jude's Hall earlier in the same evening, and the magistrates said that there was no reason to suppose that he had. In the Carlton Court on Friday, before Messrs. R. S. Callender (chairman) and H. J. Love, J.P.'s, Julia Mary Hart, 508 Drummond street, Carlton, and Mary Richardson, 8 Albert street, Abbotsford, were charged with having behaved in an in-sulting manner on December 15. Sergeant C. Stallard prosecuted. Both women pleaded guilty. Constable R. Ballantine said that at half past 10 o'clock on the evening in question a crowd of about 150 persons had assembled on the comer of Cardigan and Faraday streets. The two women were there, calling out in a loud tone of voice, "Come out, all you Billie Hughes rotters and wasters, and we'll give you the same as we gave old Good." This remark had reference to a disturbance which took place earlier in the evening, when the Rev. J. Good, vicar of St. Jude's Anglican Church, Carlton, was chased and stoned by a mob. A number of persons in the crowd had pieces of roadmetal in their hands. Mounted troopers and other members of the police force arrived and dispersed the crowd. Constable H.G. Hinkley said that Hart and Richardson were calling out loudly, and boohooing and behaving in an insulting manner. The two women were each fined �2, in default 14 days' imprisonment. The Argus, 29 December 1917, p. 9. The weeks leading up to Christmas are traditionally the busiest time for retail sales, but also a time of increased shoplifting activity. In 1954, two North Carlton housewives went on a shoplifting spree that landed them in court. Their husbands would have found out about their exploits when their names were published in the newspaper. Two respectable Melbourne mothers, tempted by Christmas goods displayed in the city, robbed six leading stores, the City Court was told yesterday. Mr. C. J. McDonald, for the women, said that the husbands, who held good jobs, did not know about the thefts. There were young children in both families. Each woman was fined a total of £30 on six charges of larceny. They were Mrs. Ellen Horton, 29, of McIlwraith st., North Carlton; and Mrs. Melvia Eppongstall [sic], 25, of Richardson st., North Carlton. Senior-constable Raymond Solin said he was called to Woolworths, Bourke st., store on November 21, at 12.30 p.m. He said the store supervisor told him she had caught Mrs. Horton and Mrs. Eppongstall [sic] stealing goods. Constable Solin said both women admitted the theft, and made statements that they had taken socks, ties, gloves, handkerchiefs, polish, toothpaste, a jumper, scarf, and material from Snows, Treadways, Woolworths, Rockmans, Sharpes, and Paynes. Constable Solin said they admitted they began by taking a piece of green material from Rockmans. They said after that it was easy, and they just kept on taking stuff from the shops. One woman would pick it up, and the other would put it into her shopping bag, said Constable Solin. Mr. McDonald asked Mr. Mohr, S.M., for three months for payment of the fines. Mr. Mohr: Do you mean without their husbands knowing? Mr. Mohr said they could each pay £10, and the remainder over six weeks. Note: Electoral rolls for 1954 confirm that Ellen Dora Horton lived at 20 McIlwraith Street and Melvia Doreen Eppingstall lived at 221 Richardson Street. Decades earlier, in December 1889, a self-confessed kleptomaniac appeared in Carlton Court to answer a charge of stealing two rolls of silk, valued at £15, the property of Ball & Welch of Drummond Street, Carlton. Mary Ann Wilkie, a "respectable looking" married woman, had an extensive record of theft going back to the 1870s. She had served time in gaol on several occasions, but she continued to offend. SAYS SHE IS A CONFIRMED KLEPTOMANIAC. "I CANNOT HELP IT." HAS BEAUTIFUL HOME. Rather a respectable looking woman named Mary Ann Wilkie was charged, before the Carlton-Bench, this morning, with stealing two pieces of silk valued at L15, the property of Messrs Ball and Welch. It appears that at about 9 o'clock this morning the woman went to Messrs Ball and Welch's, and sat down in a chair whilst she made some purchases. The assistant had occasion to leave for a few moments to go to a different part of the establishment, and on his return he noticed that two rolls of silk were missing. Suspicion at once fell upon the prisoner, and observing that the woman was endeavoring to conceal something beneath her dress, the assistant moved the skirt on one and found the missing goods. The services of Senior-constable Cassidy were called in, and the woman was given into custody. On being searched at the local watchhouse it was discovered that the woman had a large bag, or pillow-slip, fixed under the skirt of her dress, which appeared to have been placed there as a sort of receptacle for goods stolen in this way. In asking for a remand Senior-constable Cassidy stated that the woman was a notorious shop-lifter, and had been previously convicted for similar offence. In answer to a question from the Bench as to whether she had anything to say, the prisoner said, "I couldn't help it, your Worships. I've got a beautiful home, and my husband holds a high position. I have a large family. My husband, who is a contractor, lives in Little Collins street. I get a sort of mania, and cannot help taking things, especially if I take a drop of drink." The prisoner was then remanded for a week, bail being allowed in one surety of L50, and the prisoner in her own recognisance of a like amount. Mrs Wilkie was subsequently sentenced to 12 months' gaol and she was back in custody again in August 1894 for a similar offence. Her last reported theft was ten years later in August 1904, when she was convicted of stealing articles of wearing apparel and household linen from her employer, Harry Walting of Macarthur Square, Carlton. Mary Ann Wilkie, aged 58, was charged at Carlton court yesterday with stealing various articles of wearing apparel and household linen, valued at 20/, the property of Harry Walting, an inspector in the employ of the City Council. From 9th ult. until 22nd inst. accused was employed by prosecutor to look after his house, and wait on his wife, who was ill. On 17th inst. his wife died, and the burial took place at Bacchus Marsh, accused being present at the funeral. On 23rd inst. she was removing her boxes from prosecutor's house in Macarthur-square, but they were brought back from the van, and, on a search being instituted by Constable Mills next day, some of the stolen property was found in a trunk that was about to be removed. The remainder was recovered at a house in which accused resided in Powlett-street, East Melbourne. The defence was that before her death Mrs. Walting informed accused that she could have whatever she cared for in the house, and that some of the things were taken home by prisoner for the purpose of being ironed. Accused was fined £5, in default of distress a month's imprisonment.

2019-04-24T08:32:33Z

http://cchg.asn.au/carltonnews.html

Italian Wine: Higher and Higher! Italian wine has walked a long way. Since the beginnings of Italian enology, wines produced in the boot were appreciated for their quality and many authors of the past have praised them in their writings. Wines which made dream the men living in past times, exported and appreciated everywhere in what was considered - at those times - the known world. Wine was also one the first things produced in Italy to be exported outside the borders of the country, then - as everyone knows - the beverage of Bacchus was followed by other products, art and culture. Wine, after all, fully represents the culture and the expression of the ones making it, therefore - since those times - together with wines was also exported the Italian culture, or at least of that territory that will be called in later times Italy. Then, the fairy tale underwent a time of deep decline, the splendor of Italian enology passed the dark times of the Middle Age and - with alternate fortunes - has come to our days, after having undergone a very long period of productive logic in which quantity was more important than quality. During this period, the name of Italy abroad was however kept “high” by other productions, by the delicacies of the Mediterranean cooking, clothes, Italian style and by all the other products generically classified as “made in Italy”. Among them there was also wine, but its role was certainly marginal, so far from what it was and from what it represented in past times. The decline was not only because of the way wine was generally produced in Italy - lots of quantity and disputable quality - and the few producers who made quality the primary characteristic of their wines, had a pretty hard time in selling their wines, in particular abroad, because of the not very noble fame of Italian wines. And while in Italy they mainly thought about making oceans of ordinary wine, the other countries - including the ones of the so called “New World” - were taking giant steps forward in terms of quality, progressively getting more and more marketing shares as well as building up a solid fame of quality producers. In the last 25 years the world of Italian wine - luckily - has lived a revolution in every aspect, both because of the will of some producers who believed in revaluating the enology of this country, as well as because of the increasing interest for Italian wine. These two events, including the renewed worldwide interest for the beverage of Bacchus, have started a change which can be defined as epochal, literally changing the production criteria and - thanks to the progressive introduction of modern technologies and wine making techniques - Italian wine has resumed its way towards quality, “suspended” for a very long time. The reprise towards quality has begun - at the beginning of the 1980s - with white wines, also helped by the fashion of the moment, followed by red wines and, in recent times, by the excellent production of classic method and Charmat sparkling wines, particularly concentrated in northern Italy. Even though slowly, Italian wine was attracting the attention of foreign markets again, conquering, once again, the dignity and the role which in past times distinguished Italy. however competition was - as it was easily predictable - pretty tight: progresses obtained by the other countries of the world were surprising and certainly not easy to surpass. Also because the enological production of the competing countries was - and still is today - of excellent quality, therefore consumers, in front of the possibility of choosing a series of products, they prefer, of course, the ones having the higher quality and possibly sold at the most convenient price. A non easy scenery, of course, in which if they would have simply relied on the “made in Italy” branding - still attracting in every country of the world - this was not enough to ensure to Italian wine a renewed success. It was the time to show facts, not only words. And the facts have finally arrived. Since many years the quality of Italian wines has indisputably reached levels such to be superior than the one of the many wines coming from the other countries of the world. Whether it was because of the “made in Italy” branding or not, the charm of culture and Italian tradition, this is not important at all: the result is clear without trying to find a reason or merits somewhere else. Also the figures about the export of Italian wines abroad are very clear. The statistics about the export of Italian wine in 2006 say there was an increase of 13% about quantities and an increase of 9% about profits than 2005. If we consider the holiday period which has just passed - a period in which the sale of sparkling wines increases considerably - the results obtained by bubbles in foreign country are surprising. The sale of Italian sparkling wines in 2006 have recorded an increase of about 17% in quantity and 13% in profits. A result which confirms, once again, the progresses and the results obtained by Italian bubbles, both classic and Charmat methods. Italian bubbles are getting more and more successful in Japan, acquiring more and more market shares in the country of the rising sun. In Germany Italian wine has considerably increased export, and now it represents the larger share in German market, followed by France and Spain. In the other side of the Atlantic ocean are being recorded encouraging results as well. In the United States of America the sales of Italian wine has considerably increased, including the interest of knowing the history, tradition and the wine areas of Italy. In fact, whereas the situation of the export of Italian wine in the country of the European Union can be considered pretty stable, export has considerably increased in all those countries outside the Union. The first ranking of export is occupied by red wines and, progressively increasing, sparkling wines, an indisputable sign the bubble produced in Italy have reached high quality levels. This is what has been reported by the ICE - Istituto Nazionale per il Commercio Estero, National Institute for Foreign Commerce - about the export of Italian wine abroad. In this scenery, it is also found out the main share of wine export goes to the regions of northern Italy - representing more than 70% - whereas the export of southern regions is a little more than 5%. A surprising result, by considering the good production of southern regions, in particular of red wines. The good trend of the export of Italian wine in the world is certainly something which confirms the remarkable progresses Italian enology did for quality. The confirmation the hard and tenacious work done by producers for the success of Italian wine was effective and that quality was the main thing asked by wine lovers. The wish is that the result will be confirmed in 2007 as well and that quality of Italian wine will be increased, not only for the joy of the countries of the world in which it is being exported, but also for the joy of wine lovers in Italy. Alla salute! How is Sciacchetrà produced? How should this wine be served? Sciacchetrà - according to the local dialect should be called Sciachetrà - is a wine produced in the Cinque Terre, Liguria, locally known as rinforzato (refursà, reinforced). Sciacchetrà is produced with Bosco, Vermentino and Albarola grapes, allowed to dry after harvesting in order to diminish the quantity of water while concentrating sugar. The grapes are then pressed and vinified, therefore obtaining a sweet and thick wine. Sciacchetrà must age at least one year before being commercialized, whereas the Sciacchetrà Riserva requires at least three years. Sciacchetrà is generally served at a temperature of 14° C (57° F) in small dessert wine glasses and it is a good match for confectionery and hard and piquant cheese. It is said Champagne must be served in the flûte glass and at a temperature of 6-8° C (42-46° F). Does this not excessively penalize aromas? Champagne is generally served in a flûte glass at a pretty low temperature in order to favor one of the aspects considered to be more elegant for this wine: perlage. The development of carbon dioxide is in fact favored in tall and narrow glasses, with a pretty pointed base, whereas low temperatures avoid the sudden dispersion of this gas, while ensuring a longer lasting of the development of bubbles. However these two characteristics excessively penalize the development and the perception of aromas, also because the flûte is generally filled completely. In the last years it is a common practice to use for Champagne, as well as for other great classic method sparkling wines, a wider flûte glass, in order to ensure not only the development of bubbles, but also a better development of aromas. Temperature has a primary role in the development of aromas and at low temperatures, also in case the wine is served in a wider glass, they are however penalized. For this reason, some bubbly lovers prefer serving these wines in larger glasses - the same used for aged white wines - at a temperature of 10-12° C (50-54° F). This solution penalizes the “show” of perlage, however allows Champagne to better express its aromatic qualities, a result of years of patient aging in bottle. You talk about Emilia-Romagna and you think about its rich cuisine, delicious, tasty, exuberant, cordial and hospitable, just like the people living in this region. It is not only the rich and colored cooking of this region to distinguish Emilia-Romagna, but also art, culture and history, as well as the famous cordiality and hospitality of its inhabitants. In this context, so rich and complex, also wine has a specific role, here as somewhere else in Italy, the beverage of Bacchus plays a fundamental role in the culture of the region. The region is divided in two distinct geographical and cultural areas: Emilia, in the western part, and Romagna, in the eastern part. The two areas are not distinguished for the different cooking style only - in both cases rich and tasty - but also for the way they make wine, and therefore the grapes cultivated in vineyards. Emilia is the indisputable homeland of the many “Lambrusco”, sparkling red wines - or like they are used to call them, sharp and alive - which would certainly be better revaluated. In Romagna wine is mainly made dry and it is produced with Sangiovese, Albana and Pignoletto grapes, as well as other varieties. The history of vine and wine in Emilia-Romagna has very ancient origins, dated back to the beginning of civilization and everything began, presumably, with the most famous grape of Emilia - the western part of the region - and from which it is produced one of the most famous Italian wines in the world: Lambrusco. This wild grape was known since Virgil's times, and also Pliny the Elder mentioned it in his Naturalis Historia. It was Virgil to tell - in his fifth bucolics - Vitis Labrusca was already known since two thousand years. Pliny the Elder recognized to this grape medical properties and he describes, for the first time, its characteristics. Some archaeological findings confirms the long history of Vitis Labrusca, thanks to the discovery of fossilized seeds and roots belonging to this species, dated back between the twentieth and tenth century b.C. Lambrusco can therefore be defined, with no doubt, the progenitor of viticulture in Emilia-Romagna. Despite this important archaeological discoveries, there are no reliable information about the use of Vitis Labrusca at those times for the production of wine. The first reliable information about the cultivation of vine and the production of wine in Emilia-Romagna are dated back to the seventh century b.C., at the times of the Villanovian civilization in Verrucchio, near Rimini. The archaeological findings in these areas have in fact allowed to reliably define that at those times the inhabitants of these lands practiced viticulture. Other important evidences about viticulture and production of wine in Emilia-Romagna are also dated back to the times of the Etruscan dominion. Another important evidence is offered by Varro in his De Re Rustica, where he wrote that in the Po valley, after the drainage works done in the area, here were cultivated Albana, Trebbiano, Cagnina and Spergola, varieties which produced huge crops of grapes. During the dominion of Gauls, viticulture will not significantly develop and only after the dominion of ancient Romans the cultivation of the vine and the production of wine will begin to develop. Viticulture undergoes a new development from the fifth century a.D. on, and it is dated back to this time the introduction from Dalmatia of the Refosco Terrano grape, known in Emilia-Romagna as Cagnina. After the Longobard invasions, in 568 a.D., viticulture and production of wine undergo a period of recession and it will be thanks to the work done by the many religious orders, here as everywhere else in Europe, the cultivation of vine and the production of wine will be kept from further recessions. A significative contribution to the viticulture of this region was done by the monastic order of Benedictine, in particular in the area near Ferrara, from whose activity, in later times, will be originated the viticulture of Bosco Eliceo. There are many interesting documents written in later times and in which are mentioned the many varieties found in the territory of Emilia-Romagna, in particular the Lambrusco varieties. From the seventeenth century on, there are many documents describing the many varieties of Lambrusco, at those times already considered a tamed variety and not a wild variety, widely used for the production of sharp and sparkling wines. In the 1800s, here as somewhere else, the arrive of phylloxera will stop viticulture. In this context, it is singular the case which happened in the delta of Po river, near the present territory of Bosco Eliceo DOC, where vineyards of Fortana grapes were not affected by this parasite and, still today, they are grafted in the original rootstock instead of American ones. With the end of sharecropping, in the 1900s, in Emilia-Romagna will be established, as well as in other Italian regions, small private estates and many cooperatives of producers, therefore beginning a production based on quantity and that will have Lambrusco as one of its protagonists. This long period of production based on quantity, will also determine the destiny of Lambrusco. If it is true this wine allowed Lambrusco to be known everywhere in the world, in particular in the United States of America, the disputable quality of these productions has originated the common belief this grape is used for the production of ordinary wines only. This prejudice is clearly denied by the many examples of quality productions made with Lambrusco grape. While the wineries of Emilia-Romagna were focused on the production of huge quantities of wine, in the 1960s some wineries tried to start a production of quality wines, a decision, perhaps, made too early at those times. In 1962, in order to safeguard the image of Romagna's wine, in Faenza was founded the “Consorzio Vini Tipici Romagnoli” (Consortium for Typical Wines of Romagna) which will then become “Ente Tutela Vini di Romagna” (Institute for the Safeguarding of Romagna's Wines), distinguished by the unmistakable mark of the “Passatore”, Stefano Pelloni, the famous bandit who lived in this land in the 1800s. In 1970 was founded another important institution, “Enoteca Regionale Emilia-Romagna”, which still today is in charge, by law, to the spreading and promotion of the wines of this region. The path for quality of wines in Emilia-Romagna will take in recent years two different although parallel ways, in which they will try to revaluate both the autochthonous varieties of the region, as well as by introducing the so called “international” varieties, most of the times used together with local varieties. The wines of Emilia-Romagna are classified according to the quality system in force in Italy, where, to the lowest level of the system, is found Vini da Tavola (Table Wines), followed by Indicazione Geografica Tipica wines (IGT, Typical Geographical Indication), Denominazione d'Origine Controllata (DOC, Denomination of Controlled Origin) and Denominazione d'Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG, Denomination of Controlled and Guaranteed Origin). In Emilia-Romagna are currently defined 20 Denomination of Controlled Origin areas and one Denomination of Controlled and Guaranteed Origin area recognized to Albana di Romagna, the first Italian white wine to achieve this ranking. The 20 DOC areas of Emilia-Romagna are: Bosco Eliceo, Cagnina di Romagna, Colli Bolognesi, Colli di Faenza, Colli di Imola, Colli di Parma, Colli di Rimini, Colli di Scandiano e di Canossa, Colli Piacentini, Colli Romagna Centrale, Lambrusco di Sorbara, Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro, Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce, Pagadebit di Romagna, Reggiano, Reno, Romagna Albana Spumante, Sangiovese di Romagna and Trebbiano di Romagna. The Colli Bolognesi denomination includes the following subareas: Colline di Oliveto, Colline di Riosto, Colline Marconiane, Monte San Pietro, Serravalle, Terre di Montebudello and Zola Predosa. In Emilia-Romagna the production of wine is made in the whole regional territory, from the western borders to the eastern side of the Adriatic sea coast. Despite regional enology is focused on the production of wines with autochthonous grapes, here the presence of “international” varieties is pretty high, used both alone, as well as blended with local varieties. The enology of Emilia - the western part of the region - is traditionally associated to the production of sparkling wines, mainly from the many Lambrusco varieties. In the eastern part of the region - Romagna - the production is mainly about dry and sweet wines, both white, mainly produced with Albana, Pignoletto, Trebbiano Romagnolo and Pagadebit (Bombino Bianco) grapes, as well as red, mainly produced with Sangiovese grapes. Among the most common “international” varieties in Emilia-Romagna are mentioned: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Albana di Romagna was the first Italian white wine to receive the Denominazione d'Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) ranking, reserved for the dry, “amabile” (slightly sweet), sweet and passito styles. The highest ranking achieved by this wine has always been cause of discordant opinions, as there are many detractors of this denomination, because they believe this wine is not worth to belong to the highest ranking of Italian enology. One of the most disputable points in the production disciplinary of Albana di Romagna, is represented by the maximum yield per hectare, currently set to 140 quintals, a value which clearly contrasts wine making quality criteria and that the DOCG ranking should ensure by law. With such a high limit, the quality which can be obtained is pretty disputable, and the best wines produced with this grape are the ones obtained with very low yields, a choice adopted by the best producers only. Of particular interest is the passito (sweet) style, probably the best wines in this denomination. Among the grapes which mainly distinguish the production of Emilia, there is the large family of “lambruschi”. The main representatives of this family are Lambrusco di Sorbara, Lambrusco Grasparossa and Lambrusco Salamino, to which are added Lambrusco Marani, Lambrusco Maestri, Lambrusco Montericco and Lambrusco Viadanese, this latter one common in the province of Mantua, in Lombardy. The Lambrusco grape begins to populate the vineyards of the province of Parma and it becomes the absolute protagonist in the ones of Reggio Emilia and Modena, areas in which Lambrusco has deep ties with the traditions of these places and, last but not the least, to the delicious cooking. The wine produced with Lambrusco is “dry” or “amabile” (slightly sweet), however sparkling, whose effervescence is generally obtained by natural fermentation. Despite Lambrusco is associated to the image of “ordinary” wine, there are many producers who, thanks to quality criteria, can make wines of remarkable interest and that should be properly revaluated. Lambrusco gives its best in the hilly areas near the medieval town of Castelvetro - in the province of Modena - where it is produced the Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro DOC. In Romagna, red wine means Sangiovese. There are many who believe Romagna is the land from which Sangiovese has originated. As it is commonly known, the name Sangiovese derives from “Sangue di Giove” (blood of Jupiter), and many believe the definition derives from monte Giove (Jupiter mountain), near Santarcangelo di Romagna, in the province of Rimini, where the grape was clearly cultivated. The results obtained with Sangiovese in the land of Romagna are extremely interesting, however showing organoleptic diversities, from light wines to wines with a good body, with a dry but strong taste. Sangiovese di Romagna was the first wine of the region to achieve the Denominazione d'Origine Controllata (DOC) ranking and it is produced in a pretty vast territory, from the province of Bologna to the eastern coast of the Adriatic sea. Sangiovese di Romagna produced in the best hills of the denomination having an alcohol by volume not lesser than 12%, can make use of the “superiore” indication, whereas in case it was aged for a period not lesser than two years, it can use in the label the “riserva” indication. Among the other wine production areas of Emilia-Romagna, one of the most interesting ones certainly is Colli Piacentini, in the area in which was found the gutturnium. It is a silver jug which gave the name to the most famous wine of this area, Gutturnio, produced with Barbera and Croatina grapes, here known as Bonarda. Among the other interesting wines of Colli Piacentini is mentioned Vin Santo di Vigoleno, a sweet wine produced in limited quantities with aromatic and non aromatic white berried grapes. Among the other areas, it is mentioned Reggiano, and in particular the Colli di Scandiano e Canossa denomination, where - besides wines made with Lambrusco grapes - are also produced interesting wines with “international” grapes. Going eastward, another interesting denomination is Colli Bolognesi, in which are being produced wines with autochthonous grapes, including Pignoletto, and wines with “international” grapes, in this area pretty common. Of particular interest is the production of IGT wines, in which the autochthonous grapes frequently meet international varieties, most of the times used alone as well. In the last years Umbrian enology is mainly famous for one of its autochthonous grapes, precisely, a red berried grape, which is getting more and more successful in Italy and in the rest of the world. Sagrantino, today being one of the most famous sons of the green heart of Italy, is capable of making powerful and robust wines, with rich aromas that the patience of time will make complex, a success that in few years allowed it to reach the top of Italian enology. A singular case, if we consider this grape was about to disappear from the hills of Montefalco and to leave its place to other varieties, capable of ensuring higher yields and, in particular, a better commercial consensus. With its high contents in polyphenols - in this sense, Sagrantino is one of the most rich grapes known - it seemed quite an enterprise to create an “elegant” wine because of its astringency. For centuries, Sagrantino was used for the traditional wine of Montefalco, a sweet and robust wine which could well matched with the rich meat roasts and pecorino cheese, a tradition which is still today alive in these places. Few people would have believed from that grape one day would have been possible to make a dry wine, rich and powerful, which could compete, and frequently win, the challenge with other famous wines. The history of Sagrantino, in its “dry” style, it pretty recent - a little more than 30 years - and it took all the obstinacy and tenacity typical of the people living in Umbria, as well as the firm conviction of some producers who have always believed in their grape. Whether a time the most frequent association with Sagrantino was a sweet and robust wine, today it is its “recent” dry style to be associated the most - always imposing and robust - as to cast a shadow over the other excellent sweet style. Thirty years of successes, from unknown grape to famous and celebrated grape all over the world: a good revenge for a grape which was destined to disappear from the vineyards of Montefalco and no one wanted to cultivate it anymore. Sagrantino is a red berried grape from Montefalco and its spreading is practically limited to part of Umbria only. Characterized by intense and pleasing aromas of blackberry, wines produced with Sagrantino grape can also be recognized for their full body and their evident astringency, a characteristic which frequently and negatively affects balance in case it is not properly “tamed”. For this reason, the vinification of Sagrantino di Montefalco provides for an aging period of at least 30 months, of which at least 12 in cask, sometimes replaced by barrique. The aromas which can be found in Sagrantino are usually exuberant and intense, first of all the one of blackberry - the most frequent and identifying aroma - as well as aromas of black cherry, plum and violet, including tertiary aromas developed during aging that with time will get an interesting complex character. The purpose of our comparative tasting is to understand the organoleptic qualities of Sagrantino through the expression of three important producers of Montefalco: Arnaldo Caprai, Adanti and Antonelli. By comparing the three wines, we will understand the main organoleptic qualities of Sagrantino, despite the three wines are different one from each other in their “interpretation”. We will also understand the influence of wood in Sagrantino, as the three producers use different types of casks: Arnaldo Caprai's Sagrantino di Montefalco Collepiano is aged for 22 months in barrique, Adanti's Sagrantino for 26 months in cask, whereas Antonelli's Sagrantino ages for 15 months in cask. For our comparative tasting we will use in all the three cases the wines of the most recent commercialized vintage by the respective producers. The three wines will be served at a temperature of 18° C (65° F), in order to exalt the aromatic profile and to make astringency less aggressive. As usual, the tasting will be done by using three ISO glasses. Sagrantino is a particularly rich grape in coloring substances. This characteristic can be easily detected, in quality wines, by allowing a light source to pass through the glass while in the opposite side will be put an object - a pencil or simply a finger - in order to evaluate the low transparency. Transparency, as it usually happens in every wine, will increase with time, however it will be strongly affected by the quality of grapes used for the production of the wine. The color typically observed in Sagrantino is intense ruby red, frequently deep and dark as well, with nuances of the same color, frequently garnet red. Thanks to the high quantity of polyphenols, a quality requiring a proper alcohol by volume in order to ensure balance to the wine, Sagrantino can be aged in bottle for many years, a period during which, the color will change. With time, wines produced with Sagrantino will get bright garnet red hues and nuances of the same color or brick red. We will begin the evaluation of appearance from Antonelli's Sagrantino di Montefalco. By holding the glass tilted on a white surface - such as a towel or a sheet of paper - we will observe at the base of the glass the hue of color. It will be observed an intense ruby red color, with low transparency, whereas the nuances, observed at the edge of the liquid mass towards the opening of the glass, will be characterized by a garnet red color. The evaluation of the second wine's appearance, Adanti's Sagrantino di Montefalco, will reveal pretty similar color than the previous wine: intense ruby red and nuances of garnet red, also in this case, with a pretty low transparency. We will now pass to the evaluation of the third wine, Arnaldo Caprai's Sagrantino di Montefalco Collepiano. The color of this last wine, just like the previous ones, will be characterized by intense ruby red and nuances will be, once again, garnet red. Also in this case transparency will be pretty low, another confirmation about the high contents of coloring substances in Sagrantino. The aromatic profile of Sagrantino is extremely interesting, both during the first years of aging, as well as after years of aging in bottle. The first aromatic qualities which can be recognized in Sagrantino are the ones of fruits, in particular blackberry, the most typical and identifying aroma in wines produced with this grape. Among the other typical fruit aromas of Sagrantino are also found plum, black cherry and blueberry, whereas the most typical flower aroma is violet. According to the production disciplinary, Sagrantino di Montefalco must be aged for at least 30 months, of which at least 12 months in cask, therefore the aromatic qualities of these wines will also be characterized by tertiary aromas. Besides vanilla, which is the most typical aroma in wines aged in wood - and in particular in barrique - in Sagrantino can also be perceived aromas of licorice, tobacco, chocolate, clover, cinnamon, leather, coffee and cocoa. Also balsamic aromas are frequent in Sagrantino and the most typical of them is menthol, rarely eucalyptus. The olfactory analysis of our comparative tasting will begin from Antonelli's Sagrantino di Montefalco. By holding the glass in vertical position and without swirling, we will proceed with the evaluation of opening aromas. The first smell will allow the perception of the aromas of blackberry, plum and black cherry, the most frequent and identifying aromas in Sagrantino, in particular, the one of blackberry. We will now swirl the glass in order to favor a proper oxygenation of the wine as well as favoring the development of all the other aromatic sensations. With the second smell will perceive the aromas of violet - the most typical flower aroma in Sagrantino - blueberry and cyclamen, followed by a series of aromas made of vanilla, tobacco, pink pepper, licorice, cinnamon and mace. It should be noticed the excellent balance of the aromatic components, in particular, the balanced contribution of wood, a characteristic typical in Antonelli's red wines. Let's now pass to the olfactory evaluation of the second wine of our comparative tasting: Adanti's Sagrantino di Montefalco. Opening aromas of this second wine, evaluated by holding the glass in vertical position and without swirling, will be characterized - just like the previous wine - by blackberry, black cherry and plum. After having swirled the glass, we will proceed with the second smell, from which it will be possible to perceive the aromas of violet and blueberry, followed by aromas of vanilla, licorice, cocoa, cinnamon, leather, juniper, pink pepper and tobacco, as well as the refreshing balsamic sensation of menthol. It should be noticed also in this case the balance of wood in the overall aromas of the wine: 26 months in cask, a precise productive choice of Adanti. Also the opening aromas of the third wine, Arnaldo Caprai's Sagrantino di Montefalco Collepiano, will be characterized by blackberry, black cherry and plum, typical in Sagrantino. After having swirled the glass, we will proceed with the second smell from which will be perceived aromas of violet, blueberry, vanilla, chocolate, licorice, tobacco, mace and coffee. It should be noticed the different influence of wood in this wine, balanced with all the other aromas, in this case 22 months in barrique. One of the main characteristic perceived during the tasting of Sagrantino is represented by the evident astringency, a quality which usually requires a good skill from producers in order to obtain a correct balance of the wine. The control of astringency in Sagrantino - despite this should be considered an absolutely typical characteristic - begins in the vineyard, by scrupulously checking the ripeness of polyphenols in order to avoid the excessive vehemence of “harsh” tannins in wine. On this regard it is also useful the effect of aging in cask as well as alcohol, which in Sagrantino can also reach 14.5%. Another characteristic of Sagrantino is represented by its robust structure, something which is clearly perceptible during the attack and that continues to be perceived after the wine has been swallowed. It should be remembered Sagrantino is one of the red berried grapes having the highest content in polyphenols. The first wine we will examine in gustatory evaluation is Antonelli's Sagrantino di Montefalco. The attack is characterized both by structure and astringency, however these two characteristics will soon leave the scene to the perception of alcohol and roundness. It should also be noticed the excellent correspondence to the nose: the blackberry is perceptible in the mouth as well. Let's now pass to the second wine of our comparative tasting: Adanti's Sagrantino di Montefalco. Also in this case will be the astringency and structure to be noticed in the attack, therefore leaving the “scene” to the alcohol and roundness, balancing the wine and making it very agreeable. Also in this case the correspondence to the nose is excellent. Let's now pass to the third wine: Arnaldo Caprai's Sagrantino di Montefalco Collepiano. Also this wine confirms the character of Sagrantino: a tannic and robust attack which leaves the “scene” to the perception of alcohol and roundness, making the wine balanced. It should be noticed how the different types of casks and the different aging times affect both roundness and astringency of tannins. Our comparative tasting allowed us to understand the main qualities of Sagrantino, the extraordinary red grape of Umbria, more precisely, of Montefalco. The finish of Antonelli's Sagrantino di Montefalco is characterized by an excellent persistence in which can be recognized the flavors of blackberry, black cherry and plum. It should be noticed how the perception of structure is evident during the final phases of the tasting as well. The finish of Adanti's Sagrantino di Montefalco is very persistent, also in this case leaving in the mouth, flavors of blackberry, black cherry and plum, as well as the typical perception of structure. Also the finish of Arnaldo Caprai's Sagrantino di Montefalco Collepiano is very persistent with long flavors of blackberry, black cherry and plum, also leaving in the mouth the sensation of a full body. Despite our comparative tasting has considered the “dry” style only, it should be remembered with Sagrantino is also produced an interesting sweet wine, and thanks to the contrast between sweetness and astringency, it surprises many wine lovers. This Pinot Noir shows a brilliant ruby red color and nuances of brick red, moderate transparency. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing, refined and elegant aromas that start with hints of cherry, plum and dried rose followed by aromas of strawberry, licorice, vanilla, tar,menthol, blueberry, cocoa, cinnamon, clover, leather and tobacco. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a pleasing crisp and slightly tannic attack, however balanced by alcohol, full body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of cherry, plum and strawberry. A well made wine. This Pinot Noir ages for more than 18 months in barrique. This Franciacorta shows a brilliant golden yellow color and nuances of golden yellow, very transparent, fine and persistent perlage. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing, refined and elegant aromas that start with hints of hazelnut, grapefruit and bread crust followed by aromas of yeast, acacia, banana, apple, pear, pineapple, hawthorn, butter and plum. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, an effervescent and crisp attack, however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of grapefruit, banana and hazelnut. A well made wine. This Franciacorta Extra Brut ages in bottle on its lees for at least 42 months. This wine shows a intense straw yellow color and nuances of greenish yellow, very transparent. The nose reveals intense clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of apple, pear and pineapple followed by aromas of almond, hawthorn, broom and plum. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a crisp attack and however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors. The finish is persistent with flavors of apple, pear and almond. This Tocai Friulano ages in steel tanks. The wine shows a brilliant greenish yellow color and nuances of greenish yellow, very transparent. The nose denotes intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of peach, litchi and pear followed by aromas of nettle, pineapple, elder and broom. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a crisp attack and however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors. The finish is persistent with flavors of peach, litchi and pineapple. This Sauvignon ages in steel tanks. This Sagrantino di Montefalco shows an intense ruby red color and nuances of ruby red, little transparency. The nose denotes intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of plum, blackberry and black cherry followed by aromas of violet, vanilla, tobacco, carob and mace. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a tannic attack and however balanced by alcohol, full body, intense flavors. The finish is persistent with flavors of black cherry, plum and blackberry. This Sagrantino di Montefalco ages for 12 months in cask. Poggio Madrigale shows a brilliant ruby red color and nuances of garnet red, moderate transparency. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of plum jam, black cherry jam and dried violet followed by aromas of blueberry jam, vanilla, carob, tobacco, licorice and menthol. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a tannic attack and however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors. The finish is persistent with flavors of plum jam and black cherry jam. Poggio Madrigale ages for 24 months in cask. This Merlot shows an intense ruby red color and nuances of garnet red, moderate transparency. The nose denotes intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas that start with hints of black cherry, plum and black currant followed by aromas of vanilla, tobacco, cinnamon, chocolate, pink pepper, licorice and menthol. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a slightly tannic attack and pleasing roundness, however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors. The finish is persistent with flavors of black cherry, plum and black currant. Collio Merlot ages for 14 months in barrique, 2 months in steel tanks and 4 months in bottle. Collio Bianco Cicinis shows an intense golden yellow color and nuances of golden yellow, very transparent. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of plum, honey and almond followed by aromas of vanilla, hawthorn, citrus fruit peel, apple, litchi, peach jam, pineapple and bergamot. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a crisp attack and pleasing roundness, however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of plum, almond and pineapple. A well made wine. Collio Bianco Cicinis ages for 12 months in barrique followed by 2 months of aging in bottle. Chianti Classico Castello di Brolio shows an intense ruby red color and nuances of garnet red, little transparency. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing, refined and elegant aromas which start with hints of black cherry, plum and black currant followed by aromas of violet, blueberry, vanilla, tobacco, licorice, cocoa, cinnamon, mace and eucalyptus. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a tannic attack and however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of black cherry, black currant and plum. A well made wine. Chianti Classico Castello di Brolio ages for 18 months in barrique followed by 8 months of aging in bottle. Casalferro shows a deep ruby red color and nuances of garnet red, little transparency. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing, refined and elegant aromas which start with hints of black cherry, plum and black currant followed by aromas of violet, blackberry, vanilla, toasted wood, tobacco, menthol, mace, licorice, chocolate, cinnamon and leather. The mouth has a very good correspondence to the nose, a tannic attack and however balanced by alcohol, full body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is very persistent with long flavors of black cherry, plum and black currant. A well made wine. Casalferro ages for 18 months in barrique. In the last years the role and the scenery of the enology in the Marches has changed a lot, they have mainly focused - here as somewhere else in Italy - to quality as the primary key for success and mostly based on the autochthonous grapes of the region. Verdicchio has been the first autochthonous grape of the Marches to contribute to the success of the wines of this region, a success which is still today alive and which can be considered - undoubtedly - among the best white wines of Italy. Marches are not Verdicchio only, of course. In the last years are getting more and more famous also the red wines of this region, in particular Rosso Conero, the robust wine from Marches produced with Montepulciano and Sangiovese grapes. To catch the attention of wine lovers towards the enological production of Marches, besides typical wines, there are also the many wines classified as Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT, Typical Geographical Indication) produced with the so called “international” grapes. Umani Ronchi is one of the wineries which contributed to the notoriety of wines from Marches all over the world, today considered one of the most prestigious wineries of Italy. Founded in the 1950s by Dr. Gino Umani Ronchi in Cupramontana, the winery was acquired some years later by the Bianchi Bernetti family, who are still the current owners. In the 1970s were built the two wineries of Castelbellino and Osimo, both in the province of Ancona. The winery at Castelbellino was destined to the vinification of Verdicchio grape, whereas the one at Osimo was destined to the vinification of Rosso Conero and to the bottling of the whole production of Umani Ronchi. Beginning from the 1990s, Umani Ronchi winery is led by Massimo Bernetti - who is the current president - and by his son Massimo, who is in charge for the management of the winery. This change has started a new course at Umani Ronchi, beginning an activity of innovation and research, two fundamental factors in the daily activities of this winery and which also allowed the reorganization and requalification of the whole productive structure. In 2000 has been restored the main winery at Osimo, in which was also built a new room for the aging of wines in casks as well as a tasting room. The expansion of Umani Ronchi also spread to the neighboring Abruzzo region. In fact, in 2002 were acquired 30 hectares of estates inside the area of “Colline Teramane” for the production of Montepulciano d'Abruzzo. In 2004 was also inaugurated a wine shop, where wine lovers can taste the wines produced by Umani Ronchi. Moreover, in 2005 have been introduced new agricultural methods in vineyards, by using different cultural methods according to each variety. Red berried grapes are currently cultivated with the spurred cordon system, whereas for white berried grapes is used the simple Guyot method instead. Today the properties of Umani Ronchi cover an area of 110 hectares of vineyards in the production area of Verdicchio Classico, 60 hectares in the Rosso Conero area and, finally, 30 hectares in the Montepulciano d'Abruzzo area, for a total of 200 hectares. The new estates at Roseto degli Abruzzi follows the same productive and qualitative criteria of Umani Ronchi, which in this area will be focused on the production of Montepulciano d'Abruzzo “Colline Teramane” DOCG. The estate is located in the Casal Thaulero area, in the province of Teramo, where it was built a new vinification cellar, considered a strategical future production center for new wines. Umani Ronchi aims in fact to adopt the same criteria which have ensured the success of their products in the Marches, while keeping the control on every production phase and investing on development and innovation in regard to quality. Despite the productive philosophy of Umani Ronchi is mainly focused on the valorization of the autochthonous grapes of Marches and Abruzzo, such as Verdicchio and Montepulciano, particular attention is paid to “international” varieties. In its research and experimentation activities, Umani Ronchi also includes Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot varieties, obtaining results of remarkable interest. One of the most famous wines of Umani Ronchi produced with international grapes is Pelago - produced with Cabernet Sauvignon, Montepulciano and Merlot, ages in barrique for 14 months - a wine which has received prizes and appreciation in every country of the world. Prizes and appreciation that Umani Ronchi also receives with the wines produced with the autochthonous grapes of Marches, such as Rosso Conero Cumaro - produced with 100% Montepulciano - and the excellent Verdicchio Casal di Serra Vecchie Vigne and Plenio. Umani Ronchi is particularly focused on the experimentation and research, a job done with the cooperation of the University of Ancona and the contribution of wine maker Beppe Caviola. A research done in respect of the varietal characteristics of every grape but with the goal of studying the potentialities of every variety. Wines produced by Umani Ronchi are divided into five families and, despite in each family there are wines produced with the same grapes, they express distinct characteristics by means of the valorization of every vineyard and every variety. Thanks to this productive philosophy, Umani Ronchi is appreciated all over the world for the quality of its wines. The eighty percent of the production is in fact exported in 50 countries of the world and of which the main markets are United States of America, Germany, Japan and England. The success distinguishing Umani Ronchi since many years is based on quality and research, something which is clearly confirmed by its wines that, unfailingly, are appreciated every year by the many wine lovers in Italy and in the world. This Verdicchio shows a pale straw yellow color and nuances of greenish yellow, very transparent. The nose denotes intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of pear, apple and hawthorn followed by aromas of almond, pineapple, citrus fruits, peach, plum and hints of mineral. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a crisp attack and however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of apple, pear and almond. Verdicchio Casal di Serra ages in steel tanks. The wine shows an intense ruby red color and nuances of ruby red, little transparency. The nose denotes intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of black cherry, plum and blueberry followed by aromas of violet, vanilla, black currant, carob, tobacco, blackberry, mace and menthol. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a tannic attack and however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors. The finish is persistent with flavors of black cherry, plum and blueberry. Rosso Conero Cumaro ages for 14 months in cask followed by at least 7 months of aging in bottle. Maximo shows a brilliant amber yellow color and nuances of amber yellow, transparent. The nose denotes intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of dried apricot, honey and almond followed by aromas of dried fig, peach jam, candied fruit, litchi, melon, citrus fruit peel, pear and nail polish. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a sweet attack and pleasing crispness, however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of dried apricot, melon and honey. Maximo is produced with grapes affected by Botrytis Cinerea (noble rot) and ages in steel tanks. This wine shows a brilliant golden yellow color and nuances of golden yellow, very transparent. The nose denotes intense, clean, pleasing and refined aromas which start with hints of apple, plum and almond followed by aromas of citrus fruits, hawthorn, chamomile, broom, pineapple, hazelnut, pear and citrus fruit peel. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a crisp attack and pleasing roundness, however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of apple, plum and almond. A well made wine. Verdicchio Casal di Serra Vecchie Vigne ages in cement tanks. Pelago shows a deep ruby red color and nuances of ruby red, little transparency. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing, refined and elegant aromas which start with hints of black cherry, plum and black currant followed by aromas of blueberry, blackberry, violet, vanilla, licorice, tobacco, chocolate, eucalyptus and hints of lavender. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a tannic attack and however balanced by alcohol, full body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is persistent with flavors of black cherry, plum and black currant. A well made wine. Pelago ages for 14 months in barrique followed by 12 months of aging in bottle. This wine shows a brilliant golden yellow color and nuances of golden yellow, very transparent. The nose reveals intense, clean, pleasing, refined and elegant aromas which start with hints of pear, apple and almond followed by aromas of vanilla, honey, peach jam, citrus fruits, pineapple, hawthorn, hazelnut, plum and mineral. The mouth has good correspondence to the nose, a crisp attack and pleasing roundness, however balanced by alcohol, good body, intense flavors, agreeable. The finish is very persistent with long flavors of apple, plum and almond. A well made wine. Verdicchio Riserva Plenio ferments in part in barrique and ages for 8 months in cement tanks followed by 6 months of aging in bottle.

2019-04-25T22:09:37Z

http://www.diwinetaste.com/dwt/en2007020.php

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Your continued use of this Website after such modifications will constitute acknowledgement of the modified Terms and agreement to abide and be bound by the modified Terms. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any change to these Terms that materially alters your rights or remedies will be applied prospectively and will not alter your rights or remedies with respect to actions taken or incidents occurring prior to any such change. At any time, without notice to you and for any or no reason, Hellhound may, in its sole discretion, modify, suspend or discontinue any aspect of the Website, including, without limitation, any content, service, activities, feature or product available on the Website, and any products or services offered through the website. Hellhound shall in no way be held liable to you or any third party for any consequence which results from Hellhound's decision to modify or discontinue providing the Website. Certain features offered on or through the Website may require you to open an account (including setting up an Account ID and password). You are responsible for updating and correcting information you have submitted to create or maintain your account. You must safeguard your password and supervise the use of your account. You are solely and entirely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality and security of your account information including your Account ID and password, and for any and all activity that occurs on or under your account including maintenance of settings that reflect your preferences. We will assume that anyone using the Website or transacting through your account is you. You agree that you are solely responsible for any activity that occurs under your account. You agree to notify Hellhound immediately of any actual or potential unauthorized use of your account or password, or any other actual or potential breach of security. However, you may be held liable for losses incurred by Hellhound or any other user of or visitor to the Website due to someone else using your Account ID, password or account. Your account is non-transferrable. You cannot sell, combine, or otherwise share it with any other person. Any violation of these Terms, including failure to maintain updated and correct information about your account, will cause your account to fall out of good standing and we may cancel your account in our sole discretion. If your account is cancelled, you may forfeit any forms of unredeemed value in your account. Upon termination, the provisions of these Terms that are by their nature intended to survive termination (e.g., any disclaimers, all limitations of liability and all indemnities) shall survive. You may not use anyone else’s Account ID, password or account at any time without the express permission and consent of the holder of that Account ID, password or account. Hellhound cannot and will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your failure to comply with these obligations. All interactions on the Website must comply with these Terms. To the extent your conduct, in our sole discretion, restricts or inhibits any other user from using or enjoying any part of the Website, we may limit your privileges on the Website and seek other remedies. (A) Submitting any content to the Website that: (i) Violates applicable laws, statutes, ordinances or regulations (including but not limited to those relating to export control, consumer protection, unfair competition, anti-discrimination, false advertising, intellectual property, rights of privacy and rights of publicity, and defamation); (ii) Is illegal or promotes any illegal activities; (iii) Contains personal information, except when we expressly ask you to provide such information; (iv) Contains viruses or malware; (v) Promotes or offers illegal or unauthorized downloads, copies or links of any copyrighted, confidential or private information; (vi) Contains any advertising, promotional materials, “junk mail,” “spam,” “chain letters,” “pyramid schemes,” or any other form of solicitation; (vii) Has the effect of impersonating others; (viii) Is purposely inaccurate, false or misleading, or commits fraud or falsifies information in connection with your account or to create multiple accounts; (ix) Is protected by copyright, trademark or other proprietary right without the express permission of the owner of the copyright, trademark or other proprietary right; (x) Is defamatory, abusive, obscene, profane, offensive, or threatening; or (xi) promotes or encourages violence against a person or damage or destruction of property. (B) Attempting to do or actually doing any of the following: (i) Accessing data not intended for you, such as logging into a server or an account which you are not authorized to access or reverse lookup, tracing or seeking to trace any information on any other visitor to the Website, or any other customer of Hellhound; (ii) Gaining unauthorized access to any portion or feature of the Website, or any other system or network connected to the Website or to any of our business partners’ servers, systems or networks, by hacking, “password mining” or using any other illegitimate method of accessing data; (iii) Scanning or monitoring the Website for data gathering purposes in an effort to track sales, usage, aggregate offering information, pricing information or similar data; (iv) Scanning, testing or probing the security or configuration of the Website or to breach security or authentication measures; (v) Interfering with service to any user in any manner, including, without limitation, by means of submitting a virus to the Website or attempting to overload, “flood,” “spam,” “mail bomb” or “crash” the Website; or (vi) Use any “deep-link”, “robot”, or other automatic or manual device, software, program, code, algorithm or methodology, to access, copy or monitor any portion of any Website or Content, or in any way reproduce or circumvent the navigational structure or presentation of any Website or Content, or obtain or attempt to obtain any materials or information through any means not purposely made available by us through the Website. We reserve the right to take measures to prevent any such activity. (C) Using any of the following: (i) Frames, framing techniques or framing technology to enclose any content included on the Website without our express written permission; (ii) Any Website content in any meta tags or any other “hidden text” techniques or technologies without our express written permission; (iii) The Website or any of its contents to advertise or solicit, for any commercial, political or religious purpose or to compete, directly or indirectly, with Hellhound; or (iv) The Website or any of its resources to solicit consumers, vendors or other third-parties to become users or partners of other online or offline services directly or indirectly competitive or potentially competitive with Hellhound, including, without limitation, aggregating current or previously offered deals. (D) Collecting any of the following: (i) Content from the Website, including, but not limited to, in connection with current or previously offered deals, and featuring such content to consumers in any manner that diverts traffic from the Website without our express written permission; or (ii) Personal information of users, or content of any consumers or vendors. (E) Engaging in any of the following: (i) Tampering or interfering with the proper functioning of any part, page or area of the Website or any functions or services provided by Hellhound; (ii) Taking any action that places excessive demand on our services or imposes, or may impose, an unreasonable or disproportionately large load on our servers or other portion of our infrastructure (as determined in our sole discretion); (iii) Reselling or repurposing your access to the Website or any purchases made through the Website; (iv) Accessing, monitoring or copying any content from the Website using any “robot,” “spider,” “scraper” or other automated means or any manual process for any purpose without our express written permission; (v) Violating the restrictions in any robot exclusion headers on the Website or bypassing or circumventing other measures employed to prevent or limit access to the Website; (vi) Hyperlinking to the Website from any other website without our initial and ongoing consent; (vii) Acting illegally or maliciously against the business interests or reputation of Hellhound, our vendors or our services; or (viii) Forging headers or otherwise manipulating identifiers in order to disguise the origin of any message or transmittal you send to Hellhound on or through the Website or any service offered on or through the Website. In order to make a purchase on the Website, you must provide us with your delivery address and billing information. If you have opened an account on Hellhound’s Website and purchased from us before, your delivery address and billing information may already be on file with us, and should be updated by you if necessary. You are responsible for paying all fees and applicable taxes (including but not limited to any applicable international customs duty taxes or similar fees or assessments) associated with the purchased item(s), including but not limited to shipping, delivery and other costs. If your payment method fails, or your account is past due, we may collect fees owed using other collection mechanisms. This includes, without limitation, charging other payment methods on file with us, retaining collection agencies and for accounts over 180 days past due, deducting the amount owed from your approved online payment account. Hellhound may, in its sole discretion, verify a user’s identity prior to processing a purchase. Hellhound may also refuse to process, or may cancel a purchase, (i) as Hellhound deems necessary or desirable in its sole and absolute discretion; (ii) to comply with applicable law; or (iii) to respond to a case of misrepresentation, fraud or known or potential violations of the law or these Terms. Refunds for cancelled orders may be issued in instances that Hellhound determines appropriate. If a product becomes unavailable between ordering and processing, Hellhound will either cancel or not process the order, and will notify you by email and issue you a refund. Descriptions of the products advertised on the Website are provided by the Hellhound. While we attempt to provide description that are as accurate as possible, Hellhound does not warrant that the product descriptions or other Content of the Website is accurate, complete, reliable, current, or error-free, and is not responsible or liable for any performance or quality claims associated with the description of the products. Additionally, Hellhound has made every effort to display as accurately as possible the colors of our products that appear at the Websites. We do not guarantee that the product you purchase will be the color of the corresponding product displayed on the Website, nor can we guarantee any such color is available even if it is listed as available on the Website. We cannot guarantee that your computer monitor’s display of any color will be accurate, complete, reliable or error-free. Hellhound reserves the right to correct any typographical errors, inaccuracies, or omissions on the Website that may relate to product descriptions, pricing and availability in Hellhound’s discretion without prior notice. Hellhound does not guarantee that it offers best available rates or prices and does not guarantee against pricing errors. Hellhound reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to not process or to cancel any orders placed, if the price was incorrectly posted on the Website. If this occurs, Hellhound will notify you by email. In addition, Hellhound reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to correct any error in the stated retail price of the product(s). After you place an order on the Website, we will provide you with a tracking number and ship your order to the address designated by you as long as you are compliant with these Terms. You understand and acknowledge that while Hellhound may provide you with an estimated date of delivery for the item(s) purchased, Hellhound makes no guarantee that the item(s) will be delivered before any such provided date. Hellhound shall not be liable for any delays in delivery of purchased item(s) due to circumstances resulting from your actions or inactions or that of another third party. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing provision, Hellhound will not pay any penalty, loss or interest resulting from a delay, difficulty or failure in the delivery of the purchased item(s). We may require verification of information prior to the acceptance and/or shipment of any order. We reserve the right, without prior notice, to limit the order quantity on any product or service and/or to refuse service to any customer. You acknowledge and understand that once the item(s) you purchased on the Website are paid for by and delivered to you, Hellhound will not accept any returns unless Hellhound determines that Hellhound committed a significant error in describing, packaging, or protecting the item from damage during shipping, and you notify us within 48 hours of receiving the item. However, if you refuse or reject a package shipment of a purchased item(s) after a delivery by Hellhound to the carrier and the item(s) are sent back to Hellhound, you will still be responsible for a restocking fee equal to twenty percent (20%) of the original price of the refused item(s) purchased, plus any additional shipping charges associated with the refusal of delivery. For more information regarding returns please click the following link to see our Returns Policy which applies to the Website, and is incorporated in these Terms by this reference: https://www.hellhoundvintage.com/returns-policy-adirondack/. Any item listed as “Vintage” on the Website is a previously owned item, and may bear some minor signs of age and/or wear. We disclose all obvious flaws in any products on the Website, and you agree that we are not liable for any defects or flaws in any purchased item(s) that have already been disclosed on the Website. You also acknowledge and understand that the risk of loss for all items purchased pass to you upon delivery of the items by Hellhound to the carrier. You are responsible for filing any claims with carriers for damaged and/or lost shipments. The Website contains copyrighted material, trademarks and other proprietary information, including, but not limited to, text, software, photos, video, graphics, music and sound and the entire contents of the Website are protected by copyright, trademark and other intellectual property laws of the United States. You may not modify, distribute, publish, store, disseminate, transmit, publicly display, publicly perform, participate in the transfer or sale, create derivative works or in any way exploit any of the content, in whole or in part. Except as otherwise expressly stated under copyright law, no downloading, copying, posting, modification, redistribution, retransmission, publication or commercial exploitation of the content without the prior written consent of Hellhound or the copyright owner is permitted. If downloading, copying, redistribution, retransmission or publication of copyrighted material is permitted, you will make independent attribution and/or make no changes in or deletion of any author attribution, trademark legend or copyright notice. You acknowledge that you do not acquire any ownership rights by downloading copyrighted material. It is Hellhound’s policy to terminate use privileges of any user who infringes the copyright rights of third parties upon receipt of proper notification to Hellhound by the third party or the third party’s legal agent. Any violation of these restrictions may result in a copyright, trademark or other intellectual property right infringement that may subject you to civil and/or criminal penalties. You will not upload, post or otherwise make available on the Website any material protected by copyright, trademark or other proprietary right without the express permission of the owner of the copyright, trademark or other proprietary right. Hellhound does not have any express burden or responsibility to provide you with indications, markings or anything else that may aid you in determining whether the material in question is copyrighted or trademarked. You will be solely liable for any damage resulting from any infringement of copyrights, trademarks, proprietary rights or any other harm resulting from such a submission. “Hellhound Vintage”, Hellhound logos and variations thereof found on the Website are trademarks owned by Hellhound and all use of these marks inures to the benefit of Hellhound. Other marks on the Website not owned by Hellhound may be under license from the trademark owner thereof, in which case such license is for the exclusive benefit and use of Hellhound unless otherwise stated, or may be the property of their respective owners. You may not use Hellhound’s name, logos, trademarks or brands without Hellhound’s express permission. We do not accept or consider, directly or through any Hellhound employee or agent, unsolicited ideas of any kind, including without limitation, ideas, suggestions or proposals relating to new or improved products, enhancements, names or technologies, advertising and marketing campaigns, plans or other promotions. Do not send us (or any of our employees) any unsolicited ideas, suggestions, proposals, material, images or other work in any form (“Unsolicited Materials”). Our intent is to avoid any misunderstanding in the event that a creative endeavor we commence bears some resemblance to a creative suggestion made by a customer or visitor to the Website. Therefore any Unsolicited Materials or other communication you transmit or post to the Website is and will be considered non-confidential and non-proprietary. If you send us Unsolicited Materials, you understand and agree that the following terms will apply, notwithstanding any cover letter or other terms that accompany them: (i) Hellhound has no obligation to review any Unsolicited Materials, nor to keep any Unsolicited Materials confidential; and (ii) Hellhound will own, and may use and redistribute, Unsolicited Materials for any purpose without restriction and free of any obligation to acknowledge or compensate you. YOU EXPRESSLY AGREE THAT USE OF THE WEBSITE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK. NONE OF HELLHOUND, ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR AFFILIATES OR ANY OF THEIR RESPECTIVE EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, VENDORS, THIRD-PARTY CONTENT PROVIDERS OR LICENSORS OR ANY OF THEIR OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, OWNERS, PARTNERS, MEMBERS, EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS, WARRANT THAT USE OF THE WEBSITE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, SECURE, VIRUS-FREE OR ERROR FREE, NOR DO THEY MAKE ANY WARRANTY AS TO (A) THE RESULTS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED FROM USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR (B) THE ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS OR RELIABILITY OF (I) THE CONTENT ON THE WEBSITE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE PRODUCTS OR OTHER AVAILABLE PROGRAMS, OR (II) USER CONTENT PROVIDED THROUGH THE WEBSITE. THE WEBSITE AND ALL CONTENT, USER CONTENT AND OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED ON THE WEBSITE, PRODUCTS AND OTHER AVAILABLE PROGRAMS ACCESSIBLE OR AVAILABLE THROUGH THE WEBSITE, ARE MADE ACCESSIBLE OR AVAILABLE ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS. TO THE EXTENT ALLOWED BY APPLICABLE LAW, HELLHOUND HEREBY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE OPERATION OF THE WEBSITE OR THE CONTENT, USER CONTENT OR OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED ON THE WEBSITE, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THOSE OF TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AS WELL AS WARRANTIES IMPLIED FROM A COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR COURSE OF DEALING. Residents of California are entitled to the following specific consumer rights information: you may contact the Complaint Assistance Unit of the Division of Consumer Services of the Department of Consumer Affairs by mail at 400 R St., Suite 1080, Sacramento, California, 95814, or by telephone at 916.445.1254. When you use the Website or send emails to Hellhound, you are communicating with us electronically and consent to receive electronic communications related to your use of the Website. We will communicate with you by email or by posting notices on the Website. You agree that all agreements, notices, disclosures and other communications that are provided to you electronically satisfy any legal requirement that such communications be in writing. Notices from us will be considered delivered to you and effective when sent to the email address you provide on the Website or from which you otherwise email us. The Website contains links to websites owned by other parties, such as Etsy, Inc., Facebook, Inc., Instagram, Twitter, Inc., and Pinterest, Inc. The Website also occasionally contains links to websites dedicated for vintage and fashion events, expos and/or exhibitions. These links are provided solely as a convenience to you and not because we endorse or have an opinion about the contents on such websites. We expressly disclaim any representations regarding the content or accuracy of materials on such websites or the privacy practices of those websites. If you decide to leave our Website and access websites maintained by other parties, you do so at your own risk. We are not responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage, loss or liability caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with any use of or reliance on any content, products or services available on or through any such linked site or resource to the extent that the content, products or services available in question are not owned, maintained or carried out by us. You agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless Hellhound, its subsidiaries and affiliates and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents from and against all claims and expenses, including attorneys’ fees, arising out of or related to: (a) any products purchased by you through the Website; (b) any User Content submitted or posted by you, in connection with the Website, or any use of the Website in violation of these Terms; (c) fraud you commit or your intentional misconduct or gross negligence; or (d) your violation of any applicable U.S. or foreign law or rights of a third-party. You are solely responsible for your interactions with other users of the Website. To the extent permitted under applicable laws, you hereby release Hellhound from any and all claims or liability related to any conduct, speech or User Content, whether online or offline, of any other third-party. If you a resident of California, you expressly waives the protection of Section 1542 of the California Civil Code, and expressly waives and releases any rights or benefits arising thereunder. You acknowledge that you are aware that you may hereafter discover facts different from, or in addition to, those which your attorney now knows or believes to be true with respect to the matters released in Section 17 above, and agree that the releases so given in Section 17 above shall be and remain in effect as full and complete releases of the respective claims, notwithstanding any such different additional facts. Hellhound shall be excused from performance under these Terms, to the extent it is prevented or delayed from performing, in whole or in part, as a result of an event or series of events caused by or resulting from: (a) weather conditions or other elements of nature or acts of God; (b) acts of war, acts of terrorism, insurrection, riots, civil disorders or rebellion; (c) quarantines or embargoes; (d) labor strikes; (e) error or disruption to major computer hardware or networks or software failures; or (g) other causes beyond the reasonable control of Hellhound. Hellhound will respond appropriately to notices of alleged copyright infringement that comply with the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"), as set forth below. If you own copyrights in a work and believe that your intellectual property rights in that work have been infringed by an improper posting or distribution of it via this Website, then send us a written notice that includes all of the following: (i) a legend or subject line that says: "DMCA Copyright Infringement Notice"; (ii) a description of the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed; (iii) the URL of the Website and a description of where the material that you claim is infringing is located on the Website; (iv) your address, telephone number, and e-mail address; (v) a statement by you that you have a good faith belief that the alleged infringing material is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law; (vi) a statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that all the information in your notice is accurate, and that you are the copyright owner (or, if you are not the copyright owner, then your statement must indicate that you are authorized to act on the behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed); and, (vii) your electronic or physical signature. Hellhound may elect to not respond to DMCA notices that do not comply with all of the foregoing requirements, and Hellhound may elect to remove allegedly infringing material that comes to its attention via notices that do not comply with the DMCA. You may not assign these Terms, or any rights, benefits or obligations hereunder, by operation of law or otherwise, without the express written permission of Hellhound. Any attempted assignment that does not comply with these Terms shall be null and void. Hellhound may assign these Terms, in whole or in part, to any third-party in its sole discretion. PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING SECTION CAREFULLY BECAUSE IT REQUIRES YOU TO ARBITRATE CERTAIN DISPUTES AND CLAIMS WITH HELLHOUND AND LIMITS THE MANNER IN WHICH YOU CAN SEEK RELIEF FROM US. Except for any disputes, claims, suits, actions, causes of action, demands or proceedings (collectively, “Disputes”) arising out of or related to a violation of Section 7 or Disputes in which either party seeks to bring an individual action in small claims court or seeks injunctive or other equitable relief for the alleged unlawful use of intellectual property, including, without limitation, copyrights, trademarks, trade names, logos, trade secrets or patents, you and Hellhound agree (a) to waive your and Hellhound’s respective rights to have any and all Disputes arising from or related to these Terms, the Website and/or goods obtained from or through Hellhound resolved in a court, and (b) to waive your and Hellhound’s respective rights to a jury trial. Instead, you and Hellhound agree to arbitrate Disputes through binding arbitration (which is the referral of a Dispute to one or more persons charged with reviewing the Dispute and making a final and binding determination to resolve it instead of having the Dispute decided by a judge or jury in court). You and Hellhound agree that any Dispute arising out of or related to these Terms, the Website and/or goods obtained from or through Hellhound is personal to you and Hellhound and that such Dispute will be resolved solely through individual arbitration and will not be brought as a class arbitration, class action or any other type of representative proceeding. You and Hellhound agree that there will be no class arbitration or arbitration in which an individual attempts to resolve a Dispute as a representative of another individual or group of individuals. Further, you and Hellhound agree that a Dispute cannot be brought as a class or other type of representative action, whether within or outside of arbitration, or on behalf of any other individual or group of individuals. You and Hellhound agree that these Terms affect interstate commerce and that the enforceability of this Section 22 shall be both substantively and procedurally governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. (the “FAA”), to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law. You and Hellhound agree that each party will notify the other party in writing of any arbitrable or small claims Dispute within thirty (30) days of the date it arises, so that the parties can attempt in good faith to resolve the Dispute informally. Notice to Hellhound shall be sent by certified mail or courier to Hellhound Vintage, PO Box 26581, Los Angeles, CA 90026. Your notice must include (a) your name, postal address, telephone number, the email address you use for Hellhound orders, and if different, an email address at which you can be contacted, (b) a description in reasonable detail of the nature or basis of the Dispute, and (c) the specific relief that you are seeking. Our notice to you will be sent electronically in accordance with Section 3 and will include (x) our name, postal address, telephone number and an email address at which we can be contacted with respect to the Dispute, (y) a description in reasonable detail of the nature or basis of the Dispute, and (z) the specific relief that we are seeking. If you and Hellhound cannot agree how to resolve the Dispute within thirty (30) days after the date notice is received by the applicable party, then either you or Hellhound may, as appropriate and in accordance with this Section 22, commence an arbitration proceeding or, to the extent specifically provided for in Section 22(A), file a claim in court. EXCEPT FOR DISPUTES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO A VIOLATION OF SECTION 7 OR DISPUTES IN WHICH EITHER PARTY SEEKS TO BRING AN INDIVIDUAL ACTION IN SMALL CLAIMS COURT OR SEEKS INJUNCTIVE OR OTHER EQUITABLE RELIEF FOR THE ALLEGED UNLAWFUL USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES, LOGOS, TRADE SECRETS OR PATENTS, YOU AND HELLHOUND AGREE THAT ANY DISPUTE MUST BE COMMENCED OR FILED BY YOU OR HELLHOUND WITHIN ONE (1) YEAR OF THE DATE THE DISPUTE AROSE, OTHERWISE THE UNDERLYING CLAIM IS PERMANENTLY BARRED (WHICH MEANS THAT YOU AND Hellhound WILL NO LONGER HAVE THE RIGHT TO ASSERT SUCH CLAIM REGARDING THE DISPUTE). You and Hellhound agree that (a) any arbitration will occur in the State of California, County of Los Angeles, (b) arbitration will be conducted confidentially by a single arbitrator in accordance with the rules of the Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (“JAMS”), which are hereby incorporated by reference, and (c) that the state or federal courts of the State of California and the United States, respectively, sitting in the State of California, County of Los Angeles, exclusive jurisdiction over any appeals and the enforcement of an arbitration award. You may also litigate a Dispute in the small claims court located in the county of your billing address if the Dispute meets the requirements to be heard in small claims court. If any term, clause or provision of this Section 22 is held invalid or unenforceable, it will be so held to the minimum extent required by law, and all other terms, clauses and provisions of this Section 22 will remain valid and enforceable. Further, the waivers set forth in Section 22(B) are severable from the other provisions of these Terms and will remain valid and enforceable, except as prohibited by applicable law. You have the right to opt out of binding arbitration within thirty (30) days of the date you first accepted the terms of this Section 22 by writing to: Hellhound Vintage, Attn: Hellhound Vintage, PO Box 26581, Los Angeles, CA 90026. In order to be effective, the opt out notice must include your full name and clearly indicate your intent to opt out of binding arbitration. By opting out of binding arbitration, you are agreeing to resolve Disputes in accordance with Section 23. You agree that for purposes of venue, these Terms was entered into in Los Angeles, California and shall be governed by the laws of the State of California. These Terms, your access to and use of the Website and your order, receipt and use of the purchased goods shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of California, without regard to conflict of law rules or principles (whether of the State of California or any other jurisdiction) that would cause the application of the laws of any other jurisdiction. The arbitration proceeding shall take place and the arbitration award given in writing in Los Angeles, California. Any Dispute between the parties that is not subject to arbitration or cannot be heard in small claims court, shall be resolved in the state or federal courts of the State of California and the United States, respectively, sitting in the State of California, County of Los Angeles, City of Los Angeles. In the event of litigation or arbitration to interpret or enforce the provisions of these Terms, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover all expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees incurred. No waiver by either you or Hellhound of any breach or default or failure to exercise any right allowed under these Terms is a waiver of any preceding or subsequent breach or default or a waiver or forfeiture of any similar or future rights under our Terms. The section headings used herein are for convenience only and shall be of no legal force or effect. If a court of competent jurisdiction holds any provision of these Terms invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the enforceability of any other provisions contained in these Terms, and the remaining portions shall continue in full force and effect.

2019-04-23T04:46:25Z

https://www.hellhoundvintage.com/terms-of-use

So are you planning to move to a new city from #Hyderabad and wondering what to do with your old household stuff, then you are in a right place. For some of us relocation is a chance of starting something new and for some, it’s putting old life into a new perspective, there are different people with different point of view and likes. So here we are putting solutions for everyone, so you can easily solve your mystery whether to go for selling old items or keeping them rather than buying a new one. If you cherish your belongings and very much attached to them then you are definitely not thinking of selling your old items unless they are outdated and can’t be put to use but if you were waiting for a long time for a chance to get rid your old stuff then relocation is a golden chance for you to change them. If you are super duper busy or not that confidence for carrying out relocation on your own in Hyderabad then you don’t have to worry for anything, because #Packers and #Movers #Hyderabad are here for you. Packers and Movers Hyderabad working with vastly proficient and trained team from years and to make their work more flawless they are weighted with advance and updated relocation resources. They are from top 4 moving company and certified with IBA and ISO for their work, all this is a result of their hard work and dedication to their work, Packers and Movers Hyderabad value customer satisfaction on the top of their priority list. Packers and Movers Hyderabad #charges are legitimate and authentic that’s why they are also entitled as #cheap and #best #Packers and #Movers in #Hyderabad by their customers. You will have everything on your hand as soon as your shipment arrives and you don’t have to wait for buying any new. All yours treasured and cherished items will be with you. Old items will help you to create your new house feels like a home. If you want to move economical then keeping your old items rather than exchanging them for a new one can be helpful. Packing all your household possession can be tedious and lengthy if you are doing it on your own. You need to find a safe and sound way to relocate your possession in Hyderabad. Risk of damage will be there while you move your old stuff to a new home. Need to spend money on packing, loading, unloading and transporting and also on insurance if you opt. If you are thinking of redesigning and adding some new and fresh styles and decoration to your new home then it’s an easy way to do so. It’s a wise to choose the option which is economical. Which you much needed and frequently use. Functional and convenient to use. Doesn’t require much maintenance cost. The condition is well and excellent. Highly quality items which are not easy to find. Artwork, antiques, vintage items and collect items unless you don’t like them and you are finding someone who is paying for that really well. Expensive items which will cost more to replace than you will get. Packers and Movers Miyapur Hyderabad #rate #list #chart for your relocation will be presented to you when you call them, this will comprise proficient vendors rate list who vie within themselves to present us best. A big decisions in life what to choose should I buy a house or should I live in a rented one? Most of the people are confused what to do and then even don’t get a right person to guide them. However you could have enough money to buy a new house what you think buying will be the better option to opt? Although buying a house is not a big thing nor takes too time for legal works but still if you want to buy a house let Packers and Movers Hyderabad make you correct. Buying a house is not easy you have to search for a right house at right location and also to look at the things inside the house deeply and rates too. However making it fit to rent a house in new place can be easy to find. But still to make it more convenient for you to understand why you should always rent a house rather than buying it Safe and Professional Packers and Movers Hyderabad will give you the reasons why you should opt for renting house rather than buying one. There is nothing wrong if you are planning to have your own place, house or roof but looking to the situation you should make an intelligent decision. If your job is such which demands #shifting after duration then what to do, every time buying and selling property can give you a loss. You will know that as you buy a new thing even after a day the price decreases with some deduction so everything investing won’t be a good choice until you are fix to stick to a single place for at least 10 years of your life. Reasons why renting is better than purchasing a house| packers and movers in Hyderabad. Purchasing or buying a house is not easy you have to pay lot of taxes and this might kill your pockets. Taxes differ with system and locations like #India too have different taxes to different places and if you move out from India then taxes can be more. So choose it wisely what to do with living section. Obviously if you plan to buy a new house your pockets will suffer lot because it’s a good investment and although this recovery can take huge time and make you settle down fast in a smooth way. After spending huge amount on buying you become financially unstable and unable. Else than if you rent a house you have your cards to spend on right situation and location in urgency too. If you are living in a rent house you are flexible to go anywhere means if location doesn’t suits you; you can shift to another house in different location this is the flexibility you get when you live in rented house. But living in your own house, the place is fixed to live. In a rent house the bills of maintenance are not your priority to pay it’s the responsibility of the landlord. But living in your own house @ any small issue you have to use your credit cards that mean for maintenance you have to spend and your pockets. Living on rent you have a fixed rate for a month however it increases after a year with the increment of few percentage %. So renting is better as you have a fixed ratio what to give on rent and how to manage for rest of the things. However if you have a good connection with your landlord on your difficult times they might help you to live without rent for few months and after then as you get, you pay. Well this is all the major advantages and reasons why you should live in a rent house rather than buy a new one and invest money unnecessary. Shifting and #packing will be handling by Packers and Movers in Hyderabad you just search what you have to do with living options. Use Already Existing Things In Your House Rather Than Buying New Things While Relocating To Another Place – Safe And Secure Packers and Movers Hyderabad. After spending a huge amount on several things and destinations you finally arrived with one biggest problem that is shifting in Hyderabad. Now what to do which results in diminishing the overall cost of moving and packing in #household #shifting in Hyderabad with Packers and Movers Hyderabad? Although there are many ways to cut down such bigger expenses which are being the best and finest one this is the confusion. Because sometimes in order to pay more we choose such path which ultimately takes us to the position where we are supposed to pay just double what we were going to pay in the beginning. And this is the fact, isn’t it? So why to choose the path like this which harms you just double rather than spend a limited amount of money which gives you security and assurance at least hire Packers and Movers in Hyderabad and Packers and Movers Hyderabad #price #quotes for better shifting experience and affordable budgets. However, quotations are much affordable with us but safe and secure Packers and Movers Hyderabad suggest you follow the given tips mentioned below which will help you to decrease your budget by pulling it down just by doing interesting and easy steps which are embraced by full security sheets. Effective tips to save cost by using already exists things in your house for packing by Packers and Movers Hyderabad. Don’t get so shocked by looking that finding a box in a house is a joke? When you know if you have boxes can’t you pack own and buy few more to complete the session. Well yes, you don’t know what type of or how much boxes you can find in your house. With good materials of packaging too; however, you might have electric appliances and computers and laptops which come with a good coverage of hard boxes, sheets, and bubble wraps. Then to decrease the no. of boxes when shifting Packers and Movers Hyderabad suggests you pack the appliances and other items into their own boxes so that they will wrap in good security possessions and you can make use of the boxes which are ideally sitting in your stores. When doing household shifting in Hyderabad with Packers and Movers of Alizapur Hyderabad obviously you will be carrying your complete household stuff ranges including on season and off-season stuff. Will be also packing blankets and towels, other bed sheets then why don’t you use this to pack rest of items. Like every room your room will also have some photographs, washroom mirrors, makeup stuffs and other breakable items what you can do is pack them with newspaper coverage holding with tapes and place them in between the blankets or towels which gives safe security coverage and also you can use this idea to decrease extra boxes for such. But remember to mention on the box that this blankets box contains the things you put so that by chance if you forget this hint will make you remember again. Well, every house and refrigerator is obsessed with the bottles and especially in summer, we used to have no. of bottles for filling child water. However, while household shifting in Hyderabad you have to wrap these bottles or jugs into the boxes rather than you can make use of it and fill these empty bottles with other liquid items of the kitchen so that you can make use of the free bottles and also extra containers got free for different things. But make sure to keep these bottles straight and cover tightly with a small piece of sheets so that none of the stuff got spat or spread inside the box. For making your jewelry safe and packed you can use your airtight kitchen containers for putting your oxidized or imitation jewelry. Definitely, a woman owns the bulk of accessories with them so packing and placing would be somewhere difficult so better you these kitchen wears. Wrap them in polythene sheets, place a cotton layer on the surface of the container and now put your accessories. This is one of the best ways to secure your accessories items. Homeowners and businesses avail storage units for various reasons in #Hyderabad. May be wants to store excess inventory, may be you are remodeling or adding onto a business or maybe you just sold your home and not shifting to a new place for a while, then your storage units is your last resort for storing your household goods, so it’s become necessary to choose the storage unit which stands up to our needs without breaking our budgets, since each storage units offers no. of niceties, so it’s must to analyze each points so you can choose the one which Can fit according to your need. So today I am here to tell you about top 5 niceties to look into a storage facility in Hyderabad and why they are important. Before moving ahead if you want helping hands in your household or corporate move in Hyderabad then I can suggest you the one whom you can go for without worrying about the reliability and safety of your goods, that is #Packers and #Movers #Hyderabad. Packers and Movers in Hyderabad are working from years in the relocation service sector with the highly trained and proficient teams, and to make them more flawless they have all type of relocation assets in advance condition. Movers #and Packers Hyderabad #charges are legitimate and genuine and to work out on this Packers and Movers Hyderabad #price #quotes are offered to us after they completely free in-house estimation of your home in Hyderabad this method is simple but very effective for computing accurate price, also Packers and Movers Hyderabad #rate #list #chart from their different vendors will be given to us, who view themselves so to serve you the best. Packers and Movers Hyderabad provide all kind of relocation services like- #household #relocation services in Hyderabad, #office #relocation in Hyderabad, #pet and #plant relocation services in Hyderabad, #warehousing and #storage facility in Hyderabad, insurance services etc. To preventing metal from rusting. Protect important documents, books, and paper from degrading. Keep wood furniture from warping. Keep your household goods safe from damp basement condition. Cars, boats, trucks and RV’s can take up a huge amount of space when not in use, to protect your items, select a self-storage facility which can accommodate vehicles or have outdoor space for storing larger boats, RV’s and trucks. Your storage service provider in Hyderabad should be available to answers all your questions and have the staffs who can assist us in our storage process even after hours. Free transportation of your household goods to storage units from your home. Discounted moving supplies, including boxes etc. 24/7 video surveillance: surveillance cameras not only provide the service provider with the information who is coming or going out but also help in identifying any suspicious activity on time. Enough Indoor and outdoor lighting: ensure walkways and surrounding areas are well lit. Passcode protected entry gates: because of this, only those who are authorized like employee and tenants can have access to the storage units. Door alarms and locks: security system can dispatch emergency signals in case of an attempted break-in. Before selecting your storage unit in Hyderabad compare your needs with the facility provide by the storage service provider and then choose, and for any assistance in your relocation contact Packers and Movers Meerpet Hyderabad and feel burden less. Look At The Brighter Side Of Relocation| All The Amazing Things About Relocation. During relocation period it was seen that some people so much concentrate on negative points of relocation that they forget to think about the good ones and lead them to depression and anxiety. Some of the points which you shouldn’t think about more because to avoid situation of stress during move like -increasing moving cost, lack of sufficient time for preparation, tense about your goods safety and security, genuine concern about our children’s and pets, how we will settle in new place, how our neighbors will be etc. So you don’t have to worry if you hire a good partner for your move in Hyderabad and give some thoughts to positive points of relocations. If you are looking for suitable assistance for your Household Relocation in Hyderabad then you can give some thoughts to #Packers and #Movers #Hyderabad. Packers and Movers Hyderabad is a real pro in relocation track and has highly experienced and competent team who serve us using updated relocation technology and equipment in Hyderabad. Packers and Movers Hyderabad #charges are genuine and reasonable, for implementing this objective Packers and Movers Hyderabad #rate #list #chart from their different vendors will be given to us related to our relocation, advantage of this is that vendors will compete among themselves so to present their best that’s why their customer also calls them as #cheap and #best Packers and Movers in Hyderabad. Packers and Movers Hyderabad lend us an option for our move, if you are super busy then you can take end to end relocation services related to your relocation if you want only some specific then you can hire only some according to your requirement and for our goods safety, they also have allegiance to the insurance company. When we move to a new place we search for the place which can stand up to our requirements, wants and absence of the elements which disturb or down us, then we will able to create more flow in life. Well, where you are living right now in Hyderabad may not have the things or environment which you want for your life, so changing to a new place will give a chance to fill your new home with the things or environment you desire for. Moving to a new place from Hyderabad will give you a chance to clean up the clutter you have accumulated in your home; this will help you in space optimization by clearing out the items and things which you no longer want. The more you take the more you have to handle the mess and expenses, so it’s better to get rid of them on time; you have two ways to do so either to go for sale or donation. Moving to a new place is all about the change and here we have to think about the positive effects of relocation. Change comes in many forms and on many levels. The most basic chance you will face is discovering something new every day, you will able to explore the new place which will bring brand new adventure in life, and also new place will bring new city thrill. This point is something really important, household relocation will give a unique chance to re-evaluate what really matters to you in your life. When you are moving away from your comfort zone and loved ones you will able to realize what really matters in your life. When you are moving away from your current location in Hyderabad it will help you to look your life from a different angle. Make a detail list of the things you want to accomplish in your life, make amendments in your goal if any, when we move away from our loved ones because of accomplishing our goals for what we are moving will able to concentrate on them fully, so to get back pour place as fast as we can. For whether the reason you are changing, the change will bring a fresh start to your life not only physically but mentally too. When you are moving to a new place you will have new goals and objectives and for accomplishing them you will have new methods which you can call us a fresh start of something. For any assistance in your Household Relocation in Hyderabad be free to contact Packers and Movers Hyderabad To Delhi and for more assurance check out Packers and Movers Hyderabad #reviews. Having a small sized house is a problem because where the world is stepping into new technology everyday no matter it’s spacing less but yet can grab large spaces. Whether you own every new device or not but household things take spaces in your house. T.V., refrigerator, washing machines, computers, mixers and etc. what you think these do not grab large spaces? Well according to us YES, it all combined grabs large spaces. Many people live in small houses in Hyderabad as it has a shortage of houses, flats and living areas. Whatever you get be happy in that; is the strategy you have to follow while living in #Hyderabad. Families living in small houses changes their house due to this reason some of times. Shifting can be due to irritated with small house and with the increasing in family you #need a big house ad extra rooms which is not possible in a small house. Thereby whenever you are #relocating whatever may be reason behind this, find large space house to a new place so that you don’t face the same crises. Challenges You Might Face When Living In A Small House In Hyderabad. Usage of time in making your house organized. When you have a small house you #need to manage to place and put every item in such a manner that it doesn’t look like a messed closet. So it could take huge time in sorting the things and arranging them in right places so that you can also find a place to sit and sleep and the house do not look like a clutter closet. However searching a large house in new #city when shifting with Packers and Movers in Hyderabad can be very helpful for this. Crises of management the living. If you have a joint or large family then this small house problem can be problematic issue as in a small house it hardly becomes easy to settle the things in right position and also making an adequate space for living for every member in your family. However this issue can be resolved if you have a large house. So better if decided to shift to another place so try to make it shift into a large space so your daily problems are resolved. Like for every small or big festival you can celebrate it with your family in itself your house just you and your family members would be enough no. of people to celebrate and this becomes a party point. But when you live in a small house of Hyderabad you need to rethink about such family get together or celebrations because you need to adjust so many things to make it available for the guests and party area. This issue can be again resolved when living in a large space house. Property values impact when you think to sell. As Packers and Movers in Hyderabad is helping you to relocate #safe with good prices and before you shift if you want to sell your house in Hyderabad and are in thought to purchase a new one then this selling can be difficult because due to small size the property values can be diminished. You might have been clear with the point of reliable and genuine #Movers and #Packers in #Hyderabad that our motive is not show you down by pointing that you live in a small house. But our motive is to encourage you that if everything is fixed regarding shifting and packing from Hyderabad and you are also planning to rent other house or purchase a new one then why not a large one. As living in a small house every time you #need to compromise with your needs and living style you dream to have for always. That is why Packers and Movers in Hyderabad household shifting charges approx. suggests you to now find a large space of living in whichever city or location you are thinking or planning to relocate. This won’t be a huge issue because when you are shifting your house form large space to small house you need to do lot of things including de-clutter the things and many others but when you are shifting form small house to big one you already have limited stuffs so there won’t be any issue of rearranging the articles in new house. So hire the best services of shifting @ Packers and Movers Akividu. How To Stay Positive And Care Free While Relocating Your House To A Different City? Relocating house and household stuff to a different city from Hyderabad is not an easy task because so many things run in your minds continuously and your stress level increases due to the things you are re-thinking again and again. This over-thinking causes stress and tension and you lose your temper and do unwanted things which could even change your moving path to most difficult ones. This is such a query you even can’t find a solution from any helper. Many vendors in Hyderabad will tell you to hire us for lessening down the burdens but in the reality the stress increases because you still have doubts how this company will work, wish none form damage or steal your stuff, in stress if any of the items got misplaced and etc. a stress with stress isn’t it? So how to overcome these stress queries and stay calm and positive while shifting should ask from Packers and Movers Hyderabad. this tip of reinventing or revive yourself is very unique and incredible especially when you are relocating from Hyderabad to a different city with #household #shifting in #Hyderabad. Find the same soul of yourself what you used to have when you were @15 or near to it. Once again feel the same joy, happiness, and fun what you used to feel when you were packing for the trips and tours. Bring the same soul in you and enjoy this moving from Hyderabad plannings with Packers and Movers in Hyderabad #household #shifting services. This will help you to stay positive while so much of stress of relocating and you will stay calm while moving. The most exciting way you can fell in your heart is with the excitement of #shifting and #moving from Hyderabad. Wherever you are shifting from Hyderabad to any city if you have your childhood friends or college or known people are living in that city or near to your society or even within it then this excitement of meeting them will encourage you to shift now. Make new friends in your society so that this move will become more interesting and you will love to move fast. Hire Packers and Movers in Hyderabad and go and live your life in a new way. When we are here to make you move safe and fats from Hyderabad to your desire city then why you are taking the burden on your minds. Go for something you love, go for some movie sessions, shopping party or even spa day and feel relax and meanwhile #Movers and #Packers #Hyderabad household shifting charges approx. will pack your household items and make you let move to your location safely and fastly. For creating positive environment while packing and moving, you should first make your mind and heart positive, calm and stay careless. We are here to handle your all problems. This should be your aim when you are finally saying goodbye to your Hyderabad. No matter what age you own but still you should be energetic and enthusiasm for finding new things in Hyderabad and leaving every new or old thing, place Hyderabad has. God knows when you will get an opportunity to shift to Hyderabad again so live a better life and enjoy every new place or thing in Hyderabad before you step out from it with Packers and Movers in Hyderabad. Try new things and make new memories. Yeah, finally you can move with affordable pockets with Packers and Movers Hyderabad #price #quotes. Think about the new environment and culture your new location possesses. Try to find out new things and activities the new city has and be energetic for what you will be experiencing in future. Are you ready to experience a new culture in the new city? If NO then hires Packers and Movers Hyderabad household shifting #charges approx. immediately to avoid the stress of packing and shifting of household goods and stay calm positive in shifting. A house consists of multiple electronic items which even you don’t know but when it’s about household shifting in Hyderabad you got confused how to handle and pack electronics items for a safe shift in Hyderabad. Whether it is electronic or a digital stuff when you doing household shifting in Hyderabad with packers and movers in Hyderabad then there are few things you should remember. If you hire us for whole service range then take a deep breath and rest because we will do every minute task for your household shifting but if you are hiring us only for shifting and then you must know the packaging tips. How to warp any electronic or digital item when moving to another city from Hyderabad? As Movers and Packers in Chandanagar Hyderabad told you that you even don’t know the actual quantity of electronic or digital item in your house and but when you are preparing your stuff for household shifting in Hyderabad you find no. of items to be counted in electronic or either digital section but are still worried how to warp them because there are several things to keep in mind while making them prepare for Packing and Shifting in Hyderabad. So here is a guide to common things you can sail find I your houses and which are uncounted in electronic or wither digital section. Guide to wrap your household electronic items; by packers and movers Hyderabad household shifting charges. So if firstly remove all the electronic equipment from the devices like CD’s, Pen drives, cables and even a battery before you pack any item. So make sure to keep all the removed items in a single bag with marked hints that these are the part of such --------- device. Do not forget to take a backup of software, applications or other important data from your computer or laptops before packing them. The key point of packing any electronic item is wrapping them in their original packaging box to maintain the safety and insurance of the device. Because such boxes are made of the hard cardboard boxes and also has a bou8ndary layout of thermacols and bubble wraps. So whenever you purchase to make sure to keep their boxes with you as it also has the same size so there won’t be any issue to find extra same size box and other required thermacol or bubble wraps. LCS, plasma television or even LED make them packed inside their own original boxes for better shifting experience like a professional can make it for you. Now when moving refrigerators make sure you have emptied all the contents inside the freeze to avoid damaging and also close the freezing option at the upper part of your refrigerator before moving date at least 3-5 before so that icebox and trays are now easy to pack for safety. While wrapping speakers put them in an upright position to avoid the internal damages of the components of the speakers. Make a separate box for the cables, extra chargers and other free wires so that they don’t roam here and there and are packed in a single box and also remember that fold wires individually and make a tie with either waste cloth piece or tape so that while unpacking the box you can easily find out and distinguish between the required wire from the bunch of wires. Make a small size box for all the remotes you have in the overall house. Your T.V. remotes, music system remotes, AC remotes and other remotes #pack them separately in polythene bags with wrapping bubble wraps so none from there button goes lose or broken and also pack them a box to avoid confusion and time wastage. Paste a slip of room no. or indicate with hint codes that which remote belongs to which AC room as if you can have multiple AC’s in your house or even multiple similar remotes. Always remember that all the heavy items of your household should be placed @ bottom of the box and the lightweight items @ the top to avoid damage to the items having lightweights. #Household #shifting in Hyderabad can be much easier and fun loving with #Packers and #Movers in #Hyderabad so hire for best quality services in Hyderabad in best quotes @Packers and Movers Hyderabad price quotes. When we are moving to a new city it’s really important for us to take steps which contribute to saving because we are unfamiliar from the upcoming situation and to cope up to the uncertainties saving is a must. We know relocation expense is unavoidable when we are relocating to a new place, but one thing under our control that is outflow or expenditure on #Relocation and if you follow some practical tips which I am going to tell you today you can move according to our motto of saving more. If you are searching for Professional Movers in Hyderabad then I would like to suggest the one which will be your perfect partner in any type of move in #Hyderabad, that is #packers and #movers #Hyderabad. Packers and Movers Hyderabad have highly trained and experienced team for taking out our relocation to make their work more flawless they are loaded with advance relocation assets. After working so hard and delicately from years today packers and movers Hyderabad are from top 4 moving companies and also certified by IBA for their work. They are price sensitive, that’s why packers and movers Hyderabad #charges are reasonable and moderate, to fulfill this objective Packers and Movers Hyderabad are correlated with the proficient vendors who compete within themselves and present the best to their customers, more Packers and Movers Hyderabad #price #quotes presented to us only after they complete in-house estimation of our home, this is very simple but effective method to estimate relocation price accurately, because of these traits they are also known as #cheap and #best packers and movers in Hyderabad. Packers and Movers in Hyderabad provide all kind of relocation services whether #household #relocation in Hyderabad or #corporate #relocation in Hyderabad for more details you can visit our site. When we plan in advance we can reduce the burden, stress, and expenses of our relocation in Hyderabad, because when we have enough time we can exploit various options and get the best, we can collect free moving boxes from, local businesses or search sites and can reduce the packing expenses, we can calmly and orderly can take care of our relocation work and can look up to the other matters freely like updating our address in various documents. Many companies offer #Relocation package to their employee that include the cost of traveling, moving your household goods and reimbursement of storage cost, so before moving to a new place from Hyderabad ask about the relocation package offered by your new employer. Most of us not aware that we can take deduction of moving expense under the income tax if we satisfy the conditions the law demands and one of the basic conditions for that is the receipt of moving expenses and for more contact your tax advisor or experts of Packers and Movers in Hyderabad and enjoy the deduction form your tax. If you’re moving date is flexible then it's best to choose the one in the off-peak moving season so you can enjoy the various discounts and deals offered by the moving companies in Hyderabad. Another economical tip is to avoid scheduling your moving date on weekends and holidays. How much space will your household goods need? Will you need any storage facility in Hyderabad? Do you have any special items in your household’s goods? Are you shipping your car or driving it on your own? Are you Availing #pet and #plant #relocation #services by Packers and Movers Hyderabad Ameerpet or not? What will be my shipment arrival date? Is there availability of parking in both the location and how far? Can you pack your household good on your own or need any assistance? By selling the items which you no longer want you can decrease the moving expenses by paying from the selling amount of unwanted items and reducing a load of Relocation in Hyderabad. For more assurance check out Movers and Packers Hyderabad #reviews. While You Focus On Switching Your Job, Let The Best Packers And Movers Hyderabad Take Care Of Your Relocation. Are you planning to move to a new city or out of the country for grabbing the best opportunities related to your job? If yes! Then you are in right place because while you focus on switching your job and taking other factors into account, you will need someone whom you can rely on your #household #shifting in #Hyderabad and I know the one whom you can entrust with your goods, when you are #moving to a new place you have to be conscious of the expenditure and saving because we can never accurately estimate the future situations but we can cope up with them by making appropriate measures in advance and also when we shift from one location to another we have to take other important matters in account beside searching and hiring the #bestpackersandmovershyderabad for our #householdrelocation in Hyderabad, like change in financial and essential documents, look out for the house and school in new city etc. for all these we need enough time and someone whom we can put our confidence related to our work. So today we will see how we can find best, reliable, reasonable and efficient #movers in #Hyderabad for our move. Packers and Movers in Hyderabad are engaged in this job from years and serving us with the help of deeply experienced and qualified team and to make them more perfect in every type of #relocation work they are loaded with each and every kind of relocation assets in updated condition. #Packers and #movers #Hyderabad work hard and sincerely to satisfy their customer’s to the fullest satisfaction, that’s why they are also certified by IBA and ISO. Packers and Movers Hyderabad are from top 4 leading moving companies, even being #toppackersandmoversHyderabadcharges are legitimate and affordable, that’s why they also call with another name that is #cheap and #bestpackersandmoversinhyderabad. To provide accuracy in price estimation packers and movers Hyderabad correlated with different vendors, so to serve us competitive rates in one platform and packers and movers Hyderabad #price #quotes will be given to us only after they carry out a free check of our home. If you avail Shared truck facility then your household goods will be transported with 1 or 2 customer’s goods and in private only your goods is transported that’s why it is costly then shared, packers and movers in Hyderabad provide both these facilities for your move. If you hire extra labor then it will cost you extra. There is an extra cost for packing special items like fine art, artifacts etc. In #localhouseholdshifting distance doesn’t matter if you are moving in the same apartment or in the same house. Packers and movers Hyderabad provide both kind of insurance transit and full insurance for your household relocation in Hyderabad. I hope this article will be of some help to you, if you want more confidence in #moversand packersHyderabad work then check at out Packers and Movers Hyderabad Reviews and ratings. Family is such a part of life which is being always so special and supportive but sometimes the situation is wrong or what should we say they react just opposite to the decisions we take. And as you take a decision to move from Hyderabad you are all set with mind and heart to relocate from Hyderabad to the decided place but if your family is against you or not supporting you in making a step forwards for #moving and #shifting then? However there are several diplomatic situations and conditions can be occur during hiring or packing for transformation therefore Packers and Movers in Hyderabad wants you to encourage your family and kids to be a supportive stand when you are about to shift from Hyderabad with Packers and Movers Hyderabad. Encourage your family to help you in packing for the move and also make it simple and easy when lots of hands are together for working the task automatically finishes on time. Is it necessary to shift immediately needs a family support? According to us it’s not like that in every situation whether today or tomorrow you need a support from your family that is why you should ask and take help from your family in packing when moving out from Hyderabad to a new city with Packers and Movers Hyderabad. Moving And Packing Won’t Be Fun But This Will Be With Your Family; Involve Your Family In Packing In Hyderabad. Prepare your family in advance. YES, the most crucial and vital step to do is no issues if due to your personal reason you are taking such decisions to move from Hyderabad but make a dinner date with whole family members and let them know about such decisions you are thinking to follow. Prepare every single member of your family for shifting to a new place. Letting them know @ last is much better than tell them in advance so that they can give you suggestion and ideas what to do and how to do. Packers and Movers Hyderabad wants you to clear the shifting situation as clear as water is so that @ the end your plan doesn’t gets cancel and you can be save from huge loose if you hire any professional and pay them in advance. Split duties among family members. Rather than taking every load and stress of packing and shifting on your shoulder make it simple and interesting by diving the duties and time limit to every member of your family which also improves your relation because taking any decision you are consulting with others and finalizing it and also everyone can initiatively take part into the #relocation tasks because they are assigned with some works and duties which they have to complete so with indulging of everyone this job of packing and shifting can be fabulous according to #Movers and #Packers #Hyderabad. Ask everyone to remove clutters from their rooms. It’s a better option rather than going into every room and picking the clutters and deciding what to do either donate or sell them or even send them into recycle bin. You can also ask your family to pick out those products from their rooms which are no more in use or in want by them. This is what saves your time when everyone is individually working in their rooms and searching to throw out unused items @ the end you all can sit and decide what to do with this now? Ask kids to put their toys in box. The worst work can be collecting the toys from whole house and now sorting it according to physical assessments they are right in condition or not. If YES they will be packed for the new house and if NOT then remove them or give them to other kids. So you can also save this time by making it in a fun way and making your kids got buys in finding toys from whole house and placing them into box. You can also give them perks like if you do so you will give your favorite food or chocolates or any promise of taking them to malls or video games and etc. such perks will encourage your kids and they will help you in #packing of their toy room.

2019-04-19T20:24:26Z

https://blog.packersmovershyderabadcity.in/2018/04/

In forming luminescent areas of organic EL devices of an organic EL display panel, it is necessary to prevent a display performance degradation in the vicinity of outermost edges of display area of the organic EL display panel. A film formation mask is used to form a film pattern of an organic layer containing a luminescent layer, in a manner such that the luminescent area formation sections can be covered. The film formation mask has a plurality of openings according to the film pattern, and false openings formed outside the area containing the openings but not useful in forming organic layer for forming luminescent areas. False openings are formed in positions corresponding to the outside of display area, and forms false patterns of an organic layer on the inner side of the adhesive area. 20080309238 Plasma Producing Device Comprising Magnesium Oxide Microparticles Having Specific Cathodoluminescence Characteristics December, 2008 Choi et al. 20100039014 ELECTRON MULTIPLIERS February, 2010 Kim et al. 20080192179 LIGHT EMISSION DEVICE AND DISPLAY USING THE SAME August, 2008 Kang et al. 20060087226 Organic LED vapor deposition mask April, 2006 Miura et al. 20060279210 Tungsten-filament bulb December, 2006 Chen et al. 1. A film formation mask for forming an organic layer film pattern when organic EL devices are to be formed on a substrate, each organic EL device including a pair of electrodes and an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer, said organic layer being interposed between the pair of electrodes, wherein said film formation mask has openings arranged corresponding to a film pattern for forming luminescent areas of the organic EL devices, and has false openings not for use informing said organic layer and located outside an area containing said openings. 2. The film formation mask according to claim 1, wherein false patterns of said organic layer are formed, by virtue of said false openings, on the substrate outside an area containing said luminescent areas. 3. The film formation mask according to claim 1, wherein the width of each false opening is smaller than the width of each said opening. 4. The film formation mask according to claim 1, wherein a film formation error is taken into account when the width of each false opening is set. 5. The film formation mask according to claim 1, wherein the length of each false opening is shorter than the length of each said opening, corresponding to corner portions of the substrate. 6. The film formation mask according to claim 1, wherein said openings are used in painting two or more different luminescent colors on the organic luminescent layer. 7. An organic EL panel including a substrate and organic EL devices formed on the substrate, each organic EL device including a pair of electrodes and an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer, said organic layer being interposed between the pair of electrodes, wherein formed on the substrate are a film pattern of the organic layer for forming luminescent areas of the organic EL devices, and false patterns of the organic layer located outside an area containing the luminescent areas. 8. The organic EL panel according to claim 7, wherein the false patterns are formed by virtue of the false openings of a film formation mask which has openings for forming the film pattern, said false openings being located outside an area containing said openings. 9. The organic EL panel according to claim 7, wherein the width of each false pattern is smaller than the width of each film stripe. 10. The organic EL panel according to claim 7, wherein a film formation error is taken into account when the width of each false pattern is set. 11. The organic EL panel according to claim 7, wherein the length of each false pattern is shorter than the length of each film stripe in the corner portions of the substrate. 12. The organic EL panel according to claim 7, wherein said film pattern is formed by painting two or more different luminescent colors on the organic luminescent layer. 13. A method of manufacturing an organic EL panel including a substrate and organic EL devices formed on the substrate, each organic EL device including a pair of electrodes and an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer, said organic layer being interposed between the pair of electrodes, wherein in a process of forming on the substrate a film pattern of the organic layer for forming luminescent areas of the organic EL devices, false patterns of the organic layer are also formed on the substrate outside an area containing the luminescent areas. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the false patterns and the film pattern are formed simultaneously by virtue of a film formation mask which has openings for forming the film pattern and has false openings located outside an area containing said openings. 15. The method according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the width of each false pattern is smaller than the width of each film stripe of the organic layer. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein a film formation error is taken into account when the width of each false pattern is set. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the length of each false pattern is shorter than the length of each film stripe in the corner portions of the substrate. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the false patterns and the film pattern are formed in accordance with each luminescent color, in a process of painting two or more different luminescent colors on the organic luminescent layer. The present invention relates to a film formation mask, an organic EL (Electroluminescent) panel formed by the film formation mask, and a method of manufacturing the organic EL panel. The present application claims priority from Japanese Application No. 2003-74888, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. An organic EL panel is produced by forming surface light emitting elements (based on luminescent areas of organic EL devices) on a substrate, and forming a display area by arranging one or more surface light emitting elements. The luminescent areas are formed by providing lower electrodes of various structures on the substrate, and then forming thereon a film pattern of an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer, followed by forming thereon upper electrodes. Here, the film pattern is formed by using a film formation mask having openings corresponding to the film pattern, and accomplished by vapor deposition using the mask. A process of forming an organic layer film pattern using the film formation mask can be described as follows. Namely, luminescent areas of organic EL devices are usually partitioned by an insulating film formed on the substrate. Then, the film formation mask having openings of slightly larger width than luminescent areas is used to form an organic layer film pattern on the luminescent areas. In particular, when a plurality of colors are to be displayed, it is required to use a film formation mask having openings corresponding to a desired pattern of different luminescent colors. Thus, by changing or sliding the mask at an appropriate timing, it is possible to paint different colors on the organic luminescent layer (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-367787). Here, the organic layer includes an organic luminescent layer and other layers (an electroluminescent layer, a hole transporting layer, an electron transporting layer, a hole injection layer, and an electron injection layer). Although an organic layer is usually in a multi-layer structure, it is also allowed to contain only single one layer which is an organic luminescent layer. Generally, even with a hole transporting layer and an electron transporting layer or the like (each formed of a single one kind of material and mounted on an identical substrate), it is allowed to use a film formation mask having different patterns corresponding to different luminescent colors in order to control film thickness in each area of each luminescent color (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-237068). To display a plurality of colors, there has been known not only the aforementioned method of painting different luminescent colors, but also CF Method and CCM Method in which an organic layer of a single color such as white or blue is formed and a color conversion layer based on a color filter or a fluorescent material is incorporated. Further, there is Photobleaching Method in which an electromagnetic wave is applied to a specific area on an organic layer of a single color so as to realize a multi-color emission. At this time, although it is not necessary to paint different colors to cover each color, it is required to use a film formation mask having a desired pattern in order to form an organic layer of a specific pattern in a display area. However, even when only single one color is displayed, it was still required to use a film formation mask which has a predetermined pattern (usually, stripe-shaped pattern) corresponding to luminescent areas. At this time, in order to avoid a mask strength deterioration due to a dense distribution of openings, an opening pitch (an interval between every two adjacent openings) is enlarged, thereby forming an organic layer film pattern in the display area of a display panel by dividing a film formation process into several steps (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-48954). In using a film formation mask for forming luminescent areas of organic EL devices on a substrate (i.e., when the mask is placed on the substrate), a tension is usually added to the perimeter of the mask to avoid the slacking of the mask, thereby keeping the entire mask in a completely flat state. However, with the addition of the tension to the perimeter of the mask, distortion will occur in the outermost openings of the film formation mask irrespective of the shape of these openings. Then, once film pattern is formed on the substrate through the deformed openings, film pattern disorder will occur near the outmost edges of the display area, resulting in deteriorated display performance near the outermost edges of the display area. Consequently, it becomes impossible to ensure an appropriate display in the entire display area. Moreover, it is known that an organic layer of each organic EL device will be deteriorated due to an unavoidable contact with the surrounding atmospheric air, since moisture and oxygen existing in the surrounding atmospheric air can cause such deterioration. In order to prevent such deterioration, an entire display area of an organic EL panel is usually covered by an encapsulation member. In detail, an adhesive agent is applied to the substrate outside the display area so as to form an adhesive-applied perimeter around the display area. Then, an annular area along the perimeter of the encapsulation member is tightly bonded to the adhesive-applied area of the substrate, thereby protecting the entire display area of organic EL panel from the surrounding atmospheric air. However, since an adhesive agent for use in the capsulation also contains moisture, oxygen or the like which can deteriorate the organic layer, when such an adhesive agent get into contact with the organic layer, the moisture and oxygen or the like will invade into the organic layer and thus cause the organic layer to be deteriorated. In particular, if an amount of the adhesive agent applied is too large, the applied adhesive agent will spread towards the display area once the encapsulation member is pressed onto the substrate, hence causing the adhesive agent to contact the outer edge of the display area. As a result, the display performance will be deteriorated near the outermost edge of the display area, making it impossible to ensure an appropriate display in the entire display area. The present invention is to solve the above-discussed problems and an object of the invention is that when luminescent areas of organic EL devices are formed by using a film formation mask so as to form organic layer film pattern on a substrate, it is possible to prevent display performance deterioration near the outermost edges of the display area of an obtained display panel. In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a film formation mask for forming an organic layer film pattern when organic EL devices are to be formed on a substrate, each organic EL device including a pair of electrodes and an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer, the organic layer being interposed between the pair of electrodes, characterized in that the film formation mask has openings arranged corresponding to a film pattern for forming luminescent areas of the organic EL devices, and has false openings not for use in forming the organic layer and located outside an area containing the openings. In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an organic EL panel including a substrate and organic EL devices formed on the substrate, each organic EL device including a pair of electrodes and an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer, the organic layer being interposed between the pair of electrodes, characterized in that formed on the substrate are a film pattern of the organic layer for forming luminescent areas of the organic EL devices, and false patterns of the organic layer located outside an area containing the luminescent areas. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an organic EL panel including a substrate and organic EL devices formed on the substrate, each organic EL device including a pair of electrodes and an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer, the organic layer being interposed between the pair of electrodes, characterized in that in a process of forming on the substrate a film pattern of the organic layer for forming luminescent areas of the organic EL devices, false patterns of the organic layer are also formed on the substrate outside an area containing the luminescent areas. FIG. 13 is an explanatory view showing a film formation mask formed according to another embodiment of the present invention. Several preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIGS. 1 to 4 are explanatory views showing a film formation mask according to one embodiment of the present invention. A film formation mask 10 shown in the drawings is used to form an organic layer having a predetermined pattern, so that it is possible to form on substrate organic EL devices each including a pair of electrodes and an organic layer containing an organic luminescent layer and interposed between the pair of electrodes. Here, so-called organic layer means a single or several organic luminescent layers. Alternatively, it means an organic luminescent layer and one or all of organic layers provided in the vicinity of the organic luminescent layer. As shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of lower electrodes 2 consisting of ITO or the like are formed in accordance with a predetermined electrode structure (for example, stripe-shaped electrodes) on a substrate 1 consisting of a transparent glass, and a plurality of luminescent area formation sections 3R, 3G, and 3B are formed and partitioned by virtue of an insulating film 3 over the lower electrodes. Then, a film formation mask 10 is used to form a film pattern of an organic layer which contains a luminescent layer, in a manner such that these luminescent area formation sections 3R, 3G, and 3B are covered up. In an embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings, red luminescent area formation sections 3R, green luminescent area formation sections 3G, and blue luminescent area formation sections 3B are formed on each row. In fact, the film formation mask 10 is used to form a film pattern for forming luminescent areas corresponding to the luminescent area formation sections of one of the three colors, and has a plurality of openings 10A according to the film pattern. The film formation mask 10 used in the present embodiment has two false openings 10D, with one on each side of the mask and located outside the area containing the openings 10A, which are not used in forming an organic layer for forming luminescent areas. Such false openings 10D will be located on the substrate 1 outside the display area E of display panel, thereby forming organic layer false patterns 20 inside an adhesive applying area F. Here, so-called false patterns 20 are film patterns not involving luminescent areas, although they are patterns formed by the same material as the organic layer forming luminescent areas. FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the film formation mask 10. As described above, the film formation mask 10 has the openings 10A and the false openings 10D. When the film formation mask 10 is disposed on a substrate for forming organic EL devices, the openings 10A of the film formation mask 10 are located inside the display area E of display panel, while the false openings 10D are placed outside the display area E. Although an example shown in FIG. 2 illustrates that the false openings 10D are provided on both sides (left and right) of the area containing the openings 10A, it is also possible for only one side (left or right) of the area (containing the openings 10A) to have such a false opening. Actually, the film formation mask 10 of the present embodiment is such that its stripe-like openings 10A are formed in accordance with a predetermined pitch P. Where the openings 10A are used for painting two or more different luminescent colors on organic luminescent layer, the pitch P is set at P=nPE (n: number of different colors; PE: luminescent area pitch). Further, the width W of each opening 10A is set to be larger than the width of each luminescent area formation section (3R, 3G, 3B) mentioned above. Moreover, in the film formation process using vapor deposition, there will be some film formation errors due to some error factors (such as pattern deformation due to spread of vapor deposition flow, an operation deviation with the film formation mask, an error of precision in forming mask openings). Accordingly, by making the width W to be larger than the width of each luminescent area formation section, it is possible for film pattern not to deviate from the luminescent area formation sections even if it is expected that there will be a maximum error in film formation. The film formation mask 10 in the present embodiment has two false openings 10D separated by pitch P from the outermost openings 10A of the mask 10. The width Wd of each false opening 10D is narrower than the width W of each opening 10A. In this way, when the film formation mask 10 is slid by a distance P/n each time to form a false pattern 20 by virtue of a false opening 10D, the formed false pattern 20 will not be overlapped by film pattern. In determining the width Wd, it is necessary to take into account some film formation errors based on some error factors (such as pattern deformation due to spread of vapor deposition flow, an operation deviation with the film formation mask, an error of precision in forming mask openings) Namely, if the above film formation errors are taken into account while at the same time making the Wd of each false opening 10D to be narrower than the width W of each opening 10A, it is possible to form the false patterns 20 without any overlapping. FIG. 3 shows the dimension of the false openings 10D of the film formation mask 10. As shown, the false openings 10D are to be located on the substrate 1 outside the display area E to form the false patterns 20 of an organic layer inside the adhesive applying area F, so that it is necessary to take into account a relationship between the length of the false openings 10D and the inner edge F of the adhesive applying area F. In the present embodiment, the length of each false opening 10D is shorter than the length of each opening 10A by ΔL, corresponding to each corner portion of the substrate 1. In this way, it is possible to ensure sufficient adhesive applying area F, and to avoid an overlap between the adhesive applying area F and the false patterns 20 formed by virtue of the false openings 10D. FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing the function of the film formation mask 10 of the present embodiment. In practice, the film formation mask 10 is disposed on the substrate 1 for forming a film pattern which later forms luminescent areas on the substrate 1. At this time, a tension T is applied to the edge portions of the mask so that the film formation mask 10 will not become slack. Further, in the film formation mask 10 of the present embodiment, the false openings 10D formed beyond the outmost openings 10A can absorb a deformation caused by the tension T, so that the width of each false opening 10D becomes larger (Wd<Wdt). In this way, even if there is such tension T, there would be no change in the width W of each opening 10A which forms the film pattern on luminescent areas. Therefore, it is possible for an organic EL panel (formed by the film formation mask 10) to obtain a good display performance throughout the entire display area, without any disorder in film pattern near the outermost edges of the display area. FIG. 5 provides several explanatory views showing a method of manufacturing an organic EL panel using the film formation mask 10. In fact, an organic EL panel is formed by arranging a plurality of (or singular number of) luminescent areas of organic EL devices as surface light emitting areas on a substrate. Although the following description is focused on using the film formation mask 10 to paint an organic luminescent layer with different colors corresponding to respective luminescent colors, the description should not for many limitation to the organic EL panel manufacturing method using the film formation mask 10 of the present invention. In fact, the method of the present invention can also be applied to the case in which a film pattern of an organic layer other than an organic luminescent layer is formed corresponding to luminescent areas of various colors (for example, when controlling film thickness corresponding to different luminescent colors). Further, although the following description is focused on film formation by painting three colors (R, G, B), this description should not for many limitation to the method of the present invention. Actually, the method of the present invention can also be applied to the case in which film formation is effected by painting different colors to form luminescent areas of at least two colors, and to the case in which film formation is effected by painting single one color through several operations. FIG. 5A shows a process of forming film stripes 30R of a first color (red). Here, as shown in FIG. 1, the lower electrodes 2 and the insulating film 3 are patterned on the substrate 1 by means of photolithography method or the like, thereby forming luminescent areas 40R, 40G, and 40B partitioned by the insulating film 3. If necessary, an organic layer (such as a hole-injection layer and a hole transporting layer or the like) is formed to act as a substrate layer for an organic luminescent layer. Then, the openings 10A of the film formation mask 10 are set corresponding to the luminescent areas 40R, and film stripes 30R of the organic luminescent layer of the first color (red) are formed on the luminescent areas 40R. At this time, since the film formation mask 10 is provided with the false openings 10D, false patterns 20R consisting of the same organic luminescent layer are formed on the substrate 1 outside the region containing the luminescent areas. FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C show processes of forming film stripes 30G of a second color (green) and film stripes 30B of a third color (blue). In each of these processes, the film formation mask 10 is moved by a distance P/3, forming film stripes 30G of organic luminescent layer of the second color on luminescent areas 40G and film stripes 30B of organic luminescent layer of the third color on luminescent areas 40B. Meanwhile, false patterns 20G and 20B consisting of the same organic luminescent material are formed on the substrate 1 outside the region containing the luminescent areas. Then, after other organic layers are formed thereon (if necessary), upper electrodes are formed in positions. Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 5D, an adhesive agent 6 is applied to the perimeter of the substrate to tightly bond an encapsulating member. FIG. 6 is an explanatory view (a cross sectional view showing a portion near the base end of the substrate) which illustrates an organic EL panel according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, in the organic EL panel of the invention, a plurality of lower electrodes 2 are patterned on the substrate 1, an insulating film 3 is patterned on the lower electrodes 2 in a manner such that luminescent areas 40R, 40G, and 40B (to be formed) are partitioned, an organic layer 4 is laminated on the luminescent areas 40R, 40G and 40B, a plurality of upper electrodes 5 are laminated on the organic layer 4. In this way, each of organic EL devices formed on the substrate corresponding to the respective luminescent areas 40R, 40G and 40B has a structure in which the organic layer 4 is interposed between a pair of electrodes including a lower electrode 2 and an upper electrode 5. Here, the substrate 1 is a transparent substrate, each lower electrode is a transparent electrode such as ITO electrode, thereby making it possible to obtain an organic EL panel (bottom emission type) which allows light to be taken out from the substrate 1 side. However, the present invention should not be limited by this type of EL panel. In fact, it is also possible to form an organic EL panel (top emission type) in which upper electrodes 5 are transparent electrodes and light is taken from a side opposite to the substrate 1. The organic layer 4 contains a hole injection layer 41 and a hole transporting layer 42 in a manner such that they cover up the entire display area E. Further, the film formation mask 10 is used to form a luminescent layer 43 (serving as an organic luminescent layer) and an electron transporting layer 44. Namely, the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B of the luminescent layer 43 and the electron transporting layer 44 are formed having a width corresponding to the width W of the openings 10A of the film formation mask 10. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B are continuously formed by the setting of the width W of the openings 10A. Alternatively, the width W is set in a manner such that the film stripes are formed with their edge portions overlapped with each other or the film stripes are formed at relatively large interval from one another. In the illustrated embodiment, the electron injection layer 45 is uniformly formed on these film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B. Then, the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B are formed outside the display area E on the substrate 1. Here, since the film formation mask 10 is used to form the luminescent layer 43 and the electron transporting layer 44, the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B are formed by virtue of the patterns 21R, 21G, and 21B obtained during the formation of the luminescent layer 43, as well as the patterns 22R, 22G, and 23B obtained during the formation of the electron transporting layer 44. Further, an adhesive agent 6 is applied outside the outermost false patterns 20R, so that an adhesion surface 7a of a cover 7 is allowed to be pressed thereon, thereby rendering the cover 7 to be tightly bonded to the outer periphery of the substrate 1. As described above, the organic layer 4 has a five-layer structure including the hole injection layer 41, the hole transporting layer 42, the luminescent layer 43, the electron transporting layer 44, and the electron injection layer 45. On the other hand, it is also possible to form one-layer structure through four-layer structure by omitting (if necessary) some layers other than luminescent layer 43. Moreover, each of the above layers can be produced not only in the form of single layer, but also possible to be in a multi-layer structure. Besides, it is allowable to add other organic layers (a hole barrier layer, an electron barrier layer or the like). Although the present embodiment shows that the film formation mask 10 is used to paint the luminescent layer 43 and the electron transporting layer 44 with different colors, the film formation mask 10 can also be used to paint other organic layers with different colors. At this time, the false patterns of the organic layer material (to be painted with different colors) are formed outside the display area E. FIG. 7 is an explanatory view showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL panel and the operation of the organic EL panel, in accordance with the present embodiment. As shown, since the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B are formed outside the display area E, they do not affect the display of the organic EL panel. Furthermore, since the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B are disposed in positions separated from the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B forming the luminescent areas 40R, 40G, and 40B, these false patterns can act as protective barriers for preventing the adhesive agent 6 from getting into contact with areas near the outermost film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B. On the other hand, the adhesive agent 6 generates moisture, oxygen gas or the like which are considered as factors deteriorating the organic luminescent layer. However, since moisture, oxygen gas or the like will erode through some transfer mediums in contact with each other, such an erosion can be prevented if the transfer mediums are not in contact with each other. Namely, if the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B serving as protection barriers for preventing the adhesive agent 6 from moving towards the display area are located separately from areas near the outermost film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B, and if the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B are made independent from one another, it is possible to prevent the areas near the outermost film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B from getting eroded by the adhesive agent. In order to obtain the above-mentioned effect, it is necessary for the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B to be sized such that they are not in direct connection with the areas near the outermost film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B. On the other hand, the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B should not be separated too far away from the display area E, since such an arrangement can reduce a desired utilization efficiency (display area/panel area) of display panel. For this reason, it is required that the false patterns be formed in positions separated from the outermost film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B at the same pitch as the film stripes. Further, where such separation has been set smaller than the pitch of the film stripes, it is preferable that the width Wd of false openings be made small. If the width W1 of the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B is larger than P/3, the edge portions of the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B will be overlapped with each other. Accordingly, to independently arrange the false patterns 20R, 20G, 20B with an interval S, it is necessary for the Wd1 of the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B to be smaller than the width W1 of the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B. Therefore, as mentioned above, the width Wd of the false openings 10D of the film formation mask 10 is set to be smaller than the width W of the openings 10A. On the other hand, although the width Wd1 of the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B is determined by the width Wd of the false openings 10D, the width Wd1 of the false patterns will not be exactly equal to the width Wd of the false openings 10D. This is because there may be some film formation errors due to some error factors (such as pattern deformation due to spread of vapor deposition flow, an operation deviation with the film formation mask, an error of precision in forming mask openings). In view of this, the Wd width of the false openings 10D should be set such that the false patterns 20R, 20G, and 20B will not be overlapped with each other (to ensure the formation of the interval S). The above-described embodiment shows that in the process of manufacturing an organic EL panel, the film formation mask 10 is caused to slide only a distance P/n (P: pitch of openings 10A; n: the number of different colors for painting) so as to form n lengths of false patterns. However, such an embodiment should not form any limitation to the present invention. For example, FIG. 8 is an explanatory view showing a film formation mask formed according to another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C, a plurality of paintings with different colors are performed by different film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B). In each of the film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B), a plurality of openings 11A corresponding to the film stripes which form luminescent areas in various film formation processes are formed with the same pitch P as the above-described embodiment. Then, outside the outermost openings 11A on the film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B), there are formed false openings 11D separated P1, P2, and P3 (P2=P1+P/3, P3=P2+P/3) from the outermost openings 11A of the film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B). FIG. 9 is an explanatory view showing an organic EL panel painted by different colors in different luminescent areas using film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B). Actually, in the process of forming the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B, patterns based on the false openings 11D are laminated in positions separated P1, P2, and P3 from the film stripes 30R, 30G, and 30B, so that it is possible to form one false pattern 21 in each area. In this way, since it is possible to increase the height of each laminated false pattern 21, it is allowed to increase an effect of blocking an adhesive agent. Further, since the false pattern 21 is required to be formed in only one position, it is allowed to increase the space efficiency of the panel. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B) can also be constructed such that the false openings 11D are formed on both sides of each mask, or that only one false opening is formed on only one side of each mask. Moreover, it is not absolutely necessary for each of the three film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B) to be formed with false opening(s) 11D. In fact, it is allowable to select only one or two of the masks to have such false opening(s) 11D. Alternatively, among the film formation masks 11(R), 11(G), and 11(B), one of them is formed on one side thereof with a false opening 11D, while another is formed on the other side thereof with a false opening 11D. FIGS. 10A-10C are explanatory views showing an example of a false pattern 22 formed in one position. By shaping the false opening 11D into an appropriate form, it is allowed to form a false pattern 22 corresponding in shape to the false opening 11D. FIG. 10A shows that in an area near an edge of the substrate, the length of the false pattern 22 is ΔL shorter than the film stripe 30R (30G, 30B). FIG. 10B shows that in an area near an edge of the substrate, the length of the false pattern 22 is ΔL longer than the film stripe 30R (30G, 30B) to ensure an improved effect of blocking an adhesive agent. FIG. 10C shows that the false pattern 22 (22A, 22B . . . ) can be divided into several portions so as to form false patterns (of expensive organic material) only in necessary areas. Other embodiments of the film formation mask will be described below with reference to FIGS. 11-13. FIG. 11A is a plan view and FIG. 11B is an enlarged view showing in detail a portion (portion A) of FIG. 11A. An embodiment shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B is a film formation mask for use in forming a plurality of panels on a large-sized substrate. As shown in FIG. 11A, a large-scaled film formation mask 12 includes a plurality of mask units M each corresponding to one piece of panel. Each mask unit M includes a plurality of openings 12A and the false openings 12D arranged in the same manner as that shown in FIG. 2. Further, as shown in FIG. 11A, the plurality of mask units M are arranged in both longitudinal and lateral directions. Specifically, it is important to prevent a slacking when the large-sized film formation mask 12 is being set in position during a manufacturing process, so that a relatively large tension T is added. At this time, as shown in FIG. 11B, since a possible deformation caused by the tension T can be absorbed by the false openings 12D located near the outer edges of each mask unit M, there would be no deformation in the openings 12A for forming luminescent areas. In this way, with regard to each panel, it is possible to form film stripes with high precision in an entire display area, thereby obtaining panels with high display performance. Although the film formation masks 10, 11, and 12 in the above-described embodiments have stripe-like openings 10A, 11A, and 12A, the openings of film formation masks of the present invention should not be limited to stripe-like shape. For example, FIGS. 12A-12C show film formation masks formed according to further embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 12A shows a film formation mask 13 having vertically (in the drawing) arranged rectangular openings 13A disposed alternately corresponding to the display area E, while false openings 13D having the same shape as the openings 13A are formed as extensions of the arrangement of the openings 13A on the outside of the display area E. FIG. 12B shows a film formation mask 14 having vertically (in the drawing) arranged rectangular openings 14A disposed alternately corresponding to the display area E, while only a single one false opening 14D having an elongated shape is formed on the outside of the display area E. FIG. 12C shows a film formation mask 15 having horizontally (in the drawing) arranged rectangular openings 15A disposed alternately corresponding to the display area E, while false openings 15D having the same shape as the openings 15A are formed corresponding to all horizontal rows of the openings 15A on the outside of the display area E, thereby forming a column of the false openings 15D. Actually, the shape of the false openings should not be specifically limited, but can be in any one of other forms, provided that it is possible to ensure an effect of absorbing a distortion during an addition of a tension, as well as to form false patterns outside the display area for acting as adhesive blocking barriers. Although the above embodiments have been described on the assumption that different colors are painted on the formed films divided in accordance with respective luminescent colors, the present invention should not be limited by these embodiments. In particular, as a method of forming color display panel, it is allowed to employ not only the method of painting different colors (two or more colors) on a luminescent layer by sliding or changing a film formation mask, but also CF Method or CCM Method which combines a color conversion layer (based on a color filter or fluorescent material) with a luminescent layer of a single color such as white or blue, as well as Photobleaching Method which applies an electromagnetic wave or the like to the luminescent areas of monochromatic luminescent layer so as to realize a plurality of luminescent layers. Further, as color display panel formation method not involving painting different colors, it is allowed to carry out a process which does not involve repeatedly using the film formation mask. For example, it is possible to use a film formation mask 16 shown in FIG. 13. As shown, the film formation mask 16 has an opening 16A corresponding to the display area E, as well as a false opening 16D formed outside the outermost edge of the opening 16A and not involved in forming organic layer in luminescent area. In this way, when a film pattern of an organic layer is formed all over the display area E, it is possible to form a false pattern of an organic layer on the outside of the display area E. Therefore, no matter which of the aforementioned CF Method, CCM Method and Photobleaching Method is employed, it is possible to form the false pattern functioning as a protection barrier (for blocking an adhesive agent) on the outside of the display area. Moreover, film formation mask, organic EL panel, and organic EL panel manufacturing method should not be limited by the structure of organic EL devices, and in fact it is possible to laminate a plurality of organic luminescent layers (each interposed between a pair of electrodes) on the substrate so as to form a multi-color luminescent structure. For example, it is possible to laminate (on the substrate) lower electrodes, a first organic luminescent layer, first intermediate electrodes, a second organic luminescent layer, second intermediate electrodes, a third organic luminescent layer, and upper electrodes. The features and advantages of film formation mask, organic EL panel, and organic EL panel manufacturing method according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention may be concluded as follows. Firstly, the film formation mask of the present invention has openings arranged corresponding to a film pattern for forming luminescent areas of the organic EL devices, and has false openings located outside an area containing the openings. Therefore, a tension added when setting the film formation mask can be absorbed by the false openings, thereby preventing an undesired deformation of the openings formed corresponding to luminescent areas. As a result, there would be no film pattern disorder near the outermost edge of the display area. Secondly, film pattern of an organic layer for forming luminescent areas of organic EL devices are formed on the substrate by virtue of the openings of the film formation mask, while the false patterns of the organic layer are formed outside an area containing luminescent areas, by virtue of the false openings. In this way, the false patterns can serve as protection barrier for blocking an adhesive agent applied around the display area, thereby preventing the outmost edge of the display area from contacting the adhesive agent, thus preventing an erosion of the adhesive into the display area. Thirdly, using the method of manufacturing an organic EL panel, the false patterns serving as protection barrier for blocking an adhesive agent and the film pattern for forming luminescent areas can be formed simultaneously. Therefore, it is possible to realize an efficient formation of the false patterns without having to change the existing manufacturing process. Fourthly, with regard to the above-described film formation mask, the organic EL panel, and the method of manufacturing the organic EL panel, since the width of each false opening is set to be narrower than the width of each opening, and since the width of each false pattern is set to be narrower than the width of each film stripe for forming luminescent areas, even if the film formation mask is slid a distance equal to the width of an opening in order to paint different colors on the film pattern, it is still possible for the false patterns to be formed completely separated from film pattern. In this way, by virtue of the separately formed false patterns, it is possible to protect the luminescent areas by completely blocking some deterioration factors (harmful to the organic layer) transported inwardly through the contact with the adhesive agent, thereby exactly enabling the false patterns to act as barriers for blocking the adhesive agent. Fifthly, since film formation error in forming patterns is taken into account when setting the width of the false openings and the width of the false patterns, it is possible to exactly separate the false patterns (even if film formation errors have occurred due to various error factors) from film pattern. Consequently, by virtue of the separately formed false patterns, it is possible to protect the luminescent areas by completely blocking some deterioration factors (harmful to the organic layer) transported inwardly through the contact with the adhesive agent, thereby exactly enabling the false patterns to act as barriers for blocking the adhesive agent. Sixthly, with the above-described film formation mask, organic EL panel and organic EL panel manufacturing method, since the length of the false openings is shorter than the length of the above openings in the corner portions of the substrate, and since the length of the false openings is shorter than the length of a film pattern, there would be no overlap between an adhesive area and a false pattern (even if an adhesive area has been made quite large in a corner of the substrate), thereby ensuring an exact bonding of a cover and enabling the false patterns to function as protective barriers. Seventhly, with the above-described film formation mask, organic EL panel and organic EL panel manufacturing method, since the openings of the film formation mask are used to paint at least two luminescent colors on the organic luminescent layer, and since the film pattern is formed by painting different colors, it is possible to form a plurality of false patterns by virtue of the false openings, corresponding to the number of times of painting different colors. In this way, a plurality of false patterns may be formed simultaneously in the process of painting different colors in luminescent areas. Moreover, it is possible for a plurality of false patterns to exactly protect the organic layer from several factors (harmful to the organic layer) transported from the adhesive agent. An example of the present invention will be described in the following. However, the present invention should not be limited by such specific example. The film formation mask is formed by processing a metal film containing nickel or the like, by virtue of chemical etching, mechanical polishing, or sandblasting. On the other hand, it is also possible to employ an electro-casting method which is excellent informing a fine pattern with a high precision and adapted to form thick mask portion in a film formation mask. When electro-casting method is used, at first, a patterning resist is formed by photolithography process on a metal electro-casting matrix. In detail, the patterning resist is formed corresponding to the opening pattern and false opening pattern of the film formation mask. Then, after depositing a film formation mask material on the electro-casting matrix in an electrolytic solution and thus forming mask portion, the mask portion having formed thereon a desired opening pattern and a desired false opening pattern can be produced by removing the patterning resist. At this time, an appropriately completed film formation mask can be obtained by removing the mask portion from the electro-casting matrix. The sizes of various parts of the film formation mask are as shown in FIG. 2 (where three different colors are painted) Namely, if the width W of the openings is W=50 μm, the pitch P of the openings will be P≦3×50 μm. Moreover, since there are some error factors including deformation amount e1 (an arrival error of vapor deposition flow) due to an interval between the film formation mask and the substrate, an operation deviation amount e2 occurred when setting the film formation mask on the substrate, and an error amount e3 in mask pattern formation precision, the width Wd of the false openings should be set to be narrower than the width W of the openings. That is, the width Wd of each false opening is set by Wd=W−(e1+e2+e3), so that when W=50 μm and when e1=e2=e3=5 μm, the width Wd of each false opening will be Wd=35 μm. An electrode material for forming anodes is deposited as a thin film on a substrate by virtue of vapor deposition, sputtering or the like, followed by patterning the deposited film into a desired electrode structure by photolithography process or the like. Further, an insulating material is applied and luminescent area formation portions are patterned by photolithography process or the like. Subsequently, hole injection layer material and hole transporting layer material are vapor deposited successively. Next, film formation mask is used to deposit luminescent-layer material in accordance with RGB luminescent areas, thereby forming a desired film pattern in the display area of a display panel. Meanwhile, false patterns consisting of luminescent-layer material are formed outside the display area. Afterwards, electron transporting-layer material and electron-injection layer material are vapor-deposited successively on the formed film pattern in the display area, followed by vapor-depositing an electrode material for forming upper electrodes. Then, an adhesive agent is applied to the outermost edge of the formed display area and to the outside of false patterns. Subsequently, the adhesion surface of a cover is pressed to the adhesive-applied area, so as to tightly bond the cover (covering the display area and the false patterns) to the substrate. While there has been described what are at present considered to be preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that various modifications may be made thereto, and it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

2019-04-21T04:57:59Z

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2004/0183435.html

Methods of forming NERS-active structures are disclosed that include ordered arrays of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles covered with an outer shell may be arranged in an ordered array on a substrate using Langmuir-Blodgett techniques. A portion of the outer shell may be removed, and the exposed nanoparticles may be used in a system to perform nanoenhanced Raman spectroscopy. An ordered array of nanoparticles may be used as a mask for forming islands of NERS-active material on a substrate. NERS-active structures and an NERS system that includes an NERS-active structure are also disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for performing NERS with NERS-active structures. The invention relates to nanoenhanced Raman scattering (NERS). More particularly, the invention relates to NERS-active structures, including features having nanoscale dimensions, methods for forming NERS-active structures, and methods for performing NERS using NERS-active structures. Raman spectroscopy is a well-known technique for performing chemical analysis. In conventional Raman spectroscopy, high intensity monochromatic light provided by a light source, such as a laser, is directed onto an analyte (or sample) that is to be chemically analyzed. A majority of the incident photons are elastically scattered by the analyte molecule. In other words, the scattered photons have the same energy, and thus the same frequency, as the photons that were incident on the analyte. However, a small fraction of the photons (i.e., about 1 in 107 photons) are inelastically scattered by the analyte molecules. These inelastically scattered photons have a different frequency than the incident photons. This inelastic scattering of photons is termed the “Raman effect.” The inelastically scattered photons may have frequencies greater than or, more typically, less than the frequency of the incident photons. The Stokes and the anti-Stokes radiation is detected by a detector, such as a photomultiplier or a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer, which coverts the energy of the impinging photons into an electrical signal. The characteristics of the electrical signal are at least partially a function of the energy (or wavelength, frequency, wave number, etc.) of the impinging photons and the number of the impinging photons (intensity). The electrical signal generated by the detector can be used to produce a spectral graph of intensity as a function of frequency for the detected Raman signal (i.e., the Stokes and anti-Stokes radiation). A unique Raman spectrum corresponding to the particular analyte may be obtained by plotting the intensity of the inelastically scattered Raman photons against the frequency thereof. This unique Raman spectrum may be used for many purposes such as identifying an analyte, identifying chemical states or bonding of atoms and molecules in the analyte, and determining physical and chemical properties of the analyte. Raman spectroscopy may be used to analyze a single molecular species or mixtures of different molecular species. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy may be performed on a number of different types of molecular configurations, such as organic and inorganic molecules in either crystalline or amorphous states. Molecular Raman scattering of photons is a weak process. As a result, powerful, costly laser sources typically are used to generate high intensity excitation radiation to increase the otherwise weak Raman signal for detection. Nanoenhanced Raman scattering (NERS) is a technique that allows for generation of a stronger Raman signal from an analyte relative to conventional Raman spectroscopy. In NERS, the analyte molecules are adsorbed onto, or placed adjacent to, an active metal surface or structure (an “NERS-active structure”). The interactions between the molecules and the active structure cause an increase in the strength of the Raman signal. The mechanism of Raman signal enhancement exhibited in NERS is not completely understood. Two main theories of enhancement mechanisms have been presented in the literature: electromagnetic enhancement and chemical (or “first layer”) enhancement. (For further discussion of these surface enhancement mechanism theories, see A. M. Michaels, M. Nirmal, & L. E. Brus, “Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Rhodamine 6G Molecules on Large Ag Nanocrystals,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 9932-39 (1999)). Several NERS-active structures have been employed in NERS techniques, including activated electrodes in electrolytic cells, activated metal colloid solutions, and activated metal substrates such as a roughened metal surface or metal “islands” formed on a substrate. For example, it has been shown that adsorbing analyte molecules onto or near a specially roughened metal surface made from gold or silver may enhance the effective Raman scattering intensity by factors of between 103 and 106 when averaged over the illuminated area of the sample. Recently, NERS has been performed employing randomly oriented nanostructures, such as nanometer scale needles, particles, and wires, as opposed to a simple roughened metallic surface. The intensity of the Raman scattered photons from a molecule adsorbed on such a nanostructure may be increased by factors as high as 1014. Thus, the intensity of Raman scattered photons could be increased over what is obtained presently if there was a method for forming NERS-active structures that included nanoscale features having well controlled size, shape, location, and orientation. Also, the inability to produce such NERS-active structures is impeding research directed to completely understanding the enhancement mechanisms and, therefore, the ability to optimize the enhancement effect. In addition, NERS-active structures require significant time and money to fabricate. If these problems can be overcome, the performance of nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, and molecular sensors may be significantly improved. Accordingly, there is a need for NERS-active structures that include nanoscale features having well controlled size, shape, location, and orientation, and methods for their manufacture. In addition, there is a need for methods for producing high quantities of such NERS-active structures at relatively low cost. The present invention, in a number of embodiments, includes NERS-active structures, including features having nanoscale dimensions, methods for forming NERS-active structures, and methods for performing NERS using NERS-active structures. An NERS-active structure is disclosed that includes a substrate, a two-dimensional array of nanoparticles usable for enhancing Raman scattered radiation in NERS, the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles affixed to the substrate, and an outer shell partially coating at least some nanoparticles of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles. An NERS system is disclosed that includes an NERS-active structure, a light source configured to irradiate light onto the NERS-active structure, and a detector configured to receive Raman-scattered light scattered by an analyte when the analyte is located adjacent the NERS-active structure. The NERS-active structure includes a substrate, a two-dimensional array of nanoparticles usable for enhancing Raman scattered radiation in NERS affixed to the substrate, and an outer shell partially coating at least some nanoparticles of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles. A method for performing NERS is disclosed that includes the steps of providing an NERS-active structure, placing an analyte adjacent the NERS-active structure, irradiating the analyte and the NERS-active structure with excitation radiation, and detecting Raman scattered radiation scattered by the analyte. The NERS-active structure includes a substrate, a two-dimensional array of nanoparticles usable for enhancing Raman scattered radiation in NERS affixed to the substrate, and an outer shell partially coating at least some nanoparticles of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles. Also disclosed is a method for forming an NERS-active structure. The method includes: providing a plurality of nanoparticles; coating each nanoparticle in the mixture of nanoparticles with an outer shell; forming a monolayer of the nanoparticles on a liquid surface; passing a substrate through the monolayer of nanoparticles on the liquid surface to transfer the monolayer of nanoparticles to a surface of the substrate; attaching the monolayer of nanoparticles to the surface of the substrate; and removing a portion of the outer shell from at least some nanoparticles of the monolayer of nanoparticles. Another method for forming an NERS-active structure includes: providing a substrate having a surface; forming a hexagonally-packed monolayer of nanoparticles on the surface of the substrate, the hexagonally-packed monolayer of nanoparticles having openings between the nanoparticles; depositing an NERS-active material on the surface of the substrate in the openings between the nanoparticles to form islands of NERS-active material on the surface of the substrate; and removing the hexagonally-packed monolayer of nanoparticles. The features, advantages, and alternative aspects of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the following detailed description taken in combination with the accompanying drawings. FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system for performing nanoenhanced Raman spectroscopy using the NERS-active structures of FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 13. The present invention, in a number of embodiments, includes NERS-active structures including an ordered array of features having nanoscale dimensions, methods for forming NERS-active structures, NERS systems including NERS-active structures, and methods for performing NERS using such systems. The methods disclosed herein are drawn to the fabrication of NERS-active structures, including nanoscale features, in an ordered array having well controlled size and spacing, which allows for improved enhancement of the Raman-scattered signal intensity. The term “NERS-active structure” as used herein means a structure that is capable of increasing the number of Raman-scattered photons that are scattered by a molecule when the molecule is located adjacent to the structure, and the molecule and structure are subjected to electromagnetic radiation. The term “NERS-active material” as used herein means a material that, when formed into appropriate geometries or configurations, is capable of increasing the number of Raman-scattered photons that are scattered by a molecule when the molecule is located adjacent the material, and the molecule and material are subjected to electromagnetic radiation. NERS-active materials can be used to form an NERS-active structure. The term “nanoparticle” as used herein means a particle having cross-sectional dimensions of less than about 100 nanometers. The term “analyte molecule” as used herein means a molecule upon which it is desired to perform NERS. The term “ligand” as used herein means an atom, molecule, ion or functional group capable of attaching to one or more nanoparticles or a substrate. It should be understood that the illustrations presented herein are not meant to be actual views of any particular NERS-active structure, but are merely idealized representations which are employed to describe the present invention. Additionally, for ease of discussion, elements common to FIGS. 1 through 14 retain the same numerical designation. An exemplary embodiment of an NERS-active structure according to the invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. An NERS-active structure 100 includes a two-dimensional array of nanoparticles 120 disposed on a surface of a substrate 110. The nanoparticles 120 may have a generally spherical shape and a diameter of less than about 100 nanometers. More particularly, the nanoparticles 120 may have a diameter in a range from about 2 nanometers to about 20 nanometers. The nanoparticles 120 may be formed from, for example, gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, aluminum, or any other NERS-active material. The substrate 110 of the NERS-active structure 100 may be formed from, for example, plastic, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, alumina, zirconia, tin oxide, or metal. Any suitable substrate material may be used, as long as the material does not fluoresce at the wavelength emitted by an excitation wavelength source employed in an NERS system. The nanoparticles 120 are affixed to the substrate 110 by a bonding material 130, such as a UV-curable polymer. Alternatively, the nanoparticles 120 may be embedded in the surface of the substrate 110, as shown in FIG. 5 and discussed herein below. Nanoparticles 120 in the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles may be separated from adjacent nanoparticles 120 in the two-dimensional array by a distance X at their minimum spacing, that is, along a straight line passing through the centers of the adjacent nanoparticles 120. The distance X between adjacent nanoparticles 120 in the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles may be in a range from about 1 to about 100 nanometers. More particularly, the distance X may be in a range from about 1 to about 50 nanometers or alternatively in a range from about 0.5 to about 5 nanometers. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the NERS-active structure 100 taken along section line 2-2 in FIG. 1. As seen in FIG. 2, portions of the nanoparticles 120 of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles are coated with an outer shell 140. The outer shell 140 covers less than the entire surface area of each nanoparticle 120 such that the outer shell 140 covers approximately the lower surface area of each of the nanoparticles 120, leaving an exposed surface 150 of the nanoparticles 120. The outer shell 140 has a thickness T representing about half of the distance X between adjacent nanoparticles 120. As seen in FIG. 2, the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles 120 of NERS-active structure 100 form a compact, ordered monolayer of nanoparticles on the surface of substrate 110. FIGS. 3-5 illustrate an exemplary method for forming an NERS-active structure that incorporates teachings of the present invention. The method includes use of Langmuir-Blodgett type techniques to form the monolayer of nanoparticles 120 on the surface of the substrate 110. Commercially available preformed NERS-active metallic nanoparticles 120 may be provided and coated with an outer shell 140. The outer shell 140 may comprise organic ligands capable of attaching to the nanoparticles 120. Examples of organic ligands that will attach to the nanoparticles 120 include alkane thiol HS(CH2)n chains with sulfur groups on one end), fluorophores, phosphate surfactants, and dendrimers. The outer shell has a thickness T equal to the length of the organic ligands, possibly modified by any deformation of the organic ligands. The length of the ligands thus determines the spacing between the nanoparticles 120. The distance X, as shown in FIG. 1, is twice the length of the organic ligands. The separation between adjacent nanoparticles 120 therefore may be controlled by providing organic ligands of the desired length. The separation between adjacent nanoparticles 120 may be such that the analyte molecule to be analyzed with the NERS-active structure 100 is capable of draping between two adjacent nanoparticles 120, part of the molecule being adsorbed on a first nanoparticle and another part of the molecule being adsorbed on a second, adjacent nanoparticle. Alternatively, the outer shell 140 may comprise a sacrificial material surrounding the nanoparticles 120, such as an oxide or a sulfide. The thickness T of the outer shell 140 is selected to be half of the desired separation (i.e., the distance X) between adjacent nanoparticles 120. The distance X may be selected to correspond to the size of a particular analyte molecule to be analyzed with the NERS-active structure 100, such that the molecule is capable of being adsorbed between the nanoparticles 120. In yet another alternative, the outer shell 140 of at least some of the nanoparticles 120 may comprise a polymerizable or cross-linkable material. The nanoparticles 120 may be formed into a compact, ordered array by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film deposition techniques or any suitable self-assembly technique. LB film deposition conventionally involves the process of creating (synthesizing) a monolayer of, for example, a molecular species or nanoparticles, on the surface of water or other suitable liquid. The monolayer may then be transferred to the surface of a substrate 110 by pulling the substrate from the monolayer-covered liquid. In the present case, this technique produces a substantially uniform monolayer of the nanoparticles 120 coated with the organic ligands 140 on the substrate 110, as seen in FIG. 3. The substrate 110 shown in FIG. 4 may comprise a material, such as a plastic, that will soften when heated. The melting temperature of the substrate 110 is lower than the melting temperature of the nanoparticles 120 and the outer shell 140. The substrate 110 may be heated and softened, causing the nanoparticles 120 encased in the outer shell 140 to become embedded in the material of the substrate 110. The nanoparticles 120 are, thus, secured to the substrate 110. At least a portion of the outer shell 140 may then be removed by suitable chemical and/or mechanical techniques, for example, chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) or reactive ion etching (RIE), until the nanoparticles 120 are exposed, as shown in FIG. 5. A fraction of the nanoparticle 120 may be removed. The exposed surface 150 of the nanoparticles 120 provides an NERS-active structure 101. Alternatively, nanoparticles 120 having an outer shell 140 of a polymerizable or cross-linkable material may be secured to the substrate 110 by curing the polymerizable or cross-linkable material, for example by exposing the polymerizable or cross-linkable material to ultraviolet radiation. The monolayer of nanoparticles 120 may include some nanoparticles 120 having an outer shell 140 of a polymerizable or cross-linkable material and some additional nanoparticles 120 having an outer shell 140 of an alternative material. The polymerizable or cross-linkable material may secure the entire monolayer of nanoparticles 120 to the substrate 110, as nanoparticles 120 adjacent to the polymerizable material-covered nanoparticles 120 are likewise adhered. Another exemplary method for forming an NERS-active structure according to the invention is shown in FIGS. 6-7. A substrate 110 is provided, and covered with a polymerizable or cross-linkable material 130. The nanoparticles 120 may be coated with an outer shell 140 comprising organic ligands or a sacrificial material, and formed into a compact, ordered array by LB film deposition techniques. The monolayer may be transferred to the surface of the polymerizable or cross-linkable material 130 on the substrate 110 by pulling the substrate 110 covered with the polymerizable or cross-linkable material 130 from a monolayer-covered liquid. The nanoparticles 120, each encased in the outer shell 140, may be secured to the substrate 110 by curing the polymerizable or cross-linkable material 130, for example by exposing the polymerizable or cross-linkable material 130 to ultraviolet radiation. At least a portion of the outer shell 140 may then be removed by suitable chemical and/or mechanical techniques. Exposing the nanoparticles 120 forms the NERS-active structure 100, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Another exemplary embodiment of an NERS-active structure according to the invention is shown in FIG. 8. An NERS-active structure 102 includes a two-dimensional array of nanoparticles 120, 125 disposed on a surface of a substrate 110. A first plurality of the nanoparticles comprises active nanoparticles 120. A second plurality of the nanoparticles comprises inactive nanoparticles 125. The active nanoparticles 120 may be formed from, for example, gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, aluminum or any other NERS-active material. The inactive nanoparticles 125 may be formed from, for example, a dielectric such as silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), cobalt, or any other material that either does not exhibit a plasmon frequency, or that exhibits a plasmon frequency differing from the plasmon frequency exhibited by the active nanoparticles 120, such that isolated surface plasmon modes may exist in the regions of the active nanoparticles 120 without generating surface plasmon modes in the regions of the inactive nanoparticles 125. The plasmon resonance can easily be observed in nanoparticles. In particular, the electric dipole response has been well studied. Dielectric particles are inactive because they do not have the plasmon resonance and accompanying strong increase in a local electric field necessary for the observation of the NERS. Cobalt particles will likely oxidize and form CoO oxide shells or oxidize completely. This will make them inactive, shifting the resonance away from that in NERS active particles. The active nanoparticles 120 and the inactive nanoparticles 125 may be coated with an outer shell 140 comprising organic ligands or a sacrificial material, and formed into an ordered array on the substrate 110 by LB film deposition techniques. Optionally, the substrate may be covered with a polymerizable or cross-linkable material (not shown). The active nanoparticles 120 and the inactive nanoparticles 125 may be secured to the substrate by heating, or by curing the polymerizable or cross-linkable material. Portions of the outer shell 140 may be removed, exposing the active nanoparticles 120 and the inactive nanoparticles 125, and forming the NERS-active structure 102. Still another exemplary method for making an NERS-active structure is illustrated in FIGS. 10-11. To produce the NERS-active structure, a substrate 210 may be provided. A partial section of the substrate 210 is shown in FIG. 10. A hexagonally closed packed assembly of nanoparticles 220 may be formed on a surface of the substrate 210 by any suitable method, for example, by LB film deposition techniques or by any suitable self-assembly technique. The assembly of nanoparticles 220 may be used as a shadow mask for deposition, forming nanoscale features. Openings 230 between the nanoparticles 220 provide access to the surface of the substrate 210, on which the nanoscale features may be formed. As shown in FIG. 11, a material 240 of the feature to be formed, such as an NERS-active material, may be applied to the substrate 210 through the openings 230 by a conventional deposition technique including, but not limited to, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), sputtering, or evaporation. The currently preferred method of deposition is a line-of-sight, non-conformal deposition. A non-conformal deposition technique deposits more material on horizontal surfaces, in this case the substrate 210, than on side or curved surfaces, in this case the nanoparticles 220. A portion of the material 240 may be deposited on the nanoparticles 220; however, this portion of the material 240 is not shown in FIG. 11 for clarity. The nanoparticles 220 are removed, along with any material 240 deposited on the nanoparticles 220, leaving features 250 on the substrate 210, forming the NERS-active structure 103 of FIG. 12. The nanoparticles may be loosely adhered to the substrate 210, and may be washed off the substrate 210. Optionally, if the nanoparticles 220 are firmly adhered to the substrate 210, a highly selective chemical etch may be used to remove the nanoparticles 220. The center-to-center spacing S of the features 250 is determined by the diameter d of the nanoparticles 220. Referring to FIG. 10, the center of the feature 250 will be the point equidistant from the centers of the three surrounding nanoparticles 220. The spacing S will be 2*d/(2*√3). In other words, S=d/√3, or approximately d/1.732. In one exemplary embodiment, for a feature spacing S of three nanometers, nanoparticles having a diameter d of approximately five nanometers will be used. The features 250 of FIG. 12 may also be employed as nuclei for further growth. The features grown may have an increased size and a decreased distance of separation, from outer perimeter to outer perimeter. The features 250 may optionally be etched, creating features of a decreased size and an increased distance of perimeter-to-perimeter spacing. Yet another embodiment of an NERS-active structure 104 is shown in FIG. 13. The features 250 of FIG. 12 form the cores of an assembly of core-shell nanostructures 270. A shell 260 may surround each feature 250. One exemplary embodiment of a core-shell nanostructure is a core 250 of platinum and a shell 260 of cobalt. The NERS-active structure 104 may be used in an NERS system to enhance the Raman signal of an analyte. An exemplary NERS system 160 according to the invention is illustrated schematically in FIG. 14. The system 160 may include one of the exemplary NERS-active structures 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104, and may be used to perform nanonhanced Raman spectroscopy. The NERS system 160 may include a sample or analyte stage 161, an excitation radiation source 162, and a detector 164. The analyte stage 161 may include one of the NERS-active structures 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104 (FIGS. 1-2, 5, 9, 12 and 13). The NERS system 160 also may include various optical components 163 positioned between the excitation radiation source 162 and the analyte stage 161, and various optical components 165 positioned between the analyte stage 161 and the detector 164. The excitation radiation source 162 may include any suitable source for emitting radiation at the desired wavelength, and may be capable of emitting a tunable wavelength of radiation. For example, commercially available semiconductor lasers, helium-neon lasers, carbon dioxide lasers, light emitting diodes, incandescent lamps, and many other known radiation-emitting sources may be used as the excitation radiation source 162. The wavelengths that are emitted by the excitation radiation source 162 may be any suitable wavelength for analyzing the analyte using NERS. An exemplary range of wavelengths that may be emitted by the excitation radiation source 162 includes wavelengths between about 350 nm and about 1000 nm. The excitation radiation emitted by the source 162 may be delivered either directly from the source 162 to the analyte stage 161 and the NERS-active structure 100, 101, 102, 103, 104. Alternatively, collimation, filtration, and subsequent focusing of the excitation radiation may be performed by optical components 163 before the excitation radiation impinges on the analyte stage 161 and the NERS-active structure 100, 101, 102, 103, 104. The NERS-active structure 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 of the analyte stage 161 may enhance the Raman signal of the analyte, as discussed previously herein. In other words, irradiation of the NERS-active structure 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 by excitation radiation may increase the number photons inelastically scattered by an analyte molecule positioned near or adjacent to the NERS-active structure 100, 101, 102, 103, 104. The Raman scattered photons may be collimated, filtered, or focused with optical components 165. For example, a filter or a plurality of filters may be employed, either as part of the structure of the detector 164, or as a separate unit that is configured to filter the wavelength of the excitation radiation, thus allowing only the Raman scattered photons to be received by the detector 164. The detector 164 receives and detects the Raman scattered photons and may include a monochromator (or any other suitable device for determining the wavelength of the Raman scattered photons) and a device such as, for example, a photomultiplier for determining the quantity of Raman scattered photons (intensity). Ideally, the Raman scattered photons are scattered isotropically, being scattered in all directions relative to the analyte stage 161. Thus, the position of the detector 164 relative to the analyte stage 161 is not particularly important. However, the detector 164 may be positioned at, for example, an angle of 90° relative to the direction of the incident excitation radiation to minimize the intensity of the incident excitation radiation that may be incident on the detector 164. To perform NERS using the system 160, a user may provide an analyte molecule or molecules adjacent to the nanoscale components of the NERS-active structure 100, 101, 102, 103, 104. The analyte and the NERS-active structure 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 are irradiated with excitation radiation or light from the source 162. Raman scattered photons scattered by the analyte are then detected by the detector 164. The structures and systems disclosed herein may also be used to perform enhanced hyper-Raman spectroscopy. When excitation radiation impinges on an analyte molecule, a very small number of photons may be scattered at frequencies corresponding to the higher order harmonics of the excitation radiation, such as the second and third harmonics (i.e., twice or three times the frequency of the excitation radiation). Some of these photons may have a frequency that is Raman-shifted relative to the frequencies corresponding to the higher order harmonics of the excitation radiation. These higher order Raman-scattered photons can provide information about the analyte molecule that cannot be obtained by first order Raman spectroscopy. Hyper-Raman spectroscopy involves the collection and analysis of these higher order Raman-scattered photons. The methods disclosed herein allow for the reproducible formation of NERS-active structures, including nanoscale features having well controlled size, shape, location, and orientation. These structures allow for improved nanoenhanced Raman spectroscopy and may be used to produce molecular sensors having superior sensitivity relative to conventional NERS-active structures. The performance of nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, molecular sensors, and other devices employing the Raman effect may be significantly improved by using the NERS-active structures disclosed herein. In addition, the methods disclosed herein allow for production of high quantities of NERS-active structures/materials at relatively low cost. Although the foregoing description contains many specifics, these are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, but merely as providing certain exemplary embodiments. Similarly, other embodiments of the invention may be devised which do not depart from the spirit or scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated and limited only by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the foregoing description. All additions, deletions, and modifications to the invention, as disclosed herein, which fall within the meaning and scope of the claims, are encompassed by the present invention. an outer shell partially coating at least some nanoparticles of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles, wherein each coated nanoparticle of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles is separated from adjacent nanoparticles by a predetermined distance. 2. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, further comprising a bonding material between the substrate and the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles. 3. The NERS-active structure of claim 2 wherein the bonding material comprises a UV-curable polymer. 4. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles is embedded in the substrate. 5. The NERS-active structure of claim 4, wherein the substrate comprises plastic. 6. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles includes a plurality of active nanoparticles and a plurality of inactive nanoparticles, the plurality of inactive nanoparticles exhibiting a plasmon frequency differing from the plasmon frequency exhibited by the plurality of active nanoparticles. 7. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein the outer shell comprises organic ligands. 8. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein the outer shell comprises a sacrificial material. 9. The NERS-active structure of claim 8, wherein the sacrificial material comprises one of an oxide and a sulfide. 10. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein the outer shell comprises organic ligands having a length, and the predetermined distance is substantially equal to twice the length of the organic ligands. 11. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein the outer shell comprises a sacrificial material having a thickness, and the predetermined distance is substantially equal to twice the thickness of the sacrificial material. an analyte molecule adsorbed between two nanoparticles of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles. 13. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein each nanoparticle of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles has a generally spherical shape and an average diameter of less than about 100 nm. 14. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein each nanoparticle of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles has an average diameter within a range from about 1 nanometer to about 25 nanometers. 15. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises one of plastic, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, alumina, zirconia, tin oxide, and metal. 16. The NERS-active structure of claim 1, wherein at least some nanoparticles of the two-dimensional array of nanoparticles comprise one or more of gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, and aluminum. a detector configured to receive Raman-scattered light scattered by an analyte located adjacent the NERS-active structure. detecting Raman scattered radiation scattered by the analyte. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of detecting comprises detecting Raman scattered radiation scattered by a single molecule. Collier, C.P., et al., "Reversible Tunig of Silver Quantum Dot Monolayers Through the Metal-Insulator Transition," Science, vol. 277, pp. 1978-1981, Sep. 26, 1997. Drew, Christopher, et al., "Metal Oxide-Coated Polymer Nanofibers," Nano Lett., vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 143-147, 2003. Garcia, F.J., et al., "Collective Theory for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering," Physical Review Letters, vol. 77, No. 6, pp. 1163-1166, Aug. 5, 1996. Green, Mino, et al., "SERS Substrates Fabricated by Island Lithography: The Silver/Pyridine System," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 107, No. 47, pp. 13015-13021, 2003. Kamins, T.I., et al., "Chemically vapor deposited Si nanowires and nucleated by self-assembled Ti islands on patterned and unpatterned Si substrates," Physica E 13, pp. 995-998, 2002. Kneipp, Katrin, et al., "Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)," Physical Review Letters, vol. 78, No. 9, pp. 1667-1670, Mar. 3, 1997. Liu, Feng-Ming, et al., "Efficient SERS substrates made by electroless silver deposition into patterned silicon structures," J. Mater. Chem., 14, pp. 1526-1532, 2004. Michaels et al. "Surfaced Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Rhodamine 6G Molecules on Large Ag Nanocrystals," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 9932-39 (1999). Nie, Shuming, et al., "Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering," Science, vol. 275, pp. 1102-1106, Feb. 21, 1997. Otto, Andreas, "Some Aspects of the Mechanisms of SERS," Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Lehrstuhl fur Oberflachenwissenschaft, Universitatsstr. 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, F.R. Germany, EU, e-mail: [email protected], 4 pages, unknown date. Otto, Andreas, "What is observed in single molecule SERS?," submitted to J. Raman Spectroscopy, Lehrstuhl fur Oberflachenwissenschaft, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, D 40225 Dusseldorf, FR Germany, EU, 4 pages, unknown date. Pinto, N.J., et al., "Electroless Deposition of Thin Metallic Films on Polymer Fibers Prepared via Electrospinning," Polymer Preprints, 44(2), pp. 138-139, 2003. Wei et al., "Engineering 'Hot Spots' for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering", Proceedings of SPIE vol. 5221 Plasmonics: Metallic Nanostructures and Their Optical Properties, pp. 92-98, (2003). Whang, Dongmok, et al., "Nanolithography Using Hierarchically Assembled Nanowire Masks," Nano Lett., vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 951-954, 2003.

2019-04-23T13:40:06Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US7397558B2/en

Long Tail Pro Review 2019 – Is Jaaxy Better Alternative? My mission with this review is to take a look into powers of Long Tail Pro to find out is it good enough for your keyword research or Jaaxy is maybe a better alternative. You see, I use Jaaxy for my keyword research, and I’m satisfied with its service. But what if there is something better out there? If you can’t decide who is better, Long Tail Pro or Jaaxy, maybe this article can help you make a decision. Let’s see who has more powers, shall we? Ok, I must begin this review in a negative tone. Sadly, Long Tail Pro keyword research tool disappointed me at the very beginning. Hopefully, it’ll change as we move forward. The company offers a 7-day free trial version. During those seven days, you are allowed to use this tool for free, no charges whatsoever. As much as I was excited to start using this keyword research tool, my enthusiasm went away pretty fast. I got weird results for every keyword. The requested keyword and the results were of slant every time I entered a new keyword variation. Bummer! I wasn’t expecting that keyword research will be limited. You get only 100 keywords per 24 hours which go away fast. Another bummer! It takes ages to get results. The little wheel is spinning round and round while I scratch my beard. It grew while I was waiting! I’ve decided to hit the sack and try another round tomorrow. Here I am, fresh and rested, ready to dig into this keyword research tool to see is it better than my favorite Jaaxy or should I stick to what I know already. Hopefully, I won’t experience the same troubles as I did the last night. What is Long Tail Pro For? As every other keyword research tool, Long Tail Pro is oriented towards keyword research mainly. However, there are a few more features that sound interesting, and they’ve caught my attention. One of those features is SERP analysis, which means that you can use this tool to get insights into your competition on the Search Engines results. For me, an online marketer, the ability to take a peek at my neighbors’ yard is more than exciting. It shouldn’t be my primary focus, but it doesn’t hurt to check out the competition. Moreover, you can use Long Tail Pro to track your rankings on Google, Bing, and Yahoo. It’s an awesome feature which helps you track your work and see how far have you progressed with your business. Another cool thing that I’ve found while using this keyword research tool was backlink checker. I know that everyone who is looking to establish authority on search engines is more than interested in getting backlinks to your website. Also, the ability to read those backlinks and discover where are they coming from is super! Now, I know that I’ve started this review in a bit harsh tone, but as I move along, I can see that Long Tail Pro is not as bad as I might have been thinking. There is a lot of things that you can use it for, from basic keyword research to analyzing competition on SERP, as well as analyzing your keywords. My second experience with Long Tail Pro keyword research was much better than the first time I’ve tried it. As I am a content marketer, to me is very important to get as many long tail keywords for my business. High-quality keywords are my business. This tool is for everyone who is involved in the same line of work. Compared to some other tools on the market, this one is more oriented towards beginners who are looking for simple and easy to use tools. Simplicity is the keyword, and Long Tail delivers! If you are a beginner who is looking for a simple tool that can help you to do your research quick, fast, and most importantly easy to understand, this tool is for you. You can get already mentioned 100 free searches which are more than enough to get started. To me, this was too little because I’m crazy about long tail keywords! You should be as well. My mission here with this website is to deliver you the best free online and affiliate marketing tools that you can use to start up your business with as less cost as possible and this one starts to slip away from the race slowly. As mentioned already, the free trial is only 7-days which was a small bummer, but let’s move on. Before I’ve decided to do this review, I’ve been working with a few other keyword research tools such as MOZ, SEMrush, and Jaaxy. All of them are special in their way. Long Tail Pro left me with not so good first impression, but as I move through its features, I can see that there is some value in it. What gets me the most is the simplicity of the interface. I like simple tools which are easy to use, and this one suits my taste. However, I am not so happy with the speed of the results after you hit the search button. The lady on one of the tutorial videos that I’ve watched before I stared had the same issues. She says that it’s because they regularly update for long tail keywords and that is what slows down the search form time to time. I don’t like excuses. I don’t know about you, but speed is critical to me. The variety of ideas, on the other hand, is excellent! When you search for a long tail keyword, you’ll get 20 more related long tail keywords together with an option to expand each keyword into 20 more long tail phrases. Cool! I like to have many ideas at once. It helps me to grow my business fast. If you like to bid for keywords on Google Ads, this research tool shows you the value of each suggestion automatically. You can get the same thing with Google Keyword Planner, but it’s not a bad thing to have immediate insight into the information about how profitable the keyword is. Keyword difficulty and search volume are also displayed, but I’ll cover in more detail right below. You can get access to Long Tail Pro Boot Camp and University where you’ll find tons of great video material explaining everything from how to use this tool as well as on how to improve your research and much more! This review is getting more and more exciting so let’s pop up the hood to see the engine shall we? The window-shopping is over. We’ve gone through this tool briefly to get you ready for what is coming. Now, we will sit back, turn on the engine and take it out for a test drive. Let’s see how Long Tail Pro performs when the rubber hits the road. Throughout the review, I’m going to give a short comparison with Jaaxy, but I’ll stay Long Tail Pro oriented mainly. For this review, I’ve decided to use a ‘keyword research tools’ as my seed keyword to see what’s going to happen. Also, I’ve chosen to target Googles results for the United States. Before I begin, I will retract what I’ve said at the start of this review because the new results are in and I’m getting more and more intrigued by this tool and its performance. It’s great to see how this tool works a little bit different than Jaaxy. You see Jaaxy gives you twenty ideas as well, but here you can explore each keyword individually and have an in-depth analysis of your keyword just by clicking on it. One point goes to Long Tail Pro, for now. I’ll explain all the simple metrics that you get for your seed keyword. Then we’ll move to see what’s happening when you click on the phrase that you like. I’m excited already so let’s go! The first metric is competitiveness, and it tells you how likely you are going to rank for the selected keyword on the top of the search results. You get a score from 0-100. The closet you get to 100 means that it’ll be harder for you to rank for that particular long tail keyword. Closer to 0 means that your chances are high. For this calculation, it considers only websites from the top of the Google search. It analyses top 10 websites using those metrics, and as I explained already, it serves you with a number that indicates how hard or easy it’ll be for you to rank your site for that same keyword. Using colors, green and yellow, it helps you to point your view on keywords that are worthy of further analysis. Yellow means medium competitiveness, and a number between 25 and 30 measures it. Green colored name says you are good to go with this one and it’s stepped on the scale between 0 and 25. In some other keyword research tools, we know it as keyword difficulty. Jaaxy has the same metric which is helpful as well, KQI or keyword quality indicator. Knowing how hard or easy it can be to rank your keyword, from my perspective, is the most critical aspect of keyword research. It helps you to make quick decisions and move forward quickly. However, I don’t like to think of the top 10 sites as my competition. Instead of labeling them as competitors, I want to use them as an inspiration, or role models. Competition not only sounds rough but competing makes your job harder. My advice is to use this score as a reference and nothing else. Your task online is not to compete with other sites; it’s to create and serve to your readers with high quality and quantity of information. Like I’m doing right now with my review. I’m serving you with information about Long Tail Pro keyword research tool, and I use this article to compare it with Jaaxy. So far, they are shoulder to shoulder. Another metric that plays a significant role in every search for a perfect long tail keyword is volume. This metric gives you an insight into the number of searches per month your keyword gets. It calculates roughly how many people use that exact keyword phrase each month depending on the state you have selected and search engine you target. In my example, I’ve got volume results for searches based in the US, targeting Google search engine. I’ve had some good indications telling me that I have to expand my long tail keyword and be more specific to get better results. Also, the guys from Long Tail Pro team have said that the number based on the 12 months which means that the results are or should be fresh as a daisy every time. They like to update continuously, which is praiseworthy. This metric is standard with every other keyword research tool as well. I’ve seen the same with Jaaxy, SEMrush, and MOZ. However, it’s nice to see some extra steps to improve this metric. I’m always for fresh, so having this number closer to how things are in real time is exciting information. To digress a little bit from this part of my review, I have to say that so far, Long Tail Pro is improving its first impression. Compared to what I’ve got when I started, this is much better now. Therefore, let’s move on to see what else is this little tool hiding in his hat! Are you up for some bets? People who like to place a few bucks on a specific keyword will find great value in Long Tail Pro. It serves you with a forecasted amount for pay-per-click for the selected keyword based on the amount that advertisers are already paying to the selected search engine in the country you’ve chosen to target. If this is not your game, and if it sounds too complicated, you might want to skip for a few paragraphs forward. You see, many people are doing PPC online and they have a business model developed. Having this information is an excellent move from the Long Tail Pro team. If I’m one of the guys who is revolving my business around PPC, I would be looking for a tool that can help me reach decisions faster. This one does, but I’m not the guy. However, if you are interested in doing so, don’t take this number too seriously. It’s only a forecast, so used it as a benchmark, nothing else. It’s cool to see this information for many reasons. One of them is because it can help you to determine if a keyword that you want to rank profitable or not. For example, if you are a content marketer like me, and you have a great product to promote over your blog, you would be interested in this info. Here we are again, the race. Under the previous paragraph, I’ve been talking about PPC so I will continue in the same spirit under this one as well. Within this column, you’ll find a keyword competition for a selected keyword in Google AdWords. It’s pretty simple. This metric indicates how many advertisers already bid on Google for keywords you’ve selected based on the chosen country. If interested in bidding, this one, as well as preceding metric, can be a beautiful window to Google Keyword Planner before you go there and start doing some campaigns. Here you can take a look at the number of words in a keyword. In the words of Long Tail Pro, this number serves so you can filter and sort your keywords on the number of words. Pretty simple stuff as well. I feel like there is nothing more to say about this matter so let’s move on with the review. As I can see so far, Long Tail Pro has given a lot of attention to PPC and Google AdWords. This metric also is related to the same. It shows you the estimated monthly value of ranking in the top organic search results. It’s calculated using the suggested AdWords bid, and an estimated click-through-rate. However, you can play around with this metric and modify it to calculate the same for Amazon Affiliate or anything else using the Site Rank Value option. Again and again, if you are in the business of content marketing, this informations has little value to you. The last two metrics are self-explanatory and straightforward. In my example, I’m using the English language, and I’ve decided that I want to see the results for the US only. However, I have a strong feeling that the results shouldn’t be country oriented. I would like to see the conclusions based on the whole world, but I was unable to find this option. I can choose only one country for my research. Anyway, it’s a helpful metric to have if you want to target a specific country. Moreover, the language option is excellent for website owners that have based their business on their native language. As I’ve set my options to the US and English language already, I’m not going to change anything. I’ll stick to given results for the rest of this review. It’s time to see my keyword under the microscope. But before we do so, I have to say that at this point in my review, I think that even though Long Tail Pro’s keyword research is proper, I’m not fascinated. When compared with my alternative tool, Jaaxy, I believe that LTP lacks more long tail ideas. The whole point of keyword research is getting more and more ideas for your content. As I can see so far, LTP has less to offer than Jaaxy, which is not a good thing in my eyes. You want to get as many long tail keyword ideas, and Jaaxy can provide more. Now, let’s see how they match when we want to analyze your competition. Now, for those of you who are interested in organic search results and you don’t care about PPC, this part of Long Tail Pro review will excite you. On the beginning, I’ve used ‘best keyword research tool’ as my seed keyword. The initial results were 19 more long tail keywords together with the one I’ve selected. As you could see, I had no trouble in reading the metrics served by Long Tail Pro. Moreover, I found them to be very simple and helpful so far. Even though the results were not promising, I want to know some in-depth metrics about my keyword. Before I explain the next chart, I want to say that this tool is excellent and the troubles that had occurred on the beginning must have been a small twitch in the system because I haven’t experienced any problems after that. I guess it was just bad luck. As you can see from the image below, my selected keyword is pretty competitive — the Avr. KC score is 45 which means that I’ll have a lot of trouble with ranking my site on the top of Google’s page number one. The search volume, however, is pretty sweet. Long Tail Pro estimates that this keyword receives around 480 searches every single month in the US only. The right-hand side of the image shows what types of results are showing on the top of Google for this keyword. As you can see, all of the results are organic, which means there is no ads or any other particular snippets except organic results. Now let’s take a look at the Competition Analysis on Google Organic Search. The first column is again the same, Keyword Competitiveness. I won’t explain this one in details again because I’ve done so in the first part of this review/tutorial on how to use Long Tail Pro. To recapitulate, KC is always a number between 0-100. The score from 0 to 25 means that a keyword is likely to rank. The score from 25 to 30 tells you that you’ll have medium trouble to do the same. And everything above 30 means that you should move on with your research and find less competitive keywords. Long Tail Pro estimates this score by taking into consideration some of the metrics that I’ll explain in more details under the next few headlines. The same as the score before this one, Domain KC analyses domain of your competition and based on the number of backlinks, Trust Flow, and Citation Flow, it grades domains’ authority with numbers between 0 and 100. Again, the closer to 0 means weak or no authority. Number close to 100 indicates that the domain which takes one of the top spots on Google has a strong influence. While using Jaaxy, I couldn’t find this metric because Jaaxy doesn’t provide with one. However, it’s a logical thing to assume that authority sites always take the top five or six positions. On the other hand, you can expect that the bottom spots are available to you no matter how weak your site is at this moment. I have a few reviews that I managed to rank on the second half of the first page results in Google just by writing a high-quality piece of content. As my site matures, my content will hopefully climb as well. Anyway, it’s encouraging to see that those bottom spots are always available to the younger and less authoritative sites. Long Tail Pro’s Trust Flow measures the quality of links to the URL. The given score flows between 0 and 100. In other words, it measures the quality of competitions backlinks. This information is excellent, and it can help you a lot to see where is your site compared to guys that already rank on the top page of Google. My advice is, don’t take all these metrics personally. Instead, take it as a focus of what can you expect one day with your website. For an everyday blogger, this information might be a little bit overwhelming. On the other hand, if you are the type which cares more about what competition is doing thank this info is perfect. I’m more about doing my work to the best of my abilities, and I don’t care too much how many trusted backlinks my site have. You see, I’m focused on providing an excellent service to you, and I’m aware that those trusted backlinks will follow up if I keep this attitude. That’s why I like Jaaxy a little bit more at this point because its primary goal is simple and plain keyword research. Long Tail Pro has its focus on competition over its primary function. Long Tail Pro estimates Citation Flow by considering how many sites link to it. This score also gives you a number between 0 and 100 where a score closer to 100 means that the influence URL grows as backlink count grows as well. Once again, you shouldn’t be focused on this metric too much because it’s taking your focus away from what is important to you. You see, this metric, as well as the one before, are useless to the majority of bloggers out there. It can be intimidating to see how ‘weak’ your site might be in comparison to websites which are in the business for ten years or more. On the other hand, if you keep the growth mentality while seeing all those intimidating metrics, you can have a look into your future if you keep working and building your website. I have to stop this review for a second and say that most of you guys are looking for a keyword research tool that can help you to find long tail keywords! As I keep digging into Long Tail Pre, I see that, despite its name, it has less and less focus on long tail keywords and more and more towards analyzing your competition. This fact is something that I honestly don’t like. That’s why I’m giving one point back to Jaaxy. My alternative tool is strictly oriented towards keyword research and helping you in finding long tail keywords. Now that I got this off my mind, we can continue this review in peace. I’ll put these two metrics together because they are the same as the two before them. I must say that as I advance through Long Tail Pro, I’m getting confused by these four metrics altogether. Domain Trust Flow and Domain Citation Flow measure the same as TF and CT only this time they grade a domain and not the page itself. The process of measurement and scoring is the same as before. It means that it gives a score between 0 and 100. Hight score indicates great link quality. I hope that all of this hasn’t got you confused. You see, all those metrics are useless for me at this point. All I wanted to learn is how to use Long Tail Pro for keyword research and find some right long tail keywords. However, the quantity of information within the competition analysis is too much. Maybe I would be more enthusiastic about all of this if I’m more oriented towards the competition analysis. If you ask me right now which one would I recommend, Jaaxy or Long Tail Pro, I would go with Jaaxy! Another intimidating information. In this column, you can see how many external backlinks are pointing to page ranking for a selected keyword. Backlinks are a funny metric. Most of the pro bloggers agree around one point in SEO. That is, backlinks are not relevant anymore. Google did put much value on the number of backlinks to a website while determining the rankings before. However, today this is almost useless. Backlinks come naturally to every site as you network and share your content online. They aren’t taken seriously anymore because they are easy to get. Website owner even discovered many black hat methods which have convinced Google to look for something more valuable than this. Google found a solution in content. In other words, it values sites for the quality and quantity of information instead of how many backlinks a website has. Yes, backlinks still count, but not as much as website content! The number of unique domains referring to the page. This column is pretty self-explanatory as well. I won’t go too much into this one because I’ve said enough under the above headline. To me, all of this is a little bit too much information. As you can see on one of the images, we have a website that has score one under External Backlinks, as well as one under Page Ref Domains and the site holds position number 10. If you take a look at all the other metrics as well, you will see a big difference between www.timflemingham.com and all other authority websites. Despite all those advantages, this guy has ranked on the top page for a highly competitive keyword. I believe that Mr. Tim confirms my point so far. That is, keep your mind on long tail keywords and deliver high-quality content. Don’t worry too much about backlinks, domain referrals and such. Let’s review the last three metrics before we move on to SERP analysis. Finally, we are talking about content! This metric helps you to take a look into some indexed URL of the domain. In other words, how many URLs this site has indexed in Google over time. For me, this is very important because it gives you an accurate measure of your site against your competition. If you are in the business of content creation than you too can be excited with me for finding this info! The whole point of SEO in 2019 is CONTENT. It was before of course, but as we move forward, Google is giving more and more trust to websites that provide a good piece of content regularly. I believe that I’ve said enough about the content itself and why you should focus more on it over backlinks and other metrics that you can get with Long Tail Pro. This number tells you how many internal links from this page point to other pages on a domain. I know that one of the good SEO practices is an internal linking structure. When I write my content, I try to focus on a big picture, something like a category, so that later on I can interlink my content. When analyzing your competition, this is something you can take seriously. If you see that some of the competing websites have missed incorporating a good internal link structure, that means advantage you! Good job Long Tail Pro. My face is smiling again. And here we are at the last metric of in-depth competition analysis. Plain and simple, it tells you how old is a website, and that’s it. Even though Long Tail Pro has fascinated me with and its in-depth analysis, I found it to be a little bit too much for someone like me. You see, I am interested in finding right long tail keywords. I don’t know about you, but my priority with my business is content and rankings, not the competition analysis. On the other hand, Jaaxy keyword research tool fills my need perfectly. Because of its simplicity and orientation towards long tail keyword research, at this point, I have to say that I give a point to Jaaxy even though it serves with fewer competition data. However, the competition data from Jaaxy is more than enough to make a wise decision. This review is not over, so let’s see what else can Long Tail Pro offer to you! SERP Analysis withing Long Tail Pro is a feature that I have explained under ‘In-Depth Keyword Competition Analysis’ headline. Once you do keyword research, you will get an insight into all the metrics that I’ve mentioned so far. You can take a look at your competition to analyze keyword difficulty. In comparison, Long Tail Pro is focused on backlinks mostly, while Jaaxy points to information which is more important in my mind. That is, the number of words within page ranked for a keyword. I can advise you to use a little bit of both. However, as I’ve said already, I will focus on quantity over quality always. All in all, SERP Analysis is necessary for every keyword research, so you better do it right or don’t do it at all. Both of the tools can help you get more or less the same data, so I give a point to each instrument for this category. Like every other keyword research tool, this one can help you to see what keywords do your rank for at any time. If you want to check your keyword rankings, enter your focus keyword of the article or a blog post, enter your domain as well, and hit the ADD button to get fresh insights into your results. This feature of Long Tail Pro helps you to find out where do you stand in search engine results for that particular keyword. You can see have you improved your rankings or have they declined in real time. I like to see how good or bad I rank for keywords. However, I wouldn’t take this too seriously, especially if you are a new website. Rank Tracker can be a useful tool once you get a good deal of traffic coming to your website. Until then, the best thing is to stay focused on keywords research itself. I will say that both Long Tail Pro and Jaaxy get one point each for this category. Within this feature of Long Tail Pro, you can check any of your domains for backlinks. You can see how many of them you have on your website, and you can see from where they come. This is a convenient feature. To be able to track your backlinks and compare them with the competition can be an advantage to your side. As I’ve said, I’m not too much into backlinks structure. I did try to focus on this, but then I’ve realized that they come naturally. Because they will come to you as long as you keep pushing the content out there, I see no need to put any good deal of my attention to backlinks. One of the best things that I’ve learned, actually I have only reinforced my existing knowledge, was how to give more attention to your content. I’m a fan of a good content structure. The guys from Long Tail Pro have a couple of fantastic videos explaining Silo Method. This method teaches you how to link your content better. In a nutshell, Google values sites which can show authority in a specific area and which can show that by relating to their material. A Silo Method is simple. Take my website for example. I’ve created a category ‘keyword research,’ and within that category, I’m determined to provide a good deal of relevant and useful articles. It not only helps to boost my rankings but also, it helps to show Google that my site is not just another blog. I can show authority by doing so. All in all, if you are interested in learning more about keyword strategies, how to find more relevant keywords for your niche, and learn a few tricks on how to crush your competition, this section of Long Tail Pro will be of the most value to you. While reviewing this feature of Long Tail Pro, I’ve realized that both LTP and Jaaxy have video training included. However, there is a vast difference between those two categories of these keyword research tools. In my opinion, Jaaxy wins this category. If you want to learn keywords, you’ll have to learn more than just keywords. You’ll have to learn WordPress, content structure, keyword research, SEO, and a lot more. Long Tail Pro’s video tutorials are great as well, but they are more informative compared to Jaaxy’s training where you can learn how to use that same knowledge in practice which is, in my eyes, the best kind of experience there is. Jaaxy comes free with Wealthy Affiliate University membership. That is the best place online to learn all there is about long tail keyword research. I hope that you get my point so far because I am determined to help you find long tail keywords as well as to recommend a tool which can assist in the process. Ok, let’s quickly check Long Tail Pro price and offers. Long Tail Pro or Jaaxy? Here you are at the end of my comparison review between Long Tail Pro and Jaaxy. Now, I’m going to summarize my experience with those two keyword research tools and give you my objective opinion which one do I recommend. When we speak about keyword research itself and the ability to find long tail keywords both of those tools can fulfill your needs. Long Tail Pro is good, but I believe that Jaaxy can offer much more! When I take a look into keyword competition analysis and SERP analysis, I think that LTP can provide you with much more information than Jaaxy can. If you are interest in looking into your competitions back yard more than your own, LTP is your tool! If you are looking for a keyword research tool that is simple and straightforward, then Jaaxy is your tool! The last thing I’m interested in these tools is the price of the service. Long Tail Pro offers 7-day free trial which gives you 100 keyword searches for each of those seven days. Jaaxy, on the other hand, provides 30 searches and that’s all. After that, you have to purchase a membership to get unlimited access. When I compare the starter plans for both tools, the difference in price is minor. If you are interested in using powerful long tail keywords finder in the long run, I think that Jaaxy is more than worthy of your money. Moreover, Jaaxy’s Pro plan is $18 cheaper than LTP’s. In the end, my final recommendation is Jaaxy! As I have mentioned at one point of this review, if you join Wealthy Affiliate, Jaaxy is included in monthly membership ($49/month). Not only that, but you will get complete training on how to use this tool correctly and how to find an unlimited source of long tail keywords. Moreover, you will get two free websites to start your business, complete training on WordPress and content writing, 24/7 access to a live community of affiliate marketers, and much more! I’m more than excited to invite you to join me at Wealthy Affiliate University to improve your online skills and finally learn how to master keyword research once and for all! Hi, Barbara! I’m happy to hear that you find Jaaxy to be your favorite as well! 🙂 Long Tail Pro is also a good keyword research tool and as much as I enjoyed reviewing it, I also find that Jaaxy, together with Wealthy Affiliate, can offer much more! Enjoy your week! Nice. Long tail is not bad at all. The only thing is that I have been using jaaxy and it works super well for me just like you highlighted that you get a lot of benefits by using it. I am using it free since I am in Wealthy Affiliate and I am glad to have this benefit. Hi Thabo, I agree with you, man. I’m a fan of keyword research and having two good tools working side by side is not a bad decision. But, Jaaxy is simple and straightforward, and that’s what you need for your research! It’s always good to test out new tools to see if they are going to be a better fit for your business Ivan! I personally use Jaaxy myself for my keyword research and have always found it to suit my needs and is way better than a lot of more expensive tools, and it looks like this is the case here as well! Very detailed review, though, but I will be sticking with Jaaxy! Hi John, I’m happy to help you make a good decision. 🙂 Long Tail is not so bad, but Jaaxy can deliver more long tail keywords which are my main point in research. Thanks for stopping by. Enjoy! Hi Rose, 🙂 it’s not bad to see other tools just to reassure yourself that Jaaxy is the best. I’m happy to hear that you are doing fine with it, that’s why I’m recommending it. This is fascinating and quality information. I am quite new to this and learned many little details and useful ideas from your post. I am new to online business, and I started with Wealthy Affiliates which promotes Jaaxy. So i never knew that there is similar product such as Long Tail Pro until i read your post. Will try out the Jaaxy for a start first which comes with the Premium Membership by WA. Later when I write more post and if all the key words suggested by Jaaxy is not helping me in my website ranking, then probably it will be time to try Long Tail Pro. Thanks much for the very detailed sharing on Long Tail Pro. Hi Jeffrey, it’s great to hear that you find Jaaxy to be your primary keyword tool. 🙂 Long Tail Pro is not bad. However, I recommend you to stick with Jaaxy and Wealthy Affiliate because you get full training on how to use the tool, find long tail keywords, and more! If you have any questions, feel free to ask. Thank you for your exceptional article about Long Tail Pro Review 2019…i love it! Personally, I use Jaxxy, and I find it great and easy to use, but all the time is good to be informed and up to date with different alternatives. I will check your website again for more interesting reviews. Well done.

2019-04-22T06:30:55Z

https://freeaffiliatemarketingbusiness.com/long-tail-review-is-jaaxy-better-alternative

Minimum rental period of 1 year. This 3 bedroom apartment is located in the 1st district of Paris between the Louvre Museum and the Rue Saint Honoré, in the famous rue du Louvre. In an art-deco building constructed in 1910 (designed by the famous architect Frantz Jourdain), the apartment has been completely renovated in the Parisian luxury style. This property of 125 square meters has three balconies overlooking the Louvre. The entrance directly gives onto the dining area, with the living room on the left and the fully equipped kitchen on the right. If you take the corridor on the right of the entrance, you can find the suite with the first bedroom, its bathroom and toilets. When you continue in this corridor, the second toilets will be on the left, then the second bathroom and finally the two last bedrooms on each side at the end of the corridor. The first bedroom has a double bed, and the two others are equipped with queen-size beds; one of them is convertible into two single beds. The first bathroom is equipped with a shower and a washbasin; the other bathroom has a shower, a bathtub, a washbasin and a washer/dryer. The apartment is located 50 meters away from the metro station Louvre-Rivoli (line 1). This property was perfection. The listing was through and accurate; the space was in sparkling condition. The apartment is centrally located next to the Louvre, making it easy to walk everywhere. The flat is well-equipped with everything one might need to cook - as we did multiple times during our stay. The layout of the flat is also excellent - the master bedroom and the 2 additional bedrooms are down the hall from one another, giving everyone some space. Glama Paris provided excellent customer service: they were highly responsive, proactive and welcoming. I would rent any of their properties without hesitation given the high standard of service and the quality of their property portfolio. Absolutely recommend both this apartment and Glama Paris - they will be my go-to first choice in planning future trips to Paris. The location can't be any better unless you just don't want to be in downtown Paris. You are literally across the street from the Louvre Museum and within walking distance of many other landmarks. The Rivoli metro stop is a mere 150 feet away from the front door and takes you anywhere else you want to go in Paris. There's a supermarket one block away and little bakeries and green grocers nearby if you don't want to go the supermarket route. The apartment itself was beautiful. Very authentic Parisian yet updated for modern comfortable convenience. The AC was a must for us and all the bedrooms have AC as well as the dining room. The bed rooms are away from the road so you don't hear any street noise. The clothes dryer doesn't vent to the outside so you have to remove and empty the water collector after each dry cycle. Just FYI as it took us three days to figure this out. Beds were comfortable and so were the bathrooms. The rain showers were great. The Glamaparis team was always friendly and available and helped us with printing out flight tickets, concert tickets, etc. and their office is actually just a few blocks away. The only reason I'm marking it 4 instead of 5 stars was the cleanliness of the apartment. Whoever is cleaning that place isn't doing a very good job. Windows weren't clean, one of the balconies had a soda bottle ashtray on it still, and there was dirt and debris under the couch. All in all it was a great place to stay and we very much enjoyed it. Would love to call this beautiful place "Home" We felt like we were living the life of very lucky Parisians! I have mobility issues so it was very important that we find a place with an elevator and this place fit the bill. The lift is tiny (fits 2 people or 1 person and 1 bag) but was very reliable. Paul met us upon our arrival and assisted us with ferrying the luggage up to the 5th floor. He then went through the apartment and explained all features and made sure we understood the TV's and internet. The apartment was just beautiful, very well appointed while being very comfortable. Our son and his wife and 2 year old joined us and it was wonderful to have our own kitchen and large dining room table and don't forget the washer and dryer! The 2 year old had plenty of space to run and it was so nice to all be together rather in separate hotel rooms - this makes for a completely different visit. The bedrooms are a bit snug (by American standards) but 4 adults and a toddler did just great. The street out front is very busy and noisy but the apartment is very quiet--we did not hear the street noise or any neighbors. Location is great with a market with everything you need a short block away. Be sure to have Paul give you the name of the car service that speaks English. They picked us up for our return flights right on time in a beautiful vehicle and helped my husband with the luggage. We would definitely stay at this beautiful place again and we highly recommend it. We stayed at the apartment on Rue du Louvre in May. We had a total of five adults in 3 bedrooms – two couples and a mother in law. This was the perfect set up for our group as there are two sleeping wings so we stayed on one side and our friends and their mother stayed in the other wing. It was nice to have two separate private areas. Our room had a private bath. Although it was a small bathroom, there were deep drawers so all of my beauty products fit without taking up valuable counter space. The shower is a bit odd in that it faces out to the bedroom. It’s also a bit small so be prepared. We had a slight issue with the water not draining very well so we just took shorter showers. There is a split bathroom in the other wing which had a great tub and larger shower and a washer and dryer. We made great use of the whole apartment, as we cooked breakfast most mornings and sat around the living room in the afternoons while enjoying wine and cheese before we headed out to dinner each evening. It really felt like home. The location is perfect. I’ve stayed in several areas in Paris, and this was by far the best. It is so easy to get anywhere and everything’s such an easy walk! Even our friend’s mom who had never traveled overseas before felt comfortable going out on her own, as the neighborhood surrounding the apartment had cute stores with friendly staff. I unfortunately had to work a bit while here, and I had no issue with the wifi. Working with Glama Paris was easy and they were very professional. All in all, we had an amazing trip! If you have any additional questions on our stay you may reach out to me directly. The apartment was perfect for our stay in Paris with two children (6yrs and 2yrs) as well as my parents. It is a fantastic size, larger than we had expected with good sized living, dining and kitchen spaces. It is newly renovated and is decorated beautifully. The lift is very small - large enough for 2 adults but is all that is needed so that you don't have to walk up five flights of stairs or cart luggage up stairs. The location is fantastic - steps away from a Metro stop, bus stop literally on the door step, the Louvre only across the road and surrounded by some great eating - including perfect crepes. The apartment configuration having two of the bedrooms separated from the other master bedroom was perfect for us as it meant we could have ourselves and the children away from my parents. There is a very good sized family bathroom with separate WC and good washer / dryer also. Views from the living space are lovely. The only downside was the wooden floors were quite loud and with children wanting to run up / down the hall I was a bit concerned about the neighbours but there were no complaints. I dealt with Samia from Glamaparis for this booking and she was excellent, meeting us on the Sunday evening to show us in and give us the briefing. Everything was perfect - thanks. From the start my experience with renting this property was excellent. The responses from the representative for the apartment at GlamaParis [GP] were very prompt and helpful and respectful. GP handled the negotiations with the owner and worked out all the details smoothly and competently. GP assisted us with locating transportation from CDG Airport. The GP representative, Samia, met us promptly on our arrival at the apartment where she gave us a tour of the apartment and all the details regarding appliances, etc. which were very clean and modern. When I had questions, GP responded promptly. We never felt stranded or without resources when we needed them. The apartment had a spacious living room and dining room and kitchen with modern appliances and was well stocked with pots, pans, dishes, etc. The bedrooms were off to other side of the apartment which meant it was quiet in the bedrooms even when kids or the TV were playing in the living room or watching TV. The entry way and elevator were small though utterly charming. As you rode the elevator, you could see stained glass scenes at each level. The location of the apartment was amazingly convenient to everything---half a block from the Metro, a short walk to the Marais, the Pompidou; just behind the Louvre. There were playgrounds galore for the kids and a boulangerie and two grocery stores and drug store within a block and a half. Also great restaurants in this location, as well. I would certainly return to this apartment and work with GlamaParis again! This is the perfect vacation home! This ideally situated apartment is the perfect home-away-from-home for your family! My family enjoyed its beautiful interior, its prime location, the ease of dealing with the management team, and the amenities offered. We especially enjoyed the bistro two doors down! We would book this site again in a heartbeat! Fabulous apartment in a gorgeous building. It's centrally located which was great for getting around on foot or by train. The spacious lounge was fabulous for kicking back with a glass of wine after a long day sight seeing. The beds were super comfy and the apartment had everything you needed - dishwasher, washing machine, dryer, air conditioning, central heating, free phone calls and more. GLAMAPARIS (booking agents) were wonderful to deal with. Would highly recommend this apartment for service, facilities and location. A great way to visit Paris! None of us had stayed in this neighborhood previously, and were skeptical. But it turned out to be an ideal location, walkable to most of the parts of the city we wanted to see. The apartment itself is very comfortable, light, and well-equipped. Very spacious. There is a good amount of traffic on the Rue du Louvre, but the bedrooms are at the back, so very quiet for sleeping. Agency staff were very accomodating, helpful, and communicative both before and after our stay, and when they greeted us the first day to familiarize us with the apartment. I would absolutely rent again. Over the years, we have rented from many properties on VRBO, but all have paled in comparison to this flat. The pictures and description do not do it justice. The apartment is beautifully decorated, stocked with all necessities and the location is impossible to beat. Samia from GLAMPARIS was friendly, incredibly helpful, and even recommended our first delicious lunch at GLADINES, which was scrumptious. The apartment is ideally suited for families of all ages (we stayed with our two children, ages 6 and 10 and my parents) We will most certainly be renting here again and will be recommending to all our friends and families. Having stayed in many VRBO listings, I have found that reality does not match the photos. NOT here. The flat was exactly as described. It was wonderful. The beds were comfortable. The bedrooms were spacious. The living area was large and open making it possible for us to relax and enjoy the street sounds below after a long day of sightseeing. The kitchen had everything we needed, and the building itself was beautiful. Glamaparis is an outstanding management company to work with if you are at all nervous about renting so far away from home. I have only one final item to note. If you are hoping to fall off your balcony into fine dining and scores of cafes, this is not the best location in Paris. We were there to visit Versailles, museums, and gardens, and the Metro was just steps away. This made it absolutely perfect for my family of six. The apartment was roomy, very clean and we definitely needed the air conditioning during our stay. We were half a block away from the subway. Very close to a lot of museums and attractions we visited. Great restaurants and bakeries within walking distance. It was perfect size for our family of four. Wish the Master bathroom is a little bigger ( shower) otherwise we were very pleased with our stay. Will definitely stay here again. We had a wonderful vacation in Paris. The apartment was beautiful and suited our needs perfectly. And with the heat wave in early July, the air conditioning was a big plus. The location is perfect; it is in walking distance to so many great restaurants and other activities. Only real complaint is the washer/dryer... not very good at drying. Everything about this apartment was perfect!! This apartment exceeded our expectations. Secure and beautiful entryway, spacious living room, dining room and kitchen, comfortable furniture and beds. Air conditioning quiet and consistent. Plenty of closet space for clothing and luggage storage and all the amenities we wanted. The listing description was accurate in all respects. The property was clean, well maintained and all appointments appear to be quite new. Glamaparis account manager, Paul Barraud de Lagerie was prompt, kind and very helpful. The location is ideal for walking to many of the major landmarks and, when necessary, we found the metro and buses very easy to use. Plenty of restaurants nearby as well as grocery stores, bakeries and cheese shops. We visited many of the iconic landmarks and several restaurants. Highly recommend attending a mass at Notre Dame. I am not a practicing Catholic but was still very moved by it. Please note that the dryer functions like a dehumidifier and has a water reservoir that needs to be emptied regularly. I would most definitely recommend this property to friends and relatives. Do not hesitate to book it!! We had an absolutely amazing stay at this apartment. I was traveling with my two girlfriends, so we each got our own room, which was ideal. There was plenty of storage for the mass amounts of clothes we brought (we tend to over pack). The apartment itself is gorgeous with modern furnishings. The apartment is very spacious! The process of booking the apartment was pretty seamless and the gentleman who met us the day of our arrival was very helpful with checking us in and ensuring all of our questions were answered. Having the elevator was very convenient - although it really only fits two people comfortably, but it was nice to have when transporting our luggage. The location of the apartment was ideal - right across from the Louvre and a few steps away from a metro stop. The apartment was clean and well-maintained. I would definitely recommend this property to a relative or a friend. We enjoyed getting cheese and wine from the grocery store down the street and having our own happy hour at the apartment. We walked to many of the major attractions in Paris from the apartment. We also enjoyed taking the Batobus on the Seine. The only odd thing about this apartment is that the shower is literally in the master bedroom, you can see from the pictures - how this could be awkward. Overall, I would highly recommend staying at this great apartment. We were very sad to leave!! Wow! My family stayed in this beautiful apartment for 1 week. There was plenty of room for all 6 of us. This place is as beautiful if not more than the pictures on this site. The location is correct. The property was clean and newly renovated. The lift was very small but handy after 5 miles a day in Paris. The decor was traditional French. Wonderful wood floors,12 foot ceilings, moldings everywhere, and large french doors letting in all kinds of light. The beds were firm, we all loved them. The queen bed in one of the back bedrooms splits into 2 singles. There were shears and thick curtains in all of the bedrooms. The closet size in the bedrooms vary. The bigger the bedroom the smaller the closet. The closets have both hanging dowels and drawers. There is plenty of room to store suitcases and coats in the entry closets. The bathtub is a soaking tub. Watch out, the shower pipes get very, very hot. 1 roll of toilet paper for each bathroom was provided. The toilet seat in the bedroom was loose. We received the wrong access number to the WIFI in our welcome contract. After 1 phone call we received the correct number. During check-in make sure you make them thoroughly explain the use of the stove, clothes washing machine and dryer (we never could work the dryer), phone and WIFI (you have to reboot it every time/ not really a problem). We thought we understood how to work it all but alas operator error plagued us. The location is great for walking the whole city. There is a metro station less then a block away. There are only 2 units per floor. The tenants in the building were very nice. It is a quiet building but the construction scaffolding suggested noise to come. The neighborhood felt very safe, even at night. Just 2 blocks away there is a great bakery (Julien's) and produce market (across he street) on St Honore heading towards the Marais. Do not pass up the chance to stay here! Wonderful Apartment - Amazing Location! We recently stayed here during our Christmas stay in Paris. It was myself my husband and our two boys, my parents and my sister and we had plenty of space. The apartment is beautiful and very comfortable. We spent a bunch of time at the big dining room table visiting and eating. The apartment was very clean and well maintained. The property management company provided excellent service - they were very friendly and helpful. Their office is a short way from the apartment, so when we needed to print passes to the Eiffel Tower, they let us come over and use their printers. They went out of their way to make our stay pleasant. We would HIGHLY recommend this apartment - our experience was perfect! From the moment I emailed with the owner about the apartment, I knew it would be great. Both he and the management company were extremely enthusiastic, prompt and helpful. The apartment itself is fantastic! The main rooms (kitchen, dining room, living room and foyer) are huge! It is well laid out so everybody has their own space but then the communal spaces are big and open. The location of the apartment is perfect- the metro is literally 50 steps from the door and is on a line that makes it easy to get anywhere. It is also a great central location for walking and great access for runs along the Seine. The property management company was extremely helpful in setting us up with whatever we needed for our stay (ie, grocery store recommendations, transfers from airport etc) and made anything having to do with the apartment and the logistics super easy. We would definitely rent again! Apartment was very spacious and clean. The individual who helped check us in was very helpful and nice. I would stay there again in a minute! This is a great apartment to rent for Paris. It is centrally located - half a block from part of the Louvre, half a block from the Metro, and about 2-3 blocks from the bus stop for Bus #69. The elevator for the apartment is indeed really small (fits 2 adults snugly), but it is efficient. The apartment itself is lovely. The living room has a balcony big enough to sit on, and you can see the Louvre from there. The kitchen is very modern, and the fridge is quite large for European kitchens. The bedrooms are big enough - note that one bedroom has 2 beds (twin?) that were pushed together. The other rooms had one bed in each (queen size). The bathroom in the "master bedroom" is interesting since the shower is technically in the bedroom. And yes, there is no soap holder or any other ledge, so we had to balance things on the levers for the shower head. The other bathroom has the washer and dryer, which do work. This apartment has nice wood floors and lovely details. We appreciated that it was very clean and that we were greeted there by Paul to go over the agreement, etc. He did give us tips on grocery stores (supermarches) and bakeries (boulangeries). There are 2 very good boulangeries on Rue St. Honore around the corner. The nearest grocery store is also only about 2 blocks away. And if you want to go sit by the Seine, that is only about 2 blocks away as well. All in all, this is a great apartment! We loved the convenience of it and definitely recommend it to anyone staying in Paris. This is an amazing apartment that is located in the perfect spot to access easily many attractions and a convenient metro stop. The apartment is in a safe, lovely neighborhood with wonderful restaurants, bakeries, cafes all within 1-2 blocks. The apartment was clean and comfortable. We would ABSOLUTELY come again and recommend without hesitation to anyone traveling to Paris! Wonderful Paris apartment in the perfect location! We were so lucky to be able to stay in this lovely, spacious apartment located just one block from the back of the Louvre and 2 blocks from the Seine. This apartment had been recommended by friends who had stayed there in October. We were not disappointed!! It was the perfect spot to be able to safely & easily walk to so many attractions. The photo you see on the website if the actual view you see from the 5th floor balcony! The management team met us promptly at the apartment. I was happy I had entered her cellphone number into my iPhone so it made texting her very easy once we arrived. I also had the office number to contact when we ran into a problem by somehow "locking" the washing machine so it would not work! (We had pushed one too many buttons!?!) The problem was quickly fixed later that day. The apartment was immaculate and had everything we needed to make our stay comfortable. The washer & dryer came in handy as well as hairdryers in both bathrooms. There was an electric coffee pot with filters which was nice to have. The BIG bounus was having free telephone calls to the US available on the landline! We did not do any cooking of meals but there was very adequate and nice kitchen ware, dishes, & the ever important wine glasses with a dishwasher to do clean up! The showers could use stick-on soap dishes since there is no where to set anything so it was a bit nuance for all of us. The small elevator was helpful with the luggage and at the end of a long day of sightseeing but we usually tried to climb the stairs! The nearby Le Fumoir restaurant was so fabulous that we dined there two nights. There were small grocery stores and Boulangerie's around the corner on rue Saint Honore' so we were easily able to obtain breakfast items, take out meals, cheese, baguettes & good wines. It would work great for a group of ladies who travel together and could share the expense. But I think the glass wall of shower in the master bed room could be covered somehow if it wasn't a couple sharing the room though. The location made it worth every cent as far as we were concerned! The Notre Dame, Seine river walk, Louvre, the Orsay were all within walking distance. There was a bus stop right infront of the entrance & the Metro was once block away and we used both easily. The biggest help was having a four day Museum Pass that allowed us to walk pass the long lines everytime. Just followed Rick Steve's book! We've recommended this apartment to many of our friends. My husband and I stayed at this apartment with my mother-in-law, father-in-law, and sister-in-law. There was plenty of room for all of us. The elevator was very much appreciated, especially since my in-laws are older. It is very small, two adults max, but quick. The apartment is on the sixth floor american (fifth european). It has lots of natural light. The dishwasher, washing machine and dryer worked great. There are directions for using the washer and dryer in english posted near them. My husband and I stayed in the bedroom with it's own bathroom. There was a great shower, but it was basically in the bedroom, made of glass, so not for the shy! My husband likes a firm bed, and I like soft, but we both found our bed to be comfortable. The wifi is great. The location is hard to beat. Lots of restaurants, food shops, grocery stores, and a metro close by. We walked to the left bank, Notre Dame, and of course the Louvre, easily. The only improvement I could think of was there needs to be something you can put your soap into in the showers. We bought a little soap holder that we attached with suction cups in the shower and that helped a lot. Loved our stay and loved Paris! This was my first vacation rental and it hadn't been reviewed, so I was very nervous about it. That said, it turned out very well. The apartment was true to its description. One of the best things: air conditioning. I was told that AC was not necessary in Paris, but we were there in July during a heat wave, and it was very much appreciated. The apartment had great living space, a smallish but adequate kitchen with all the necessities (coffee maker, refrigerator, utensils, cork screw), excellent storage space, and such a good location: just diagonal to the Louvre. The neighborhood was quiet at night. The check in was easy, and Paul, the person in charge of our rental, came out early to meet us there with all the lease papers. We had asked for mid-week maid service, but it didn't come, the only glitch. Turns out we really didn't need it. The washer/drier was a little finicky and couldn't handle very large loads, a bigger deal to my wife who likes to wash towels a lot. Always the skeptic, I waited to write this review to make sure there weren't any extra charges on my credit card, but everything went as agreed. I would recommend this place to a larger family. My husband and two grown daughters were fortunate to be able to stay in this magnificent apartment at the end of May. Although we started to plan our trip in January, most of my favorite hotels were already booked (French Open), and my daughter suggested that we rent an apartment. We found this apartment online, so I was a little skeptical, but it was the best decision we ever made. The reviews and photos just seemed too good to be true; however, this apartment lived up to every positive comment and exceeded our expectations. It seems redundant to repeat all the great things others have said about this apartment; the location is beyond great, the spaciousness of the apartment is wonderful -- perfect for a family or good friends to relax together in the living room or allow for privacy in the bedrooms toward the back of the apartment. The contemporary kitchen and bathrooms are a nice contrast to the beautiful wood floors, mantles and other lovely architectural details. It’s extremely clean and the beds were very comfortable; lots of closet space, too. Everything you need is provided (kitchen and bath), and we appreciated the Wi-Fi -- Every detail was considered. Even past renters left their tour books and converters for future renters. On the practical side, we saved a lot of money by staying in the apartment (vs. a hotel) and especially appreciated the flexibility in preparing breakfast (everyone on a different schedule) or just snacking on wine, cheese and fruit later in the day. There is a great little food shop a block away where the clerks were very friendly and helpful, even though our French was terrible. I also want to commend the staff at GlamaParis. Mehgan and Paul were very professional and extremely helpful, responding immediately to all our emails and inquiries. They made the whole rental easy and efficient. The owner also sent a lovely email when we first began the rental process. All in all, it was just a wonderful experience. If I plan another trip to Paris, I will schedule it around the availability of this apartment – Just fabulous! What a wonderful apartment and great location. The apartment is very spacious and well appointed. We loved being able to walk short distances to some of the "must see" Paris attractions. Thanks so much for all of your help at check-in time letting us store our luggage at your office until we could check in. This way, we didn't miss a day seeing your beautiful city. WE WILL BE BACK and now know we can count on you for our rental place. My husband and I returned along with 2 other couples and once again had a wonderful time staying in this lovely apt.We discovered additional awesome restaurants and shops very close by. We were within walking distance to the office of Cityrama tours which provides fabulous options for sightseeing too. O Chateau wine tastings/ bar also in walking distance. The apartment is very well equipped and is so convenient to the metro, bus etc. The Staff are all most helpful with any questions. We highly endorse this apartment! Amazing location - loads of lovely restaurants and shops very close by and food market just round the corner on sundays, only 10/15 min walk to Marais, 5 mins to the louvre and only 1 minute from the metro. Very comfy beds and pillows (always slept really well here) huge tv in the living room, washing machine AND dryer which is very handy for long stays, wifi internet, house phone - everything you could need. Also the agency is very helpful with any questions or problems. Would def recommend this property to friends and family. It's always a little nerve-wracking to rent an apartment sight unseen but the moment we walked into 16 Rue de Louvre, we knew we had made a great choice. It is spacious and attractive with everything our family of six needed to feel comfortable during our week-long Paris visit. The location is great. We found two neighborhood groceries right around the corner as well a good bakery. We were a little worried that the location might be a bit "touristy" since it was near the Louvre, but it really is the best of both worlds: just a few steps to the Louvre and two Metro stops in one direction but also within a couple of blocks of the charming Les Halles neighborhood with its many small cafes and restaurants filled with mostly local patrons. Quick note: We loved that the apartment is directly above the green Deluc Detective agency sign so prominently displayed in Woody Allen's most recent film, Midnight in Paris). The apartment's management team was helpful and efficient. They arranged a van to pick us up at the airport as well as bring us to the train station. A little pricey but worth it for a family after a 10 hour flight on Bastille Day! Other positive points:Used the Wifi and free land-line calls to the US and Paris without any glitches. Well-appointed kitchen, wonderful balcony views, and spaciousness that allowed everyone to have their own space. And of course the charming wrought-iron elevator that was so appreciated after a day of sightseeing. This renovated apartment has sophisticated modern black and white decor in a lovely older building with hardwood floors and French doors leading to balconies. My husband and I stayed there for a week with our 2 college age grandchildren; it was within easy distance not only of the Louvre, but also other museums and attractions, shopping, the metro, and restaurants. (We highly recommend Le Fumoir, less than a block away). The grandchildren particularly appreciated the internet capability which allowed them to use their laptops and the phone service which allowed them to talk to their significant others in the US. We found having an apartment so much more enjoyable than a hotel. While we ate out at least once a day, we kept bread, wine, cheese, fruit, coffee, etc. so that we could have breakfast and simple meals there.(There is a small market close by, as well as a patisserie for delicious eclairs). It's also nice to have the space to relax in the living room, play cards in the dining room, or retire to a bedroom when you wish. Just one thing: the "master" bedroom and bath is the smallest and least desirable, with a very small shower in the bedroom. The other bedrooms and bath were more commodious. We would certainly recommend this property, and the GlamParis people who manage it. We thoroughly enjoyed our stay. I had chance to stay in above property from 31/7/2010-7/8/2010. I'm very happy of the excellent arrangement of the management Glam Paris and thier staff namely Karoline & her assistance . They waited for us till 9 PM because of the unusual traffic jam. They been very helpful, also they arranged taxi to pick me & my family up to airport. The appartment is really luxury andvery clean, it's location is excellent because it is close to shops , restaurants , Metro station is only 50 meters you can go every way, also very close to famous Louvre. The apartment is quite even the street is busy, very safe, also it is airconditioned so you have to worry about hot weather this year.the furniture is new and confrtable. Kichen is equiped with every thing necessary for cookink , large frig, ang excellent washing machine & dryer. you can connect your computer to DSL cennection(free). In fact me &my family like this apartment , we sayed in different propeties in Paris before, but this property is much better, I recomend it to every family and I prefer to stay in the same apartment nexs vacation in Paris . We had a group of 6 people ranging from 13 yrs old to 70 years old. We decided to stay in an apartment so that we could have a place to socialize while taking an occasional break from touring. It was a wonderful choice. If grandma or grandpa needed a little nap, the rest of us could either rest or go next door to a bistro and grab a glass of wine or have a little afternoon wine and cheese in our own apartment. The apartment was very large and had a wonderful dining room with a large table. The wireless internet worked fine. We struggled a little with the washer/dryer until we figured it out. The bathrooms are tiny, but that is just nitpicking. Overall it was a wonderful place to stay and we would definitely recommend it! We thoroughly enjoyed our recent stay in this beautiful home away from home! Well appointed with all the comforts and stylishly decorated, this place was an oasis. with a view of the Louvre from the balcony. The modern kitchen allowed us to dine in comfortably with grocery and pastry/bakery shops minutes away, or we ventured out in any direction for wonderful bistros again all within the block. Shopping was also easily accessed on foot. Located centrally and within easy walking distance of so many wonderful sites it was perfect for my family of 6! Also, close to metro stops and our favorite- bus routes, we managed to travel about with ease! The taxi service they referred us to also was prompt and courteous for arrival and departure. We have definitely told all our friends that this is THE place to stay while in Paris and we are already planning our return! We were three mature couples spending a long weekend in Paris in May 2010. For hotels rooms of this standard we would have had to pay more than we did here. One upside was that we had a kitchen, and a table to sit around together in the evenings. With the great shops for quality food and wine in the rue Montorgueuil, relatively near by, we ended up lunching out and dining in.There is a baker just around the corner for breakfast stuff. We like cooking when in France, and it saves a lot of money. There is however a good choice of restaurants very near the apartment. We had Sunday lunch at one-michelin-star Yam'tcha, just a minute away. Recommended! The people from the company that run the property were very friendly and helpful. To keep up the standard the owner/company will need to check on things systematically. The carpet under the dining table needs to be cleaned/replaced. And for cooking more good knives are needed. And a good tin opener (for confit de canard!). We absolutely recommend this appartment. The location could hardly be better, and the bedrooms are at the back, away from the street noise. We have booked thru VRBO several times and have never been disappointed. The central location of this apartment was perfect along with the apartment itself. It's a 100 year old beautiful building with modern furnishings, lighting, and baths. Minor issues? Sure. But that's all a part of the charm of living in the heart of an old city in an old building. There were 6 of us and all very comfortable. The down comforters on the beds are wonderful and plenty of privacy for all. And our contact person was very helpful whenever needed, both during our trip planning and upon arrival. What a treat to experience Paris from the heart of it all. There are several bakeries, markets, restaurants and crepe stands without even having to cross the street. And then to cross the street and there is the Louvre...To be able to cut through the courtyards of the Louvre as a shortcut to other parts of the city has got to be one of the most amazing feelings. Worth the price? Absolutely. Would we come again and stay in this same apartment? In a heartbeat. Merci and Au revoir! Our stay in your beautiful apartment was wonderful. Accommodated 6 women very well. The location, furnishings and the balcony made our stay very comfortable and the central location is perfect. The apartment is large, clean and appropriately equipped for visitors. We enjoyed the balconies at dusk every day and the view of the louvre makes you want to pinch yourself to say "yes, we are really here". We will be recommending the apartment to some friends who our planning a future trip to Paris. Everything as expected and advertised. Very large apartment with nice modern furnishings. Great water pressure and lots of hot water, plenty for five people showering in succession. Wireless internet worked without a problem. Perfect location with anything you could need in walking distance. Overall a really nice apartment and experience. This apartment in Paris is incredible! I have been to many in Paris and this one takes the cake. It is so spacious and roomy. It has plenty of room for 6 people. We had 2 children with us and it was perfect. There is a park around the corner and a plenty of food choices right out the door. It is so centrally located. The metro is steps away. I would stay in this apartment again in a heartbeat. Our family so enjoyed this beautiful apartment in March 2009. It is spacious, very clean, beautiful hardwood floors and good bathrooms. I would stay there again for sure! It is a stones throw from the Louvre and there is a wonderful bakery just around the corner. The best thing about this apartment is the fabulous location! It was much better than staying in a hotel. My family and I recently rented this apartment for five days after Christmas. The location was great, near a metro stop and so close to the Louvre we could see it from our balcony. There was plenty of space for all six adults to spread out. A large dining room table and a comfortable living room made it great for having a night in. I would recommend this apartment and I would stay in it during future trips to Paris. This spacious, luxurious apartment is situated just across the street from the Louvre Museum, the metro and the Seine River. It has beautiful views from its balconies. It is in the heart of Paris and yet is very quiet because it is located on the 5th floor. The property manager , Camilla, was fantastic and took care of any of our concerns immediately. The only inconvenient situation we encountered was the elevator was out of service and undergoing repairs. You can easily walk to many attractions, shops, restaurants, groceries or hop on the metro and be at your destination in minutes. A good tour agency is conveniently located just a few blocks away for any day/evening tours you'd like to reserve such as the Moulin Rouge Dinner Show or Versailles. Get the Paris Museum Pass and Metro pass to enjoy unlimited rides on the metro and free admission to over 60 museums. You also get to use special entrances to skip lthe long waiting lines. Our 3 children, ages 15, 16 & 22 loved the apartment and the many amenities such as flat screen TV's, free internet access, clothes washer and dryer, and ironing board. The top of the line gourmet kitchen and beautiful apartment furnishings are impressive. There are plenty of fresh linens and starter supplies such as bathroom tissue, paper towels, detergents, etc. All the rooms were spotless clean and newly renovated. We highly recommend this great apartment and look forward to staying there again. This apartment exceeded our expectations! It is very large, especially by European standards, and fit our family of 5 adults perfectly. The location is absolutely ideal for exploring Paris – the Metro stop is less than a block away, the Louvre can be seen from the apartment’s balconies, and there is easy access to shopping, restaurants, and cultural sites. This is particularly helpful on the nights when the Louvre is open late and less crowded than normal! The apartment itself is well equipped with amenities such as a full kitchen, two full baths (one with a shower, one with both a shower and a tub), a large dining table, and three bedrooms with queen beds. Everything was in outstanding condition. The only drawback to the apartment during our visit was the lack of working elevator – it is a fair climb up the stairs, but nothing that was not manageable. My sister was even 4 months pregnant during our stay and did just fine. I would eagerly recommend this apartment to anyone looking for a wonderful experience in Paris!

2019-04-26T03:50:25Z

https://glamaparis.com/en/1300-louvre/9997?siteSection=tenant

All Spectrum Management and Telecommunications publications are available on the following website: http://ic.gc.ca/spectrum. 2. Part A provides background information on the development of the conditions of licence and additional guidance for Licensees, while Part B contains the conditions of licence. 3. This revision has incorporated pertinent information from the Guidelines for Compliance with the Conditions of Licence Relating to Antenna Tower and Site Sharing and to Prohibit Exclusive Site Arrangements (GL-06) and Responses to Questions for Clarification on the AWS Policy and Licensing Frameworks . GL-06 has been rescinded with the publication of this revised CPC. 4. It should be noted that anyone proposing to install an antenna system continues to be required to follow CPC-2-0-03, Radiocommunication and Broadcasting Antenna Systems .Footnote 2 Licensees are also required to follow the amended conditions of licence in this CPC. 5. Should Licensees require additional clarification or information on these conditions of licence, they should contact Industry Canada at [email protected]. 6. The Minister of Industry, through the Department of Industry Act , the Radiocommunication Act and the Radiocommunication Regulations , with due regard to the objectives of the Telecommunications Act , is responsible for spectrum management in Canada. As such, the Minister is responsible for developing policies and processes for the spectrum resource and ensuring effective management of the radio frequency spectrum resource. Subsection 5(1) of the Radiocommunication Act gives the Minister of Industry the power to fix and amend the terms and conditions of spectrum licences. The Minister may suspend or revoke a radio authorization if the Licensees have contravened the Radiocommunication Act , the Radiocommunication Regulations or the terms or conditions of the radio authorizations. 7. In DGRB-010-07,Footnote 3 published on November 28, 2007, Industry Canada initiated a public consultation on proposed conditions of licence for mandatory roaming and antenna tower and site sharing. In November 2008, Industry Canada released CPC-2-0-17,Footnote 4 which adopted the licence conditions as set out in DGRB 002-08,Footnote 5 Conditions of Licence for Mandatory Roaming and Antenna Tower and Site Sharing and to Prohibit Exclusive Site Arrangements . 8. In February 2009, comments were soughtFootnote 6 on issues that arose during the initial tower and site sharing negotiations. In April 2009, Industry Canada issued GL-06,Footnote 7 Guidelines for Compliance with the Conditions of Licence Relating to Antenna Tower and Site Sharing and to Prohibit Exclusive Site Arrangements , which clarified some of the phrases used in the conditions of licence. 10. Revisions to the framework were subsequently announced in March 2013 (DGSO-001-13). Those revisions, along with the incorporation of text from GL-06 and from the Responses to Questions for Clarification on the AWS Policy and Licensing Frameworks , are reflected in Issue 2 of this CPC. CPC-2-0-18, Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures , was also revised (Issue 2). GL-06 has been rescinded with the publication of Issue 2 of this CPC. 11. The mandatory tower and site sharing conditions of licence apply to all Licensees in all bands who are telecommunications common carriers as defined in the Telecommunications Act . 12. The antenna tower and site sharing process will have the characteristics outlined below. 13. After having identified a potential site for sharing, the Party that wishes to share (Requesting Operator) may contact the site owner/operator who is subject to the conditions of licence (Responding Licensee) in order to obtain a preliminary information package (PIP) for a technical analysis of the site. Each request for a PIP must be assigned a unique identification number by the Requesting Operator which must be used by both parties as a common sharing request identifier. 14. When asked, the Responding Licensee must provide the PIP (which includes available technical data on the site) within two weeks of receiving a complete PIP request. The conditions of licence in Part B, Section 1.3 of this CPC outline the minimum information required both in the PIP request and in the subsequent response. 15. Both parties should work together to exchange information expeditiously. The Requesting Operator should consider prioritizing sites when submitting a large number of requests. 16. The Responding Licensee is responsible for coordinating and granting access to the site on request, as set out in the conditions of licence. Generally speaking, this access should be granted within one week of the request. Extenuating circumstances, such as access to a remote location or adverse weather conditions, could justify a short delay. Should the site be leased, the Responding Licensee must provide the Requesting Operator with the landlord’s contact information as part of the PIP. Where an exclusivity clause is in place, the Licensee must provide immediate notification to the landlord demonstrating that it is prepared to waive the exclusivity clause in its agreement. 17. The Requesting Operator is responsible for carrying out its own technical analysis. 18. After reviewing and analyzing the PIP, the Requesting Operator may then submit a Proposal to Share to the Responding Licensee, including identification of any technical requirements and/or modifications that the Requesting Operator anticipates may be required to permit sharing. The time frames for this step of the process commence on the date that the Responding Licensee receives the Proposal to Share. 19. The Responding Licensee is responsible for conducting its own technical analysis, if required, and shall respond within 30 days with a draft Offer to Share (Offer) in each case where sharing is technically feasible. Note that Industry Canada expects that sharing will be technically feasible in the vast majority of cases. 20. If after 60 days from the date that the Responding Licensee receives the Proposal to Share, the Responding Licensee and the Requesting Operator have not entered into a Site‑Sharing Agreement or have not agreed to any interim arrangement, the Licensee must then submit or agree to submit the matter to arbitration in accordance with CPC-2-0-18, Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures , as amended from time to time. 21. If within 60 days, the Responding Licensee has not received a response from the Requesting Operator to an Offer to Share, the Licensee may treat the Offer to Share as withdrawn with no further obligations. A response may simply be an acknowledgement by the Requesting Operator that additional time is required to consider the Offer. 22. The operation of a Requesting Operator’s radiocommunication system relies on more than just mechanical access to an antenna-supporting structure. In order to be considered to be negotiating in good faith, Responding Licensees must offer access to ancillary equipment and services at commercial rates that are reasonably comparable to rates currently charged to others for similar access. Such access and services shall therefore be part of the preliminary information exchange, the negotiations and the eventual arbitration, if required. 23. Where the Licensee is party to an agreement that includes a provision excluding other operators from the use of a Site, then, in order to facilitate the sharing of Sites, the Licensee must consent to waiving that portion of the agreement to facilitate a Request to Share. As applicable, the Licensee must consent to or, in a commercially reasonable manner, seek the consent of third parties to the assignment, sublease or other rights of access to Sites, pursuant to any agreement or arrangement to which the Licensee is a party. In addition, the Licensee must not enter into or renew agreements that exclude other operators from using a Site. Licence conditions do not apply to independent landlords. However, exclusivity provisions may be waived by either party to a lease, including either or both the Licensee and an independent landlord. 24. Mandatory tower sharing does not displace the Responding Licensee’s needs in favour of the Requesting Operator’s, but requires that both parties be open to negotiating fair commercial terms for access; neither does the licence condition force the Responding Licensee to replace or rebuild a tower at its own expense. 25. Industry Canada expects both near-term and longer term future use requirements to be the subject of good faith negotiations. Unless a space on an antenna tower is properly identified as reserved for "imminent future use" or "reserved for a third party" in accordance with this CPC, that space must be deemed to be available for negotiation of a tower sharing agreement. 26. Imminent Future Use: Equipment installations specifically identified in the Responding Licensee’s plans and to be installed within the 18 months immediately following the submission of a PIP request may be identified as "imminent future use" on the tower profile portion of the PIP. Plans for use of this space are not expected to be disrupted for the purposes of this condition of licence unless both parties agree to negotiate access to the space. As imminent use forms a portion of near term future needs, plans for imminent future use must be reasonable and well‑documented. 27. Where an assessment of non-compliance is being made with respect to this requirement, the Licensee may be required to provide evidence (such as installation agreements, appropriate authorizations or other relevant documentation) to Industry Canada demonstrating that the space will be put into service within 18 months. 28. For every PIP that is sent to a Requesting Operator that includes a reservation for imminent future use, the Responding Licensee must also provide a copy of the PIP to Industry Canada at the following email: [email protected]. This requirement also applies to any subsequent modifications made during the negotiation. 29. Reservations Beyond 18 Months: Where the tower owner is reserving space because there is a plan to install equipment on the tower beyond the next 18 months, that space may be identified as "future use" in the PIP and dealt with during the negotiation process. Reasonable and well-documented near-term needs beyond 18 months are legitimate considerations in the negotiation process. Longer term future needs alone will not be considered a reason not to share. 30. Reservations for a Third Party: Any space reserved on a tower identified for future use by a third party (where a contract is in place for a specific location on a tower) should be identified as part of the PIP. In this situation, as is the case with the Licensee’s future plans, a third party’s imminent installation is not expected to be disrupted, unless all the parties reach an agreement. All other third party future plans (near‑term and longer term) should be open to three-way negotiations. 31. Licensees must submit regular reports to Industry Canada, upon request, on the status of antenna tower and site sharing negotiations and on the number of sites and degree of sharing in their network. These regular reports will initially be required on a semi‑annual basis detailing the preceding six‑month period. Licensees must submit these reports to Industry Canada using a standardized template, which can be obtained from Industry Canada’s Spectrum Management and Telecommunications website.Footnote 10 Reports will not be required if there has been no change to the requested data since the previous reporting period. Industry Canada will notify licensees through its website in advance of any changes to these reporting requirements. The reports must be sent via email to [email protected]. 32. Since most of the information included in the response to a PIP request is in the public domain and since only basic technical information is being shared (including information regarding imminent future use), Industry Canada does not believe that a non‑disclosure agreement (NDA) is required prior to the release of the PIP and would therefore not be a valid reason to delay providing the PIP. 33. If parties agree to sign an NDA during their negotiations, it should be appropriate and generic in nature, should not include provisions that are unique to a single operator or group and should not prohibit negotiation with other parties nor prohibit communication with Industry Canada. 34. The conditions of licence apply to all Licensees in the Cellular, Personal Communications Services (PCS), Advanced Wireless Services (AWS), Mobile Broadband Service (MBS) and Broadband Radio Service (BRS) bands. 35. Roaming enables a subscriber (a Roamer) already served by one carrier’s network (the Home Network) to originate or terminate voice or data traffic on another carrier’s network (the Host Network). Accordingly, a subscriber cannot roam unless he or she is already served on another radio access network. A carrier must therefore be offering service on its own network before its subscribers may benefit from roaming on another network, thus it does not include resale. 36. Roaming must be offered where technically feasible. Given the wide range of Roaming Agreements currently in place, both domestically and internationally, across networks operating with a range of technologies, Industry Canada does not anticipate that technical feasibility will be an impediment to roaming. The basic technical requirement for roaming is that the subscriber has a device technically capable of accessing the Host Network. 37. As a general principle, roaming should provide a Roamer with the ability to access voice and data services offered by the Roamer’s Home Network at a level of quality comparable to that offered for similar services by the Host Network carrier to its own subscribers. For further clarity, the policy does not require a Host Network carrier to provide a Roamer with a service that the Host Network operator does not itself provide to its own subscribers, nor to provide a Roamer with a service which the Roamer’s Home Network operator does not itself provide. 38. Seamless communications hand‑off between Home and Host Networks (i.e. which ensures no interruption of communications in progress) is not mandated; however, this service may be the subject of negotiations. 39. Roaming should provide for the origination and termination of calls on the Host Network automatically, without the need for any special facilitating action by the Roamer. 40. Nothing in the policy, however, is intended to limit the ability of carriers to conclude commercial agreements that are not mandated by this policy. 41. Requests for mandatory roaming on Cellular, PCS, AWS, MBS and BRS Licensees’ networks will follow the process outlined below. 42. The Party that wishes to roam (Requesting Operator) may contact the Cellular, PCS, AWS, MBS or BRS Licensee who is subject to conditions of licence for mandatory roaming (Responding Licensee) to obtain a preliminary information package (PIP) in order to prepare a proposal to enter into a Roaming Agreement (Roaming Proposal). Upon request, the Responding Licensee must provide available technical information, such as technical data, engineering information, network requirements and other information relevant to formulating a Roaming Proposal within two weeks of receiving the request. 43. After reviewing and analyzing the PIP, the Requesting Operator may then submit a Roaming Proposal to the Responding Licensee. 44. The Responding Licensee must respond to a Roaming Proposal from a Requesting Operator within 30 days with a response in writing and an offer to enter into a Roaming Agreement. In the event that the Licensee believes that the Roaming Proposal is not technically feasible, the Licensee must provide the Requesting Operator with a response detailing the reasons why it considers roaming is not feasible (accompanied by any applicable technical information) and submit that evidence to Industry Canada if the Requesting Operator requests that Industry Canada review the reasons provided by the Licensee in accordance with this condition. 45. If after 60 days from the date that the Responding Licensee receives the Roaming Proposal, the Responding Licensee and the Requesting Operator have not entered into a Roaming Agreement or have not agreed to any interim arrangement, the Licensee must submit or agree to submit the matter to arbitration in accordance with CPC-2-0-18, Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures , as amended from time to time. 46. Costs incurred at each step of the roaming and tower sharing processes will generally be borne by the party carrying out the step. For instance, the cost of technical analyses in the preliminary information stage or carried out in order to prepare or respond to a Proposal to Share or a Roaming Proposal will be borne by the parties conducting the analyses. The Requesting Operator would not have to compensate the Responding Licensee for costs associated with providing the existing technical information about the site, including the Responding Licensee’s review of such requests and technical analysis. Furthermore, the Requesting Operator would not have to compensate the Responding Licensee for costs associated with providing existing technical information related to the mandatory roaming arrangement requested. 47. Although it is anticipated that, in general, costs associated with the arbitration process will be apportioned equally between the party requesting sharing and the responding party, the Arbitration Rules allow the Arbitrator the discretion to allocate costs. 48. Generally, costs associated with any public consultation or land‑use consultation will be the responsibility of the Requesting Operator. 49. Responding Licensees must respond to requests for information and Proposals to Share or Roaming Proposals received from a provisional licence winner prior to licence issuance. 50. If a Responding Licensee, after conducting its technical assessment, considers a Roaming Proposal or a Proposal to Share not to be technically feasible, then the Responding Licensee must inform the Requesting Operator of this as soon as possible and provide the appropriate technical rationale. If the Requesting Operator disagrees with this assessment, it may ask Industry Canada to render a decision on technical feasibility. 51. Industry Canada expects that roaming and tower sharing will be technically feasible in the vast majority of cases. Where a disagreement exists over other issues, it can be dealt with either through commercial negotiations or through the binding arbitration process, if necessary. 52. Industry Canada will assess issues relating to technical feasibility. Unless otherwise directed, a technical feasibility review will not alter the timelines to complete negotiations or proceed to arbitration, if required. 53. Parties can also contact Industry Canada at any time during negotiations where clarification is required with respect to the application or interpretation of the conditions of licence. All issues relating to commercial terms (such as rates or terms contained in agreements) are to be dealt with through negotiation with recourse to arbitration. 55. If the parties cannot complete negotiations and come to an agreement, they may choose any method of dispute resolution. In lieu of an agreement on dispute resolution, the licensees must agree to use the mandatory arbitration procedures as specified in CPC-2-0-18, Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures . 56. The Minister of Industry has the authority under Subsection 5(2) of the Radiocommunication Act to suspend or revoke a radio authorization where the Licensee has contravened the terms or conditions of that authorization. Where a Licensee is found to be in non-compliance with these conditions of licence, Industry Canada may consider the suspension or revocation, in whole or in part, of the Licensee's radio and/or spectrum licences associated with the site where the breach of licence occurred. In addition, the Licensee may be subject to prosecution if it is operating equipment without complying with the terms of its authorization, including these conditions of licence. 57. The revised conditions of licence have been developed to further facilitate roaming and tower sharing agreements in order to advance the policy objectives of supporting competition, encouraging investment and reducing tower proliferation. Should these conditions of licence prove to be insufficient in facilitating these goals, the Minister of Industry, in accordance with Paragraph 5(1)(b) of the Radiocommunication Act , may consider further amending the terms and conditions of the licences or seeking other policy and/or legislative solutions. 58. Many spectrum licences have been issued with a high expectation of renewal; however, that expectation only applies where the licence conditions are being met. As a result, a renewal may be denied or a licence not fully renewed where there is a breach of any of the conditions of licence. This has been clearly articulated in various policy and licensing documents and has remained a consistent criterion for the renewal of all long‑term licences. 59. Furthermore, to the extent that non‑compliance impairs or frustrates the policy objectives for which these licence conditions were established, consideration may be given in future licensing processes to more prescriptive and/or restrictive policy measures. Such policy changes could affect Industry Canada’s future plans for spectrum use, licensing and renewal. 60. In addition to the regular reporting requirements specified in the conditions of licence, licensees are required to provide Industry Canada with information relating to roaming and tower sharing activities as per this CPC, upon request. Where the response includes information that the licensee deems to be confidential or commercially sensitive in nature, the information should be labelled as such. Industry Canada will treat all information received in accordance with the Access to Information Act . The mandatory tower and site sharing conditions of licence apply to all Licensees in all bands who are telecommunications common carriers as defined in the Telecommunications Act . – the Licensee must not enter into or renew agreements that exclude other operators from using a Site. The Licensee must share its sites containing antenna-supporting structures, where technically feasible, when requested to do so by any other telecommunications common carrier as defined in the Telecommunications Act or by a provisional licence winner who will be operating as a telecommunications common carrier in accordance with a licensing process (A Requesting Operator). – Upon reasonable notice by the Requesting Operator, the Licensee shall facilitate accessFootnote 14 to the Site so that a formal Proposal to Share can be formulated. In the event that the Licensee believes that the Proposal to Share is not technically feasible, the Licensee must provide the Requesting Operator with a response detailing the reasons why it considers that site sharing is not feasible (accompanied by any applicable technical information) and submit that evidence to Industry Canada if the Requesting Operator requests that Industry Canada reviews the reasons provided by the Licensee in accordance with this condition. Notwithstanding the Licensee’s initial response, if Industry Canada reviews the matter of technical feasibility under Section 4(b) above and finds that sharing is technically feasible, then the Licensee will respond to the Proposal to Share with an offer to enter into a Site-Sharing Agreement in a timely manner. Licensees must negotiate with a Requesting Operator in good faith, with a view to concluding a Site Sharing Agreement in a timely manner. In order to be considered as negotiating in good faith, Responding Licensees must offer access to ancillary equipment and services at commercial rates that are reasonably comparable to rates currently charged to others for similar access. If after 60 days from the date that the Licensee receives a Proposal to Share, the Licensee and the Requesting Operator have not entered into a Site-Sharing Agreement or have not agreed to any interim arrangement, the Licensee must submit or agree to submit the matter to arbitration in accordance with Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures ,Footnote 15 as amended from time to time. The Licensee shall agree that the Arbitral Tribunal shall have all necessary powers to determine all of the questions in dispute (including those relating to determining the appropriate terms of the Site Sharing Agreement and those relating to procedural matters under the arbitration) and that any arbitral award or results under this condition of licence shall be final and binding with no right of appeal, subject to applicable provincial or territorial legislation. The Licensee must participate fully in such arbitration and follow all directions of the Arbitral Tribunal in accordance with Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures and any arbitration procedures established by the Arbitral Tribunal. If within 60 days, the Licensee has not received a response from the Requesting Operator to an Offer to Share, the Licensee may treat the Offer to Share as withdrawn with no further obligations. The Licensee must submit regular reports to Industry Canada, upon request, on the status of antenna tower and site sharing negotiations and on the number of sites and degree of sharing in their network. Reports will initially be required on a semi‑annual basis detailing the preceding six-month period. Licensees must submit reports to Industry Canada using a standardized template, available on Industry Canada’s Spectrum Management and Telecommunications website.Footnote 16 Reports will not be required if there has been no change to the requested data since the previous reporting period. The reports must be sent via email to [email protected]. The conditions of licence described below apply to all Licensees in the Cellular, Personal Communications Services (PCS), Advanced Wireless Services (AWS), Mobile Broadband Service (MBS) and Broadband Radio Service (BRS) bands. The Licensee must provide automatic digital roaming (roaming) by way of a Roaming Agreement(s) on all of its networks in the Cellular, PCS, AWS, MBS and BRS bands in all of its licensed service areas to any other Licensee in these bands, including a provisional licence winner in accordance with a licensing process in these bands (A Requesting Operator). Roaming should function without the need for any special facilitating action by the customer. In order to satisfy the condition of roaming in accordance with this licence, the Licensee must respond to a request for information by a Requesting Operator within two weeks of receiving the request by providing a preliminary information package (PIP) to the Requesting Operator that includes preliminary technical information, such as technical data, engineering information, network requirements and other information relevant to formulating a Roaming Proposal. In the event that the Licensee believes that the Roaming Proposal is not technically feasible, the Licensee must provide the Requesting Operator with a response detailing the reasons why it considers that roaming is not feasible (accompanied by any applicable technical information) and submit that evidence to Industry Canada if the Requesting Operator requests that Industry Canada review the reasons provided by the Licensee, in accordance with this condition. Notwithstanding the Licensee’s initial response, if Industry Canada reviews the matter of technical feasibility under Section 4(b) above and finds that roaming is technically feasible, then the Licensee will respond to the Roaming Proposal with an offer to enter into a Roaming Agreement. Licensees must negotiate with a Requesting Operator in good faith, with a view to concluding a Roaming Agreement in a timely manner. If after 60 days from the date that the Licensee receives the Roaming Proposal, the Licensee and the Requesting Operator have not entered into a Roaming Agreement or have not agreed to any interim arrangement, the Licensee must submit or agree to submit the matter to arbitration, in accordance with Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures ,Footnote 17 as amended from time to time. The Licensee shall agree that the Arbitral Tribunal shall have all necessary powers to determine all of the questions in dispute (including those relating to determining the appropriate terms of the Roaming Agreement and those relating to procedural matters under the arbitration) and that any arbitral award or results under this condition of licence shall be final and binding with no right of appeal, subject to applicable provincial or territorial legislation. The Licensee must participate fully in such an arbitration and follow all directions of the Arbitral Tribunal in accordance with Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures and any arbitration procedures established by the Arbitral Tribunal. This decision was taken following the public consultation announced in Gazette Notice DGSO-001-12, Proposed Revisions to the Frameworks for Mandatory Roaming and Antenna Tower and Site Sharing ( http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/h_sf10204.html). See CPC-2-0-03, Radiocommunication and Broadcasting Antenna Systems (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf08777.html). See DGRB-010-07, Consultation on Proposed Conditions of Licence to Mandate Roaming and Antenna Tower and Site Sharing and to Prohibit Exclusive Site Arrangements (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf08834.html). See CPC-2-0-17, Conditions of Licence for Mandatory Roaming and Antenna Tower and Site Sharing and to Prohibit Exclusive Site Arrangements (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09081.html). See DGRB-002-08, Conditions of Licence for Mandatory Roaming and Antenna Tower and Site Sharing and to Prohibit Exclusive Site Arrangements (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/h_sf08869.html). See Consultation Letter – Issues Related to the Preliminary Phase of the Antenna Tower and Site-Sharing Process (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09271.html). Refer to Guidelines for Compliance with the Conditions of Licence Relating to Antenna Tower and Site Sharing and to Prohibit Exclusive Site Arrangements (GL-06) (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09390.html). See press release (November 2010): “Minister Clement Updates Canadians on Canada's Digital Economy Strategy” (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/064.nsf/eng/06096.html). Refer to Proposed Revisions to the Frameworks for Mandatory Roaming and Antenna Tower and Site Sharing (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf10250.html). Refer to the Framework for Mandatory Roaming and Antenna Tower and Site Sharing webpage (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/h_sf10290.html). Refer to CPC-2-0-18 Industry Canada’s Arbitration Rules and Procedures (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09079.html). A PIP request will be considered complete if it contains, at a minimum, a unique sharing request identifier assigned by the Requesting Operator and two of the following: (1) the Licensee’s site reference number (2) the site address (3) geographical coordinates. Some of this information may be available from Industry Canada’s Spectrum Direct website (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/sd-sd.nsf/eng/Home). Information may also be obtained from the Licensee. See Part A, Section 2.2 (Process Overview) of this document for specifics regarding this provision. Refer to CPC-2-0-18 Industry Canada's Arbitration Rules and Procedures (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09079.html).

2019-04-21T04:20:51Z

https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09081.html

Have you ever had a week where you feel you’ve totally failed at parenting? Reward charts have gone out the window, chicken nuggets for supper every night, feeling you just want to run and hide from the kids, cry and eat a snicker without sharing it with them. The constant tidying, cleaning, cooking battle on rotation. It’s not glamorous it’s overwhelming and exhausting. I don’t want to put people off having kids but parents will understand this. Social media is good for showing off the good bits, and the happy times of parenting but oh boy there is a lot of bad bits too!! I suppose we don’t want to share them so much. Why not? Ashamed to say we struggle? Afraid of what people might think? When you open up you soon find out everyone’s on the same boat. I’m here holding my hands up saying yes, I struggle, really struggle. It may look like 3 kids looks easy… a breeze…believe me it’s more like a hurricane. I feel the kids are constantly fighting for attention, you satisfy one and the other one kicks off, just one vicious circle. I’m having one of those weeks where by dinner time I’m counting down the last hours until bed time. One good thing is when they go to bed at 7pm they don’t move again, no bed time performances, just lights out and sleep. So why can’t they just behave like this during the day? I always laugh inside when I hear people say ‘’Oh I love the bed time routine, we snuggle up and read a story and spend one on one with the child special bonding time, it’s just wonderful’’ In reality is it really that wonderful? Yes when they are all lights out and sleeping that’s wonderful . I call it happy hour in my house the bath time bed time routine. It’s a struggle now to get the eldest into the bath at all, while the other two are trying to drown themselves deliberately by seeing who can hold their breath the longest. The Drama performance of who comes out the bath first is always a showcase. Tackling 3 naked body’s to put on pyjamas and dry hair you would think they are being chased by a lion. So let’s have that one on one time with 3 children individually…yes that’s right, by this point everyone is past it including myself. Malachy our 3rd child is lucky if he gets a bed time story, if he forgets to grab one I’m delighted, one down. Gracie the middle child always goes for the thickest book or chances her luck with 2 books. If you secretly try to skip a page or a couple of sentences oh boy does she notice! Ain’t no fooling her. Final bonding time is with Ivy our first born the most laid back of the 3, very independent and easy pleased. Somehow we was led into a false sense of security after having Ivy as you think they will all be like her…don’t be fooled! By the time I get to Ivy’s bedroom she’s pulled out the good old 500 page BFG chapter a night book. Naturally Ivy likes to try and read some of the words which takes twice as long. So as u can imagine by 7pm I can’t wait to see them all tucked up in bed…asleep. I then head down stairs to tackle the bomb site they left behind. Before I head upstairs for the night I go around their bedrooms and switch off their lights and tuck in their little hands under the blankets. I look at them sleeping angelically and begin to feel guilty and the worst mum in the world for shouting, because someone spilled milk for the 2nd time or wouldn’t put their shoes on the first time I said it. Why did I have no patience today? I say tomorrow I’m going to try harder to be a better mum. Sometimes I question myself and God why am I getting pushed to the very ends of my limits? I’m beginning to sound like I live with 3 caged wild animals, well sometimes it feels like that. What is the key to well behaved children all the time? Has anyone found it? Hats off to you if you have. I know a few people pretend to have it all under-control. I know all children have their moments and usually mine are not too bad, but I think a combination of hormones, 5.30am starts everyday, work, Christmas planning, more hormones, has made this week exhausting and left me questioning my parenting skills, my life choices and hormonal imbalance. Reading back I sound like a right witch of a mother, like the one in Tangled. I love my kids, and everything I do is for them, they are my world and my dream is to push them to their fullest potential. Sometimes I look at them and can’t believe how blessed I am to have them. With the days getting colder and darker is there anything better than a pot of soup on the hob with the smell wafting through the house. Today’s soup of choice is Spicy carrot and lentil soup. Now I’ll be honest my recipes are not to the exact gram as I often just go with the flow and throw ingredients in. Chop onions and fry with fry-light spray until brown. Now you can add the tikka power or curry powder if you wish. After reading many baby books I always wanted to be on the ball with potty training, my granny always said ”back in the day your mum was potty trained at a year old!!” How could this be? Could she even walk? Statistics say 97% of children were potty trained by age 18months in 1957! Wow!!! I wonder how much of that statistic is true? We took the plunge when Ivy was about 17months old. I followed Gina Fords book Potty training in 1 week. Sounds ideal right!? Thinking if we can crack this we can crack anything. The book is a short step by step daily guide with tips and signs to look out for to keep you on the right track. Previously I have used Gina Fords books for issues such as routine and weaning, and felt they really worked. So we opened the book (I say we, but not entirely sure how much Sean was involved) page by page day by day she stuck to the book and she was ‘potty trained’ within 10 days…so a little longer than it says on the cover but I was impressed. Of course we had the odd accident, and she wasn’t dry at night but it was a great success! You think 1 week isn’t long…however it was the longest week ever! I thought she would never crack it. Its so frustrating at the time your life is consumed indoors, concentrating solely on potty training. As it states in the book they need to recognise to ask for the potty themselves to move onto the next stage and not just be reminded. I remember going to the top of the stairs with Ivy for her bath on day 8 thinking about packing the whole thing in…when she finally said ‘pee pee’ and ran to the potty and did the needful. I couldn’t believe it! I was jumping about on the landing clapping my hands and dancing!! It had finally clicked and we were on our way! A short while after we were on holiday with the girls abroad, and to my surprise Ivy was dry from the first night there right through the week. So it was a pretty easy journey with Ivy as she progressed in age she hardly has had an accident. To the point now at 5 years old I have to remind her to go to the toilet. As she would quite happily go the whole day and not go! When Gracie became about 18months I decided to pull out the good old Potty training in 1 week book again. My girls even though they look similar they couldn’t be more opposite in personality. Unfortunately it didn’t click after a few days in or few weeks. We decided to abandon all efforts and give her a little time as she wasn’t ready. After several attempts at trying however she still wasn’t able to hold her bladder long enough. When we did get Gracie dry around age 2 it was such a relief. However she wasn’t dry at night and wasn’t accident free. There was lots of days she wet herself on many occasions and I felt we were right back to where we started. Some days she would deliberately have an accident to gain attention. I just imagined the whole process would be easy like it was with Ivy but it wasn’t. It wasn’t until she was about 3 she would go long periods without accidents. I began to worry and google for tips as now she was 3 and a half and was still wet through the night. I had tried several things however none seemed to work. I called the health visitor for advice as she was turning 4 soon and I was beginning to get really worried as not one night had passed where she had been dry. I couldn’t help compare the girls how could they be so different? The health visitor came to see Gracie for her 4 year review and was very much pleased with her progress. So I thought It was a good opportunity to bring this topic up. I couldn’t believe when she began to discuss other situations and examples of other children’s issues at the same age as Gracie. it gave me a sense of not being the only one like this. She asked questions like if anyone in my family had been older in age before being potty trained? As it sometimes can run in the family. She advised me that unless the particular hormone in her brain is mature and released she will never be dry as she wont be ready. No mater what I try it wont make any difference until this hormone is produced she wont be dry at night. Gracie turned 4 in February and we had the choice whether she went to school next year or waited until she was 5 1/2. We decided to put her forward for school as she is so go ahead we didn’t want to hold her back in another year of playschool if she is ready for school. Naturally I have been trying to prep her for going to school by dressing herself, toileting and zipping up her jacket independently. So with the bed wetting I was nervous of the fact that she continued to do this. On her 4th birthday evening her granny was preparing for bed, I overheard her say she didn’t want a pull up on that night. I thought oh dear, but I let her go to bed without one since the sheets need changed anyway in the morning. Much to my joy in the morning she was dry!! She had never done this before it was a great achievement. I thought it must have been a fluke…but no she has been pretty ‘dry’ since. I used to always lift her before I went to bed and sometimes she will shout in the middle of the night to go to the toilet. She has had the odd dribble since then so I tend to put a training mat under her in bed. However sometimes when we are having a bad week, when she isn’t getting enough attention/or her own way, like last week…for example I was working extra shifts she wet the bed for a whole week!! However usually the majority of the time she is dry. So that was my experience with girls very different indeed. What about boys?? The average age now for potty training is 3 1/2 with teachers in schools seeing an increase in children coming to school not potty trained. 10% of 7 year old are still wetting the bed. These are facts I was glad to hear when I was struggling with Gracie’s bed wetting. Its nothing to be ashamed of and not spoken about enough. Don’t be ashamed to ask for help and advice with toilet training, and don’t feel like you’ve failed if they don’t succeed. If they haven’t realised the matured hormone they will never be ready, no mater what techniques you try at home. So Malachy was 21 months and he’s quite mature for his age I would say- he copy’s the girls a lot and had started showing signs like talking about going to the toilet and recognising when he’s wet! So I took a deep breath and pulled out the good old Gina Ford book for the 3rd time. To be honest I wasn’t planning on attempting it until nearer summer but I thought I would do a little test…much to my delight he knew exactly what he was doing. Sean was looking at me saying I thought we wasn’t doing this just now? But once I started and he got on so well I couldn’t stop! Didn’t want to send him confusing signals by abandoning ship. Out of 10 days I would say we had 5 accidents/wet pants with me. Of course when I was working and grandparents had him, unfortunately not so switched on to he whole potty training thing and didn’t toilet him so often there was more accidents. He was absolutely no problem and I couldn’t quite believe how easy he was to train- even easier than Ivy. He’s now dry for his afternoon nap, and sometimes dry at night so we’re on the right track! I must admit I was a little emotional when I began to train Malachy as he was my last and youngest in nappy’s. GINA FORD POTTY TRAINING IN 1 WEEK. They need to be ready and show the signs. Don’t go back to nappy’s after you start- don’t confuse them! It doesn’t mater what age they are toilet trained as every child is ready at their own pace. It can be something you don’t want to discuss with other mums as you might be ashamed or embarrassed as they begin to grow older and they have not achieved it. Speak out and seek advice. By sharing my three different experiences shows how good or how bad it can go. Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. 1 Corinthians ch13 verse 4-8. What love means to me? I love this verse its a perfect example of what love means to me. Love is all those things and more. It stems from a close friendship that grows to affection, feelings and state of mind between yourself and another. Love is forgiving, Love is about tolerance, Love is about compromise and putting others before yourself. Before we got married 7 years ago my dads only advice was to never let the sun go down on your wrath. A well known bible verse. Yet so true, as relationships can be damaged if arguments and strain goes on and on. The best piece of advice I could ask for. The definition of love is different for everyone. No one can define it and no one has the right answer. To fall in love when a strong connection in your relationship kindles, the feeling of giddiness and excitement. That feeling when you cant wait to see each other again. Holding hands, and the feeling that you cant be apart. There’s a big spark between you and the relationship is very rosy and fresh and new. As relationships mature the spark becomes a glowing ember in your heart. Maybe your not feeling the same excitement when you see each other but you just know the love is still there. You don’t need to question it. You don’t need to express it with PDA public display of affection anymore or bunches of flowers. Love simply becomes a cup of tea made for you in the morning or plugging your phone into charge when you simply forget. Or prepping the kids before you head out the door to work to make sure they behave while your away. Love has your back, love forgets old wounds, Love doesn’t look at your bank balance or your race. Love doesn’t care about your cellulite or your stretch marks. Love is blind and love is from the heart. Love endures. Defining love is complicated as we each experience love in our own way. For me love doesn’t exist as one thing. The love I have for my husband is a passionate commitment that is always developing and being nurtured. I think a key factor in this growing love is our compatibility, we share the same values, likes and dislikes and interests, and these common grounds were what sparked our love, and what allow this love to grow. I don’t find it difficult to stay in love with him, it’s something I never question. He makes me laugh, is there for me when I cry and I will care and protect him forever through thick and thin. The love for my children is a different type of love, it is a profound emotion that is like nothing else in this world. When I first saw them i got an instant overwhelming urge to love them and I find it almost indescribable. From that moment these tiny babies were my main priority and I immediately had a fierce desire to protect them. When my children were born I also realised how much my mother loves me. I love my children unconditionally, it is an attitude, something that is eternal. Around this time of year we can get caught up in the commercial aspect of valentines day, what about all the other 364 days what happens to the love then? I love valentines it simply gives the men out there a nudge in the right direction. Or if you’re like my dad and father in law they still forget its valentines and I have to remind them. However, I don’t believe this phases my mother or mother in law. Except that kind of love even not shown is there like a glow. Cooking their supper every night when they come in the door. Keeping them company in an evening in front of the tv and just being there for each other. Love can be seen in many different ways. Love is when the others happiness is more important than your own. I must admit Sean doesn’t whisk me off for a surprise weekend away or send bunches of flowers to my work for all to see, except he appreciates me in many different ways throughout the year, not just Feb 14th. If he’s down stairs in the morning before me he always makes me a cup of tea. That’s what deep down love is for me. He doesn’t need to show me with outward approach. When he does buy me flowers its usually the most unexpected times and a great surprise. He knows me when I’ve used my reserve tank with the kids and he steps in. One Valentine’s Day he did actually run me a romantic bath. I had just finished a shift at work and was very pregnant and sore with my pelvis at the time. I thought to myself wow! He’s really pushing the boat out here. However the kids heard the bath running and stampeded up the stairs. I ended up sharing the bath with Ivy- It had slipped my mind for a second she was off nursery that day due to a tummy upset. Seconds later she passed wind… well u can imagine what happened next…I’ve never exited a bath so quick in all my life. Poor Ivy she didn’t realise what was going on! So that was the romance down the drain that night. I wish you all the love this Valentine’s Day. If its with that huge bunch of roses or the silent love expressed by that cup of tea he made you. Share the love. Today and everyday. True love endures. Disclaimer: I was kindly sent a free sample of the product in return for my honest review in my blog. All opinions expressed are my own and unbiased, not influenced by the company and any links used in this review are not affiliate. Harry & Rose founder Alba Cusworth is an experienced parent who has a love for natural baby products. The company have specially formulated these products to a high quality, natural ingredients especially for sensitive skin. Which is good news for Malachy as he falls into this category also suffering from eczema. As much as myself Harry and Rose believe what you put on your skin is very important, especially baby skin. This product is manufactured in England with the best quality and standards and not tested on animals may I add. Ingredients used in these products are Calendula, coconut, camomile, cottonseed, aloe Vera and sunflower. I am a great lover of natural ingredients for your skin. So I couldn’t wait to try this out on Malachy. The target group is mothers/fathers and expectant mothers of young babies. The great features of this product are the natural ingredients and the affect they have on sensitive skin. For example, camomile is great for breakouts and rashes, and the sunflower extract is honourable for babies that suffer from eczema. Malachy loves a bath however with 3 kids he often endures it with the girls in beside him. Tonight was special and I loved spending time alone with Malachy. The bottle has an easy to use pump top, the great waterproof label is a hit as malachy is forever playing with the bottles in the tub. The product design and render is neutral and soft, which best describes the contents of the bottle. The previous evening before I received this sample Malachys bath time was very stressful for me as a mum. As soon as I strip him down he always likes a good scratch. With eczema this is quite common however this night in particular was the worst I’ve seen it. I had to quickly bath him and pull him out the bath as he was getting so agitated and couldn’t stop scratching. Even after his pyjamas were on he just couldn’t content himself forever trying to scratch through his clothes. The next morning, I booked an appointment with my GP to have him reviewed. Is this a food allergy? Is it my washing powder? I came out of the doctors with a prescription bag full of ointments, creams/steroid creams and antihistamine. I’ve been here before in this situation. I feel like I have tried every cream and ointment out there. I was very reluctant to start the process all over again. Coincidence the same morning my Harry and Rose sample arrived. When I stripped him off again for the bath he did have a scratch as usual and I placed him in the bath and began to wash him with the bath and body wash. I must admit it wasn’t instant relief but I didn’t want it to turn into the previous night all over again. I took him out and rubbed him all over with the body lotion cream sample they kindly sent me…It was like a miracle, after the cream was applied he was settled and didn’t need to scratch. Typically with other creams and lotions he scratches through them after they have been applied. When I first smelt the product, I was slightly dubious it smelt so lovely I thought how can something so natural smell so nice. After his bath there was no scratching and no need for the antihistamine that night. I was so pleased as it’s so upsetting and frustrating as a mother not able to help your child who is constantly itching. I have been using the product for over a week now. I purchased the body lotion after the company kindly sent me a small sample which I am so glad they did, or I wouldn’t have discovered it. Malachys skin has returned soft and smooth and no blemished or rash areas from the eczema. I have been applying the body lotion morning and night. Overall, I am very pleased with this product and its quality. As the products has won several awards including Best baby and toddler gear I have no problem in ‘sharing the love’ to friends and family. I am going to continue to purchase this product for Malachy as long as it continues to work wonders. It is more expensive than your typical supermarket products however I wouldn’t grudge purchasing this product if it works for Malachy. Happy baby = happy mum. A big thank you to Harry and Rose from Malachy and Mum for this new discovery in natural skin care. The Harry and Rose baby hair-body wash and many other lovey product can be found at their website here. I found out through experience and reading baby books that kids love routine. Keeping them informed makes them happy bees in the hive. A fine example of this: Gracie is sitting engrossed in the iPad, instead of taking it off her I would prep her beforehand. If i didn’t I would then endure a 10 minute tantrum which then leads to some serious misbehaviour. “Gracie, you’ve got 5 minutes left on the iPad” then a while later “two minutes, Gracie” then after a another couple of minutes ” okay Gracie, times up put down the iPad now that’s long enough” It works wonders. I would say 90% of the time she puts the iPad down. It’s a good technique to use when were about to leave the grandparents ” were leaving in 5 minutes kids” and so on. Usually we all leave happily and without a tantrum, tantrum free= happy mum! At the start of the week I love to meal plan for the week ahead. I first got the idea from a Slimming world class. It helps you to stick to your chosen meals for the week and not go off track. I try to involve the kids as much as possible however their reply to “what would you like for supper?” is usually “noodles.” I have recently started to write out a shopping list before I head to the supermarket. We’ve found that we save money as we only buy what we need for that week, we actually come out with some decent meals. As before I would wander around the aisles throwing stuff in the trolley be £100 at the till and have nothing to make a decent meal with. So this is how we do it now. If its not on the list it doesn’t go into the trolley. On a Monday I do lots of food prep when the kids are away at school. A typical Monday can be quite stressful for me so I like to have a big pot of soup boiling on the hob. This will do us for 3 lunches. I also stick a big piece of meat in the slow cooker that will do us two meals too. Doing this just releases the stress of making supper after one of our busy Mondays knowing that the meals are sorted. The dreaded word, right? I used to enjoy house work when I had time to do it before we had kids. Nonetheless with 3 kids now and sometimes a working mum I struggle to find the time. I like to be able to keep on top of it so it doesn’t nag me. There is more important things in life than housework however when the house looks like a bomb has hit it something needs to be done. I love following The organised mum method(TOMM) 30 minutes a day on specific rooms and your done! I hear you thinking that doesn’t work… but it does. She also does a deep clean method for all those homes needing a bit more tlc. I find that if I keep the washing & ironing basket empty I am not doing piles of ironing that I hate. I like to spend a little time each day in my utility room sorting out clothes and it keeps the whole thing at bay. Sometimes if were busy over a weekend and I don’t keep on top of it, and I go into the utility on a Sunday I could just walk out again and cry. 6, While the are kids eating breakfast I load the washing machine. I love to come down stairs to a clean kitchen and empty sink so the night before I ensure the island is free from dishes and clutter. I like to set out everyone’s clothes for the next day in the bathroom in their individual piles. When the kids get up they know the routine, get dressed and go down stairs. I try to encourage the girls to help with making their beds and throwing the laundry down the stairs. Which usually results in a pair of knickers landing on Malachys head. The girls can be so messy at times, I try to engage them in some games when it comes to tidying up. Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn’t. Please note my routine doesn’t always go to plan the way I would like it. There’s usually a chase around the bedroom with a half-naked child trying to put on their socks. That’s what makes life exciting I suppose a lap around the bedroom before school. I’m not the perfect mum or don’t try to be. I just love routine and so does the kids. What is the perfect mum? As Sean was assigned to the boat over the festive. I did something I have never done before and decided to leave the kids at home and join him to take in the New Year…in Shetland with a couple of our close friends Daniel and Emma. Since having no3 we’ve found it increasingly difficult to get away for theseso-called date nights, shopping trips and weekends away which are pretty much now out the question! Can’t remember the last time we went out for dinner alone. Meal times usually consist of bribing the kids to sit on their seats and finish their dinner, someone usually spills their juice and all of a sudden a voice shouts I need a poop when your about 2 mouthfuls in. This happens every time we sit down to eat sometimes someone falls off a chair on a good night, if your lucky. So u can imagine leaving these 3 head cases with anyone is a big take on. Saying that we do have our annual Christmas shopping trip together. Don’t be fooled it’s not like all those Instagram pics you see with a glass of bubbly , Christmas markets etc… it’s usually planned, a list is written out and the exact shops are visited. Pretty much in and out painless as possible. Meanwhile I worry about what the brood is getting up to at home in the care of some of the grandparents or great grandparents. Who’s idea was it to have no 3? I was quite happy with 2 until Sean started hankering for a boy. Luckily Sean just needs to smile at me and I fall pregnant. Sean was soon handed a vasectomy leaflet to ponder upon last year. My mum did warn me not to have 3! Wouldn’t change it now for the world however do wish we could afford a nanny at times. The boat was leaving Aberdeen heading north for Shetland. Two nights would be spent docked in Lerwick harbour then sail home again during the night. Which means this would be 4 nights in total I would be leaving the kids. Who was going to be the lucky grandparents? After much deliberation I decided to split the kids up to make it an easier time for all involved. My mum kept trying to make me feel guilty by saying things like ‘you’ll miss them you know’ and ‘Malachy will miss his mam, he’s a mammy’s boy’ I didn’t let this bother me as I was really looking forward to some mummy annual leave. The thought of uninterrupted meals and long lie ins kept me going. So I decided to put Ivy (oldest) and Malachy (youngest) to one set of grandprents and Gracie to the other, and mid break they would do a swap. As placing the two girls together can be a disaster as they have a love hate relationship at the moment. So packing 3 kids to go 2 different ways was a nightmare. Anyways I got them packed and prepped them all on their behaviour for days before hand. If I heard that there was bad behaviour Santa would come in the night and take back their presents! So I dropped them off and ran home! I had an hour to spare in the house before I left and it was amazing the difference in the atmosphere in the house with no kids. It was really strange. So we set sail for Shetland at 1700 on board the MV Hjaltland courtesey of Northlink Ferries. Leaving the harbour we were on the bridge to see the sights. I was planning a nice evening of catching up with good friends ( Emma and Dan) over supper and a glass of wine. However things did not go as planned, Emma and myself had already taken Stugeron (sea sickness tablets) as we know how we react to the vessels motion on the sea. I didn’t think there was much swell in the sea however Emma didn’t finish her meal before she disappeared off to bed with a sick bag. I thought what a light weight the boat isn’t moving much. Lone behold by 1930 I was in bed with my pal sickky bag the evening came to a sad end with Daniel left watching the game alone at the bar. We arrived in Lerwick, Shetland at 0730. What about a long lie? Not likely! Sean was still working so he was up and showered at 0630 for arrival and I didn’t get back to sleep after hearing him clatering anout. We decided to take a drive to explore the island. I have been to Shetland before on placement for 9 weeks when I was doing my nurse training so I knew a fair bit about the island already but hadn’t explored it much at the time. When I started to count back how long ago it was since I was there in placement I couldn’t believe it was nearly 10 years!! That couldn’t be right! I’m not that old!! But as Sean keeps reminding me I am nearly 30!! We took a walk through the streets of Lerwick, however with it being New Year’s Eve and a Sunday there wasn’t any shops open. The weather was good which is unusual for Shetland at that time of year. We headed for Eshaness it’s along the North West coast. It’s really nice just driving along those single track roads where the sheep roam freely, usually in the middle of the road. When it was my turn to drive Sean’s nerves was running in over drive sitting watching me drive those narrow roads. We headed back to the boat to get glammed up for the evening events, the staff on board had organised a fancy dress party. Emma and myself are not really big fans of fancy dress Emma in particular so we opted out of the fancy dress competition this time. Sean being Sean went for captain Jack Sparrow, it was a pretty good attempt if you ask me. We took in the ‘bells’ up on the bridge all staff and guests toasted the old year out and the new year in. Glasses of champagne clanged while listening to the horn of the boat being honked by the oldest person on board and the youngest member on board, lovely way to start the new year. Soon after I whisked Sean off to bed. Yes not in that manner at all! I’m not used to the late nights and in this case extremely late…1pm!! I usually would be thinking about getting up with the kids shortly if I was at home! Well not quite 1am but not long off it. The celebrations probably went long into the night. The staff then provided a lovely New Year lunch for all on board the next day. We decided to take another road trip this time exploring the South West of the Island. We set off in search for the well-known Meal Beach, been known to be compared to some of the beaches in the Caribbean. After a short walk from where we parked the car we found it. Beautiful scenery so calm yet the air was so crisp and before our eyes was this exquisite white sandy beach hidden away beneath the rock face. We didn’t miss out on some selfies and writing our names on the sand. Emma and Daniel don’t do PDA so they weren’t up for some romantic photographs taken by myself. It was -3c in the car and the narrow single track roads with random sheep about was making Sean rather nervous as I was driving. I kept reassuring him however the grasp of his hand on the roof handles told a different story. We traveled further West of Burra and came across another gorgeous stretch of beach called Minn beach. At the end of the stretch of beach sat a cottage, alone with no car access. How nice would it be to go there on holiday, no distractions, and just chill, no phones, just the simple life? Due to work commitments Emma and Daniel decided to book a flight home. As the boat wouldn’t reach Aberdeen Until the 3rd am. I was in two minds of flying home too after the sail north, I was constantly checking the weather. However I decided to take the boat home. The next day we drove the love birds to the airport…yes Shetland does have an airport at Sumburgh. What you might not believe is that you have to actually drive over the runway to get to it! The runway actually stops when the land stops, so if you don’t take off by the time you get to that section you will be going for a swim in the sea! Emma didn’t know this so she was now on edge about the take off! It was a lovely break and I was super excited to see my brood again when I got home. I felt it refreshed my head..well refresed my head so much that I had vertigo for about a week after iIretunred home! It was lovley to see the brood again. Shetland is a beautiful Island with many different aspects to it. We were lucky enough to visit just a small section of it. They have a language of their own and if you listen closely you can just make out what they are saying. They heritage of the Island is instilled in generations today, and they are proud of the Island and what it has become. By ferry from Aberdeen-Lerwick : The boat sails overnight, Cabins can be booked for up to 4 people. Occasionally the ferry stops by Orkney if you fancy a trip there too. If you are at all queezy on board a boat I would advise you travel in the summer months otherwise best of luck. Sick bags are provided in all easy to reach places! Check regularly for adverse weather updates before you travel. On board the ferry there is a cinema, guest lounge, sleeping pods and a lovely restaurant and quaint shop full of local produce and products. The Shetland soap is charming Click here for the website the products are beautiful and smell exquisite!! If you are into your Gins they also stock the well-known Orkney Gin. Distilled in Kirkwall, Orkney. More info on their Gins on instagram lovely product! One of my favourites is the Orkney Fudge they put all fudge makers to shame. Melt in your mouth, delicious fudge is a well-known favourite in our family.

2019-04-19T00:50:18Z

https://mybroodstories.com/tag/parenting/

Resuming the debate adjourned on July 9, 2014, on the motion for an address in reply to the speech of His Honour the Lieutenant Governor at the opening of the session. Ms. Soo Wong: It is truly a privilege to rise in this House on behalf of the riding of Scarborough–Agincourt, and to speak on the throne speech and the priorities of this government. I’d like to begin my remarks this morning by thanking the residents of Scarborough–Agincourt for their vote of confidence and trust to re-elect me as their member of provincial Parliament. I also want to acknowledge His Honour the Honourable David C. Onley for delivering his last throne speech in this Legislature, and for his contribution to this great province. Ontario’s 41st Parliament reflects a diverse, inclusive, one Ontario, where there were more women elected to this chamber, including the election of our first female Premier, in this great province. On June 12, Ontarians made their voices heard and chose an approach that is balanced but also compassionate. As the throne speech phrases it, they chose a government that will build from the “activist centre.” Leading from the activist centre is what the people of Ontario have asked us to do. The throne speech puts evidence before ideology and chooses co-operation and partnership over partisanship. This direction fully chooses to acknowledge the challenges facing this province and commits to working with people from all parts of this province, from all backgrounds, and to find solutions in moving Ontario forward. Together we will build more opportunities and provide security for all Ontarians. To start, we must acknowledge that our economy is still recovering from the economic downturns of the 1990s and late 2000s, and that our government continues to make investments to strengthen our economic positions. We have great potential that is yet to be realized. We have the right resources and the right people to attract business and create jobs. I’m very pleased to see that our government’s top priority is to grow the economy and create good jobs in every region of this province; hence the provincial government will create partnerships through the Jobs and Prosperity Fund. This new fund will help to create more good jobs in traditional and emerging industries, and bring much-needed investment to regions still recovering from the impact of the global recession. Sectors like advanced manufacturing, automotive, agri-food, information and communications technology, and media and culture will benefit from this fund. I’m also very pleased at some of the first two government bills tabled in this Legislature early this week by the Minister of Economic Development, Employment and Infrastructure: Bill 6, An Act to enact the Infrastructure for Jobs and Prosperity Act, 2014, and Bill 7, An Act to enact the Burden Reduction Reporting Act, 2014 and the Partnerships for Jobs and Growth Act, 2014. These two pieces of legislation will continue to attract job creators and grow our economy. Furthermore, the proposed Jobs and Prosperity Fund will enable communities from across Ontario to win the global competition for jobs and attract foreign direct investment and create jobs. During the election, I heard from many families in my riding of Scarborough–Agincourt about youth unemployment. In the throne speech, the provincial government stated that it will provide opportunities for our youth by extending the youth jobs strategy to help more young people to find promising careers and by supporting the largest apprenticeship system in Ontario’s history. I know many Ontario youth are getting the education, but they are struggling to find jobs that match their education training. Through Ontario’s Youth Jobs Strategy, the Ontario government is committed to find positions for 30,000 youths across Ontario. I know this plan is working. To date, over 150 youths in Scarborough–Agincourt have found employment through the Ontario Youth Employment Fund. We know that once you have a job, you need to find a way to get to the job, and that’s why our government is committed to investing $29 billion over the next 10 years for transit and public infrastructure. We know that Ontarians want to see a reduction in gridlock, and I know that in my riding of Scarborough–Agincourt, they want to spend less time in traffic jams and more time with their families and in their own communities. For too long, our public transit system has been neglected. Meanwhile, decades of growth and development have left our public transit system outdated, and populations like my riding of Scarborough–Agincourt have been underserved. That is why our government has committed $15 billion towards transit projects in the greater Toronto and Hamilton area. We need to get Ontarians moving, and it is the right thing to do for our economy but also for the people of our province. We also know that we need our federal and municipal partners to work with us. That is why, in the throne speech, we have committed our government to work with other levels of government to find the best solutions and the right investments in terms of public transit. Part of what is setting Ontario apart from other jurisdictions in North America is a commitment to strong, publicly funded education. Furthermore, it is a comprehensive education system that supports our children and youth from birth to job force. Our provincial government knows that investment in early childhood education gives our children the early start they need to succeed. We believe in and respect our front-line workers, like early childhood educators. The provincial government is demonstrating our appreciation for the important role they play in our education system by increasing the wages of these hard-working, dedicated front-line workers who have an important task in looking after Ontario’s youngest citizens. Because of the leadership and the vision of this side of the House, full-day kindergarten will be available across Ontario this fall, including in all 28 public elementary schools in Scarborough–Agincourt. Our schools continue to rank as some of the best in the English-speaking world, and our children continue to prove themselves to be leaders and innovators. I’m pleased that the throne speech includes the implementation of Achieving Excellence, a plan to take public education in Ontario from great to excellent by continuing to improve learning. It enables young people to prepare to lead in the global economy. As young people transition from high school into college or university, our government is working to help students make the most of the opportunities available to them. We will continue to provide 30% off tuition grants that have already been received by over 400,000 students province-wide since 2012. I know many young people in my riding of Scarborough–Agincourt, like Christian, Winnie, Judy, Akehil and the Steve Gracey girls—I know you’re watching this morning—who recently graduated from local high schools will benefit from this tuition grant. The Ontario government is committed to investing in and supporting our young people by building new campuses in Ontario and increasing access to French-language programs for francophone Ontarians. Furthermore, our government plans to launch Experience Ontario, a plan to help recent high school graduates experience real work opportunities in order to better help them choose a path in life that best suits their talents and their convictions. In order to build Ontario for tomorrow, the throne speech made a key commitment to public education, and it’s also a priority for our government. We know Ontarians are leaders when it comes to climate change. Our government’s elimination of coal power generation is the most significant climate change initiative in North America. Yesterday Minister Murray announced the reintroduction of the Ending Coal for Cleaner Air Act to highlight our new Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change that will build on the historic phasing out of the coal power plants. I’m proud of the work that this government has done to improve environmental sustainability, but I know more needs to be done on this issue. Unpredictable and extreme weather can have a significant impact on our economy and livelihood. This is something that’s well understood in my riding of Scarborough–Agincourt. The ice storm and severe winter weather that hit our community last winter left many residents in my riding without power and shut down roads and businesses. Our government responded quickly and provided much-needed support to displaced families and individuals. I was proud to join many of the volunteers who helped out in the warming centres and knocked on doors to ensure individuals and families were safe in their homes. We need to do everything we can in this Legislature to prevent these storms from having such dramatic effects on our communities. That is why our government is committed to continue to work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change. We know that climate change is not something our province can work at alone and resolve but that’s why we continue to work with our federal partners to address climate change at a more global scale. On June 12, we heard loud and clear that Ontarians want to see an open and transparent government. The throne speech clearly stated the government will reintroduce the Public Sector and MPP Accountability and Transparency Act. On July 8, Minister Matthews reintroduced this bill that strengthens accountability, oversight and transparency across government and the broader public sector. If passed, it will give more powers to the Integrity Commissioner to investigate and punish wrongdoing and strengthen the laws on the retention of government documents. The Public Sector and MPP Accountability and Transparency Act will give the provincial government the power to control compensation of senior executives in the broader public sector, provide greater oversight and accountability of arm’s-length government agencies, thus ensuring Ontarians’ tax dollars are spent wisely. In my riding, the residents want and expect an open and transparent government from this province. In the throne speech the government acknowledged that trust is hard to earn but easily lost. Hence, every day our government is committed to working hard to earn the trust of Ontarians. On June 12, we also heard that Ontarians want the government to attract jobs and make the right strategic investments. At the same time, we cannot ignore the fiscal realities that we are living in. Already the Ontario government spends less per capita on programs than any province in Canada. Our throne speech reaffirms our commitment to not add any fiscal pressure on Ontario families. We will not raise the HST, the gas tax or the personal income tax of middle-class Ontarians. Instead, we’re asking the top earners to pay a little bit more. This is essential as we work to eliminate the deficit and reduce the debt burden in a responsible manner. Ontarians also expect that this government is careful with how they spend their dollars. That is why we created the new position of the President of the Treasury Board, a position that will help our government to stay on track to reach our fiscal targets. In this new role, the president will improve accountability and transparency while overseeing the crown agencies, boards and commissions. This position will also assist with labour relations and make sure that both employees and Ontarians are receiving the best possible deal. The throne speech also clearly lays out our government’s commitment to introduce a new poverty reduction strategy. It will build on the gains made with Breaking the Cycle, Ontario’s first poverty reduction strategy that got 47,000 children out of poverty, and prevent more from falling into it. As a government, we have already taken measures to address childhood poverty by increasing the Ontario Child Benefit. Through legislation, our government aims to index future annual increases to inflation so that low-income families do not fall further behind. To ensure fairness to workers and families, legislation will be introduced to increase Ontario’s minimum wage annually at the rate of inflation. I believe it is the right thing to do. Yesterday I brought a petition into the House about just that. Residents in my riding of Scarborough–Agincourt expect the government to work with them, thus increasing the protection for Ontario’s vulnerable workers. The Ontario government will also expand its commitment to expand our Community Homelessness Prevention Initiative and investment in our Affordable Housing Program. This expansion will increase the support for developmental services and increase investments in the Mental Health and Addictions Strategy. Some of us in this chamber including you, Mr. Speaker, were part of the select committee to deal with developmental services. We heard time and time again, from the various witnesses across Ontario their concern about the issue of affordable housing and access to affordable housing for those individuals who need it, especially for those with developmental disabilities. So our plan in Ontario is the right plan for all Ontarians. It is a plan that builds Ontario up. In the case of public transit and infrastructure, we’re literally building it up. I know that the people of Scarborough–Agincourt, where I come from, will appreciate this building up of Ontario. Tackling gridlock, improving public transit and creating jobs, growing the economy and helping Ontarians have more time with their family instead of being stuck in traffic—all of us have those experiences. Just this morning when I was travelling from my riding here, it took me more time—even though this is a summer month—than normal to get here. So I know Ontarians expect us to address their traffic concerns. It is also a plan that will respect the ideals of accountability and transparency. That way Ontarians can be confident that the decisions made in this government are the right decisions at the right time, and done in an open and an honest manner. Our plan is also making the right investments to spur growth, create jobs and support our children, and address those challenges that are facing Ontario. We’ve all seen those challenges across Ontario; we don’t have to look far. Recent tragedies in my colleague’s riding, the member from Eglinton—that tragedy. Yes, we need to do more, and the government is addressing that piece. We also have to attack the youth unemployment rate—I heard that yesterday and from previous speakers about the throne speech. We all acknowledge our youth unemployment rate in Ontario is not acceptable. Here in Ontario, we will be addressing this. As well, we also need to be a leader when it comes to climate change because we know that climate change is not just about a one-time storm but that it also affects our livelihood. It also creates potential tragedy. Hopefully we can try to prevent that. Our government knows that we cannot find a solution alone. That’s why in the throne speech we asked all Ontarians to work together and form a partnership, and again commit ourselves to working with partnerships at all levels of government. Ontarians ask us to work in partnership, not in partisanship. I look forward to, in this session, working with all members of this House but also asking all Ontarians to come together despite various political convictions to build Ontario up. The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): Questions and comments? The member for Caledon. Ms. Sylvia Jones: Dufferin–Caledon. Don’t lose half of my riding, Speaker. The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): It has been a long break. Ms. Sylvia Jones: I know. It’s great to see you back in the Chair. I just want to comment briefly. Part of what the member spoke about was lauding and applauding the fact that there would be, and I believe I quote you properly when I say, “Full-day kindergarten available in every school across Ontario.” I beg to differ. Actually, if you speak to your member from Newmarket, I’m sure that he will give you some very specific examples of communities and schools that will not be offering full-day kindergarten in the coming fall session. So it’s important that people understand: Full-day kindergarten will not be available in every single school in Ontario. While I appreciate that I cannot correct another member’s record, I think it’s important to get some facts out there. Perhaps if she could, as I say, talk to her member from Newmarket–Aurora, she would understand that there are some very specific examples and quite heated debates about it. Mr. Michael Mantha: I was listening very closely to the comments the member from Scarborough–Agincourt was providing during her 20-minute speech. She talked a lot about co-operation, collaboration and partnership. I’m looking forward to seeing that happen. It’s something that I strived for in the last Legislature, where we sat here and there were a lot of ideas that were provided from our caucus that, yes, were taken in by the government, which enhanced and made the lives of Ontarians that much better. I look forward to seeing some of that. Again, I need to stress that I’m a little bit concerned with the tone that I’m hearing from across the way. There is definitely some very—anyways, I’m just concerned with some of the tone that I’m hearing. I also heard how important transportation is for the member in her particular area. Coming from northern Ontario, it’s imperative that we get a good transportation strategy coming from this government. We’ve lost—well, we haven’t lost it yet, but we’re still fighting for it; we’ve got to make sure that we maintain the transportation that we need. What we’re talking about is not particularly mechanical pieces of equipment, although the ONTC falls under that, and we would love to see the ONTC return to northern Ontario because it helps our economy and it helps industry. We need to see investment into the roads that are going to be in northern Ontario, not only in building those roads and bridges but also maintaining them. It is a huge concern for people in northern Ontario. We’re going to be providing those solutions. They were part of our campaign, so I would encourage the member: Look at some of those ideas, and when we do bring them as solutions, take them in. Hon. David Zimmer: The throne speech was entitled Building Ontario Up. A lengthy speech, 16 pages, but in two minutes, how would one summarize the gist of the throne speech; that is, our plan for the next four years? There are four key points in the throne speech when you distill it down to its essence. Number 1, we want to build the talents and skills of our people through education and training, and we’re going to do that for everyone in Ontario. The second point is, we want to build better public transit in cities and better roads to connect towns with rural and remote communities that feed Ontario’s prosperity. The third point is, we want to build a competitive business climate through partnerships with the private sector and increased trade missions that will guarantee good job opportunities for today’s workforce and lead to the next generation of jobs in Ontario. And the fourth point is, we want to build a retirement security plan with a made-in-Ontario pension plan that puts a comfortable and secure retirement on the horizon for every worker. Speaker, if you read through it, and I urge anyone watching this telecast this morning—if you were to read through the 16 pages of the throne speech, those four points that I’ve just outlined distill what we’re trying to do here in Ontario. With a majority government, we are committed to making sure that those four key points that are explained in greater detail in the 16-page throne speech are covered. That’s why the throne speech is entitled Building Ontario Up: because since the recession set in in 2008, there have been some very difficult times. We are now in a rebuilding phase. Those are the four key points covered in the throne speech. I urge the audience to consider reading it in its full detail. The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): Questions and comments? There being none, response? Ms. Soo Wong: I want to thank the members from Dufferin–Caledon, Algoma–Manitoulin, and the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs. I heard very loud and clear my colleague from Algoma–Manitoulin talking about the transit piece. I think that across Ontario, Ontarians expect us and this government to address the whole issue of transit, and that’s why in this throne speech we made a commitment of $29 billion, of which $14 billion is addressing northern and rural areas and $15 billion is for the greater Toronto and Hamilton area. I also know that across Ontario, Ontarians expect that this government will continue to improve the lives of all Ontarians, because at the end of the day, why are people electing us to government if we’re not going to improve their everyday lives? The most important part of the throne speech, Mr. Speaker, is focusing on jobs. My colleague the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs talks about rebuilding and also addressing many of the key priorities of the government, from jobs to public education to public transit, but also making sure Ontario continues to be a fair and just society, as well as at the same time making sure Ontario continues to grow and to spend within its means. I want to thank everybody who contributed to my debate, but also to encourage all of us to work collaboratively and partnership-wise, like my colleague from Algoma–Manitoulin talked about earlier. We need to work together in partnership, not as adversaries in partisanship. The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): Further debate? The member for Lambton–Kent–Middlesex. Mr. Monte McNaughton: Thank you very much, Speaker. Before I get going, allow me to congratulate our Speaker, the MPP from Brant, who was in the Chair earlier, on his re-election as Speaker. Congratulations to you, as well, on your role, and the other deputy speakers. Speaker, I will be the last PC MPP speaking to the throne speech. It is an honour to rise and speak for the first time since the 41st Parliament was elected and an honour to rise to help respond to the throne speech on behalf of the official opposition. I want to spend a few moments thanking some people in my riding of Lambton–Kent–Middlesex who are very important to me. They volunteered and worked on our vision for a better Ontario and took time out of their busy lives to improve democracy. Before I do that, I want to welcome the new members of provincial Parliament. Congratulations on your election victories. I’ve had the opportunity to meet a number of you, and let me say that I can see why and how you were elected. You bring many talents and strengths to this office, and I wish you, in all sincerity, the best of luck, and my most sincere congratulations on your electoral success. I can remember when I was first elected in 2011. I can remember standing in this House and delivering my first speech, my maiden address. I remember taking the time to thank and recognize the previous office-holder in my riding, Liberal MPP Maria Van Bommel, for her efforts, and I can remember reading the remarks in that very first speech. It’s a special time, and I applaud all members of this House on their election and re-election. Speaker, for those of us who are returning and for those who are watching at home, I think all will agree that we need to improve the decorum in this place. Members on all sides of the House have an opportunity to do this, as it is the new beginning of a new session, a new Parliament, and we have four and a half years until the next election. Speaker, we need to raise the bar in Ontario on how we do politics. I, for one, admit that, and I and others here have a role to play in this. I know it is something that your office has worked tirelessly on yourself. I think that the people of this province want us to work together, raise the decorum at Queen’s Park, and change the way we do politics, and I know it’s something that I’m committed to doing. This is something that I heard, and I’m sure all MPPs heard, throughout the recent election campaign, something that I heard at the doors, whether they were blue doors, red doors or orange doors, and something that I know to be true. But, Speaker, with the new class of MPPs, as I have said, we have the opportunity to do things differently and we have the opportunity to change the way politics is done here in our province. Moving forward, we have the opportunity to make positive changes, starting here at Queen’s Park. People all over Ontario are discouraged at the direction we’re heading in, discouraged at the current employment prospects and discouraged with their own situation, but in the long term, the residents of Ontario like myself and like members of the official opposition remain optimistic that our best days remain ahead of us, and that we will turn the corner and begin to see improvements and gains here in our province. It’s going to take effort and hard work and it’s going to take some sacrifice now, but with this, better days are ahead. I know this because of the heart and because of the talent of the people in my riding of Lambton–Kent–Middlesex who rolled up their sleeves and got involved in the recent provincial election. Of course, Speaker, I need to recognize and thank my parents, Gary and Susan McNaughton; my sister, Nicole Windsor, and her husband, Jeff; my niece, Aleks; my brother, Mike, and his wife, Monica; my nephew, Jordan, and niece, Sydney; Paul Gunning; Don Adams; Dale Maris; Evelyn Towers; Bonnie and Gerald Gallant; Scott Bork; Rick Devolder; Bill Namink; and members of my office staff: Eileen McCoy, John Fraser, Jena Sasko and Joshua Workman, not to mention the hundreds of others who took a sign, knocked on doors in their neighbourhood, distributed literature or simply attended an event; and the voters, those who took the time from their busy lives to come out and vote and come out and participate in our democracy. Thank you. As I say, Speaker, it’s from people like this and their passion and enthusiasm for Ontario that I know deep down that the residents of Ontario, like myself and MPPs here, are very optimistic that we can roll up our sleeves to start to turn things around. Along with these folks, I was very lucky to have a group of lifelong Liberals in my riding supporting me as well. I work hard to serve everyone in our community, and it certainly helped at campaign time. Former Kent county Liberal member of Parliament Rex Crawford played a big role in my campaign, as did former Middlesex Liberal MP Garnet Bloomfield. A former federal Liberal candidate and former mayor of Wallaceburg, Jeff Wesley, assisted me at the grand opening of our Wallaceburg office and was a key adviser on my team, as was former Liberal member of Parliament Rose-Marie Ur’s four-time campaign manager Dr. Thomas Wolder of Strathroy. It was a fun group down in Lambton–Kent–Middlesex and a fun campaign. We were able to work for all the people in our first term. I thank our office team the most for their outstanding customer service. We have a customer service guarantee in our riding offices. If a constituent calls or writes, they’d better have a phone call back to them and some action on their file within 24 hours. I try to make those calls myself. It is something I learned in the retail business, something that is very important to me and something that I most strongly recommend to the new MPPs in this House. I hope they consider implementing this policy in their offices. I think it helps the people in this province that we’re elected to serve. Most importantly, I must also take a moment to recognize my wife, Kate Bartz, and my daughter, Annie. In fact, the day of the election, our daughter, Annie, turned 10 months old. I always thought that was going to be my good luck charm, Speaker, and it most certainly was. As some of you can tell by following me on Twitter or Facebook, or if you see our family at Queen’s Park or in our community, my wife and daughter are my life. They are one of the reasons why I’m so passionate about politics in Ontario and why I want to dedicate my time here to make things better for our generation and the next. I remember how I got interested in politics at a very young age—in grade 6, as a matter of fact. It was reading about my grandfather, Jack McNaughton, and how he worked for a couple of decades at having a hospital built in a southwestern Ontario town called Newbury, my hometown. My grandfather passed away at a young age, a number of years before I was born, but it was reading about how he worked and worked to have his dream of that town having a hospital built that got me interested in politics all the way back in grade 6. He literally dedicated a large portion of his life to seeing his dream realized, but it was a dream to have a hospital built for the people of that region. This, to me, is what service and dedication is all about. This is why each of us is here in this building and why we have been elected by our communities. We are here to make things better for average, everyday, ordinary people in this province. It’s not about red ridings or blue ridings or orange ridings. It’s not about urban or rural, new Canadian versus old. It’s not about union worker or non-union worker. It is about all of Ontario and rebuilding this province again to make it the leader in Canada that it very well should be. Unfortunately, the recent throne speech, which was delivered on July 3 by our Lieutenant Governor, signals the same unrealistic and unaffordable plan that the government brought forward prior to the election. It was very clearly stated that the government intends to reintroduce the same budget tabled in this chamber on May 1 and anticipates its speedy passage after its introduction. We do have some concerns about this budget and the direction that the current government is outlining, as I suspect a certain segment of the population in the province does as well. June will likely mark the 90th consecutive month our province’s unemployment rate has been higher than the national average. For those who were here as part of the 40th Parliament, you will know that the monthly job numbers are something that I and other MPPs like to keep track of. I think it’s an important metric for MPPs to have in their mind when we’re doing the work here at Queen’s Park on behalf of the people. If people aren’t working, if there aren’t good jobs for the people of our communities, our work is not complete. Our energy rates are the highest in North America. Businesses and job creators are literally pulling their investments from Ontario and moving them south of the border in search of cheaper energy, and this is costing all of our communities. Of course, the debt outlook—and we’ve heard a lot about that this week—has recently been changed from stable to negative by Moody’s, which will surely lead at some point to higher interest rates and the underfunding of more services like we’ve seen in the past, whether that’s home care, seniors physiotherapy or nursing. Earlier in the week, our leader, MPP Jim Wilson, outlined how, because interest rates today are at 20-year lows, they can only go up and how each one-point increase in interest rates will equal a $3-billion increase in our interest payments—this is some scary stuff. I know in my riding a number of municipal mayors have brought this up because they understand that a credit downgrade will affect our local towns and cities as well. When the interest rates start to rise, just at the time that families in Ontario will begin to get squeezed on their credit cards, on their mortgages and on their car payments, that’s when the province will likewise begin to feel the same squeeze; that’s when our province will be forced to react and forced to make serious choices. I fear that this is when the government will begin to cut back on important front-line services that Ontario residents count on day in and day out. Why does this matter? Well, it matters because the third-largest expenditure in government, after health care and education, is the interest on money borrowed. I know a number of MPPs have brought this up a number of times, but I think it bears being brought up once again. Ontario currently spends $11 billion per year on this interest. This money doesn’t pay for anything new, just on interest payments for previous spending—$11 billion per year gone on interest payments alone. Make no doubt, we have major challenges in this province, but most importantly, families are struggling and people are having trouble making ends meet. In southwestern Ontario, where I’m from, we’re seeing record numbers of factories closing. People in my riding who made $40 an hour five years ago, some of them are now making $12.50, while their expenses and daily costs are continuing to rise. This is just a fact of life right now. Again, I think all MPPs of all stripes are hearing this story. I grew up working in our family’s hardware store. We sold hardware, building supplies and car parts. We have 65 employees, some of the best people and hardest workers that you’ll ever meet. Up until I was elected in 2011, I continued working in our small business. Working in the store made me really see struggles that everyday, regular people have on a daily basis. I was one to spend as much time as possible serving customers on the floor—I’m not one to sit in an office. It was important for me to know exactly what our customers were thinking. I bring this with me to this job, as many other MPPs do in this chamber as well. These are the people we must be thinking about, and these are the people who are being left behind in Ontario today. They don’t have fancy organizations and expensive lobbyists representing them and they don’t have the press gallery’s daily attention, but these ordinary, everyday people are the ones we need to be thinking of when we work and debate here at Queen’s Park. Sometimes I get the sense that governments of all political stripes, and in all time periods, forget what those people who walk in the doors of a hardware store are thinking. We must never forget. These are people out there facing challenges, very serious challenges. It’s why we need to ensure that taxes are affordable, that government is the least intrusive possible so that people can focus their time on building their careers and looking after their families. Speaker, these are interesting times here in our province. I’m pleased and honoured and very humbled to have been re-elected by the residents of Lambton–Kent–Middlesex to continue to serve as their MPP, and I’m pleased to be here as part of the 41st Parliament with many other MPPs from across the province. My mission over the next four-plus years will be to bring forward good, solid ideas, bring them here to Queen’s Park for debate, for discussion and hopefully for implementation. I want to stand up for the everyday, ordinary Ontario resident, to stand up for Main Street, not Bay Street. There is a lot of work to be done, and as a young father who helped run a family business before I was elected, I know that the future of our province is at stake. Once again, congratulations to all MPPs on their election on June 12, and I look forward to working with you over the next four years. Mr. Taras Natyshak: It’s a pleasure to rise to respond to my colleague, my friend from Lambton–Kent–Middlesex on his response—his speech to the throne speech. I want to congratulate the member from Lambton–Kent–Middlesex. He and I were elected in 2011. I think we now feel a little bit like veterans here, which is an interesting feeling. I can tell you that he is an honourable member, someone who brings a lot of experience to this chamber, not only as a small business owner in a family business but also as a young parent, something that he and I have in common. I often see his wife and his child here, and I’m a little bit envious that he lives an hour and a half, roughly, closer to Queen’s Park than I do, so it means that my family doesn’t get here as quickly as his does. But I do appreciate that he includes his family in all of his workings here and mentions them, and references the challenges of parents and young families in the province of Ontario. I think he brings that to the table quite effectively. He also mentioned something that I picked up on in terms of looking to accentuate or help the tone, the tenor and the decorum in this House. It’s something that I appreciate, something that I think he is fully capable of doing, given his demeanour. It’s something that I think is in contrast, although, to the demeanour that was presented by the official opposition, so it’s something that I welcome. I hope that is a change that comes about in this place because it can only make this chamber more productive, more fruitful and more collegial. I guess in these early days of the Legislature, something that I do appreciate is the collegiality of our tone here and the fact that we’re all getting along quite nicely, but I’m sure there will be instances where we get into it and have our ideas and values clash. But that’s what this place is all about and I am looking forward to doing that with the honourable member in concert. Mrs. Amrit Mangat: It’s an absolute honour and privilege to rise today in the Legislature for the first time representing my riding of Mississauga–Brampton South after my re-election on June 12, 2014. To begin with, I would like to thank the constituents of Mississauga–Brampton South for re-electing me a third time and putting their trust in me. I also want to congratulate all the members of this House for their election successes. A big welcome to new members and welcome back to all those members who have returned. It was a real pleasure to hear from the member for Lambton–Kent–Middlesex acknowledging our former colleague, Maria Van Bommel, for her hard work in building her community up. She was a champion of her community. Mr. Speaker, as you know, we went through, in the past month, an election which Ontarians never wanted and they never deserved. However, Ontarians elected a Liberal majority government on June 12, 2014. As promised, the Legislature is back, just 20 days after the election, and our Premier, the Honourable Kathleen Wynne, is very eager to implement our plan, a plan which is a very positive plan, a very progressive plan, a constructive plan not a destructive one, a plan in which we will put forward evidence before ideology, and partnership before partisanship. We are looking forward to working with every single member of this House so that we can create opportunities and security for every single citizen in every region of this province. Mrs. Julia Munro: It gives me great pleasure to take the next few moments to respond to the member from Lambton–Kent–Middlesex and his comments about the throne speech. One of the things that I would take a moment to dwell on is one of the skeletons in the closet that come from the past. In that, I am referring to the issues around the finances of the province. While the throne speech provided an opportunity for the government to lay out a vision, there’s the spectre, in the background, of the finances. The fear of a downgrade, the impact of the servicing of the debt—these are giant ghosts that are in the background. The fear of the downgrade, of course, means that people would see the interest rate for borrowing climb, or they would see the reluctance of investors to make those kinds of investments that we are asking, to be able to keep a $300-billion debt. These are the kinds of issues that need to give people some concern and recognize that that amount of debt service charge is an impediment to being able to provide opportunity, service and programs and help to the residents of this province. Those are the issues that we need to address as a Legislature and something that the government has to take very seriously. Mr. Joe Cimino: Thank you to the member, and thank you, Speaker. Thank you to the member for Lambton–Kent–Middlesex for his comments. A lot of the comments you made are issues that were running through my mind. In a time when we knocked on thousands of doors over the last few weeks of the campaign, we heard quite clearly that people do want change. I thank you for your comments. We talk about being collegial within this chamber and, Speaker, that is extremely important and I know you will lead us in some decorum here with your experience. But we do also have to take into account the fact that consultation—I urge the government to remember that consultation with stakeholders is extremely important, consultation with our municipal partners is extremely important, and consultation with those who use our services, and their families, is extremely important. In terms of climate change, we lost a young fellow—I think it was August 26, 2007—Adam Dickie, because of climate change issues. We believe what happened there was a 100-year storm that raised Junction Creek levels very quickly. We, as municipal leaders, took charge. Councillor Joscelyne Landry-Altmann and myself set up an education committee. So we can talk climate change—it’s a very important topic—but we must also, again, consult with those who are dealing with the issues municipally and come up with some solutions including education. Affordability: Again, I said it in my inaugural speech. My colleague here to the right also just mentioned it. People are concerned. Hydro rates are too high. We need to work with our communities and listen to what their needs are. The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): The member from Lambton–Kent–Middlesex, you have two minutes for a response. Mr. Monte McNaughton: Thanks to the members who provided some comments. To my friend from Essex, although on a different political team here at Queen’s Park, I consider him a friend. We’ve had a beer together a time or two. He mentioned us being veterans now because we’re in our second term—I wouldn’t go that far. I would consider my friend from the Liberals, the MPP for St. Catharines, a true veteran here at Queen’s Park. In fact—and we’ve talked about this a number of times—I remember as a legislative page all the way back in 1991 serving the MPP from St. Catharines water myself. So we’ve known each other for a long time—and of course, the member from York Centre, Mr. Kwinter, as well. These are two fine and distinguished MPPs. Even though they’re on the other side of the aisle, I have the utmost respect for them. Thanks to the members from Mississauga–Brampton South, York–Simcoe and the new member from Sudbury. Thank you very much. I will say I spend a lot of time in Sudbury. My wife’s family is from there, so we make a number of visits up there each year. You come from a great community. You’re going to be following in big footsteps. Mr. Bartolucci was a great MPP for the city of Sudbury. I know you’ll do a great job as well, so congratulations on your electoral victory. I do think we have an opportunity to raise the decorum in the House. I reflect back on some of the debates we had over the last two and a half years. Whether that was because it was a minority situation or not, I don’t know. I guess, for me, I’ll find that out going forward. I think we all have individual responsibilities to raise the decorum. We can do a lot better for the people who sent us here, and I know I’m going to personally commit to doing that myself. I look forward to the 41st Parliament and to working with everyone. Thank you. The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): Pursuant to standing order 42(a), there have been 12 hours of debate on the motion for an address in reply to the speech from the throne. I am now required to put the question. Would this vote be taken as a deferred vote? Agreed? Agreed. The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): Orders of the day? The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Bas Balkissoon): The House stands recessed until 10:30. The House recessed from 0954 to 1030. Mr. Bas Balkissoon: I’m pleased to introduce a couple of friends of mine who are here to observe question period and a visitor from out of country. My visitor is Joseph Jeyaraman. He’s a visiting businessman and a justice of the peace in Sri Lanka. He’s accompanied by Mr. Mano Kanagamany and Mr. Rajakulendran Sundaram in the east gallery. Ms. Ann Hoggarth: Good morning. Our guests are the family of page captain Brendan Sheppard from Barrie: his mother, Sheila Atkinson; and his sister, Linnea Sheppard. Welcome, and enjoy. Mrs. Gila Martow: I’m happy to see once again a sunny smile from Zack Goldford from my riding of Thornhill. Mr. Percy Hatfield: Good morning, Speaker. I’d like to introduce two of my best friends in the entire world from Windsor–Tecumseh: lawyer Thomas MacKay and his spouse, noted educator Darren Stanley. Hon. Tracy MacCharles: I’d like to introduce Matt Caron, the director of advocacy for the College Student Alliance organization, and Jaclyn Wingfield, the communications intern for the College Student Alliance. Welcome. Hon. Deborah Matthews: I am delighted to welcome two dear, dear friends, Alana Kitely and Tara McDonnell, both with London roots and both serving as interns this summer. Welcome. Mr. Granville Anderson: I would like to welcome the Hodgins family, Allan, Charisma, Andrew and Keira, who are here to support page Ashley Bowes, and they are from the lovely riding of Durham. Mr. Michael Harris: Although not here, I’d like to welcome former MPP for Durham John O’Toole, who I know has tuned in at home on television. Hon. Michael Coteau: Hi, John. I’d like to welcome Adrian Kupesic, one of the proudest residents of Don Valley East, who’s joining us here today. Hon. Michael Gravelle: I want to introduce our summer intern for the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Shahene Patel, who is visiting: a University of Toronto student learning all about northern Ontario and already an expert. Welcome, Shahene. Mrs. Cristina Martins: I wish to introduce the family members of our page captain of the day, Eric Wood, who is from my riding of Davenport. I extend a warm welcome to his mother, Pauline Wood; his grandmother, Barbara Wood; and his younger brother, Adam Wood. Welcome to Queen’s Park. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): On behalf of the member from Oshawa, page captain Ashley Bowes’ mother, Katherine Bowes; father, Scott Bowes; sister, Amber Bowes; grandmother, Ilah Dalke, and grandfather, Denis Dalke; and family friends Andrew Hodgins, Keira Hodgins, Allan Hodgins and Charisma Hodgins. We welcome them to the gallery today. Welcome. Mr. Steve Clark: Speaker, my question is through you to the Premier. Good morning, Premier. Premier, you can implement your mandate with your Liberal majority, but it doesn’t mean you have to break the rules of the Legislature. The standing orders state that the membership of committees must be in proportion to the representation of the parties in the House. This has been a long-standing tradition that your government House leader rejects. Your speech from the throne states that you will pledge partnership over partisanship, that you want to increase transparency and accountability and that you want to allow the justice committee to write its report. It’s sheer arrogance for your party to change the rules of this Legislature. Premier, why are you trying to prevent the opposition from holding your government to account? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: I know that the House leader will have more to say and that this is an ongoing discussion among the House leaders, but let’s talk about tradition. For decades, a majority in the House has meant a majority on committees, and that is a principle that every party in this House, when they have been in government and in the majority, have argued for. That has been reflected in the committee structure. We’re not aware of any instance in the history of this Legislature where that has not been the case. In fact, it would be arrogance, I would suggest, to propose otherwise than that we follow that tradition of when there is a majority of seats in the House, that majority is reflected in committees. Mr. Steve Clark: Back to the Premier: The government House leader understands that according to the current rules he can strike all the standing committees today with a substantive motion. However, in order to do so, he’d have to apply the long-standing formula that requires proportional representation of the parties in the Legislature. That would mean that you would have five Liberal members, two PC members and two NDP members. Ornge, eHealth, the gas plants, the MaRS building bailout—all of those scandals happened on the Liberals’ watch, and they came out because the opposition held the government to account. Premier, your throne speech stated that you want to increase transparency. Is your first order of business to backtrack on that commitment by trying to stack the committees against the opposition? Hon. Yasir Naqvi: I thank the member opposite for his question, and I’m very much looking forward to discussing all of these issues in our House leaders’ meeting. I find it odd that the member opposite has chosen to raise these issues here in the House, inasmuch as he’s aware that these are discussions that are limited to House leaders. But the rules are very clear. The convention is very clear, as the Premier mentioned. If you look back throughout the history of this Parliament, going back decades, we have seen that whenever there is a majority in the House all committees have also demonstrated a simple majority for the government. That means that we don’t count the Chair in that calculation, because, as you know, Speaker, the Chair is an impartial person, and they cannot be calculated in that configuration. I would simply ask the member opposite that we work within the traditions of this House to make sure that the House is reflected in committee. Mr. Steve Clark: Well, again, Speaker—I’m going to read you a couple of quotes. Here are a couple of quotes for you: “The rules say two important things: (1) committees can have no more than nine members; and (2) committee membership must be in proportion to the representation of the parties in the House.” Who said that, Premier? The dean of the Legislature, the member for St. Catharines. That was his quote. Here’s another quote, from the Minister of Education: “… one of the principles on which standing committee membership is normally structured, which is proportional representation….” Proportional representation means if you’ve got nine members on a committee, you’ll have five members from the Liberal Party, two members from the PC Party, and two members from the NDP. Five members provide a majority of representation in the House. Why is the government House leader continuing to try to muzzle the opposition by not following the conventions of this Legislature? Mr. Steve Clark: I’m going to send him a calculator. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): And I’m going to send you out if I have to. You asked a question. Listen to the response. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): And the interjection is not helpful, either. Stop the clock. From what I’ve heard, I’ve decided that I’m going to do what I did yesterday. I’m going into warnings. Hon. Yasir Naqvi: The member from Timmins–James Bay, who is the NDP House leader, said on December 7, 2011, “Our proposals have been based on precedent which dictates that a government which does not have a majority in the House does not have the majority on committees.” Speaker, we only ask that the inverse be true as well. Mr. Monte McNaughton: My question this morning is to the Premier. Premier, as you know, Moody’s debt service recently downgraded Ontario’s debt outlook from stable to negative, which will surely lead to increased costs and more underfunding of important services for average, everyday people in our province. Premier, we recommend that you take urgent action today to come up with ways of growing our economy to ensure our health care and education systems are protected. Here is one that makes good sense to me: Premier Brad Wall of Saskatchewan has been advocating for a Canada-wide free trade zone. There is a tremendous potential to create good jobs for people and help small businesses grow here in the province. Premier, do you see anything wrong with a Canada free trade zone as advocated by Premiers Wall, Clark and Hancock? Hon. Brad Duguid: I have trouble with that too, sometimes. It actually is a very important issue and a question, and something Ontario has always taken a lead on. We have advocated across this country for freer trade among provinces. In fact, Mr. Speaker, our exports are valued at over $122 billion as of 2012, and 33% of Ontario’s gross domestic product is made up of interprovincial trade accounts. So that’s very important to us. We will continue to work with our sister provinces across this country to open up freer trade. Our priority is making sure we answer to the challenges our business community may have when the Canada-European trade agreement comes in place. We want to make sure that no Canadian business is at a disadvantage. That’s our first priority. We’ll work with the other provinces to ensure we achieve that, and if we can move further, we certainly would like to. Mr. Monte McNaughton: Back to the Premier: Premier, last week, Moody’s put the province on a credit watch and revised the outlook in Ontario from stable to negative. At the same time, Premier, your counterparts from across the country are focused on providing more consumer choice, lower prices, more jobs and, ultimately, increased revenue for their provincial treasuries. Of course, I’m referring to Premiers Brad Wall, Christy Clark, Dave Hancock, Stephen McNeil and Robert Ghiz, who are all actively working on a Canada-wide free trade zone. Premier, this is about nation-building, growing our economy and giving opportunities to our small businesses along Main Street here in Ontario. Premier, why haven’t you called Premier Brad Wall and others to get started on this deal immediately, and why isn’t Ontario at the head of the table? Hon. Brad Duguid: Mr. Speaker, the member is very far behind on this file. The ministers have been speaking for some time on this issue. In fact, the ministers right across the country had a conference call earlier in the week. As sister provinces continue to work together, it’s important that the views of all provinces, including Ontario, be taken into consideration in terms of how to move forward in these freer trade discussions amongst the provinces. We’re all in favour of doing that, Mr. Speaker. We now need to work together to ensure we put in place the best process. Our Premier will be, as she was with the Canada Job Grant and others, a leader in this area of nation-building across this country. We’ll work closely with the western provinces, the eastern provinces and Quebec. We’re determined to ensure that we do the best job we can for Canadian businesses. Mr. Monte McNaughton: Back to the Premier: Premier, having negotiated over 40 international trade deals since coming into office, the federal government has done an outstanding job at opening trade barriers throughout the world. However, within Canada, there are a significant number of trade barriers in numerous sectors, including energy, labour and procurement. These barriers are costing average, everyday people, with reduced opportunities, fewer jobs and higher consumer prices. Premier, the people of Ontario are counting on you to take the lead on important opportunities for our workers in small businesses. Premier, this is about Main Street, not Bay Street. Over the days ahead, what specific actions will you commit to with Ontario’s participation in the job-creating Canada-wide free trade zone? Hon. Brad Duguid: Mr. Speaker, I’m really glad that the member brought up Stephen Harper today, because I think what we want to do is ask the member if he’s going to support our efforts to ensure that the federal government treats Ontario fairly when it comes to equalization payments and treats Ontario fairly when it comes to investments and infrastructure. Mr. Speaker, we’re talking about—and my predecessor at Infrastructure was very clear on this: We’re spending six times more when it comes to investing in public transit than the federal government is spending. I don’t think you can find a country anywhere in the world where that exists. I believe my predecessor said that it’s 26 times more that this province is spending on building roads, highways and bridges. That is not good partnership when it comes to partnerships between the federal and provincial government. I’m just curious to know whether the Premier will be running with both of these lists next week. Will she introduce a budget on Monday that includes having a Conservative-style fire sale of Ontario’s public assets in it, Speaker? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: The leader of the third party knows what our budget is going to say on Monday, Mr. Speaker, because we are reintroducing the budget that we introduced at the beginning of May. We then ran our election campaign on that plan. The reality of our plan is that there is complexity to it. The fact is, we are facing fiscal challenges. That is true. But the other fact is, we are determined not to leave people behind. We are determined to build the province up. We are determined to invest in people’s talent and skills. Ms. Andrea Horwath: So that’s a yes for the fire sale of public assets. There’s a number of things, however, that the Premier has left off of her list. Families across Ontario are finding it harder than ever just to make ends meet. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): Order. The member from Glengarry–Prescott–Russell is warned. Ms. Andrea Horwath: Families across Ontario are finding it harder just to make ends meet. It’s one of the reasons that they actually voted against austerity. They shouldn’t go into a cold sweat every time they see their hydro bill. Leaving families working harder and harder just to pay the bills, Speaker, isn’t progressive. When the Premier introduces her budget next week, will it get electricity bills under control for the good people of this province? Or will it be the Liberal status quo, with hydro bills going up 42% over the next five years? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: I will just to say again to the leader of the third party that it is incumbent upon government to do more than one thing at a time. The fact is that we are faced with fiscal challenges in this provinces, and we are going to confront those fiscal challenges in a number of ways, Mr. Speaker. The constraints that have been put in place that have made us the leanest government in terms of program spending per capita in the country, we are going to keep those constraints in place. We are going to make sure that we have a reliable energy system that people across the province can count on so that people, whether they are business owners or whether they are individuals, know that they are going to have access to reliable power. And we are going to make sure the infrastructure that is needed across the province: roads, bridges, transit—we are going to invest in that infrastructure. It is incumbent on us to do all those things at the same time. Ms. Andrea Horwath: So that’s yes to a 42% increase in hydro rates. People want to see a plan that creates job also, and it’s pretty obvious that that has been left off the list as well. The same old, same old, no-strings-attached giveaways haven’t worked. It’s why Ontario’s employment rate is stuck at higher than the national average. Handing money to corporations and hoping for the best is not a progressive value. It hasn’t worked for the last eight years. Why does the Premier think that it’s going to work all of a sudden? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: It’s not what we’re going to do, and it’s not what we have been doing, because the partnerships with business that have brought jobs to this province are just that: They are partnerships. The money that is invested in partnership with business is tied to that job creation. That’s exactly why we’re putting in place the Jobs and Prosperity Fund, which will be part of our budget which will be reintroduced on Monday—the Jobs and Prosperity Fund and Experience Ontario, which will build on the success of the youth employment strategy and will put young people into opportunities where they will have the opportunity to explore a new career path because we’ve partnered with business. Those are all things that are part of our budget. Some of them are already in place and are working, but we are building on those successes. Ms. Andrea Horwath: My next question is also for the Premier. The Premier likes to pick and choose the parts of her budget that she wants to talk about, but there are some real surprises hidden just under the surface of this Liberal Trojan Horse plan. People across Ontario are wondering whether they are going to be able to afford to retire. When the Premier tables her plan, will she still be moving at lightspeed to create Stephen Harper-approved private pensions by this fall, but leave Ontarians waiting for years—if ever—for a public pension plan? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: I think what is most surprising about this particular gambit is that we would have expected support for an Ontario Retirement Pension Plan in the absence of federal government leadership on enhancing the CPP. We would have expected that the NDP would have been right there at our side, supporting the creation of an Ontario Retirement Pension Plan. They are not there, Mr. Speaker. Is it important that people have options? And in terms of the PRPPs that the leader of the third party is talking about, will we move to allow people to have those options? Absolutely. But will we move to create an Ontario Retirement Pension Plan so that people can count on a secure retirement? Absolutely we will. It is shocking, quite frankly, that the NDP is not going to support us on that. Ms. Andrea Horwath: So that’s a yes to prioritizing Stephen Harper-style PRPPs. Another part of her budget that the Premier loves to talk about is her transit plan. She insists it’s a progressive plan. Well, here’s the truth: The TTC, Metrolinx and the Golden panel all agree that Toronto needs a downtown relief line. Anyone who takes the TTC in rush hour knows that the Yonge line is already packed. Instead, the Liberal plan will simply add more riders to the Yonge line. A downtown relief line that deals with congestion needs to be a priority. Is the Premier going to keep making things worse during rush hour for TTC riders, or will she put the downtown relief line at the top of the list? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: I am just going to go to the general comment here, that in terms of support for transit and putting $29 billion into transit over the next 10 years, working with municipalities, whether it’s on public transit in the greater Toronto and Hamilton area or in Ottawa or in Kitchener-Waterloo or in Hamilton, or whether it is roads and bridges in northern Ontario and in our rural communities, we are committed to doing that. That is in our budget. Again, it would be terrific if we had the support of the NDP on that. Whether it is support for the Ontario Retirement Pension Plan—that is in our budget—we would have expected that the NDP would have supported us on that. Whether it’s support for people with developmental disabilities, we would have expected the NDP to support us on that. Those measures are there. We are reintroducing our budget. We are determined to implement our budget, if we have passage in the Legislature. We think those are things that the NDP should be supporting. Ms. Andrea Horwath: I guess that’s a no to the downtown relief line being prioritized. You know, Speaker, the Premier likes to pick and choose the parts of her plan that she talks about here in the House, but there are other parts that she’s a bit reluctant to talk about—like the parts that led Bloomberg News to say, “Wynne’s Budget Foretells Biggest Ontario Cuts since Harris”; parts like the new HST loopholes for big businesses and more no-strings-attached corporate giveaways. Is the Premier still committed to a plan that she insists is progressive, that will leave families paying more, will leave corporations paying less and could lead to the biggest cuts since Mike Harris? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: I am and we are committed to the plan that we have put forward and we have put in front of the people of Ontario. We are committed to building this province up. We are committed to making the investments that we know are necessary, and we’re committed to doing that in partnership with municipalities, with businesses, with communities across this province. That is a complex interconnection of initiatives. There are transit initiatives. There are retirement security initiatives. There are constraint initiatives in terms of the fiscal realities. All of those things are presented in our budget. The leader of the third party is right. There is a long list of initiatives that we believe the NDP should support us on, because historically they have supported initiatives that have lifted vulnerable people up and have helped them in their day-to-day lives. I continue to hope that as we reintroduce our budget we will see the NDP step up and support those measures. Ms. Christine Elliott: My question is for the Premier. Premier, families across Ontario are waiting for the final report of the Select Committee on Developmental Services to be released. As you know, the committee travelled across Ontario and heard from hundreds of individuals and families who need help. Based on that, we wrote a comprehensive report that would have been released on the Monday after the election was called. But what we heard in our committee over and over again, Premier, was that the system is broken. We have addressed those systemic problems in our report and have provided concrete solutions. Premier, my question to you is: Will you commit to re-striking the select committee so this report can be released? Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: Mr. Speaker, I am extremely interested in the work of the select committee. In fact, this is an issue that a number of us on all sides of the House have been concerned about for some time, which is why, in our budget, there is $810 million to inject into the system. I’m very aware that once a young person goes through our education system, at the end of that time, at 21 years of age, when they basically age out from all of the supports that the education system has in place, there is very little. In fact, there isn’t a system, and we need a system and we need supports for families. That’s why that money is in the budget. That’s exactly why we need to work with everyone who has advice for us. As I said, I’m very interested in the report of the select committee, and I think we should absolutely pay attention to the work that was done there. Ms. Christine Elliott: To the Premier, through you, Mr. Speaker: Committing the money is only one part of the solution. You need to know how to deal with the systemic problems that have been identified by the select committee in a non-partisan way. These are solutions from all three parties. We’ve heard from hundreds of families with autistic children who need treatment and help at school, from adults with special needs whose parents cannot take care of them anymore—they’re having to drop them off at developmental services offices. We have thousands of young people in Ontario who, when they turn 21, have nothing—no job, no life, no hope. We’ve addressed all of those issues in our select committee. I cannot understand why you’ve committed this money and you don’t even want to hear what the select committee has to say. Today, following question period, I will be asking for unanimous consent to have the select committee re-struck so that it can file its final report and table it with this Legislature. Will you commit to supporting this unanimous consent motion? The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): The member from Prince Edward–Hastings is warned. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): While the clock is stopped, I’m going to remind people that when I do warn you, there is no warning after that. You will be named. Hon. Kathleen O. Wynne: I know that this issue is part of the discussions that the House leaders are having right now. So I understand the politics of why the member opposite, at least in part, is raising this issue. But I will not take a lecture from a party that was going to cut billions of dollars from services across government. I will not take lessons from that party, when they were going to make those cuts. The fact is, we have put money in the budget to deal with these issues. I want to hear the advice of the committee. The member opposite knows perfectly well that I want to hear those suggestions. I know that families need support. I know we have to understand how that money should be spent. This is a conversation that’s happening right now. Mr. Peter Tabuns: My question is to the Minister of Education. Welcome back, Minister. Up to 100,000 infants require child care each year, but there are only 10,000 licensed spaces here in Ontario. There’s a child care crisis in this province, yet this government is making matters even worse. Cutting child care funding to 18 communities, from Sarnia to Sudbury, is not progressive. It’s not the right thing to do. Will the minister do the right thing and stop these cuts to child care across Ontario? Hon. Liz Sandals: If I could digress for a moment, this is my first opportunity to speak in the House. I’d like to start off by sending my condolences to Abshir Hassan’s family. By all reports, he was a wonderful teacher and a wonderful mentor and role model for the children in his community. Our hearts go out both to his family but also to the Lawrence Heights school community because they obviously are devastated by this loss. Let’s talk about child care here and unpack what the member opposite just said, because the observations he has made are just factually incorrect. If you look at the funding records since 2003, in fact we have added over $500 million to the child care budget. It’s up to close to $1 billion. That represents a 90% increase in child care funding in Ontario. Mr. Peter Tabuns: Notwithstanding what the minister had to say, 18 communities are facing substantial loss of child care. That is irresponsible; that is short-sighted. Those communities deserve that funding. Those children and those families need that funding. No community and no family can afford these cuts to child care. Will the minister explain why she refuses to listen to parents and refuses to stop these child care cuts? The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): The member from Timmins–James Bay is warned. Mr. Peter Z. Milczyn: My question is for the President of the Treasury Board. Minister, on Tuesday the government reintroduced the Public Sector and MPP Accountability and Transparency Act, reaffirming Premier Wynne’s commitment to make Ontario the most open and transparent government in the country by doing government differently. This bill demonstrates that the government is serious about being accountable to the people of Ontario. It would tackle the tough issues and further strengthen political accountability, open up the business of government and strengthen oversight. The bill also builds on a number of legislative and non-legislative measures our government has already taken, including the Public Sector Expenses Review Act, the Broader Public Sector Accountability Act and our implementation of the IPC’s recommendations to enhance responsible government recordkeeping. Minister, would you please speak to the proposed measures in this bill and how they would increase government accountability? Hon. Deborah Matthews: Let me start by congratulating the member from Etobicoke–Lakeshore on his win. I am sure that he will serve his constituents very, very ably, as he has done at Toronto city council for many years. Speaker, the proposed accountability act includes a wide range of measures that demonstrate that transparency and openness are top priorities for this government. It includes a range of measures which would, if passed, strengthen accountability and oversight, including expanding the role of the Ontario Ombudsman to include municipalities, school boards and universities. It would strengthen the Lobbyists Registration Act. It would compel agencies to post their business plans online and set compensation frameworks for BPS executives, including hard caps. Mr. Peter Z. Milczyn: Thank you to the President of the Treasury Board for detailing the ways in which this government hopes to strengthen accountability. I also understand that, if passed, the accountability act would require ministers, opposition leaders and all MPPs and staff to post expenses publicly. On this side of the House, government MPPs are already voluntarily posting their expenses online, and I strongly encourage the opposition to follow our lead and echo our commitment to open and transparent government. Another crucial area where we have an opportunity to enhance accountability is in the health sector. Minister, would you please inform the House about the strong oversight powers included in this proposed act that apply to our air ambulance service, as well as the new patient ombudsman role that will be created? Hon. Deborah Matthews: We are taking some very concrete steps to increase oversight in the health sector. Amendments to the Ambulance Act would allow the government to appoint a supervisor and special investigators. It would protect whistle-blowers who disclose information. Provincial representatives could be appointed to the air ambulance service board of directors, and performance agreements with providers could be set by regulation at any time. Speaker, these are important enhancements. In addition, a patient ombudsman would be established to help patients resolve complaints they’ve got with public hospitals, long-term-care homes and community care access centres. This new patient ombudsman would build a much more patient-centred and integrated approach. The patient ombudsman would be independent, with all the powers of the Ombudsman, including being able to initiate investigations as well as being required to make their annual report available to the public. Ms. Sylvia Jones: My question is to the Attorney General. There was a formal complaint lodged against one of your assistant crown attorneys concerning his conduct against women in the Peel crown’s office. According to the sunshine list, this same crown attorney walked away with $368,000 in 2013—twice his annual salary. Minister, was a full investigation held regarding those allegations? Hon. Madeleine Meilleur: Thank you very much for the question. I think it’s a very important matter that you’re raising. We have a policy within the government, within our ministry, to make sure that these things are not happening. As you know, we are not talking about these incidents here in the House, but I can assure the member of the opposition that all of these accusations are dealt with within the ministry on a fair and reasonable basis. But I want to reiterate the fact that we have a policy in place in this government to make sure that this does not happen and that when it does happen, proper measures are taken to make sure that it does not happen again. Ms. Sylvia Jones: I’m not sure the victim in this harassment case believes that it was fair and equitable if you doubled the salary and pay of this person. In the same week you’re promoting your new accountability and transparency legislation in Ontario, the public has the right to know why an assistant crown in your ministry was given $368,000—twice his annual salary. For what—to go away? We’ve since learned that this same individual has now been charged with criminal harassment and assault against two young women. Minister, tell us why you chose to pay out an assistant crown instead of going through a full investigation to allow the victims and the accused a hearing and punishment if found guilty. Is that the kind of message you want to send to women who are dealing with harassment? Hon. Madeleine Meilleur: Again, I’m going to reiterate the fact that in this government and in each of our ministries we have the procedure in place to make sure that these actions do not happen. When this happens, measures are being taken to deal with it. With regard to how much was paid to this individual, this was dealt with the same way that these cases were dealt with when you were in power. Mr. Paul Miller: This is to the minister responsible for the Pan/Parapan Am Games. Speaker, it’s a beautiful sunny day today, so I think work is probably being done on the Hamilton stadium. At least, according to the minister, that’s when they do their best work—on good-weather days. We know that it’s one year until the official opening of the games, so it must be full steam ahead on all the venues. Can the minister provide us with a new date that the Hamilton stadium will be ready for occupancy—weather permitting, of course? Hon. Michael Coteau: I’m so proud of what we’re doing in Ontario in regard to the Pan Am and Parapan Am Games. It’s the first time the province has taken on such a large responsibility, not only by itself but working with the federal government and our 50 municipal partners. We are working with our universities and our colleges to put on the largest multi-sport games ever in the history not only in the history of Toronto or the Golden Horseshoe or Ontario, but the entire country. This is the largest multi-game sport event in the entire country. We have 31 venues. We have 15 venues that are being refurbished and 10 brand new builds. It is a very complex piece. We have Infrastructure Ontario working with us. We have different ministries working, and we’re proud to build the type of infrastructure we need here in Ontario so our athletes can compete not only here but internationally, and so we can attract the type of sporting events we want so Canada can take its stage in the world when it comes to athleticism. I hope the member opposite joins us as we celebrate the Pan Am Games on this special day. Mr. Paul Miller: Speaker, with all due respect, the finance minister and the former minister responsible for the Pan/Parapan Am Games mocked my concerns and assured this House on many occasions that, “Everything is fine. We’re on schedule. We’re on budget.” Well, the evidence is in, Speaker. Surprise, surprise. They’re wrong. They hired this foreign-led consortium. They set the schedule, but do they have a plan to rein them in and get all the other venues completed on schedule and under budget? We’ve only got a year to go. Will this minister tell the House how he’s going to ensure that the Pan/Parapan Games venues are his and his government’s priority and that they all get completed on time and on budget? I’ve heard this before from you. Hon. Michael Coteau: Mr. Speaker, you would think the member opposite would be excited with the fact that we are building a state-of-the-art stadium in Hamilton, in the area that he represents. His team—and I hope he’s a fan of the Tiger-Cats—will be able to play in a stadium that holds 22,500 people. I’ll tell you, the last time that major infrastructure was put into that building was back in the late 1970s or early 1980s, and it was built back in the 1930s, when we had our last Commonwealth Games here in the province of Ontario, the last multi-sport event. I would hope that the member opposite would join us as we celebrate our athletes here in Ontario and across Canada and as we bring Toronto and the 15 municipalities onto the international stage so we can show off what we’re proud of here in the province of Ontario and in our country. Ms. Indira Naidoo-Harris: My question is also for the minister responsible for the 2015 Pan Am Games. Minister, people in my riding of Halton are starting to get very excited about hosting the cycling events at the Pan/Parapan American velodrome next summer. Some of the finest cyclists in the world will be competing at the world-class facility. People from all over the globe are expected to visit the region to take in the events. Now, this is a tremendous opportunity for the town and region to show the world what makes our area so special. The games will put Milton, Halton and Ontario on the map internationally, and the state-of-the-art facility will have a lasting impact on our local athletes, community and economy. Mr. Speaker, through you to the minister, can he please tell us why the legacies are so important to both Ontarians and Canadians? Hon. Michael Coteau: I want to congratulate the honourable member on her recent election victory. Congratulations. I know you’re going to make the people in your riding very proud. Today is a special day, Mr. Speaker. It marks the one-year countdown to the 2015 Pan Am and Parapan Am Games that are being held here in the GTA and the Golden Horseshoe. I think we should all be happy that we have the ability to host such an incredible multi-sport games here in the province of Ontario. We’re going to see a lot of investment into infrastructure, and we’re going to see an investment into infrastructure that will support our athletes here in the province of Ontario. It’s more than just the Pan Am Games. This is about building a legacy for our future athletes here in Ontario, and not only Ontario, Mr. Speaker, but for all Canadians, because we are going from just an average jurisdiction, when it comes to multi-sport venues, to a world-class venue. We’ll be able to compete internationally for future events. I think we should be very proud of the investments we’re making. Ms. Indira Naidoo-Harris: Thank you for your response, Minister. Halton is definitely gearing up to welcome the world next summer. This will be Milton’s time to shine. It’s great to see that that the velodrome will be used by residents in my community for years to come. This will truly be the people’s games. I think it is very fitting that the velodrome is located in our community. That’s because the roads around our escarpment area are very popular with bike enthusiasts. As Milton’s mayor Gord Krantz once said, “Milton and Halton region is a cycling mecca.” I understand this will be the only facility of its kind in Canada and one of two in all of North America that will meet top international cycling competition standards. Mr. Speaker, again, through you to the minister: Can he please explain what other activities the velodrome will be used for once the games are over? Hon. Michael Coteau: Again, thank you to the member for the question. The games in Milton, in the velodrome, will be able to host not only cycling, but will have access to basketball, volleyball, badminton, a running and jogging track, a fitness centre, studio space and a special area to host special events. This is really for the community of Halton and the people in the surrounding area, and all Ontarians. The legacy piece, again, is an important piece. As the member for Halton said, Canadians will no longer have to travel into the United States, into California, to train. They’ll be able to do it here in Ontario. I think we should be so proud of the fact that we’re building that type of legacy infrastructure in Ontario to support our athletes, not only for today but for future generations. Mr. Ted Arnott: I have a straightforward question for the Premier. Could she inform the House what she is expecting will be the fastest-growing expense line item in the budget over the next three years? Hon. Charles Sousa: I can assure the member that Ontario exceeds all other governments in Canada. We have controlled our program spending at 1.4%, which surpasses any government now. We’re projecting to lower that program spending to 1.1% going forward. Mr. Ted Arnott: I would refer the Premier and the Minister of Finance to page 244 of the 2014 Ontario budget papers. That page shows that the fastest-growing expense line item over the next three years is projected to be interest on the provincial debt. In fact, the average annual growth in our interest costs is expected to be almost 8%. I’ll repeat that: an 8% increase per year in our interest costs. We know that the Liberal government has doubled the provincial debt since taking office. We know that they intend to add $20 billion to the debt this year alone. We know that interest costs are already the third-biggest expense in the budget, after health and education. We know that a credit rating downgrade is pending, and we know that, with interest costs on the debt going up, available funding for vital services that we all value, like health care and highway expenditures, goes down. Knowing all that, how on Earth can the government be so fiscally reckless as to table the same budget next Monday as was rejected on May 2? Hon. Charles Sousa: What the people of Ontario rejected was 100,000 cuts that they were proposing to employees. What the people of Ontario rejected was extreme measures of austerity that would put them in harm’s way. What the people of Ontario accepted was this budget that we’re presenting on Monday, a budget that talks about investing in their future so that we can promote more jobs and talks about ensuring that we eliminate the deficit by 2017-18 in a very balanced way. The people recognize that we must take a balanced approach. They know that the rate of interest in Ontario has been sustained for the last 10 years, but we must be mindful not to pass a burden of debt on to future generations. That’s why we are taking the steps necessary to eliminate the deficit. That’s why we’re taking the steps necessary, through the President of the Treasury Board, to find further savings in the system. That’s why we’re taking the necessary steps to maximize evaluations of our assets. That’s why we’re taking the steps necessary to promote more growth in our economy by investing in infrastructure, skills and training. Ms. Cheri DiNovo: My question is to the Minister of Community Safety and Correctional Services. Minister, yesterday you claimed that you were committed to making sure that your ministry comply with Toby’s Act—which, by the way, was tabled five times before your government acted. As is clear with the Avery Edison case, your ministry has not complied with Toby’s Act. In fact, the Ontario government is being sued by Ms. Avery Edison based on discrimination in your ministry and mistreatment because of her gender. Does the minister intend on fighting her in the courts, or will he be settling? Hon. Yasir Naqvi: I want to thank the member from Parkdale–High Park for asking that question. I think the member opposite will be fully aware of the fact that the particular case that she referenced is before the Human Rights Tribunal, so it would be highly inappropriate for me as the minister to comment on that particular topic. But as I stated yesterday in this House in response to a question that I received from the member from Ottawa–Orléans, I am very proud to have worked with the member from Parkdale–High Park and the member from Whitby–Oshawa on bringing in Toby’s Act and making sure that we protect the rights of our trans community here in Ontario by explicitly including gender expression and gender identity in the Human Rights Code. In fact, Speaker, we’re the first province in Canada to do so, and it’s something that we all collectively should be very proud of. As I stated at the launch of the guidelines by the Human Rights Commission on those particular provisions dealing with gender expression and gender identity, we will consult and work very closely with the commission to get our guidelines in accordance with the law. Ms. Cheri DiNovo: Mr. Speaker, Avery Edison was humiliated, she was strip-searched, she was sent to a male prison and she was kept in solitary confinement, all because she is transsexual. She is suing this minister’s ministry because of her treatment. The minister claims his government is progressive. A truly progressive government would not fight Avery Edison in the courts. Will the minister commit to settling this matter with Avery Edison, or is he going to drag her through the justice system all over again? Hon. Yasir Naqvi: Again, Speaker, I think the member opposite very well knows and all the members in the House know that when a matter is before our courts or a judicial system, it is highly inappropriate for the ministers to comment on that. Therefore, I cannot speak to the particular facts or to the case. I do want to mention that our current ministry policy clearly states that the key consideration regarding the care and custody of transgender and intersex inmates is the gender with which the inmate identifies, regardless of whether or not the inmate has undergone medically supportive treatments to align their physical bodies with their gender identity. Further, it states that when transgender and intersex inmates are first admitted to our provincial correctional facilities, these individuals are permitted to choose the gender of the correctional officer who will perform the physical screening or elect to have both male and female staff involved in this process. We are updating our guidelines and are working very closely with the Human Rights Commission in that regard. Mr. Yvan Baker: It’s an honour for me to stand here in this House with all of you and represent the constituents of Etobicoke Centre. My question is for the Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and International Trade. Due to a declining birth rate and an aging population, immigration will play an important role in filling highly skilled labour gaps in Ontario. The federal citizenship and immigration minister announced that he is launching the Express Entry model, formerly known as the Expression of Interest model. The federal government promises that this new model will help Canada’s immigration system become more focused on meeting Canada’s economic and labour gaps. We all know that the past federal changes to immigration policies have not always benefited Ontario. We have seen a steady decline in the share of skilled newcomers that we can select, while other provinces, like Alberta and Saskatchewan, have benefited from much larger shares. How will our government ensure that Ontario is positioned to meet its labour market demands and continue to be a strong economic performer? Hon. Michael Chan: Thank you for the question. I want to congratulate the member from Etobicoke Centre. He had a great election win. I’m sure that you’re going to serve your constituents to the best of your ability. Speaker, it’s a delay, but I do want to congratulate you for your re-election and still sitting in the best and most comfortable chair in the House. The member is correct. The federal government announced that it is changing the way the country will process immigration applications. Immigration selection and immigrant settlement services should be a shared responsibility of all levels of government. I want to make it clear that we are committed to ensuring that Ontario is best positioned to recruit new immigrants now and in future generations. Right now, we are working with provinces and territories to collaborate with the federal government on Express Entry design and implementation. Mr. Yvan Baker: I would like to thank the minister for his response and take this opportunity to congratulate him on his new portfolio and his new responsibilities as well. Ontario is the number one destination in Canada for highly skilled newcomers and families. In fact, I’d like to share a brief anecdote. On Canada Day, I had the opportunity to attend a citizenship ceremony in Etobicoke Centre and was reminded of the diversity of newcomers and the calibre of skills and talents that they bring to our province every single day. Many highly skilled professionals, like doctors, nurses, engineers and others, come to our province hoping to seamlessly continue their practice and contribute to our vibrant economy. In my riding of Etobicoke Centre, for example, we have a large number of newcomers to Canada from all parts of the world. Although many have been able to find work in their field of practice, some have not been able to find work in their field of study or qualification because their credentials are not recognized here. Mr. Speaker, how is our government helping highly skilled newcomers become accredited in their field of practice? Hon. Michael Chan: Speaker, I want to thank him for the question again. One of the main pillars of this government’s immigration strategy is to leverage the global connections of our diverse communities. This is why Ontario will contribute more than $63 million over three years to the Ontario bridge training program. Ontario’s bridge training project helps internationally trained skilled newcomers get licensed and employed in their field without duplicating previous training and education. Bridge training programs include nursing, pharmacy, early childhood education, medical laboratory technology and the skilled trades. We’re on the right track, but we know that more needs to be done to make sure our newcomers can get jobs in their field of practice. Mr. Norm Miller: My question is for the Minister of Health. Minister, we are very fortunate to have a unique model of primary health care serving our small rural communities in Parry Sound–Muskoka. Places like Britt, Argyle, Pointe au Baril, Wahta First Nation and Rosseau are well-served by nursing stations. We have seven nursing stations, mainly in Parry Sound district, providing vital primary health care in a very efficient model. The district of Muskoka has taken note of how well nursing stations are serving Parry Sound district. They have already submitted their plan for new nursing stations to the Ministry of Health. My question: Are you aware of the district of Muskoka plan to improve primary health care in Muskoka with new nursing stations? Hon. Eric Hoskins: I appreciate the question and the reminder of the importance of that great part of our province, a very lovely, beautiful part of the province. Most importantly, the people there are extremely generous and hard-working. Of course, anything that has to do with our nursing profession and making sure that, as a government, we improve the services, in this case as provided through our hard-working nurses and nurse practitioners, our RNs, is something that I take very seriously. I haven’t had the opportunity yet; I think the member opposite appreciates my having been in the portfolio for just two weeks. But I will certainly entertain getting to this immediately, asking my officials to brief me on it so I can see the particulars of the proposal. Perhaps I’ll have an opportunity in the supplementary to speak more generally about the important work that our nurses are doing and how we’re supporting them to do that work even more effectively. Mr. Norm Miller: Thank you, Minister, for the response. Let me provide some more details. The district of Muskoka has come up with a made-in-Muskoka health care plan to improve primary health care access based on the success of nursing stations serving Parry Sound communities for many years. Their plan includes new nursing stations in Dorset, Severn Bridge, Port Severn and Port Carling to improve primary health care for the elderly, the low-income and marginalized, and for seasonal residents and tourists. This improved access to health care services is very important for Muskoka, now and into the future. My question: Will you agree to meet with District Chair John Klinck and consider their plan to spend health care dollars more efficiently and improve primary health care for Muskoka? Hon. Eric Hoskins: Of course I’d welcome the opportunity to meet with the district chair. Let me say again that in reference to the important work that our nurses across the province do—in fact, I think this was referenced earlier. Since 2003, we have added 20,500 nurses to the province. Many of those—4,000 of those—have been added to the province in the last year alone. We’re introducing and increasing the number of nurse-practitioner-led clinics. I want to speak to the element of this which is perhaps most appealing, and that is that it’s a local community, a local district which is coming up with a plan that reflects the unique priorities and circumstances that take place in the district of Muskoka. So I’d be happy to meet with this individual to learn more about the program. I’ll get briefed in detail by my ministry and we’ll see if, perhaps, we can move forward in a collaborative way to see how we can continue to improve services. Mme France Gélinas: Ma question ce matin est pour la ministre déléguée aux services en français. Les néo-démocrates sont très fiers de promouvoir et de défendre les services en français pour les Franco-Ontariens et Franco-Ontariennes. Nous sommes fiers du travail que nous avons fait pour contribuer à faire de notre commissaire un officier indépendant de l’Assemblée législative. Par contre, ce matin, notre commissaire nous a dit, et ce sont ses mots, que le gouvernement a balayé du revers de la main ses recommandations visant les populations précarisées, l’offre active de services en français et le plan des ressources humaines. Non seulement est-ce que ses recommandations ont été complètement ignorées, il nous dit que le gouvernement ne respecte pas la Loi sur les services en français en ne déposant pas de rapport annuel complet sur ses activités. Ma question est très simple. Pourquoi est-ce que le gouvernement ne respecte ni notre bon commissaire ni la Loi sur les services en français? L’hon. Madeleine Meilleur: Je suis très fière de faire partie d’un gouvernement qui appuie la francophonie en Ontario. C’est ce gouvernement-ci qui a créé le poste de commissaire aux services en français. Le commissaire a donné des recommandations au gouvernement. C’est, je crois, son sixième ou septième rapport. Ces recommandations sont toujours prises très sérieusement et nous avons fait beaucoup d’avancées dans la francophonie en Ontario. Les francophones le reconnaissent très bien. Alors, les recommandations sont toujours revues et mises de l’avant. On étudie les recommandations du commissaire. Ce sont des recommandations. Nous travaillons de très près avec les ministères qui sont impliqués pour s’assurer que les recommandations du commissaire sont prises sérieusement, et nous allons continuer à travailler de très près. C’est une recommandation du commissaire que l’office fasse un rapport annuel, et nous étudions cette recommandation-là de très près. Merci. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): The member for Whitby–Oshawa on a point of order. Ms. Christine Elliott: I seek unanimous consent to move a motion without notice to restrike the Select Committee on Developmental Services and present its final report. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): The member from Whitby–Oshawa is seeking unanimous consent to put a motion without notice. Do we agree? I heard a no. A point of order from the government House leader. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): That’s not a point of order. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): We have a deferred vote on government order number 1, the motion for an address in reply to the speech of His Honour the Lieutenant Governor at the opening of the session. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): All members take their seats, please. All members take your seat, please. The Sergeant-at-Arms will come for you. All those in favour, please rise one at a time and be recognized by the Clerk. The Clerk of the Assembly (Ms. Deborah Deller): The ayes are 57; the nays are 40. There are no further deferred votes. This House stands recessed until 1 p.m. this afternoon. The House recessed from 1148 to 1300. Ms. Lisa M. Thompson: Yesterday saw the release of a report by the Environmental Commissioner entitled Looking for Leadership. This is a very appropriate title, I believe, because actually everyone in Ontario is now looking to the Liberal government to show leadership on a number of fronts. The Liberal government continues to make promises they ultimately just can’t keep. Unfortunately, there’s an evident pattern of behaviour where it is clear they have no intention of following through on their promises, whether they are related to the environment, climate change, gridlock and, most importantly, their efforts on the deficit and debt. The Environmental Commissioner’s report contains worrisome news. Mr. Miller projects that the government will fail to meet greenhouse gas reduction targets for 2020 by upwards of 20%, and these are goals which they set for themselves in 2007. I guess, though, this really shouldn’t come as a shock, since the Environmental Commissioner said that “very little has been achieved” because there has been very little action. The commissioner actually went on to say that “in fact, we have gone backwards” with regard to the Liberal efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is unacceptable. Speaker, it is time this government finally walks its own talk and starts to meet its own targets instead of assuming Ontario taxpayers can continue to afford all of their bad decisions and failures. Ms. Cindy Forster: I rise today to remark on the passing of Rosie Smith, of Welland, who died June 25, at the age of 76. Born Rosemarie Spagnoletti, Rosie grew up across from the old Welland Canal, where childhood days of summer were spent swimming and helping other kids learn to swim. By 20, she met and married Steve Smith, who enjoyed swimming and mentoring as much as she did. Together, they spearheaded an Olympic-sized pool at St. George Park and initiated the St. George Aquatic Club, which produced a highly successful competitive swim team. Rosie and Steve felt very strongly that every kid deserved the chance to have success, and so they made it their mission to ensure money didn’t stand in the way. They became masters of discretion to protect the self-esteem of all swimmers. Rosie spent 40 years volunteering in the Welland Recreation Projects Association. Their premier event is the Toys for Tots Christmas program for families in need. They also run a series of community events that are free to all each year. Rosie was an ordinary person who did extraordinary things. It was my sincere pleasure to present her with the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Medal for distinguished community service in 2012. She was a mother of two, a grandmother of three, and a school secretary. She had a quick wit, an infectious laugh and the ability to make whoever she was talking to feel they were the most important person on the planet. She lived life with compassion, integrity, drive and humility. On behalf of the constituents of the Welland riding, I would like to thank Rosie’s family—her husband, Steve; her son, Greg; and her daughter, Karen—for sharing her with us. She will be missed, but she will continue to inspire. Mrs. Cristina Martins: Today I want to recognize one of the upcoming and outstanding festivals taking place in my riding of Davenport. In a multicultural city like Toronto, where all summer festivals have something beautiful to offer those who love to meet and learn about new cultures, you cannot miss Canada’s largest Brazilian cultural event, the 11th Toronto International BrazilFest. Many Brazilians today call Canada home, many of whom live in my riding of Davenport. For them, as for many visitors participating and joining in on a yearly basis, BrazilFest has become a real and authentic expression and celebration of Brazilian music, dance, food, crafts and culture. The festival is as much an opportunity for Brazilians to reconnect with their roots as it is to educate us about their culture. Each year, the festival has grown in size and prestige. Today the festival attracts an estimated public attendance of 30,000 people and is recognized as Canada’s largest Brazilian cultural event. Held at Earlscourt Park, located at St. Clair Avenue West and Caledonia Road, the festival stage will be filled with musicians, dancers and singers who will take you on an exotic trip exploring Brazilian music and celebration without having to leave the heart of Toronto. On July 20, drop by BrazilFest for your one-stop cultural trip to experience the richness and energy of the Brazilian people through dance, food and festival. BrazilFest is a must-attend event for anyone interested in sharing in the collective heritage and multicultural diversity of our province. Mr. Michael Harris: I’d like to thank the people of Kitchener–Conestoga for their support in the last election and putting their trust in me to serve as their member of provincial Parliament once again. My success would not have been possible without the tireless efforts of my committed team of volunteers, who dedicated their time and energy to my re-election campaign. They made countless calls to supporters. They knocked on thousands of doors across the riding. They put up thousands of election signs during the summer heat. They helped out around the office and even on Twitter, and drove hundreds of people to the polls on election day. So I would like to thank each and every person who served on my campaign and believed in my vision for our community. Over the next four years, I will continue to fight for Kitchener–Conestoga by keeping the government’s feet to the fire on the Highway 7 project. I’ll work with my regional colleagues to deliver all-day, two-way GO train service to Kitchener-Waterloo. I’ll pressure the government to approve the region’s solution to improve local ambulance response times through streamlined dispatch. And I’ll fight to preserve open tendering in the region of Waterloo so that all qualified local tradespeople retain their right to bid and work on local taxpayer-funded infrastructure. I know that with your help, we can continue to achieve great things together in the riding of Kitchener–Conestoga. So, thanks once again. I appreciate it. Ms. Peggy Sattler: Tomorrow, Londoners will gather to celebrate the life of Colonel Tom Lawson, a great friend of London whose loss will be deeply felt by the many citizens whose lives he touched. Colonel Lawson died this week at his home at age 71 after a well-fought battle with cancer. His roots in the community are deep. Born in London in 1943 to Colonel Tom and Miggsie Lawson, the younger Tom carried on the family tradition of service to others. His grandfather, Ray Lawson, served as Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1946 to 1952 and established the Lawson Foundation almost 60 years ago to enrich the quality of life in Canada. Colonel Lawson would go on to become both a vice-president and director of the foundation. He was a career businessman and successful entrepreneur who volunteered his management expertise to dozens of organizations, most recently the First Nations Financial Management Board. A reservist in his youth, he was passionate about fostering linkages between the Canadian Forces and the community as a life member of the Garrison Community Council and former Legion president. Locally, he served in leadership roles at the London museum of archaeology, the London Rotary club, Lawson Health Research Institute and the London Chamber of Commerce. He was also the former mayor of Grand Bend and a former Lambton county councillor. I came to know Tom personally through his work with the Lawson Literacy Awards, which were launched by his family in 1978 to encourage creative expression among grades 7 and 8 students in writing about Canadian topics of significance to them. In my 13 years on the school board, Colonel Lawson never missed an award ceremony. He read each of the winning pieces and personally congratulated each student on their work. His impact on the hundreds of young people who participated in the competition over the years has been profound. Colonel Lawson will be greatly missed, but his legacy will live on through his enduring contributions to our community. On behalf of all MPPs, I wish to express our sincere condolences to his friends and family. Mrs. Kathryn McGarry: I am more than delighted to bring an update about the progress of the long-awaited Cambridge Memorial Hospital expansion and redevelopment project in my riding of Cambridge. On June 25 I attended the hospital’s annual community meeting, and CEO Patrick Gaskin eagerly noted that they are on track to build what is essentially a brand new hospital for the residents of Cambridge and North Dumfries. The design is complete, the construction consortia have been chosen and the project team is preparing to start this fall. Patrick said that now, the staff really do believe that it is moving ahead as the Tim Hortons has already moved to its temporary location for the construction. A new wing and renovations will provide the needed space for the hospital to bring new and expanded clinical services to our community. There are six areas that will benefit: the emergency department, mental health program, intensive care unit, birthing unit, operating rooms, and in-patient beds. Thank you to Waterloo region chair Ken Seiling, Cambridge mayor Doug Craig and North Dumfries mayor Rob Deutschmann and their respective councillors, and former Minister of Health and Long-Term Care Deb Matthews, for their ongoing support of this much-anticipated capital redevelopment program. A project like this is part of our government’s ongoing plan to build a better health care system and ensure that all Ontarians have more reliable health services in their community. Mr. Rick Nicholls: Recently, eight provincially funded industrial wind turbines in my riding were ordered to be lowered or removed because they violate height limits near the Chatham-Kent Municipal Airport. This actually would be a very unprecedented move in the province of Ontario. The wind turbine company, GDF SUEZ, was given this order by Transport Canada because airport zoning regulations protect a radius of approximately four kilometres around the airport. As the critic for community safety and correctional services, I note that the airport zoning regulations are put in place for a reason: to protect public safety. Those who break the laws must be held accountable, with no special treatment. I’ve talked to numerous pilots who were concerned for their safety in rough weather conditions, and I’m pleased that their voices have been heard. I’d like to commend Transport Canada’s commitment to protecting the safety of pilots and passengers of the Chatham-Kent Municipal Airport. This issue has left the people of my riding wondering how many of the nearly 500 industrial wind turbines in the Chatham–Kent–Essex area were built too closely to homes or even highways. Ontario does have setback requirements for industrial wind turbines, but what good are these regulations if they are not being followed by companies? The province has put billions of dollars into the operation of these wind turbines and should be able to ensure they are located safely with the approval of host communities. Mr. Peter Z. Milczyn: I rise in the House today to speak about a budding and vibrant tradition in my riding of Etobicoke–Lakeshore: the second annual Humber Bay Shores Waterfront Festival. On this coming Saturday, August 9, in Jean Augustine Park, the constituents of my riding will be able to enjoy live entertainment, enjoy many tasty treats, take in the incredible talent of our local performers and enjoy the gorgeous views of our precious waterfront. This festival promises lots of family fun with our great neighbours from my riding of Etobicoke–Lakeshore and those from beyond. The Humber Bay Shores Condominium Association is recognized by all levels of government for its dedication to community development and partnership. A strong voice for the 10,000 residents of one of Toronto’s fastest-growing neighbourhoods, they are wonderful stewards of this part of our waterfront. They organize community clean-up days, speak up to protect the quality of the air and water of the area, and are partners in helping to determine the future of their neighbourhood. The association has also recently begun to serve the local community by organizing and hosting a local farmers’ market, which gives my constituents the opportunity to purchase locally grown produce and baked goods. I congratulate the Humber Bay Shores Condominium Association and their president, Jim Reekie, on organizing their second annual waterfront festival and for their ongoing dedication to community building and local partnerships with residents, businesses and artists. I look forward to attending and I invite all members of this House to come and visit the beautiful waterfront of Etobicoke–Lakeshore on Saturday, August 9, for what will be a fun and exciting day. Ms. Ann Hoggarth: From July 4 until July 20, the BarrieLicious Festival allows residents and visitors to our fair city by the bay to try the diversity of culinary experiences for a fixed-price menu. You can travel to Greece at the Town and Country restaurant and get excellent service from John, Jimmy and Steve, enjoy the Italian experience at Nino’s, try Japanese sushi at Akira, relish the British fare at the British Arms, or try Indian dishes at Tara. Come to Barrie from now until July 20 to globetrot without the expensive cost of airline tickets. Barrie is a gourmet lover’s delight, especially during this festival, and penny-pinchers will not only love the food, but the great prices, too. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): I beg to inform the House that, pursuant to standing order 98(c), a change has been made in the order of precedence on the ballot list for private members’ public business such that Mrs. Martow assumes ballot item number 4 and Ms. Thompson assumes ballot item number 77. Bill 10, An Act to enact the Child Care and Early Years Act, 2014, to repeal the Day Nurseries Act, to amend the Early Childhood Educators Act, 2007, the Education Act and the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities Act and to make consequential and related amendments to other Acts / Projet de loi 10, Loi édictant la Loi de 2014 sur la garde d’enfants et la petite enfance, abrogeant la Loi sur les garderies, modifiant la Loi de 2007 sur les éducatrices et les éducateurs de la petite enfance, la Loi sur l’éducation et la Loi sur le ministère de la Formation et des Collèges et Universités et apportant des modifications corrélatives et connexes à d’autres lois. Hon. Liz Sandals: This is essentially reintroducing the Child Care Modernization Act, which was introduced and began debate last session. We’re taking steps to strengthen oversight of the province’s unlicensed child care sector while increasing access to licensed child care options for families. The Child Care Modernization Act would, if passed, help transform the child care and early years system to better meet the needs of both the parents who use and rely on the system and the children who are placed in its care. We believe families must have access to safe, modern child care, and that is part of our plan to invest in giving our children the best possible start in life. Bill 11, An Act to raise awareness about radon, provide for the Ontario Radon Registry and reduce radon levels in dwellings and workplaces / Projet de loi 11, Loi visant à sensibiliser le public au radon, à prévoir la création du Registre des concentrations de radon en Ontario et à réduire la concentration de ce gaz dans les logements et les lieux de travail. Mr. Shafiq Qaadri: Radon and this bill, hopefully together, will be publicized for Ontarians—an important cause of cancer; to this day, unfortunately, unrecognized and underaddressed. Hopefully, this will address that. Ms. Soo Wong: I have a petition addressed to the Legislative Assembly. I fully support the petition, and I will give the petition to page Matthew. Speaker, I support this petition and will sign it. Mr. Mike Colle: I have a petition here that was compiled by Lisa and David Brennan in Mississauga. They did it for their son Matthew. “Therefore we, the undersigned, petition the Legislative Assembly of Ontario to join the United States of America in declaring May 14 as Apraxia Awareness Day” in Ontario. I fully support this petition by David and Lisa Brennan, and I affix my name to it. Mr. Speaker, I agree with this petition, and I affix my name to it. I support this petition and I affix my signature to it. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): The member for Barrie. Mrs. Cristina Martins: Davenport—the fabulous riding of Davenport. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): Davenport; I knew it was one word. I agree with this petition, will now sign it and give it to page Ethan. Ms. Soo Wong: I have a petition addressed to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. I fully support the petition and give it to page Ethan. The Speaker (Hon. Dave Levac): Pursuant to the order of the House dated Tuesday, July 8, 2014, this House stands adjourned until Monday, July 14, 2014, at 10:30 a.m. sharp. The House adjourned at 1328.

2019-04-21T23:08:47Z

https://www.ola.org/fr/affaires-legislatives/documents-chambre/legislature-41/session-1/2014-07-10/journal-debats

In an interactive media environment, input events are distributed to a plurality of applications where each application includes zero or more script components and zero or more markup files and has a Z order which corresponds to the position of the applications' visual elements on a display. An input event processing order is utilized where the application that has focus in an interactive media environment (by virtue of its receipt of user events) is provided with the first opportunity to consume the input event. If the focused application does not consume the input event, it is then delivered to the remaining applications in top down, inverse Z order. Each application is enabled with the ability to consume an input event, pass it on to lower Z ordered applications, hide it from lower Z ordered applications, or otherwise handle it. Input event processing stops when an application consumes the input event. This application claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/695,944, filed Jul. 1, 2005, which is incorporated by reference herein. The described arrangements, systems and methods relate generally to interactive media and more particularly to distributing input events to multiple applications in an interactive media environment. Interactive media environments are typically resource constrained in terms of available processing power, memory and other resources that are available to applications running in the environment. One common example of interactive media is video encoded on DVD (digital versatile disc) where users can interact with graphical menus or other controls to navigate to specific video content or invoke special features that are authored into the DVD. In a typical interactive media environment, visual elements such as graphics and menus are given a “Z order” that provides a visual order for the elements on a display screen. The Z order controls how visual elements appear to stack on top of one another along an imaginary z-axis which extends outwardly from the display screen. Visual elements with a lower Z order appear to be at the bottom of display (and farther away from a viewer) while visual elements with a higher Z order appear to be on top of the lower Z ordered elements (and thus closer to the viewer). When multiple applications used to generate visual elements are running in an interactive media environment, input events must be distributed to the applications. Input events must be handled in a resource-efficient manner. In addition, applications must be enabled to generate graphical output responsively to input from the environment to dynamically create a rich interactive experience for users. In an interactive media environment, input events are distributed to a plurality of applications. Each application includes zero or more script components and zero or more markup files and has a Z order which corresponds to the position of the application's visual elements on a display. An input event processing order is utilized where the application that has focus (by virtue of its receipt of user events) is provided with the first opportunity to consume the input event. If the focused application does not consume the input event, it is then delivered to the remaining applications in top down, inverse Z order. Each application is enabled with the ability to consume an input event, pass it on to lower Z ordered applications, hide it from lower Z ordered applications, or otherwise handle it. Input event processing stops when an application consumes the input event. Advantageously, input event delivery in priority order (i.e., focused application followed by remaining applications in inverse Z order) gives preference to the most interactive applications so that input events are efficiently processed in an environment where hardware resources, including processor cycles and memory, are limited. In addition, a predictable platform from which interactive media authors may create applications with highly responsive interactive behavior is provided. FIG. 16 is a flow chart for an illustrative method for distributing input events to multiple applications. Referring to FIG. 1, an illustrative block diagram of the elements making up an application 110 used in an interactive media environment is shown. Applications are typically used in the interactive media environment to enable interaction between a user and an interactive media player rendering graphics and video on a coupled display device (such as a television or monitor) through a user interface such as a remote control. More specifically, applications control presentation behavior of various content objects, including video playback, in the environment. Presentation of graphic objects such as menus and interactive buttons over the video is also realized using applications. Applications further manage and control audio playback and sounds in the environment. It is contemplated that multiple applications will generally be running simultaneously in most interactive media settings. However, there is no requirement the multiple applications run simultaneously and the decision to divide or aggregate applications in a particular setting is a design choice of the interactive media author. Applications may also be logically subdivided into application pages depending on the requirements of a specific setting. The application 110 comprises a script host 115 containing zero or more script files 117 and 119 and zero or more markup documents 120 that is used to generate a document object model (DOM). The markup documents 120 include information relating, for example, to content, style, timing and layout of graphic objects. Thus, the markup context is used generally to provide graphics on a graphics plane in the interactive media environment. In this illustrative example, the markup documents are XML document files in accordance with W3C standards. As indicated in FIG. 1, multiple physical XML files may be accessed using the <include> element in the <head> section of the markup. In some settings it may be preferable for an application to not have more than one active markup at a time. However, an application may switch its markup 120 by using a <link> element in the markup. Alternatively, an application may switch its markup 120 by utilizing an application programming interface (API) that enables applications to gain access to functional objects within a current application. Using a loadMarkup 0 call through the API, an application may switch markup files 120 by passing the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the new markup through an API. In cases where an application accesses a new markup, the API call takes effect only after a current event handler in the application finishes executing its current task. Any current markup-related event handlers that are pending are also cancelled as the new markup, once loaded, will invalidate those event handlers. The availability of APIs and resources to application 110 is indicated by reference numeral 125 in FIG. 1. Resources include, for example, audio and video files, fonts, pictures and images (e.g., in common file formats including PNG, JPEG, GIF, BMP, TIFF etc.) and other resources as may be required by an application according to the circumstances of a specific setting. Each application 110 maintains its own script host 115 that maintains the context for the script's variables, functions and other states. In most settings, variables and functions in one application are not visible to another application unless the applications are specifically set up to enable such cross-application visibility, for example, by using an object that is shared across all applications. For example, in this illustrative example, the interactive media player object has a single instance that is shared across all applications. Optionally, therefore, special objects may be placed inside script host 115—for example, using a C++ object—to implement singletons (i.e., a objects having limited instantiation) where the special objects all reference the same internal function, for example, of the player. This optional aspect enables interactive media script authors to logically treat common objects as singletons while still allowing the script host 115 to implement the functionality necessary to expose an object to the single script host. Referring now to FIG. 2, an illustrative diagram showing the relationship among multiple markup documents and script is provided. An application manifest 230 interacts with applications which, as noted above, are defined generally by resources 125, script 205, and markup documents 251, 260 and 275 as shown. Each application typically uses a single application manifest file in most settings, but the application manifest is not part of the runtime state of the application. In this illustrative example, the application manifest 230 is encoded as an XML document file. The application manifest 230 describes the initial markup file 251 to be used by the application 110 (FIG. 1) as well as the script files—collectively indicated by the rectangle with reference numeral 205 in FIG. 2—contained in script host 115 (FIG. 1). If the application manifest 230 lists more than one script, as in this illustrative example, then all the scripts are loaded into a script handling engine in the interactive media player. Thus, the multiple script files are treated and behave as if the script author had concatenated all of the script files into a single large file in the order listed in the application manifest 230. As shown in FIG. 2, the application manifest 230 refers to resources 125. The resources available to an application in an interactive media environment form a directed graph, rooted by the resources 125 referenced in the application manifest 230. The allowed extent of the graph for each application is proscribed by the application manifest 230. FIG. 2 shows an application running in the interactive media environment. As noted above, an application may only have one active markup at a time and application content is kept separate by the applications. As indicated by the arrows between the markup pages 251, 260 and 275, via script 205, the application is able to advance from markup page 251 to 260, and then later from page 260 to 275. The progression of context execution by applications in the interactive media environment is guided by a playlist 290 which describes, among other things, the relationship among objects in the environment including presentation objects that are rendered by the player onto the display device. These presentation objects typically include video (which may include multiple streams as described in more detail below) and graphics produced by the applications. Playlist 290 further manages resources across the interactive media environment as a single management entity in order to efficiently allocate and control the consumption of resources by applications. As with the application manifest 230 the playlist 290 may be advantageously embodied as an XML document file in most settings. The markup pages in FIG. 2 may be used in some settings to fire events into an execution context (created by the script files 117 and 119 in FIG. 1). The execution context then manipulates the DOM created by the current application markup. As the markup is used in the interactive media environment to specify style, content, timing and layout of graphical objects in the environment (as represented by elements 253 262 and 277 in FIG. 2), the combination of script and markup enables the creation of a comprehensive set of capabilities. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a first illustrative interactive media player 305 including an interactive content processor (ICP) 335, video content processor (VCP) 310, and mixer 339. It is noted that the arrangement presented in FIG. 3 provides a logical model which describe features and functions of the illustrative interactive media player 305 that are pertinent to application state management. Thus, an actual implementation of an interactive media player may utilize various structural forms while still operating as described herein to achieve the benefits of application state management. The interactive media player 305 is typically realized in dedicated hardware such as standalone consumer electronic device, or alternatively using a software implementation employing computer readable media with a general purpose processor such as that found in a personal computer. VCP 310 manages one or more media streams that may be received from multiple sources including a local optical drives such as a DVD drive or a high-definition DVD (HD-DVD) drive, a local memory or a remote broadband source over a network. VCP 310, in this illustrative example, includes one or more media processors 1, 2 . . . N as indicated by elements 304 and 306 in FIG. 3. Media processors 304 and 306 process the received media streams, which typically include audio and video, to decode and render the corresponding images and sound which are output as an audio/video stream on line 325. Audio/video stream 325 may represent a plurality of video elements, for example to render multiple separate video windows using a “picture in picture” type configuration. Media processors 304 and 306 each comprise a media source interface, demultiplexer and decoder. Media processors 304 and 306 may optionally include decryption capabilities as well. A display device 355 is coupled to receive and display the audio/video stream. ICP 335 performs all application-related processing and may be arranged from several components that may be realized in hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. The components of ICP 335 include, for example, a markup engine, script language interpreter, and an XML parsing component (not shown). ICP 335 outputs a graphics stream on line 321 which is synchronous with the audio/video stream 325. Mixer 339 takes the graphics stream on line 321 and the audio/video stream on line 325 so that the graphics are rendered in a graphics layer over the video stream to implement an interactive media session for a user. In most settings, ICP 335 outputs graphics that are synchronized on a frame-by-frame basis with the video stream. However, such synchronization may be performed using other bases, including, for example, time (including Title Time and Media time as defined below), content in the video, or other metadata embedded in the video that is used to indicate or mark a particular point in the stream. ICP 335 includes a playlist manager 337 and a task manager 330. The playlist manager 337 is responsible for controlling presentation objects in the environment. These objects include video playback on the player 305 along with applications that are running to generate interactive graphics. Playlist manager 337 manages the playlist 290 which is described above in the text accompanying FIG. 2. The playlist manager 337 also computes the “Title Time” associated with each portion of content in a media stream. A title is a unique sequence of video and audio content with a start and end time that is typically defined by the DVD author. However, what such author defines as a title can be arbitrary. Thus, particular content which is perceived in a video may be part of one title, a complete title, or run across multiple titles. One example of a title is the copyright warning that precedes all pre-recorded video in both analog and digital format in the United States. The featured attraction (e.g., the main movie) on a DVD is another example and is often the longest title. In some settings, individual chapters in a movie might be designated as separates titles by the DVD author. For all such titles, Title Time is defined as the time elapsed since a given title started playing as shown on the media clock 312. Application Time is the time elapsed since an application started (or enters an “Active” state as described in more detail below). When multiple applications are in runtime, each application has a notion of its own Application Time. For each application, Application Time always starts at zero when an application is started in the environment. For example, if an application App 1 starts at Presentation Time of 20 arbitrary time units (which is 0 time units for App1) and application App2 starts at Presentation Time of 25 time units (which is 0 time units for App2), then at Presentation Time of 35 time units, Appl's Application Time is 15 time units and App2's Application Time is 10 time units. For applications that are logically subdivided into pages, the Page Time is the time elapsed since a page of an application has been loaded. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a second illustrative media player 405 including an ICP 435, VCP 410, and mixer 439. Interactive media player 405 is similar in form and function to the interactive media player 305 shown in FIG. 3. Notably, however, VCP 435 includes media processors, 1, 2 . . . N (as indicated by elements 404 and 406 in FIG. 4) that are arranged to provide separate feeds 425 and 427 to mixer 439. Such arrangement may be desirable in some settings where manipulation of the individual media streams is performed prior to mixing. For example, image processing/selection techniques such panning and zooming of video in a media stream may be independently implemented on one or more of the N separate feeds represented by reference numerals 425 and 427 in FIG. 4. The audio/video feeds 425 and 427, along with the synchronous graphics stream from ICP 435 are mixed in mixer 439 and output on line 441 to a display device 455. The other elements in FIG. 4 including ICP 435 (comprising playlist manager 437 and task manager 430), media clock 412 in VCP 410 and presentation clock 460 are configured and function in a similar manner as their counterparts shown in FIG. 3 and described in the accompanying text. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an illustrative arrangement 500 having with a plurality of event queues 1, 2 . . . N as designated by reference numerals 510, 515, and 518, respectively, and a single application thread 523. In this illustrative arrangement, all applications running on an ICP (such as ICP 435 in FIG. 4) are single threaded, and application thread 523 is dedicated for such purpose. However, ICP 435 does not necessarily need to be single threaded itself. In alternative implementations, ICP 435 may utilize other threads, for example for pre-fetching resources into a cache. Each of the event queues 510, 515, and 518 are arranged to feed into application thread 523 from their head ends (located at the right side of FIG. 5). A plurality of applications App 1, App2 . . . AppN as designated by reference numerals 527, 530 and 532, respectively, are arranged to post workitems, representatively designated by reference numeral 535, into the queues 510, 515 and 518 from their tail ends (on the left side of FIG. 5). Application events are events which are fired by an application. These may include events fired by either script (e.g, script host 115 in FIG. 1) or by markup (e.g., markup 120 in FIG. 1). Application events, in most scenarios, are handled only by script. However, applications 527, 530 and 532 do not invoke script or markup functionality directly. Instead, all such functionality is posted to the applications' respective event queues in the form of workitems which are invoked when the application thread 523 processes the workitem. In alternative arrangements, events from sources other than applications are also scheduled using event queues. For example, user events are fired by user interaction with a remote control. System events are events fired by the interactive media player such as player 405 shown in FIG. 4 and described in the accompanying text and include, for example, a chapter change in a video title. Each workitem in events queues 510, 515 and 518 contains fields as shown in FIG. 5. These fields include an application association field 540, a method field 545, a BeginTime field 552, an EndTime field 555, and an optional ClockSelector field 558. The application association field 540 indicates the particular application to which a workitem applies. The method field 545 contains a method that is invoked when the workitem is processed by the application thread 523. Method field 545 also includes arguments for the method. The BeginTime field 552 and EndTime field 555 are used, respectively, to indicate when the workitem's method begins and ends. In this illustrative example, time is expressed using Application Time. However, in alternative examples, the BeginTime field 552 and EndTime field 555 contain values which may be alternatively expressed in Title Time, Application Time or Page Time depending on the requirements of a particular setting. In such cases, the particular timeframe used by a workitem is indicated in the ClockSelector field 558. Regardless of the timeframe utilized, a BeginTime for a workitem must always be less than the EndTime. FIG. 6 is a block diagram of event queue 515 showing the ordering of workitems contained therein. The other event queues 510 and 518 (FIG. 5) are not shown in FIG. 6 for ease of clarity in illustration. However, the ordering methodology described below is equally applicable to such other event queues. Event queue 515 includes workitems 1, 2, 3 . . . N as indicated by reference numerals 605, 610, 615 and 620, respectively. Each workitem includes the fields shown in FIG. 5 and described in the accompanying text. Workitem 605 includes a BeginTime, and an associated time of insertion t1 into the event queue 515, as indicated in block 630 in FIG. 6. Similarly, workitem 610 includes a BeginTime2 and an associated time of insertion t2 into the event queue 515 as indicated in block 635. Workitem 615 includes a BeginTime3 and an associated time of insertion t3 into the event queue 515 as indicated in block 640. And, workitem 620 includes a BeginTimeN and an associated time of insertion tN into the event queue 515, as indicated in block 645. In this illustrative example, workitems are ordered in the event queue 515 first by BeginTime and then by the time in which workitems were inserted into the event queue. Such ordering results in the application thread 523 processing workitems in order of BeginTime, or when two workitems have the same begin time, then in FIFO (first in, first out) order. The ordering of workitems in an event queue is performed using two alternative methods: workitems may be ordered when inserted into an event queue or when workitems are extracted from the event queue prior to processing. Either arrangement is equally usable so long as the processing of workitems from the event queue is performed by BeginTime followed by queue insertion time. FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an illustrative arrangement where the application thread 523 automatically inserts two workitems 705 and 715 at the tail end of the event queue 515. The other event queues 510 and 518 (FIG. 5) are not shown in FIG. 7 for ease of clarity in illustration. However, the automatic insertion of workitems by the application thread as described below is equally applicable to such other event queues. As shown, the automatically inserted workitems 705 and 715 follow after workitems 605 and 620 in the event queue 515. In an illustrative example, the automatic insertion of the two workitems is performed when an application starts and the workitems are rescheduled after each tick. Workitem 705 includes calls into the markup engine (e,g, a markup engine disposed in ICP 435 in FIG. 4) to process timing for a page in application App2 530 as indicated in block 730. In block 735, workitem 715 includes calls into the markup to reflow application App2's markup to reflect processed events and then render the markup on the display device (e.g., display 455 in FIG. 4). Workitems 705 and 715 are always the last workitems processed in an application's tick by application thread 523. FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method for queuing workitems associated with events that occur in an interactive media environment. In an illustrative example of event queuing with a single application thread, the method is performed by the arrangements shown in FIGS. 4-7 and described in the accompanying text. The method shown is typically performed iteratively for each tick. The process starts at block 805. At block 810, when the application thread 523 (FIGS. 5-7) is free to process workitems, it first marks each workitem in the event queue 515 whose BeginTime corresponds to the current or previous ticks. Application thread 523 will only process marked workitems. Thus a workitem in event queue 515 will never be processed before its BeginTime. At decision block 816, if a marked workitem's EndTime has already been passed then it is dropped from event queue 515 as indicated in block 819. No processing on that workitem will be performed in such a case. Should application App2 530 reloads its page, the application's page clock is reset to zero and all outstanding (i.e., queued) workitems based on the application's page clock are dropped from event queue just as if they had reached their EndTime. If at decision block 816 a marked workitem's EndTime has not been passed, then control is passed to block 822 and the application thread 523 processes the workitem. As noted above in the description accompanying FIG. 6, each workitem is processed in order from the event queue 515: first by BeginTime, followed by the time each workitem was inserted into the event queue 515. Both repetitive events and one-shot (i.e., single occurrence, non-repetitive) events are managed using the method shown in FIG. 8. A repetitive event may include a periodic event where the associated workitem has an EndTime that is equal to the next scheduled BeginTime. That is, each periodic event has a duration equal to the event's period. Periodic events typically include events like timer events and application drawing events. For example, if an application's script (e.g., in script host 115 in FIG. 1) creates a timer that will call back once every 10 seconds, it will add a timer workitem to the event queue 515 with a BeginTime equal to the current time plus 10 seconds. The EndTime will be set to the BeginTime plus 10 seconds. Once the timer workitem is executed out of the event queue 515, the BeginTimes and EndTimes will be adjusted by adding another 10 seconds and the workitem will be reinserted into the event queue 515 at the proper location based on the new BeginTime. Periodic events are invoked whenever possible. But if they cannot be processed by the application thread 523 before the EndTime in their associated workitems expires, then that particular invocation is dropped and the next invocation is scheduled with a new workitem. Thus, periodic events are subject to workitem timeout. Advantageously, the event queuing method enables a parameter may be passed to timer events to indicate the time that the event is to be invoked. This parameter must be the same as the BeginTime in the associated workitem. Script associated with a periodic timer event might not be run exactly at the invoked time, as noted above. However, as each workitem includes a method field 545 (FIG. 5) that specifies arguments to the method, the argument's value will reflect an intended time of invocation and not the actual time. Accordingly, the handler for a timer event will know what time (i.e., tick) it is handling. A one-shot event has a corresponding workitem with an EndTime of INFINITE. Therefore, a one-shot event will never be dropped from the event queue 515. For example, if a one-shot event is an input event, then that event's handler is scheduled as a workitem in the event queue 515 with an EndTime of INFINITE. As indicated in block 822, the processing is performed on a committed basis. That is, once the application thread 523 begins processing a workitem from the event queue 515, it does not stop processing. For example, script which may be long running is not aborted nor are exceptions injected into the script in order to throw it out. While such a scheme can tie up the application thread while it processes script, as noted above the ICP (e.g., ICP 435 in FIG. 4) may be arranged to include other threads which continue to run during the committed processing of workitems. At block 830, any new workitems that are created during the processing of marked workitems are inserted into the event queue 515 after the marked workitems, regardless of their BeginTime. The process of marking workitems, committing to them and inserting new workitems after the committed workitems in an event queue (as shown in blocks 810, 822 and 830) ensures that the applications are always afforded some visible progress. As indicated at block 835 and 828 in FIG. 8, the application thread automatically inserts two workitems into each application's event queue for each tick, as shown in FIG. 7 and described in the accompanying text. These workitems call into the markup engine for each application to evaluate application timing and then reflow and render the markup on a display device. As noted above, the workitems are inserted upon application start and a rescheduled after each tick. In addition, the two workitems are always the last two to be processed for an application's tick and are treated as periodic events that may be dropped from the event queue 515. FIG. 9 is a diagram of a set of graphics planes 900 used in an illustrative graphical compositing model to logically group visual elements on a display by function and/or source. The graphics plane set 900 includes a cursor plane 905, a graphics plane 912, a subpicture plane 918, a subvideo plane 922 and a main video plane 925. The cursor plane 905 is the topmost plane (i.e., perceived by user 930 as closest) in the graphics plane set 900 in which cursor objects like pointers are displayed. The remaining planes are arranged from the top of the display to the bottom, from left to right, as indicated by arrow 935 in FIG. 9. All planes in the graphics plane set 900 use a common xy coordinate system called a canvas. A third dimension is described by a z axis which projects outwardly from the display as indicated by reference numeral 940 in FIG. 9. Applications running in an interactive media environment belong to specific planes. Applications cannot be explicitly or arbitrarily assigned to planes—the association is made implicitly from the type of application. For example, subtitle applications render in the subpicture plane 918 while most other applications render in the graphics plane 912. The graphics plane 912 is the second plane of the graphics plane set 900 and is generated by the presentation engine as described below. As noted above, applications that generate interactive content such as graphics and menus in an interactive media environment are typically rendered into the graphics plane 912. The subpicture plane 918 is the third plane of graphics plane set 900 and is typically used to display subtitles and/or captions produced by respective applications. The subvideo plane 922 is the fourth plane in graphics plane set 900 and is typically used as a secondary video display in a “picture-in-picture” (PIP) arrangement. A PIP window, like that indicated by reference numeral 942 is often smaller than the main video display and may have other differing characteristics such as reduced resolution, different aspect ratio, etc. The main video plane 925 is the fifth plane in the graphics plane set 900 and is positioned at the bottom of the stack of planes. The main video plane 925 is typically used to display video content in the interactive media environment including video titles as described above in the description accompanying FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 9, all the planes in graphics plane set 900 are mixed and composited into a single display 950 by a graphics rendering engine as described below. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing Z order of three visual elements within a first illustrative application called AppA. It is emphasized that the Z order within an application is different than the Z order of the application. That is, an application generates visual elements that have a Z order within the application and, the application is itself Z ordered among a plurality of applications that are running on an ICP (such as ICP 435 in FIG. 4). Application AppA generates three visual elements including element 1010 (cross), element 1020 (star) and element 1030 (arrow) with Z order of 0, 1 and 2, respectively that are in a stacked arrangement as shown. Thus, for a set of N elements, a set of Z order values starts at 0 for the lowest element in the stack and ends at N−1 for the highest element in the stack. Elements 1010, 1020 and 1030 are drawn on a display 1045. Window 1050 in FIG. 10 shows the Z order of the visual elements produced by AppA as if looking at the display 1045 “edgewise.”Display 1045 and window 1050 are oriented with respect to each other as indicated by xyz coordinates 1055. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing Z order of visual elements within a second illustrative application called AppB. Application AppB generates three visual elements including element 1110 (triangle), element 1020 (oval) and element 1030 (rectangle) with Z order of 0, 1 and 2, respectively that are in a stacked arrangement on display 1145. Window 1150 shows the Z order of the visual elements produced by AppB in an edgewise view of display 1145 as indicated by xyz coordinates 1155. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a composited display 1245 having visual elements (collectively indicated by reference numeral 1210) that are generated from the both applications AppA and AppB. Window 1250 provides an edgewise view of display 1245 (as indicated by xyz coordinates 1255) and shows that applications AppA and AppB have a relative Z order with respect to each other. In addition, applications AppA and AppB each generate visual elements for which Z order is maintained within the application, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 and described in the accompanying text. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an illustrative arrangement 1300 where applications are rendered in priority order and composited in bottoms up order. Arrangement 1300 includes an edgewise view 1350 of a display that is oriented towards a user 1330 as indicated by xyz coordinates 1355. In other illustrative arrangements (not shown in FIG. 13), the rendering is performed in bottoms up (i.e., Z order responsively to the requirements of a particular setting. Five applications are running in an interactive media environment including AppA, AppB, AppC, AppD and AppE as indicated by reference numerals 1305,1310, 1315, 1320 and 1325, respectively. The applications are composited bottoms up, in Z order, in window 1350, as indicated by arrow 1352. Compositing starts with application AppA 1305 with a Z order=0 and end with application AppD 1325 with a Z order =4. In this illustrative example, as shown at the instant in time shown by FIG 13, application AppC 1320 is the focused application producing visual elements 1358 that receives user events. However, by virtue of running in a dynamic environment, the particular application having focus typically changes over time by design, and all applications can move up and down in Z order typically as a video title progresses (although it is also emphasized that applications are able to change Z order as they run and operate even in cases when the main video is stopped, paused or frozen). In addition, the focused application can be in any position in the stack (i.e, have any Z order). In many scenarios, however, the focused application will be towards the top of the display order so that it can interact with the user 1330 and receive user events such as button pushes (e.g., from remote control 1332), mouse clicks etc. in a manner that is consistent with user expectations. As indicated by arrow 1362, applications are rendered in priority order starting with the focused application (e.g., application AppD 1320) followed by the remaining applications in top down, or inverse Z order. FIG. 14 is a flowchart for an illustrative method in which applications are rendered in priority order and composited in bottoms up order. The method starts at block 1405. At block 1412, the Z order, as described above, is maintained for applications running in an interactive media environment. Initial Z order for applications that are associated with a particular video title is specified by the playlist 290 (FIG. 2) using absolute values (e.g., 1, 2, 5, 7 . . . 87, etc.). These absolute values are immediately converted to a relative Z ordering by sorting all applications based on playlist Z order using playlist lexical ordering to break any ties. Applications are enabled to invoke methods to manipulate their relative Z ordering as the video title progresses in block 1415. Such methods include, for example: a) moving the application to the top of the Z order within a plane; b) moving the application to the bottom of the Z order within a plane; and c) changing an application's Z order to be immediately above the application above it in the display stack. As noted above, applications belong to specific planes which places a limit on how far an application can move in Z order through invocation of a Z order manipulation method. For example, calling a method to move a subtitle application to the top will make it the topmost application subtitle application in the subpicture plane 918 (FIG. 9), but visual elements generated therein might still be occluded (i.e., obscured) by visual elements rendered into the graphics plane 912 by applications in that plane. Similarly, calling a method to move a regular interactive application to the bottom will move make it the bottom-most application in the graphics plane 912 but will still leave it above all subtitle applications. At block 1416, an application receives an event to provide a notification that the application's Z order has changed. Such notification is alternatively arranged to be received when an application transitions to, or away from, the topmost application. Such notification would enable, for example, a game application to pause itself when a menu produced by menu-generating application moves to a position with the highest Z order. The illustrative method continues at block 1418 where visual elements from applications are rendered into one or more graphics buffers. The rendering is performed in priority order, in most scenarios, which starts with the focused application followed by the remaining applications in inverse Z order from the top of the display downwards. Drawing (i.e., two dimensional “2D” drawing) is handled by drawing into a “canvas” object in the application's markeup (e.g., markup 120 in FIG. 1) which is then rendered into the graphics buffer in much the same way as rendering a PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file. The buffering step is arranged, in the illustrative method shown in FIG. 14, so that applications are rendered by posting workitems corresponding to periodic render events in respective application event queues. Event queues and associated methods that may be used with this arrangement are shown in FIGS. 5-8 and described in the accompanying text. The posting of workitems means that the rendering of application frames is subject to workitem timeout. Doubled buffering of applications is accordingly performed to accommodate the possibility that new application frames may not always be rendered for each video frame if priority is placed elsewhere in the playback system. In such a case, the most recently available frame will continue to be shown until the new one has been completed. At block 1421, prior to compositing the display, each application is checked to see if it includes a <clearrect> element in its markup (e.g., markup 120 in FIG. 1). Such element is included to produce an opening (i.e., a “hole”) in the graphics produced by the application through which the main video plane 925 may be seen. The <clearrect> element produces a rectangular shaped opening, but other regular geometric shapes, irregular shapes, and other arbitrary shapes are also usable depending on requirements of a specific setting. Elements such as <clearrect> and other such opening-producing elements are not included in the graphics buffers at such time the applications are rendered in block 1418 of the method. Instead, the holes are cleared in applications with lower Z order than the application with the <clearrect> element during compositing so that the main video plane 925 is seen through the holes in the applications. Since rendering is performed in a prioritized manner, it is not practical to implement the <clearrect> element at the time the applications are rendered into the buffer. If it were so implemented, and a lower priority application did not get immediately updated, then there would be a possibility that a hole could inappropriately appear. This would occur, for example, if Z order changed, or the application with the <clearrect> element terminated while the lower priority application was waiting to be updated while in timeout. At block 1425, applications are composited from the bottom up, in Z order, as shown in FIG. 12 and described in the accompanying text. In most settings, the simple Painter's Algorithm is useable where each application's markup in rendered into the graphics plane 912 using the most recent buffered frame for each application. In addition, as described above, <clearrect> or other opening-producing elements are implemented during the compositing step. The illustrative method ends at block 1433. FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an illustrative playback system 1500. A navigation manager 1505 maintains a strict ordering of N applications running in an interactive media environment. Each application is given a Z order from 0 to N−1 and all applications have a unique Z order. There are no gaps in ordering and no two applications have the same Z order. Z order 0 appears at the bottom of display 1512 and Z order N−1 appears at the top. As video titles progress in time, the navigation manager 1505 maintains Z order for the applications in a dynamic fashion from initial Z order values set by the playlist (e.g., playlist 290 in FIG. 2), as described above. The navigation manager 1505 is coupled to a presentation engine 1515 and a graphics rendering engine 1518. The presentation engine 1515 is arranged, in most settings, to present each of the planes in the graphics plane set 900 to the graphics rendering engine 1518 which performs compositing of the planes and applications therein onto the display 1512. Disposed between the presentation engine 1515 and the graphics rendering engine 1518 are one or more graphics buffers 1, 2 . . . N as indicated by reference numerals 1522, 1526 and 1528, respectively. The N graphics buffers are arranged to map to respective applications on a one-on-one basis. That is Nbuffers=Napplication. In alternative arrangements, a single buffer (indicated by reference numeral 1540) is utilized for all applications, or graphics buffers are mapped to applications on an unequal basis. FIG. 16 is a flow chart for an illustrative method for distributing input events to multiple applications. The method starts at block 1605. At block 1608, Z order is noted for a plurality of N applications that are currently running in an interactive media environment, for example, on ICP 435 (FIG. 4). Input events are first delivered to the focused application followed by all remaining applications in the plurality of N applications in inverse Z order. Accordingly, at block 1614, an input event is delivered to the focused application. Input events, in this illustrative method, include user events, system events, application events and navigation events. User events, system events and application events are described above in the text accompanying FIG. 5. Navigation events typically include events from a remote control (e.g., remote control 1332 in FIG. 13) that correspond to the button pushes for up, down, left, right, etc. At decision block 1617, if the focused application consumes the input event, then input event processing stops at block 1625 and the method terminates. If the focused application does not consume the input event, then at block 1632, the input event is delivered to the application having the highest Z order among the plurality of applications. If the highest Z ordered application consumes the input event, then input event processing stops at block 1640 and the method terminates. If the highest Z ordered application does not consume the event, then delivery of the input event is made to the next highest Z ordered application. Z order is counted down in inverse order at block 1645 and the method continues iteratively through block 1648 until either an application consumes the input event, or there are no more applications to which the input event is deliverable. In this latter case, input event processing stops at block 1650 and the method terminates. Input event processing within an application proceeds as if the application and markup objects (for example, from markup 120 in FIG. 1) are all arranged in a single DOM, with the application object at the top. Consistent with the W3C eventing model, such arrangement enables the application object to capture input events before they are passed to the application's markup. At each object, that object is afforded an opportunity to capture the input event. Once a capture occurs, the input event handler has the option to stop further input event processing. Input events that are not handled in the markup bubble back up through the application object. In this way, event handling within an application is unified with the model for event handling across applications. Note that in most settings, markup may only handle user and navigation events. Application and system events are typically handled only through script. Many visual elements in an application's markup are arranged to accept an “accesskey” attribute that assigns a specified “key” to a particular visual element. Accordingly, any visual element in an application that has a matching accesskey attribute will consume the input event after handling it. Navigation events are also processed in a similar manner. Application events implemented using an <event> element in markup create and schedule corresponding workitems into an event queue as shown in FIGS. 5-8 and described in the accompanying text. Accordingly, the <event> element will not appear as a function call to its event handler. This occurs because new workitems are inserted into the event queue, and handled, after all marked workitems as discussed above, which will most likely occur in the next tick. In addition, as events are delivered to all in applications in priority order (i.e., focused application followed by the remaining application in inverse Z order) an application event may be handled by an application other than the one that created it. System events are also created and scheduled using the workitem paradigm. Input events handled by script present a situation that differs from that with markup because an ICP (such as ICP 435 in FIG. 4) does not know in advance whether script will handle a particular input event. Thus input events handlers for script must return a flag to indicate whether an input event was consumed: returning true indicates that the input was consumed; returning false indicates that the input event was not consumed. Application script is provided with the first opportunity to process input events that have not been handled. Thus, script may override the default player behavior implemented by markup for accesskey and navigation input events. It is noted that “consumed” and “handled” as used herein can often mean the same thing. However, in some scenarios they are not exactly the same. For example, an application may want to consume an input event even though it does do anything with it in order to hide the input event from lower Z ordered applications. Alternatively, an application may take some action to handle an event yet return a false flag indicating that the input event was not handled so that it can propagate further down the Z order. An example of the illustrative method shown in FIG. 15 is now described. A user is running an interactive game that responds to the up, down, left and right buttons on a remote control (e.g., remote control 1332 in FIG. 13). The game is the topmost application on a display (i.e., it has a Z order=N−1). The game is not designed by its author to handle a “menu” button on the remote control. A menu application is running simultaneously with the game. It has a lower Z order, and either appears below the game, or perhaps it has no visual elements on the display (and hence, does not appear at all). As the menu application has a lower Z order than the game, it only receives input events that are not handled by the game. As the user is pressing the up, down, left and right keys on the remote control, the game handles those keys either in markup or though a script handler that returns a true flag for those keys and false for everything else. When the user decides to stop the game, the menu button on the remote control is pressed. This input event is first delivered to the game application (as the focused application) which does not handle it. The input event is then delivered to the menu application which responds by invoking a method to move itself to the top of the display with the highest Z order (this method is described in the description accompanying FIG. 14). Such movement ensures that future up, down, left, and right input events from the remote control will go first to the menu application so that the user can navigate through the menus. It is noted that for the sake of clarity and ease of illustration in the description above that data, programs, and other executable program components such as operating systems are shown is discrete blocks, boxes or other elements although it is recognized and emphasized that such programs and components may reside at various times in different storage, memory or processing components of any hardware host used and are executed by one or more processors in such host hardware. Although various illustrative arrangements and methods for managing application states in an interactive media environment have been shown and described, it should be understood that the scope of the claims appended hereto shall not necessarily be limited to the specific features, arrangements or methods described. Instead, the specific features, arrangements or methods are disclosed as illustrative forms of implementing managed applications states in an interactive media environment as more particularly claimed below. terminating event processing once the input event is consumed by an application. 2. The method of claim 1 where the input event is selected from one of user events, system events, navigation events and application events. 3. The method of claim 1 where the consuming includes handling the input event. 4. The method of claim 1 where the consuming includes handling the input event and returning a false consumption indication so that the input event is delivered to applications with lower Z order. 5. The method of claim 1 where the consuming includes no handling other than returning a positive consumption indication to hide the input event from applications with lower Z order. delivering the input event from the event queue to the plurality of applications in priority order. 7. The method of claim 6 in which a markup posts the workitem. 8. The method of claim 6 in which an interactive media playback system posts the workitem. 9. The method of claim 6 in which posting the one or more workitems includes inserting the one or more workitems into the event queue after marked workitems. 10. The method of claim 9 where time in counted in the interactive media environment using a sequence of ticks and the inserted one or more workitems are handled last for each tick. 11. The method of claim 6 where the input event is handled by a different application than an application which posts the one or more workitems. enabling an application to capture the input event. 13. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 in which an application capturing the input event handles the input event. 14. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 in which an application capturing the input event consumes the input event. 15. The computer-readable medium of claim 14 in which a flag is returned if the input event is consumed. 16. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 in which an application object handles the input event. 17. The computer-readable medium of claim 16 in which input event processing within an application proceeds as if the application and markup objects are in a single DOM with the application object on top. 18. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 in which a script processes the input event first followed by markup. 19. The computer-readable medium of claim 18 in which the input event moves up through an application object if the input event is not handled by markup. 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 in which markup accepts the input event if the markup includes an accesskey attribute that matches the input event.

2019-04-20T17:27:41Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070005757A1/en

Durban rap artist Judas takes us to Abu Dhabi with his new smash single. Things are looking up for this one, cant wait to see the video. Dreamteam have been quiet for a while now but seems like they are back to please they fans. Lack inspiration lately? Here’s a nice set of quick tips that should help you find inspiration in the studio. 1. Using reverb can push elements towards the back of the soundstage. If you want to add some reverb, but still keep the sound “up front”, try increasing the amount of pre-delay on the sound. This will detach the sound from its reverb, so your element remains more “up front” while you still have a nice reverb effect. 2. When using reverb/s, make use of busses with the reverb/s on them, and send your channels to the busses. This not only saves on CPU, but also makes the reverb much easier to control. Just moving a couple of faders on our busses can make the overall mix “wetter” or “dryer”. 3. As a general rule, leave all of your mix automation somewhere towards the end of the mixing process. Get your mix and arrangement sounding good, then go in and add your automation tweaks. 4. If you are just starting to train your ears consider including a spectrum analyzer on your master bus and a great track that you’d like to emulate as part of your autoload. As you go along making your track, try A/B-ing your track against the track you want to emulate and analyzing each with the spectrum analyzer. NOTE: simply copying what you see on the Pro track does not mean that your mix is going to be great – things like the key of the track make a difference. However, if you do this with different reference tracks, you’ll start to notice general similarities in the spectrum of highly produced tracks in your genre. Notice things like where the low end is rolled off, how the mids look in relation to the highs etc. Above all use your ears! 5. Don’t get caught up in the “I must have every new plugin” game. Find ones that you really like and focus on mastering them before you add more. Learn your craft. 6. If you like to gate things to your drums, create a dedicated sidechain trigger track – so you can keep those nice pumping effects even when your main drums are muted. This can be as simple as copying your drums to another channel with no output (or muted) and having things sidechained to that channel. 7. It’s often a good approach to lay down the musical elements of your track before writing any basslines – the musical elements will help give your bassline direction and ensure that they all fit together nicely. 8. Using vocal samples? Pay attention to the key and transpose them so that they match the key of your track – if you aren’t sure about this see our post on understanding key. Once you’ve found a nice fit, a good trick on energetic tracks is to then tune the sample up by 10-20 cents. The slightly sharper tone with give your vocals a bit more punch, as many vocalists tend to sing slightly flat. 9. Want to fatten up that synth sound? Tune one of the oscillators on your synth down an octave (12 semitones). Tuning an oscillator up 7 semitones also gives you a nice open-5th sound, which works great on big pads or leads. 10. Planning on taking your Ableton track somewhere else to work on it? Don’t forget to use the “Collect all and save” feature when saving it. This will make sure that all of your project files are collected from wherever they may be on your computer and packed nicely into a handy folder that you can throw on your drive. No more getting there and realizing that you’re missing a few of the key audio clips! 11. If you’re looking to fatten your synth sounds, don’t overlook the “unison” button (you’ll find this on the ES2 for example, as well as many other hardware and software synths) – try playing around with this to see how the additional voices thicken things up quickly. 12. Try using a delay send-effect to simulate loops playing at different tape speeds. The delay time should NOT be synced to tempo, but just increase linearly over the duration of the process (you can just draw this automation in). You’ll get some interesting results at various stages, which you can again bounce down – and this works nicely for things like vocals and pads as well. 13. Looking for some interesting twists on your drum loops? Try copying a percussive loop to two tracks. Shorten one of the loops by a 16th note, and then repeat both loops for 16 measures. The shorter note will fall behind a 16th each measure and then , at measure 16, be back in sync. Among these 16 bar segements, you’ll find some interesting variations, which you can then bounce down as a new loop. (You can also shorten one loop by a 16th note triplet and get some interesting syncopation and swing into the pattern). 14. If you are using Ableton in a studio setting, you may want to optimize it’s audio quality when bouncing your track down. 15. Have your drums channels mixed the way you like them? Then group them, so that you can adjust the overall drum level in the mix while keeping the relative drum channel levels the same. In Ableton, this is as simple as shift-clicking on all your drum tracks and then hitting Cmd-G or Ctrl-G. 16. If you are mixing in loops and rhythm elements from a lot of different sources, it helps to use a frequency analyzer when mixing them and keep an eye on the spectrum. You can use a little EQ to even out any frequencies that stand out – generally you are aiming for a fairly flat spectrum. 17. Most people just use the default settings for quantization in logic, or import templates – but the extended quantize parameters in logic are extremely versatile and useful. These include things like Q-Swing, Q-Strength, Q-Range and Q-Flam. The key command for bringing up these extra quantization parameters in Logic is “P” – or you can find these in the extended parameters window which by ‘Right Clicking’ or ‘Control Clicking’ on “Quantize” and selecting ‘Extended Parameters’. 18. If you are using Logic’s ES2 for Bass sounds, don’t overlook the “Sine Level” pot. Adding a bit of this can give your patch a touch more bass end as it is a sine-wave generator tuned at oscillator 1’s pitch and reinforces the original signal. Also, play around with putting the ES2 into Unison mode, set to mono, and adding more voices. Watch your ears and monitors! 19. Did you know that best practice is to bounce down to the format that is specific to your platform? If you are on a MAC it’s probably safest to bounce to AIFF and if you are on a PC bounce to WAV to get the best results. -Control-click or right-click the Sine label, and choose a waveform from the pop-up menu. -Click-hold the Sine label and drag the mouse vertically. -Shift-click the menu, and type in a value, to select the Digiwave numerically. 21. After some interesting random percussive rhythms to apply on top of a beat in Logic? Try loading something like a single Tom sound mapped across your keyboard in the EXS24. Once you’ve done this, draw in an empty MIDI region and draw in a trigger on each 16th for your looping area. NOW go to Functions/Transform and select “Reverse Pitch”. On the “Flip” button select “+/-Random” and increase the amount to 24 (basically this will randomize each 16th by pitch randomly over two octaves). The select “Operate”. Try it! 22. Have a muddy mix? A high-pass filter applied to every channel can really help clean up a busy mix and give the kick and bass some room to move. 23. If you are looking for interesting effects, try adding sending an element to a bus with chorus on it, set to “pre” and then panning the effected sound to the rear and reducing the volume. If you do this while keeping the original signal in the front you can get some interesting effects. 24. Using Cubase and looking for that “disco re-edit” sound or a more live feel generally in your original track? Try looking beyond quantization swing and play around with the Tempo record function. Within the Tempo window (Alt/Cmd-T), just move the slider to your desired tempo while the track is playing back. Maybe leave the intro and outro nicely locked for mixing and add a little fluctuation in the middle to give the whole track some new swing? 25. When using Pro Tools, adjust the Hardware Buffer Size appropriately in the Playback Engine set up window. As a general rule, keep it low (up to 128 samples) for recording to avoid latency, unless you use the low – latency monitoring options, in which case, any processing on armed tracks will be bypassed. Use a high buffer size for mixing, to maximise processing. 26. Having Plug-in Buffer problems in Logic? Be aware that plug ins like the Adaptive Limiter will produce their own latency problems, so don’t use these until all recording is complete. The Multipressor will cause similar issues as will the use of too many ‘regular’ plug-ins. Bounce a file of your track if you need to record audio over a ‘busy’ backing track. 27. Did you know that if you drag a quick-time movie with audio into arrangement view in Live the video will pop open and you see the movie audio just like any other audio sample? You can then use the “Loop Brace” to create movie loops and use warp markers to radically speed up and slow down the movie. 28. Don’t overlook the time saving features of Key Command Macros in cubase. Want to quantize, trim note legnth, and fix velocity of your MIDI in one go? Create a new Macro in your key commands window and then add “MIDI – fixed lengths”, “MIDI – fixed velocity”, and “MIDI – Quantize”. Then select your MIDI part and apply the Macro (bottom of the edit window). Figure out which things you might frequently do and create useful macros for yourself. 29. Your computer will run better when it’s plugged into the mains. So, if you’re doing CPU intensive work, whenever possible make sure you are plugged up. 30. If you are using Reason and want that great reversed vocal or drum sound before the original, there’s a nice one-key way to do this. Open your sample in the audio editor and reverse it – then set the playback mode to “Forward + Backward” and you’ll hear the sound nicely swell into itself. 31. No matter what your DAW, the smallest buffer size possible should be used when recording to prevent latency – but when on playback you can increase this to avoid system overload messages. 33. It is advisable not to compress your whole mix prior to mixdown but just to concentrate on getting a good mix. Leave worrying about power and loudness for when you pull the bounce into a new mastering session. This way, if your track is picked up, you’ll have a nice raw track so send to a proper mastering engineer. 34. If you are tired of waiting for Live to analyze your files when you drop them into your sets, just browse to the folder and control/right-click on the folder and choose “Analyse”. Now when you drop one of the files into your set, it’s ready instantly! 35. Want to know how to make a simple major chord from any key on your keyboard? Easy. Put your finger on any key, count up four keys (whites and blacks) and put your second finger there. Lastly, count up 3 more keys from your second finger. There you have it, a basic major chord. 36. Want to know how to make a simple minor chord from any key on your keyboard? Easy. Follow the instructions above for a major chord. Then drop your middle finger down one key. There you have it, a basic minor chord. 37. Want to quickly automate more than one element in Logic? Just group the faders, then any automation moves will be written en masse. 38. If you always want to use the high-quality setting for your EQ8 in Live, just right-click on the EQ8 and select high-quality as the default setting. 39. If you are limited in terms of your investment capital for your setup, at least get a quality set of monitors. Having a decent set of monitors to reference your music on will change the way you produce. 40. If you’re creating your own loops from chopped material, recorded material etc, make sure that you prep them before getting too far into producing with them. Make sure they don’t have unwanted silence on the front end, which might make them out of sync with the rest of your material. Also, be sure to check that the start and end points fade nicely at the zero crossing. This will ensure you don’t get left with nasty little pops and clicks. 41. If you’re running out of room on the default drive you loaded your Live library to, you may want to move it to an external drive to free up some room. Go into your preferences and choose Library>Location. You can then move your library to another location. 42. After some interesting rhythmical textures? Right/Cntrl-click any random audio in Live and select “Slice to New MIDI Track”. The try reordering the generated MIDI to work with your drums, or even integrate them into your drum rack by dragging the drum pads over. 43. You can get some interesting effects side-chaining the filter in Live. A nice little feature. 44. If you you have a complex MIDI part in Cubase and you want to separate its contents or delete some notes you can speedily do this by choosing MIDI>Dissolve part with the even selected. Each note can then be split off to a separate even or even split by channel. 45. If the machine you are using for music production is also connected to the web, it’s probably a good idea to turn off automatic updates for your machine. By doing so, you’ll make sure that any incompatibilities that updates might create with your DAW are avoided. You can always select to download updates but manually install them – giving you time to ensure that you have properly backed up your machine before installing updates. 46. Sorry, did you say that you don’t regularly back up your machine/sample library? Are you a glutton for punishment? Back up, back up, back up – or you’ll eventually regret it. 47. The EVOC (Logic’s vocoder) can be used for much more than the traditional vocoder effect – especially if you make use of side-chaining. Try setting it up in it’s synth mode and play in a chord/note that works with your track. Then side chain it to something like your drums to get an interesting rhythm that sits well with your drums. Try delaying this to get some interesting accompanyments that compliment your drums. 48. If you’re using pads to fill out your track, try using a band-pass filter on the sound and modulate it in some way to give your pads movment – this could be something like LFO’s, envelopes, or even just track automation of the filter itself. 49. Some limiters will let you push their output to 0db but some will let you push past that. It’s good practice to set the output level below zero (-0.1 or -0.2 for example) to avoid any potential clipping or errors. 50. Compression and limiting are nice but don’t squash the life out of your track. It results in no dynamics and a tiring feel…if your waveform basically looks like a solid block, you’re probably pushing way too hard. “…files should be in WAV or AIFF format and should not have been converted to a lesser quality (ie resolution or sample rate) – please do not send us MP3 versions! Your files should be as raw as possible please send with with no effects, compression or maximisation. It helps to ensure no plug-ins used have over-levelled at any point and the file sent has had no channels touching the red, lastly a good 6db or so of headroom on the finished file is essential to allow us to do our thing and obtain the best possible audio result. 52. When you are layering kicks to get that perfect sound, pay attention to phase. If you are layering a couple of kicks, say one with a low end and one with a more punchy mid/top, try switching the phase on one of the channels. This can sometimes result in a more pleasing sound. Another option is to play with the track delay. Moving one of them slightly in relation to the other can often give you a nice result. 53. When trying to brighten a sound, it’s often as useful to remove some of the lower mids as it is to try and increase the higher frequencies with EQ. Just be careful not to remove too much as you will loose punch. 54. Try sending all of your drum elements, minus the kick and snare, to a bus and add a compressor to the bus. If you side-chain your kick and snare to the compressor on this bus and adjust the send levels of the kick and snare to the bus, you will be able to push up all the elements in your drums but still keep the main driving elements – kick and snare – prominent. 55. If you can’t seem to find that right percussive sound and you’ve gone through your library, don’t forget about adjusting the transients on what you have. This, and detuning, can seriously alter your drum library sounds and you’ll likely find what you are after. For a more percussive sound, use short attacks, low sustains and quick decays. For more smooth and extended sounds it’s the opposite. 56. After struggling to work this out at home, I came across this really informative video courtesy of makemorenoise that covers how to easily copy track automation in Logic Pro using very simple key commands. 57. Use the Flutter control to add pitch inconsistencies to the output of the Tape Delay plug-in. Interestingly, this can work particularly well with ‘fixed pitch’ sounds (like a Fender Rhodes piano, for example) as the pitch modulations add an extra touch of chorus-like warmth. 58. When applying delay, experimenting with feedback can create interesting effects. Features to use in conjunction with feedback are the Low Cut and High Cut controls. Delay always seems to work best when it has a different timbral colour from the original input, arguably helping the ear to make a distinction between the dry and wet signals as well as mimicking the tonal colouration of an ‘echo’ that might occur in the real world. Using these filtering controls (which are positioned as part of the feedback circuit) you can make the delay darker (using High Cut), thinner (using Low Cut) or narrower (using a combination of both filters). 59. You can give your drums a pulsing feel if you apply an LFO controlled low-pass filter to them. Add the filter to your drum track and lower the frequency until you start hearing it filter the hi-hats. Then, set the LFO amount nice and low and sync the rate to a 1-bar cycle. You can then offset the LFO to taste. 60. Off beat hi-hat patterns can make your patterns more interesting if you loop them for 3 beats rather than the usual four. This way, they cycle at a different rate to the main loop, but still stay in time. Give it a try and see how it sounds. 61. DAW’s will store your audio files, unless you deliberately delete them. Having masses of audio in your project file will clog up your hard drive un-necessarily when your project is finished. So, in Logic go to your Audio Bin and find the ‘delete un-used audio’ function. 62. If you’re having trouble with hard drive space, think about recording in MIDI instead of audio. This will allow you to record lots of alternate takes without having to worry too much about space. Perfect for laptop producers, who’s hard drives may not be as large. 63. Confused about when to use insert effects or send to a buss with an effect on it? As a general rule, you should use inserts on channels that you want to process independantly, but use busses if you want to process a group of channels collectively. For example, you might have a group of drum tracks – kick, snares, hats, shakers, that you want to EQ and compress. You might put an individual EQ on each of the channels, and compress each channel differently to get the desired sound. Then, you could send all of these channels to a buss with another compressor on it that compresses the collective tracks to “glue” them together. 64. Using Reverb and Delay as buss effects is often useful as it creates a common sense of space for all of your track parts. If you use different Reverb and Delay settings for each track as an insert, this can create a sense of non-conformity that your brain feels is strange – afterall, we are used to listening to music in one type of environment, which colours the whole sound. 65. Even though you remove a file from your session in Ableton, Ableton’s file management system still keeps any previously used files in the project folder. This can end up taking up a lot of unecessary space on your drive. You can use the “manage files” function. -then click show in finder (make sure that the headphone sample preview is off. Select all and delete…Bam free hard drive space. 66. One way to grab vocals off a recording is to eq out the drums but this often has some undesireable effects on the vocal as well. If you happen to have the instrumental version, you can try another technique – phase cancellation. Here’s a nice little video on the process. 67. Looking for that “sampled from vinyl” effect to give your tracks a little more grit? Don’t overlook the bit-crusher. Just a slight bit of crushing on some select elements can give your digital tracks that more organic feel. 68. A good way to get some movement in your mix is to use autopanners on two instruments playing the same MIDI information. Oppose the starting points so that as they pan they cross eachother as they pan. Keep on eye on your wet/dry setting on the panners though or the mix may become unbalanced. 69. An important and often overlooked part of mastering is to check your mix for mono compatibility. Many club systems have mono systems and it your track isn’t mono compatible you will get phase cancellation – removing essential parts like your bassline. Get an analyzer that checks for mono compatibility – many mastering suites have them and there are also free tools you can find on the web. 70. Use busses and group similar sounds there applying effects like reverb and compression. By creating group busses for basses and drums for example, you’ll develope a more coherent “glued together” sound. 71. Many of Ableton’s plugins have different quality modes – such as the EQ for example. Setting them to the highest quality mode will result in a better quality processing of the audio, but this also results in higher CPU use. If you are struggling with CPU load, consider setting them to a lower setting when in your arranging/jamming mode and then having your mixing defaults set to the highest setting. At this point you should have already bounced down quite a few files and will have more processing power available. 72. Be careful when using your DAW’s freeze function or exporting stems for mixing – many DAWS will bypass any sidechaning you had in place when you do this. Instead, bounce any side-chained parts down using sidechain processing individually through the master bus (set to 0dB with all plugins bypassed). Be sure you have the output of the sidechain source channels muted with still sending their signal to the bus. 73. Always keep your monitoring level at a reasonable level whilst you are working in the studio and turn it up once in a while for a short period. SAVE YOUR EAR’s – the last thing you want is to damage your ears or get tinnitus which could end your music making career for good! 74. Always save your tracks with different version names as you are writing the track. This will enable you to experiment more with the track without worries about loosing your way – if you lose your way you can always pull up an earlier version. 75. This should go without saying but many people still don’t do it. BACK UP!!! My backup external hard drive recently broke and I did not replace it straight away. 3 weeks later my hard drive died and I lost everything. 3 years of music arrangements gone. Don’t think it won’t happen to you and get caught out! 76. Name your tracks either as you go or at the end of every session. This will make it much easier when you go back to your arrangement to alter tracks easily and know what’s what. 76. An equalizer and spectrum meter are essential when you are writing a song. Analyze your tracks EQ responses to find ranges of your mix that are lacking frequencies, and fill in the gaps. You can also then use EQ to help even out your mixes. It is also a good idea to analyze some of your favourite tracks in the same genre to get a sense of what the frequency range looks like. 77. If your gain reduction meter on your compressor doesn’t return to 0dB for a few bars, you are probably over-compressing. The fact that gain reduction never returns to 0dB indicates that compression is always taking place. A constantly compressed signal – especially if it’s relating to your whole track – can sound very flat and lifeless, as you are squashing all of the natural dynamics out of your sounds. 78. When you are dialing in settings on a compressor ask yourself these questions each time. 79. Don’t overlook the built in track delay for each of the tracks in your DAW. By altering these slightly (1-10ms or so) you can push things forward in time or pull them back, creating a relaxed or urgent feel. Clever playing around with these will also give your track it’s own unique sense of swing. 80. If you’re using a sampler to play in percussive sounds, variation of the velocities can make them sound more human. Go further and experiment with modulating the sample starts via an LFO or the velocity – or by altering the pitch of hits subtly. These will slightly change the place of the peak transient in your groove or mimic they way a drummer strikes differently each time. 81. The way you put your effects chains together can have a profound effect on the final sound. People are often confused about when to add EQ and compression. There’s no hard-and-fast rule to this, but thinking about it in a common-sense way will help you decide. Simply ask yourself the following question: ” Do I want to EQ my compressed signal, or compress my EQ’d signal?” The answer to that will tell you where to place each in your chain in that instance. If you still don’t know the answer, experiment with both and see what pleases you most. 82. Did you know you can re-size the meters both horizontally and diagonally in Ableton to get more information and greater resolution? Try dragging the line above the meter or sideways on the track header to reveal the dB meter numbers. 83. Have a play with the EQ3 in Ableton vs. the EQ8 and try cutting a certain frequencies – say the low end for example. You’ll soon notice that the EQ3 has a very different characteristic and can be useful for your more “broad range” cuts. 84. Experiment with stacking sounds in your sampler and then sculpting the stacked sounds to create your own unique elements. If you’re using Logic for example just open up an EXS24 instrument and go to the instrument editor. Highlight the folder in the left hand “Zone” column (this will select all the zones in your instrument). Now go to the edit menu and hit “copy”. Now open up a new exs24 instrument that you think might sound interesting stacked with your first one. Go to the instrument editor as before, and the select “paste”. Your zones from both instruments will now be stacked and triggering a key will trigger both samples assigned to that key at the same time. 85. Looking for a slightly different way to add some movement to your pads other than the usual side-chained compression option? Try using a high-pass filter with an envelope following option and adding it to a pad sound. Set the sidechain of the filter to listen to the kick so that it raises the filter cut-off when the kick drum plays. 86. If your kick is lacking clarity, one fix is to subtly layer it with on-beat hats – these bring it some clarity and bite. Just mix it to taste. 87. Old schol drum machines were created so that the kick and snares in particular kits are designed to work well with eachother right out of the box, so you can use these as a foundation for your beats and then layer up with your own samples for extra flavour. 88. Give your hats some nice movement by panning the closed hats hard left and right and creating a sequence that alternately triggers left and right hats. Put an open hat in the centre. 89. If you are using the EXS24 and want to emulate the classic “choking” effect where open and closed hats cannot play at the same time just route all your hats to a single “Group”. To do this, just go to the group pull-down menu and create a new group. Set the number of voices to 1. Now, only one sound can play at once, effectively “choking” the others. 90. If you want to easily see where triplets should fall using your grid, try programming using a 24/4 quantize grid. 91. Looking for that extra bit of energy in your fills? Try switching to triplets in the fill before reverting back to 16th or 8th quantize divisions for the regular groove. 92. Looking for a more chunky sound to your hats and snares? Try some modest bit-crushing and you’ll be surprised at how this can thicken up some sounds. This will reduce some of the high range frequency, so you’ll need to compensate with a bit of upper-end EQ. 93. Working all day with a loud kick drum can tire your ears, not to mention in some cases annoy the neighbors. Try putting a low cut filter on your master channel just to give your ears a bit of rest once you’ve got your kick levels sorted. You can always turn it off periodically to test your mix levels. Your ears and your neighbors will appreciate the break. 94. Have you written in all your automation and found out you need to do some track level tweaking? Save yourself the hassle of altering your automation and instead insert a utility plugin on the rogue channel. You can dial in a negative output level and bring the gain of your channel down without having to get into the automation. 97. Fills are great for filling the space left when the vocalist or lead instrumentalist isn’t playing, and also signal changes in your arrangement. This will create tension and add interest to a track. Fills could be drum rolls, for example, or a reverse reverb from a vocal. 98. Did you know you can save clips containing just MIDI CC automation data for future use ? You could, for example, open up previous projects and save the filter sweeps, volume swells or velocity patterns. These can then easily be transferred over existing MIDI tracks on new tracks. Use something like Cubase’s Logical Editor or Logic’s Transform functions to reassign your clips to entirely new CCs. A great time saver. 99. If you ever feel like u don’t know where to go with your track, try using your DAW’s MIDI transpose function to shift entire passages up and down in pitch. Often, these transposition tools offer the option of keeping the notes relative to the key of the song. You may also want to try this without this option- you’ll be surprised at some of the interesting key change progressions you arrive at. 100. Don’t overlook MIDI control numbers for your synth. These will be listed somewhere in the manual and offer a way for you to draw in automation and assign it to a vast array of parameters on your synth. Try drawing in your own automation and assinging it to whatever MIDI parameter you want to modulate. You could assign it to the general MIDI CC 74 for the cutoff frequency or MIDI CC 7 for the volume for example. Experiment with different CC’s and see what cool effects you stumble across. 101. Looking to add some extra oomph to a chord? Try assigning a different sound to each note in the chord and play with the levels/ADSR of each to get a good fit. An easy way to do this is to play each key of your chord individually with a different synth patch for each and record the output. Then throw these sounds in a sampler and assign them to each of the appropriate keys. When you play them all together, you’ll get an interesting multi-layered chord. Very similar to the concept of stacking intstruments, but with an extra twist. 102. A lot of the space and size in my breakdowns comes from layering pads. I’ll have two or three layered and EQ them so they take care of different frequencies. So if there’s a pad that’s quite bottom-end orientated I’ll take the top out of it. Then, for another pad with really nice top end, I’ll EQ out the bottom end and so on. I also like to widen things up a little and logics sample delay is a fantastic way to get wideness to sounds. It lets you delay one of the channels by samples rather than milliseconds and is really good for widening pads. A lot of people put too much into tracks when making trance and it can get too crowded. I always work from the peak of the track and then strip it back for the arrangement. For ambience, the Big Cave preset on logics Space Designer is great and I also use QuikQuak’s fusion field. Try raising the reverb level over time so it almost overpowers the dry signal for big build-ups. 103. Lately, I like to add a little randomness – and sometimes a lot of it – to some parameters of my instruments: pitch, pan, volume, cut-off, decay, fx levels and so on. When done subtly, it may not be too noticeable from the outside and the listener probably can’t guess what is going on. But it will start to make instruments sound a bit more lively, unique and interesting. For example, it can be done in NI Massive or any other vst through formula controller if, like me, you use FL Studio. 104. With the update of Maschine to 1.8 there are some quick new ways to select and modify notes. Hold erase+select+pad to erase notes or shift+select+pad to select them. Once you’ve selected the events on particular pad, you can modify their with the swing, timing, velocities etc. 105. We’ve probably said this before, but get used to using a spectrum analyzer on each channel to help you clean up your mixes and notch out conflicting frequencies on different tracks. You’d be surprised how much “mud” you’ll find on things you really didn’t think had any low end, and cleaning this unecessary stuff out from the start will help you get a much cleaner mix in the end. 106. The key to getting expressive unique sounds from your synth is various forms of modulation. Get to understand your Mod Matrix and the various ways you can alter the sounds over time with things like envelopes. You’ll be glad you spent the time and find yourself deviating from the standard presets in your own way. 107. It doesn’t ALWAYS have to cost a load to be good. In fact there are a ton of great free plugins on the web. Our free area at Plugin Boutique is a good place to start your hunt. 108. Looking to get a more interesting sequence from your arpeggiator? Try throwing one after another for some even stranger effects. Another great way to play with the original sequence is to alter the note velocities and lengths using your DAWs’ “Transform” or “Numerical Edit” function. 109. Modulating a synth’s filter cutoff frequency with an LFO is a great way to get a sound that evolves and works well with an apreggiator. 110. It’s a good idea to add and EQ and roll off the low end on your delay and reverb busses to keep things from getting muddy. 111. Use wide voicing and go easy on the sustain if you’re working with a Rhodes sound, to keep things from getting muddy. 112. Did you know that you can play any sample you drop into a clip in Ableton’s session view chromatically? Just drop a sample into an empty clip, click on MIDI learn, and while the clip is highlighted press the lowest and highest keys on your keyboard. Exit MIDI learn and you’ll now be able to play the sample pitched up and down on your keyboard. For good results, double click the audio file and turn of global quantization for the clip, so every time you hit a key the sample plays back immediately. 113. With the newest operating system update to Maschine, you’ve got a great way to browse your samples. Just turn on preview mode in the browser and select your sample folder. As you browse through using the hardware controller you’ll audition the sounds and if you come across something you love, you’ll be ready to load it into the sampler and start playing. 114. Did you know that if you are planning on dithering your bounced file after bouncing (during the final mastering stage) Ableton’s manual suggests you bounce at 32-bit (or above)? These guys are so underratted, I’ve been listening and appreciating their music for a while now. In the last year and change, Audio Push have released a ton of music. From their Inside the Vibe and The Stone Junction EPs to their My Turn series and debut album, 90951. So much so, that they’ve decided to package up a collection of tracks they haven’t released yet and released them as The Throwaways. Produced entirely by Larry Belafonte, The Throwaways can be heard below. Weezy threw up the diamond sign to the packed crowd at Aebersold Recreation Center recently and mentioned that he is now part of Roc Nation, “Is it cool if I just say it? Its the Roc. You know I’m a member of that team now,”. This is definately a good move for Weezy since he’s been having endless label issues with former label, Cash Money. Kendrick Lamar surprises us and unveils the cover and tracklist for his highly anticipated forthcoming album titled “DAMN.” No rap features on this album and we cant wait to hear it. Damn. is set to drop on Thursday 13th of April.

2019-04-24T18:10:24Z

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Translation from Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, Botucatu, v.13, n.31, p. 409-422, Dez. 2009. Founded on practical rationality, this qualitative case study aimed to explore the teaching practice at university, focusing on teacher's reflections and competencies. To this end, teaching practices were described, analyzed, and interpreted. These interactions with students on a course in the pharmacy program, brought about situations involving dilemmas and learning opportunities for problem-solving and decision-making skills. Throughout the study, students were encouraged to use knowledge-in-action, reflection-in-action, and reflection-on-action, and these processes were also experienced by the teacher. Analysis of the records from classroom observation and the interviews with students and the teacher showed the fundamental role of such reflective processes, which led to attainment of the intended objectives. In this sense, the teacher's reflective practice was essential for supporting the application of each curricular component of the course. Key words: Teacher's practices. Reflective processes. Teacher's competencies. Case study. Com base na racionalidade prática, este estudo de caso qualitativo objetivou explorar a prática docente universitária, focalizando a reflexão e as competências do professor. Para tanto, foram descritas, analisadas e interpretadas as práticas que, na interação com os alunos em uma disciplina do curso de farmácia, criassem situações dilemáticas e oportunidades de aprendizagem das habilidades de solução de problemas e tomada de decisão. Ao longo do estudo, os alunos foram estimulados a utilizar os processos de conhecimento-na-ação, reflexão-na-ação e reflexão-sobre-a-ação, que também foram vivenciados pelo professor. A análise dos registros de observação em sala de aula e de entrevistas com alunos e o professor evidenciou a importância desses processos reflexivos, que nortearam a consecução dos objetivos pretendidos. Nesse sentido, a reflexão docente sobre a própria prática foi fundamental para subsidiar a aplicação de cada componente curricular da disciplina. Palavras chave: Práticas docentes. Processos reflexivos. Competências docentes. Estudo de caso. Basado en la racionalidad práctica, este estudio de caso cualitativo objetivó averiguar la práctica docente universitaria, centrado en la reflexión y en las competencias del profesor. Para eso, hemos descrito, analizado e interpretado las prácticas docentes que, en la interacción con los alumnos de farmacia, criasem situaciones dilemáticas y oportunidades de enseñanza de las habilidades de solución de problemas y decisiones. A lo largo del estudio, los alumnos fueram estimulados a utilizar procesos de conocimiento-en-la-acción, reflexión-en-la-acción y reflexión-sobre-la-acción, también vividos por el profesor. El análisis de los registros de observación en clase y de entrevistas con alumnos y el profesor evidenció la importancia de esos procesos reflexivos, cuya conducción llevaron a lograr los objetivos. En este sentido, la reflexión docente sobre la propia práctica fue fundamental para subsidiar la aplicación de cada componente curricular de la asignatura. Palabras clave: Prácticas docentes. Procesos reflexivos. Competencias docentes. Estudio de caso. The present study describes the essence of the research developed for the doctoral thesis of one of the authors (Costa). Since the theoretical reference point used was reflective teaching practice, the text firstly presents remarks regarding the theory to illustrate the concepts worked on, and to place this study in its context. The study was developed within the scenario of higher education. Thus, the text starts with a comparison between technical rationality and practical rationality and describes what reflective practice is. The reflective processes are then presented, followed by a brief description of the postmodern scenario and its characteristics, which have brought new tasks and responsibilities for teachers. At the end of the introduction, reflective practices and teaching competencies are characterized. After introductory remarks, the text then presents the results from an investigative study: objectives, methodology, results, discussion and final remarks. Modern higher-level education is sustained by positivist roots, in an epistemological form named technical rationality (Schön, 1983). This vision constitutes the basis for the traditional culture of university teachers. From this point of view, there is a clear separation between theory and practice: only after contact with scientifically proven truths (the so-called core facts) are students capable of applying the acquired knowledge (Pedroso and Cunha, 2008). In investigating the relationship between types of knowledge that are respected in universities and types of competency that are valued in professional practice, Schön (1983) demonstrated that university institutions are committed to technical rationality, whereas professional practice requires a new epistemological form of practice: practical rationality. This is based on action and reflection together, in a process named reflective practice (Kinsella, 2006). Through practical rationality, learning that does not disconnect reason (theory/knowledge) from action (practice) is proposed. This shows the importance of reflection within education. In this manner, in addition to theoretical knowledge, there is also knowledge that originates from practice itself, and this knowledge may be useful for reinventing wisdom, creating new techniques and reassessing practices (Alarcão, 1996). Therefore, there is constructivist value in practice, and this can be used to modify or improve the rules and processes evaluated by science (technical rationality). According to Schön (1983, 1987), reflective practice is centered on three processes: knowledge-in-action, reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. Knowledge-in-action is a type of knowledge that is not derived from any intellectual operation and is embedded within the action itself. Reflection-in-action is triggered in situations of doubt, when unexpected situations are encountered. Subsequently, after the action has been completed, it is possible to think about what happened and how the action was undertaken, in an evaluative process named reflection-on-action. According to Schön, the focus is on professional practice, i.e. the ways in which professionals act in real situations and how they can be helped to develop their reflective processes through action by an educator: coaching. Within the context of the present study, the coaching system used by Schön for studying these processes (in general, one tutor per student) was adapted to Brazilian realities: the university teacher faced with a classroom of dozens of students (Faria, 2003; Cunha et al., 2001; Mezzaroba, 2000; Rozendo et al., 1999). Therefore, the focus was on the practices of university teachers, and the way in which their reflective processes influenced the curriculum structure and teaching in the classroom. Over the last four decades of the 20th century, modern or industrial society witnessed the gradual appearance of so-called post-industrial, postmodern or information-based society. The availability of knowledge through the internet (Abreu and Nicolaci-da-Costa, 2003), together with the speed of information renewal in the postmodern era, has challenged the universality of knowledge that is postulated through positivist ideas. Thus, real problems increasingly present new, interactive, uncertain, polemical and polysemic characteristics, including in the field of pharmacy (Chaud, Gremião and Freitas, 2004), which is the focus of the present study. This picture contrasts with the curriculum structure prevailing in universities (Lima, Castro and Carvalho, 2000), insofar as the latter compartmentalizes and crystallizes knowledge into disciplines. Therefore, the situations that students will face make it imperative to learn how to adapt to new contexts (Ketzer, 2007; Tavares and Alarcão, 2001) and, consequently, how to structure and put in context problematic situations. In this way, there will be a greater possibility of clarifying the objectives to be achieved and selecting, from among the diversity of means, the most appropriate one for meeting these objectives. In this light, teachers are tasked not only with transferring material content but also, especially, with providing their students with the skills to use and link knowledge, thus selecting and applying it correctly in order to solve the problem that is presented. Knowing how to solve problems is just one of the essential characteristics for entering the current job market, which also requires people who know how to communicate, make decisions and work in groups (Petit, Foriers and Rombaut, 2008a, 2008b). For students to attain these objectives, which requires them to develop complex capacities, such as problem-solving and acting in cooperation with other people, teachers need to develop competencies that allow them to plan and successfully apply the curriculum components. For example, this includes clearly defining the objectives, the material content to be explored and what should be excluded, and the methodological and evaluative strategies (Zabalza, 2004; Zabalza, 1998). For this, it is fundamental to maintain attitudes and habits of reflecting on classroom practice. One of the main themes in postmodern education is reflective education (Sockman and Sharma, 2008; Cronin and Connolly, 2007; Gomes and Casagrande, 2002; Pereira, 1998), which places value on teaching practices that stimulate reflection by teachers themselves and by their students. Nonstop production of new information requires teachers and students to develop critical awareness (Freire, 1997) and learn to think and reflect on what has been learned and what has been done in practice. The reflective processes of knowledge-in-action, reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action are manifested by teachers (or tutors, as they were called by Schön, 1983) and by students, and they can be stimulated through facing situations of dilemmas. In the view of Zabalza (1994, p.61), dilemmas are "the entire set of bipolar or multipolar situations that are presented to teachers over the course of their professional activities". Such situations can be either bipolar or multipolar because, in the first case, a dilemma may present two clearly opposite choices, and in the second case, it may have a range of alternatives. Therefore, in day-to-day classroom activities, dilemmas are concrete situations characterized by a need for immediate decisions in unpredictable contexts like those of the classroom. To accomplish reflective teaching, teachers need to have a set of knowledge and attitudes, such as an open mind, intellectual responsibility and enthusiasm (Marcelo García, 1992). They should also respect students' knowledge, accept new things, reject discrimination of any type, be humble and tolerant and demonstrate professional competency and commitment (Freire, 1997). Competency is a polysemic term that is difficult to define (Lima, 2005; Perrenoud, 2001; Rios, 1999). However, there is a certain degree of consensus among authors that this term involves correct mobilization of cognitive, affective and, sometimes, psychomotor characteristics (Perrenoud, 2002). In this respect, Masetto (2003) indicated certain competencies that were considered to be specific for university teachers: i) up-to-date mastery of basic knowledge (through research) and practical experience within their field of activity; ii) mastery of various aspects of pedagogy; and iii) practice of teaching as a citizen and politician. Reflective practices constitute prerequisites for university teachers to be able to develop certain competencies for (re)thinking the curriculum components of a discipline, thereby stimulating reflective processes in students and feeding their disposition to (re)evaluate their objectives, which will guide the other curriculum components. Thus, it can be understood that reflective practice avoids accommodation and stimulates frequent refinement of teaching activities. Nevertheless, some authors (Luz, 2008; Pimenta, 2002; Valadares, 2002; Campos and Pessoa, 1998) have criticized Donald Schön's theory of reflective practice, especially regarding the concept of "reflective teachers", as follows: i) Schön considered that reflection was an individual process (without taking into account reflections as collective activities); ii) as a corollary of the preceding criticism, Schön did not expand his theory to institutional conditions, and thus included little exploration of the social context of reflective activities; and iii) there was no discussion of the role of teachers' theory training. The criticisms that have been pointed out are pertinent but, nonetheless, Schön's ideas regarding teaching have not lost their value. Oral and written reports on reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action are important for improving classroom practice, and they also enrich the production and dissemination of research. Furthermore, collective reflection among teachers is a question of habit and training in exchanging experiences through meetings, which may be the starting point for institutional changes. In addition, the issue of theory in teacher training is an integral part of the curriculum and focuses on aspects of the teacher-student relationship for teaching and learning. This investigation explored teachers' actions through studying the role of reflection and the competencies needed for turning the curriculum of an academic discipline into a means for improving students' learning. More concretely, this study sought to describe the teaching practices and reflective processes associated with these practices that would strengthen the competencies needed for university teachers to delineate the curriculum structure from the teaching objectives, with the aim of maximizing their students' learning opportunities. Given that the current requirements for teaching positions have kept on increasing (Vasconcellos, Oliveira and Berbel, 2006), focusing on differentiated teaching practices may enrich the discussion on better-quality university teaching. Thus, the aim of this study was to contribute towards reflections on the way in which teachers act in classrooms, through examining the reflective processes and competencies that guide teaching practices. A qualitative case study strategy was used in this investigation (Bogdan and Biklen, 1994; Lüdke and André, 1986). This approach was chosen because it would supply data that would generate interpretations of greater significance than would the data obtained from quantitative studies. The latter would, for example, indicate good or poor performance, but would be incapable of providing interpretations that might reveal reasons for success or failure. Given the proposed objectives, a teacher who would present indications of differentiated teaching practice was selected. The selection was made based on a meeting on teaching experiences that took place in a public university, within the pharmacy course. At this event, several teachers presented innovative actions that aimed to improve teaching and students' learning. Thus, it was possible to contact disciplines that valued reflection and critical thinking. After selecting the teacher, his practices were described, analyzed and interpreted, In interactions with his students, this teacher was in the habit of creating situations involving dilemmas and opportunities for training in problem-solving and careful decision-making, by means of recording and observing the reflective processes of knowledge-in-action, reflection-n-action and reflection-on-action, which took place over the course of the activities that were monitored. The teacher selected was giving classes in a professional training discipline to the penultimate year of the undergraduate pharmacy course. The data-gathering methods used were observation, document analysis and interview. The data gathering began with observations in the classroom between August and October 2000, totaling around 45 hours of observations. On all the days observed, the concrete ways in which activities were performed by the students were ascertained, and the activities that the teacher proposed and which could stimulate reflection were recorded. During the observation period, the students and the teacher were aware that the observer was monitoring the classes, but would not become involved in the activities (Minayo, 1999), in order that the observer would remain free to make written records. The study subjects were the teacher of the discipline and the 32 students enrolled in the discipline. The document analysis consisted of examining the initial assessment questionnaires and a test-based exercise that the teacher proposed, for the students to gain some knowledge of what the final assessment would be like. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the teacher of the discipline and with three students. The students were selected based on information supplied by their colleagues, of the type "he's a good student", and also based on classroom observations, to gain a perception of whether such students would be consistent sources of information. Selecting three individuals out of a total of 32 students is coherent with the qualitative approach, since this does not following sampling logic, which would be inadequate for covering all the relevant variables for the case under examination (Yin, 1994). Thus, the number of interviewees was compensated qualitatively by drawing up a list of questions that enabled in-depth responses because they were open questions. The interview question list was drawn up to seek information from the students regarding teaching practices that made reflection easier or more difficult. The teacher was asked to provide the same information with the aim of data triangulation. The interviews were recorded on cassette tape and subsequently transcribed and confirmed by the subjects, to whom anonymity was guaranteed. In the thematic analysis on the data (Minayo, 1999), the first step was to read the observation reports and interview transcripts in depth. Following this, selection of significant passages and creation of codes were started. These codes were drawn up based on the features that drew most attention over the course of the classroom observation, particularly the teaching techniques used and the dynamics of the students' and teacher's reflective processes. After the codes had been established (see Table 1), the next step was to group similar codes as topics (corresponding to curriculum components of the discipline) and then as categories (see Table 2), in order to then proceed with data interpretation in the light of the theoretical framework adopted, i.e. reflective education. Although significant data were generated, the case study approach presents certain limitations. Some authors (Stake, 1995; Walker, 1988; Miles, 1979) have indicated that it has disadvantages such as the enormous cost in terms of time, money and personal effort. Furthermore, the ethical risks associated with qualitative research on education are considerable, since it involves people and thus always places privacy at risk. Traditionally, the positivists have indicated that there is a lack of rigor in such research, along with unpreparedness among researchers and subjective influences. However, these are fallacious and refutable arguments. The greatest concern in educational research is precisely the rigor relating to preparing and conducting the study, in order to maximize the validity of the conclusions. It should also be noted that subjectivity has been recognized as having a role of value: differing from common sense, it can be directed and seated in a rigorous attitude towards the research (Lüdke and André, 1986). The reflective processes and teaching practices were analyzed and discussed in conjunction with the teaching competencies that were highlighted. In this manner, strategies that would provide the conditions for developing reflective processes among the students were planned and, at the same time, data that enabled inferences about the teacher's reflections were obtained. In relation to the teaching objectives, the teacher affirmed that the discipline is a tool for: i) stimulation of reasoning and development of communication of ideas (oral and written); ii) practice of working in groups; iii) practice of social and citizen's roles as a professional; and selection of a problem and its context and proposal of possible solutions. I think the aim is to show to students that there is a reality that they can [...] be part of, including as professionals, to modify and improve the environment. [...] their knowledge can turn them into transformers [...] people who need to have a solid opinion about a given subject, which will have an influence on public opinion, yes. I'd like to imagine that they will be in a position to be deciding things, working on decision-making processes to participate in municipal policies in the city where they come from or where they live. I think this is extremely important (Interview with teacher). The teacher was concerned about the issue of scientific truth and the determinist manner in which information is transmitted. The greatest role of the discipline is to make students think (using the knowledge gained from basic disciplines) and reflect about scientific knowledge as something provisional and definitive. In his view, students coming from the university at which he was giving this course need to adopt an active stance, be opinion formers (Saupe et al., 2005) and know how to position themselves securely in relation to polemical issues, such as transgenic food, breakage or registration of patents etc. For this reason, students need to develop the capacity to think and demonstrate a critical sense: an ability for which there is little training in traditional school life. The objectives raised by the teacher are significant, since they reveal a concern for learning through proposing reflection exercises and practical situations that simulate the reality of professional life that students will face. For this reason, some situations were created (Table 1, code 2) that would stimulate students to think about their future professional action: working in groups and stimulation for reflection through solving specific problems that simulated possible real situations, such as in discussing and solving test questions and in compiling a proposal based on financial support for a project relating to fermentation processes, directed towards the future mayor (in the year 2000, the time of data gathering for this study, there were elections for the mayor and city councilors). In this category, establishment of bridges between the material content of the discipline and the professional world was highlighted. Thus, the teacher created situations that linked the material content presented with the realities of the profession (Table 1, code 4). For example, issues relating to patients and culturing of microorganisms, etc., were discussed. Day-to-day situations were used to illustrate the professional world (mega-mergers of food and pharmaceutical companies, microbe biodiversity and fermentation products). It was noticeable that the teacher was successful in transforming a technical subject (fermentation) into an agreeable and accessible topic for the students. What makes this even more surprising is that in Brazil, the pharmaceutical profession itself is still essentially technical in nature. 16:26 hours - The teacher circulated a small box among the students, containing fermentation products (moldy bread and cheese) and showed a set of substances and products (vinegar, wine, fructose, antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins, shampoos, Aji-no-motoÒ, DanoneÒ, OmoÒ, etc.) with a relationship with some form of fermentation and pharmaceutical technology (Aug 14, 2000 - classroom observation). 17:07 hours - O teacher showed a newspaper report (O Estado de São Paulo, June 27, 2000) about the purchase of NabiscoÒ by Philip MorrisÒ. Through this acquisition, Philip MorrisÒ became the second biggest food manufacturer in the world (the biggest is NestléÒ) (Aug 28, 2000 - classroom observation). The main problem in our region in relation to effluent treatment is the vinasse, which today is under better control but used to leave a horrible smell in the air (Sep 5, 2000 - classroom observation). 16:39 hours - [In the evaluation]... there will be four problems that involve the topics we have visited. The problems may be interlinked, and the subjects may encompass data from other disciplines. [The teacher] emphasized that it was not for the students to get hold of old exercise books and study, but only to train themselves to look outwards: to other disciplines and the place where they lived, outside of the school (Sep 25, 2000 - classroom observation). Here, it was shown which strategies or teaching methods were used and, fundamentally, how the teacher used these strategies. One widely used strategy was to form opposing groups to defend conflicting points of view, in polemical subjects like the right (or lack of right) to patent new species of microorganisms. For example, the teacher tried to form opposing groups within the class, by asking about students' position in relation to a topic and asking them to justify their choice (Table 1, codes 3, 5 and 6). This strategy made it possible to improve their knowledge-in-action and learn to reflect-in-action, as well as providing training on decision-making. Some situations that stimulated the students to work in groups were also created (Table 1, code 7), as well as proposals for exercises that placed value on the capacity for written expression, which is a fundamental ability in professional training for any field of knowledge. In proposing activities for training in writing, the teacher stimulated the students' capacity to reflect-on-action. It needs to be emphasized that this process of reflection-on-action is not merely a memory exercise, but involves the intellectual operation of recollection with a purpose, which is to assess how the action was carried out and the way in which it could be improved next time (Table 1, code 10). In the practical class, what we discussed most was how to do what he [the teacher] was proposing... Because he didn't say ‘Do it this way', he said ‘You have to do this; you'll discover how'. So, straightaway, everyone started to discuss what had to be done and how. Why it shouldn't be done one way but another way. Well, there was a whole series of questions and decisions to make... which I think was very important... Because this is how we are going to have to work from now on (Interview with a student). The teacher's concern about not providing ready answers or recipes that would be valid in any situation (Masetto, 2004) but, rather, to stimulate exchanges of ideas between the students, so as to make them autonomous learners and independent thinkers, was evident. In this category, the teacher's role of knowing the target public's characteristics and adapting the teaching practices to these characteristics was highlighted. From this point of view, the teacher took an ethical stance in that he respected and took into consideration individual differences between the students and sought to frame his evaluation based on this context, thereby placing value on each student's learning style. This teaching behavior contrasts directly with the technical rationality model, which denies the notion that students have different life histories. The model maintains that they experience, develop and incorporate their experiences, cultures and talents in a single manner. 3- You will already have heard about biotechnology through talks, speeches and various means of communication. Define biotechnology and describe its importance for humanity. / 5- You will soon be graduating as a pharmacist. What knowledge do you expect to acquire through the discipline of [name of this teacher's discipline] that might contribute towards your graduation? (Aug 14, 2000 - classroom observation/initial questionnaire). The classes generally aroused a critical spirit. The teacher really liked to provoke our attention... But what aroused a critical spirit most for me was the test: an intelligent test, a difficult one; it wasn't at all easy... but it was a test that greatly aroused a critical spirit and made the students discuss it with each other: what it was all about, the process, everything... This type of test was very advantageous; I liked it a lot. In my opinion, this was the best part of the material (interview with a student). The teacher said that it was impossible to ignore individual differences in small classes [he stressed that in large classes, it is much more difficult to give individual attention] (Aug 22, 2000 - classroom observation). The teacher said that he deliberately let the students talk, provided that each of them handed in his own responses. He knew that they would call on him to answer their queries. In this way, he identified each student's weak points and was then, later on, able to provide reinforcement for those who still did not understand the subject Aug 28, 2000 - classroom observation). I think that you're the one who has to create the experience. To decide how you are going to deal with a student who is used to being intelligent and having good marks, that is, he's intelligent in good marks. So you need to know what type of challenge he's going to make, or whether he will make any, or whether he will hide away; who he is. There's not much time for you to delve into this: as soon as clap eyes on a student, you have to know what kind of gem he is; you have to know right away, there's not much time. Firstly, you have to consider each of them to be a gem [...] you have to dig into them quickly; you have to find something to identify them, and this has to be something you feel in your skin, you know. Well, with time, you end up learning to do this. I think this is the great challenge (interview with the teacher). In the teacher's view, the material content acquires a secondary nature (Pedroso and Cunha, 2008) and can vary according to how higher objectives are developed: "It's not a repetitive thing: every year is something completely new and different. For this reason, I'd say that the material content doesn't matter much: you're working on other factors" (interview with the teacher). This study had the aim of exploring a case of differentiated teaching practice that highlighted the role of reflection and the competencies needed for university teachers to (re)think the curriculum organization for a discipline, in such a way as to maximize the opportunities for the students to learn how to solve problems and make decisions. At different times, the results showed that the processes of reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action had fundamental roles, stimulated (and experienced) by the teacher. These made it possible to direct the curriculum towards achieving the intended objectives. In this respect, the work developed by Pedroso and Cunha (2008) in relation to a nutrition course needs to be highlighted. Their report on innovative teaching experiences brought out valuable information that reinforces many of the conclusions from the present study. As discussed earlier, a crisis of paradigms is being experienced today within higher education (Masetto, 2004). Modern assumptions relating to stability of knowledge and the world of work have appeared and the perspectives for teacher training and action have changed (Pedroso and Cunha, 2008; Chaud, Gremião and Freitas, 2004; Tavares and Alarcão, 2001). Within this context of instability, individuals' reflections on their own practices form a fundamental condition for departing from the sphere of certainties provided by third parties to attain other levels (Zabalza, 1994), through considering reasoned decision-making, creative debate, learning that values mistakes and doubts (Ketzer, 2007), and the courage to propose new solutions. The best teachers are more aware of their practices, and this level of awareness depends on reflection on the complex process of teaching. 6) Teaching practice coherent with practical rationality: emphasis on the importance of theory linked to practice, and never dissociated from it; action supported and fed by theory, which is the essence of true praxis (action-reflection-action continuum). Given the complexity of teaching practice characteristics and their likely impact on students' personal and professional training, it is hoped that this study will contribute towards placing value on teaching practices that result in better learning conditions for students. ABREU, R.A.S.; NICOLACI-DA-COSTA, A.M. Internet: um novo desafio para os educadores. Cad. Psicol. Educ. Paidéia, v. 13, n. 25, p.27-40, 2003. ALARCÃO, I. Reflexão crítica sobre o pensamento de D. Schön e os programas de formação de professores. In: ______ (Org.). Formação reflexiva de professores: estratégias de supervisão. Porto, PT: Ed. Porto, 1996. p.9-39. BOGDAN, R.C.; BIKLEN, S.K. Investigação qualitativa em educação: uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Porto, PT: Ed. Porto, 1994. CAMPOS, S.; PESSOA, V.I.F. Discutindo a formação de professoras e de professores com Donald Schön. In: GERALDI, C.M.G.; FIORENTINI, D.; PEREIRA, E.M.A. (Orgs.). Cartografias do trabalho docente: professor(a)-pesquisador(a). Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras, 1998. p.183-206. CHAUD, M.V.; GREMIÃO, M.P.D.; FREITAS, O. Reflexão sobre o ensino farmacêutico. Rev. Ciênc. Farm., v. 25, n. 1, p.65-8, 2004. CRONIN, M.; CONNOLLY, C. Exploring the use of experiential learning workshops and reflective practice within professional practice development for post-graduate health promotion students. Health Educ. J., v. 66, n. 3, p.286-303, 2007. CUNHA, M.I. et al. Inovações pedagógicas na formação inicial de professores. In: FERNANDES, C.M.B.; GRILLO, M. (Orgs.). Educação superior: travessias e atravessamentos. Canoas: Ed. Ulbra, 2001. p.33-90. FARIA, J.I.L. Prática docente reflexiva na disciplina de Administração em Enfermagem Hospitalar: uma experiência de desenvolvimento profissional de professores-pesquisadores. Tese (Doutorado) - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. 2003. FREIRE, P. Pedagogia da autonomia: saberes necessários à prática educativa. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1997. GIROUX, H.A. Superando objetivos behavioristas e humanísticos. In: ______. Os professores como intelectuais: rumo a uma pedagogia crítica da aprendizagem. Porto Alegre: ArtMed, 1997. p.79-90. GOMES, J.B.; CASAGRANDE, L.D.R. A educação reflexiva na pós-modernidade: uma revisão bibliográfica. Rev. Latinoam. Enferm., v. 10, n. 5, p.696-703, 2002. KETZER, S.M. A graduação e os desafios da formação do educador do século XXI. Educação, v. 30, n. especial, p.35-45, 2007. KINSELLA, E.A. Constructivist underpinnings in Donald Schon's theory of reflective practice: echoes of Nelson Goodman. Reflective Practice, v. 7, n. 3, p.277-86, 2006. LIMA, P.G.; CASTRO, F.; CARVALHO, M.A.V. Caminhos da universidade rumo ao século XXI: pontos e estratégias para a sua orientação na visão de educadores brasileiros. Cad. Psicol. Educ. Paidéia, v. 10, n. 18, p.8-27, 2000. LIMA, V.V. Competência: distintas abordagens e implicações na formação de profissionais de saúde. Interface - Comunic., Saúde, Educ., v. 9, n. 17, p.369-79, 2005. LÜDKE, M.; ANDRÉ, M.E.D.A. Pesquisa em educação: abordagens qualitativas. São Paulo: EPU, 1986. LUZ, A.S. Discutindo o professor reflexivo no discurso oficial. VII Seminário Redestrado - Nuevas Regulaciones en América Latina. Buenos Aires, julho de 2008. Disponível em : <http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:C5gWY3CvhQEJ:www.fae.ufmg.br/estrado/cdrom_seminario_2008/textos/trabajos/DISCUTINDO%2520O%2520PROFESSOR%2520REFLEXIVO%2520NO%2520DISCURSO%2520OFICIAL.pdf+luz+%22professor+reflexivo%22+%22discurso+oficial%22&hl=pt-BR&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=br&lr=lang_pt>. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2009. MARCELO GARCÍA, C. A formação de professores: novas perspectivas baseadas na investigação sobre o pensamento do professor. In: NÓVOA, A. (Coord.) Os professores e a sua formação. Lisboa: Dom Quixote, 1992. p.51-76. MASETTO, M.T. Inovação na educação superior. Interface - Comunic., Saúde, Educ., v. 8, n. 14, p.197-202, 2004. ______. Professor universitário: um profissional da educação na atividade docente. In: MASETTO, M.T. (Org.). Docência na universidade. Campinas: Papirus, 2003. p.9-26. MEZZAROBA, L. Concepções de avaliação de professores e alunos de Farmácia e Bioquímica da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná. Rev. Bras. Educ. Méd., v. 24, n. 3, p.53-61, 2000. MILES, M.B. Qualitative data as an attractive nuisance: the problem of analysis. Adm. Sci. Q., v. 24, n. 4, p.590-601, 1979. MINAYO, M.C.S. O desafio do conhecimento: pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro: Hucitec/Abrasco, 1999. PEDROSO, M.B.; CUNHA, M.I. Vivendo a inovação: as experiências no curso de nutrição. Interface - Comunic., Saúde, Educ., v. 12, n. 24, p.141-52, 2008. PEREIRA, E.M.A. Professor como pesquisador: o enfoque da pesquisa-ação na prática docente. In: GERALDI, C.M.G.; FIORENTINI, D.; PEREIRA, E.M.A. (Orgs.). Cartografias do trabalho docente: professor(a)-pesquisador(a). Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras, 1998. p.153-81. PERRENOUD, P. A formação dos professores no século XXI. In: PERRENOUD, P. et al. As competências para ensinar no século XXI: a formação dos professores e o desafio da avaliação. Porto Alegre: ArtMed, 2002. p.11-33. ______. Ensinar: agir na urgência, decidir na incerteza. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: ArtMed, 2001. PETIT, P.; FORIERS, A.; ROMBAUT, B. The introduction of new teaching methods in pharmacy education-I. Lessons learned from history. Pharmacy Education, v. 8, n. 1, p.13-8, 2008a. ______. The introduction of new teaching methods in pharmacy education-II. The starting point. Pharmacy Education, v. 8, n. 1, p.19-28, 2008b. PIMENTA, S.G. Professor reflexivo: construindo uma crítica. In: PIMENTA, S.G.; GHEDIN, E. (Orgs.). Professor reflexivo no Brasil: gênese e crítica de um conceito. São Paulo: Cortez, 2002. p.17-52. RIOS, T.A. Ética e competência. 8. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 1999. ROZENDO, C. et al. Uma análise das práticas docentes de professores universitários da área da Saúde. Rev. Latinoam. Enferm., v. 7, n. 2, p.15-23, 1999. SAUPE, R. et al. Competência dos profissionais da saúde para o trabalho interdisciplinar. Interface - Comunic., Saúde, Educ., v. 9, n. 18, p.521-36, 2005. SCHÖN, D.A. Educating the reflective practitioner: toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987. ______. The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books, 1983. SOCKMAN, B.R.; SHARMA, P. Struggling toward a transformative model of instruction: it's not so easy! Teaching and Teacher Educ., v. 24, n. 4, p.1070-82, 2008. STAKE, R.E. The art of case study research. New York: SAGE, 1995. TAVARES, J.; ALARCÃO, I. Paradigmas de formação e investigação no ensino superior para o terceiro milênio. In: ALARCÃO, I. (Org.). Escola reflexiva e nova racionalidade. Porto Alegre: ArtMed, 2001. p.97-114. VALADARES, J.M. O professor diante do espelho: reflexões sobre o conceito de professor reflexivo. In: PIMENTA, S.G.; GHEDIN, E. (Orgs.). Professor reflexivo no Brasil: gênese e crítica de um conceito. São Paulo: Cortez, 2002. p.187-200. VASCONCELLOS, M.M.M.; OLIVEIRA, C.C.; BERBEL, N.A.N. O professor e a boa prática avaliativa no ensino superior na perspectiva de estudantes. Interface - Comunic., Saúde, Educ., v. 10, n. 20, p.443-56, 2006. WALKER, R. Three good reasons for not doing case studies in curriculum research. In: New directions in educational evaluation, p.103-116, 1988. YIN, R.K. Case study research: design and methods. 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1994. ZABALZA, M.A. O ensino universitário: seu cenário e seus protagonistas. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004. ______. Diários de Aula. Porto: Ed. Porto, 1994. * This study is the result from the doctoral thesis of Caetano da Costa, under supervision by Lisete D. R. Casagrande. It had scientific and financial support from Fapesp and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School at which it was conducted. The authors worked together at all stages of producing the manuscript. There were no conflicts of interest. i Address: Avenida José Herbert Faleiros, 600, casa 20, CEP 14098-780, Ribeirão Preto-SP. Brasil.

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http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414-32832010000100024&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Q: What makes Pauline's European Skin Care so special? A: I have been serving Riverside for almost 30 years. I am fully licensed and insured as required by the city and state-- so you know that I am extensively trained in my field. You can feel safe in the fact that I am experienced and knowledgeable. I pride myself on cleanliness, precision, professionalism and customer service. I use the same high-quality skin care lines in my back-bar as I sell out you (with exception, of course, to professional grade products that cannot be sold to anyone other than skin care professionals) so your results will be consistent. My linens are changed after every client, tools/floors/equipment are sanitized for your safety. For those that are familiar with going to nail salons, spas, hair salons and other such places-- you know how important this is. Additionally, I make it my mission to assist you with any of your skin care and waxing needs so that you are happy with your purchases and visits. I do more than just preform facials-- I teach proper skin care and prescribe products that are uniquely chosen for your specific skin type. I care about my customers and provide only the best for them! Q: Do I take walk-in appointments? A: Of course I do. HoIver, while I do accept walk-in and last minute appointments, I do not always guarantee their availability. It is strongly encouraged to make an appointment ahead of time in order to get the time and date that works the best with your schedule. Q: Do I have evening appointments available? A: My hours and days are different than those that I used to work when I was at European Skin Care, and different than my current location, The Beauty Hospital. Q: Do I offer gift certificates? A: Yes. Please contact the Beauty Hospital for more information on this. Q: "Why should I pay more here when I can pay less elsewhere?" What I can tell you is that I know what I can do in terms of facials, waxing, holistic services and more. I am Ill-trained, fully licensed and consistent-- you will not get a different skin care specialist or massage therapist every time you come in. When you come for a facial, you get results and you gain skin care knowledge that will last you a lifetime. I don't just give you the facial, waxing or a holistic service you want and send you out the door without another word. I care for my clients. I are punctual, fair and you get your money's worth. I am knowledgeable, boast training from more than one institution, have excellent ratings online and can proudly say that some of the best in Beverly Hills Ire even trained by me. I know our products are top-quality and fairly priced-- and extremely effective. I know I are clean, professional and have maintained our level of excellent service, results and customer care for over 30 years. So the question you should be asking is: why haven't you come to me before now? You won't be disappointed. Q: What time should you show up for your appointment? A: It is highly recommended that you leave your home/work/etc. earlier than you think you need to-- especially if you are travelling via freeway. This is in consideration for traffic, accidents, Iather and other unexpected occurances. I ask frequent clients to arrive a few minutes early so that they can use the restroom if necessary (there's nothing more disruptive than having to get up and use the restroom in the middle of a facial or massage session!) breathe, relax and unwind before entering into their service-- if they are especially early, they may enjoy a cup of tea or a glass of cold water while they wait. If you are a new client, I advise you arrive 10-15 minutes for both the same reasons as frequent clients and also to fill out any consultation forms and to familiarize yourself with your surroundings. If you are a new client and you have not filled out the new client information form, please arrive 10-15 minutes prior to your scheduled time. This is a mandatory form that is required for both the safety of the customer and for the specialist and may not be skipped or filled out after the appointment. It is in your best interest to allow time to fill it out so that it does not cut into your session time. If you are late I will do my best to accomodate you and provide for you the time you have booked. I try to provide a 5-10 minute grace period from the start of appointment time-- no appointments will be a priority after the 10 minute grace period. The reason being that if I have customers arriving directly after you and they arrive on time for their appointment, it is unfair to cut their time short. You may still recieve all aspects of your requested service (in the case of a facial, you will still recieve the full cleansing, steaming, exfoliation and so on, with the full effects they entail) but it may not be nearly as relaxing or enjoyable or with as many extractions as you would have liked. Please, be courteous and respectful to other customers and employees and show up early. Q: "Will you call me and remind me of my appointment the day before?" A: I provide this service as a courtesy-- but I do not guarantee it. Please be mindful of appointments you schedule and be careful to rely on me to remind you-- just in case I do not have time to remind you or are otherwise unable to reach you. Q: What forms of payment do I take? A: We take Cash, Visa, Mastarcard, AmEx, and discover. I do not accept out-of-state checks, nor do I accept personal checks. Q: "I was told you have a 24-hour cancellation policy-- what does this mean?" A: This means that I require 24-hours notice if you wish to move or cancel the appointment. You must call and either leave a message or talk to a customer service representative to do so. Failure to abide by this policy incurs the cost of the full service that was booked. This fee will be applied to your account and the fee will need to be paid in order to continue any further services with us. As a courtesy, I try to call or text our clients to remind them of their appointments the day before-- but this is not a mandatory practice. It is ultimately the client's responsiblity to be courteous and notify us if they cannot make it. Q: Why do I have a 24-hour Cancellation Policy? A: To be honest, I dislike enforcing this as much as my clients dislike hearing it. HoIver, this is entirely in consideration of our customers and our employees. For my customers who wish to come in, have specific needs or are desperate for an appointment, but are placed on a wait list due to lack of available appointments that day, it is a loss to them. Reflectively, if a client does not show up for their appointment, then I do not get paid and if I am unable to fill that slot immediately, I lose the opportunity altogether. While occasional cancellations and no-shows are to be expected in businesses, there has been an alarming amount within recent years to the point where it becomes difficult to keep working and severely impacts my ability to stay in business. While I understand that emergencies and accidents do happen, and am sympathetic to them, repeated offenses become detrimental to my lively hood. Therefore, I ask that you remain courteous and respectful to me and hopeful customers and give us 24-hour notice of any cancellations. Q: "What should I Iar to my appointment?" A: You should come comfortably dressed and ready to relax, regardless of the service you are recieving. "Is there anything I should know before I come in for a service?" A: You should know exactly where I am if you have not been to my new location before: I am located in the Beauty Hospital on Magnolia Avenue in Riverside, California. If you are expecting a walk-in appointment, please be aware that one is not guaranteed to be available. Make sure to tell me ahead of time if you have any special needs, allergies or sensitivities so that accommodations may be made and products free of any allergens you are sensitive to may be set out ahead of time. Q: "I've never had a facial before-- what can I expect?" A: Firstly, you should know what changes (if any) that you want to see. Some seek a more youthful glow, while others are concerned with acne, large pores, dark spots-- to name a few. Take a close look at your skin and let your skin care professional know exactly what you are looking for so that they have a better idea as to what facial to suggest. Because everyone's skin is unique, your esthetician will ask you several questions that may not seem relevent-- but there's a lot that goes into skin care, including what you eat. This helps me to determine the root of any problems you may have and can effect what facial I choose for you. Facials can be a relaxing, pampering experience, but when preformed by a true professional esthetician, they can be effective too! All of the facials I offer start out with a gentle cleansing, mild peeling, steaming and exfoliation to better prepare the skin to accept subsequent care. I individually assess each client's skin and choose the appropriate products for them from my back bar to suit their needs. If requested, extractions are preformed in such a way that the skin is not damaged (please see "What Are Extractions?" in the FAQ). When the facial is concluded, proper masks are used to close up the pores, calm down any irritations and folloId up with proper moisturizers (appropriate to your skin type). Q: "Do men get facials?" A: Of course. In fact, you'd be surprised how many of my clients are men. Even men get milia, blackheads, acne, and wrinkles-- all the same skin troubles as women. Sometimes their skin can be tougher, but that's not a problem for me-- proper skin care should be a necessity for everyone! Beards and stubble are not a problem, but please avoid shaving at least 2 days before your appointment as the friction of shaving can make the skin overly sensitive to peels, exfoliation or fruit acids. Q: "How old does someone have to be to have a facial?" A: I generally like to say at least 12 if there are acne issues that must be addressed. If it is for general maintanence or just for fun, 10 or older is recommended-- regardless, if they are under 18, they must be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. Rest assured I will work with your young one to help them gain a better understanding of how to take care of their skin. Unfortunately, because even youth facials take the same amount of time, effort and product as that of an adult, the price is the same for everyone. Q: "Do you do acne facials?" A: Yes. I ask for the client to fill out an additional 2-page form (which can be requested and filled out ahead of time) that asks more in-depth questions than our standard short intake form. It inquires about your diet, how you cleanse your face, what your habits are, etc. This helps me to gain a better understanding of why you are breaking out and assists us in finding a solution for you. Acne facials are preformed just as standard facials (with steaming and deep cleansing) but may require more extractions and sometimes more than one visit. I do not like to overtraumatize the skin, especially if it is a young client. I go over proper skin care techniques with the client, so that proper care is being done at home in addition to the professional skin care treatments they recieve here. I will offer samples of products that will help to clear up the problem and product regimen discounts for future purchase. Proper skin care knowledge is a valuable thing to have, especially at a young age, to prevent (and/or reverse) scarring, hyperpigmentation and more. It is my goal to achieve a solution to your acne topically so that some prescriptions may not be necessary. A: Please note: these should never be preformed by anyone other than a professional-- even 'picking' (squeezing, scratching or popping of pimples) at home can permanently damage the skin! Extractions are the removal of stubborn debris trapped in the pores that cannot be removed through cleansing or exfoliation. This includes deep black heads, white heads or milia (harder deposits that results in bumps under the skin that never seem to go away). While these can be a momentary discomfort, it's important to keep in mind that these are done upon request only-- but almost everyone needs extractions at some point! Each esthetician prefers their own method, but I prefer to do extractions in such a way that will not harm or damage the skin. Afterwards, a special combination of peels, masks, serums and other professional methods are used to close the pores back up again to avoid further debris from getting in. When done correctly, this evens the skin tone, can significantly tighten pores and smooth the skin. Please note, hoIver, that extractions (especially when done on sensitive skin) may leave small red marks behind-- but these disappear within a day or two. So it is not advised to get them right before a special event-- but make sure to book another appointment for later if they are especially needed. Q: "What is a peel?" A: There is a common misconception in the industry that the word 'peel' is synonymous with 'makes my face look raspberry red and horrible'. This is due to the appearance of people who have only recently recieved medical grade chemical peels, or a peel that was preformed incorectly. This isn't the same for every peel! I use mostly mild peels that derive from fruit acids (such as apples, citrus oils, sugar cane and other such sources) that will not harm the skin in any way, nor will they leave the skin 'raspberry red' or peeling dramatically. Even my glycolic peels are preformed mildly at first to assess the skin's tolerance for it before proceeding to a higher concentration-- while effective, it will not harm the skin. In fact, peels are highly effective for deeply cleaning the pores, gently exfoliating off dead skin, evening out the skin tone, addressing scarring and acne issues and more! Rest assured that with most of my peels, hardly any visible skin peeling is visible-- the products work their magic, but in a gentler manner. The only exception to this is the All Natural Original Deep Herbal Green Peel, which is never done on first time clients. This unique treatment (proven effective for over 50 years) peels naturally from the bottom up, rather than the top down, like conventional peels, will not harm the skin in any way and uses all natural herbs as opposed to harsh chemicals-- you can read more about it HERE). Q: "Are all facials the same?" A: Absolutely not! The effectiveness and quality of a facial can vary widely from business to business. In a random nail salon/spa/beauty parlor, if the esthetician unlicensed, is inexperienced, using low- to medium-grade products in their back bar, or is poor skin care practices, your facial could be quite unpleasant if not totally ineffective. We've all had at least one horrible experience with at least one bad experience within the beauty industry-- but just as I can have bad experiences, some can be very good! It is very important that you investigate any location that you have your eyes set on-- pay close attention to reviews online, their reputation via word of mouth and take a look at the physical location to see if it is what you are looking for. I pride myself on an excellent reputation. I use the same high-quality of European skin care products in my back bar as I sell you as a take home product-- so you know the quality is excellent. I am always professional, licensed, trained and experienced. I take great care to keep any tools and equipment clean, sanitary and in good repair as to offer you the best facial services possible. While I offer a basic 'no-frills' facial-- the European Facial-- I also offer a wide variety of facials that achieve different things. For example, my Champagne & Caviar Facial is for evening the skin tone, lifting, firming and plumping the skin-- a great service right before a special event or just because! If fading dark spots is your goal, I offer glycolic, pumpkin or vitamin c facials. There are a lot of options available-- let me help you discover what your skin is craving. Because most of our facials (with a few exceptions) take around the same amount of time, I let our first-time clients know that they can simply book a facial without deciding immediately what kind of facial they want. I'll be happy to help you: I'll ask you a series of questions and have you fill out a general intake form which will allow us to discover what type of results you are looking for. I'll lead you in the right direction from there. Q: "What makes Pauline's European Skin Care facials so special?" A: I believe that what you do at home after a facial is just as important as the facial itself-- I often teach proper homecare regimens in conjunction with our facials so that when you go home, you don't undo all the work the facial just did. Many spas may not provide this information, preferring instead to simply do the service requested and send you on your way-- that's not my attitude! I want you to be fully satisfied with your decision to come to me, so I will make sure to provide you with the information, samples and products required to maintain your great looking skin at home betIen treatments. And believe me, there is a significant difference betIen a facial you get from elsewhere and the facial you will recieve from me. I have gained extensive skin care knowledge across the course of my career, learning techniques from around the world (with a special focus on German and European techniques). I'm even a certified trainer for the world renown Schrammek Original Deep Herbal Green Peel-- a title held by skin care experts that have gone through rigerous training from the company itself and have the proper experience to back it up. This knowledge allows me to expertly assess your unique skin type and find the proper facials, skin care products and remedies to achieve your skin care goals. Q: "What facial do you recommend I get?" A: This is possibly one of the most common questions I get, especially over the phone and the ansIr is not as simple as you expect. I do not offer instant assessments because the skin is more complicated than a simple glance can derive. For example, acne can be a result of hormones, diet, poor skin care, lack of hydration, or a comibination of things-- to name a few! It is nearly impossible for me to accurately prescribe a facial for you-- especially over the phone! What I do advise my clients is to make either a free consultation appointment (which takes about 15-minutes) or an hour facial appointment (most of our facials take an hour-- you do not need to decide immediately which one) so that I can give you the most professional opinion possible. My preference, of course, is that you make an hour facial appointment which allows me to remove any debris or make-up off the surface of the skin and view your skin under a mag-lite to see exactly what issues you want to address. Whichever option you choose, you will be asked to fill out at least one consultation form, so it is advisable that you arrive 5-10 minutes early for your appointment so that you may take your time ansIring any written questions and any verbal questions I may have for you. Because your skin is special and unique, I wish to provide you with a fully customized facial appropriate to your needs. Q:"Do I need a facial?" A: In my opinion, everyone should experience a professional facial at least once in their lives, if not only to enjoy it as a pampering and relaxing experience, but to at least gain valuable skin care knowledge. In my experience, most new clients learn at least one thing each time they visit me-- be it proper skin care techniques or a broader understanding of professional versus generic skin care products. Overall, a facial can be a great experience and whether it is relaxation you seek or to clear away a skin issue, you will not walk away unsatisified. Q: "How often do I need a facial?" This is mainly dependent on each person's wants and needs. Ideally, I recommend most of my clients to get a facial at least every 4-6 Ieks for maintanence. If they are trying to achieve something specific, like clearer skin or the fading dark spots (hyper pigmentation) for example, I may recommend a series close together (a treatment or facial every 1-2 Ieks) to clear away the problem, then every 4-6 Ieks once the problem is clear. Q: "I have sensitive skin, should I avoid facials?" A: No. In fact, sometimes facials can help calm your skin down, assuming you're as sensitive as you think you are. Across the years I have heard the same mantra 'I have sensitive skin'-- what I've learned most often to be the truth is in a sense you do have sensitive skin-- you're sensitive to poor quality ingredients in drug-store brand skin care and/or you're sensitive to products that aren't appropriate for your skin type. In the end, I find that using high-quality products--like the ones I sell-- and using products that are more appropriate to your unique skin type results in a skin that is, in fact, not as sensitive as you'd think. If you are hesitant, it's understandable-- but I encourage you to give me a try. BetIen years of experience and great products that have excellent reputations, I have had astonishing results. I accept product returns if you are not satisfied with your purchase, but I rarely have returns! Q: "I got brow waxing once from a random salon and it made me break out." A: I don't always know the conditions of the 'other spa' you Int to-- your resulting break out could be a result of wax that is contaminated, low-quality wax, wax that is not temperature controlled, improper techniques or more. Or you could simply be sensitive to waxing in general-- I don't know. What I do know is that I use only high-quality swiss honey wax (for normal skin) and blue azulene wax (for sensitive skin). I am careful about not contaminating my wax, using a new stick each time to avoid 'double dipping' at all costs. My techniques are meant to avoid skin and follicle trauma at all costs-- and methods that help to immediately calm the skin to avoid further discomfort. I rarely recieve complaints complaining of break outs-- my advice is to give me a try before you decide to never try waxing again. You may be surprised at the difference. A: It can sting for a few seconds, yes. It can be more uncomfortable if the hair is especially long or too short, or if it is your first time having it done. The more often you get waxing, the more likely your sensitivity to it (if any) will eventually subside. The only exception to this rule is if you are using a strong professional products or medically prescribed acne medications (such as glycolic, Epiduo, Retin-A or anything else internal or external--like antibiotics-- that may cause sensitivity in your skin-- the warnings in your prescription should warn you if there will be any, so check with your doctor if you are unsure). I do not do facial waxing if this is the case-- you must stop using any skin care products at least 3 days before I can do facial waxing because I do not wish to cause undue stress to the skin. Q: "Is there anything I should know before doing face or body waxing?" A: For all types of waxing, it is important to know that a minimum of 1/4" of growth (2-3 Ieks minimum for most) is required in order for us to provide you with the longest lasting and most effective waxing service possible. Q: "How long will it take for hair to grow after getting waxed?" A: This is usually different for each person. It depends on how long you let the hair grow out before letting it get waxed, how fast your hair grows in general and how often you wax it. For most, a brow wax can last for 4-6 Ieks, but for some whose hair grows much faster, it may only last 2-3 Ieks. My best advice is to get the waxing done and moniter for yourself how long it takes for your hair to grow-- this is a decent scale for about how long you should go betIen waxings. After a customer has been waxing the same area for a long period of time, the hair growth may slow eventually and they will sometimes have to come in less often. If you are waxing before a big event or trip I recommend that you gauge the time correctly and plan ahead-- if you have sensitive skin, wax a few days ahead of time (or hoIver long it takes for any redness to subside). If you are not sensitive (which most are not), then schedule your waxing for the day before your event or trip. Q: "I am on prescription medications for my acne-- can I still get a facial?" A:Yes. HoIver, if you are taking/using anything that causes sensitivity (this is up to your discretion and whatever it says on your prescriptions under 'side effects'), I recommend you stop at least 2-3 days before you come in to see us so that I can effectively serve you. In fact, it may be very beneficial to you to inform your doctor that you will be visiting me-- I have worked in conjunction with doctors in special cases where prescriptions Ire absolutely necessary. This is, of course, entirely up to you and your doctor to decide. Q: "Can I still have a facial if I am pregnant?" A:Yes. But as always, if you have any concerns, it is always important to check with your doctor first. I will not do any chemical peels or treatments that could remotely cause harm to your baby, nor will I suggest any products that fall under the same category. You and your baby's health is my first concern. Q: "What products do you use?" A: I use mostly European products (primarily German and French) that have a proven history. These products are proven effective across a long period of time, rigorous tests to determine effectiveness, stability, quality and more. They are not animal tested. They contain a high-quality of ingredients that cannot be found in over-the-counter products or drugstore brands and are difficult to find in department stores. They are not sold online by the companies because it is preferred that they be created and sold in small batches to ensure their quality and freshness. We carry: Biodgora / Biodroga MD, Dr. Grandel / Phyris, Dr. Christine Schrammek (including the Original Blemish Balm and the Original All-Natural Deep Herbal Green Peel-- both boasting over 50 years of success), DerModality / Head 2 Toe, Le Mieux and Arabesque (to name a few). We use the same brand and quality of products in our back-bars for facials to keep results consistant. Q: "Aren't your products the same as anything I get at any other store?" A: No! The products I use here are primarily European, where a concentration on ingredient quality, product effectiveness, unique skin types and combinations are more focused on than traditinal US brands. Additionally, European and Asian products are made in much smaller batches than some of the larger companies, so it is easier to ensure freshness and deliver immediate results versus large companies that focus on quantity over quality-- this results in a product that contains higher amounts of the ingredients that are designed to do what the product says it's supposed to do. In most cases, when you purchase a professional product, someone who has been using/selling/working with that product for years and has proper skin care knowledge is the one selling it to you because professional products aren't sold in a standard store-- they're sold only to professionals. When it comes to over-the-counter skin care products, you are at the mercy of the often vague description, someone who knows little to nothing about skin types/skin care and more. Skin types such as 'oily/combination', 'normal/dry' appear on over-the-counter products-- they lean towards the 'one size fits all' mentality. Meanwhile, professional products are more specific, observing that just because you're dry, doesn't mean you'll use the same skin care products as everyone else with dry skin. Additionally, professional skin care products tend to contain a few (or none at all) synthetic fragrances, colors or dyes-- these types of ingredients increase your chance to have a reaction or sensitivity. Many of my lines also avoid petroleum bases, mineral oils and other poor quality oils that tend to be quite common in drugstore brands. Concerned about animal testing? The brands I carry don't do that. Over the counter products, however, are not so strict on this type of testing. The products I carry (Biodroga, Dr. Grandel, Phyris, Schrammek, Dermodality, Le Mieux) are established, fairly priced and cannot be bought over the counter for many of the reasons listed above. They are professional, small batch, controlled and extensively researched, meticulously created and held to the highest standards. Rest assured that each product has been used by a member of our staff at least once-- I do not sell anything I do not know anything about, that I have not thouroughly tested ourselves and does not show results as promised by its label. I offer a 30-day money back return policy-- if you don't like it, bring it back immediately and I will return the amount to you in the same form it was purchased in. Q: "I use a product from one of the companies you carry, but don't see it on the shelf." A: That's no problem-- if you are using a product from Biodroga , Biodroga MD , Dr. Grandel , Phyris , H2T Dermodality , Le Mieux , Schrammek or any other company I order, but don't see it on my shelves, I can order it for you if it hasn't been discontinued. Please give us a week to recieve it and I will call you as soon as it arrives. Q: "I am moving and/or won't be able to get in to get my skin products from you." Luckily, I can ship your product to you! We know that when you find a product you love, it can be hard (if not impossible) to find something to match it-- so don't! Simply call us up and I will assist you any way I can. Q: "Are your products animal tested?" A: No. As mentioned before, the majority of my products are European. Animal testing on finished products was banned in Europe (officially) on September 2003 (though the beauty industry there had phased animal testing out long before that), cosmetics since 2009 and even the sale of animal tested products in Europe is illegal (since 2013). Additionally, even the sale of cosmetic products containing ingredients tested on animals Ire also banned. According to EU law "Cosmetic product manufacturers may refer to the fact that no animal tests have been carried out only if they and their suppliers have not carried out or commissioned any animal tests on the finished cosmetic product, or its prototype, or any of the ingredients contained in it, or used any ingredients that have been tested on animals by others for the purpose of developing new cosmetic products". You will not see the "no animal testing" indication on your product (which is common in the US) simply because the law in the EU doesn't allow it-- Regulation (EU) 655/2013 "prohibit claims that indicate mere compliance with legal requirements. Since the ban on animal testing applies equally to all cosmetic products on the EU market, it would appear that claims relating to avoidance of animal testing would not be permitted. That law covers claims in the form of text, trademarks, pictures and figurative or other signs". The companies I get my products from have been around a long time, some boasting establishment dates that go back over 50 years and have abstained from animal testing for either the majority, or all, of their existence. Q: "When do my products expire?" A: Because my skin care products are European, they adhere to different standards than the US, so you will not see the same type of expiration types. You will see a batch number, which can be tracked by the company to determine when the product was made. What makes my products different from US products is that my products are made in small batches by the company in the EU, shipped in small batches directly to the distributer in the US who orders only as much as they expect to sell within the month-- the products are kept in temperature controlled storage spaces. This means the product doesn't sit on their shelves for long and are not subjected to extreme temperatures. The distributor sends the product to me, which I recieve (usually) within a week-- and that product rarely sits on the shelf for more than a month-- most are gone within a week. This assures my customers that from the time the product was made, to the time it gets to them is a short trip. In the 30 years I have been open, returns for expiration reasons have been extremely rare. As I maintain a 30-day return policy, you can also rest assured that if there is ever an issue with your product, you can return it within the 30 days to exchange it, recieve your money back or I can credit your account for the amount owed to you and you can use it towards different products and/or services. Whether it's before or after you open it, you should keep your skin care products and cosmetics in a cool, dark place, while avoiding extreme temperatures and direct sunlight. If you have jars, it is advised to use a clean spatula to scoop creams out to avoid contamination of your product-- this will give your product its maximum shelf life. You should never keep a product for over a year. Q: "I'm unsure about purchasing a recommended product--what if I don't like it?" A: To be honest, I rarely get returns; I first give samples to determine if the product suits you and for you to decide whether or not you like it, or I send samples with you when you purchase a product for the first time. Because of this, my customers know they like the product before they buy it-- no reason to return a product you love! So if you are purchasing a skin care or cosmetic product for the first time, ask for a sample first and I will provide one (if one is available). Still want to return it? Good news, I have a 30-day return policy. If there is something wrong with the product, you decide you want something else, or simply wish to return it, you can exchange it (for something of equal value), get your money back (in the form of which you paid), or recieve store credit for use on services with me. You must have your original reciept, however-- so don't lose it! Q: "Aren't all-natural and/or orgainc products better for you?" A: To be truthful, this is a touchy subject. But I often offer our clients the shortest of explanations: coal tar and cyanide are all-natural, they can even be organic, but you wouldn't put them on your face, would you? That's to say, don't fall for the 'good' label before you know what's really going on. In recent years, the trends of 'healthy', 'good for you', 'organic' and 'all-natural' have risen to epic levels in the skin care community-- but not because of its effectiveness. Unfortunately, human perception is often skewed by the media, unsubstantiated claims (especially those masquerading as 'legitimate studies'). Even more, the media often hypes the dangers of common ingredients in skin care, while neglecting to mention that there are different refinement processes that can render said ingredient harmless or dangerous, different molecule sizes that decide whether or not that ingredient can penetrate deeply enough to cause harm, and stay quiet on the extensive amount of effort that goes into producing safe and effective products and equally silent when the claims that Ire made by John Doe about the dangers of certain ingredients retracts his statement when the claims are unsubstantiated. Credibility is often lacking, supporting studies are often fabricated and so on-- with the 'healthy' craze sIeping the nation, it is difficult to see through the sea of labels that say 'low fat', 'all-natural', 'organic' or 'heart healthy' to see the truth-- sometimes 'good' labels hide dirty secrets. Additionally, the standards that apply to organic foods are not the same when it comes to organic skin care which are no where near as strictly regulated. When it comes to food, buying organic is great-- but there are different rules in the skin care world. Organic and all-natural doesn't always mean it's safe. There are stories to be found online from people who have clung to the organic/natural rule for years and stopped suddenly due to a severe bacterial infection that could have led to their deaths-- all because these products didn't contain anything to keep bacteria at bay. Without preservatives (like parabens, which coincidentally are also in blueberries, making them technically 'all-natural'...) your creams are also rendered ineffective much more quickly than those with preservatives. It's an interesting divide. People hear the word 'chemical' and shriek-- but did you know that most plants,fruits and vegetables-- especially those commonly used in all-natural and organic skin care-- have naturally occurring chemicals in them? It's all about the dosage. It's the same with standard skin care products. So how to do you decide what to use? Both organic/all-natural and professional skin care products have their advantages and disadvantages and it's important that you check labels to determine which product is going to do what you want while not containing too much of this or that. But don't toss a product away because of the hype media has placed on one of its ingredients-- do your research if you are truly concerned. Look into both sides of the argument and decide which is the most convincing, which has years of research to back it up instead of simply 'claims', 'mights' and 'potentials'. In the end, it is entirely up to you to decide which route to take. I offer all-natural alternatives, if that is your preference. It is my passion to make sure that every customer is satisfied with their purchase or service. Q: "I'm nervous about buying product. It doesn't always work for me." A:I understand this totally-- but to be completely honest, while I accept returns, I don't often have any. This is because I offer samples for you to try before you purchase anything to make sure you like the product (and that it works for you) before you buy anything. I customize skin care regimens per client for their unique skin types, so you'll find our recommendations may be quite different from other recommendations you've had in the past from other salons. Q: "Do you price match?" A:No. This is because my products are never sold online. In fact, some of the companies are quite adament about not endorsing this type of sale. I have heard many complaints from different people who bought a spoiled product they found online us. Why was the product spoiled? Because many of the products you see that mirror mine are either not legitimate (imitations or bottles filled with another product all together), used as a tester then sold as a retail item (so it is half full) or are purchased at a low price from a closing salon (or a salon that's already closed). You are taking a risk in purchasing products of this nature online-- I hear too many tales of spoiled shipments, seperated product, damaged bottles, ineffective ingredients or irreplaceable purchases. I cannot help you with these and neither can the company itself-- they were purchased without proper licensing and therefore are not covered under anyone's policies. If you are going commit to purchase a professional grade product, make sure to purchase it from a verified retailer to gurantee accuracy, freshness and quality. I have told my clients before: if you seek results with skin care, you must work with me-- or I cannot help you. NEW SKIN IN 5 DAYSThe most effective peel I have for most skin issues: acne, scarring, fine lines, wrinkles, dark spots (hyper pigementation), uneven skin tone, enlarged pores, sagging skin...the list goes on! Plus, it's all natural. This peel differes from your standard chemical peels-- it peels from the bottom up, not from the top down! You'll be amazed by the results...Find more information HERE or call for your free consultation. OUR FINE PRODUCTS The same high quality products I sell are used in all of our services! We carry only the finest products, shipped straight from Germany that use the best ingrediants to satisfy all skin types! Some of my Ill known product lines include Biodroga, Schrammek, Dr. Grandel, Phyris and more! Go HERE to view the product lines I carry and what you can expect from them!

2019-04-23T12:02:54Z

http://europeanskincenter.com/faq.html

Who gets the blame for this Cowboys collapse? Plus, all the notable news from Week 15 in the NFL. It’s the sequel that only Packers fans, Eagles fans, and Cowboys masochists could have wanted: Tony Romo Screws Things Up at the End XXVII. Sequels always need to go bigger and badder to top the previous edition, though, and while Romo only threw one pick in Dallas’s heartbreaking loss to Denver in Week 5, he upped the ante by throwing two interceptions in the fourth quarter of Dallas’s stunning loss at home to Green Bay on Sunday afternoon. It’s a loss that leaves Cowboys fans reeling, not only by its nature, but by the fact that the Eagles had lost earlier in the day; a Cowboys win could have put Dallas in the driver’s seat to win the NFC East. Now, the Cowboys will need to win out or spend January on the golf course for the fifth time in six seasons. Even by Cowboys standards, this game was a case of defeat being snatched from the jaws of victory. Dallas had a 23-point lead at halftime; since 1990, teams with a lead between 21 and 24 points at halftime were a combined 277-12 (.958).1 Dallas allowed a touchdown quickly after halftime, but it still had a 96 percent chance of winning the contest with five minutes to go and managed to blow the game so badly that Matt Flynn actually got to take snaps in the victory formation. Oh, did I mention that Matt Flynn — cut by the Raiders and Bills already this year — was the guy who led this comeback? There are three parties that get blamed for every late Cowboys failure, and it’s no different this time around. Let’s review their relative culpability. 1. It’s Tony Romo’s fault. Nobody’s going to enjoy the “Is Tony Romo clutch?” debate, so let’s just skip past that for now. Briefly, though, let’s run a table and talk about the whole “Tony Romo can’t win in December and January” thing. These are Romo’s numbers, split by month, over the course of his career. The win-loss records are his records as a starter and include both Romo’s regular-season and playoff performance. The only game that’s not included in his win-loss record is a December loss to the Eagles when Romo threw two passes before injuring his hand. The problem in believing that there’s something seriously wrong with Romo in December and January isn’t that he plays worse in those months or that the Cowboys don’t win as frequently at the end of the year. He does play a bit worse and they don’t win as frequently. OK. Now that we’ve cleared that up, it’s hard to argue that Romo isn’t at least partly responsible for what happened to the Cowboys on Sunday. Romo ripped the Packers secondary apart during the first half, going 16-of-27 for 250 yards with a touchdown. Things fell apart in the fourth quarter. The Cowboys got three possessions and Romo threw interceptions on two of them, with a third questionably wiped off the board before Romo drove his team down the field for a touchdown. The critical moment that really swung the game was Romo’s first pick that stood, which came with the Packers down 36-31 and 2:58 left in the game. It is the Romo interception that we would put in a time capsule if we wanted future species to know what the Romocoaster was like. The play starts with a moment of sheer, undeniable brilliance from Romo, as he manages to elude unblocked commercial pitchman/occasional football enthusiast Clay Matthews to keep the play alive. Immediately after doing so, though, Romo’s improvisational skills tell him to fire a ball into a window that is no longer open, and when he leaves the throw behind Miles Austin, Sam Shields is able to pick the pass off. It’s a surprise that Romo threw the ball at all; the play was primarily designed to be a run. Jason Garrett alluded to it after the game, and it was misinterpreted afterward in some circles as Romo audibling out of a run play into a pass, but Grantland’s Chris Brown noted in the moment that the play was designed as a packaged play with multiple options. Watch the video again. The Cowboys’ offensive linemen block like it’s a run play. Had Romo even had the time to hand it off to DeMarco Murray, Matthews would have swallowed him whole with the backside pursuit. You’ll also note that every single member of the Packers honors the run-action and heads for the developing point of attack. There’s no safety helping Shields on that play. If Romo leads Austin, there’s nobody standing between Austin and the end zone. Romo read the defense properly and was right to think pass. He did an incredible job of eluding Matthews. The slant that Austin was designed to run as the second option on the packaged play had come and gone by the time Romo escaped Matthews’s clutches, though, and Romo threw it like it was still there. That’s where the mistake came in. Romo’s second interception is mostly on Cole Beasley. I don’t love the decision to throw a two-yard out to the sticks on second-and-1, and I don’t think Romo realized that Tramon Williams wasn’t going to sink any deeper, but Beasley freezes in the middle of his route. That just can’t happen. Beasley took the blame afterward, saying as much. If he completes his route, the pass is either complete or incomplete, but it’s really difficult for the throw to be intercepted. On the first drive of the fourth quarter, before all that went down, Romo also had a pass ruled to be intercepted on the field before being overturned on replay. I actually didn’t think there was enough evidence on replay for that ruling to be reversed. That being said, it came on a Romo pass that hit Jason Witten in the hands. 2. It’s Jason Garrett’s fault. I’m not buying this one. The Garrett argument says the Cowboys were having success running the ball — with Murray averaging seven yards per carry at one point — and so the Cowboys needed to continue to run the ball to kill clock and pick up, presumably, seven yards every time they wanted. It’s a lot more complicated than that. For one, as you can see with the interception on the packaged play, play calling isn’t quite as simple as calling a run play or a pass play these days. Offenses are designed to take advantage of what the defense leaves available, and with the Cowboys having success running the football and the Packers desperately trying to get the ball back down by multiple scores in the second half, what do you think they were setting out to stop? There’s little sense in running the ball for the sake of running the ball if there are eight men in the box and you have Dez Bryant and Witten at receiver. Furthermore, were the Cowboys really better off running the football? In the second half, they had a total of five possessions. Two were the aforementioned short drives that ended in interceptions. The first was a 13-play drive that took 6:30 off the clock with seven passes and five runs, the latter totaling 16 yards. It produced a 50-yard field goal. The second was a three-and-out with two incomplete passes and a sack that lasted 63 seconds. And the third drive lasted 4:43, with two runs for a total of 20 yards. Romo went 6-for-7 for 50 yards, ending with a touchdown pass to Bryant. Clearly, nobody’s criticizing the Cowboys for throwing the ball too much that drive. So, then, are we really going to blame Garrett for not calling a running play on what became a three-and-out with his team up 29-17 and 16 minutes to go? On that drive, an open Murray dropped a high-percentage pass on first down, Romo missed James Hanna on second down, and he took a sack (which did keep the clock moving, coincidentally) on third down. And with that much time left, you’re not trying to burn clock for the sake of burning clock; you’re trying to score. I consider myself an expert in finding things that Garrett has done wrong, and, I’m sorry, this just isn’t registering for me as a primary cause of this loss. 3. It’s the defense’s fault. Romo made a bad throw. Garrett could have called for an extra run play or two. Not unreasonable. What about the guys who allowed an offense run by Matt freaking Flynn to score 34 points in the second half? Green Bay scored on each of its five meaningful possessions in the second half, two of which started with excellent field position: one after a punt return to the Dallas 22-yard line, and the other after Shields’s pick of Romo exactly at midfield. The other three drives all started on the Packers’ 20-yard line. Flynn went 16-of-22 for 182 yards and four touchdowns in the second half. Eddie Lacy carried the ball 13 times for 110 yards, including a 60-yard scamper to start the third quarter. During that second half, Flynn was not sacked once. From what I can tell without coaches tape, he was only knocked down once all half. The defense doesn’t get blamed for stuff like this, though, because there isn’t the one smoking gun. It’s way easier to hang your hat on an interception than it is on a blown coverage or a missed tackle. There’s no individual defensive play that’s as obviously detrimental as an interception. Romo made a bad throw. The defense probably produced about 25 subpar snaps in the second half. That sort of disadvantage is more subtle, but it’s far more impactful. Ask yourself this: When was the last time Romo’s defense bailed him out? I can think of a whole bunch of times when Romo bailed out his defense. Like the two-minute drill against the Vikings a few weeks ago after his defense blew a fourth-quarter lead. Or last year, when Romo led two touchdown drives in the final four minutes to tie up the game against the Saints. Or the 10-point, fourth-quarter comeback against the Bengals two weeks earlier. Where are the games when Dallas’s defense comes up with a big play late to seal — let alone create — a victory?3 You’re not wrong to pin some of the blame on Romo. But, again, if we’re going to talk about what’s going wrong with the Dallas Cowboys, it seems wrong to blame the side that scored 36 points far more than the one that allowed 37. As for Flynn, he might have saved the Packers’ season. This was his second consecutive win with a fourth-quarter comeback, and the Packers needed both those wins to realistically keep their head above water in the NFC playoff hunt. Now, at 7-6-1, the Packers can likely bring Aaron Rodgers back into the fold with something meaningful to play for. They’re hardly favorites to win the NFC North, but they just need the Lions to slip up once to control their own playoff destiny, which is far more than the team could have hoped for when it was trailing in the fourth quarter against the Falcons last week. Everyone let everyone else off the hook. There were a bunch of teams that could have taken real strides toward improving their playoff situation this weekend, and virtually every one of them failed to make the move they wanted. In the AFC, the Patriots’ reign as the top seed in the conference lasted all of two days. Their loss to Miami knocked New England out of the top spot, and it will need the Broncos to slip up again to have another shot at claiming home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. With Denver playing Houston and Oakland over the next two weeks, that seems unlikely. The Patriots could have fallen out of the bye spots altogether with a Bengals win, but Cincinnati slipped up at Pittsburgh on Sunday night, with the Steelers getting out to a 21-0 lead before claiming a comfortable 30-20 victory. The Bengals now are basically out of contention for the top seed in the AFC (barring two Denver losses, a Patriots loss, and a Bengals sweep), and they’ll need to make up a one-game difference on the Patriots with two games to go, equaling them on record and winning the head-to-head tiebreaker. The Colts, who blew out Houston on Sunday, now also have an outside shot at claiming the no. 2 seed. They would need to win out and have both the Bengals and Patriots lose at least once. That would give Indy a better record than the Bengals and the tiebreaker win over the Patriots by virtue of a better conference record. The Colts travel to Kansas City this week before hosting the Jaguars in Week 17. The bottom of the AFC will become clearer after Monday night’s Ravens-Lions game. The Dolphins took a big step forward with their win over New England, which leaves them at 8-6. If Baltimore loses, Miami will be one ahead of the Ravens with two games to go. If Baltimore wins, it’ll be tied with Miami at 8-6, but the Ravens hold the tiebreaker after beating Miami earlier this year. The Chargers need to win out and have both Miami and Baltimore lose out. The Steelers and Jets need too much help to bother caring about. That leaves the Chiefs, who are locked into the no. 5 seed unless the Broncos lose again, in which case a Chiefs win would leave Kansas City atop the AFC as the no. 1 seed. In the NFC, Seattle has all but clinched the top seed and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. There are three 10-4 teams with theoretical chances of catching 12-2 Seattle, and the Seahawks hold ironclad tiebreaker victories over two of them (New Orleans and Carolina). The 49ers would need Seattle to lose to the Cardinals and Rams at home while they beat Atlanta and Arizona, which would give them a tiebreaker win by virtue of their superior record in the division. That’s not happening. The 49ers still have a lot to play for. If they beat the Falcons next week, they’ll be 11-4 and assured of their standing as the no. 5 seed in the NFC for at least next week, since the loser of the Panthers-Saints game will be 10-5. San Francisco can’t sleepwalk, either; if it loses at least one game and ends up in a tie with that NFC South team, the South team will win the tiebreaker, thanks to Carolina and New Orleans prevailing over the 49ers earlier this year. If New Orleans wins next week, it clinches the division and the no. 2 seed; if Carolina wins, it would improve to 11-4, one game ahead of the Saints with one to go. If the Panthers then lost at Atlanta in Week 17, a Saints win would give them back the NFC South and the no. 2 seed. The winner of the NFC South is guaranteed the no. 2 seed and a first-round bye. The wins by Green Bay and Chicago ramp up the pressure on Detroit, which now basically has to win this game against Baltimore to not be at an enormous disadvantage. If it does, it’ll move back into the divisional lead and hold the fourth spot in the conference, with Philadelphia (which holds a tiebreaker on each of the three NFC North competitors at the moment) in third. If Detroit loses, it’ll be a game behind Chicago and Green Bay. Detroit holds the tiebreaker over Chicago and Green Bay if/when their records are equal. Detroit remains in control of its own playoff destiny: If it wins out, Detroit will win the NFC North. If the Lions slip up against the Ravens, Giants, or Vikings, though, the Bears and Packers will sneak ahead. Chicago still plays Green Bay in Week 17 in a game that will either be incredibly meaningful or just about meaningless. Let’s work backward here. If the Lions lose Monday night, whichever team wins the Bears-Packers game in Week 17 will win the division if it also won its game in Week 16. If the team that wins the Week 17 matchup lost in Week 16, meaning that the Bears and Packers each finish 1-1, the Lions would win the division by winning their final two games of the season. If all three teams finish 1-1, the winner of the Bears-Packers game wins the division. My head hurts, too. One more permutation: If Detroit wins Monday night but loses in Week 16 or Week 17, it would lose the division to the winner of the Bears-Packers game if that team also won in Week 16. If that’s not true and everybody finishes 1-1 over the final weeks, the Lions still win. If Detroit wins and then goes 0-2, just give Seattle a bye to the Super Bowl. This will be a lot clearer, I promise, after Monday night. The Eagles could clinch the NFC East next week with a Philly win and a Dallas loss, but that would be way too simple. As long as that doesn’t happen, these two teams will decide the NFC East in Dallas in Week 17. Arizona fended off Tennessee’s comeback to win in overtime and go to 9-5, which keeps its playoff hopes alive. It needs a lot of help in just about every permutation to make the playoffs, but its easiest path to making the playoffs is by beating the 49ers in Week 17 and having the Panthers lose their final two games. I think. Of course, you can play all these probabilities out with the ESPN Playoff Machine. Atlanta-Washington, somehow, was one of my favorite games of the year to watch. You can have your boring Seattle–San Francisco puntfest. Enjoy your Baltimore-Pittsburgh shoving matches. I don’t care. Having a 3-10 record doesn’t mean you’re ugly to me. This was a wildly entertaining, often hilariously bad contest between two teams that looked like they were among the five or six best teams in the NFL this time last year. I must express my love in GIF form. First, there was the battle of the irresistible force versus the irreducible objects. Steven Jackson has perfected his Michael Turner impression to the point where he doesn’t even seem to concern himself with the possibility of making guys miss anymore, but Washington’s defense is full of guys who make it their business to miss tackles in impossibly creative ways. What will happen when these two seemingly warring worlds collide? That’s Washington defensive back Josh Wilson getting absolutely trucked by Jackson at the goal line for a rare highlight from the Atlanta running game. I can’t pretend that I would want to be in Wilson’s shoes with Jackson bearing down on me in that moment, but I also don’t know that trying to back body drop Jackson out of the end zone for a touchback was the right move. Washington quarterback Kirk Cousins made his 2013 debut as a starter in this game and showed some flashes of very solid play. He exhibited above-average arm strength in zipping a number of throws over the middle of the field to Pierre Garcon & Co., but he did struggle with turnovers, his past bugaboo. Cousins threw two picks and was strip-sacked once, and he had at least two other passes nearly intercepted. Given that he was playing the league’s second-worst pass defense, it wasn’t exactly an awe-inspiring performance. And what does the league’s second-worst pass defense look like, exactly? It looks like rookie seventh-round safety Zeke Motta. Motta, coming over to aid the badly torched Desmond Trufant (who committed illegal contact) on Garcon’s double move, somehow misjudges the flight of the ball so badly that his dive to make a play on the football sees him land behind the trailing Trufant. A really good safety picks that pass off. An experienced safety tracks the ball well enough that he can try to make a play on the football while preventing Garcon from getting behind him. Motta careens onto the screen and isn’t within three yards of the football. Rookies! That play came shortly after the two teams traded fumbles on three consecutive plays. No, really. After Cousins completed a pass to Aldrick Robinson for 62 yards, star Washington left tackle Trent Williams hobbled off. The team replaced him with 2012 sixth-rounder Tom Compton, and on the very next play, the team ran a sweep to the left side behind Compton, only for his man to push Compton into Alfred Morris, knocking the ball out of Morris’s hands. On the very next snap, rookie free-agent tackle Ryan Schraeder was badly beaten one-on-one by Ryan Kerrigan, who strip-sacked Matt Ryan. Then, apparently sick of rookies making mistakes, 87-year-old receiver Santana Moss caught a pass on the very next snap and fumbled the ball away to the Falcons, who were so excited that they committed two unnecessary roughness penalties after the play was over. That’s an underthrown shovel pass! I’ve never seen that before. It’s incredible. You want to say that it just slipped out of Ryan’s hands and that he probably didn’t mean to throw it? Believe what you want, but the league ruled it an incomplete pass, which means that it was an underthrown shovel pass. You know what? Just turn that new Falcons stadium into another new stadium for the Braves. Just in case they need a backup new stadium. Underthrowing a screen pass makes that all worth it. Mike Shanahan, perhaps answering the pleas of the D.C. media to get to the postgame press conference as quickly as possible, saw his team score a touchdown to go down 27-26 with 22 seconds left. He then chose to try to win the game with a two-point conversion as opposed to tying up the game for overtime. He left the ball in Cousins’s hands, and while Cousins was able to elude pressure and get out of the pocket, his pass to Garcon was tipped away by Trufant to seal a win for the Falcons. The play didn’t work, but was going for two the right call? Absolutely. You have to figure out whether your odds of winning in overtime are better than your odds of converting a two-point conversion, and the latter seems clearly higher. Washington was a six-point underdog playing on the road in Atlanta, which should tell you that it wouldn’t be favored to win heading into the overtime coin toss. The increased importance of special teams in overtime also wouldn’t bode well for Washington’s chances. It would probably be fair to estimate Washington’s chances of winning in overtime at about 40 percent. Its chances of converting a two-pointer have to be higher. Washington’s strength as a team is on offense with its running game and its big receivers, notably Garcon and (on this day) Fred Davis. Washington has been one of the best power-running teams in football this year. All that matters in a two-point conversion. There’s no reason to think Cousins couldn’t handle the pressure of a two-point conversion; remember, last year, he ran in a quarterback draw to tie the game against Baltimore just before overtime. We never know each team’s “true” ability to convert two-pointers because the samples are so small, but given its nature across the rest of the field, Washington is likely an above-average team on two-point conversions. Its chances of converting were probably at or above 50 percent. Exact probabilities are unrealistic here given the small sample and the specific nature of these teams, but going for it makes sense to me. A similar situation erupted in Tennessee at the end of regulation as part of its stunning comeback against Arizona, but more on that tomorrow in the full-size TYFNC. It’s good that you probably weren’t watching the Chiefs-Raiders game Sunday afternoon, because the things that Jamaal Charles was doing to the Raiders shouldn’t have been broadcast on television before the safe harbor. With the Oakland defense either unaware that running backs can catch passes or uninterested in learning from its mistakes, Charles caught a bevy of screens and swing passes amid a truly monstrous day. While Charles only ran for 20 yards on eight carries — by far his lowest rushing output of the season — his eight catches yielded a whopping 195 yards, tying him with DeSean Jackson as the day’s leading receiver. In all, Charles finished with five touchdowns, four of which came through the air. In a traditional scoring system, Charles produced 51.5 fantasy points. Of course, fantasy points are even more meaningful these days. Charles’s huge day came in Week 15, which is right smack-dab in the middle of just about every fantasy football league’s playoffs. I suppose there are some people who had Charles in their lineup this week and lost, but I’m guessing that the 50-spot Charles posted won a lot of people a lot of playoff games and a whole lot of money. Given the high stakes, was it the most clutch fantasy football performance … ever? Football crack — also known as pro-football-reference.com — has game logs for individual players dating back through 1960. For the purposes of this analysis, let’s just assume nobody was playing fantasy football before 1960.4 The website also tracks the fantasy football points generated by each offensive player from those game logs. The figures don’t include fumbles, but Charles didn’t fumble on Sunday, so that won’t matter in comparing him with the greats from the past. I want to compare Charles’s performance to other great playoff performances from the past, but just about every league I’ve ever seen has different playoff rules, so let’s keep things simple and just consider performances that occurred between Week 14 and Week 16. As it turns out, Charles’s game against the Raiders on Sunday was the third-best performance during the fantasy football playoffs over the past 53 years. He came in one-tenth of a point behind a Corey Dillon game from 1997. The record belongs to Clinton Portis, who generated 55.4 fantasy points during a 2003 Broncos game that saw him score five touchdowns while producing 254 yards from scrimmage. Three of the top 10 performances in fantasy playoff history came from running backs under Mike Shanahan in Denver, which should be part of Shanahan’s Hall of Fame argument someday. Charles is the first guy over 40 points in a fantasy playoff game since Jerome Harrison’s 286-yard game against the Chiefs in 2009. Charles was pretty good in Week 14, too: He produced 27.8 fantasy points with two touchdowns and 158 yards from scrimmage in the blowout win over Washington. The Colts and their 25th-ranked run defense loom in Week 16. With 79.3 fantasy points under his belt through the first two weeks of the playoffs, could Charles be on pace to be the most valuable player in fantasy football playoff history? Absolutely. The best three-week performance from Week 14 to Week 16 since 1960 belongs to Charles’s predecessor as the Kansas City starting halfback. Larry Johnson produced 95.4 fantasy points over that three-week stretch during the 2005 season, accruing a total of 441 rushing yards, 93 receiving yards, and seven touchdowns. For fun, he threw in a 222-yard, three-touchdown performance in Week 17 for leagues that abhor the light. Charles already has the third-best performance in fantasy playoff history. To top Johnson’s 2005 and set a new playoff record, Charles will need to generate 16.2 fantasy points. A touchdown and more than 100 yards from scrimmage would get the job done. Back here in real football, though, the Chiefs need to seriously start thinking about how they want to manage Charles’s workload heading into the playoffs. As amazing as his performance on Sunday was, the Chiefs were right to keep him out toward the end of the game to get backup Knile Davis touches while attempting to keep Charles fresh for the playoffs. He’ll obviously suit up next week, but if the Chiefs lose to the Colts and get locked into the fifth seed in the AFC with a Broncos win, Andy Reid should absolutely bench his star halfback in Week 17 in what would be a meaningless game (for the Chiefs, at least) at San Diego. Charles is more essential to his offense, arguably, than any other non-quarterback in football; it’s impossible to imagine the Chiefs going far in the playoffs without him around, so it will be critical for Kansas City to get him as fresh as possible. The Chiefs would like to see the Charles who won so many fantasy football playoff games yesterday help them win an NFL playoff game or two this season. Eli Manning threw five interceptions on Sunday. Yes, he was playing the Seahawks, who have the best pass defense in football by a considerable margin. Sure, one of the interceptions came on a Hail Mary, and for some reason we still figure picks on Hail Mary attempts to be as meaningful in terms of interceptions as any other normal throw. That shouldn’t be. It doesn’t matter. Ignore the Hail Mary and Manning still threw four interceptions in 30 pass attempts. As it were, this will go down as the first five-interception game in Manning’s career. So, I’m going to throw this out there, but I don’t feel very good about throwing it. Do we need to have the talk about Eli? You know, that talk? You would be hard-pressed to make a case that Manning is delivering above-average play this year. Those five interceptions bumped Manning all the way to 25 this year, which leaves him four ahead of rookie Jets starter Geno Smith. Nobody who plays their home games outside of the Meadowlands has thrown more than 17 interceptions this season. The best quarterback in New York might be Charlie Ward all over again. Manning has always been a quarterback who throws his fair share of interceptions — he’s already 43rd on the list for most interceptions in league history, and he’s about to lead the league in picks for the third time as a pro — but this is a particularly brutal season, even for him. If Manning were just throwing a ton of picks and otherwise playing well, you could forgive him a bit of bad luck and some playmakeritis. That’s just not the case. In fact, many of Manning’s numbers are trending downward and have been for some time. His completion percentage peaked in 2010 at 62.9 percent; it has now dropped for three consecutive years and fallen all the way to 58.6 percent. Manning’s passer rating is down all the way to 69.7, his lowest figure since his awful rookie half-season. He has a lower passer rating than the likes of Matt Schaub and Brandon Weeden. Manning was even 34th in QBR at 36.0, behind the recently benched Robert Griffin, and that figure was before this five-interception game even happened. To be fair to Manning, the team around him has basically collapsed. Hakeem Nicks has sleepwalked through a miserable campaign, and Victor Cruz has gone missing for weeks at a time. GM Jerry Reese’s wheel-of–tight ends finally landed on a disappointment, as Brandon Myers has failed to live up to the likes of Martellus Bennett and Jake Ballard. Most notably, Manning’s offensive line has been in shambles. Exactly one lineman — left tackle William Beatty — is active and starting in the same spot he was supposed to man when the Giants were planning this thing out in August. That’s not a good thing, either; Beatty has been a mess, having allowed nine sacks even before Sunday’s loss. The only offensive player who has lived up to expectations is … oh god, it’s Curtis Painter, who is now 6-for-8 on the year with a pick. Why is this happening and can it stop soon? It actually might, because Reese is about to enter a very awkward negotiation period with his superst— oh, just his quarterback. The Giants are in the latter stages of Manning’s seven-year contract extension, meaning that most of his signing bonus has already been charged to New York’s cap. There are two years to go on Manning’s current deal after the 2013 campaign, and they’ll be expensive. In 2014, Manning will take up $20.9 million of the Giants’ cap, or about 16.5 percent of the projected $126.3 million ceiling all by himself. That figure falls slightly to $19.8 million in 2015, after which Manning would become an unrestricted free agent. Because that signing bonus has been mostly covered by now, getting rid of Manning wouldn’t be cost-prohibitive. In fact, it would save the Giants a lot of money. The Giants would save $13.4 million on their cap in 2014 by trading or releasing Manning, a figure that would rise to $17.5 million in 2015. They wouldn’t have a quarterback, of course, but that hasn’t really been much of a help this year, anyway. The flip side of that argument is even scarier, since the Giants will likely have to endure the hometown premium in offering Manning a new contract. He already has the largest cap hold of any player in football at $20.9 million this year, coming in $3 million ahead of second-place Matthew Stafford. The last guy around Manning’s age to get a contract at quarterback was Romo, and he got seven years and $120 million with $40 million guaranteed to re-up with the Cowboys. Romo’s cap hit next year is the one that will lead the league unless it’s renegotiated, but it’s currently at $21.8 million. Can you really give a guy playing the way Manning is right now a raise? Do you really want to give a five- or seven-year contract to a quarterback who will be 33 next season? It seems impossible to imagine the Giants moving on from their star quarterback, but that day of reckoning is coming soon. Reese will either need to commit to Manning on a new long-term deal or make a move to replace Manning with the team’s quarterback of the future, since that guy clearly isn’t on the roster. And if Reese is ever going to make that move, 2014 would sure make a lot of sense as the right time to do it, given that the Giants will have a relatively high pick in a deep quarterback class. Alternately, the Giants could use Manning’s poor 2013 as leverage in negotiating a new deal at a relative valley in Manning’s value, saving themselves millions in the process. With more five-interception games, even the Giants would have to wonder whether Eli’s worth the money. I suspect that the Giants will give Manning 2014 to right the ship, but if it’s another season of decline with an interception per game, it might very well be the end of Manning’s tenure in New York. Halftime leads of 23 points are relatively rare; there have only been 40 games with such a lead since the merger in 1970. Teams with such a lead at halftime were 38-1 before yesterday. Alternate reading: Tony Romo is only really great in November. November is the 11th month of the year. Eleven is a prime number. Is Romo part of the Illuminati??? Are his poor performances in key games designed to throw us off the trail? If he signs to Roc Nation Sports or the NFL starts playing meaningful games in July, we’ll know. I see all of one: In 2012, Romo tied a game in the fourth quarter with a touchdown drive and the defense picked off Ben Roethlisberger on the first drive of overtime to set up a game-winning field goal. That’s the only one I can find. OK, and maybe they weren’t playing it for a couple of decades afterward, but it would have been interesting at the time. How would people have handled the arrival of the AFL? Would you really want to put the time in to play in an NFL fantasy league and an AFL fantasy league? Would you mix players from both leagues, even though scoring levels between the leagues were different? Did people have this problem with the XFL? Did you play in an XFL fantasy league? Would you tell any of the people you love that you did that?

2019-04-21T04:26:40Z

http://grantland.com/features/bill-barnwell-week-15-nfl/

In case you are in a rush and don’t have time to check out the desk of contents for 30 totally different mechanical keyboards then take a look at our best choice of greatest mechanical keyboard immediately! Do you want a extra satisfying ‘gaming’ and ‘overall typing’ experience? Earlier than you can have typed yes on your age-old keyboard, you had already realized that it was time to vary that beast. At the moment, we will probably be reviewing 30 greatest mechanical keyboards that are going to blow your thoughts, figuratively in fact. Notice: We now have talked about the load of the keyboard and never the delivery weight. Mechanical keyboards are all about rage and, properly, pure satisfaction! There’s nothing extra gratifying than that superb typewriter sound after every time your finger hits the button. All the serious players on the market, you realize what we’re talking about. Top-notch gear can make or break any recreation. Let’s just bounce right into the assessment. Bottom Line: Velocifier is one company to rely on for performance and design. This budget-friendly keyboard ought to be on the prime of your listing in case you’re in search of a mechanical keyboard that should last a very very long time. Mechanical keyboards can value an arm and a leg typically, however it doesn’t have to be that means. In our opinion, no one deserves a nasty gaming experience. Velocifier VM01 is for all those people who find themselves constrained in the finances division. Let us inform you why this made it into our record. Now, not to be confused with Key Rollover, ghosting is a well known terminology, notably within the gaming world. There’s nothing extra infuriating if you press one key and another one pops up. Velocifier VM01 removes that challenge for you. With its anti-ghosting know-how, rest assured you gained’t be missing any of those great hits. The ABS keycap is Double-Shot so not solely is it very sturdy and lightweight, it’s also influence resistant. A plus level for these of you who get a bit too aggressive typically. Not that we’re towards it; we’ve all been there at the least a few times. Oh, and did we mention that the lifespan of the switches is over 50 million operations? Yeah, you read that right. Once we say you will never change again to rubber dome after making an attempt a mechanical keyboard, we mean it. The keyboard not solely seems to be beautiful, it has an impressive really feel to it. So, not only will you be good at what you’re doing, you will also feel superb. Bottom Line: Azio MK Retro is for all of you who need to experiment their internal hipster. It’s chic, little on the expensive aspect, however completely value it. This retro, nostalgic yet totally new concept may simply have produced one of the coolest keyboards ever. Its appearance is inspired by the basic typewriter. Ernest Hemingway would have permitted. With its certainly one of a sort spherical keys, Azio Mk Retro stands out. The body and the keycaps are chrome plated so rest assured that they’re going to last a long time. The company even manufactures in two shades, black and white. We know that some of you like slightly little bit of edge to your fashion so giving the white body with gold rings around the keys isn’t such a nasty concept. Its design and know-how allows for nice cleanliness and, for all the clumsy individuals like myself, it is water-proof. Phew! That’s one much less factor to fret about. The round, rotatory handles at the back pop-up and down when twisted permit for a unique fashion of elevation. Backside Line: This elementary keyboard is for all of the play-it-safe individuals. It might not attraction to you at first, however slowly yet steadily it makes its approach into your everyday use. Best part? It’s very price range pleasant and you will virtually overlook that it value so little! If in case you have ever been intrigued by changing all the switches in your keyboard then this want could also be fulfilled by the unconventional Mechanical Eagle Z-77. It gives you 5 pieces of free switches. Keep in mind back within the day once we used to play with a good friend on our PCs and a lot of the fights have been as a result of keys not working concurrently? Ahh, the great ol’ days! But now you gained’t have to fret about it anymore. This keyboard not solely provides you anti-ghosting but in addition makes positive that you simply don’t witness that childhood drama again. The keys are controlled independently so the responses are fairly quick. It has a plastic yet strong again. Although the cable isn’t braided or detachable, you will get your cash’s value out of this. The font is the generic gaming typeface. The backlight is totally different for every row so it has a very good appearance. The design is ergonomic so there are little fatigue and excellent placement of your arms. Bottom Line: In case you are a type of people who find themselves on the lookout for a cushty commonplace, strong build keyboard that’s perfect for late night time gaming you then may need to give this one a attempt. Your gaming expertise will probably be clean and fluid like by no means earlier than. Logitech has been producing quality products for quite some time. It’s protected to say that it has grow to be a household identify for the gaming group. So, it’s not a surprise that it has made into our listing, too. In contrast to the standard volume up and down keys, Logitech G610 Orion additionally encompasses a scroller which is one thing everyone ought to experience no less than as soon as in their lifetime- not kidding! The keys are amazingly clicky and the backlighting may be adjusted to your want. The software permits for a person (sure individual!) control of the light together with options like waves, random, vertical, horizontal or key press-activated lighting. It additionally allows you to determine which keys to deactivate. The home windows lock key can also be out there which is a must have for each gamer. This outstanding keyboard is suitable with Home windows 7,eight, eight.1 and 10. Bottom Line: This keyboard screams great buy with the level of performance and quality with the comparability to the worth. You will get your cash’s value on this one. Another considered one of our budget-friendly mechanical keyboards- Langtu X1000 stands the check of time. Anybody who is in search of a semi-professional gaming keyboard with out the effort of saving a ton of cash ought to undoubtedly go for this one. Don’t be fooled by its simplicity. It’s strong, nicely made and quite heavy, truthfully. No have to indulge your self in super arduous software or procedures. In case you are like us and easily loath popping out keys and cleansing them then you’re in for a fast fix. With this keyboard, you’ll be able to clear them with out doing so. The keys are responsive and sensitive to the correct quantity. The backlight is vibrant sufficient to make it straightforward to read at the hours of darkness. The lights will mechanically turn off through the sleep mode in order that’s one thing off your shoulders. Because the response is genuinely fast with the amalgam of anti-ghosting, you’ll have the upper high quality of gaming expertise. Not only are you getting the standard media keys- play, pause, subsequent and previous, additionally, you will get calculator, net browser and e mail and so forth so that you simply don’t have to go away the sport to access them. Backside Line: It’s good for casual players and even so for critical ones for that matter. You gained’t be dissatisfied with this one. All of us want to be professional players, however until that want comes true we’ll stick with casual gaming. We highly advocate you get your hands-on Razer’s top-grade Blackwidow Ultimate Stealth in the event you fall into this class. C’mon, it has black widow within the identify. It’s sure to be marvelous. This can be very sturdy. Let’s put some perspective there. 80 million keystrokes. Yep, that’s’ lots, however then once more this is Razer we are talking about right right here. With its signature green backlit keys, you’re getting the complete feel of the keyboard. With the straightforward to make use of software, you possibly can customize them further with totally different recreation genre templates. There are, nevertheless, no dedicated macro keys, but you’ll be able to assign them via the software. You’ll be glad to know that USB and audio pass-through are included in the keyboard. Bottom Line: This keyboard is right for informal gaming. It is heavy and stays where you set it. Because the keys respond shortly and precisely, its scope isn’t restricted to gaming only. In case you are a typist or a programmer, you may need to give this a attempt. One other one from Logitech and fairly truthfully not many can be stunned at this level. Some may even call this one good, however is it justified? Let’s discover out. The mechanical switches are made to offer lengthy life and sturdiness. Romer GTM allows for the clear backlighting of the keycaps. Now, they are vibrant, however not sufficient to distract you from your late-night gaming periods. There’s one USB port that can be used to plug in and cost any of your USB powered units. On the draw back, the cable is pretty thick so hold that in mind, too. It’s also non-removable. It might be small, however it gives all the required perform keys like volume controls, pause, and play, mute, toggle lighting and so on. Further keycaps are also provided by Logitech. It has a strong and powerful build. The keyboard’s backbone is product of brushed Aluminum-Magnesium alloy so you’re guaranteed full stability and features. One of the issues that stand out probably the most, and we expect you will agree, is the consistency within the backlighting. It doesn’t spill around to another key. Backside Line: Lack of a number pad could be a deal breaker for some, however these of you who are in search of just that’s extremely beneficial to think about this as an choice. In addition to, because the measurement of the keyboard is comparatively small, this is certainly suitable with traveling. Should you smash your fists on the keyboard then you’re on the proper place. Redragon Okay552-N is made for you. Once you turn on the keyboard, the very first thing to be observed can be the brilliant pink mild, however do not worry as it may be adjusted to varied levels. Plus, the backlighting is crystal clear because the keys are made by injection molding. The 2 foldable ft provide superb grip to the keyboard. Long gone are the times of slipping keyboards. The keycaps gained’t rub off over time since these aren’t printed. You’re getting the satisfying click on sound right here as nicely which is all the time nice to have. Media keys are all the time a plus point so the 12 of them are one thing you’d need to have. The Good: Tactile and gratifying switches, good texture and finish to the keycaps, aesthetically pleasing keyboard, heavy and strong build. Bottom Line: A superb keyboard for its worth. That is one hell of a product, highly beneficial for typists and players. In case you are on the lookout for your first mechanical keyboard, we commend that you simply give it a shot. At this worth vary, you’ll be able to’t actually go fallacious right here. Trying to change from a standard membrane keyboard to a mechanical one without paying by means of the nostril? Hcman has acquired you coated in this division. The small yet mild keyboard lacks a quantity pad; nevertheless, there are variations that embrace it. The keyboard has the pure alloyed body. It seems elegant with none tackiness of the flashy colors. It is sturdy and undoubtedly not a fingerprint magnet owing to the metallic body. The ft behind the keyboard provide an sufficient angle for straightforward use. Nevertheless, it does slide greater than the other keyboards on our listing. It doesn’t make use of Cherry MX Switches; nevertheless, much to anybody’s shock, they work splendidly! Like several RGB keyboard, customizable backlighting is feasible. There are 9 totally different illumination modes for the six backlit colors. These embrace static mode, pulsating mode, the only key on and off mode, spread mode, wave mode, mark key mode and so forth. What’s probably the most intriguing mode? The first-person shooter mode. Yep, this one has them all! Oh, and you may modify the quantity and brightness as nicely. Anti-ghosting, as we talked about earlier, is a must-have for any gamer or typist. You guess you’re getting an correct response owing to an unbiased change controlling every key. The keyboard is suitable with all of the leading OS like Windows 7,8,10, Linux, Vista together with Mac, Notebook, PC, and Laptop computer. This one nice keyboard rules them all. The amazingly satisfying clicky sound with the very quick response of the blue switches is what all of us principally need. This keyboard ensures you this superb deal. Bottom Line: Works great and looks much more implausible. It’s a win on all accords. We are positive that you may be singing praises for this keyboard to all your family and friends members. One of the major features of gaming is a superb mechanical keyboard. One which additionally seems like an costly, high-value keyboard, however doesn’t make your pockets cry. The mechanical keyboard provides you 87 keys that permit the keys to work simultaneously, supplying you with an entire new expertise of gaming and even typing. Therefore, that is by far probably the most appropriate one for all customers: typists, programmers, players, and writers. This keyboard gives 9 totally different modes for the LED backlighting which seems to be completely beautiful. Moreover, there’s quick access to media keys so that you simply don’t should exit the sport every time you’ll want to do something minimal corresponding to flip up or down the quantity. This one is going to make your gaming experience even more nice owing to the cascading keycap design which prevents finger and wrist fatigue. It is suitable with Home windows 7, 8, 10, XP and Vista. Bonus factors go to the company for giving 12-months worry0free guarantee and 45 days money-back coverage. Don’t just like the keyboard? Nicely, that’s one strategy to cope with a nasty purchase. One of many only keyboards right here with the water-resistance function. We’ve all had one or two occurrences where we by chance spilled some liquid and we know concerning the mini coronary heart attack that comes after that. The Dangerous: Cable is just not braided. Bottom Line: A implausible keyboard that easily competes with high-end keyboards reminiscent of those of Razer. In case you are in search of a quiet keyboard, that is NOT it. It mimics previous typewriters and, frankly, who doesn’t like that? A unprecedented wanting keyboard that features identical to a high-end keyboard. Picket I-800 catches your attention the second you lay your eyes on it. Let’s get straight into it. The keys are great! Extremely responsive and delicate so you’re getting good and fast output. There’s that fulfilling click sound to it. There are six totally different colors with nine totally different modes. You possibly can change the game mode by pressing perform key with L1-L8. Although there are not any fancy modes and coloring schemes, it’s a excellent specimen. The perform and multimedia shortcuts are simply accessible on the keyboard. It’s the ready-to-use keyboard with no software program at all. So, you can begin using it the moment it arrives at the doorstep (or whenever you convey it your self, whichever the case). The keys are anti-ghosting and smoothly work simultaneously for an elevated gaming expertise. The keys are as loud as they arrive. One of the major options as to why it stands out is probably as a result of it’s both water and mud proof. So, you don’t have to worry concerning the setting for fairly a very long time. The wrist rest is curved so your wrists are snug all through the time you’re using it. It’s suitable with Windows 7, eight, 10, XP, VISTA and Mac OS X. Backside Line: A strong good keyboard with a tremendous worth deal for Cherry MX switches. This one is perfect for people who choose to have a simple keyboard. If experimenting with the design whereas also not compromising with the functionality of the keyboard provides you the jitters then an honest wanting and simple keyboard, SteelSeries Apex M500, with Cherry MX purple switches ought to be in your protected listing. Absolutely incredible for typing and gaming. You’ll be able to’t go improper in this facet. The pink switches, as generally recognized, are wonderful for aggressive gaming. Because the spacebar is extended, typing on this one becomes a delight! The blue lighting provides you the gaming keyboard feeling. The keys offer you 100% anti-ghosting so there isn’t a compromise in that part. It doesn’t have the usual gamer font which, for most people, would truly be a plus level. SteelSeries Engine software could be very user-friendly! You’ll be able to customise the keys though there will not be many things you can do with this keyboard as a result of it’s a newbie degree keyboard. Nevertheless, that’s a private choice and we expect that it’s excellent for anybody who is starting with mechanical keyboards for gaming. Backside Line: The hardware of the keyboard is a smashing success, to say the least. It doesn’t seem too futuristic or overly aggressive but is definitely very refined. Commonplace 104 keys with no deal-breaking elements corresponding to a too-big-spacebar or too-small-backspace key. The responses are clear and super-fast without the audible click on. Keys may be individually custom-made to your brightness needs. You don’t want to bother yourself with constantly wanting right down to see in case you are urgent the best keys anymore. The WASD keys are rigorously and effectively contoured and textured so that you simply maintain your eyes on the prize. What’s a keyboard without ant-ghosting anymore? Corsair delivers what it promised and, therefore, every keystroke interprets into a clean response regardless of how multiple keys being pressed at a time. There’s three degree brightness toggles, six dedicated media keys together with a very elegant wanting volume scrolling wheel. Corsair knows that a overwhelming majority doesn’t compromise on ergonomics so the keyboard also comes with a delicate contact, rubberized wrist rest. Backside Line: A keyboard that gives you complete and clear management over all of the options that it presents. Quite a bit on the expensive aspect, but then once more it’s extremely really helpful for pro-gamers and never the informal ones. In case you are not on a finances and need to get the maximum out of a keyboard’s functionality then this uncomplicated keyboard offers you probably the most out of what’s being provided out there. The keyboard is made from Plane-grade anodized brushed aluminum. In simple words, it is extremely robust and inflexible. As the identify implies, the key switches are 100% Cherry MX RGB for getting that good performance. Moreover, the keys are customizable which signifies that macro could be assigned to the important thing of your personal selection. It also has 32-bit ARM Processor and the show controller is Panasonic. Not only is it anti-ghosting, it has 18 G-keys with 108 macros so that you’re by no means interrupted during the whole intense gaming state of affairs. Your complete keyboard may be programmed in line with your needs. There’s multicolored mild present in waving, pulsing and cascading array. Backside Line: We all know that whenever you sort for a very very long time, it looks like you’re drilling holes into the keyboard. KrBn has a clean and quick key response so you don’t really feel like that anymore as a result of the keys appear to absorb all of the shock. KrBn Mechanical Keyboard is for anybody on the lookout for an ideal keyboard with superb backlighting without putting too much pressure on their bank accounts. The mechanical blue switches are at par with Cherry Inexperienced Switches. The feedback is fast and the press sound is magnificent. The material used for making the keycaps is sturdy and sturdy since it uses double-shot injection molding. Plus, the backlighting is as clear as a crystal. Tremendously improve your typing experience because of the ergonomic design. There’s limited to no finger fatigue and your general comfort degree is outstanding. There are 9 totally different patterns to choose from when it comes to backlight patterns and 8 gaming modes. The backlighting makes all the distinction! Bottom Line: In case you are stepping into the entire mechanical keyboards race, we extremely advocate you get your arms on this one. It’s providing superb functionality based mostly on the worth value. Another one of many easy keyboards on our listing is the EagleTec KG010 Mechanical Keyboard, very best for informal players. It’s great for late night time gaming and offers enough backlighting. You’re sure to fall in love with the custom mechanical switches which might be sturdy and undoubtedly feel splendid. The body of the keyboard is manufactured from metallic everyone knows it will be rigid and would last long. Each key has 3 million key presses so it’s going to final fairly a number of years at the very least. Backlighting is crystal clear and might be easily adjusted. The keys are anti-ghosting for positive, but what’s more fascinating is that it is no less than 10-key rollover in order that’s enough for anyone. No more points with ghosting beneath regular circumstances. The keys even have an identical feel because the Cherry MX brown switches. That’s an inexpensive discount for the worth you’re paying. Typically it will get useful to modify over WASD keys with the arrow keys or vice versa. Is it essential? No, however it positive is beneficial and a cool function to have. Backside Line: An superior, in-budget keyboard that is ideally suited for typing and gaming particularly at night time. There isn’t any easier approach to say this, but the reality is that it is too good to be beneath $50. You must undoubtedly contemplate buying it. One other one from the budget-friendly line of EagleTec. This futuristic wanting keyboard is value each penny you spend on it. The keyboard instantly catches your eye with its all-Aluminum construct with a brushed look. There are two totally different variations: silver and black. There are two ft behind it in case you need to give an elevation to it. Nevertheless, it’s still at a ok angle. Construct quality is great and the keyboard has considerable grip. The chords aren’t braided, but they are sturdy. Although most people want blue switches for typing, they do a reasonably respectable job in gaming, too. They are noisier than the standard pink switches. In case you wouldn’t have the matching colour scheme then this is perhaps a deal breaker for you; nevertheless, if that’s not the case then you definitely’re taking a look at a really spectacular keyboard. There are ten totally different lighting ranges so you possibly can regulate the brightness accordingly. Bottom Line: Anyone in search of an entry-level mechanical keyboard with superb backlighting for late night time gaming ought to undoubtedly put this one on their Wishlist. The keyboard seems to be nice and does an impressive job. It’s going to be your companion for a very very long time. Because the mechanical switches are becoming inexpensive, many manufacturers are taking over the chance to introduce their own brands out there. One among these lesser recognized manufacturers consists of the Magical. However don’t assume any much less of this keyboard. The identify won’t be very well-known, nevertheless it will get the job carried out. A gaming experience so precise that you simply gained’t be missing any photographs with none delays. The responses are tactile and fast; the clicks are correct and precisely what you need during your recreation. The keyboard is perfect for all variety of players. Love FPS, MMO or RPGs? Don’t let a sluggish keyboard hold you again. With keystroke sturdiness lasting over 50 million clicks, get to the highest of your recreation in no time. The keyboard is made from sturdy, robust, premium material that guarantees you durability and it positive will last for a very long time. The keyboard doesn’t require any drivers for its setup. Although there isn’t any accompanying software program with it either, there are cool LED features which you could play around with. No extra eye pressure or pressure; the sport in peace with this one. The keyboard lights up when it’s booted and that’s all the time a cool factor to have. The switches are equal to Cherry MX switches with fairly loud sound so the typing experience is great. The keys have a pleasing font and never the standard gaming font that many individuals truly hate. Bottom Line: It is an reasonably priced mechanical keyboard with all the required keys and more. The design and lighting are outstanding. The G710+ is nice for on a regular basis gaming and typing. Yep, we obtained yet one more from Logitech G710+ because everyone knows it’s bringing out top-of-the-line keyboards out there in the intervening time. Noise distraction is usually a ache typically. One of the unique attributes of this keyboard is the extremely responsive tactile feedback with no noise distraction. You possibly can simply give attention to the sport and not fear about that one at the very least. The keyboard is snug with angular sides and an incredible palm rest. There are six command keys that can be configured as much as 18 unique features. There are additionally three profile keys and a volume scroller wheel. There are two backlit keys, one for controlling gaming keys and the other for the rest of the keyboard. The keys are, obviously, anti-ghosting and there’s 26-key rollover so that you simply hit the suitable buttons and get a flawless response. Bottom Line: General, the keyboard provides a very good worth for the cash. The design features are superb and the switches are comparatively new and nice for gaming. One other reasonably budgeted keyboard on the listing is from HAVIT. Anyone who’s a journey enthusiast and is on the lookout for a small but practical keyboard should contemplate getting their palms on this one. The keyboard is mild and ultra-thin. It is just slightly over 500g and is compact enough to suit into even a tiny place. In fact, since it is compact, it lacks a number pad. The keyboard employs low profile switches which are 11.mm in peak, 6mm ultra-thin suspended keycap which provides an general distinctive mechanical feel. The keys have an ordinary font and no showy gamer font in order that’s all the time good to have. There’s quite a lot of backlighting modes together with 5 profiles. The software program could be downloaded from the web site; therefore, extra customization might be executed. The keyboard doesn’t require any driver and you may plug and play immediately. The Dangerous: No quantity pad, wants two USB ports. Bottom Line: In abstract, it’s a beautiful keyboard for traveling and gaming especially FPS and MOBA players. An alternative choice for journey, on-the-go lovers is to go for Corsair Vengeance Okay65. It is compact, lightweight, easy and extremely useful. The keyboard has that brushed Aluminum look which appears cool and complicated. There is a home windows lock button so that you simply don’t by chance kick your self out of an intense recreation or even a easy one for that matter. The switches make comparatively less noise. The responses are fast and clean. Behind the keyboard is a bio-switch that is used to adjust USB pulling rates and disable keyboard features. Pretty useful to have. With the complete key rollover on USB, the gaming expertise is so enhanced and accurate that it’ll legit make you happier. Backside Line: This engaging specimen is one heck of a keyboard. It’s compact but trendy and has all the required keys for a tremendous gaming experience. Corsair provides yet one more nice mechanical gaming keyboard, however this time it is extra illuminated and silent than the opposite ones. By far, the most effective RGB keyboard backlighting. It is shiny and delightful, to say the least. There are a number of lighting modes ranging from rainbow waves to random. The keys might be reassigned in response to your selection to be able to recreation in peace. It’s suitable with Windows 7,eight and 10. There are devoted contoured and textured keys for FPS and MOBA gamers. These feel superb and assist to have most grip. 100% anti-ghosting with 104 key roll-overs. Regardless of how briskly you play or faucet the keys, the keyboard will register all of the keys. Plus, the media keys have quick access and you may regulate quantity shortly. The switches used create minimal sound. In case you are into it then it’s a reasonably good choice to think about. Bottom Line: At this worth, you possibly can’t actually go improper here. It is a great keyboard with substantial features and nice lighting. Need an ideal keyboard with superb aesthetics and backlighting without breaking your financial institution? Do you might have absolutely no concept the place to begin and don’t intend to spend a lot? Properly, we’ve found the right match for you. DBPower three colours backlit LED keyboard is ideal for anyone who’s switching from membrane keyboard to mechanical one. The design could be very user-friendly and cozy. There’s ease in operation. The controls are simply accessible. There are devoted multimedia shortcut key operations. It’s suitable with Windows XP, Vista, 7, eight, 10 and Mac OS. The three colors are changeable and adjustable for permanent lighting and respiration mode. The keyboard has 104 keys with 19 non-conflict keys. Tactile suggestions and durability supply an awesome gaming feeling. Backside Line: Patriot Memory Viper V770 is an impressive keyboard with great sound, lighting and build. It has superb wiring as properly. General, we highly advocate you critically think about buying this because you gained’t regret it one bit. In case you are looking for a trendy, modernistic and tons of sunshine customization then you have to cease wanting any further as a result of Patriot Reminiscence Viper V770 has all of these and rather more. The keyboard is engaging and doesn’t take too much of your desk area. Though the VIPER emblem might have been illuminated too, that’s just an aesthetic disadvantage and we’ve no complaints towards it. The light bars at the sides of the keyboard can also be one thing that provides uniqueness to the keyboard. The complete spectrum of colors is breathtaking. The keyboard seems to be superb at the hours of darkness. The keys might be custom-made individually up to 16.8 million colors. Dedicated media controls and 108 programmable macro keys and additional 5 devoted ones that are much appreciated. V770 takes it a bit further and provides a magnetically removable wrist rest. The magnets are robust enough so that you simply don’t have to worry about it detaching and shifting all over. The switches will not be as premium as the Cherry Purple MX, but you gained’t notice the difference until you’re actually in search of it. Bottom Line: A small keyboard may be very useful, however it may also be a bit too small. Should you’re on the lookout for a very good 75% mechanical keyboard then this one will is a superb choice to think about. You don’t need a driver to offer all the keys the identical shade or whichever you want. The keycaps are double-shot injection molded so the backlighting is crystal clear. The switches and keys will last a very long time and give wonderful responses. The keys have the audible click on sound and provides tactile suggestions. The keyboard additionally comes with 5 spare switches in case one thing happens to the originals. They’ve also handed 50 million keystroke check. The design is snug and supplies quick access to media and other perform keys along with the windows lock key for gaming. The slope is sweet sufficient to fit your arms properly and remove fatigue. Backside Line: This top quality, customizable keyboard is greatest fitted to occasional players, but not so much for critical ones. We advocate the latter to discover some other choices. The keys are very delicate to the drive so you will have to regulate accordingly. The truth is, it has 25% quicker actuation than another normal mechanical change. All the standard media keys are at quick access. The keyboard consists of home windows lock key and the quantity scroller. One of many only keyboards to offer particular person key colour customization is Logitech G810. Moreover, there are a number of gaming profiles that can be adjusted to your want. General, you’ll be able to play around with the colours and personalize every key with 16.eight million colours. It’s suitable with Home windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. With probably the most powerful and progressive know-how that Logitech has to supply, the full-sized keyboard is only based mostly on efficiency. Backside Line: An incredible keyboard for such a worth vary. It’s a great choice for casual players and workplaces. We highly advocate this one for people who find themselves in search of a keyboard with superb lighting, typing and general great performance. Not many keyboards underneath $30 are value your time and money, but in case you are lucky enough to get your palms onto a very good one, you will adore it until the end- may even purchase a brand new one, for that matter. With 104 regular keys, 19 anti-ghosting keys and passing over 50 million keystrokes check, the keyboard has proved it’s nicely and beyond for the worth you’re getting it. Plus, it provides an effective and satisfying typing expertise and knowledgeable gaming feeling. The keyboard has the basic mechanical feel to it with audible but pleasant “click” sound. The keys gained’t be fading anytime quickly as a result of they’re laser engraved. There are not any further drivers wanted to function this keyboard. It also has an power saving choice so you’ll be able to recreation in peace at night time and save a few of these bills. The corporate is supplying you with lifetime a refund guarantee and lifetime guarantee. The customer support is laudable and really friendly. Backside Line: A budget-friendly mechanical keyboard which is sturdy and has awesome rainbow backlighting, Sades K8 is a simple choice to start out your journey with mechanical keyboards. Sades is an organization that you simply may by no means have heard earlier than, but just because it’s a lesser recognized brand doesn’t imply that it isn’t ok. The keyboard has 19 non-conflicting keys and 13 perform composite keys. There’s also the multimedia keys. The keyboard will routinely turn off as the computer is switched off so that you simply don’t need to waste a couple of seconds on that one. You possibly can modify the brightness and pulsing levels to your wants. The keyboard is suitable with Home windows 98 (Yup! Even for many who still use it for some purpose), XP, 2000, VISTA, and Windows 7. Apple and Android together with Linux are also included. Bottom Line: An incredible keyboard with superb options, very best for any consumer in search of a stress-free keyboard. Great for players and non-gamers alike. A cushty and uncomplicated mechanical keyboard. Perfect for anyone who isn’t in search of something fancy and would slightly persist with the essential black. With great tactile feedback, a serious attribute of Cherry Brown Switches, the keyboard presents nice precision and fast response. For any gamer, we know that having an N-Key rollover may be superb. The keyboard, subsequently, comes with it. The keyboard can be stabilized and gained’t slides due to the rubber pads behind the keyboard. The Cherry switches will stand up to 50 million clicks so the keyboard isn’t going anyplace from your desk for an extended, very long time. The connectors are gold plated in order that they gained’t corrode easily and low latency is ensured. Additional shortcut keys like cease, play/pause, quantity up/down are simply accessible and you gained’t need to sign off of the game window. Bottom Line: In case you are in search of a keyboard that may simply be used in quiet environments, stated workplaces, then you’ve gotten stumbled upon the perfect mechanical keyboard. Recreation, sort or program with little to no annoying sound of the keyboard. The last, but by no means the least is the DAS mechanical keyboard. Like they say: don’t decide a guide by its cowl, we propose you don’t assume any less of this keyboard simply because it seems plain because it’s one hell of a keyboard. The switches include a gold contact with devoted media keys and, let’s just say that it’s the very first thing you’ll notice about this keyboard, an enormous volume knob. So, it’s very straightforward to regulate the quantity with this one. Gaming and typing have develop into simpler and quicker with this keyboard owing to the NKRO over the USB. The keyboard will instantly fall asleep mode and save power with one touch of your hand. Furthermore, the keys are laser etched so they may final a very long time. The keyboard is suitable with PC Windows, Linux, Mac, and ChromeOS. There isn’t a want for any difficult drivers; simply plug it in and play. Now that we have now wrapped up the entire listing, let’s go over to probably the most anticipated half. Yes! Our extremely advisable and private favorites. First up is the Corsair Okay95 RGB Mechanical Keyboard. It seems to be superb and feels even better. You get all the features as a gamer. The multicolor backlighting that permits nearly unlimited customization provides you adrenaline. One other one that we extremely advocate is the Velocifier VM01 LED. It appears easy, but has all of the features that may make your gaming expertise ten occasions higher! Final, however not the least is the Pictek I-800 Mechanical Keyboard. It’s preferrred for pro-gamers. The lighting is breathtaking and the keys really feel superb. The perfect factor is that you simply get all this and extra with such a low price ticket. That marks the top of our listing. Let us know within the feedback which of them you would like to have over this holiday season and what we should always assessment subsequent!

2019-04-22T02:30:40Z

https://comparereviewrate.com/best-mechanical-keyboard-2019-top-30-reviews/

Our School Community is committed to making our school a safe and caring environment for all students. We will treat each other with respect and refuse to tolerate bullying of any kind. Definition: Bullying is unfair and one-sided. Bullying behavior happens when someone keeps hurting, harassing, intimidating, threatening, or causing substantial emotional distress to a person. Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication media (cell phones, text messages, instant messaging, social networks, etc.) to bully another student in the ways described above. Bullying and cyberbullying interfere with a student’s educational opportunities and can substantially disrupt the orderly operations of the school. Intervention, Warning, and Redirection: A teacher, principal, or staff member will ensure that the immediate behavior stops and reinforce to the student who is doing the bullying that bullying will not be tolerated. During this meeting with the student, the staff member will redirect the student and come up with a plan for success should they find themselves in a similar situation in the future. Notification of Parents: School staff will notify the parents of involved students. The parents might be asked to meet with the principal or other members of the school staff, including the student’s teacher and/or the school guidance counselor. Resolution with the Target of the Bullying: The student who is bullying may be required to write a letter of apology to the student who was bullied. Depending upon the nature of the incident, the students involved may meet to help resolve the problem and ensure it does not happen again. Referral to School Support Staff: The student who is bullying may meet with the school psychologist or guidance counselor to help prevent future violations. Consequences: The student who is bullying may be assigned detention and/or lose school privileges (i.e., serving on the student council, school newspaper, school performances, yearbook, etc). In cases of serious or repeated bullying, the student may be subject to suspension and/or expulsion. If serious circumstances warrant, law enforcement may also be contacted. CAASPP: California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress is administered in the spring to all students in grades 3-6. These tests measure how well students are achieving California standards for all subject tests - English/Language Arts and mathematics are tested in grades 2-6 and fifth grade students are also tested in Science. Individual student achievement results are mailed home to parents. MAP: The MAP test (Measures of Academic Progress) is a computer program that measures and reports student growth in Reading and Math over months and years. A MAP assessment is administered three times each year and informs the instructional decisions of teachers. OTIS LENNON: The Otis Lennon test is a scholastic aptitude test that is administered to all third graders. Regular Attendance is important for students to be successful learners. When a student is absent, they miss out on the sequence of instruction and must spend extra time catching up with their classmates upon returning to school. In addition, Ed. Code 48200 requires all children ages 6 to 18 to be enrolled in a full-time education program. Absences are monitored closely. Please call the absence hotline, (858) 794-4451 (available 24 hours a day) when your child will be absent. Checking In and Out: Students must be checked in and out through the school office when coming in late or leaving early. Students may ONLY be released to those persons designated on their emergency cards. We are unable to make any exceptions. Parents must insure they have listed the names of any individual who may pick up their child on the student's emergency card. Tardies for students grade K through 6: Students are required to attend school and classes on time each day. Punctuality is a measure of responsibility and the Governing Board of Solana Beach School District deems it important that all students learn the value of being punctual. Students tardy to school must sign in at the school office before going to their class. Students are considered to be tardy if they are not in their seat prepared to work when the bell rings for school to begin. Justification for tardiness is very limited. Tardies will be excused only for health reasons, family emergencies and justifiable personal reasons, as permitted by law, Board Policy and Administrative Regulation 5113, and Education Code 48205. Class participation is an integral part of students’ learning experiences. Parents/guardians and students are strongly encouraged to schedule medical appointments during non-school hours. Tardies will accumulate during the school year. For each tardy that occurs within a school year, the following consequence(s) will apply. School Attendance Review Board (SARB): Attendance and tardies are monitored closely throughout the school year. Truancy letters are sent out to students each time they receive three unexcused absences or three tardies. After nine unexcused absences or nine tardies, a referral may be made to the county Student Attendance Review Board (SARB). SARB is composed of educators and county officials who will review the student's attendance history, interview the parents and student, and make various recommendations to which the parents and student must adhere. If these recommendations are not followed and the student continues to accrue unexcused absences and tardies, SARB can turn the case over to the district attorney's office for legal action. Students may also be referred to SARB for chronic discipline problems. Prompt Afterschool Pickup: Staff supervision ends at 3:00 pm. Students not picked up by 3:00 pm will be directed to a classroom for supervision. Students will sign their name on a clipboard when they arrive and parents will be required to sign the children out when they are picked up . Repetitive late pick-ups will be reported to the principal. A letter may be sent home reminding you that prompt pick-up is important to ensure your child's safety. Medical Appointments: We urge parents to schedule medical and dental appointments so they do not conflict with class time. If a student needs to be checked out of class, parents must come to the office to sign them out (and back in when they return). We will call the classroom to have your child come to the office. Back to School Night is scheduled during the first 2 weeks of school and parents are encouraged to attend this special event. The purpose of the evening is to give teachers an opportunity to share with parents the curriculum, class expectations, and learning opportunities available for each child. This night is for parents only, so parents will need to make child care arrangements. Discussion is intended to be general. Conferences for individual concerns should be scheduled for a later time. Open House is scheduled in the spring. This is an opportunity for students to share with their parents some of the projects and other classroom activities they have worked on throughout the year. Students are not permitted to be on campus before 8:10 a.m. unless they are enrolled in a before school intervention or enrichment class. After 8:10 a.m. students are to go to the black top area of the playground until the bell rings at 8:30 a.m. Kindergarten students stay on the Kindergarten Playground. Riders must be in grades 3 - 6. Bicycles/skateboards are to be walked on school premises. Riding skateboards and scooters on campus is strictly prohibited (both during and after school hours). Sidewalks must be used in the parking lot areas - no riding in the parking lot. Bicycles/skateboards must be parked in bike racks and locked. Only one person per bike/skateboard. Bicycle/skateboard riders must obey the same rules that apply to cars when using the street. Any personal portable devices (e.g. cell phones, smart watches, tablets, etc.), except for assistive technology to support medical conditions, may not be used during school hours. They should be turned off and remain in the student’s backpack. If students need to call a parent during school hours, they may ask to use a school phone. The school phone should not be used to schedule after-school play dates as these types of arrangements should be scheduled outside of the school day. If you have a change of address or phone number, please let the office know so that they can maintain accurate, up-to-date information. If you are moving out of the area, notify the office and we will issue a transfer slip to present to your new school. If reasonable amount of notice is given, a curriculum form will be given to teachers to complete to assist the next teacher. When we assign students to classes for the next school year, we endeavor to meet the needs of the individual child and develop classes whose balance and dynamics contribute to a positive learning environment. To achieve well-balanced classes, we consider academic ability; to help maintain positive class dynamics, we consider which pupils should and should not be placed together. "Sending" and "Receiving" teachers will consider the benefits of possible assignments to each student, as well as the contributions each student and various groupings of students can bring to the dynamics and balance of each class. The Solana Beach Board of Trustees has established a "closed campus" at Solana Santa Fe in the interest of student safety and supervision. Once students arrive on the school grounds, they must remain on campus until the end of the school day. Students who need to leave school before the end of the day need to be checked out in the school office. For the safety of the students at Solana Santa Fe, we ask that ALL parents sign in at the office when on campus for volunteering purposes. Teachers will inform parents on Back-to-School Night how they would like to communicate between home and school. Solana Santa Fe is making every effort to reduce the volume of paper usage by providing the Weekly Communication documents electronically every Wednesday. You can find the flyers and other weekly information in the Weekly Communication link of this website. To receive a reminder and other school communication via email, please take a moment to sign up for the school listserv at: After subscribing, you will receive a confirming email, please follow the confirmation process. Thank you for helping us to use technology to enhance communication and contributing to our commitment to environmental awareness. For your convenience, we have provided a message line (858) 794-4751 to report absences and leave messages for teachers. The messages are picked up every school day between 9:00 and 10:30 am. PLEASE CALL EACH DAY YOUR CHILD IS ABSENT. Student Messages: Parents are requested to call students only in emergencies. Items and messages brought to school for students during school hours are to be brought to the office. Messages will then be delivered to the classroom as soon as possible. Please do not deliver them to the classroom, as this interferes with the continuity of the learning process. Students have access to computers in their classroom, the media center, and the computer lab. Before students use the computer, student and parent must sign a contract. The contract states: Improper use of the computer will result in the cancellation of the student's access privileges and revocation of permission to use the computer, as well as disciplinary action by school officials. The contract also gives or takes away the right for the student to log on to the Internet. The goal of our plan is to maintain a positive environment where students and staff enjoy school and everyone is treated with respect. Our expectations for student behavior are based on the 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Cover, because we strive to inspire greatness in all of our students. Habit 1 - Be Proactive - You're in Charge - I am a responsible person. I take initiative. I choose my actions, attitudes and moods. I do not blame others for my wrong actions. I do the right thing without being asked, even when no one is looking. Habit 2 - Begin with the End in Mind - Have a Plan - I plan ahead and set goals. I do things that have meaning and make a difference. I am an important part of my classroom and contribute to my school's mission and vision. I look for ways to be a good citizen. Habit 3 - Put First Things First - Work First, Then Play - I spend my time on things that are most important. This means I say no to things I know I should not do. I set priorities, make a schedule, and follow my plan. I am disciplined and organized. Habit 4 - Think Win-Win - Everyone Can Win - I balance courage for getting what I want with consideration for what others want. I make deposits in others' Emotional Bank Accounts. When conflicts arise, I look for third alternatives. Habit 5 - Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood - Listen Before You Talk - I listen to other people's ideas and feelings. I try to see things from their viewpoints. I listen to others without interrupting. I am confident in voicing my ideas. I look people in the eyes when talking. Habit 6 - Synergize - Together is Better - I value other people's strengths and learn from them. I get along well with others, even people who are different than me. I work well in groups. I seek out other people's ideas to solve problems because I know that by teaming with others we can create better solutions than anyone of us can alone. I am humble. Habit 7 - Sharpen the Saw - Balance Feels Best - I take care of my body by eating right, exercising and getting sleep. I spend time with family and friends. I learn in lots of ways and lots of places, not just at school. I find meaningful ways to help others. Individual students will recognized at monthly assemblies for working hard to improve themselves and for demonstrating any or all of these seven habits. The school-wide behavior expectations as well as classroom behavior expectations will be shared with students during the first week of school and reviewed throughout the year. Service dogs are permitted, but otherwise we do not allow dogs on campus. The purpose of a school-wide DRESS CODE is to establish a school environment that maintains a productive academic atmosphere which supports students’ learning and ensures student safety. These standards are consistent with those established by California Education Code and the Solana Beach School District. Please take the time to review this policy with your children. As part of our efforts to manage the Dress Code, it is a priority that school staff use discretion and address concerns privately with students with a focus on maintaining the dignity of each child. Parents will be communicated with before concerns are addressed with students and disruption to a child’s school day will be kept at a minimum. Please know how very much your support and cooperation with our school dress code policy is valued. The positive message that school is a place to work and learn is reinforced when our students come to school dressed appropriately. Thank you for reviewing this policy with your child and helping us to reinforce appropriate school attire. Emergency procedures are in place to insure the safety of the students during various emergency situations: earthquake, evacuation, bomb threats or intruder on campus. During an emergency, children will be dismissed by the Superintendent to go home only if there is time to return students safely to their homes, and parents can be notified. If a student's parents cannot be contacted and/or the parent is unable to pick up their child, the school will maintain responsibility for the student until the parent or authorized individual can pick up the student. At no time will a student be excused except to the care of a parent or other adult designated on the emergency card. If evacuation of the school is necessary, students will be transported to a predetermined location. Parents will be advised of the evacuation site by radio announcements and/or information posted at the school site. Evacuation of the school will not be attempted unless there is no alternative. In the event of an emergency, school personnel need to be involved in caring for the students, and telephone lines need to be kept open for communications with proper authorities. As a result, we ask that you call the message hot line, (858) 794-4451, which will be updated with specific information and instructions for parents. The fire alarm sounds. The teacher walks the students to their designated area a safe distance from the building. The teacher then takes attendance and waits for further instructions from the principal. The teacher has students "Drop and Cover" which is getting to their knees away from dangerous windows or other areas covering their heads. They get under tables, desks, or other sturdy furniture. They remain in this position until the office indicates it is time to evacuate or for the drill to end. If an evacuation is called, all classes walk outside the building to the backfield. Everyone meets at the assembly area where there are supply sheds and emergency equipment in case of an actual emergency. This drill is in case of an intruder, stray dog, or any other threat on campus. The principal announces the situation on the intercom and rings the bell if students are outside. Teachers lock the doors and close windows. The students move together to a safe spot in the classroom. Teachers take attendance and remain with students. The class waits for further instructions. Every Friday at 8:30 a.m. (weather permitting), all classes remain on the blacktop for a short assembly. The principal makes announcements, gives awards, recognizes students, etc. Classes recite the Pledge of Allegiance and sing a song together. Parents are always invited to stay for our weekly assemblies. Fever, diarrhea, vomiting within the last 24 hours. Children need to be symptom free for 24 hours before returning to school. Thick mucous or pus draining from eyes. Sore throat, especially if combined with fever or swollen neck glands. Rashes with fever or rashes of unknown origin. Upper respiratory infection and/or severe cold, especially if accompanied with green or yellow nasal discharge and/or ear pain. Coughs spread germs, and a cough that keeps a child up at night means they will be too tired to learn the next day. Unusual fatigue, paleness, loss of appetite, confusion and irritability. The California School Immunization law requires that all children entering school receive proper immunizations to protect them from serious illness and to prevent the spread of communicable diseases: polio, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, varicella (chickenpox), diphtheria, tetanus, haemophilus influenza type b (Hib meningitis), and whooping cough. If your child is required to take daily or occasional medication during school hours, state law requires a parent/guardian MUST complete a medical form signed by the doctor before the medication can be administered. ALL medication must be stored in the health office. Children should not have medication with them at any time - please do not put medication in your child's backpack. The nurse will be on duty to administer first aid and medications. This is to inform you that the Solana Beach School District does not provide student and athletic accident insurance coverage for students, however, it does make available several insurance coverage plans through Student Insurance, an independent insurance company. The Solana Beach School District takes appropriate steps to protect your child from injury; however, accidents can and do occur, even in safe environments. In accordance with Education Code Section 49472, the Solana Beach School District has made available for purchase, voluntary student and athletic accident insurance through the Student Insurance Company. The insurance program offered is optional and complies with the State Education Code. The Student Accident Insurance may be purchased for school-time, 24-hour, and dental coverage. Although you may already have medical insurance for your family, the purchase of this additional coverage could assist you by paying deductibles and balances left after your primary carrier has paid. To enroll in the insurance program, please have your student pick up an enrollment brochure and application from the school office. (If you would prefer, you may download a brochure and application at www.studentinsuranceusa.com. ) Complete the application and return with your premium to Student Insurance in the envelope provided. All premium checks/money orders should be payable to Student Insurance. Please do not send cash! Please retain the brochure attached to the application for your records. If you have any questions, please call Student Insurance directly for assistance with this program. They may be reached at 1-800-367-5830. The purpose of homework is to strengthen academic skills, reinforce concepts taught by teachers, develop student responsibility and accountability, and promote parent awareness. Positive results of homework include better retention of factual knowledge, increased understanding of material, improve critical thinking, concept formation and information processing skills, as well as enrichment of the core curriculum. Our gal is to create assignments that promote one or more of these outcomes. We recognize that homework is not the only circumstance under which after-school learning takes place. Many leisure-time activities teach important academic and life skills. We believe in the importance of balancing leisure, learning and family time. The amount of homework assigned shall be related to the maturity and ability level of the students in a given class. The following chart suggests these homework schedules as guides for students. These schedules can be used as guidelines for parents and teachers in monitoring student time devoted to homework. Be advised that students on occasion may spend more than one hour and/or more than four days a week completing schoolwork, as time at home may be spent doing assigned homework, long-term projects, and completing unfinished classroom assignments. Students have varying abilities to use class time efficiently, and the amount of time spent on homework varies from one child to another. It is the responsibility of the student to record and understand the homework assignment, complete it, and return it to school on the required day. It is the responsibility of the parent to set a specific time and place for doing homework and to monitor the student’s homework. Parents who have concerns about homework should contact their child’s teacher. Parents should provide guidance to students, not answers. Requests for homework should be called in on the Absence Line (858-794-4751) before 10:00 a.m., and can be picked up between 3:00 and 4:00 p.m. that day. Found items are kept on the coat rack by the FAB; small or valuable items are kept in a drawer in the school office. After a period of time, items are donated to charity, so please encourage your children to check the lost and found periodically. We make every effort to return items if names are on them so be sure to label all personal belongings. The Solana Beach School District takes part in the National Lunch Program. Meals are served every school day. Students may buy lunch for $3.75. A student lunch includes an entrée, choice of 1% low-fat milk or fat free chocolate milk, 100% fruit juice and assortment of fresh and canned fruits and vegetables from our salad bar. In order to receive a free or reduced lunch, parents must complete an application (available in the school office) on a yearly basis. Parents can pay for lunch online through Nutri-Kids.com. Parents are encouraged to prepay for their children's lunches. Prepaid students will be issued an electronic card which keeps track of the balance in the student's lunch account. When a student's account drops below a predetermined amount, the student will be given a note to take home and/or the parent will receive an email from Food Service. We cannot guarantee that all students will be assured their lunch selections o the menu. When in doubt, pack your child's lunch. Lunch Rules: Eat first; Clean up your area; Talk quietly; Be polite and remember your manners; Raise your hand to use the restroom and get a drink. Children are asked not to bring pets from home. In special cases, pets may be brought only with the prior permission of the teacher and should be in a cage or under some other form of restraint. California Education Code 51210(g) requires that students in grades 1 through 6 receive not less than 200 minutes of physical education every 10 school days, excluding lunch and recess. Teachers in Solana Beach School District post schedules for P.E. in their classrooms. The schedules are also available in the school’s office. The parking lot is a NO CELL PHONE ZONE! Enter the parking lot and follow the single-file lane along the side parking lot. Continue moving forward to the FRONT of the school and pull as far forward as you can. Children exit/enter the car FROM THE CURB SIDE ONLY. Please adhere to signs that indicate where the pick-up/drop-off zone begins. You must stay in your car at all times. Do not park and leave your car in any red zones. The parking lot exit is a RIGHT TURN ONLY. This is much safer and helps the traffic flow immensely. Remember that it is extremely dangerous to cross El Apajo. If you need to park and walk your child to school – always use the crosswalk. Pick up is from 2:38 – 3:00 pm. The traffic is VERY congested at 2:38 pm! So arrive early (2:15 pm) or preferably, arrive after 2:45 pm. The traffic flow is much better at this time and it is easier to access the parking lot. We will supervise the children until 3:00 pm. Be careful, cooperative and patient! Watch out for kids and other vehicles. FOR SAFETY REASONS, the “left over” children will be escorted to a supervised classroom to wait for their parents. If you arrive after 3:00 pm and the children are not waiting out front, you will need to get out of your car, check in at the office and then go to the supervised classroom where your child will be waiting. We are sorry for the inconvenience, but we have no other way to supervise the students after 3:00 pm, and waiting in the lobby is not a safe option. The pick up/drop off line is a NO CELL PHONE ZONE! Pick up/drop off is only on the West side of Circa del Norte. Pull up as far forward as possible. Children need to exit/enter the car from the passenger side. Parents then continue along in the pick up/drop off zone, merging onto Circa del Norte and exiting through Gate 1. Please stay in your cars – congregating in groups adds to the congestion and creates a safety concern. DO NOT make a U-turn on Circa del Norte prior to or after picking up or dropping off your child. This is extremely unsafe!! The back gates are only open from 8:10 - 8:27 a.m. and from 2:38 – 2:55 p.m.. At all other times, you must access the school from El Apajo. Please note – the gate is not open when it’s raining. Students are not allowed to wait at the horse stables. The Solana Santa Fe Parent Teacher Organization (PTO) is an integral part of the school. the PTO is dedicated to supporting the children and community of Solana Santa Fe School. To reach these goals, our PTO members volunteer many hours and raise funds to support classrooms, encourage communication, and develop community spirit. PTO donations support our science, art, PE, media center, and computer specialists, as well as various enrichment and cultural projects throughout the year. Please refer to our PTO webpage for additional details and information. Students are issued Report Cards three times a year. Report cards are reviewed with parents during the fall and spring parent-teacher conferences. A final report card is sent home with the students on the last day of school. The school will hold report cards if students have not paid for a lost book. School photos are taken in the early fall and the finished photos come home in early December. Class group photos will be taken. Individual photos are optional. You will be notified beforehand of the various options for the purchase of prints. You are not required to purchase photographs. In the 1970's, the State of California passed a law that set up the School Improvement Program (SIP), which enabled schools to receive supplemental funding from the state. The new law also required that schools establish School Site Councils (SSC) in order to receive and spend the extra funding provided by SIP (if and when any monies are made available by the State). Our Site Council is made up of five parents, five teachers/staff, and the principal. The Site Council assists in long-range planning and monitoring of the site strategic school plan and if funds are available, the overseeing of the expenditure of SIP funds. Meetings are held three to four times a year and are open to the public. The Solana Beach School District prohibits unlawful sexual harassment of any student or employee by any other student or employee. Teachers shall discuss this policy with their students in age-appropriate ways and should assure them that they need not endure any form of sexual harassment. Any student who engages in sexual harassment of anyone in or from the District may be subject to disciplinary action up to and including expulsion. Any employee who permits or engages in sexual harassment of any student may be subject to disciplinary action up to and including dismissal. Students and staff shall immediately report incidents of sexual harassment to the principal/designee or to another District administrator. Any student who feels that he/she is being sexually harassed should immediately contact the principal/designee or another District administrator in order to obtain a copy of AR 1312.2 - Uniform Complaint Procedures. Complaints of sexual harassment can be filed in accordance with these procedures. The District prohibits retaliatory behavior against any complainant or any participant in the process. Each complaint of sexual harassment shall be promptly investigated in a way that respects the privacy of all parties concerned. The Board of Education believes that reasonable use of surveillance cameras will help the District support its goals for campus security. Cameras are not placed in areas where students, staff, or community members have a reasonable expectation for privacy. The District’s audio capability on the surveillance equipment is disabled so sounds are not recorded. Solana Santa Fe School and the Solana Beach School District is a tobacco-free site. Use of all tobacco products shall be prohibited within any district building, facility, or vehicle. In addition, the use of all tobacco products is prohibited on school grounds or premises. This prohibition shall also apply to all individuals attending or representing the school district at school-sponsored activities held off district property. Students may not use toys, pagers, cell phones, or other personal electronic equipment during school hours. If students need to call a parent during school hours, they may use a school phone. The school phone should not be used to schedule after-school play dates. These dates should be arranged in advance. Please sign in at the office first and get a visitor's badge which must be visibly worn. Visitors are asked to check back in with the office before leaving campus to sign out and return their badge. The following resources are available to any parent who wishes to know how his/her child is doing i school: parent/teacher conferences, Back to School Night, meetings with the guidance counselor, meetings with the principal, report cards, progress reports, homework samples, work samples and standardized test data. Solana Santa Fe has a strong tradition of parent involvement. Under the teacher’s direction, parents work with children individually or in small groups, giving students immediate feedback on their work and helping them through problems. Volunteers provide additional support for classroom learning activities. Others can help out on field trips, by sharing special talents or helping to prepare materials at school. All volunteers are asked to sign in daily in the office. Be responsible and safe -- always put children first. Respect confidentiality. Students and staff have a right to privacy. When things come up and you can’t fulfill a promise, let someone know. Ask for help -- don’t suffer in silence! Share your experience with others and encourage new volunteers. Commitment - Once you become a volunteer others depend on you. Try to pick what is manageable and interesting to you. Be prepared. Communicate with teachers and other staff members ahead of time. Be on time. If you can’t make it, let someone know. Each volunteer working with children must have the report of a negative tuberculin test (injection) or X-ray on file in the health office. The tuberculin test and X-ray are good for four years. We so appreciate all that you do for our school!

2019-04-19T23:18:56Z

https://www.sbsd.k12.ca.us/domain/244

Unexpected obstetric emergencies threaten the safety of pregnant women. As emergencies are rare, they are difficult to learn. Therefore, simulation-based medical education (SBME) seems relevant. In non-systematic reviews on SBME, medical simulation has been suggested to be associated with improved learner outcomes. However, many questions on how SBME can be optimized remain unanswered. One unresolved issue is how 'in situ simulation' (ISS) versus 'off site simulation' (OSS) impact learning. ISS means simulation-based training in the actual patient care unit (in other words, the labor room and operating room). OSS means training in facilities away from the actual patient care unit, either at a simulation centre or in hospital rooms that have been set up for this purpose. The objective of this randomized trial is to study the effect of ISS versus OSS on individual learning outcome, safety attitude, motivation, stress, and team performance amongst multi-professional obstetric-anesthesia teams. The trial is a single-centre randomized superiority trial including 100 participants. The inclusion criteria were health-care professionals employed at the department of obstetrics or anesthesia at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, who were working on shifts and gave written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were managers with staff responsibilities, and staff who were actively taking part in preparation of the trial. The same obstetric multi-professional training was conducted in the two simulation settings. The experimental group was exposed to training in the ISS setting, and the control group in the OSS setting. The primary outcome is the individual score on a knowledge test. Exploratory outcomes are individual scores on a safety attitudes questionnaire, a stress inventory, salivary cortisol levels, an intrinsic motivation inventory, results from a questionnaire evaluating perceptions of the simulation and suggested changes needed in the organization, a team-based score on video-assessed team performance and on selected clinical performance. The perspective is to provide new knowledge on contextual effects of different simulation settings. Care for pregnant and parturient women is a field where unexpected emergencies occur; for example, emergency Caesarean section, postpartum bleeding or severe pre-eclampsia, that may potentially harm both mother and baby [1–4]. Since obstetric emergencies are rare and hence by nature difficult to learn in real life, simulation-based medical education (SBME) is argued to be an essential remedy . SBME is defined as “a person, device, or set of conditions which attempts to present education and evaluation problems authentically. The student or trainee is required to respond to the problems as he or she would under natural circumstances” . Labor wards have a dual function in creating a relaxed atmosphere for normal childbirth and at the same time showing readiness to deal with life-threatening emergencies . Labor wards are challenging work places and patient safety and medical litigation are high on the agenda [8–11]. In certain situations, clinical management of pregnant and parturient women may require the involvement of a variety of health-care professionals and medical specialties. The primary care team in a delivery room consists of a midwife assisted by an auxiliary nurse. In cases of emergencies, more experienced midwives and obstetricians will be called for assistance. If the clinical situation progresses further to an emergency, an anesthesiologist, a nurse anesthetist and the operating room personnel may become involved. Occasionally, involvement of other specialties may also be required, when a rather common clinical event has evolved into a potentially life-threatening situation calling for multi-professional and multi-disciplinary clinical management. Such rare and complex clinical situations require complex skills, which cannot be trained and learned in clinical practice. Thus, there is a need for SBME in obstetric emergencies. In a systematic review of training in acute obstetric emergencies the authors applied the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies criteria. Out of 97 articles, only eight articles - four randomized trials and four cohort studies - assessing the effect of teamwork training in a simulation setting were identified. Based on these trials, it was concluded that teamwork training in a simulation-based setting resulted in improvements in knowledge, practical skills, communication, and team performance in acute obstetric situations. No difference in outcomes was found when comparing SBME in a dedicated simulation centre with SBME in a local hospital setting [13, 14]. From the non-systematic reviews on SBME [6, 15] and the obstetric systematic review we can conclude that SBME in labor wards is worthwhile, and that multi-professional and multi-disciplinary team training are important approaches due to the complexities of the trained skills and the rarity of the high-risk obstetric emergencies. However, we need to further study key elements of SBME in order to fully understand how we can best improve SBME in obstetric emergencies. One potential element influencing the effect of simulation might be the level of authenticity of the simulation or, in other words, the fidelity of the simulation. Fidelity is described as a multi-dimensional concept consisting of different parts: 1) physical/functional or engineering fidelity, which mean the degree to which the simulator duplicates the appearance and perception of the real system; 2) psychological fidelity is the degree to which the trainee perceives the simulation to be an authentic surrogate for the trained task. The literature states that psychological fidelity is considered to be the most essential requirement when conducting team training [16, 17]. The simulation setting has traditionally been 'off site simulation' (OSS), either at a simulation centre or in local facilities in the hospital set up for the single purpose of simulation training. However, more recently, a new simulation modality, the 'in situ simulation' (ISS), has been introduced. ISS is described by Riley and colleagues as “a team-based simulation strategy that occurs on the actual patient care units involving actual healthcare team members within their own working environment”. An unanswered question is whether ISS is superior compared with OSS with regards to simulation-based learning in obstetric emergencies? We hypothesized that the psychological fidelity is influenced by the setting in which the simulation training is conducted, and that ISS can add to the level of fidelity and therefore be more effective. Apart from a few larger observational studies within different medical specialties [18–20], most of the studies conducted on ISS describe a local educational intervention with a local ISS program. Methodologically, the studies are descriptive and few include a control group or pre- and post-tests, and we have not been able to identify any randomized trials . It is argued that ISS can identify system weaknesses because ISS takes place in the real working environment and, therefore, potentially has more psychological fidelity as opposed to OSS [18–22], and ISS can be used to test how new processes are functioning in clinical facilities . Some argue that ISS overcomes feasibility issues and is cost saving compared to OSS in simulation centers [24, 25]. ISS can consist of either an announced training event or an unannounced event. Anderson and colleagues focused on unannounced ISS and its potential disadvantages, and argued how unannounced ISS is time consuming and may intimidate participants. Human factors such as stress and motivation impact learning [27–31]. Studies show that simulation can be a stressor. High stress responsiveness has been associated with both enhanced and impaired performance, but with enhanced learning . As such, further exploration of these issues is needed. Experimental studies have used unspecific measurements of stress level , and different stress inventories as well as measurements of salivary cortisol levels [28, 33–36]. Motivational processes are central to learning [27, 30, 37], and as part of this trial we will investigate phenomena such as intrinsic motivation, and how this is moderated by the two different training settings (ISS versus OSS). We hypothesize that, in simulation-based training in obstetric emergencies, ISS is more effective than OSS regarding learning. We anticipate that the participants will experience ISS as more demanding, and that ISS will create higher levels of stress and motivation, which may yet again enhance learning. Further, we hypothesize that ISS training may provide the investigators with more information on changes needed in the organization than OSS training will. Randomized trials are needed to obtain knowledge on the effect of ISS versus OSS on participants and its advantages and disadvantages. The design is a single-center, investigator-initiated randomized superiority trial. The trial was undertaken at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, in an obstetric and anesthesia high-risk department with approximately 6,600 deliveries per year. The intervention period was scheduled to run through April to June 2013, and follow-up by questionnaires until August 2013. All health-care professionals from the department of obstetrics and anesthesia, Juliane Marie Centre for Children, Women and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, working on or in relation to the labor ward, were eligible for inclusion in the trial. These health-care professional groups, who were working on shift, encompassed: specialized obstetricians; trainee obstetricians; midwives; specialized midwives; auxiliary nurses; specialized anesthesiologists; trainee anesthesiologists; nurse anesthetists; and surgical nurses. Participants gave informed consent. Exclusion criteria were lack of informed consent, employees with managerial and staff responsibilities, staff members involved in the design or conduction of the trial, and finally employees who did not work in shifts. Randomization was done by the Copenhagen Trial Unit, using a computer-generated allocation sequence concealed to the investigators. The randomization was conducted in two steps. The participants were individually randomized into the experimental group (ISS) or the control group (OSS). The allocation sequence was stratified according to health-care professional groups in order to resemble authentic teams and according to the days they were available for training. After individual randomization, the participants in either group (ISS and OSS) were randomized into five teams each. This trial included an experimental educational intervention ISS [18, 21], which means training in the actual patient care unit (in other words, the labor room and operating theatre). The experimental intervention in the present trial was pre-announced ISS. We planned to conduct announced ISS training, as the complexity of conducting unannounced ISS sessions with the involvement of health-care professionals on a larger scale is unrealistic taking into consideration work schedules and the daily clinical work activities. Training of the control group (OSS) took place in training rooms that were set up for the occasion in the hospital, but away from the actual patient care unit. The simulated scenarios applied in the trial were contained in a full training day. The development of the curriculum for the training day was based on an instructional design approach [38, 39] and was developed and pilot tested by a local multi-professional working committee. In January 2012 this working committee was appointed by the managerial groups of the departments of anesthesia and obstetrics and consisted of representatives from all the health-care professionals who will participate in the trial. This working committee developed aims and objectives based on the principles of Blooms taxonomy , and the aims and objectives were approved by the management groups. The simulated scenarios in ISS and OSS were designed in a way that involved both the labor room setting and the operating theatre, to specifically focus on the patient journey and the communication amongst health-care professionals during patient transfers, where many different health-care professionals and different medical disciplines are involved. This approach to training was chosen based upon previous experience with obstetric simulation-based training conducted in the obstetric department [32, 41] and was designed in accordance with the overall plan of strategy of the obstetric department and the anesthesia department, Juliane Marie Centre for Children, Women and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet . In the labor room, a simulated patient acted as the patient. In the operating room, a full body interactive birthing simulator, a SimMom, was the patient . The SimMom simulator offers the functionality required for training in a wide range of midwifery, obstetric and anesthesia skills, and the anatomy and functionality of the SimMom allows for multi-professional training of labor and delivery management. Standardized clinical simulated scenarios were designed and, combined with pre-programmed scenarios on the SimMom, this allowed for standardized training. The educators were recruited from the local working committee, and all educators were trained to run the scenarios in a standardized way and in facilitating the simulation scenarios and debriefing the participants. In addition, the training day also included some video-based, case-based and lecture-based teaching sessions. Also, on the simulation days, data related to the trial were collected in the form of written multiple choice questions (MCQ), questionnaires on subjective stress and salivary cortisol samples (Table 1). Training days were scheduled into the individual employee’s working plan. Figure 1 gives an overview of the randomization and intervention procedure as well as outcomes. 1. simulation: video recordings. Video assessment by independent assessors. Randomized trial of ‘ in situ simulation’ (ISS) versus ‘off site simulation’ (OSS): randomization, intervention and outcome measurements. The participants and the educators providing the educational intervention, and the assessors observing and assessing videos, were not blinded to the intervention. The data managers, statisticians and investigators drawing conclusions will be blinded to the allocated intervention groups. Table 2 provides an overview of the variables, outcomes and accompanying statistical analyses. Table 2 is inspired by the SPIRIT 2013: Explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials . See Table 1 for the time schedule for obtaining measurements. Inventory 20 item (interval 20 to 80). The table is inspired by SPIRIT 2013: Explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials . ANOVA, analysis of variance. The primary outcome is knowledge test results from MCQs. The mean values of results of the MCQs of the experimental and control group were tested at the end of the training day and will be compared. Previous research on knowledge testing has found that written tests are able to predict results in performance-based testing [45, 46]. The argument for applying the MCQ is that it is feasible to test many participants in a relatively short time and at low costs . Previously used MCQ tests and 'knowledge of skills test' [13, 32] were used for inspiration, when constructing this new MCQ. The MCQs were created as a 'one-best-answer' item format with three to five options, which requires the participants to select the single best response [47, 48]. The content of the MCQs were based on aims and objectives developed by the multi-professional working group appointed by the management and has been tested amongst all health-care professional in this local working group. The content validity was further tested among specialized obstetricians and specialized obstetric anesthesiologists. Subsequently, the MCQs were tested among midwifery students, medical students, trainee doctors and specialized obstetricians and specialized obstetric anesthesiologists from other hospitals and were found to be construct valid. During the statistical analysis, some items in the MCQ needed to be deleted. The description of development and results of the MCQs used in this trial will be reported in another publication. The “Safety Attitudes Questionnaire” (SAQ) consists of 33 items on a five-point scale that is divided into six dimensions. SAQ was applied approximately 1 month prior to and approximately 1 month after the training day. The mean values on six different dimensions of the SAQ results from the experimental and control group will be compared 1 month after the training day. SAQ is an inventory used in several countries and also applied and validated in a Scandinavian context, and previously tested in Denmark [49–51]. Salivary cortisol (reflecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity) was used as a biological marker of stress levels. The Sarstedt Cortisol Salivette Device, provided by Neogen corporation 944 Nandino Blvd, Lexint KY 40511–1205 USA Product no. 402710, was used The analysis will be a duplicate analysis based on the Elisa Technique 405 nm, where 100 ul sample will be extracted and 50 ul in duplication will be used in the ELISA kit. Eight standards in ranges from 0.04 ng/ml up to 10ng/ml will be used in the assay together with a blanc control. The microtitterplate will be read in a dual wavelength set at 450 nm and 650 nm. In calculation of the data, the blanc background will be subtracted from all absorbance values before a non linear fit to the standard curve will be calculated. The salivary cortisol sample was obtained before the simulation (baseline) and three times in relation to the simulations. The cortisol response will be measured as increased salivary cortisol from individual baseline to peak, and mean response values in the experimental and control group will be compared. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-1) was administered before the simulations started (baseline) and twice following the simulations [52, 53]. It will reflect the subjective stress response. The peak level of subjective stress response will be used and mean values in the experimental and control group will be compared. Cognitive appraisal [31, 36, 54] was assessed before and after each scenario, using the method described by Tomaka ; in other words, primary appraisal was examined by asking the participants to answer the question “how stressful do you expect the upcoming task to be?” Secondary appraisal was measured by asking the participants “how able were you to cope with this task?” The participants indicated their answers on an anchored ten-point Likert scale. An index of cognitive appraisal will be calculated as the ratio of the primary appraisal (task) to the secondary appraisal (resource). If the resources are assessed as being greater than the task demands, the situation is appraised as a 'challenge'. If the task demands were appraised as being greater than the resources, the situation is appraised as a 'threat' . “Intrinsic Motivation Inventory” consists of 22 items on a seven-point scale that is divided into four dimensions. It was administered as a questionnaire approximately 1 week after the training day . The median values in the experimental and control group will be compared. A questionnaire was administered to evaluate participant perceptions of the simulations and the debriefing approximately 1 week after the training day. This questionnaire included questions on a Likert scale about personal perceptions of the scenario (that is, learning, realism, cooperation between health-care professionals, own role in the team, et cetera) and whether the simulation training scenarios inspired the participants to suggest organizational change proposals (that is, changes in guidelines, practical things, et cetera). The data will be treated as ordinal data at the item level. The median values in the experimental and control group will be compared. Team performance score will be assessed by independent observers through reviewing video recordings of the scenarios. A validated rating scale “Team Emergency Assessment Measure” developed by Cooper and colleagues [55, 56] will be used. The median scores of the performance in the experimental and control group will be compared. Clinical performance in the simulated setting will be assessed by the independent assessors through the reviewing of video recordings of the scenarios. The assessment score is based on data such as minutes passed from the scenario starts till decision was made about operation, minutes from decision making before operation was initiated, and whether medications such as uterotonics were administered or not. The mean score of the performance in the experimental and control group will be compared. There are no data on training effectiveness of ISS upon which to base sample size calculations. We chose to calculate the required sample size based on experience with knowledge tests from data in previous studies [13, 32]. We were planning a trial of a continuous response variable from independent control and experimental participants with one control per experimental participant. We assumed the response within the experimental and the control group to be normally distributed with a standard deviation of 24%. If the true difference in the experimental and control means was 17%, we needed to study 32 experimental participants and 32 control participants (a total of 64) to be able to reject the null hypothesis; that is, that there was no difference in population means of the experimental and control groups with a probability of (power) 80%. The two-sided type I error probability associated to test this null hypothesis was 5%. As the intervention was delivered in teams (clusters), observations on participants in the same team were likely to be correlated. Hence the effective sample size was less than that suggested by the actual number of individual participants. The reduction in effective sample size depends on the intra-class or cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) [57, 58]. In order to adjust the sample size for this, the crude sample size calculated above needed to be multiplied by the design effect. The cluster size was ten, as there were ten participants in each team, and we assumed the ICC to be 0.05 . Design effect = 1 + (cluster size – 1) × ICC → design effect = 1.45. Accordingly, the sample size was then 64 × 1.45 = 92.8 participants. We therefore planned to include 100 participants in the experimental and control groups (50 in each group) each of which consists of five teams of 10 participants in each arm. Statistical methods for the primary and exploratory outcome of the hypotheses are laid out in Table 2, and also the statistical methods are described. The intervention was delivered in teams, which means that participants were clustered within teams. Since observations from individuals in the same team are potentially correlated we will use generalized estimating equations (GEE) in the parametric analyses to take this cluster effect into account. The statistical analysis will be adjusted for health-care professional groups. The experimental group (participants or teams in ISS) will be compared against the control group (participants or teams in OSS) for all analyses. The results will be expressed by means with standard deviations and confidence intervals, as well as by medians with percentiles. Associated P-values and effect sizes will be reported. For the interval scale data, linear regression will be used to analyze changes between the experimental and the control group from baseline to peak. GEE will be used to take the clustered nature of the data into account. Non-parametric statistical analyses will be used for the ordinal scale data. Medians and percentiles will be reported and the Mann–Whitney U test will be used. Individual responses to the evaluation questionnaire are measured on a Likert scale and will be treated as ordinal data and analyzed at the item level. To take missing data into account, all analyses will be performed as intention-to-treat analyses. Missing data will be handled by multiple imputation techniques. For all tests, we will use 2-sided P-values with alpha < 0.05 being the level of significance. We will use the Benjamin-Hochberg method to adjust for multiple testing . Participants are health-care professionals and neither patients nor patient data are used in the trial. The trial complies with the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki on biomedical research and with the Act on Processing of Personal Data. Relevant approval from The Regional Ethics Committee (protocol number H-2-2012-155) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (Number 2007-58-0015) are obtained. The trial is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov with number NCT01792674. The training program was planned to take place during normal working hours and participants were paid full salary for their attendance. No further compensation was given to participants. Participation was voluntary and the participants could withdraw from the trial at any time. Participants were assured that their personal data, data on questionnaires, salivary cortisol samples and video-recordings will remain anonymous during analyses and reporting. The participants were asked to respect the confidentiality of their observations about colleagues’ performance in the simulated setting. The eligible participants were informed at conferences, meetings, on a web page , by written notice on notice boards, and by a personal letter administered by the hospital local post distribution, which gave the participants the opportunity to make an informed decision about their participation in the trial. The eligible participants could obtain more written information from our web page and by contacting the principal investigator or another contact person directly. After receiving written and verbal information, eligible participants were asked to sign a consent form before being enrolled in the trial. This is the first randomized trial investigating the effect of ISS versus OSS for SBME. An advantage of the trial is that it includes authentic teams of health-care professionals also involved in these clinical scenarios in real life. Several simulation-based studies are not performed on authentic teams and students have often been enrolled as they are more flexible and easier to include in trials. However, applicability of these data is questionable as results based upon undergraduate students may not necessarily apply to postgraduate employed health-care workers. Including authentic teams will probably be advantageous when interpreting the results and drawing conclusions. However, the fact that authentic obstetric-anesthesia teams are trial participants - that is, fully employed health-care professionals - may carry feasibility problems. There will be a risk that situations arise in which real emergencies combined with lack of staff necessitate that some of the randomized health-care professionals will need to discontinue the trial participation. Further, there is a minor risk that a full team randomized to ISS needs to discontinue if a real life emergency situation necessitates the use of the rooms in the labor ward and operating theatre that were allocated to the trial for the day. Through our careful planning and cooperation with the managerial teams of the involved departments, this risk will be minimized. A potential weakness is the fact that the trial is a single site trial, including only a moderate number of participants. There will also be a risk of contamination amongst teams, as the health-care professionals in the experimental team (ISS) intermingle with staff members allocated to the control group (OSS) and may share information. This may affect the generalizability of this study. Moreover, this trial only assesses surrogate outcomes for the relevant clinical outcome, that is, whether neonatal and maternal health fares better with ISS compared with OSS. However, being the first randomized trial comparing ISS with OSS, the trial has the potential to add some new insight with regards to the effect of authenticity in the setting for SBME and to inform future research in this field. The sample size estimation has been based on data from other knowledge tests [13, 32], as there are no current data on knowledge testing, and on the effect of training effectiveness of ISS versus OSS. The sample size calculation is adjusted for clustering. However, we have no prior information about the ICC, and therefore this estimation is based on general recommendations [57, 58]. The primary outcome is a knowledge test. As alluded to above, it would have been more optimal to have neonatal and maternal health as clinical outcomes. However, this is not possible in the present trial, as a very high number of deliveries will be required to directly measure patient-relevant outcomes in obstetrics . However, there are educational studies indicating that a performance in a written knowledge test can relate to clinical performance in practice . Given the nature of the trial, it will not be possible to blind the participants, the educators providing the educational intervention, or the assessors observing and assessing videos. This will give a risk of overestimating the beneficial effects of the experimental intervention [64, 65]. However, the allocated intervention group will be blinded for the data managers, statisticians and investigators drawing conclusions, and we will consider the risks of bias when drawing conclusions. This trial can bring new information on SBME. The simulation setting has traditionally been OSS; however, an unanswered question is which advantages, if any, ISS can add to learning. Randomized trials are needed to obtain knowledge of advantages and disadvantages of ISS versus OSS. The study can potentially also inform the theory of fidelity of simulation . The results of this trial may also add knowledge to inform the political planning and decision making process during rebuilding and building of hospitals and simulation centers. It is important to know whether high-fidelity simulation centers should be prioritized as opposed to designing/building simulation rooms 'in situ' for future simulation-based education. Planning of the trial was initiated in January 2012. Enrolment of participants was initiated in January 2013. The intervention is scheduled to start in April 2013 and will stop in June 2013. Follow-up by questionnaires will continue until August 2013. The trial is mainly funded by a non-profit fund, the Danish Regions Development and Research Fund, and another non-profit fund, the Laerdal Foundation for Acute Medicine, has funded a minor part of the study. None of the funds have a role in the design or conduct of the study. The authors would like to thank the doctors, midwives and nurses taking part in the working committee planning the intervention, specifically midwife Pernille Langhoff-Roos for her contributions to detailed planning and recruitment of participants. The authors would like to thank Jørn Wetterslev for advice on potential impact of clustering effect. The authors would also like to thank Susanne Rosthøj and Karl Bang Christensen (Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen) for advice on the statistical plan, Solvejg Kristensen (Danish National Clinical Quality Improvement Programme) for advice on the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, and Per Bech (Psychiatric Research Unit, Mental Health Centre North Zealand, Denmark) for advice and a Danish edition of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The authors declare they have no financial or academic competing interests. JLS created the idea of the trial. All authors made contributions to the design of this trial. BO and CVdV are supervisors of the trial. Acquisition of funding was done by JLS, supported by BO and HK. JLS, JL and CG have contributed to the sample size estimation and detailed designing of and execution of the randomization process. JLS, MJ, CKA, KE, BWP, DØ and VL made substantial contributions to the practical issues and logistics of the trial. PW contributed to the discussion, practical issues and logistics about testing salivary cortisol. JLS wrote the draft manuscript. All authors provided critical review of this paper and approved the final manuscript.

2019-04-20T14:25:17Z

https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6215-14-220

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This thirst of obtaining understanding has always strengthened the ‘homo sapiens’ in several means. With the intro of the Internet, the entire world has actually become a Global City. Information is passed onto every corner of the world within minutes. This increasing popularity provided increase to numerous data and material holding sites on the web. The 21st century brought with it, a whole lot of data and web content being on a regular basis composed as well as released. With tons of paper being made use of in a solitary day, there was a need for online information monitoring systems. This new reasoning brought cutting edge modifications. . Web organizing service is a service which enables the companies and also people to place data and material on the Internet. It has lots of kinds and also categories. Adhering to are its main groups. Webhosting is a kind of net holding which permits the companies and also individuals to access their websites as well as websites. 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WP engine, by default, supplies a 30-day backup and keeps the track. This actually is an excellent feature to delight in. Internet protection is the primary frustration nowadays for the online platforms. We listen to the news of data violations significantly nowadays. WP engine not only supplies safety with the security code yet additionally it sends one more code to the mobile phone in order to permit access to the account. Transferring the sites to the clients is likewise feasible via WP engine. It is very easy and also actually handy when doing mass work. Here, hostgator is plainly a far better alternative as it’s much, more affordable than the other one. WP engine is really a pricey one. Regardless of WP engine discount coupon discount rate, Hostgator is more affordable. Below hostgator has a top edge with infant holding and also several various other unique features. WP engine additionally gives several attributes yet taking the price right into factor to consider, they are inadequate. In light of those points, we could state that Hostgator is plainly a much better option compared to WP engine. WP engine is concentrated on a solitary CMS, however Hostgator gives you with variety. Information sharing has always been a vital part of male’s background. From the very beginning, man has actually taken rate of interest in hearing stories, stories, and information from across the world. With the passage of time, male discovered to write as well as ever since, an endless process of composing catastrophes, bios and also short stories started. Normally, people want to discover and also acknowledge the important things. This thirst of getting expertise has always reinforced the ‘homo sapiens’ in several means. With the intro of the Internet, the whole world has transformed into a Global City. Information is passed into every corner of the globe within mins. This boosting popularity offered increase to numerous data and material hosting sites online. Just what are content administration, internet organizing & web hosting??? . Net organizing service is a solution which allows the organizations as well as individuals to place information and also material on the Internet. Internet holding is a kind of internet holding which permits the companies as well as people to access their internet pages and sites. WordPress is one of the most previously owned content management system. It’s a totally free and open source CMS mostly based upon PHP and MySQL. Inning accordance with some statistics, it’s used by 30.6% of the leading 10 million internet sites for material uploading as well as blog writing. It provides its customers with layouts, plug-ins, motifs as well as several other enticing features. When the concept of owning websites and also sites wased initially presented, the circumstance came to be complex. The idea was actually advantageous however to have a web site, it called for special computer systems which might get the job done. Therefore, internet hosting service was introduced and also it started to use the services, without the customer requiring the required infrastructure needed to do the task. By doing this, this suggestion spread. When it concerns supplying holding for WordPress, WP engine goes to the top in this field. The main issue with WP engine is that it does not sustain any other CMS various other compared to WordPress. WP engine discount coupons are readily available to obtain discount rates. Despite of the discounts, WP engine is still much expensive compared to the others. If you are concerned with making use of simply WordPress, WP engine could be a great choice as it is enhanced for WordPress as well as is particularly constructed for the objective. Numerous people do not use simply WordPress and it could be a problem for them to utilize WP engine. 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2019-04-20T13:17:59Z

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Uribe, Sergio Nicolas was born 6 July 1960, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3812 Wood Thrush Dr, Kissimmee, Florida 34744. Florida voter ID number 115409103. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2018 voter list: Sergio N. Uribe, 11490 SW 57Th St, Miami, FL 33173 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Sergio Soler was born 20 May 1964, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2025 Rivers Own Rd, St Augustine, Florida 32092. Florida voter ID number 108088036. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014. Uribe, Sharon D. was born 9 October 1953, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1012 11Th Ave W, Palmetto, Florida 34221-3716. Florida voter ID number 120314932. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 1402 Vermont Apt 194 Harlingen TX 78550-8909. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2017 voter list: Sharon D. Uribe, 1012 11Th Ave W, Palmetto, FL 34221 Republican Party of Florida. Uribe, Shauntae Renay was born 26 November 1978, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11031 Sw 25Th St, Apt 1307, Miramar, Florida 33025. Florida voter ID number 117033256. Her telephone number is 1-786-223-0314. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2018 voter list: Shauntae Renay Jones, 11031 SW 25th ST, APT 1307, Miramar, FL 33025 Florida Democratic Party. 30 September 2018 voter list: Shauntae Renay Jones, 2875 NW 164th Ter, Miami Gardens, FL 33054 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Shawn B. was born 21 May 1990, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 10521 Sw 142Nd Ave, Miami, Florida 33186. Florida voter ID number 116437421. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 June 2016. Uribe, Shawn Benjamin was born 12 May 1990, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 10521 Sw 142Nd Ave, Miami, Florida 33186. Florida voter ID number 116324076. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, SHERRA N. born 1 May 1986, Florida voter ID number 104402238 See LONG, SHERRA NATAVIA. CLICK HERE. Uribe, Sherri A. was born 28 August 1958, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 509 Mountain Dr, Babson Park, Florida 33827. Florida voter ID number 114874876. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, SILVIA born 5 January 1943, Florida voter ID number 117658147 See OCAMPO, SILVIA. CLICK HERE. Uribe, Silvia was born 10 February 1957, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1551 Ne 167Th St, #721, N Miami Beach, Florida 33162. Florida voter ID number 110212365. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 264 Columbia Ave Lodi NJ 07644. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. URIBE, SILVIA ENEIDA was born 8 July 1940, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3368 Perimeter Dr, Greenacres, Florida 33467. Florida voter ID number 120692236. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2017 voter list: SILVIA E. URIBE, 3368 PERIMETER DR, GREENACRES, FL 33467 Florida Democratic Party. 30 June 2014 voter list: SILVIA E. URIBE, 6030 SERENE RUN, LAKE WORTH, FL 33467 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, SILVIA ENEIDA was born 8 July 1940, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3368 Perimeter Dr, Greenacres, Florida 33467. Florida voter ID number 122879960. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2017. 31 October 2015 voter list: SILVIA ENCIDA URIBE, 3368 PERIMETER DR, GREENACRES, FL 33467 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Sofia Marina was born 26 January 2001, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 429 169Th Ct Ne, Bradenton, Florida 34212-5550. Florida voter ID number 124819612. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, SONIA was born 28 February 1944, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 23 Boxwood Ln, Palm Coast, Florida 32137. Florida voter ID number 120932723. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, SOPHIA was born 11 January 2001, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1984 White Coral Way, Wellington, Florida 33414. Florida voter ID number 125452090. Her telephone number is 1-561-603-0205. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Stefanie E. was born 19 July 1989, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2124 Sw 102Nd Ter, Gainesville, Florida 32607. Florida voter ID number 115958880. Her telephone number is 1-352-317-5001. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 1252 26Th St Unit Frnt Santa Monica CA 90404. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Stella was born 2 January 1936, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2104 S Cypress Bend Dr, Apt 107, Pompano Beach, Florida 33069. Florida voter ID number 117624847. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. URIBE, STEPHANIE was born 25 June 1999, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 10088 Savannah Bluff Ln, Orlando, Florida 32829. Florida voter ID number 124856371. Her telephone number is 1-210-875-7139. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2018 voter list: STEPHANIE URIBE, 14002 PORTRUSH DR, ORLANDO, FL 32828 No Party Affiliation. Uribe, Stephanie was born 28 June 1992, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 16601 Palm Coast Ct, Apt 610, Tampa, Florida 33647. Florida voter ID number 120887480. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: Apt E326 7600 Penn Ave S Minneapolis MN 55423-2257. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2015 voter list: Stephanie Uribe, 10828 Kensington Park AVE, Riverview, FL 335784495 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Stephanie was born 17 August 1987, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 538 Ne 82Nd Ter, Apt 3, Miami, Florida 33138-4074. Florida voter ID number 124183800. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2017 voter list: Stephanie Uribe, 437 NE 29Th ST, APT 202, Miami, FL 33137 No Party Affiliation. Uribe, Stephenie Nicole was born 20 November 1976, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 26 Volusia Dr, Debary, Florida 32713. Florida voter ID number 103909274. Her telephone number is 1-407-431-4076. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: P O BOX 530562 Debary FL 32753. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2012 voter list: Stephenie Nicole Uribe, 623 Orange Ave, Daytona Beach, FL 32114 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, SUNSHINE J. was born 5 August 1974, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 126 Penelope Dr, Longwood, Florida 32750-2761. Florida voter ID number 107665689. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. Uribe, Susan Moore was born 26 October 1953, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 275 Indigo Dr, #201, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114. Florida voter ID number 108758452. Her telephone number is 1-904-258-8868. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 April 2017 voter list: Susan M. Uribe, 275 Indigo Dr, NO 201, Daytona Beach, FL 321147115 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, SUSANNE M. was born 30 October 1957, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 8791 Peachtree Park Ct, Windermere, Florida 34786. Florida voter ID number 113176449. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2018 voter list: SUSANNE M. URIBE, 9939 LONG BAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32832 Florida Democratic Party. 31 October 2015 voter list: SUSANNE M. URIBE, 1021 MOSSHART LN, ORLANDO, FL 32825 Florida Democratic Party. 31 August 2014 voter list: SUSANNE M. URIBE, 9846 STONEHOLLOW CT, ORLANDO, FL 32832 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Sylvia was born 20 June 1958, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11111 Biscayne Blvd, Apt 221, Miami, Florida 33181. Florida voter ID number 109809548. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 September 2014 voter list: Sylvia Uribe, 9201 E Bay Harbor Dr, APT 2, Bay Harbor Islands, FL 331542760 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Tammy Lynn was born 15 July 1962, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 730 Byni Rdg, Winter Haven, Florida 33880. Florida voter ID number 120228997. Her telephone number is 1-863-288-6647. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, TANASIA MONET was born 27 April 1998, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 6500 Rainbow Ave, Pensacola, Florida 32505. Florida voter ID number 126171874. Her telephone number is 1-850-637-9435. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Tania was born 9 March 1983, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5261 Sw 90Th Way, Apt 2, Cooper City, Florida 33328. Florida voter ID number 115393030. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2015. Uribe, Teresa D. was born 1 October 1953, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 407 Nw 128Th Ave, Miami, Florida 33182. Florida voter ID number 116818162. Her telephone number is 1-305-790-6318. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Teresa P. was born 15 October 1930, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6350 Palm Trace Landings Dr, Apt 206, Davie, Florida 33314-1839. Florida voter ID number 110065770. Her telephone number is 1-754-423-6353. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2018 voter list: Teresa P. Uribe, 6350 Palm Trace Landings Dr, 202, Davie, FL 33314 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Terry was born 27 June 1978, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 930 Walker Rd, Lakeland, Florida 33810-0000. Florida voter ID number 113656844. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2018. 31 March 2015 voter list: TERRY URIBE, 930 WALKER RD, LAKELAND, FL 33810 No Party Affiliation. Uribe, Theodore M. was born 11 January 1957, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 250 Candycane Ln, Apt 2, Naples, Florida 34112. Florida voter ID number 122962754. His telephone number is 1-414-510-8610. His email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, TIFFANY was born 11 December 1989, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3244 Oakmont Ter, Longwood, Florida 32779-3146. Florida voter ID number 124303832. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 28 February 2018 voter list: TIFFANY URIBE, 910 ALAMEDA DR, LONGWOOD, FL 32750 Republican Party of Florida. Uribe, Tomasa P. was born 21 December 1955, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 406 S Chipola Ave, Davenport, Florida 33837. Florida voter ID number 113595268. Her telephone number is 1-863-422-8195. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: PO BOX 1267 Davenport FL 33836. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, TOMAS FERNANDO was born 6 January 1954, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 325 Golden Gate Pt, Apt 14, Sarasota, Florida 34236. Florida voter ID number 123299201. His telephone number is 1-904-515-7280. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, TOMAS M. was born 25 June 1986, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 16312 Sacramento Ave, Brooksville, Florida 34604. Florida voter ID number 104407955. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Tracy was born 22 August 1967, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 6928 Monarch Park Dr, Apollo Beach, Florida 33572. Florida voter ID number 123311471. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Valdemar was born 21 May 1971, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1049 Willow Branch Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32205. Florida voter ID number 103495430. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 32 Gallatin St Providence RI 02907-1904. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2015 voter list: Valdemar Uribe, 1049 Willowbranch Ave, Jacksonville, FL 32205 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, VANESSA was born 19 July 1998, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 341 Queen Ave, Oviedo, Florida 32765. Florida voter ID number 124630346. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Vanessa was born 3 November 1985, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2121 N 61St Ave, Hollywood, Florida 33024. Florida voter ID number 102383931. Her telephone number is 1-954-981-2021. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Vanessa was born 22 December 1996, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 14225 Sw 148Th Ct, Miami, Florida 33196. Florida voter ID number 121993041. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, VANESSA I. born 22 January 1982, Florida voter ID number 116304275 See Cantinieri, Vanessa Isadora. CLICK HERE. Uribe, Vanessa Isabel was born 9 November 1996, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 16755 Hemingway Dr, Weston, Florida 33326. Florida voter ID number 121559318. Her telephone number is 1-954-822-5863. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2018 voter list: Vanessa Isabel Uribe, 16755 Hemingway Dr, Weston, FL 333263107 No Party Affiliation. 30 June 2015 voter list: Vanessa Isabel Uribe, 16755 HEMINGWAY DR, Weston, FL 33326 No Party Affiliation. URIBE, VERONICA was born 27 October 1983, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 19009 Bartow Blvd, Fort Myers, Florida 33967. Florida voter ID number 111423518. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. URIBE, VERONICA AURELIA was born 13 July 1993, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 725 9Th Ave N, St Petersburg, Florida 33701. Florida voter ID number 124109806. Her telephone number is 1-602-762-1056. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 September 2018 voter list: VERONICA AURELIA URIBE, 3635 HAINES RD N, ST PETERSBURG, FL 33704 Florida Democratic Party. 31 October 2017 voter list: Veronica Aurelia Uribe, 12702 N 53Rd ST, Temple Terrace, FL 33617 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, VERONICA E. was born 3 December 1975, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 147 Granada St, Royal Palm Beach, Florida 33411. Florida voter ID number 122961783. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Vicente was born 4 April 1970, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2201 S Us Highway 41, Lot 24, Ruskin, Florida 33570-5301. Florida voter ID number 122820655. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 September 2018 voter list: Vicente Uribe, 2201 S US Highway 41, LOT 2, Ruskin, FL 335705301 No Party Affiliation. 30 November 2017 voter list: Vicente Uribe, 2201 S US HIGHWAY 41, LOT 24, RUSKIN, FL 335705302 No Party Affiliation. 31 May 2017 voter list: VICENTE URIBE, 8190 MADISON ST, BROOKSVILLE, FL 34613 No Party Affiliation. Uribe, Victor was born 16 October 1966, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6928 Monarch Park Dr, Apollo Beach, Florida 33572. Florida voter ID number 110776015. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Victor Hugo was born 3 April 1972, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 428 Hickory Tree Cir, Seffner, Florida 33584. Florida voter ID number 110885024. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2016 voter list: Victor Hugo Uribe, 428 Hickory LN, Seffner, FL 33584 No Party Affiliation. 31 January 2015 voter list: Victor Hugo Uribe, 3407 Cardinal Feather DR, Land O Lakes, FL 34638 No Party Affiliation. URIBE, VICTORIA was born 27 March 1995, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 660 Glouchester St, Boca Raton, Florida 33487. Florida voter ID number 126417283. Her telephone number is 1-512-431-4648. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Victoria Elizabeth born 20 May 1992, Florida voter ID number 117451377 See Ward, Victoria Elizabeth. CLICK HERE. Uribe, Victor Leon was born 6 February 1953, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2450 E Hillsborough Ave, Apt 402, Tampa, Florida 33610-4416. Florida voter ID number 104130462. His telephone number is 1-850-525-8825. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 March 2017 voter list: Victor Leon Uribe, 1412 21St St SE, Ruskin, FL 33570 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Victor Robert was born 7 June 1998, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 428 Hickory Tree Cir, Seffner, Florida 33584. Florida voter ID number 123092259. His telephone number is 1-813-412-0873. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2018 voter list: Victor Robert Uribe, 2608 N LINCOLN Ave, Tampa, FL 336072119 No Party Affiliation. Uribe, Violeta was born 20 July 1958, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 10130 Nw 56Th St, Doral, Florida 33178. Florida voter ID number 115303204. Her telephone number is 1-305-710-6029. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: Apt 196 2323 W Dunlap Ave Phoenix AZ 85021. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2012 voter list: Violeta Uribe, 15675 SW 40th ST, Miramar, FL 33027 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, VIVERLY was born 28 December 1954, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 155 Largs Ct, #206, Dunedin, Florida 34698-8389. Florida voter ID number 118601040. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2017 voter list: VIVERLY URIBE, 391 DUNCAN LOOP W, #208, DUNEDIN, FL 34698 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, VIVIANA was born 19 November 1997, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 971 Beach Breeze Dr, Orlando, Florida 32835. Florida voter ID number 123800641. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Vivian Fernanda was born 10 October 1958, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2650 Nw 28Th St, Apt 0910, Miami, Florida 33142. Florida voter ID number 121534955. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2018 voter list: Vivian Rubio Uribe, 2650 NW 28Th ST, APT 0910, Miami, FL 33142 Florida Democratic Party. 31 July 2018 voter list: Vivian Fernanda Uribe, 2650 NW 28Th ST, APT 910, Miami, FL 33142 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, WHITNEY MARIE was born 12 April 1986, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 8706 Deland Ave, Fort Pierce, Florida 34951. Florida voter ID number 108263689. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 November 2016 voter list: WHITNEY MARIE URIBE, 6802 SANTA CLARA BLVD, FORT PIERCE, FL 34951 No Party Affiliation. 31 March 2014 voter list: WHITNEY MARIE URIBE, 105 LAJEAN DR, FORT PIERCE, FL 34947 No Party Affiliation. 31 May 2012 voter list: WHITNEY MARIE URIBE, 3516 ROSELAWN BLVD, FORT PIERCE, FL 34982 No Party Affiliation. Uribe, William Alexander was born 28 March 1987, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3311 S Moorings Way, Miami, Florida 33133. Florida voter ID number 119733207. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, William David was born 27 August 1974, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1607 Michigan Ave, Apt 6, Miami Beach, Florida 33139. Florida voter ID number 109830281. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, William R. was born 26 November 1935, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 132 Florida Shores Blvd, Daytona Bch Shores, Florida 32118. Florida voter ID number 108811437. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. URIBE, WILSON ALEJANDRO was born 14 September 1972, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 5975 Sw 2Nd Way, Bushnell, Florida 33513. Florida voter ID number 114579211. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2015 voter list: WILSON A. URIBE, 4856 SW 74TH RD, BUSHNELL, FL 335138523 Republican Party of Florida. Uribe, Ximena was born 3 March 1962, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1695 Orchid Bnd, Weston, Florida 33327-0000. Florida voter ID number 101593735. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. Uribe, Yachira Minellie was born 13 February 1992, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2338 Campus Club Ct, Apt 202, Tampa, Florida 33612-6584. Florida voter ID number 123568545. Her telephone number is 1-813-704-8884. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 28 February 2019 voter list: Yachira Minellie Uribe, 10101 N Florida AVE, LOT 28, Tampa, FL 33612 Florida Democratic Party. 31 August 2016 voter list: Yachira Minellie De Jesuis Uribe, 10101 N FLORIDA AVE, LOT 28, Tampa, FL 33612 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, YALITZA CARINA was born 14 April 1996, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 341 Queen Ave, Oviedo, Florida 32765. Florida voter ID number 126076542. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Yamirca Janece was born 26 April 1979, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1871 Monte Cristo Ln, Kissimmee, Florida 34758. Florida voter ID number 106206972. Her telephone number is 847-7516 (no area code listed). This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE, YANERIS was born 1 November 1982, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 111 Euna Ln, Altamonte Springs, Florida 32701. Florida voter ID number 107858983. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Yanneth was born 21 June 1969, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5214 Monza Ct, Ave Maria, Florida 34142. Florida voter ID number 101869640. Her telephone number is 1-954-648-4811. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 28 February 2018 voter list: Yanneth Uribe, 12096 SW 42Nd MNR, APT 304, Miramar, FL 330257998 Florida Democratic Party. 31 May 2017 voter list: Yanneth Uribe, 17953 SW 29th Ln, Miramar, FL 330295503 Florida Democratic Party. 31 May 2015 voter list: Yanneth Uribe, 17953 SW 29th Ln, Miramar, FL 33029 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Yarima was born 22 March 1972, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 11055 Watercrest Cir E, Parkland, Florida 33076. Florida voter ID number 122269871. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2016 voter list: Yarima Uribe, 12640 NW 9Th St, Coral Springs, FL 330714429 Republican Party of Florida. 31 March 2015 voter list: Yarima Uribe, 12640 NW 9Th ST, Coral Springs, FL 33071 Republican Party of Florida. Uribe, Yasmin born 12 August 1990, Florida voter ID number 116293345 See Solito, Yasmin. CLICK HERE. Uribe, Yesenia was born 16 September 1996, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 690 Bradbury Rd, Haines City, Florida 33844. Florida voter ID number 125427060. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Yessica Mercedes was born 8 June 1990, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 6345 W 22Nd Ct, Apt 203, Hialeah, Florida 33016. Florida voter ID number 120962737. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Yolanda was born 11 April 1959, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1229 Cordova St, Coral Gables, Florida 33134. Florida voter ID number 110301413. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2016 voter list: Yolanda Uribe Daravina, 1229 Cordova St, Coral Gables, FL 33134 Florida Democratic Party. Uribe, Yolanda was born 1 November 1948, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5222 Nw 197Th Ter, Opa Locka, Florida 33055. Florida voter ID number 109173654. Her telephone number is 625-6876 (no area code listed). This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Yolanda De La Cruz was born 27 August 1951, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 712 Black Eagle Dr, Groveland, Florida 34736. Florida voter ID number 116563433. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2014 voter list: YOLANDA DE LA CRUZ URIBE, 7314 HUNTERDON CT, ORLANDO, FL 32835 Florida Democratic Party. 31 May 2012 voter list: Yolanda De La Cruz Uribe, 919 Venetia AVE, Coral Gables, FL 33134 Florida Democratic Party. URIBE, YSABEL ANITA was born 20 December 1954, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 4117 Forrestal Pl, Orlando, Florida 32806. Florida voter ID number 124104655. Her telephone number is 1-484-769-6788. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Yuderca was born 16 August 1964, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1207 Commonwealth Cir, Apt 102, Naples, Florida 34116. Florida voter ID number 124601647. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe, Yuderca was born 16 August 1964, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1280 Henley St, Apt 1605, Naples, Florida 34105. Florida voter ID number 114561503. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2014. Uribe, Zulay was born 1 September 1967, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2513 Ascot Ct, Kissimmee, Florida 34744. Florida voter ID number 106307827. Her telephone number is 1-407-340-4175. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE-ALARCON, VEROHUSKA MARIA was born 7 February 1973, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 419 Lanarkshire Pl, Apopka, Florida 32712. Florida voter ID number 113293019. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 November 2015 voter list: VEROHUSKA MARIA URIBE-ALARCON, 2526 TWILIGHT DR, ORLANDO, FL 32825 No Party Affiliation. Uribe Alcantara, Catalina was born 27 November 1965, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3602 16Th St W, Bradenton, Florida 34205-5502. Florida voter ID number 100332965. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2017 voter list: Catalina Uribe Alcantara, 3602 16th St W, Bradenton, FL 34205 Republican Party of Florida. Uribe-Almunia, Vivian Vanessa was born 21 July 1982, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 750 Sw 103Rd Path, Sweetwater, Florida 33174. Florida voter ID number 122687461. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe-Antunano, Carlos E. was born 15 March 1980, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1990 Bay Dr, #1, Miami Beach, Florida 33141. Florida voter ID number 110192057. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2016 voter list: Carlos E. Uribe-Antunano, 8888 Collins Ave, APT 316, Surfside, FL 33154 No Party Affiliation. 31 May 2012 voter list: Carlos E. Uribe-Antunano, 9250 W Bay Harbor Dr, #513, Bay Harbor Islands, FL 33154 No Party Affiliation. Uribe Arias, Natalia Andrea was born 9 June 1978, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 9180 Nw 20Th Pl, Sunrise, Florida 33322. Florida voter ID number 119137790. Her telephone number is 1-772-501-3732. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2016 voter list: Natalia Andrea Uribe Arias, 8150 CLEARY Blvd, APT 1510, Plantation, FL 333241375 No Party Affiliation. 30 June 2015 voter list: Natalia Andrea Uribe Arias, 8150 CLEARY BLVD, APT 1510, Plantation, FL 33324 No Party Affiliation. 31 March 2015 voter list: NATALIA A. URIBE, 691 SW PRADO AVE, PT ST LUCIE, FL 349831845 No Party Affiliation. 31 March 2014 voter list: NATALIA A. URIBE, 249 NE FLORESTA DR, PT ST LUCIE, FL 34983 No Party Affiliation. URIBE AVALOS, FRANCISCO SAUL was born 30 November 1988, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3113 Lost Creek Dr, Cantonment, Florida 32533-4858. Florida voter ID number 125363356. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2019 voter list: FRANCISCO SAUL URIBE AVALOS, 501 E BURGESS RD, APT F5, PENSACOLA, FL 32504 Republican Party of Florida. Uribe Bejarano, Angela Maria was born 7 November 1962, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3952 Martin Ct, Weston, Florida 33331. Florida voter ID number 123792248. Her telephone number is 1-954-349-7742. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe Bermudez, Pedro Julio was born 9 December 1958, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 10842 Nw 80Th Cir, Parkland, Florida 33076. Florida voter ID number 126186448. His telephone number is 1-954-798-2536. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe Betancur, Gabriel Jaime was born 10 January 2000, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 5185 Sw 160Th Ave, Southwest Ranches, Florida 33331. Florida voter ID number 126422143. His telephone number is 1-954-235-0777. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE BETANCUR, MARTIN CARLOS ALBERTO was born 14 January 1965, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3221 Caulfield St, Apopka, Florida 32703. Florida voter ID number 118191059. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. URIBE-BROWN, NATALIA was born 25 November 1960, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 210 Nw 16Th St, Delray Beach, Florida 33444. Florida voter ID number 111794243. Her telephone number is 243-4693 (no area code listed). This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe Bustamante, Emilio was born 25 January 1976, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11685 Canal Dr, Apt 409, North Miami, Florida 33181. Florida voter ID number 124997224. His email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe Campos, Luis was born 16 April 1996, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 5249 Ne 2Nd Ter, Oakland Park, Florida 33334. Florida voter ID number 122428914. His telephone number is 1-954-716-1283. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2016 voter list: Luis Uribe Campos, 5244 NE 2Nd TER, Oakland Park, FL 33334 No Party Affiliation. Uribe-Canela, Raquel was born 13 June 1969, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 325 Young Pl, Lady Lake, Florida 32159. Florida voter ID number 122685252. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe Castellanos, Clara Monica was born 24 December 1951, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 555 Ne 34Th St, Apt 2209, Miami, Florida 33137. Florida voter ID number 120221240. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2016. URIBE CASTRO, AUDREY was born 13 June 1972, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 12008 Villanova Dr, Apt 110, Orlando, Florida 32837. Florida voter ID number 120898939. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2015 voter list: Audrey Uribe Castro, 3023 Marta CIR, APT 205, Kissimmee, FL 34741 No Party Affiliation. URIBE CEDANO, LUZ ADRIANA born 20 September 1970, Florida voter ID number 120253903 See URIBE, LUZ ADRIANA. CLICK HERE. Uribe Cemin, Carolina was born 14 March 1982, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3130 Jackson Ave, Miami, Florida 33133. Florida voter ID number 109864966. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2018 voter list: Carolina Uribe, 3130 Jackson Ave, Miami, FL 33133 Republican Party of Florida. 22 October 2014 voter list: Carolina Uribe, 81 Edgewater Dr, #81-204, Coral Gables, FL 33133 Republican Party of Florida. Uribe Cortes, Gilma Cecilia was born 9 December 1953, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 5620 Nw 114Th Path, Apt 210, Doral, Florida 33178. Florida voter ID number 122037935. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Uribe Daravina, Yolanda born 11 April 1959, Florida voter ID number 110301413 See Uribe, Yolanda. CLICK HERE. Uribe-Dealmeida, Rennee Marie was born 14 January 1975, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 385 Snow Dr, Fort Myers, Florida 33919. Florida voter ID number 125461243. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.

2019-04-22T22:30:38Z

https://flvoters.com/pages/u100342.html

Ab Kettleby, Leicestershire, St. James the Greater. © Jim Rushton. Two additional views - 1, 2, both © David Regan (2015). Link. Grade II* listed. A video about the restoration project. The former Methodist Church. Another view. Both © David Regan (2015). Abberley, Worcestershire, St. Mary (1850). Interior view. SO 751 679. Link. Grade II listed. St. Michael, the former parish church, of which the chancel is still used for services. The rest of the church is a shell. Two additional views - 1, 2. SO 753 678. Link. Grade II* listed. All © Chris Kippin (2018). Abberton, Worcestershire, St. Edburga. Another view. Both © Peter Morgan (2012). Link. Both links refer to a "broach spire", but nothing is evident in either photo. Howard Richter has pointed out that the grade II listing mentions that it was taken down in 1962, as it posed a hazard for RAF planes from the nearby RAF Pershore. Abbess Roding, Essex, St. Edmund. From an old postcard (franked 1911) in Reg Dosell's Collection. Link. Abbey Hey, Manchester, Greater Manchester. Abbey Hulton, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire - see Stoke-on-Trent. Abbeycwmhir, Powys, St. Mary. The present church was built with stone from the abbey. © Eirian Evans. Another view, interior view, and the remains of the old church, all © John Bowdler. Link. Abbeydale, Sheffield, South Yorkshire - see Sheffield. Abbeydore, Herefordshire, St. Mary. The remains of the medieval abbey now serve as the parish church. From an old postcard in Steve Bulman's Collection. A modern view, and an interior view. Both © Tim Hollinghurst. Link. Abbeyleix, County Laois, Holy Rosary Church (R.C.). © Joseph Cantwell. Abbeytown, Cumbria, St. Mary. The parish church is the remaining fragment (the nave) of Holme Cultram abbey. Severely damaged by fire 9 June 2006. NY 177 508. © Steve Bulman. Methodist Church. NY 173 507. © Steve Bulman. Link. The church was offered for sale in late 2018 or early 2019, and the Estate Agents notice, which says it was built in 1869, includes photos of the unaltered interior. Abbots Bromley, Staffordshire, St. Nicholas. Stained glass window. Both © John French. Interior view, © Richard Roberts (2015). Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart (1831-46). SK 079 245. © John French. Another view, © Richard Roberts (2014). Link. Chapel of St. Anne (ca. 1884) at Abbots Bromley School for Girls on High Street. SK 083 245. © Richard Roberts (2014). Link. The former Primitive Methodist Chapel (uncertain date, but pre-1882) on Lichfield Road, now a private residence. SK 083 242. © Richard Roberts (2014). The former Independent Chapel (later Congregational) on Hall Hill Lane. Also built pre-1882, and now a private residence. SK 080 244. © Richard Roberts (2014). Abbots Leigh, Somerset, Holy Trinity, on Church Road. Two additional views - 1, 2, and the interior. ST 5444 7402. All © Carole Sage (2016). Link. Grade II* listed. Abbot's Morton, Worcestershire, St. Peter. Interior view. Both © Aidan McRae Thomson. The following are all © John Bowdler (2010) - the porch, just inside of which are two pews, dated by the church information leaflet to the 15th century; a triplet of windows of very unusual design; another three interior views - 1, 2, 3; the roof; the font is very plain, usually a sign of early date; the organ; and a window. Link. Abbots Ripton, Cambridgeshire, St. Andrew. Another view. Both © Jim Rushton. Link. Abbotsbury, Dorset, St. Nicholas. Another view, an ancient carved stone figure in the porch (the listing says it's of an abbot, of circa 1200), another in the exterior wall (St. Nicholas?), two of the interior - 1, 2, the altar and the font. All © Peter Morgan (2017). An old postcard view, from Steve Bulman's Collection. Link. Grade I listed. St. Catherine's Chapel (originally part of the abbey). Link. © Derek Jordan, on an external web-site. The former Congregational Church, © Dennis Harper (2011). Abbotskerswell, Devon, St. Mary. SX 658 687. From an old postcard in Reg Dosell's Collection. Link. Abbotsley, Cambridgeshire, St. Margaret. © Jim Rushton. Another view. © James Murray. Abenhall, Gloucestershire, St. Michael. Another view. Both © Graeme Harvey (2013). Aber (south of Trawsfynydd), Gwynedd, the former chapel (according to this old map), or Sunday School (according to Coflein, which refers to a building date of 1905, with conversion to residential use before 1998). Another view. SH 7087 3240. Both © Howard Richter (2016). Aber-banc, Ceredigion, Capel Drindod (Methodist and Independent). SN 355 418. © Mike Berrell. The unusual diamond-shaped date-stone. © Mike Berrell (2012). Two interior views - 1, 2, and the ceiling rose, all © Elaine Rogers (2012). Link. Aberarth, Ceredigion, St. David. SN 479 639. © Mike Berrell (2011). Link. Aberavon, Port Talbot, Neath Port Talbot - see Port Talbot. Aberbargoed, Caerphilly, Caersalem Baptist Chapel has dates 1839 and 1860 (re-built). Hills Community Church. The former Moriah Baptist Church, now a nursery. All © Gerard Charmley (2011). Aberbeeg, Blaenau Gwent, Methodist Church, built as Primitive Methodist. © Gerard Charmley (2011). Aberbeeg straddles the county boundary, so for Christchurch, see the next entry. Aberbeeg, Caerphilly, Christchurch. © Gerard Charmley (2011). Aberbeeg straddles the county boundary, so for the Methodist Church, see the previous entry. Abercanaid, Merthyr Tydfil, St. Peter & St. Paul (CiW, 1882). Another view. © Gerard Charmley (2011). The original became too small, and another church was built adjacent (1912). Gerard advises that it appears to be disused. Both © Gerard Charmley. Sion Welsh Independent Church. © Gerard Charmley. Abercorn, West Lothian, the Parish Church. © Bill McKenzie. Link1. Link2. Abercwmboi, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Bethesda Welsh Baptist Chapel (1864, Grade II listed). Life in the Nations Church (Charismatic), originally Bethlehem Welsh Independent Chapel. Abercwmboi Christian Centre, in the former Abercwmboi Miners's Institute. All © Gerard Charmley (2010). Abercych, Pembrokeshire, the former Ramoth Chapel (Addoldy Bedyddwyr, 1825), now in private hands. SN 250405. © Mike Berrell (2010). St. Clears, Carmarthenshire, Abercywyn Church (CiW). Interior view. SN 299 169. Both © Peter Morgan (2011). Aberdaron, Gwynedd, St. Hywyn (CiW). Another view, showing the church's spectacular situation. SH 173 264. © David Wilkinson. Another view, two interiors - 1, 2, the pulpit, altar, and the font. Link. Grade I listed. The former Salem Chapel (1898), now in residential use. SH 174 266. All © Dennis Harper (2013). Aberdour, Fife, St. Fillan, the Parish Church (CoS) on Hawkcraig Road. Another view. Link1. Link2. The former Parish Church (1790) on High Street has served as the hall for St. Fillan since 1926. Link. St. Columba (Scottish Episcopal, circa 1845) on Inverkeithing Road. Link1. Link2. All © Jim Parker (2013). Aberdulais, Neath Port Talbot, Sion Calvinistic Methodist Chapel on Fforest Hill. The former Wesley Chapel, now a private residence. Both © Jim Parker. Aberdyfi, Gwynedd, St. Peter. © Chris Emms (2010). Aberedw, Powys, St. Cewydd. SO 0803 4731. From an old postcard in Reg Dosell's Collection. A modern view, the porch, and an inscribed gravestone (inscribed with, Paul tells me, "IH 1604"), all © Paul Wood (2015). Link. Abererch, Gwynedd, St. Cawrdaf. Another view. SH 396 365. Link. (The former?) Ebenezer Chapel (1868). SH 395 365. All © Dennis Harper (2013). Aberfeldy, Perth & Kinross, the former Congregational Church of 1877, on The Square. The congregation dates from 1790, and they moved into a newly-built church on Chapel Street in 1820, which they used until 1878. The present church building was gifted to the town in the 1987, and is now known as The Locus Centre (link). NN 85619 49091. © Jane Scott. The former Free Church on Chapel Street. The first service was held in 1907, and the building was sold in 1994. Another view. NN 85669 49147. Both © Jane Scott. Aberffraw, Isle of Anglesey, St. Beuno (CiW). Largely a Victorian re-build, it still retains some features from the 12th, 14th, and 16th centuries. Another view. SH 353 688. Link1. Link2. Link3. Link4. Seion Methodist Church (1887). SH 354 690. All © Dave Westrap. Aberford, West Yorkshire, St. Ricarius. © Bill Henderson. Nearby, at Lotherton Hall, stands a 12th century Chapel of Ease. © Chris Cole (copyright holder, and postcard publisher). Link. Grade II* listed. Aberfoyle, Stirling, Church of Scotland. Another view. NN 514 013. Link. St. Mary (Scottish Episcopal). Another view. NN 524 010. Link. All © Dennis Harper (2013). Abergwesyn, Powys, Pantycelyn Baptist Chapel. SN 893 537. © Simon Atkin. Hereabouts once stood St. David's Church. All that remains today is a graveyard with some ancient yews, and a fine Celtic cross. SN 8525 5260. Both © Paul Wood (2015). Last used for worship in 1865, its date of demolition is not so far apparent, though it was still standing "c. 1950" when this Francis Frith photo was taken. The Coflein entry includes an old photo, and says that in 1977, some low walls of the church were still visible, but Paul couldn't locate any. Abergwili, Carmarthenshire, St. David. Another view. According to local legend, the finial atop the spire was made from a stone to which the stake had been fixed for the execution by burning of Bishop Ferrar in 1555, during the Marian persecutions. All © Janet Gimber (2018). Coflein entry. Grade II listed. Capel y Ebeneser Annibynwyr (Independent). SN 437 211. © Mike Berrell (2009). Abergwynfi, Neath Port Talbot, St. Gabriel, the former Parish Church, now in residential use. © Gerard Charmley (2011). St. Gabriel prior to its conversion - note the bell-turret, now gone, © David Read (2003). Link. Caersalem Baptist Church (1887). Tabor Independent Chapel. Both © Gerard Charmley (2011). St. Gabriel prior to its conversion - note the bell-turret, now gone. © David Read (2003). Abergynolwyn, Gwynedd, St. David. Another view and the bell-turret. Two interior views - 1, 2, and the font. There are two former chapels, both on Llanegryn Street - Chapel one (from a study of various maps, Howard Richter suspects Congregational). Chapel two, and another view - Howard thinks this one may have been Calvinistic Methodist. All © John Bowdler. Former Wesleyan Chapel, now a B&B. © Chris Emms (2009). Aberkenfig, Bridgend, St. John. St. Robert (R.C.). The former Ebenezer Independent Chapel, now in commercial use. Bible Church. Church of God. The derelict Carey Baptist Church. All © Gervase N. E. Charmley. Aberlady, East Lothian, the Parish Church. © Bill Henderson. A winter view, and the East Window, both © Revd. Norman Faulds. Norman advises that the central panel of the window is based on Botticelli's "Madonna and Child" which is now in the National Gallery of Scotland. The fabric of the church is late C15 (tower), C16 and C17 (aisles), with a Victorian renovation (1887). Link. Aberlemno, Angus, the Parish Church. © Derek Robertson. Abermeurig, Ceredigion, disused chapel. SN 565 562. © Mike Berrell (2012). In a more recent photo it looks as though the building is in use again, perhaps residential. © Neil Floyd. Coflein entry. Abernant, Rhondda Cynon Taff, St. Matthew (CIW). Bethel Baptist Church (1856). Both © Gerard Charmley. Abernethy, Perth & Kinross, Kirk of St. Bride (the Parish Church) on School Wynd. Link. The former South United Free Church on Kirk Wynd. Both photos taken from the adjacent Round Tower, © Alex Parker. Aberporth, Ceredigion, St. Cynwyl. Interior view. SN 256 511. Link. Presbyterian Church of Wales, formerly the Calvinistic Methodist Chapel. SN 258 514. All © Mike Berrell. Abersychan, Torfaen, the former St. Thomas (1831-2) at Talywain. Another view. SO 262 040. Janet advises that there are plans to regenerate this building to be included as part of the Blaenavon World Heritage complex. Both © Janet Gimber (2014). Grade II listed. Abertridwr, Caerphilly, Beulah Baptist Church. The former Nazareth Calvinistic Methodist Chapel, now a community centre. The former Gospel Hall, now a private residence. The former St. Peter. All © Gerard Charmley. Abertridwr, Powys, Sardis Chapel (1821 - date-stone). SJ 034 188. Both © Dennis Harper (2014). Link. Abertysswg, Caerphilly, St. Paul (CiW). Elim Tabernacle. Another view. Ainon Baptist Chapel has been demolished, but the congregation meet in the vestry. Similarly, Jerusalem Calvinistic Methodist Chapel has also been demolished, and again, the vestry (which bears the date 1903) is now used. Another view. All © Gerard Charmley (2011). Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, Aboyne-Dinnett Parish Church (CoS). Another view. NO 525985. Both © John Mackie (2010). Link. Abson, Gloucestershire, St. James. © Phil Draper. Abthorpe, Northamptonshire, St. John the Baptist. Three further views - 1, 2, 3. SP 649 465. Grade II listed. The former Ebenezer Primitive Methodist Chapel (1925-1996) is now in residential use (The Old Chapel). SP 6403 4679. Link, which has a photo of an earlier chapel. All © Howard Richter (2015). Aby, Lincolnshire, the site of All Saints. According to Wikipedia, it was demolished in 1660 following the merger with Belleau parish. The stones were re-used in a Manor House. It also says that a wooden church was built on the site in 1888, now also long gone. There may be a photo of this one somewhere. Another view. The former Methodist Church. All © David Regan (2015). A'Chleit, Argyll & Bute, the Killean & Kilchenzie parish church. © Martin Briscoe. Acaster Malbis, North Yorkshire, Holy Trinity. Methodist Church. Both © Bill Henderson. 105 SE 594 458. Acaster Selby, North Yorkshire, St. John. © Bill Henderson. Achahoish, Argyll & Bute, the South Knapdale Parish Church. © Martin Briscoe. Acharacle, Highland, Church of our Lady of the Angels (R.C.). © Martin Briscoe. The Parish Church, dating from 1829. NM 675 683. © N. Argyll Extracts. Free Church of Scotland. © Peter Amsden. Achill Sound (on Achill Island), County Mayo, Sisters of Mercy (R.C.). © Bill Henderson. Achiltibuie, Highland, Coigach Free Church of Scotland. Another view. NC 018 090. Both © Tim Flitcroft (2013). Achnacarry, Highland, St. Ciaran. NN 181 873. © Martin Briscoe. NN 181 873; grid reference courtesy of N. Argyll Extracts. Achurch, Northamptonshire, St. John the Baptist. © Robin Peel. Another view. © Michael John York. Michael sells some church photographs, and has kindly allowed me to use some reduced resolution photos on this website. His business websites are here - 1, 2, 3. Acklam, North Yorkshire, St. John the Baptist. © David Regan (2011). Link. Acklington, Northumberland, St. John the Divine. NU 227 019. © Steve Bulman. Another view, © Bill Henderson (2013). Acle, Norfolk, St. Edmund. © George Weston. Link. Acol, Kent, St. Mildred. © Peter Morgan (2017). Link. Acomb, Northumberland, St. John of Beverley at St. John Lee. NY 933 657. © Bill Henderson (2011). Link. Acomb, York, North Yorkshire - see York. Aconbury, Herefordshire, the redundant St. John the Baptist. The wooden porch. SO 517 335. Both © Janet Gimber (2017). Grade II* listed. Aconry, Co. Sligo, the former Cathedral of St. Crumnathy (CoI). An astonishingly small cathedral, no bigger than many an ordinary parish church, its dates are 1822 - 1997. Certainly the smallest cathedral in Ireland, and perhaps the whole of Europe. G 568 150. Link. St. Nathy and St. Brigid (R.C.). G 570 142. Both © Gerard Close (2016). Acrefair, Wrexham, the former Trinity Presbyterian Forward Movement chapel. The former Wesleyan Chapel. Both © Gerard Charmley (2012). Acrise, Kent, St. Martin. TR 193 422. © Dave Westrap. Link. Acton, Cheshire, St. Mary. SJ 631 531. © Les Needham. Link. Acton, Greater London, Holy Family (R.C.) on Vale Lane. © Christopher Skottowe (1968). Acton, Staffordshire, the former Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, now in residential use. Another view. Both © Peter Morgan (2015). Acton, Suffolk, All Saints. TL 892 452. © Steve Bulman (2005). Link. Acton Beauchamp, Herefordshire, St. Giles. SO 679 503. © Mark Turbott. Another view, and an interior view, both © Aidan McRae Thomson. Acton Bridge, Cheshire, Methodist Church. SJ 592 757. Milton Methodist Church. SJ 596 744. Both © Bruce Read. Acton Burnell, Shropshire, St. Mary. Interior view. Another view. Another, also showing part of Acton Burnell Castle. Langley Chapel. Interior view. Disused, and now in the care of English Heritage. SJ 538 001. All © James Murray. Acton Round, Shropshire, St. Mary the Virgin. Another view, three interiors - 1, 2, 3, and the altar and font. SO 634 956. All © Dennis Harper (2014). Link. Grade II* listed. Acton Scott, Shropshire, St. Margaret. Another view. Interior view. All © John Bowdler. Grade II* listed. Acton Trussell, Staffordshire, St. James, on Penkridge Road. SJ 937 175. © Dorothy Turley. Another view, © Dennis Harper (2005). Interior view, and the font, both © Dennis Harper (2011). Link. Grade II* listed - link. Acton Turville, Gloucestershire, St. Mary. © Phil Draper. Link. Grade II* listed. The former Baptist Chapel on Luckington Road, originally Particular Baptist, and now in residential use. Another view. Both Both © Janet Gimber (2012). Adare, Co. Limerick, the ruins of the Franciscan Friary. Previously in the "Unknown" section, Margaret Toffolo's painting of a church was identified by Phil Draper. Link. Adbaston, Staffordshire, St. Michael. SJ 7627. © Geoff Pick. Adderbury, Oxfordshire. A splendid church, dedicated to St. Mary. The spire. Both © Steve Bulman. Interior view, © Simon Edwards (2011). Another view, interior view, sedilia, font, brass, carved capital, carving (man-lion?), a wonderful owl and a two-tailed mermaid (among other carvings), all © Chris Stafford (2012). SP 471 354. Link. Friends Meeting House (link to external website). Methodist Church. © John French. Addiewell, West Lothian, the former Addiewell Parish Church on Livingstone Road. Another view. St. Thomas (R.C.) on Blackburn Road. Link. All © Jim Parker (2016). Addingham, West Yorkshire, St. Peter. Interior view. SE 085 497. Both © Alan Blacklock. Another view, © Stuart Mackrell. Link. Mount Hermon Wesleyan Reform Chapel (1861). SE 078 497. © Stuart Mackrell. Another view. © David Regan (2011). Link. Our Lady and the English Martyrs (R.C.). © David Regan (2011). Addington, Buckinghamshire, St. Mary the Virgin. Interior view, the chancel and the font. All © David Regan (2018). Link. Grade II* listed. Addington, Kent, St. Margaret of Antioch. TQ 654 588. From an old postcard, Geoff Watt's Collection. Some additional views, all © Dave Godden - a NE view, showing a blocked window in the Watton Chapel; the East Window; the Watton Memorial; and an obelisk in the graveyard to William Lockyer, R.N. (1730/1-1800). Addlestone, Surrey, dedicated to St. Paul. © Barbara Barklem. TQ 043 644. The Surrey Islamic Trust (or Surrey Muslim Centre) on Albert Road was formerly St. Augustine's (Anglican). TQ 059 650. © Mehmood Naqshbandi, and reproduced from his website Muslims in Britain. Addlethorpe, Lincolnshire, St. Nicholas. © George Weston. Another view, in springtime. © Pamela Weston. Another view, © Bill Henderson (2013). Link. Grade I listed. Adel, Leeds, West Yorkshire - see Leeds. Adisham, Kent, Holy Innocents. 179 TR 226 537. Link. Baptist Church. TR 227 533. Both © Geoff Watt. Interior view, from an old postcard in John Bowdler's collection. Adlestrop, Gloucestershire, St. Mary Magdalene. Two interior views- 1, 2, and the font. SP 243 268. All © Steve Bulman (2011). Grade II listed - link. Adlingfleet, East Riding of Yorkshire, All Saints. Interior view and side altar. This memorial is to Mary Ramsden, who left her fortune to Catherine Hall, Cambridge. A ceremonial cleaning is undertaken yearly, known as "Washing Mary Ramsden's neck". All © James Murray. Adlington, Cheshire, St. John. SJ 925 803. Wood Lanes Methodist Church. SJ 936 817. Both © Len Brankin. Admaston, Staffordshire, St. Leonard. SK 044 239. From an old postcard in Reg Dosell's Collection. The card is labelled as Blithfield Church which sits close to Blithfield Hall - Admaston is the nearest settlement. A modern view, © Richard Roberts (2014). Link. Grade I listed. Adsborough, Somerset, former chapel. ST 277 291. © Mike Berrell (2013). Photo removed at request of property owner. Link (which includes a link to a photo). Adstock, Buckinghamshire, St. Cecilia. © David Regan (2018). Link. Grade I listed. Adstone, Northamptonshire, All Saints on Blakesley Lane. Another view. SP 596 514. Both © Howard Richter (2015). Grade II listed. Adswood, Stockport, Greater Manchester - see Stockport. Adwick-le-Street, South Yorkshire, St. Laurence (or St. Lawrence, according to source consulted). The church has fabric from the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, and underwent restorations in 1862 and 1875. SE 541 086. © Peter Fowler. Another view, © Bill Henderson. Grade II* listed. Methodist Church. SE 538 087. © Bill Henderson. Adwick-on-Dearne, South Yorkshire, St. John. © Bill Henderson. SE 471 015. Affetside, Greater Manchester, Trinity Presbyterian Church on Watling Street, built in 1840 as Ebenezer Independent Chapel. SD 755 136. © Mike Berrell. Interior view, © Mike Berrell (2013). Affpuddle, Dorset, St. Lawrence. © Bill McKenzie. Another view. © June Norris. Link. Agecroft, Salford, Greater Manchester - see Salford. Aghacommon, Co. Armagh, St. Patrick (R.C.), originally The Derrymacash Chapel (1834). J 049 589. © Gerard Close (2011). Aghadowey, Co. Derry, St. Guaire (CoI). C 858 210. © Gerard Close. Aghadrumsee, County Fermanagh, St. Mark, Church of Ireland. © Jack Storey. Aghagallon, Co. Antrim, St. Patrick (R.C.1834). J 105 637. © Len Brankin. Another view, © Gerard Close (2015). Aghalee, Co. Antrim, Craigmore Methodist Church, built as Aghagallon Wesleyan Chapel in 1834. J 117 661. © Gerard Close (2015). Agharan, Co. Tyrone, Agharan Mission Hall. H 793 693. © Gerard Close (2013). Aghavilly, Co. Armagh, St. Mary (CoI, 1841). H 843 408. © Gerard Close (2016). Ahoghill, Co. Antrim, St. Colmanell (CoI). D 049 014. Link. St. Mary (R.C.). D 046 015. Link. Gospel Hall. D 048 018. 1st Presbyterian Church. D 050 015. Link. 2nd Presbyterian Church. D 049 014. All © Gerard Close. The 1st Presbyterian Church has recently (late 2013) built a new church on a different site. D 058 017. © Gerard Close (2014). The Gospel hall has also been re-built, opening in October 2018. © Gerard Close (2018). Link. Brookside Church (3rd Presbyterian). D 048 017. © Gerard Close (2018). Ahorey, County Armagh, Presbyterian Church. Gospel Hall. Both © Richard Edgar. Aikton, Cumbria. Dedicated to St. Andrew. © Steve Bulman. NY 283 529. Link. Ainderby Steeple, North Yorkshire, St. Helen. © Bill Henderson. Interior view, and the font, both © Kenneth Paver. Grade I listed - link. Ainstable, Cumbria, dedicated to St. Michael. © Steve Bulman. NY 530 467. Link. Ainsworth, Bolton, Greater Manchester - see Bolton. Airmyn, East Yorkshire, St. David. © Bill Henderson. Another view. © James Murray. Airton, North Yorkshire, Methodist Church. SD 902 593. © Philip Kapp. Aiskew, North Yorkshire, St. Mary and St. Joseph (R.C.). SE 270 884. © Bill Henderson. Methodist Church (1922). SE 271 885. © Michael Bourne. A memorial stone is built into its base. Howard suspects that it may also have been Primitive Methodist originally, as it pre-dates the merger of 1932. © Howard Richter (2015). A former Primitive Methodist Chapel of 1869 stands behind (and is attached to) the Methodist Church. It has seen use as a Community Hall. The Methodist Church itself is now closed (the congregation having joined with that of Bedale). Circuit closure notice. The church and former P.M. chapel are on offer for sale and conversion into two residential properties. The Estate Agents notice has interior photos of each. The Planning Application has plans etc. - click on View Associated Documents, ref. 1739661 and 1739664. © Howard Richter (2015). Aislaby, North Yorkshire (near Whitby), St. Margaret. © Colin Waters. Link. Aisthorpe, Lincolnshire, St. Peter. © Dave Hitchborne. Aith, Mainland, Shetland, Church of Scotland. © Tim Flitcroft (2012). Akeley, Buckinghamshire, the site of the demolished St. James the Apostle. © David Regan (2017). Photos of the church are available here and here (the latter slow to load, but has a good history of the church). Akinduff, Co. Tyrone, St. Joseph (R.C.). H 694 613. © Gerard Close. Albaston, Cornwall, Tamar Valley Methodist Church. Another view. SX 423 706. Link. The former Bible Christian Chapel. Another view. The National Archives holds documents for 1935-1967. SX 424 706. All © Paul E. Barnett (2018). Alberbury, Shropshire, St. Michael and All Angels. Another view. SJ 358 144. Both © Les Needham (2011). Grade II* listed - link. Albourne, West Sussex, St. Bartholomew on Church Lane. TQ 257 162. © Tony Preston. Link. Grade II listed. Albrighton, Shropshire, St. Mary Magdalene on High Street. SJ 809 044. © Roy Graham. Two further views - 1, 2, interior view and font, all © Dennis Harper (2011). Link. Methodist Church, also on High Street. © Graeme Harvey (2010). Interior view, © Dennis Harper (2011). Link. St. Joseph (R.C.) on Bushfield Road. © Dennis Harper (2011). Link. Albury, Hertfordshire, St. Mary the Virgin. © Bill McKenzie. Albury, Surrey, St. Martha. © Mike Rice. Link. Alby, Norfolk, St. Ethelbert. Three interior views - 1, 2, 3. The church stands isolated at TG 202 336. All © Chris Stafford (2012). Link1. Link2. Alcester, Warwickshire, St. Nicholas. Another view. Both © Victor Hunter. Another view, this one © Aidan McRae Thomson. Interior view. © Aidan McRae Thomson. Link. Methodist Church. © Victor Hunter. Our Lady and St. Joseph (R.C.). © Graeme Harvey (2011). Alciston, East Sussex. The dedication is lost. From an old postcard in Geoff Watt's Collection. Link. Alcombe, Minehead, Somerset - see Minehead. Alconbury, Cambridgeshire, St. Peter and St. Paul. © Robin Peel. Another view. © Jim Rushton. Aldborough, Norfolk, St. Mary on Aldborough Road, whose tower collapsed in the 18th century. Interior view. TG 179 338. Both © Richard Roberts (2018). Link1. Link2. Grade II* listed. Aldborough, North Yorkshire, St Andrew. SE 406 664. © Paul Brown. An old postcard view from Steve Bulman's Collection. Aldbourne, Wiltshire, St. Michael. SU 263 758. © Chris Kippin (2018). Link. Grade I listed. Aldbrough, East Riding of Yorkshire, St. Bartholomew. © James Murray. Another view, © David Regan (2016). Link. Grade II* listed. Methodist Church. © James Murray. Former Chapel. The smaller building to the left has a tablet - "Sabbath School for Children of Every Denomination. 1835, Restored 1907". Janet Gimber advises that this chapel shows on old maps as Wesleyan Methodist. © James Murray. Former Primitive Methodist Chapel, © James Murray (2009). Aldbrough St. John, North Yorkshire, St. Paul. © Alan Blacklock. Aldbury, Hertfordshire, St. John the Baptist. Another view showing the recent extension, used as a meeting room, and called Chapter House. SP 963 124. Both © Richard Pykett (2018). Link. Grade I listed. Aldeburgh, Suffolk, St. Peter & St. Paul. TM 465 569. © Steve Bulman (2005). Two further views - 1, 2, an interior view, and the graves of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears, all © Simon Edwards (2012). The font, and a carved bench-end, both © Christopher Skottowe (2015). Grade II* listed. Baptist Church. TM 465 565. © Steve Bulman (2005). Grade II listed. Catholic Church of Our Lady and St. Peter, © Alan Wilson. Alderbury, Wiltshire, St. Mary (1858). SU 182 269. © Les Needham. Link. Grade II listed. Aldergrove, Co. Antrim, St. Catherine (Church of Ireland). © Jack Storey. Alderholt, Dorset, St. James. Another view. As Roger points out, the stepped gable is very unusual outside of Scotland, and in this case the 12 steps are probably symbolic of the apostles. Link. Alderley, Gloucestershire, St. Kenelm (O). © Graeme Harvey (2012). Link. Grade II listed - link. Aldermaston, Berkshire, St. Mary the Virgin. SU 596 650. © Jill Bennett. Another view. © Roy Graham. Interior, from an old postcard in Judy Flynn's collection. Link. Alderminster, Warwickshire, St. Mary and Holy Cross. Interior view. SP 230 485. Both © Aidan McRae Thomson. Two further views - 1, 2, interior view, window, font, and an incised cross in the tympanum, all © Steve Bulman (2011). The following are all © John Bowdler (2012) - porch, doorway, font cover, gargoyle, pulpit, altar, and side chapel. Grade II* listed - link. Alderton, Gloucestershire, St. Margaret of Antioch. © Graeme Harvey (2011). Another view, and an interior view, both © Graeme Harvey (2012). Link. Alderton, Northamptonshire, St. Margaret. Another view. Both © David Regan (2017). Another view, © Les Needham (2018). SP 740 469. Link. Grade II* listed. Alderwasley, Derbyshire, All Saints (1849-50) on Higg Lane. SK 323 532. Grade II listed. The village hall is the former St. Margaret's Chapel. Situated on Chapel Hill, it dates to the sixteenth century, and was closed in 1849. Grade II listed. Both © Richard Roberts (2014). Aldfield, North Yorkshire, St. Lawrence the Martyr. Interior view, and the pulpit and tester. All © David Regan (2010). Link1. Link2. Link3. The ruins of Fountains Abbey. From an old postcard (franked 1908) in Steve Bulman's Collection. The Lady Chapel, from the Colin Waters Collection. Some modern views, 1, 2, 3, all © James Murray. A view from an old engraving, from Christopher Skottowe's Collection. Link. Aldgate East/Tower Hamlets, Greater London, Jamia Masjid (Mosque) on Brick Lane. TQ 176 305. © Mehmood Naqshbandi, and reproduced from his website Muslims in Britain. Gervase Charmley advises that this was originally a Huguenot Church, and later served as a synagogue. Aldham, Essex, St. Margaret and St. Catherine. From an old postcard in Reg Dosell's Collection. Link. Aldingbourne, West Sussex, St. Mary the Virgin. © David and Pat Halliday. Aldingham, Cumbria, St. Cuthbert. © John Balaam (2008). Interior view. Both © John Balaam (2008). Link. Aldington, Kent, St. Martin. TR 074 361. Link1. Link2. Link3. Aldington Evangelical Mission Church. TR 061 364. Both © Dave Westrap. Aldridge, West Midlands, St. Mary the Virgin, on The Green. SK 060 007. © Peter Wood. Three further views - 1, 2, 3, all © Dennis Harper (2012). Link. Methodist Church on Anchor Road. Another view. Both © Dennis Harper (2012). Link. Aldringham, Suffolk, the former Providence Baptist Chapel now in residential use. © Iris Maeers. Aldsworth, Gloucestershire, St. Bartholomew. © Steve Watson. Aldwark, North Yorkshire, St. Stephen. © Graham Pickles. Another view, © David Regan (2011). Interior view, © Kenneth Paver. Link. Grade II listed - link. Aldwincle, Northamptonshire, All Saints - which is cared for by the Churches Conservation Trust. © Michael John York. Another view, interior view, and a fragment of wall-painting, all © Chris Stafford (2012). Link. Grade I listed. St. Peter (open, Churches Conservation Trust). © Michael John York. Michael sells some church photographs, and has kindly allowed me to use some reduced resolution photos on this website. His business websites are here - 1, 2, 3. Another view, and an interior, both © Chris Stafford (2012). Link1. Link2. Grade I listed. Baptist Chapel, © David Regan (2016). Aldworth, Berkshire, St. Mary the Virgin. Interior view. SU 554 793. Both © Marion Hall. Another view, from an old postcard in Judy Flynn's collection. Link. Grade I listed - link. Aley Green, Bedfordshire, Methodist Church on Mancroft Road. © Bedfordshire and Luton Archives & Records Service (2007). Link. Alford, Aberdeenshire, Howe Trinity Church of Scotland. Link. Alford West Kirk (CoS). NJ 575 165. Both © John Mackie. Alfriston, East Sussex, St. Andrew. From an old postcard in Steve Bulman's Collection. A modern view. © Graeme Wall. Link. Algarkirk, Lincolnshire, St. Peter and St. Paul. From an old postcard in Geoff Watt's Collection. A modern view, © Bill Henderson (2011). Link. Alkborough, Lincolnshire, St. John the Baptist. Another view. Both © David Regan (2011). Link. Alkerton, Oxfordshire, dedicated to St. Michael. The West front. Lively carvings on the clerestory. All © Steve Bulman. SP 377 429. Two interior views -1, 2 - both © John Bowdler. Link. Alkham, Kent, St. Anthony. TR 256 424. Link. Former Wesleyan Chapel, now a private residence. TR 253 426. Both © Geoff Watt. Alkmonton, Derbyshire, St. John. Interior view. Both © James Murray. Link. All Saints, Devon, dedicated to All Saints. ST 304 011. © Julie Baker. All Saints, Manchester, Greater Manchester - see Manchester. All Stretton, Shropshire, St. Michael and All Angels. © John Bowdler. Allensmore, Herefordshire, St. Andrew. SO 466 358. © Chris Kippin (2018). Link. Grade II* listed. Allenton, Derby, Derbyshire - see Derby. Aller, Somerset, St. Andrew, on Church Path. Two interiors - 1, 2. The list of rectors commences in 1205. ST 396 288. Link. Grade II* listed. A former chapel, now in residential use. All © Mike Berrell (2016). Allerston, North Yorkshire, St. John. SE 878 829. © Elaine Hindson. The Priest's Door and font, both © Kenneth Paver. Another view, © Bill Henderson (2013). Link. Grade II* listed. Methodist Church. SE 878 825. © Bill Henderson (2013). Allerthorpe, East Riding of Yorkshire, St. Botolph (O). © Bill Henderson. Another view, two interior views- 1, 2, and the font, all © David Regan (2012). Link. Grade II listed - link. Former Methodist Chapel. © David Regan (2012). Allerton, Bradford, West Yorkshire - see Bradford. Allerton, Liverpool, Merseyside - see Liverpool. Allerton Mauleverer, North Yorkshire, St. Martin. © Bill Henderson. Allet, Cornwall, the Free United Methodist Chapel of 1866, and the adjacent Sunday School of 1961. SW 791 485. © Paul E. Barnett (2014). Former Mission Chapel (1884). Another view (on Streetview). SW 805 481. © Paul E. Barnett (2015). Allexton, Leicestershire, St. Peter. © George Weston. Another view. © Michael John York. Allgreave, Cheshire, the former Methodist Church, closed since 2000. SJ 972 669. © Len Brankin. Another view. © Bruce Read. Allhallows, Cumbria, All Saints. © Steve Bulman. NY 197 427. This church was built in 1898, replacing the old church, © Graeme Rumney, dating from Norman times. NY 204 418. Link. Allhallows, Kent, All Saints. TQ 836 775. © Dave Westrap. An old postcard view, Tony Larkin Collection. Link1. Link2. Allington, Lincolnshire, Holy Trinity. Another view. Both © David Regan (2013). Link. Grade II* listed. Allington, Wiltshire, the former St. Paul. Converted from an old farm building at Manor Farm in 1860, it served the local community for over 100 years. © Janet Gimber (2018). Allonby, Cumbria. Dedicated as Christ Church. NY 082 425. © Leslie Mikesell Wood. Another view. © Alan Blacklock. Link. Congregational Chapel. © Alan Blacklock. Alloway, South Ayrshire, Auld Kirk. Another view. Link. Parish Church (CoS). Link. All © Jim Parker (2012). Allstone, Gloucestershire, St. Margaret. © Aidan McRae Thomson. Alltami, Flintshire, Bryn Methodist Church. SJ 266 655. © Mike Berrell (2009). Alltwalis, Carmarthenshire, the derelict Capel Troedrhiw. The date-stone above the door bears the dates 1833 and 1897. © Gerard Charmley (2011). Alltwen, Neath Port Talbot, Independent Chapel. The date stone has dates 1831, 1861 and 1886 (the latter a little unclear). © Gerard Charmley (2011). Alltyblaca, Ceredigion, Unitarian Chapel. © Gerard Charmley (2011). Almeley, Herefordshire, St. Mary. © Tim Hollinghurst. Link. Grade I listed. Almeley Wootton, Herefordshire, Friends' Meeting House. Built 1647, it has been in use by the Friends since 1672. SO 3327 5242. Link. Grade II* listed. The former Primitive Methodist Chapel, now in residential use. According to the My Primitive Methodist entry, it dates from 1870, and had closed before 2012. SO 3337 5253. Both © Paul Wood (2000). Almer, Dorset, St. Mary. © Mike Rice. Another view, from an old postcard in Reg Dosell's Collection. Another view, and an interior view, both © Roger Hopkins. Roger rates this C12 church very highly. Alminstone Cross, Devon, former Wesleyan Methodist Chapel (1876). Another view. SS 347 202. Both © Martin Richter (2011). Almondbury, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire - see Huddersfield. Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, St. Mary. © Phil Draper. Link. Alne, North Yorkshire, St. Mary the Virgin. © Graham Pickles. Interior view, and the Kempe window, both © Kenneth Paver. Link. Grade I listed - link. Alness, Highland, the Parish Church. © Martin Briscoe. Alnmouth, Northumberland, St. John the Baptist. © David Gallimore. Link. Methodist Church, founded as Wesleyan in 1891. © Peter Morgan (2009). Two further views - 1, 2. Both © David Gallimore (2009). Hanwick Hall, which Peter advises is "thought to have been Methodist". The same building can be seen from the other side in this old photo. Notwithstanding this, I can find no web text reference to Hanwick Hall, so can you confirm that it was indeed a Methodist Chapel? © Peter Morgan (2009). David Gallimore has sent a photo of Hindmarsh Hall, which is evidently the same building as Hanwick Hall. Previously a granary and corn exchange, it was converted to serve as a church in 1859, in which use it continued until 1876 when St. John was opened. © David Gallimore. Link. Alphamstone, Essex, St. Barnabas. Three interiors - 1, 2, 3, a window, and the font. All © Chris Stafford (2013). Link. Grade I listed. Arlesford, Essex, the ruins of St. Peter, burnt down in a fire in 1971. The churchyard is still in use. The church was replaced - St. Andrew and St. Peter. TM 068 213. Both © Les Needham. Alrewas, Staffordshire, All Saints. Methodist Church. Both © Bruce Read. The Millennium Memorial Chapel at the National Memorial Arboretum, interior view and font, all © Dennis Harper (2012). Link, and the NMA's website. Alsagers Bank, Staffordshire, St. John. SJ 8048. © Geoff Pick. Alsop en le Dale, Derbyshire, St. Michael and All Angels. Interior view. A rather beautiful modern window. All © James Murray. Link. Alstone, Gloucestershire, St. Margaret. Interior view. Both © Aidan McRae Thomson. Altarnun, Cornwall, St. Nonna. SX 222 812. Wesleyan Chapel. SX 224 811. Both © Bill Henderson. Wesley Cottage (or Digory Isbell's Cottage). See the story here. SX 219 805. © Paul E. Barnett (2018). Altham, Lancashire, St. James. SD 771 331. © Philip Kapp. Another view, three interior views - 1, 2, 3; a plaque has a brief history. The Bishop's Chair is unique in a parish church, all © Mike Berrell (2014). Grade II* listed. Althorpe, Lincolnshire, St. Oswald. © Dave Hitchborne. Link. Altmore, Co. Tyrone, Immaculate Conception (R.C.). H 641 689. © Gerard Close (2012). Altnaharra, Highland, the parish church of Altnaharra & Farr. © Bill Henderson. Drawing © Catherine Tremper. Alton, Hampshire, St. Lawrence on Church Street. SU 717 396. Link. Grade I listed. All Saints on Butts Road. SU 714 390. Link. Grade II listed. Former U.R.C on Normandy Street, built as Congregational. SU 720 396. All © Chris Kippin. Altofts, West Yorkshire, St. Mary Magdalen. Methodist Church. Both © Bill Henderson. Alton, Hampshire, St. Lawrence. SU 717 396. © Chris Kippin. Link. Grade I listed. Alton Barnes, Wiltshire, St. Mary the Virgin. © Roger Jones. Two views © Ian Miller - 1, 2. Link. Alton Pancras, Dorset, St. Pancras. Interior view. Both © Marion Hall. Link. Grade II* listed - link. Alvanley, Cheshire, St. John the Evangelist. SJ 497 741. © Bruce Read. Alvaston, Derby, Derbyshire - see Derby. Alveley, Shropshire, St. Mary the Virgin. Another view and an interior view. SO 759 842. All © Peter Morgan (2009). Another view, three interior views - 1, 2, 3, the altar and East Window, and the font; there are also traces of medieval wall paintings. All © Dennis Harper (2013). Grade II* listed. Methodist Church (built as Primitive Methodist, 1862). SO 762 842. © Peter Morgan (2009). Since Peter took his photo the chapel has closed, and is now a tea-room - the sign is visible almost side on to the left of the left-most window. in this view, © Dennis Harper (2013). Alverstoke, Hampshire, St. Mary. From an old postcard, Geoff Watt's Collection. Two modern views - 1, 2 - both © Kerry Marriott. Link. Alvescot, Oxfordshire, St. Peter. © Brian J. Curtis. SP 274 045. Alveston, Warwickshire, St. James. Interior view. The Old Church. All © Aidan McRae Thomson. Link. Alveston, Gloucestershire, St. Helen. St. Helen Old Church. Both © Phil Draper. Methodist Church. © Graeme Harvey. The former Primitive Methodist Chapel, now in residential use. © Janet Gimber (2012). Alvie, Highland, Church of Scotland. NH 864 093. © John Mackie. Alvingham, Lincolnshire, St. Adelwold. Methodist Church. Both © Dave Hitchborne. Alvington, Gloucestershire, St. Andrew. © Graeme Harvey (2015). Another view, © Janet Gimber (2015). Link. Grade II listed. Alwalton, Cambridgeshire, St. Andrew. TL 134 959. © Zoe Martin. Another view. © Robin Peel. Link. Alwinton, Northumberland, St. Michael and All Angels. NT 924 057. © Bill Henderson (2015). Comprehensive history here. Grade II* listed. Alwoodley and Alwoodley Park, Leeds, West Yorkshire - see Leeds. Alyth, Perth & Kinross, the former South United Free Church, which now serves as the parish halls. © Kevin Price (2012). Am Baile (Eriskay), W. Isles, St. Michael (R.C.). © Carol Myers. Link. Ambergate, Derbyshire, St. Anne. © James Murray. The former Wesleyan Methodist Chapel on Newbridge Road and Derby Road. Built before 1880, it is now in commercial use. SK 348 514. © Richard Roberts (2014). Amberley, West Sussex, St. Michael and All Angels on Church Street - the splendid chancel arch. © Christopher Skottowe (1961). Link, which has exterior photos. The very short grade I listing. Amble, Northumberland, St. Cuthbert. © Bill Henderson. All that remains of the cemetery buildings is this arch, which used to have a chapel to either side. These were demolished in 1971. © Peter Morgan (2009). Sacred Heart & St. Cuthbert (R.C.). © Peter Morgan (2009). St. Mark (U.R.C. formerly Congregational). © Peter Morgan (2009). Trinity Methodist Church. © Peter Morgan (2009). Ambleston, Pembrokeshire, St. Mary. SN 001 258. © Mike Berrell (2010). Ambrosden, Oxfordshire, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin. The tower. Both © Steve Bulman. SP 602 193. Amcotts, Lincolnshire, St. Mark. © Dave Hitchborne. Link. Amersham & Amersham Old Town, Buckinghamshire. Amesbury, Wiltshire, the Abbey Church of St. Mary and St. Melor. SU 152 414. From an old postcard (franked 1905) in Steve Bulman's Collection. A modern view, taken from an almost identical position. © Chris Kippin. Link. Grade I listed. Amlwch, Isle of Anglesey, dedicated to St. Eleth. The Catholic church Our Lady of the Sea. Both © Bill McKenzie. Methodist Church on Wesley Street, dating from 1832. It was built to serve English miners and their families, who had come to Amlwch to work in the massive copper mine on Parys Mountain. © Keith Alexander. Amotherby, North Yorkshire, St. Helen. © Bill Henderson. Ampleforth, North Yorkshire, St. Hilda. Interior view. Both © Alan Blacklock. Link. Abbey of St. Laurence (Ampleforth Abbey). © David Regan (2011). Link. Grade II listed - link. Our Lady and St. Benedict (R.C.). © David Regan (2011). The village has two former Methodist Chapels - Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist, both © David Regan (2012). Ampney Crucis, Gloucestershire, Church of the Holy Rood. © Graeme Harvey. Link. Ampney St. Mary, Gloucestershire, dedicated to St. Mary. © Aidan McRae Thomson. Another view, interior view, and one of many fragments of wall paintings, all © Chris Stafford (2013). Link. Grade I listed. Ampney St. Peter, Gloucestershire, St. Peter. © Graeme Harvey. Amport, Hampshire, St. Mary. SU 299 442. © Les Needham. Another view, © Chris Kippin. Link. Grade II* listed. Ampthill, Bedfordshire, St. Andrew. Interior view. TL 037 383. Link. Grade I listed - link. Methodist Church on Dunstable Street, built as Wesleyan. Another old postcard view. TL 034 379. Link. All from old postcards in Judy Flynn's Collection. Ampton, Suffolk, St. Peter & St. Paul on New Road. Mainly of the 14th and 15 centuries, there were restorations in the mid-19th century and in 1889. TL 866 711. From an old postcard in Reg Dosell's Collection. A modern view, © Richard Roberts (2017). Link. Grade I listed. Amroth, Pembrokeshire, St. Elidyr. From an old postcard in Steve Bulman's Collection. A modern view. © Peter Morgan (2011). Another view, and two interior views - 1, 2, all © Mike Berrell (2011). The former Ebenezer Independent Chapel (1867), for sale in 2011. Interior view (taken through a window). SN 165 071. Both © Mike Berrell (2011). Amulree, Perth & Kinross, the Amulree and Strathbraan Parish Church (CoS, 1743). NN 899 366. © John Cannon. Link1. Link2. Grade B listed.

2019-04-22T08:52:36Z

http://churches-uk-ireland.org/a-am.html

A catheter connector including a valve assembly and an access cannula. The valve assembly includes a housing with a septum, a displaceable plunger, and a distal end adapted for insertion into a catheter. The access cannula includes a distal end configured to engage the plunger. Displacement of the plunger by the cannula establishes fluid communication between the cannula and housing. This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/987,647, filed Nov. 12, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/844,236, filed May 12, 2004, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/844,276, filed May 12, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,685, each of which is incorporated by reference into this application as if fully set forth herein. There are a variety of conditions that require injection of fluids into, or withdrawal of fluids from, a patient's circulatory system. It is common to use an implanted catheter to repeatedly access the patient's vascular system. A flexible guidewire placed in the vascular system may be used to facilitate placement of the catheter, but its use would prevent the physician from capping the proximal end of the catheter to prevent fluid from exiting the catheter or air from entering the vascular system through the catheter during placement. After catheter placement, it is common to attach a valve cap or other terminating device to the proximal end of the catheter to prevent fluid from exiting the catheter or air from entering the vascular system through the catheter. However, in case of accidental separation of the valve cap from the catheter, the distal end of the catheter would then be exposed to the environment outside the body of the patient. The exposed catheter lumen may increase the patient's risk of blood loss, air embolism, or infection. The use of a cap or adapter to seal the proximal end of a catheter may increase the risk of trapping air pockets within the lumen of the catheter, resulting in an air embolism. Furthermore, during a treatment process requiring infusion of multiple fluids through the implanted catheter, the physician may inadvertently leave the lumens unprotected between procedures, and expose one or more of the lumens to possible contaminations. Thus, an improved catheter access interface may allow easy access to the catheter lumen and at the same time provide better protection against contamination and infection. In addition, an improved catheter access interface may also be configured for utilization as a needle-less access interface for an implanted catheter. Therefore, a catheter including a self-sealing proximal lumen opening and a corresponding connector for accessing the catheter lumen may be desirable. In particular, a multi-lumen interface with self-sealing mechanisms may be especially desirable in medical procedures where infusion of multiple fluids and/or medications is required. Accordingly, described herein is a catheter interconnecting interface that provides a self-sealing capability to the proximal end of a catheter and a corresponding connector for releasing the seal and accessing the catheter lumen. In one aspect of the invention, a multi-lumen catheter is configured with a valve positioned at the proximal opening of each of the lumens. A corresponding connector is provided for opening the valves and providing fluid communication between the catheter lumens and a purity of extension legs on the connector. In one variation, the catheter device comprises a catheter valve assembly and an extension leg unit. The catheter valve assembly has a proximal opening for receiving a lumen insert on the extension leg unit. The valve in the catheter valve assembly is opened by inserting the lumen insert into the proximal end of the catheter valve assembly, and the valve is closed by retracting the lumen insert from the catheter valve assembly. The catheter valve assembly may be integrated within the proximal end of a catheter. In another variation, the catheter valve assembly comprises a housing with a lumen. The proximal end of the lumen is configured to receive the lumen insert, while the distal end of the housing is configured for connection to a catheter. The catheter may be connected to the housing through a releasable interface. In another variation, a permanent connection may be established between the housing and the catheter. In another variation, the catheter valve assembly and its corresponding extension leg unit are configured to support a multi-lumen catheter. Each of the lumens in the catheter valve assembly may be provided with a corresponding valve to prevent fluid outflow (i.e., retrograde backflow). A plurality of lumen inserts may be provided on the extension leg unit for opening the valves and providing fluid communication channels to the lumens in the catheter. A plurality of extension legs may extend from the proximal end of the extension leg unit for accessing the lumens in the catheter. In one example, each of the lumens within the catheter is provided with a corresponding extension leg on the extension leg unit, which allows the user to establish fluid communication with each of the lumens independently. Optionally, each of the extension legs may be connected to an extension catheter or tubing. The extension catheters may be attached to the extension leg unit through a removable connection. In another variation, the extension catheters may be permanently connected to the extension leg unit. In another aspect of the invention, a catheter valve assembly is provided at the proximal end of a catheter to serve as an access interface. In one variation, the catheter valve assembly comprises a housing with a single spring-load valve which actively seals access to one or more chambers in the housing. The catheter valve assembly may be configured to support a catheter including a plurality of lumens. The housing with a single spring-load valve actively seals access to a plurality of chambers in the housing. Each of the chambers is in fluid communication with a corresponding fluid channel. A cannula is provided for interfacing with the valve assembly. The cannula has a plurality of lumens matching the number of chambers in the housing. The cannula is further configured with a sealed distal end, and a side port is provided for each of the lumens. When the cannula is inserted into the housing, the distal end of the cannula displaces the spring loaded valve and establishes fluid communication channels between each of the lumens in the cannula with a corresponding chamber in the housing through the lumen's side port. In another design variation, the catheter assembly with the spring-loaded valve is configured for providing a bifurcating connection to a single lumen catheter. A single lumen cannula with dual side ports is configured for insertion into the valve assembly including two chambers, such that fluid communication can be established between the two chambers in the housing and the single lumen in the cannula. In yet another aspect of the invention, the catheter valve assembly is configured as a single lumen catheter access system. In one variation, the valve assembly comprises a housing supporting an access tubing. The proximal end of a catheter may be connected to the distal end of the housing such that the lumen of the catheter is in fluid communication with the lumen of the access tubing. The proximal end of the access tubing is closed while one or more orifices are provided on the circumferential surface of the access tubing. Within the housing, a low durometer polymeric material (e.g., silicone, closed cell foam rubber, etc.) surrounds the distal portion of the access tubing and seals the orifices on the access tubing. An access cannula which may be attached to an extension catheter may be provided for interfacing with the access tubing in the housing. When the distal end of the access cannula is inserted into the housing and over the access tubing, the seal around the tubing orifice is displaced, and the proximal portion of the access tubing is positioned within the lumen of the access cannula. The proximal portion of the access cannula has a larger inner diameter than the outer diameter of the access tubing, such that the inner lumen of the access cannula can establish fluid communication with the inner lumen of the access tubing through the tubing orifices. The distal end of the access cannula may be tapered such that it can surround the outer periphery of the access tubing to provide a fluid seal when the access tubing inserted inside the distal lumen of the access cannula. In addition, methods for establishing fluid communications at the proximal end of a catheter are also disclosed. In one variation, the method comprises inserting lumen inserts into the proximal end of a catheter to displaced valves positioned within the lumens of the catheter. Each of the valves may comprise a unidirectional valve (e.g., duck-bill valve, bi-leaf valve, etc.). The lumen inserts may be connected to a distal end of a housing, with extension legs at the proximal end of the housing for connection to extension tubings. Once the lumen inserts from the housing are inserted into their corresponding lumens at the proximal end of the catheter, fluid communication is established between each of the lumens within the catheters and a corresponding extension leg on the housing. A hemodialysis machine may be connected to the housing through the extension tubings which can be attached to the extension legs. To disconnect the hemodialysis machine from the patient, the operator may simply remove the housing and in the process retract the lumen inserts from the proximal end of the catheter. Once the lumen inserts are removed, the valves within the catheter lumens closes by themselves without further intervention by the operator. In another variation, the method comprises inserting a cannula into a proximal end of a valve assembly to establish fluid communication with a catheter connected at the distal end of the valve assembly. In one example, the valve assembly comprises a depressible valve, and the cannula includes a blunt distal end for engaging the depressable valve. As the cannula is inserted into the valve assembly, the depressable valve is displaced, and fluid communication is established between the plurality of lumens within the catheter and the plurality of lumens within the cannula. In one variation, the cannula comprises two lumens and each of the lumens has an orifice located on a circumferential surface of the cannula. Insertion of the cannula into the valve assembly establishes fluid communication from each of the cannula lumen through its orifice on the cannula surface to a corresponding catheter lumen. Once the cannula is removed from the valve assembly, the valve closes and seals the proximal end of the catheter. The implementation of the catheter valve assembly and its corresponding extension leg unit provides various advantages, which may include one or more of the following: (1) the removable extension leg unit may allow the physician to easily disengage multiple fluid infusion lines to a catheter, while simultaneously sealing all access ports without additional efforts; (2) the catheter valve assembly may prevent infection, limit backflow, and minimize embolism by keeping the proximal end of the catheter closed except when accessed by the extension leg unit or the corresponding access cannula; (3) the catheter with the proximal end valve assembly may improve patient safety by insuring that the proximal end of the catheter is closed except when it is properly accessed; (4) the catheter with the valve assembly may be accessed multiple times without requiring replacement; (5) in some variations the catheter valve assembly may allow selective access of individual lumen while keeping the unused lumens sealed; (6) the catheter valve assembly may have built-in safety features to prevent accidental opening of the valve; and (7) because a blood clot begins to form when blood is exposed to air, the automatic closure of the valves immediately upon disengagement of the removable extension leg unit or the access cannula may minimize coagulation within the catheter lumen. FIG. 1 (left) illustrates the proximal portion of a dual lumen catheter with an integrated valve assembly. FIG. 1 (right) illustrates the corresponding extension leg unit. The extension leg unit comprises a removable bifurcate including two lumen inserts at the distal end for engaging the valves in the catheter valve assembly. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the catheter and the corresponding extension leg unit of FIG. 1. The catheter and the extension leg unit are shown in a disengaged position. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the interlocking of the extension leg unit with the catheter. As shown, the lumen inserts engage the valves in the catheter and keep the valves open. FIG. 4 illustrates another variation where the catheter valve assembly is configured as a separate unit for connection to the proximal end of a catheter to control flow and provide the interface to an extension leg unit. FIG. 5 illustrates yet another variation where the catheter device comprises a triple lumen catheter with a catheter valve assembly integrated within the proximal end of the catheter. A corresponding extension leg unit with three leg extensions for engaging the three lumens at the proximal end of the catheter is also shown. FIG. 6A illustrates one variation of a dual lumen catheter valve assembly, comprising a depressable plunger, and its corresponding blunt cannula for accessing the valve assembly. FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the valve assembly and its corresponding cannula of FIG. 6A. FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional view of the valve assembly of FIG. 6A, shown with the cannula depressing the plunger and accessing the valve assembly. One possible fluid flow implementation is illustrated with arrows showing the dual lumen catheter being utilized to support simultaneous inflow and outflow of fluids. FIG. 6D is a plain view of the septum implemented in the valve assembly of FIG. 6A. The septum is shown from its proximal end, viewed down its longitudinal axis toward its distal end. FIG. 6E is a cross-sectional view of the septum of FIG. 6D, with the section taken along its longitudinal axis. FIG. 6F is a cross-sectional view of the septum of FIG. 6E, with the section taken at A-A as indicated in FIG. 6E. FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of another variation of a dual lumen catheter valve assembly, comprising a depressable plunger, and its corresponding blunt cannula for accessing the valve assembly. The valve is shown fully closed. FIG. 7B illustrates the valve assembly of FIG. 7A with the blunt cannula engaging the plunger of the valve. The valve is shown partially accessed. FIG. 7C illustrates the valve assembly of FIG. 7A with the valve fully accessed. FIG. 8A illustrates another variation of a dual lumen catheter valve assembly, comprising a despressable plunger, and its corresponding blunt cannula for accessing the valve assembly. FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the dual lumen catheter valve assembly of FIG. 8A. The valve is shown fully closed. FIG. 8C illustrates the valve assembly of FIG. 8A with the valve partially accessed. FIG. 8D illustrates the valve assembly of FIG. 8A with the valve fully accessed. FIG. 8E is a plain view of the septum implemented in the valve assembly of FIG. 8A. The septum is viewed from the proximal end towards the distal end. FIG. 8F is a side view of the septum of FIG. 8E. FIG. 9A illustrates a side view of one variation of a valve assembly where the accessing cannula is integrated within a housing. The cannula housing is configured to engage the valve assembly housing and property orient the ports on the cannula when the cannula is inserted into the valve assembly. FIG. 9B is a top view of the valve assembly of FIG. 9A. FIG. 9C is a cross-sectional view of the valve assembly of FIG. 9B. The access cannula and its supporting housing are shown disengaged from the valve assembly. FIG. 9D illustrates the valve assembly of FIG. 9C with the access cannula fully engaging the valve. FIG. 9E illustrates a pair of removal tool being positioned for disengaging the access cannula from the valve assembly. FIG. 10A illustrates another variation of a valve assembly where the access cannula supporting housing is configured with latches for securing the access cannula unit to the valve assembly housing. An optional removal tool for disengaging the latches is also shown. FIG. 10B is a side view of the valve assembly and its corresponding access cannula unit of FIG. 10A. FIG. 11A is a side view of another variation of valve assembly and its corresponding access unit with detachable clips provided for securing the access unit to the valve assembly housing. The access unit is shown separated from the valve assembly. FIG. 11B shows the valve assembly and the corresponding access unit of FIG. 11A with the access unit engaging the valve assembly. The clips are shown engaging the valve assembly housing and securing the access unit to the valve assembly housing. FIG. 12 illustrates another variation of an access unit where the access cannula bifurcates at the proximal end, and the housing supporting the cannula is provided with two channels to supporting fluid communications to two separate catheters that are connected to the proximal end of the cannula housing. FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view illustrating a variation of an adapter cap for accessing a valve assembly. The corresponding valve assembly is also shown. FIG. 13B illustrates the adapter cap of FIG. 13A engaging its corresponding valve assembly. The valve is forced open to allow a guidewire to pass through the valve assembly. FIG. 14A illustrates another variation of a valve assembly with an integrated safety sealing disk. The safety sealing disk prevents air or fluid leak if the sealing plunger is inadvertently depressed. The corresponding access cannula is also shown. FIG. 14B illustrates the valve assembly of FIG. 13A with the corresponding access cannula engaging the valve assembly. The access cannula is shown in a partially inserted position and engaging both the plunger and the safety sealing disk. FIG. 14C illustrates the valve assembly of FIG. 13B with the plunger and the safety disk fully depressed, allowing fluids to flow through the valve assembly. FIG. 14D is a frontal view of the valve assembly of FIG. 14A viewed from the distal end of the valve assembly along the longitudinal axis of the valve assembly towards the proximal end. FIG. 14E is an end view of the safety sealing disk implemented within the valve assembly of FIG. 14A. FIG. 14F is a side view of the sealing housing implemented within the valve assembly of FIG. 14A. FIG. 14G is an end view of the sealing housing of FIG. 14F, shown from the distal end along the longitudinal axis towards the proximal end. FIG. 15A illustrates yet another variation of a valve assembly with an integrated safety sealing disk. The safety sealing disk prevents air or fluid leak if the sealing plunger is inadvertently depressed. The corresponding access cannula is also shown. FIG. 15B shows the valve assembly of FIG. 15A with its corresponding access cannula engaging the plunger and the safety sealing disk to keep the valve open for fluid flow. FIG. 15C is an end view of the safety sealing disk implemented within the valve assembly of FIG. 15A. The safety sealing disk is viewed from the proximal end towards the distal end. FIG. 15D is a side view of the safety sealing disk of FIG. 15C. FIG. 15E is an end view of the septum implemented within the valve assembly of FIG. 15A. FIG. 15F is a side view of the septum of FIG. 15E. FIG. 16A illustrates another variation of valve assembly supporting single lumen catheter connections. The corresponding access cannula is also shown. FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view of the valve assembly of FIG. 16A. FIG. 16C illustrates the access cannula engaging the valve assembly of FIG. 16B. The valve is opened to allow fluids to flow through the valve assembly. FIG. 16D is a side view of the of the access tubing of the valve assembly of FIG. 16B. FIG. 16E is a side view of the access tubing of FIG. 16D with the access tubing rotated 90 degrees along the longitudinal axis of the access tubing. FIG. 16F is an end view of the sealing housing shown from the proximal end along the longitudinal axis toward the distal end. FIG. 16G is a side view of the sealing housing of FIG. 16F. FIG. 17A illustrates another variation of a single lumen catheter connector with a valve assembly comprising a plurality of polymeric disks layered one over the other. FIG. 17B shows the three polymeric disks and the house chamber of the valve assembly of FIG. 17A in a disassembled condition. FIG. 18A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another variation of a catheter valve assembly implanted under the skin of a patient. The corresponding access cannula is also shown. FIG. 18B illustrates the access cannula engaging the valve assembly of FIG. 17A. The valve is shown in an opened position to allow fluid flow. The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which like elements in different drawings may be identically numbered. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The detailed description illustrates by way of example, not by way of limitation, the principles of the invention. This description will clearly enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention. Before describing the present invention, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated this invention need not be limited to applications in humans. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, variations of the invention may be applied to other mammals as well. Moreover, it should be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be applied in combination with various catheters, drug pumps, and infusion devices. A hemodialysis catheter is used herein as an example application of the extension leg unit with its corresponding valve assembly to illustrate various aspects of the invention disclosed herein. One of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would appreciate that the valve assembly disclosed herein may be applicable with various catheters for infusion of fluids into the circulatory system in various medical applications. It is also contemplated that the access cannula or extension leg unit with its corresponding valve assembly described herein may be implemented with various fluid infusion lines and catheters, including, but not limited to, hemodialysis catheters, central line catheters and contrast dye injection catheters. It must also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term “a lumen” is intended to mean a single lumen or a combination of lumens, “a fluid” is intended to mean one or more fluids, or a mixture thereof. Furthermore, the words “proximal” and “distal” refer to directions closer to and away from, respectively, a physician operating the implanted catheter with the tip-end (i.e., distal end) of the catheter inserted inside a patient's body. Thus, for example, the catheter end inserted inside a patient's circulatory system would be the distal end of the catheter, while the catheter end outside the patient's body would be the proximal end of the catheter. The catheter device with a valve assembly may be used for facilitating the introduction/removal of a fluid into/from a patient's body. The catheter valve assembly may be temporarily attached to the proximal end of the catheter or it may be integrated within the proximal portion of the catheter body. In one aspect of the invention, a removable extension leg unit is implemented for accessing the valve assembly. The distal end of the removable extension leg unit is designed for coupling with the catheter valve assembly at the proximal end of the catheter. The proximal end of the extension leg unit may be coupled to an electromechanically powered and/or magnetically coupled vascular pump to permit assisted flow of a fluid into or out of the patient's body. Bi-directional flow may be achieved with the implementation of multi-lumen catheter. The catheter valve assembly at the proximal end of the catheter may be configured with an orifice that is large enough to allow the passage of a guidewire and/or introducer (e.g., dilator). Fluid valves, such as polymeric duck-bill valves or bi-leaf valves, which are compatible with the guidewire, may be implemented to support “over the guidewire” placement of the catheter. The fluid valves may prevent bleed-back or air embolism during the placement of the catheter. In one design variation, the catheter valve assembly is configured with lumens matching the lumens within the catheter. Each of the lumens within the catheter valve assembly may be configured with a cross-sectional area that is +/−10% of the cross-sectional area of its corresponding catheter lumen. In another variation, each of the lumens within the catheter valve assembly matches the lumen of its corresponding catheter lumen. For example, the valves may be built into the lumen of the catheter. As is apparent from the figures, the catheter valve assembly at the proximal end of the catheter controls fluid flow into and out of the proximal end of the catheter. In one variation, each of the lumens is configured with a valve. In one particular design, a unidirectional valve (e.g., duck-bill valve, etc.) that allows fluid to flow into the catheter lumen but prevents fluid from flowing out at the proximal end of the catheter is implemented within the valve assembly. The unidirectional valves may be configured such that the physician may selectively inject fluids into one of the plurality of lumens directly without the use of the extension leg unit. The pressure from the injected fluid opens the valve and allows inflow of the fluid. Since the unused lumens are sealed by their corresponding unidirectional valve, the physician does not have to worry about backflow coming out of the unused lumens. In the lumen utilized for fluid injection, once the inflow of the fluid stops, the valve returns to the closed position. The syringe used for fluid injection may have a tip configured to fit into the lumen opening at the proximal end of the catheter valve assembly to provide sealed connection for the injection of the fluid. In another variation, the infusion syringe/instrument may be configured with an extended distal tip that can be inserted into the lumen and through the valve, such that insertion of the extended distal tip forces the valve open. As a result, as long as the extended syringe tip is inserted inside the valve assembly, the valve is kept open, and fluid may be infused or withdrawn by the syringe. Once the syringe is removed, the valve closes. To utilize the plurality of lumens in the catheter simultaneously, an extension leg unit is provided for engaging the valve assembly. The extension leg unit may be provided with a plurality of lumen inserts for insertion into the catheter valve assembly at the proximal end of the catheter. The lumen inserts force the valves open and establishes fluid inflow/outflow pathways for each of the lumens in the catheter. The valves within the catheter valve assembly may comprise duck-bill valves, bi-leaf valves, spring-loaded valves, etc. For example, the valve can be a spring-like biasing mechanism that is coupled to a luer fitting at the proximal end of the catheter valve assembly. When a corresponding extension leg unit is attached to the catheter valve assembly, the pressure from the insertion of the extension leg unit is transferred to the spring, opening the valve. In the default position, with the extension leg unit disengaged, the valve is biased in the closed position by the spring. As discussed earlier, unidirectional valves may be advantageous in some applications. In the default state (i.e., extension leg unit not connected), the unidirectional valves prevent fluids from exiting the proximal end of the catheter but allow fluid inflow. When the extension leg unit is connected, the unidirectional valves are kept open and fluid may flow in either direction. For example, the valve may comprise a duck-bill valve that opens when the lumen insert at the distal end of the extension leg unit is inserted into the mouth of the duck-bill valve and forces the two valve leafs to part laterally. The valve may include silicone or other polymeric materials. In another variation, bidirectional valves that are configured to resist low fluid pressure in the lumen of the catheter and can be forced open through the insertion of lumen inserts may also be utilized. For example, a silicone barrier with one or more pre-cut slit may be implemented as a valve within the valve assembly. The elasticity of the silicone can resist the normal fluid pressure within the catheter lumen and prevent fluid backflow. When the extension leg unit is attached to the catheter valve assembly, the lumen insert pushes through the slit within the silicone barrier and forms a flow-path through the barrier. Referring to FIG. 1, one variation of a removable extension leg unit 2 (right side of the figure) and a corresponding catheter 4 with a catheter valve assembly 6 (left side of the figure) are illustrated. In this particular variation, the extension leg unit 2 comprises a removable bifurcate including two extension legs 8, 10 at the proximal end 12 and two lumen inserts 14, 16 at the distal end 18. A luer connector 20 is provided for securing the extension leg 2 unit to the proximal end 22 of the catheter 4. The catheter valve assembly 6 is integrated within the proximal portion of the dual lumen catheter 4. Within each of the catheter lumen 24, 26 is a fluid valve 28, 30 positioned close to the proximal opening. In this particular design, each of the fluid valves 28, 30 comprises a duck-bill valve as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the extension leg unit 2 and the catheter 4 of FIG. 1. The catheter valve assembly 6 and the extension leg unit 2 can be engaged by inserting the lumen inserts 14, 16 into the lumens 24, 26 of the catheters, as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 shows the extension leg unit 2 engaged to the catheter 4 via the valve assembly 6. As shown, each of the two lumen inserts 14, 16 diverts the leaflets of the corresponding valve towards the inner wall of the catheter lumen and establishes a continuous fluid pathway from the lumen 24, 26 of the catheter, through the valve 28, 30 and into the corresponding extension leg 8, 10. In one embodiment, the catheter valve assembly 6 is configured for repeated and/or prolonged access and does not interfere with fluid flow when valves are opened. In the particular variation shown in FIG. 3, the lumen inserts 14, 16 isolate the valves 28, 30 from the fluid and prevent the valves 28, 30 from interfering with the fluid flow in any way. In this variation, the luer connector 20 is provided around the distal end of the extension leg unit 2, and corresponding luer interface 32 is provided around the shaft of the catheter 4 at the proximal end of the catheter. The luer connector 20 provides for protection against accidental disconnection of the extension leg unit 2 from the proximal end of the catheter 4. The luer connector 20 can be rotated around the lumen inserts 14, 16, such that once the lumen inserts 14, 16 are inserted into the proximal end 22 of the catheter 4, the luer connector 20 can be rotated to engage the corresponding thread 34 on the circumferential surface at the proximal end of the catheter body 4. The luer connector fits axially about the distal portion of the extension leg unit 2. The inner surface of the luer connector 36 is appropriately threaded such that it can be selectively attached to the threaded portion 34 of the catheter body 4 to secure the catheter 4 to the extension leg unit 2. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the luer connector 20 may include female threads to selectively receive the male threads formed around the shaft of the catheter. In another variation, the catheter device may further comprise a coupling lock that detachably locks the proximal end of the extension leg set to the catheter valve assembly. In one embodiment, the coupling lock is integrally connected to the extension leg unit and/or the catheter shaft. While FIGS. 1-3 show the luer connector on the extension leg unit, the position of the luer connector may be reversed such that the male side of the luer interface can be on proximal end of the catheter and the female side of the luer interface can be on the extension leg unit. The catheter device described herein may also include a compression sleeve that fits axially about the distal portion of the extension leg unit around the lumen inserts, as well as fitting axially about each of the extension legs. The compression sleeve may be formed of malleable material so as to provide further compression on the connection between the connecting catheter/tubing and its corresponding connector. For example, luer connection and the compression sleeve may be implemented together to create a force to prevent inadvertent separation of the extension catheter or tube from the extension leg after the extension leg has been inserted into the lumen of the extension catheter/tubing. In another variation, the compression sleeve may be placed on the multi-lumen catheter to secure the catheter on the lumen inserts. In one embodiment, the catheter has a first and second lumen 24, 26 as shown in FIG. 1. Each of the first and second lumens 24, 26 has a generally D-shaped cross-section. A longitudinally extending wall 38 defines the two lumens 24, 26 along the length of the catheter body 4. Each lumen 24, 26 connect to a respective lumen insert 14, 16 for fluid communication therewith. As shown in FIG. 2, the connection between the proximal portions of each of the extension leg 8, 10 and the distal portion of an extension catheter or tubing is an overlapping fitted connection. However, any other appropriate fastening means, such as detents may be used. In another variation, the proximal end of each leg extension is configured with a female luer interface for connection to an extension tubing's male luer distal tip. In addition, ribs 40 or grooves may be provided on the circumferential surface of the leg extension 8, 10 to improve connection between the leg extensions and their corresponding extension tubings. Markings, indicators and/or coloring may be provided on the extension leg unit and the proximal portion of the catheter to assist the operator in matching the proper connections between each of the lumen inserts and its corresponding lumen within the catheter. To further ensure matched correspondence, the catheter tips at the proximal end of the catheter, the lumen inserts, and the extension legs may follow the same marking pattern. Thus, the first indicator is associated with one of the lumen inserts and a second indicator is associated with the other lumen insert, such that the first indicator and the second indicator define a correspondence between that lumen insert and an associated catheter lumen. In addition, the corresponding leg extension may be provided with the same indicator. While the indicator may be a visual indicator, such as color or lettering, a multi-lumen catheter with an extension leg attachment utilizing any indicator, visual, tactile, or otherwise, should be considered within the scope of the invention. For example, the catheter may be a dialysis catheter with staggered lumen openings at the distal end of the catheter. One may provide blue and red markings on the catheter body corresponding to the lumens representing the arterial-line and the venous-line in the dialysis catheter. The lumen inserts and the extension legs on the extension leg unit may also be correspondingly marked with red and blue to prevent the operator from accidentally connecting the venous feed from the dialysis machine to the arterial-line on the catheter. In another aspect of the invention, the catheter device comprises a catheter valve assembly 6 with a distal end 42 for connection to the proximal end 22 of a catheter 4, and a proximal end 44 for connection to the distal end 18 of an extension leg unit 2, as shown in FIG. 4. The distal end 42 of the catheter valve assembly 6 may comprise an oversleeve 46 for receiving the distal portion 48 of the catheter 4 and allowing the catheter 4 to be solvent-bond to the distal end of the catheter valve assembly 6. In another variation, the distal end 42 of the valve assembly 6 may comprise various locking interfaces with corresponding locking interfaces provided on the proximal end 22 of the catheter 4 for connecting the catheter 4 to the valve assembly 6. In the particular variation shown in FIG. 4, the catheter valve assembly 6 supports two lumens 50, 52. The distal end of each lumen exits in a corresponding lumen insert 54, 56 configured for insertion into one of the lumens 24, 26 at the proximal end 22 of the catheter 4. Although semi-circular lumen shapes are illustrated here, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that other geometries may also be implemented within the corresponding lumens. The proximal ends 44 of the catheter valve assembly 6 are configured to receive the lumen inserts 14, 16 from the extension leg unit 2. A valve 28, 30 is configured within each of the lumens 50, 52 in the catheter valve assembly 6 to prevent retrograde fluid flow when the extension leg unit 2 is disengaged from the catheter valve assembly 6. When the extension leg unit 2 is connected to the proximal end 44 of the catheter valve assembly 6, the lumen inserts 14, 16 from the extension leg unit are inserted into their corresponding lumens 50, 52 in the catheter valve assembly 6, forcing the valves 28, 30 to open. Various locking mechanisms that were described earlier may also be configured here for connecting the extension leg unit 2 to the catheter valve assembly 6. An adapter comprising a valve assembly 6, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 4, may also be implemented for connecting an extension catheter to the proximal end of an implanted catheter. In another variation, the catheter adapter with an integrated valve assembly may be configured with an antithrombogenic agent and/or an antibacterial agent. An antithrombogenic agent or material may be placed inside the lumens of the adapter to prevent coagulation and formation of thrombus within the adapter. For example, an antithrombogenic agent (e.g., heparinized hydrophilic polymer, various heparin complexes, etc.) may be coated on the inner surface of the adapter's lumens. In another variation, an antibacterial agent or material may be placed within the lumens of the adapter to serve as a bacterial barrier to prevent migration of infective agents into the lumens of an implanted catheter. For example, the adapter may comprise of an antibacterial polymer. In another variation, the inner lumens of the adapter may be coated with an antibacterial agent (e.g., polymer integrated with antibiotic such as gentamicin, nitrofurazone, Minocycline-rifampin, etc.). In anther variation, the polymeric valves within the valve assembly comprise a polymer impregnated with an antithrombogenic and/or an antibacterial agent. Furthermore, an antibacterial agent may also be provided on the outer surface of the adapter. As stated above, the invention is described with a design containing two lumen inserts and a catheter valve assembly integrated within the tubing at the proximal end of a dual-lumen catheter. The present invention should not be limited, however, to this embodiment. Other appropriate configurations should be considered within the scope of the present invention. For example, the catheter tube and corresponding lumen inserts may be a series of concentric tubes of varying diameter. In another variation, the invention may provide a similar configuration to that described hereinabove with three (or more) lumen inserts and a triple (or more) lumen catheter tube. FIG. 5 illustrates one design variation of a triple lumen configuration. In this variation, the catheter 62 comprises three pie-shaped lumens 64, 66, 68. Each of the catheter lumens 64, 66, 68 has an integrated valve positioned close to its proximal opening. An extension leg unit 70 supporting three lumen inserts 72, 74, 76 is configured for connecting extension tubings to the catheter 62. The three lumen inserts 72, 74, 76 may be placed into the three corresponding lumen openings 64, 66, 68 at the proximal end 78 of the catheter 62. The insertion of the lumen inserts 72, 74, 76 forces the valves in the catheter to open and establishes fluid communication from each of the lumens 64, 66, 68 to one of the three extension legs 80, 82, 84 at the proximal end 86 of the extension leg unit 70. Each of the three leg extensions 80, 82, 84 may be connected to an extension tubing or catheter. In another variation, the triple lumen configuration may be implemented with three circular lumens, instead of the three pie-shaped lumens. In another variation, the catheter device is configured with fluid valves that allow introduction of an introducer (dilator) and/or guidewire through the catheter device. For example, a duck-bill valve positioned in the lumen of the catheter may be configured to accommodate a dilator. As the dilator is inserted into the proximal end of the catheter, the valve leaf of the duck-leaf valve is forced against the wall of the catheter and allows the dilator to be advanced toward the distal end of the catheter. One of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure would appreciate that other polymeric valves or compressible/retractable valve mechanisms may also be implemented. It should be appreciated in view of this disclosure that the catheter device described herein may be configured to permit reverse tunneling of an associated catheter. In the variation shown in FIG. 1, the proximal end 22 of the catheter 4 has a profile similar to the mid-shaft 23 of the catheter 4 such that it can be easily reverse tunneled through a small channel in the body of the patient. In comparison, if the catheter had a large valve mechanism at its proximal end, it would be difficult to pass the proximal end of the catheter with a large surface profile through a small channel created within the body of the patient. In one particular design, the proximal portion of the catheter, which houses the valve assembly, has a cross-sectional area that is no more than 10% larger than the cross-sectional area at the mid-shaft of the catheter body. In another design variation, the proximal portion of the catheter has a cross-sectional area that is no more than 5% larger than the cross-sectional at the mid-shaft of the catheter body. Because the extension leg unit may comprise low cost polymeric materials, the extension leg unit may be dispensed after one treatment. The use of a new extension leg unit for each treatment may decrease the risk of infection. In some applications, such as chemotherapy treatment, it may be desirable to dispose of the extension leg unit and the associated extension tubings that are connected to the extension legs. Furthermore, blood filters, drug infusion pumps, and other medical instrumentation may be connected to a new extension leg unit prior to connection of the extension leg unit to the catheter, thereby enabling ease of connection of the patient's implanted catheter to a plurality of tubings or fluid sources. For example, the arterial-line and the venous-line of the dialysis machine may be connected to an extension leg unit prior to the patient's arrival. Once the patient is ready, the patient can be quickly hooked up to the dialysis machine by simply connecting the proximal end of the implanted dialysis catheter to the extension leg unit. After treatment, patient may be quickly disconnected from all the tubings by simply disconnecting the extension leg unit from the proximal end of the implanted dialysis catheter. Once the extension leg unit is removed, the valves at the proximal end of the catheter automatically close, and prevent fluid backflow from the catheter and seal the lumens from outside air exposure. An optional cap may then be placed on the proximal end of the implanted dialysis catheter. In one variation, the extension leg unit may be configured with an antithrombogenic agent and/or an antibacterial agent. An antithrombogenic agent or material may be placed inside the lumens of the extension leg unit to prevent coagulation and formation of thrombus within the extension leg unit. For example, an antithrombogenic agent (e.g., heparinized hydrophilic polymer, various heparin complexes, etc.) may be coated on the inner surface of the extension leg unit's lumens. In another variation, antibacterial agent or material may be placed within the lumens of the extension leg unit to serve as a bacterial barrier to prevent migration of infective agents into the lumen of an implanted catheter. For example, the extension leg unit may comprise of an antibacterial polymer. In another variation, the inner lumens of the extension leg unit may be coated with an antibacterial agent (e.g., polymer integrated with antibiotic such as gentamicin, nitrofurazone, Minocycline-rifampin, etc.). Furthermore, an antibacterial agent may also be provided on the outer surface of the extension leg unit. In another variation, the catheter device is configured to allow fluids to flow through the catheter device at a flow rate of about 0-500 ml/min. The valves assembly and the corresponding extension leg unit may be configured such that they introduce minimal resistance along the fluid flow paths. In another design, the catheter device is configured to support a fluid infusion rate of at least 200 ml/min. In yet another design, the catheter device is configured to support a fluid infusion rate of at least 400 ml/min. In yet another variation, the catheter device further comprises a porous mesh or filter positioned along one or more of the fluid paths. In one variation, the porous mesh or filter is positioned in the catheter valve assembly unit. In another variation, the porous mesh or filter is positioned in the extension leg unit. For example, the porous mesh or filter may be placed in the lumen within each of the extension legs. The housing of the extension leg unit may comprise a transparent plastic such that the operator can easily monitor fluid flow inside the extension leg unit. Because the extension leg unit may be disposable, if the porous mesh or filter is clogged, the operator may simply replace the entire extension leg unit. In another aspect of the invention, the catheter valve assembly 102 is configured within a housing 104 that may be removably or permanently attached to the proximal end 106 of a catheter 108. In one variation, as shown in FIG. 6A, a valve assembly 102 is provided for accessing the proximal end 106 of a dual lumen catheter 108. An access cannula 110 is configured for insertion into a housing supporting a valve assembly. The distal end 112 of the housing 104 is connected to a dual lumen catheter 108. In one particular design, the housing 104 is configured with a length, L1. The valve assembly 102 comprises a depressable plunger 114 for sealing the opening 116 on the valve assembly 102, as shown in FIG. 6B. In this particular example, the plunger 114 is spring-loaded 118. However, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that other compression mechanisms or resilient materials that can overcome compressive stress may also be utilized in place of a spring 118 to actively displace the plunger 114 to seal the access opening 116 of the valve assembly. The proximal end 120 of the housing has an opening 116 for receiving an access cannula 110. At the distal end 112 of the housing 104 are two ports 122, 124 for connection to a dual lumen catheter. Within the housing, two chambers 126, 128 are provided. Each of the two chambers 126, 128 is connected to a corresponding port 122, 124 through a channel 130, 132. The distal end of the housing may be configured with two extension legs 134, 136 for insertion into a dual lumen catheter, such that the catheter may be directly connected to the housing without the need for a standard bifurcation, extension legs and luer connectors. A septum 138, which may be made of a material such as silicone, is implemented to provide a seal around the plunger 114 when the plunger is in an extended position. FIG. 6D shows the septum 138 from its proximal end. A center opening 140 is provided for receiving the plunger, and two side openings 142, 144 are provided to surround the two chambers. FIG. 6E is a cross-sectional view of the septum 138 taken along its longitudinal axis. FIG. 6F is a cross-sectional view of the septum taken along section A-A as indicated in FIG. 6E. An optional flexible boot or sleeve may be placed around the spring 118 to protect the spring and prevent particle build-up within the gaps within the spring. An access cannula 110 is provided to depress the plunger 114, allowing fluid access of the chambers 126, 128 within the valve assembly housing 104. The proximal end of the access cannula 110 may be connected to a catheter. In another variation, the distal end of a catheter may be modified to serve as an access cannula. In this example, the access cannula has a blunt distal end 146 for interfacing with the plunger 114. Two lumens 148, 150 are provided within the access cannula. Each of the lumens 148, 150 has a side port 152, 154 such that when the access cannula is inserted within the valve assembly, fluid communication may be established between a corresponding chamber 126, 128 within the housing and the lumens 148, 150 of the access cannula. FIG. 6B shows the valve closed with the access cannula 110 disengaged from the valve assembly 102. FIG. 6C shows the access cannula 110 depressing the plunger 114, which fully opens the valve. Another variation of the valve assembly 102 is illustrated in FIG. 7A. In this variation, the distal end of the access cannula 110 has a taper 156 to facilitate the insertion of the cannula 110 into the valve assembly 102. The tapered profile may help separate the septum 138 from the plunger 114, as shown in FIG. 7B. When the access cannula 110 is fully inserted into the valve assembly 102, the tapered profile engages the inner wall 158 of the septum 138 and seals the plunger 114 and its spring mechanism from the fluid flowing in the chambers 126, 128 of the valve assembly 102, as shown in FIG. 7C. In this variation, the fluid flow path is defined by the septum 138 that also serves to seal around the plunger 114 when the valve assembly is not accessed. The septum 138 also seals around the access cannula 110 when the valve assembly is accessed. The inner surface 160, 162 of the septum 138 is configured with a curved profile to allow a guidewire inserted from the distal port 122, 124 of the housing to easily pass through the valve assembly 102. For over the guidewire insertion, an adapter with an access cannula may be utilized to depress the plunger and keep the valve open. Referring to FIGS. 8A-8D, another variation of the valve assembly 102 is illustrated. In this design, the septum 138 has a disk-shaped body with a center opening 140 to accommodate the plunger 114. FIG. 8E shows the septum 138 from a top view. FIG. 8F is a side view of the septum 138. The inner wall 164, 166 of the valve assembly housing surrounds the two chambers 126, 128. The walls 168, 170 at the proximal end of the chambers are tapered to assist the pass-through of a guidewire. A housing, adapter, or casing 172 may be provided to support the access cannula 110 and to position the access cannula 110 within the valve assembly 102 when the valve assembly 102 is accessed. FIGS. 9A-9E illustrate one variation in which the housing 172 for the access cannula 110 is configured with leg/tubing extensions 174, 176. FIG. 9A is a side view of a detachable extension leg unit 178 for interfacing and accessing the corresponding valve assembly 102. The distal end of the valve assembly housing is connected to a dual lumen catheter 108. Latches 180, 182 are provided for securing the detachable extension leg unit 178 to the housing 104 of the valve assembly 102. FIG. 9B is a top view of the detachable extension leg unit 178 and the corresponding valve assembly. In this particular design, the housing 104 of extension leg unit 178 has a length L2. As shown in FIG. 9C, two extension/tubing 174, 176 are connected to the proximal end 184 of the access cannula 110 and direct fluids in and out of the two lumens 148, 150 within the access cannula 110. The two extensions 172, 176 bifurcate as they exit the housing 172. Luer connectors may be provided at the proximal end of the extensions for connection to other tubing or catheters. In another variation, a single extension with a dual lumen may be implemented on the access cannula housing 172 for connection to the proximal end of the access cannula 110. In addition, an optional redundant O-ring seal 186 may be provided on the shaft of the access cannula 110 to improve the seal between the access cannula 110 and the valve assembly 102 when the access cannula 110 engages the valve assembly 102. As shown in FIG. 9C, latches 180, 182 are provided on the inner surface of the access cannula housing 172 for engaging and securing the access cannula housing 172 to the valve assembly housing 104. FIG. 9D shows the access cannula 110 fully inserted within the valve assembly 102 and the latches 180, 182 engages their corresponding notches 188, 190 on the valve assembly housing 104. In this particular design, slots 192, 194 are provided on the access cannula housing 172 for receiving a removal tool 196, 198 to release the latches from the valve assembly housing. As shown in FIG. 9E, a pair of removable tools 196, 198 are inserted into the removal tool access slots and the latches 180, 182 are forced to disengage from their corresponding notches 188, 190. Once the latches 180, 182 have disengaged, the detachable extension unit 178 with its access cannula 110 may be pried apart from the valve assembly unit 102. One of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would appreciate that various other locking mechanisms may be implemented to secure the access cannula within the valve assembly. In another variation, latches 180, 182 with built-in levers 200, 202, such as the ones illustrated in FIG. 10A may be utilized. An optional removal tool 204 may be provided to disengage the latches 180, 182. FIG. 10B is a side view illustrating the position of an integrated latch 182. In another example, detachable clips 206, 208 may be provided on the housing 172 supporting the access cannula 110, as shown in FIG. 1A. The operator depresses the lever 210, 212 on the clip to release the distal end of the clip so the valve assembly 102 may be slid into the access cannula housing 172. Once the valve assembly 102 is positioned in place, the clips 206, 208 are released to engage the valve assembly housing 104 and secure the proximal end 120 of the valve assembly housing 104 within the access cannula housing 172 as shown in FIG. 11B. To disengage from the valve assembly 102, the operator may depress the clips 206, 208 and pull the access cannula unit 178 off of the valve assembly 102. In another variation, the access cannula unit 178 may be configured with extension legs 214, 216 branching from the housing 172, supporting the access cannula, as show in FIG. 12. In this particular design, the proximal portion 218 of the cannula 110 is configured with a bifurcation. Each branch of the bifurcate 220, 222 is connected to a respective lumen of one of the two extension legs 214, 216. Tubing or catheters 224, 226 may be solvent bond onto the extension legs as shown in FIG. 12. In another variation, a luer fitting may be provided at the proximal ends of the extension legs 214, 216 such that tubing or catheters 224, 226 may be connected to the extension legs 214, 216. Certainly, there are many other ways to connect tubing 224, 226 to extension legs 214, 216, which would be within the scope of this invention. An optional adapter 228 may be provided to allow the operator to electively access the valve assembly 102. In one variation the access adapter 228 comprises a housing 230 with a protruding element 232 for depressing the plunger 114 in the valve assembly 102. In one example, the access adapter 228 comprises a housing 230, supporting a single lumen access cannula 234. An optional valve 236 may be provided at the proximal end 238 of the cannula 234 to prevent fluid backflow from the opened valve assembly 102 and keeping the system sealed when not in use. The valve 236 may include various pliable polymeric materials. In one variation, the valve 236 comprises a block of pliable silicone with a slit to allow needles or wiring to pass through. In another variation, the valve 236 comprises a silicone block 240 with an inner lumen modeled in an hourglass-shape 242 as shown in FIG. 13A. The proximal end 244 of the hourglass lumen is closed. A slit 246 is provided on the closed proximal end 244 to allow an elongated object to be pushed through. With the access adapter 228 connected to the valve assembly 102, the operator may insert a needle on a syringe through the valve 236 and inject fluids and/or medication through the opened valve assembly 102. In another application, the access adapter 228 is utilized for over the guidewire insertion of a catheter, as shown in FIG. 13B. The distal end 112 of the valve assembly 102 is attached to the proximal end of a catheter. An access adapter 228 is attached to the proximal end 120 of the valve assembly to depress the plunger 114 and open the valve assembly. The distal end of the catheter may then be inserted over a guidewire that has its proximal portion inserted within a vessel of a patient. The catheter is then advanced forward along the length of the guidewire. Finally, the proximal end 248 of the guidewire 250 passes through the opened valve assembly and then through the valve 236 at the distal end of the access cannula 234. The valve 236 prevents fluids in the catheter lumen from back-flowing out of the proximal end of the access adapter 238. In applications where an hourglass-valve 236 is utilized as illustrated in FIG. 13B, the neck of the hour glass may provide a seal around circumferential surface of the guidewire 250 and provide added protection to back-flow in addition to the slit 246 at the proximal end. Since the neck 252 of the hourglass 236 valve may be configured with a circumferential inner surface including an inner diameter that is equal or slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the guidewire 250, the neck portion 252 may provide a more even seal around the body of the guidewire 250 than the proximal end slit 246. Although a single lumen access cannula 234 is illustrated in FIG. 13A, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that a dual lumen access cannula may also be implemented in the access adapter to allow the operator to selectively inject or withdrawal fluids from either of the catheter lumens. In addition, one may modify the single lumen access cannula adapter 228 by removing the valve 236, and attaching a catheter to the proximal end of the cannula housing. In another variation, an extension leg may be provided at the proximal end of the housing for connection to a catheter. The modified access cannula adapter may then be utilized to connect a single lumen catheter to a dual lumen catheter for accessing the two lumens simultaneously. In another variation of the valve assembly 102, a safety sealing disk 254 is implemented to prevent accidental opening of the valve. The safety disk 254 is configured such that depressing the plunger 114 alone can not open the valve. In this design, the access cannula 110 may depress the plunger 114 and at the same time engage the safety disk 254 to establish an open fluid pathway within the valve assembly 102. In one variation, as shown in FIG. 14A, a first spring 256 positioned at the distal end of the plunger provides spring-loading of the plunger 114. A second spring 258 positioned on the shaft of the plunger 114 between the base 260 of the plunger and the safety disk 254 provides the spring-loading of the safety disk 254. Depending on the design criteria, the thickness of the safety disk 254 may be modified to provide the necessary protection. In this design, if the plunger 114 is depressed without engaging the safety sealing disk 254, the second spring 258 keeps the safety sealing disk 254 in place and prevent premature leakage of fluids. When an access cannula 110 is partially inserted into the valve assembly, as shown in FIG. 14B, the distal tip of the cannula 110 engages both the plunger 114 and the safety sealing disk 254. As the plunger 114 and the safety sealing disk 254 are fully depressed, fluids may then flow out of the lumens 148, 150 of the access cannula 110, through the openings 262, 264 on the safety sealing disk 254, and into the channels 130, 132 in the valve assembly housing 104, as shown in FIG. 14C. FIG. 14D shows the valve assembly housing 104 viewed from the distal end 112 of the housing. Two extension legs 134, 136 form the two inserts for insertion into a dual lumen catheter. FIG. 14E is a plain view of the safety sealing disk 254. A center opening 266 accommodates the plunger 114; two side openings 262, 264 provide the pathways for fluid pass-through when the safety disk 254 is depressed. FIG. 14F is a side view of the septum 138 which provides the seal around the plunger 114 and the safety sealing disk 254 when the valve is closed. When the valve is accessed by an access cannula 110, the septum 138 provides the seal around the access cannula 110 and guides the safety sealing disk as it displaces toward the distal end of the housing. FIG. 14G is a plain view of the septum 138 viewed form the proximal end down its longitudinal axis. In another variation, as shown in FIG. 15A, the safety sealing disk 254 is spring-loaded by a spring 268 position along the inner wall 270 of the valve assembly housing 104. The septum 138 comprises a disk-shaped block with an opening 140 to accommodate the plunger 114, as shown in FIG. 15E. FIG. 15F illustrates the side view of the septum 138. The safety disk 254, as shown in FIG. 15C, comprises a center opening 266 to accommodate the plunger 114 and two side channels 262, 264 to allow fluid pass-through when the safety sealing disk 254 is depressed. In this design, if the plunger 114 is accidentally depressed without engaging the safety disk 254, as the plunger advances distally, the inner wall 270 of the safety sealing disk is exposed. However, the presence of the safety sealing disk 254 blocks fluid from flowing into or out of the chambers 126, 128 within the valve assembly 102. The distal end of the access cannula 110 is tapered 272 to facilitate insertion of the tip 274 of the cannula between the plunger 114 and the septum 138. In addition, the tapered profile 272 is also configured to engage the safety sealing disk 254. As shown in FIG. 15D, the inner wall 270 of the center opening 266 of the safety sealing disk 254 is configured with a slanted profile 276 matching the tapered profile 272 on the distal end of the access cannula 110. When the access cannula 110 is inserted into the valve assembly 102, the tapered profile 272 on the outer wall of the access cannula 110 engages the inner wall 270 of the safety sealing disk's center opening 266 and forces the safety sealing disk 254 to displace distally, as shown in FIG. 15B. Consequently, fluid paths are established through the valve assembly. Although in the above examples, a dual channel valve assembly is used to illustrate the functionality of a plunger-based valve assembly, one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would appreciate that the plunger-based valve assembly may be modified to accommodate single channel connections or connections with three or more fluid channels. For example, the device shown in FIG. 15B may be modified such that the access cannula 110 has a single lumen and the extension legs 134, 136 at the distal end of the housing may be merged into a single extension. As such, the valve assembly unit may serve as a proximal end protection for a single lumen catheter, and at the same time, provide an interface for connecting another single lumen catheter to serve as an extension. In another variation, the device shown in FIG. 15B may also be modified such that the access cannula 110 supports three or more lumens with corresponding side ports. The valve assembly 102 may be configured with a plurality of chambers matching the number of lumens in the access cannula. As such, the valve assembly may be utilized to provide proximal end protection and connection to a catheter including a plurality of lumens. In another variation, the valve assembly may be utilized for sealing a plurality of single lumen catheters and allow simultaneous access of all the single lumen catheters connected to the valve assembly. For example, the valve assembly may have four chambers with four corresponding ports. Each of the ports is connected to a separate catheter. An access cannula including four lumens may then be utilized to access the four catheters connected to the four chamber valve assembly simultaneously. In yet another aspect of the invention, a valve assembly 102 is configured for single lumen catheter connection and access protection. The valve assembly comprises a housing which is accessible at the proximal end 180 with an access cannula 110 including a slightly tapered 282 blunt end 284, as shown in FIG. 16A. A catheter 292 may be attached (either pre-connected or attachable) to the distal end of the valve assembly housing 294. An access tubing 286 with a closed proximal end 288, and one or more side orifices 290 for accessing the lumen of the tubing 286 is positioned at the center of the housing 290. The distal end 296 of the access tubing is attached to the valve assembly housing 294 and a fluid communication path is established between the lumen of the catheter 292 and the lumen of the access tubing 286. In one design, the access tubing 286 has two oval shaped orifices 290, 296, as shown in FIG. 16D and FIG. 16E. A compressible seal 298 is positioned within the valve assembly housing 294 and surrounds the access tubing 286 to seal the orifices 290, 296 on the access tubing 286, as shown in FIG. 16B. The compressible seal 298 may comprise various compressible polymeric materials (e.g., low durometer silicone, closed cell foam rubber, etc.). FIG. 16F is a proximal end view of the compressible seal 298. FIG. 16G is a side view of the compressible seal 298. Indentations 300 are provided around the circumferential surface of the compressible seal 298, such that the compressible seal may have room 302 for displacement within the valve assembly housing 294 when the access cannula 110 engages the valve assembly 102. To provide access to the catheter, the access cannula 110 is aligned with the access tubing 286 within the valve assembly housing 294, and then the access cannula 110 is inserted into the valve assembly 102 and over the access tubing 286. As the access cannula 110 is advanced into the valve assembly 102, as shown in FIG. 16C, the access cannula 110 separates the compressible seal 298 from the access tubing 288 and pushes the compressible seal 298 against the inner wall 304 of the valve assembly housing 294. Because the inner diameter 306 of the access cannula 110 is larger than the outer diameter 308 of the access tubing 286, a fluid flow-path is established between the inner lumen of the access tubing 286 and the inner lumen of the access cannula 110, through the orifices 290, 296 on the inner tubing 286. The distal end 284 of the access cannula 110 is tapered and may be configured to provide an additional seal around the base 310 of the access tubing 286. In another variation, a single lumen catheter connection 312 is configured with a valve assembly 314 comprising a plurality of polymeric layers, each with at least one access slit 316. In the example shown in FIG. 17A, the valve assembly comprises a housing 318 supporting three layers of a disk, which may be made of silicone, layered over each other to form the access port 312. The top layer 320 has an opening 322 at the center of the disk to guide the placement of an access cannula, as shown in FIG. 17B. The middle layer 324 has a slit 316 across the center of the disk. The bottom layer 326 also has a slit 328 on the center of the disk. An inner frame 330 is provided to support the polymeric disks. The middle 324 and the bottom disk 326 are positioned such that their corresponding slits 316, 328 are angularly aligned with each other. In one variation, the two slits 316, 328 are positioned perpendicularly with each other such that the slits cross at the center of the access port. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that three or more polymer disks with slits may also be implemented. Additional disks with circular openings may be implemented as the base layer or between the slit disks to keep the access cannula aligned when it is inserted in to the valve assembly. The various valve assemblies described above may be configured to serve as needle-less catheter access systems. In one example, illustrated in FIG. 18A, the valve assembly 102 is attached to the proximal end 335 of a catheter 332 and implanted into a patient's body. The outer circumference of the valve assembly may be encased within a Vitacuff® material 334 to facilitate tissue in-growth to seal around the valve assembly 102 implanted under the skin of the patient. The proximal access end 336 of the valve assembly 102 is exposed on the surface of the skin. The distal end 338 of the valve assembly housing 342 may be modified to provide suitable catheter connection angles depending on the particular application. For example, in FIG. 18A, the distal portion 340 of the valve assembly housing 342 has a bent profile to support that attachment of a catheter 332 at an angle. To access the implanted catheter 332, an access cannula 110 is inserted into the valve assembly 102 through the access port 344 exposed on the surface of the skin. FIG. 18B shows the access cannula 110 engaging the valve assembly 102 and a fluid path is established between the lumen of the implanted catheter 332 and the lumen of the access cannula 110. Although, in FIGS. 18A and 18B, a single lumen catheter connection is illustrated, one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would appreciate that other valve assemblies disclosed herein, whether including one, two or three lumens/chambers, may also be implemented as an access port for an implanted catheter. Furthermore, the various valve assemblies described herein, whether integrated within the proximal end of a catheter or as a separate adapter, may be configured with an antithrombogenic agent and/or an antibacterial agent. An antithrombogenic agents or material may be placed inside the lumen of the valve assembly to prevent coagulation and formation of thrombus within the valve assembly. For example, an antithrombogenic agent (e.g., heparinized hydrophilic polymer, various heparin complexes, etc.) may be coated on the inner surface of the adapter's lumens/chambers. In another variation, an antibacterial agent or material may be placed within the lumen/chamber of the valve assembly to serve as a bacterial barrier to prevent migration of infective agents into the lumen of an implanted catheter. For example, the valve assembly housing may comprise of an antibacterial polymer. In another variation, the inner lumen/chamber of the valve assembly may be coated with an antibacterial agent (e.g., polymer integrated with antibiotic such as gentamicin, nitrofurazone, Minocycline-rifampin, etc.). In anther variation, the valve (e.g., polymeric duckbill valve, spring-loaded plunger, etc.) within the valve assembly comprises a polymer impregnated with an antithrombogenic and/or an antibacterial agent. Furthermore, an antibacterial agent may also be provided on the outer surface of the valve assembly housing. In view of the disclosure herein, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that a catheter device incorporating the valve assembly described herein may be utilized in various medical procedures. One of ordinary skill in the art would also appreciate that catheters including integrated valve assemblies described herein may be inserted into the patient's circulatory system through various veins and arteries with procedures that are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In one example, the following devices and instruments are prepared for carrying out an implant procedure: multi-lumen catheter tube, introducer needle, multiple tear away sheath dilator introducers, J-flex guidewires, trocars, lock right adapters with clamps, injection caps, scalpel, sutures, and adhesive wound dressing. Additionally, the physician is also be provided with scissors, forceps, needles dishes, syringes and gauze. In particular approach, the catheter with a valve assembly incorporated at the proximal end is inserted into a patient's jugular vein. The procedure begins with placing the patient in a position with the patient's head turned to the opposite side of where catheter tip is to be placed into the jugular vein. The anatomical landmark for proper insertion is defined by the triangle formed by the lateral edge of the sternal head, the medial edge of the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the upper edge of the clavicle. The patient's neck and a portion of the patient's thorax beneath the clavicle, at least about 20 cm, are prepared for incision. Thereafter, the patient is draped and a local anesthetic is administered. A local anesthetic skin wheel may be created, taking care to infiltrate the subcutaneous tissue for about 2 to 3 cm. Next, with an 18-gauge needle attached to a syringe, the physician can identify the internal jugular vein by aspiration and then proceed at an angle while continuing to aspirate with the syringe. Once the internal jugular vein has been located, the method includes detaching the syringe while leaving the needle in place. Thereafter the J-flex guidewire is introduced through the needle and into the internal jugular vein. The guidewire is passed with minimal resistance into the desired location. The needle is removed, leaving the guidewire in place. The tip of the guidewire rests at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium. Appropriate guidewire placement may be confirmed with fluoroscopy. Next, with a scalpel, the physician makes an incision in the skin that is wide enough for the catheter tube to pass. A tearaway sheath dilator may be introduced over the guidewire and into the vein far enough to dilate the vessel. After expanding the vein wall, the guidewire may be removed. A trocar is screwed onto the catheter tube. The dilator may be removed, leaving the tearaway sheath in place to introduce the catheter tube. As the catheter tube is fed into the sheath the tearaway sheath may be torn away. Fluoroscopy may then be performed to confirm catheter tube placement. The distal tip with the venous lumen opening on the dual lumen dialysis catheter is positioned at the opening of the right atrium, and the arterial lumen opening, proximal to the distal tip, is positioned approximately 4 cm higher. Positioning, as described, may prevent blood recirculation during hemodialysis. Next, a tunnel, of about 8 to 10 cm, is created in a caudal and internal direction by means of the tunneler, which may be shaped to physician's preference. The proximal portion of the catheter tube is gently pulled through the tunnel until the loop at the original puncture site is gone. The catheter tube is then adjusted to rest over the clavicle. If the catheter implanted has a built-in valve assembly within the lumens of the catheter, an extension leg unit may then be attached to the proximal end of the implanted catheter through the valve assembly. As the extension leg unit is attached to the proximal end of the implanted catheter, the lumen inserts from the extension leg unit or the access cannula engages the valve assembly located within the proximal end of the implanted catheter. In another variation, after tunneling the proximal end of the catheter, a removable valve assembly may be connected to the proximal end of the implanted catheter. An access cannula may then be inserted into the valve assembly to access the implanted catheter. For dialysis application, the arterial-line and the venous-line on the dialysis machine may be connected to the extension leg unit or the access cannula prior to attaching the extension leg unit or the access cannula to the valve assembly on the catheter. When an extension leg unit is utilized, the luer connector on the extension leg unit may be backfitted over the shaft of the implanted catheter. Next, the compression sleeve may be backfitted over the catheter shaft. The two lumen inserts are positioned within the implanted catheter's two lumens, respectively, creating a friction fit. Optionally, proper markings may be provided on the valve assembly and the extension leg unit (or the access cannula unit), so that the arterial and venous lines from the hemodialysis machine can be connected to withdraw and infuse blood from the appropriate lumen in the implanted hemodialysis catheter. In applications where tunneling is required, the physician may attach the tunneler to the distal end of the catheter. The catheter may then be tunneled from the exit incision site to the cut-down site before inserting the distal end of the catheter into the body. However, for catheter implementing an extension leg unit with a removable bifurcate or a detachable valve assembly, the physician may be removed the bifurcate or the detachable valve assembly so that the proximal end of the catheter can be easily reverse tunneled. In this case, the proximal portion of the catheter is tunneled from the cut-down site to the exit incision site. Optionally, a tunneler including an interconnector or locking mechanism matching the locking interface at the proximal end of catheter may be utilized for tunneling of the catheter. For example, the proximal end of a multi-lumen catheter with a built-in valve assembly may have a threading 34 surrounding the body of the catheter, as shown in FIG. 1 (left). One may provide a tunneler including a connector with matching threads, for the tunneling procedure. The physician screws the proximal end of the multi-lumen catheter onto the connector at the proximal end of the tunneler to secure the catheter to the tunneler. Once the proximal portion of the multi-lumen catheter is tunneled through the tissue, the tunneler is then removed, and the corresponding extension leg unit may be inserted into the proximal end of the catheter. In another variation, tunneling devices with other attachment mechanisms that are capable of holding/gripping onto the proximal end of the catheter may also be utilized to complete the tunneling of the catheter. This invention has been described and specific examples of the invention have been portrayed. While the invention has been described in terms of particular variations and illustrative figures, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the variations or figures described. In addition, where methods and steps described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the ordering of certain steps may be modified and that such modifications are in accordance with the variations of the invention. Additionally, certain of the steps may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially as described above. Therefore, to the extent that there are variations of the invention, which are within the spirit of the disclosure or equivalent to the inventions found in the claims, it is the intent that this patent will cover those variations as well. Finally, all publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually put forth herein. an access cannula including a distal end configured to engage the plunger, and first and second lumens in respective fluid communication with first and second side ports, insertion of a distal portion of the cannula through the proximal openings of the septum and housing displacing the plunger and establishing fluid communication between the side ports and the channels in a valve assembly open position. 2. The catheter connector according to claim 1, wherein the plunger is spring-loaded. 3. The catheter connector according to claim 1, wherein the distal end of the access cannula includes a recess configured to receive a proximal portion of the plunger. 4. The catheter connector according to claim 1, wherein the distal end of the access cannula is tapered. 5. The catheter connector according to claim 1, wherein the housing comprises first and second chambers in respective fluid communication with the first and second channels, the plunger separating the first and second chambers from one another in the valve assembly closed position. 6. The catheter connector according to claim 5, wherein at least one of the first and second chambers includes a curved surface. 7. The catheter connector according to claim 5, wherein the first and second chambers are defined by the septum. 8. The catheter connector according to claim 7, wherein the septum further comprises a plunger receiving section positioned between the first and second chambers, the distal end of the cannula received in the plunger receiving section in the valve assembly open position. 9. The catheter connector according to claim 1, wherein the septum has a disk-shaped configuration. 10. The catheter connector according to claim 1, wherein the access cannula further comprises first and second tubing extensions in respective fluid communication with first and second lumens. 11. The catheter connector according to claim 1, wherein the access cannula further comprises a cannula casing including an outer wall circumscribing the distal portion of the cannula. 12. The catheter connector according to claim 11, wherein the cannula casing outer wall includes latches configured to engage the valve assembly housing. 13. The catheter connector according to claim 12, wherein the cannula casing further comprises levers cooperating with the latches. 14. The catheter connector according to claim 12, wherein the cannula casing outer wall further comprises slots proximal of the latches configured to receive a removal tool. 15. The catheter connector according to claim 11, wherein the cannula casing includes a clip configured to engage the valve assembly housing. 16. The catheter connector according to claim 11, further comprising an O-ring seal around a shaft of the access cannula, the O-ring seal positioned adjacent the septum proximal opening in the valve assembly open position. 17. The catheter connector according to claim 11, wherein the cannula casing further comprises a bifurcation positioned at a proximal end, the bifurcation including a first and second extension leg with passages in respective fluid communication with first and second tubings. 18. The catheter connector according to claim 11, further comprising a valve positioned in a proximal portion of the cannula casing, including a closed proximal end with a slit, an open distal end in fluid communication with at least one of the first and second lumens, and a side wall that narrows from the valve proximal end to a neck and expands from the neck to the valve distal end, the neck configured to seal around a standard guidewire. an access cannula including a distal end configured to engage the plunger, insertion of a distal portion of the cannula through the proximal openings of the septum and housing displacing the plunger and sealing disk to establish fluid communication between a lumen of the cannula and a channel of the valve assembly.

2019-04-23T01:28:48Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080147012A1/en

It’s messy work, but everyone has to take action. Your gutters need to be kept tidy and free from dead leaves, like birds’ nests, along with other debris. It is only a fact of life in regards to owning a home. And it is especially true at Portland, where summer is so dry and autumn, winter, and spring are so wet. Why? Since we have a tendency to overlook our gutters in Portland (along with the Pacific Northwest in general) until it is too late. Dry leaves, tree branches, and other stuff could accumulate on your gutters during the dry summer and also you won’t find until your gutters start overflowing throughout the first major rain of the season. Or worse, you won’t detect in any respect. Now I’ll answer a few questions most homeowners need to cleaning their gutters, and including why it’s necessary, how often it’s essential, and most importantly the way to clean your gutters. When failed, specialists say gutters can turn from a necessity into your nightmare. A gutter clogged with leaves, sticks and other debris can cause a leaky roof or water damage to the exterior or interior of your property. Contractors state gunked-up gutters make nice houses for pests, rodents, mold and honeycombs from parasitic infestations. If you let gutter cleaning go by the wayside, it may cost you hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Gutters are a potential bomb over your head full of insects and critters, if you let them stay out of sight, out of mind. How frequently should they be washed? It depends mostly on where you live and, above all, the number of trees have been located in your yard. It is strongly advised that people should wash the gutters in the autumn when all of their leaves are down or nearly all down. It’s important to get a professional wash the downspouts also because a clogged downspout makes it almost impossible for the rain to go down which induces them to back up and overflow the gutter, which can cause damage to your dwelling. You’ll be able to judge how frequently to clean your gutters based on how often leaves in your area collapse and the kinds of leaves. It should really be on everyone’s to do list around every four weeks, based upon the tree climate. In a high-yield surroundings, leaves drop all year-round. You can not wait until the last leaf falls. Leaf guards significantly decrease the demand for gutter maintenance, but they do not eliminate the need completely, Lambert states. Instead of every four to six weeks, you may just need to maintenance gutters with either covers or covers every one to three decades. The frequency of maintenance will be based on the caliber of the cover along with the type and quantity of trees from the lawn, ” he says. Even in the event you really do have gutter covers, then it’s nevertheless a good idea to perform a visual check every year. A shield will not keep all of the debris out, adding:”Up to 15 to 20 percentage may still get inside, and you still need to remove the guard. Sometimes you will need an expert to achieve that. It is important to purchase quality covers and displays if you want to effectively restrict the need for gutter maintenance. You want to search for one that’s powerful enough to hold up and matches your kind of trees. A gutter cover costs average between $1,500 to $2,500 depending on the size of the house and length of gutters. Do the work yourself or hire? If you don’t clean your gutters, the first problem to crop up would soon be clogged gutters and downspouts leading to standing water gathering on your gutters and overflowing. As lifeless leaves decompose, the water from your gutters will end up dirty and mould will begin growing. In our moist climate, mold is not uncommon and can lead to a range of health issues when it gets inside your home. 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Make sure you compare the policies between contractors as it can differ. You rarely think about calling a locksmith till you need you, however, knowing who to phone in advance will ensure the job is performed by a professional, educated professional. Because 1918, Robblee’s Total Security has served business owners, homeowners, and others all over the Tacoma, WA, area. You can trust that no matter the reason for needing a locksmith, they will find the job done instantly, so that you may feel secure once more. Whether your adolescent lost their home key or an employee lost their key to your shop, missing keys depart your home or company vulnerable to vandalism, theft, and other unfortunate incidents. To renew your sense of security at home or work, a locksmith can simply re-key the lock without changing it completely. This may eliminate a good deal of strain and worry. Keys breaking in locks are among the most frequent calls locksmiths receive. Unfortunately, a broken key can bring your evening to a screeching stop. The professionals at Robblee’s Total Security will come out immediately to remove the broken key, so you’ve got a working door once more. If needed, they can even create a new secret for you. While classic locks and keys may give a house character, they are often impractical and make it effortless for thieves to break in. Replacing them with locks can safeguard you and your possessions. No matter what your security requirements consist of, the locksmiths in Robblee’s Total Security may manage the job. Their experience extends well beyond locks and keys–they are also able to help you set up a home or commercial security system, gate operators, plus more. Go to the website for further info, and save -LRB-253-RRB- 627-5448 in your telephone, so you are ready the next time you want a locksmith. Whenever you are locked out of your car or home, you want to know what to do. Your initial intuition in what to do if locked out would be to phone the authorities but instead you need to first contact a locksmith who will instantly come to your place and unlock the door to your car or house for you quickly. At Locksmith.com you will come across the ideal locksmith that can help you access your own personal property when you’re locked out unintentionally. Forgetting the keys in the car or home, or front door accidentally closing on you when it is locked from the other side, can frequently bring about a sense of panic. If you’ve got your mobile phone on you, you can call a locksmith to help start the lock for you. A key to a locked house or car isn’t necessary every time a locksmith uses specialized tools to help open the locks. A locksmith will not cost you an exorbitant charge for opening your own locks to you. When you do need to call a locksmith to start your car or house locks, make sure it is an authentic one and not a fraud, who will enter your home or car and proceed to relieve you of your valuables. If you are in a parking lot somewhere while shopping and you discover that your keys are locked in your car, you may telephone the police or security guard when there is one and have him stay with your car while you contact a locksmith. Always be in a position to have access to an accredited locksmith should you ever must get a lock opened to you personally. A lock is a complex mechanism with many moving parts. By looking at a lock, you would have no idea that there are fine intricacies that are involved with the inner workings of a lock. Sometimes the complexity of a lock can cause for it to malfunction due to various reasons, causing the need to call a locksmith. It is crucial to change your locks once you’ve moved into a new home. While you may trust the people who lived in the home before you, it’s better to replace your lock than to be too trusting and learn afterwards that they had a key and stole your belongings. There are various reasons to call a locksmith and there is not any shame in doing this. A locksmith can help you in a timely manner and assist you in the process of getting back on your feet and on with your everyday activities. This can be alarming, especially in the event that you have another little child in the vehicle that is locked inside. Perhaps you’re low on gasoline and you cannot get inside to turn off the engine. No matter what the challenge is, it is important to provide a locksmith a call straight away so they can come help you get out of the situation you have discovered yourself in. It takes more time being feverish and attempting to figure out how to get the door open by your self when calling a locksmith will take no time in any way. Among the easiest things to keep an eye out for is really a leaky roof. If your roof sags in the center or at any given point, something is structurally wrong. There are numerous reasons for a sagging roof. Almost all are structural. Inadequate support or even a busted ray causes this swaybacked effect. A particularly harsh winter with a thick snow load, something NJ residents are all too familiar with, pushes old roofs across the border. Have a pen or other straight thing and hold it at eye level in the curb. If your roof has an obvious breakout, this easy trick reveals it. This problem requires professional help to correct and is best left to specialists. Asphalt shingles split down over time. Some of the little granules which constitute the shingles disintegrate within the process. Accumulated granules in your gutters or at the base of your downspouts are a warning signal dangerous to ignore. As shingles stinks, their efficacy deteriorates too. Don’t wait until it’s too late. Several things contribute to your house’s heating and cooling bill. Bad insulation, damaged siding, and the expense of gas and compromised roofs are among them. If you become aware of a change in your home’s HVAC invoice that can’t be clarified by siding, insulation, or fuel, call a local roofer from NJ to take a peek at your own roof. Most of us know that heat increases. In summer time, this usually means that a damaged roof releases that warm air. A poorly ventilated roof, conversely, traps that warm air in the summer, increasing your air conditioning expenses. Water out of your dripping roof leaves tell-tale signals in your attic and ceilings. Have a visit to your loft every once in a while, especially before winter months and throughout the spring, also analyze the rafters. Water stains are a clear indication of a leaking roof. Install gutters to help prevent water damage to your home. You should call a pro in to make sure this is done right. Asphalt shingles typically last between 15 and 25 decades. Some last longer and some shorter, depending on weather and installment. A poorly installed roof doesn’t last as long as a professionally installed roof, also areas with harsh winters, like NJ, put more pressure on roofs. Sometimes you do not even need to look up in your roof to check for issues. Take a walk around your house’s perimeter, keeping an eye on the walls. If your paint is blistering or stained at a concentrated area, chances are your roof is not ventilating properly. Accumulated moisture trapped in loft spaces causes this. If your house has vinyl siding, look out for signs of mold. Mildew also develops on the interior of your home where the ceiling meets the walls. If you discover any of these signs, call a roofing contractor to estimate your home’s needs. Sydney and NSW Real Estate Investing have hit many obstacles in the past 24 months. The latest obstacle has changed the ‘way the real estate investor does business.’ Petrol prices are at an all time high in NSW and travelling in Sydney has never looked so expensive! Real Estate suicide is found in prospecting for properties the old fashioned way. The savvy Real Estate Investor would have noted the more intensified utilization of the internet to obtain properties. Real Estate sites such as realestate.com.au and domain.com.au have become house hold names amongst eve ry day Australians. Sure, it’s nice to go to your traditional Real Estate shop front and obtain brochures etc. However, most of these shop fronts have their own websites and many Real Estate companies/agents no longer have shop fronts. Many Real Estate agents run their business and promote their properties totally online. The Real Estate Investor therefore has that option to stay home and search for their properties online. Utilizing RP Data tools and others, research can also be conducted online. Though for a small cost, the real estate investor can have detailed information concerning a particular property without have had to step foot outside or fill up their car with petrol! But let’s take this concept a step further. What has been detailed above is perfectly fine for the average house buyer and the unlearned Real Estate Investor. However, the true Real Estate Investors in Sydney and throughout NSW will not only need to access the real estate agents websites but they will also need to obtain GREAT deals online. This is where the average Real Estate Investor gets into a pickle. Typically, when a website is run by a real estate agent, the prices will be set at a value that realistically is too high for the investor. The investor is looking for “The Deal”, which is normally made through negotiations with the seller and not the seller’s representative. Why so? Well, Real Estate agents want their commissions and ANY creative investment or purchase strategy that the Real Estate Investor proposes – is often frowned upon by the real estate agent. Lease options, Property options, wholesale deals, rent to buy etc. are just not looked upon favorably by the real estate agent as it poses a possible reduction from their commissions … or simply they do not understand the ‘creative ‘ side of real estate investing! Sydney lacks a strong Real Estate Investor community. To be quite honest, it’s very weak. NSW is also run by Real Estate agents or investors entering the ‘coaching’ field. Many will charge for their knowledge, which is understandable … but not really offering a network in which the real estate investor is able to obtain exclusive deals from. Knowledge is power, and I don’t dispute that fact – however there is no denying that an investor needs the great low deal. Sadly the internet will show a lack of Real Estate Networks in Sydney and surrounding NSW. That is where the author has offered his services to the Real Estate Investing community of NSW and Sydney. A very simple concept really. The author is able to distribute great wholesale deals for the Sydney / NSW Real Estate Investor and build a strong Investing community. The best part of this concept is that there is absolutely no cost to any one involved. The aim and goal for the author is to be able to unite Sydney and NSW Real Estate Investors where they have an exclusive place to receive wholesale property deals. These properties will range from a home needing to be renovated (ugly house), nice average house, vacant land for development, etc. Sydney Real Estate Investors will now be able to get a great wholesale deal, see the house or property on their computers, utilize on line tools to check its market value – all from the comforts of home. No more leaving home for the Real Estate Investor. Wow, the rain has hit Sydney and still NSW Real Estate Investors are able to make fantastic deals! Will buy your home for cash would be to home sellers since cheesy infomercials will be to late night TV. You have seen the signs handwritten in all caps, pinpointed into the telephone pole as you exit the freeway WE BUY UGLY HOUSES. You’re normally running off somewhere once you view them, and that means you’ve never actually done any more study, but you are curious. What’s this business model? Who calls for these numbers? What is the catch? The National Association of Realtors’ estimates that about 20% of home sales are all-cash transactions. Approximately three-quarters of the cash home sales are investors, as of 2018. That doesn’t mean each of these earnings come from such flimsy signs, but it will imply that investors purchasing houses for cash then selling them for a profit isn’t a little enterprise. Promoting your home to an investor to get money is much like investing in your car to your dealership. If you’re looking to sell your car, you can definitely do it all yourself. Do some small fixes, put it up on Craigslist and arrange your own test drives. However, it’s easier to simply take it on the exact identical dealership you’re purchasing your next car from and let them deal with it. A lot of folks opt to this hassle-free choice even if they don’t get anywhere close to Blue Book on their car. Same goes for selling your house for money. If your house is in need of any significant repairs until you can place it to the marketplace, a money offer may look pretty appealing because investors will often buy property as-is. Offer is only true if the purchaser’s present house sells in just three weeks. Offer is only good if the inspection doesn’t develop a cracked foundation. Even when they bank gets approved, provide is only valid in the event the mortgage creditor comes through. If you are selling your home for money to an investor, then this is just one extra obstacle it is possible to avoid. The motive house earnings take forever is because banks get involved. If you need to borrow cash, you’re on their timeline and they don’t really care about your timeline. All-cash purchases close quickly since they don’t have to take care of creditors at all. Financing is also where home sales have a tendency to fall apart, so promoting your home to somebody who’s buying for money means that you may bypass this hiccup. Moreover, in all-cash home earnings, the investors often pay the final costs. Selling a house for cash is faster and less legwork. Because you’ve got somebody considering the very start, you don’t need to undergo all the primping that goes into list your house for sale. It’s not necessary to worry about staging or hiring a pro photographer or figuring out your marketing description. You likely get out of repair and inspection responsibilities and you completely bypass the lending measures. You call an investor, they ask you a few questions and they allow you to provide. You simply just take it don’t, and you close within a week or two. It really is that simple, however, you need to understand that you’re trading time for money. Anyone will purchase your home for some price, however, the vast majority of investors will offer a good deal less than it’s worth. Normally these businesses plan for 65-80% Boost house for money advice from average market value, and average about 23% less cost per square foot. Investors are not buying your home since they are interested in residing inside. They’re buying it so they can reverse it and markup that the price for a fast profit. You’re most likely to web more by hiring a top listing agent, even though your asking price is less than your house is worth.

2019-04-23T00:08:00Z

http://www.amatulsa.com/

We stood outside the Centre and gave visitors a handout explaining that the Buddhist tradition they were visiting organises protests against the Dalai Lama. Within 10 minutes of our arrival, once visitors had reached the Centre with copies of our handout, the Icelandic Admin director was sent down to talk to us by the Resident teacher. He asked us to move to the other side of the road. We refused as we were not blocking the pavement or the entrance to the Centre. He tried to take photographs of us. We asked him not to. He was reminded that he would need our permission to publish photos in the public arena and that I would also ask his permission before publishing any photo. He then stood beside us while we talked to members of the public. ‘You may be interested to visit the following websites for further information about our Centre, our tradition – the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT), the WSS: Bodhisattva Buddhist Centre website: http://www.meditateinbrighton.com NKT website: http://www.kadampa.org Western Shugden Society website: http://www.westernshugdensociety.org And http://www.newkadampatruth.org for information about the NKT and our side of the story!! When we gave a copy of our leaflet to visitors, the Admin Director of Bodhisattva Centre also gave them a copy of the letter from Kelsang Nyingpo. One of the main reasons that we decided to inform the public was that the publicity for the centre’s open day did not mention the NKT or the NKT-IKBU and the main title on the publicity was ‘Buddhist Centre Open Day’. We felt this was misleading the public who would therefore not make any connection with the group of people protesting against the Dalai Lama. The admin director said that the NKT weren’t the WSS. He was silent on this issue after I said that the teachers, students, etc of the NKT would not have done anything if Geshe Kelsang Gyatso hadn’t told them to. The connection with the WSS is also obvious on this letter. We were so successful in giving away handouts that we needed to leave to make further copies. The Centre sent down tea and cake for the Admin Director. We had tea and fruit from supporters who came to chat with us. Others stayed a while to share their stories; ex-students, ex-peers, old friends, new acquaintances. One woman, deeply distressed, told us that she knew that something ‘was wrong’ with the NKT but she was so desperate to feel part of a community that she had continued attending classes and visiting the centre. She found it a great relief to share her difficulties and find the confidence to trust her own intuition. She was the only person who read this letter and then did not go and visit the Centre. Many people expressed surprise and sometimes shock that members of the Bodhisattva community could be protesting against the Dalai Lama. At first, several people thought that we were protesting against the Dalai Lama and that the Centre supported him. There were some people who had told us that they no longer attended Bodhisattva Centre who were there at the Open Day, helping. Some came to talk to us, others could not even greet us, just came to look and leave. Only one person was visibly angry with us – this young woman has suffered a deep personal tragedy due to her family’s intimacy with the NKT but she has maintained her own connection. She said ‘You are a member of that Survivor’s group, aren’t you?’ I replied that there were a lot of members. She looked directly at me, grabbed a handout and challenging me with her stare, ripped it in half, threw it on the pavement and hurriedly left. I make a wish that our actions will create an opportunity for any perceived problems in the NKT itself to be more openly discussed and the lineage and actions of its practitioners be more known to the public before anyone makes any commitment to study or even just starts to rely on the benefits of an NKT community. The text of the leaflet is in blue. The ‘refutations’ from the NewKadampaTruth blog are in black. Replies to the ‘Refutations’ , created by a group of people, are in brown. Recently at a Bodhisattva Centre (Brighton) Open Day, two people handed out leaflets to newcomers in order to dissuade them from attending the Centre’s Buddhist meditation classes. Many of their complaints stem from their dislike of the open opposition of many New Kadampa Tradition students to the Dalai Lama over his ban of one of their spiritual practices. It is understandable that some people might wish to protest in support of the Dalai Lama and it is their freedom to do so. 1. We were not protesting in support of the Dalai Lama and we were not trying to ‘dissuade’ newcomers. We handed out leaflets in support of freedom of information so that members of the public new to the NKT would be knowledgeable of the activities of its members and able to make an informed decision about the NKT. You may note that the only websites referred to on our handout belong to the NKT and the WSS. We have no affiliations to any particular religious or spiritual group. We are concerned citizens. Moreover, the New Kadampa Tradition and Bodhisattva Centre have not claimed to be a faultless organizations. However, the information these two people were handing out was largely incorrect and misleading, so we need to address it here. Please let us know if you have any more questions about any of the issues raised below. This leaflet has also been copied and pasted onto a couple of other websites. 2. The publicity was specifically aimed at visitors new to the centre, therefore not including the name of the organisation on the publicity was misleading. Geshe Kelsang’s books form the basis of the three NKT study programmes (the General Programme, Foundation Programme and Teacher Training Programme) but outside of their studies NKT students can and do read what they wish. Everyone has freedom to do as they choose. Please see New Kadampa Truth website for more information on this. 3. If you study with other Tibetan organisations you will be reading books from several Tibetan traditions and certainly not just commentaries by one teacher. If there is nothing ‘original’ in Buddhism then what is the difference between a Zen and a Theravadan text? What then is the place of Je Tsongkhapa? How can Geshe Kelsang claim to have ‘designed three special spiritual programmes’ ‘especially suited to the modern world’ [one of which is designed for people to become ‘authentic’ spiritual teachers] without producing anything ‘original’? Are you also implying that you cannot become enlightened in the west without Geshe Kelsang’s books as his instructions are the ‘most complete’? It is your choice who your spiritual teacher is and no one can dictate this to you. 4. We are not trying to ‘dictate’ anything to anyone. We are giving information on the practices that you will be engaging in if you practice with the New Kadampa tradition. The practice mentioned here, Heart Jewel and so on, is a traditional practice of the Gelug (Virtuous) tradition of Je Tsongkhapa, which is the tradition Kadampa Buddhists follow. This tradition has been followed for nearly 400 years by both Tibetans and Westerners. 5. Which ‘Westerner’ followed the tradition of Dorje Shugden nearly 400 years ago? When did the practice of Dorje Shugden as a ‘Buddha’ actually start? You say that the teachings should ‘be able to be traced back in their entirety to the word of the Buddha’ but he lived more than 2,000 years ago. The Dalai Lama has requested, in order to maintain peace and harmony in the communities of all Tibetan Buddhist traditions, that practitioners of Dorje Shugden should not attend his teachings or view him as their Spiritual Guide. He has not banned the practice. This recommendation does not affect anyone in the NKT. The NKT has always emphasised its complete independence from Tibetan society even though the lineage of the teachings is given as Tibetan. The NKT recognizes that there is a difference between Tibetan society/politics and the Buddhism that came through Tibet, just as there is a difference between politics and religion in general. Buddhism started in India with the teachings of Buddha Shakyamuni and those teachings moved through Tibet and are now in the West. Consequently, although there are many lineage Teachers of Buddhism who are Tibetan, Buddhist teachings did not originate there and do not belong to Tibet or any other country. The NKT is a global Buddhist tradition that follows the traditional teachings of Buddha Shakyamuni as transmitted by both Indian and Tibetan Masters through to our present-day Teachers in different countries. 6. The NKT follows a tradition taught by one Buddhist master. The NKT is not a Tibetan organization and is not bound by Tibetan feudal society or politics. 7. Long term practitioners, including people ordained and practising moral discipline in the NKT, can be made homeless and/or ostracised by their previous community if the Resident teacher finds their criticism inappropriate. What difference is there between the actions of particular Centres in the NKT and the actions in India? The difference is that the British government commits to looking after people who have to leave NKT Centres without anywhere to go. Therefore your complaint should be to the governmental authorities who do not support monks and nuns who have been asked to leave their monasteries. Your complaint is to the Dalai Lama’s function as a governmental leader, not as a Buddhist teacher. The WSS and the NKT are not the same. 8. The monks and nuns and senior teachers in the NKT who are demonstrating would not have done this if Geshe Kelsang Gyatso had not told them to do so. If any senior teachers do anything seriously against his wishes he would withdraw the ‘authority’ he has given them. Kelsang Pema, his personal assistant and the main spokesperson for the WSS, who came to Bodhisattva Centre to talk to the community to encourage them to engage in the protests, would not have done so without his permission. Also, the letter from Kelsang Nyingpo, the Resident teacher at Bodhisattva Centre, to visitors on the Open Day, written as a response to our leaflet, stated…”You may be interested to visit the following websites for further information about our Centre, our tradition – the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT), the WSS:’ This indicates that the WSS is congruent with the NKT. And if Geshe Kelsang is not appearing in the demonstrations, is this because it is against the Internal Rules of the NKT or because he does not see the need to engage in protest? 9. If you live in a residential centre of the NKT you are also not allowed to engage in the religious practices of another tradition. For instance, you would not be allowed to have a picture of the Dalai Lama on your shrine. What difference is there in this and in the situation in India? The difference is that there is a wider culture of tolerance outside the religious institution. 10. Geshe Kelsang Gyatso also does not answer many questions that are put to him in letters and emails from many students who may be under great distress when they write to him and in need of spiritual support. If there is any difficult experience or criticism of his teachers or his centres in these letters he does not generally reply at all. Would you say that this is proof that these, perhaps uncomfortable questions based on experience are therefore true? The FPMT has not replied to your comments about them on your site. You have assumed that this means that they are true. Are you saying that anyone who does not reply is automatically guilty? If so, then this would also apply to Geshe Kelsang. 11. It is reported that these loud but peaceful demonstrations have been so loud as to interrupt the teachings of the Dalai Lama. Was the intention to stop the teachings? Why continue with hours and hours of ‘loudness’ if the people you wish to reach are trying to listen to Dharma? Are you saying that no-one should listen to the Dalai Lama? That his teachings are so contaminated that you should interrupt them? Can you imagine the difficulties that this would create for the Dalai Lama himself, trying to maintain the peaceful minds of Tibetans who, understandably, are visibly upset when mostly western NKT Sangha interfere with his teachings, which they may have waited many years to receive, about a Tibetan issue which is minor compared to the problems they are having as a culture with the Chinese state authorities? It was often said that the practice of Dorje Shugden would shorten the life of the Dalai Lama. This recent tour seems to be proving that prediction to be correct as the Dalai Lama is now seriously exhausted. Since many dedicated NKT practitioners naturally practice Dorje Shugden in accordance with tradition, of course as individuals they are supporting the aims of the WSS, along with a large number of non-NKT Dorje Shugden practitioners, inclding Tibetans. However, the NKT charity is not organizing any demonstrations. 12. As individuals, these people would not do any of this without Geshe Kelsang Gyatso’s instructions. Are you saying that without Geshe Kelsang, all these people, which include the majority of the ordained and non-ordained senior teachers of the NKT, would have organised a world tour to follow the Dalai Lama, with all the transport, food and accommodation costs that this entails, including feeding the’ chorus’ who can be chanting for up to twelve hours at a time? These people are absent from their communities and their commitments as teachers, etc for long periods of time. Can this be done without the support of the NKT? Many of these people receive NKT sponsorship to be teachers, admin directors, educational programme co-ordinators. Are they not receiving their usual stipends and food, transport and accommodation costs whilst they are protesting? 13. What does the word ‘naturally’ mean in this context? It is true that Samden and two Resident Teachers of Bodhisattva Centre have left due to an inability to keep their vows of celibacy, and this is deeply regretted. Bodhisattva Centre has indeed been far more adversely affected by this behaviour than other NKT Centres. Geshe Kelsang is aware of this and has appointed a new teacher who has good moral discipline. 14. The last three Resident teachers have left Bodhisattva Centre through problems with moral discipline. Geshe Kelsang appointed all of these teachers. Have the causes of this lack of moral discipline in very long term practitioners been addressed? The new Internal Rules require the educational programme co-ordinators to aid in creating an environment suitable for the teacher to be able to practice moral discipline. How is this implemented? Are there clear guidelines? Is it possible for a westerner to maintain moral discipline in a context where no criticism from their community is viewed as appropriate even when senior Sangha may be inappropriately developing intimacy? How can the Sangha be supported to keep their moral discipline, especially after many years of practice? Why not give training in management skills and charity law to your teams so that the centres are run within guidelines created in our society? Is moral discipline openly discussed in the NKT? What happens when a particular relationship between a student and a teacher breaks down? Are there other mentors who will support that person to keep their ordination vows? 15. Why the custom of asking nuns, often young, to be personal assistants to senior monks to help with their daily needs? Surely this method of reducing the sexism of Tibetan Buddhism, a worthy aim, is not working? It is worth noting that, unlike many religious leaders, even within Tibetan Buddhism, Geshe Kelsang himself has never had any accusations of impropriety leveled against him in terms of his moral behavior. The overwhelming majority of the 700 monks and nuns in the NKT do keep good moral discipline, and “many high level teachers” is a large exaggeration. Please see the New Kadampa Truth website for more information. 17. Does Geshe Kelsang Gyatso have any duty of care towards the people he ordains? Is there sufficient support for teachers who may be asked to go abroad to teach in a culture radically different from their own? What systems do you have in place to support Sangha who may be physically or mentally ill or have just become elderly and may even have worked for the NKT for twenty years or more? 18. If Tibetan problems are nothing to do with the WSS then why are you protesting against the Tibetan political leader about his management of Tibetan monasteries? There is no ban on practising Dorje Shugden for NKT practitioners. Do you wish to have the approval of the Dalai Lama? Concern for the ‘Tibetan people’ is a ‘political’ cause but concern for Dorje Shugden practitioners is not? 19. You seem to be objecting more to the Dalai Lama’s function and actions as a leader of a country – with an obligation to provide social and material resources for his citizens – than as a religious leader. If a certain practice, or person, is creating a schism, then, as in NKT Centres, the dispute has to be solved by giving authority to certain persons and practices and not to others. These decisions are religious decisions generally made by the senior teachers, which in the case of the NKT, is Geshe Kelsang Gyatso and in the case of the Dalai Lama, after consideration with a group of Geshes and Lamas. As Geshe Kelsang seems to have no clear duty of care towards his Sangha he is not in the unfortunate position, as is the Dalai Lama, of having to expel Sangha from access to all economic benefits when making a religious decision. Therefore, decisions made by Geshe Kelsang are not seen to be removing ‘religious liberty’ as they do not remove all economic welfare. But those who leave or who are asked to leave NKT Centres have, until a recent change in the Internal Rules, been socially ostracised by the communities in those NKT Centres they have left, therefore on a social level, this is not so very different from the situation you describe in India. It is not the WSS who is at fault; they are merely defending themselves against the Dalai Lama’s actions. 20. Since when has the Dalai Lama attacked the WSS? The survival of the precious Buddhist teachings does not depend upon the survival of Tibetan culture. The WSS are principally concerned that the Dalai Lama’s politically motivated actions are destroying these teachings, and are therefore acting to stop him. 21. You are protesting that the Dorje Shugden practitioners are not economically and socially supported in the monasteries in India, when, say, a Nyimgma or Kaygu practitioner would certainly not be supported in an NKT Centre. Even practices taught by Je Tsonkhapa such as Guhyasamaja and Yamantaka, are not considered appropriate practices in the NKT. Any teacher in the NKT has made a commitment to engage in the practice of Heart Jewel, which includes the protection of Dorje Shugden, before each teaching they give, but even an ordained Dorje Shugden practitioner and NKT Dharma teacher would not be supported economically in an NKT Centre. You are using a western concept of ‘religious freedom’ to justify interfering in a situation when the institution you have committed to (the NKT) does not do what you are saying that the Dalai Lama does not do – support the welfare of practitioners of practices that are not approved of or considered valid and appropriate for the benefit of the whole community. The Dalai Lama has brought the protests on himself by banning the practice of Dorje Shugden and refusing to engage in discussion about it. Since it is the Dalai Lama who refuses to engage in dialogue, the WSS has had no choice but to act by organizing demonstrations. 22. If the WSS is not the NKT and therefore nothing to do with Geshe Kelsang, then who would the Dalai Lama need to talk to about this? Kelsang Pema? There seems to be no address or charity registration on your websites. Who runs the WSS? Who writes the NewKadampaTruth blog? 23. If this ‘ban’ was illegal then surely some government or human rights association would be backing your claims. 24. Just as the resident teachers of the NKT centres of Geshe Kelsang Gyatso promote peace and harmony in his communities by quietening criticism and doubt, the Dalai Lama has needed to reduce the conflicts surrounding Dorje Shugden practice by, in consultation with other senior practitioners, withdrawing support for practitioners. He is supporting a majority view. For many years, even though the practice was already ‘banned’, monks and nuns who practised Dorje Shugden were still living in these monasteries. 25. If this is about religious freedom and not a political issue, why can’t the NKT itself protest against the Dalai Lama? If it is a political issue then why are members of the NKT engaging in Tibetan politics when the NKT pertains to be non-political? If your protests really were about practising Dharma then wouldn’t you also protest about the lack of freedom to practise Dharma in Tibet, where your teacher originally trained before he came to teach you? If you say that the Dalai Lama should respect the lineage of teachings he was given, then are there really no teachers alive to which Geshe Kelsang pays his respects, even as a peer? Thanks, Carol and others. It’s amazing to see again how NKT is able to deceive themselves and the public. That they try to deny their identity to win new members was also mentioned in Bluck’s research, British Buddhism. However, NKT can not control everybody and anything, as your and your friends brave actions show. The criticism NKT is faced with is coming from long-term former members, including NKT teachers, not by HHDL. Until now, I’ve never read any statement by HHDL in criticism to NKT or WSS. Because NKT leadership put HHDL as the main target at their enemy list they are now a bit paranoid and see him behind all criticism. If you’ve once chosen a respected being – who is seen by the majority of religious, political and worldly beings as upright, compassionate and wise – as your own main enemy and express your hostility and distorted projections against him, more aversion and more enemies will come soon. At the moment they’ve set Prof. Thurman at their list, researcher Kay is already on their list. At the end there are only enemies and one feels persecuted by anybody as a result of the own hostility & pride to be so special and “pure”. My point of view is: delusion rules the NKT World and their perceptions respectively. And I thought you were widely read! Surely you’ve read the Newsweek article that Bob Thurman is in trouble over now? If that doesn’t look like criticism, I don’t know what is! Anyway, the Dalai Lama makes the rocks and other people throw them. He likes to distance himself from direct criticism so that he won’t be implicated. Maybe I should just censor this bit myself because you almost certainly will! I know you won’t print this! for you Robert Thurman is the Dalai Lama? For me they are two different individuals. Both are very intelligent. You see rocks? Where are the rocks HHDL made? If you look carefully you will recognize that he said nothing negative about WSS who attacks him much more and aggressive than the CCP nor did his representatives. If you disagree – instead of mixing Robert Thurman with HHDL – give a statement/quote which disapproves my claim. I searched for a long time to find something by HHDL about NKT, I found nothing. Also if you read what he said about the accusations of WSS: he said, he is happy that they (WSS) enjoy freedom of expression. Only one of his representative said to AFP or BBC: “it is not true what they say”. More than this rejection of the WSS claims wasn’t stated. Please stick to the facts. HHDL does not fuel the fire of WSS rage. I appreciate this wise deed. If you think Robert Thurman spoke on behalf of HHDL, you may not understand that Robert Thurman is able to express his own opinion. As you can see from the ABC interview, HHDL is modest and does not “make rocks and other people throw them”, as you wrongly and misleading claim. Please, stick to the facts. I’m not confusing the Dalai Lama with Robert Thurman. Thurman’s criticisms are at least attributed and clear whereas HHDL’s are less obvious and you have to look for them. You get the sense that he’s attacking but hiding behind others. NKT is hostile, crass, commercial, cult….and murderers too! (but cleverly, no direct attributable quote from HHDL, he could still deny it if challenged) Where did the Reporter get these ideas from? Actually, where did he get the idea to do the article from? Perhaps he was approached by TGIE? The whole tone of the article is negative, not neutral as actual investigative journalism would be. It’s full of carping, sniping remarks about NKT and Shugden practitioners.Where else would they have come from but the Dalai Lama and his agents? This is a downright lie by the Dalai Lama. NKT do not fleece its followers and do not pray to Shugden for better business. All this coming from the same Dalai Lama who used his celebrity to advertise Apple Computers and guest edit Vogue – who is concerned about cash? The NKT soon flourished by promising spiritual rewards for cash-an unholy sales pitch that helped trigger confrontation with the Dalai Lama’s circle. There are many other examples too. Why would the journalist write in this way unless he was given this view by someone else? He states the Dalai Lama’s views as if they are facts. What to say. Because you can not find any statement by HHDL against WSS/NKT his non-existent “criticisms” is “less obvious and you have to look for them. You get the sense that he’s attacking but hiding behind others.” Sorry, but for me this sounds not that reasonable. What Newsweek states is Newsweek’s sound and speech, there is no quote of HHDL’s speech. I agree that the whole tone of the article is negative, but this is not the fault of HHDL but Newsweek. The Dalai Lama is not Newsweek and Newsweek is not the Dalai Lama. If you ask where the reporter got his idea from you may have to ask also: if he took it (only) from TGIE, as you guess, why he didn’t take up the TGIE’s statement that the murder of Lobsang Gyatso are among Shugden fanatics – which is quite obvious? Also your quote about HHDL from Newasweek does not make HHDL to shine in a nice light, does it? So the reporter was obviously negative with both sides and seem to have found the whole issue just strange or crude. Of course, I guess, he received information from the TGIE, but how he uses and presents them and the tone he uses to address it, is his personal freedom and style. It is a mere unverified assumption of you that the statements – as they were put forward by the reporter – “come from but the Dalai Lama and his agents”. There is not a single quote. As I know from other instances how press works, it makes me not wonder that there are sometimes very negative and one-sided articles. Press is a business. So maybe you try to have a more broad perspective and not a narrow minded one? I don’t like this article either. Regarding the second statement, again their is no quote. It is true that HHDL said Shugden worship and how it is practised by the majority of followers is like a cult, what is true if you look from the perspective how poor Tibetans used that practice – mainly for worldly concerns and business. It is not clear if he said it in that context or the context of NKT and the press mixed it up. The article doesn’t aim for precise and balanced information, this is clear for both sides, Shugden followers and HHDL’s. So why are you taking it so serious? Why are you taking the most strange article to verify your claims? Why don’t you take serious neutral research? The only thing which I take serious is Prof. Thurman’s statements, because these are quotes of his speech. BTW, also GKG expressed that Shugden helps to have material wealth and added ‘but we may not have success immediately’. Such a statement invite an understanding of that he helps for worldly success. Now this quote seems to have been removed from the NKT website. I’m so sorry that it has come to this. My only feeling is one of sorrow. Having read all of the above I now realize that I have very little to say will be of much benefit to you. Most of the things that I was thinking of saying, some of which I have already written on my lap-top, now seem hopelessly irrelevant and naieve. In general – please excuse the lack of modesty – I am very good at helping people who have maybe a few issues with the NKT. Who are maybe unhappy with their teacher’s example in a few respects. Things like this. This ability, if I so describe it, is based upon my own experience of having plenty of problems and issues with resident teachers, the Centre I was living at, and the tradition as a whole; and having had to work hard to try to find answers to those issues. To summarise massively, what I found was that most of my issues were to do with having expectations – such as the expectation that my teacher should set a perfect example – and the disappointment, confusion, and frustration experienced when those expectations weren’t met. The solution therefore was to learn to let go of those expectations by changing my way of thinking about things. I also found it very helpful to refer to ideas outside of Buddhism, and in particular to psychology, including some of the main proponents of the “analytic” schools: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Karen Horney. What I found was that by massively reducing my expectations, and even by looking to other sources for ideas and concepts I felt I needed, I was better able to appreciate the unique qualities that Buddha’s teachings have to offer. I don’t see this as an NKT thing. It just so happens that my experience have occurred within NKT Centres. I do not hate His Naugtiness the Dalai Lama. Much less do I deny the truth and beauty of at least some of what he has said over the years – I myself have been inspired by some of it. However, His Naughtiness has been acting like a naughty play-ground bully in his dealings with Tibetan Buddhism – not just Dorje Shugden he precipitated the Karmapa controversy too – and I think that for everyone’s sake he needs to be shown some boundries. For this reason I support the activities of the Western Shugden Society. if you look where Shugden led you: you have renounced the Vinaya, the Pratimoksha, the words of the Buddha; you have separated yourself from the (ordained) Sangha community. Your organisation is rooted in split and schism, slanders the wise and respected elder, and is still performing conflict, slander and schism…, denouncing the real Sangha, the monastic order, and their rights. C’on is it this you’ve strived for? Who led you to this point? You follow a controversial practice the Buddha has never taught. You think this practice – which the Buddha has never taught – is more important than the Vinaya and Pratimoksha, the Buddha has taught. You think the survival of the Dharma depends upon Shugden worship and that this practice is performed. What a mess and illusion! The Buddha never said something about Shugden worship. Are you Buddhist? You and NKT slander the wise, the Sangha, you feel you know better and have more knowledge than them. What proves else do you need to see there is something wrong with Shugden worship. It led NKT to be perceived as a successful cult – led by an autocrat – and to be completely separated from the mainstream Buddhist world. “Those who have taken the Precepts must never violate them, even at the cost of life and limb. Why is this? It is because the Precepts are the root which penetrates Enlightenment. They are the supreme of the non-defilements, the path which quickly leads to Nirvana. In truth, the merits of the Precepts are timeless and without parallel and the virtues of him who keeps them are timeless and beyond compare. Just as the ocean is the great element of water in which dwell non-humans, turtles, sea-monsters, etc., the Precepts are the element in which dwell those many great beings who reside in the three Vehicles. And just as in the ocean there are to be found gold, silver, and many precious gems like lapiz-lazuli, so in the ocean of the Precepts there are to be found precious jewels such as the cause of impermanence, the thirty-seven dharmas which lead to Enlightenment, dhyana, and samadhi. Why does the great ocean never overflow? Because the constant fires of hell cause it to evaporate. And just as the everflowing rivers never cause it to increase, so is the ocean of the Precepts never increased by knowledge not is it decreased through the perfection of virtue. From Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish translated by Stanley Frye. For me this speaks of the importance of keeping, in particular and possibly because they are the only ones I can keep to any great extent, our most basic commitments such as those of our Refuge and in my case lay Pratimoksha vows. I love the way that Buddhism teacher us that moral discipline is a great and vast spiritual practice. So different from the worldly attitude that values only gain. If everyone was doing this surely there would be no problem. I appreciate the discussion here. I have been disturbed for some time over the fixation, for lack of a better word, on the statements in the Newsweek article, used by those inside the NKT and WSS. When I first read the article I could detect nothing, let me repeat that, nothing, that related directly to the NKT. The journalism was shoddy, slanted and I didn’t infer anything except that there are many Shugden practitioners in the world, and some of them have faults, just like in every other group of people. It was easy to dismiss it entirely. So when this all ignited again, and I raised concerns and started questioning some of what sounded like outrageous claims to me, my local NKT teacher told me to review this Newsweek article. I had to read it many, many times before I finally understood what was happening. Every time something was said about a ‘Shugden practitioner’ the mind of the NKT practitioner said, oh, he’s talking about me, my tradition – taking it very personally. Given the article, sloppy work, etc., I didn’t read it this way. I read the meaning not to be about about my personal practice or the NKT, because I knew the characterizations were not true. It sounded most likely to me that multiple groups of practitioners were being referred to, and I took the interpretation, these claims are not about the NKT, but other Shugden groups. First, it’s fascinating that we can read the same words and understand such different things, I appreciate this teaching very much. Second, I think it’s sad that so much strong negative rhetoric is pouring out as a result of an extremely flawed article. I feel like the NKT is really missing the boat here, this article should be dismissed as a journalistic mess, and a piece of history over a decade old. The meaning is vauge and you have to infer the worst intention in order to read it as demonstrating hostility specifically to the NKT. You have to be so self-invovled, in other words, that you have lost sight of the bigger picture. Focusing so much attention on it harms, rather than helps, the credibility of the NKT. Last, if the NKT is going to hang onto this so tightly, then others will hold onto Geshe Kelsang’s statements tightly, too. How can anyone justify the demonstrations as being religious in nature, when just 6 years ago the statement was made that they were a matter of Tibetan politics? You cannot have it both ways. If you are insisting that someone be accountable for something they said a decade ago, then you, too, will be accountable for your past statements. Thank you for providing a place to voice this. I don’t see myself as being on any side, but think it’s important to carefully consider the evidence, what is being said, and be ruthlessly honest and interpret things as they were intended. This is no guarantee of anything, disagreements will still occur. But evaluating the statement, context and source are all important. If we begin our argument from a faulty point, things can only get worse from there. Firstly, thank you for not censoring my posts, I do appreciate it. I think it’s right to promote freedom of speech. If you choose to post on my blog I won’t censor you. Secondly, Dorje Shugden has not led me or any other Kadampa practitioner to abandon the Vinaya or the Pratimoksha. Moral discipline is the foundation for all spiritual attainments. Do you think that the Vinaya sutra is the only place where Buddha taught and encouraged his disciples to practise moral discipline? Buddha also taught moral discipline in the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (in fact, in all his teachings he advised us to carefully observe the law of karma, dependent relationship) and it is this that we follow. We are not slandering the Dalai Lama or any other Elders, simply pointing out how his actions are not in accordance with Dharma and how they are causing suffering, admittedly in strong terms. It is the Dalai Lama who has caused a schism by separating the Shugden and non-Shugden monks and requiring Shugden monks to leave the monastery. What WSS is doing is entirely dependent upon the Dalai Lama. If he respected the practice of Dorje Shugden instead of slandering it and allowed the Sangha to follow tradition without political interference, WSS would have no need to exist and would disband. WSS exists only because of the Dalai Lama’s actions. It’s also questionable whether, if the Dalai Lama wasn’t mixing Dharma and politics and trying to gain control over the individual traditions of Tibetan Buddhism whether the NKT would be a separate organization. It would probably be part of the Tibetan Gelugpa tradition as the FPMT is. Instead, because the Dalai Lama is causing the Dharma to degenerate through mixing with politics, NKT is completely independent of Tibetan Buddhism. The only reason why the practice of Dorje Shugden is controversial is because the Dalai Lama has made it so in the minds of his followers. Trijang Rinpoche’s disciples don’t have a problem with it. I don’t feel I have more knowledge than the Sangha, that’s completely untrue, but what I do wonder is if present day Sangha really understand the true meaning of ordination – it’s not simply just a list of rules from the Vinaya Sutra which is how some appear to view it. The ASA has no valid reason for criticizing Kadampa ordination just because it is different from theirs. The motivation and vows taken are completely in accordance with the meaning and spirit of ordination as transmitted by Buddha. I have little understanding, but one thing I do understand is that Kadampa ordination is valid, no doubt whatsoever. As I criticized you, you have the right to reply or to defend your or WSS’s/NKT’s position. However I see your and WSS’s actions as slander and hypocrisy themselves. Firstly there is nothing of what NKT/WSS accuses HHDL they do not themselves, secondly, according to my investigation and understanding, the accusation against HHDL are based on ignorance, are mere projections and they are not based on facts. When you’re open for other perspectives than those of WSS/NKT you may have noticed that the monasteries wished for that at their dwelling places Shugden is not worshipped. Many see the practice as polluting the place, including me. Never I would live and practice were Shugden worship is performed. HHDL’s position has the support of the majority of monks and nuns and the highest Tibetan Lamas and teachers. It was a democratic decision by the majority to remove Shugden worship from the monasteries. It is their right. There is no need for Shugden worship, there are thousands of other protectors who are not involved in controversy. Especially there are the three protectors of Je Tsongkhapa. Shugden worship is a Tibetan created practice and it came into existence under very strange circumstances. After investigating its controversial background and sectarian nature it is appropriate to stop a further influence of something not taught by the Buddha, not taught by the Indian Pandits, not even taught by Je Tsongkhapa. Those who see this different can practice at their own dwelling places – as you and any NKT member can do and as the Shugden monks in India can do and actually do. WSS exist due to GKG’s intention. The Shugden conflict exist since 400 years. It’s up to Tibetans to resolve this issue. It is completely misleading to claim HHDL would try to gain control over all traditions, those who are not under the sole control of Geshe Kelsang or Kundeling lama don’t see that there is just one atom of truthfulness in this claim. HHDL promotes understanding and peace among the traditions, Shugden worship split the traditions and was used against other schools, to promote Gelug exclusivism – to establish a special unique purity of Gelug school – and to control other schools. All this can be read in independent papers by academics. If you trace the present problem back, it was Pabongkha Rp. who broke his promise to the 13th Dalai Lama. So it is not incorrect to trace the present problems back to him. If he had kept his promise, there wouldn’t have been any problems with Shugden worship nowadays. All this has already been discussed. It is a narrow minded and limited view to trace all the problems to HH the 14th Dalai Lama, no academic and no one with some understanding of Tibetan history does that. Only the followers of GKG or Kundeling or some very narrow minded Shugdenpas do that. You may think that “the Dalai Lama is causing the Dharma to degenerate through mixing with politics” but this is factual wrong. He reduces the influence of Shugden worship because it is seen by him and others as contradicting the teachings, the Dharma, and as being in nature sectarian. If you insist on posit your position that HHDL does this due to political reasons, then you have to accept that it is also possible to posit Shugden’s inception as political motivated. There is no difference in the arguments. It is also very appropriate to accuse NKT of “causing the Dharma to degenerate through mixing with politics”, because they lack almost every teaching of the Buddha, expelled the Vinaya, have only one Sutra, only two texts by Indian pandits and almost no work of Je Tsongkhapa. The complete order and Vinaya is inactive, and they rely entirely on the presentation of one Geshe, who was expelled from his monastery, on top of that they mix the Dharma with GKG’s politics. How can NKT be ‘completely independent’ from Tibetan Buddhism? Is there such a thing which is ‘completely independent’? If NKT is ‘completely independent’ they should give back all what is derived from Tibetan Buddhism and should check what’s left. Not even the name ‘Geshe Kelsang Gyatso’ or the name ‘New Kadampa’ NKT could keep. How controversial Shugden worship is can be read in acknowledged academic researches and they proof what HHDL said, not due to bias but due to historical evidence. While NKT/WSS and some Shugden followers strongly reject and actively deny this, they have only one argument: Trijang Rinpoche taught it, therefore it must be valid. This is no Buddhist approach. As you don’t know the Vinaya and rely entirely on an expelled monk who claims NKT ordination is valid and said things about the ordination which are incorrect you certainly will believe what he says. However, those learned monks and nuns outside of NKT, like ASA or recently also Geshe Tashi, disagree with yours and GKG’s position, they do this not based on political reason but spiritual understanding and knowledge of Buddhism and the scriptures. It is unfortunate you accuse HH Dalai Lama of playground bully-tactics but have resorted to referring to this respected leader as “His Naughtiness” in your posts. Is this type of name-calling not that of playground bullies? You accusation of HHDL precipitating the Karmapa controversy is patently ridiculous, in fact, he mediated the dispute. The problem was in existence long before HHDL gave his input, which he gave in fact because the highest lamas of Kayu Buddhism asked him to. Tai Situpa Rinpochey, Gyaltsab Rinpochey, (the third name I forget) – 3 out of the 4 “Heart Sons” asked HHDL to choose HH Urgyen Trinley Doje as Karmapa, with the support of many other high Kagyu and Nyingma Lamas like Mingyur Rinpochey, Ponlop Rinpoche, Khamtrul Rinpoche, Bokar Rinpoche – I could go on and on. The only person who questioned the decision and who fielded the other candidate, of any note, is Shamar Rinpochey. It was a case of weighing the weight of 90% of the Kagyu lineage against 10%. The decision had already been made, HHDL just endorsed it and ordained HH UT as a monk. So please, stop trying to bring in this completely unrelated issue to discredit HHDL. If you have a problem with it, write letters to Gyaltsab and Tai Situ Rinpoches. Finally, where does the cash HHDL raises go? – To feed thousands of monks, build orphanages and fund schools so the Tibetan language isn’t lost. Without his help, the Tibetans would be in far worse poverty than they are. Every single Tibetan I’ve met in India is grateful to HHDL for their education which they know comes largely through his efforts, positive image, and international travels. Your point is right on the money. Thanks so much for making it. As a relatively neutral poster, your words carry weight. I mean your point about the Newsweek article, not the Kadampa ordination. As someone who’s researched the different Vinayas, I have to disagree with that one from my POV. Dear mediBuddha, thank you very much for your balanced and thoughtful post! Also thanks to all the other who participate in the discussion. I didn’t intend this blog for discussing and it takes a lot of time. So I decided for a pause. Therefore until Wednesday Sept 17, 2008 I will read and approve no further comments. Since you have taken it upon yourself or been asked to represent the views of the Dalai Lama, I wish to submit six important questions that hopefully you can provide clear replies to. Since you have gone to great lengths to accommodate the questions of a concerned citizen in Brighton, then in fairness please show the same willingness to address the questions below – they to come from a concerned citizen. If you are fair and open minded as the people visiting your blogs indicate, demonstrate these qualities by providing the appropriate answers. There is no valid reason not to post these questions and let your readers draw their own conclusions. I must confess that “His Naughtiness” was perhaps a bit naugty. It was just a bit of fun really, but since my advice to other WSS supporters is to keep it polite and friendly, I may have been breaking my own principles. I must confess that my only knowledge of the Karmpa controversy is just a couple of letters written by Shamar Rinpochey, which appeared on the WSS blog. I did take a brief look at the Wikipedia entry. I guess I’m not really qualified to comment. You clearly know a lot more about it than I do. As for your comments about the Dalai Lama’s fund raising activities I don’t really know what to say. I certainly don’t begrudge the Tibetans monks or orphans who benefit in this way. No one is complaining about this sort of thing are they? However, we can’t agree that it negates injustice against Shugden followers. Someone who I do think is a lovely fellow is Karma Hardy the director of Tibet Foundation who I met in August after a video and questions in Brighton. They accept Chinese children into the Tibetan schools. I thought this was so sweet! How ironic also – little Chinese girls going to a school in Chinese controlled Tibet where they learn Tibetan! You start your post with an incorrect assumption, neither did I take it upon myself nor was I asked to represent the views of HHDL. My blog clearly states its purpose: “This site aims to correct and balance the misinformation campaign of the Western Shugden Society.” For me, it would be very arrogant to think or to assume, I could represent the views of HH the Dalai Lama. I am a newbie in Buddhism and an ordinary being. The first part of your sentence doesn’t invite me to answer because you start your post with and incorrect claim. Also you do not (willingly or unwillingly) understand the purpose of my Blog. Both lead me to ignore the rest of your post. That I continue and try to answer is because someone suggested it to me. Personally I do not feel a need to do so. As my blog aim states “This site aims to correct and balance the misinformation campaign of the Western Shugden Society.” The publication of the thoughts of the Brighton people, EX-NKT, are suited to be published, aren’t it? As you are a supporter of the WSS – this conclusion I derive from other comments you’ve sent to me and that you are the author of the text “Six Principal Reasons why the Dalai Lama is not a Buddhist” which the official WSS website published – you are clearly not a potential candidate I will support on my Blog. As a WSS follower or supporter, if your post includes no misinformation there is no reason to publish it, because it includes no misinformation which needs to be corrected. And if it includes misinformation there is also no reason to publish it, because the site aims to correct and balance the misinformation of the WSS. If you would understand the purpose of my blog and if you would respect the rules of communication there is no need for you to post here, besides you wish to correct the misinformation of WSS. OK, my fault may be that I allowed discussion, which wasn’t an intention when creating this blog. This fault of me may have invited you to post as well. This is a sentence which doesn’t invite me to read even one line more because it blackmails or manipulates my free decisions. The underlying meaning of your sentence is: “If you are this you have to do this, if you don’t do, you deserve not these attitudes.” You use a certain quality you or others see, to blackmail me to answer you. 3. it is my personal decision what I approve and what not; e.g. if I wish to save my time for better purpose than to discuss with you, then also this is a valid reason to unapproved your post and saving my time by not responding to it. If you wish to communicate with others you should base communication on sensibility and compassion – the ability to feel what your verbal action provokes in the other person – and not on blackmailing which leaves the other no space. To respond to blackmailing is in general stupid, the more as if the person hasn’t done (from his perspective) anything wrong. So if you or WSS get no answers, whose fault is it? I think this answers already another point you bring up in your post. You start your first point by contorting the facts. This again leads me to not reading a single line more of your post but to ignore it. Your first sentence is full of claims ignoring the facts. So I feel not inclined to read one single sentence more. To have a fair discussion you need a basis, by establishing a one-sided basis which ignores the facts or at least the other point of view, there is no basis for discussion. To make it clear, from my and others’ understanding HHDL gave his advice regarding Shugden. People are free to adopt it or not. If someone doesn’t adopt it, this is his business. But who wishes to have a student-relationship with him, this person should stop Shugden worship. You imply further that his decision is divisive and ignore that he and others see the Shugden worship as divisive, and that there are reasons for seeing Shugden worship as divisive. Then there is no “ban” in general – although due to recent developments one could say Shugden worship is banned in the Gelug monasteries by decision of majority, according to monastic principles. If you do not understand this, then you cannot understand HHDL but whose fault is this, the Dalai Lama’s? Do you think he is not patient, apologetic and conciliatory towards Shugden practitioners? I don’t know if he is not patient, apologetic and conciliatory towards Shugden practitioners, this is your position. I am not in the position to answer this. Maybe your assertion is wrong, maybe correct, maybe only a half-truth or you are ignoring facts and certain events which lead to a situation which seems to be like this but are the process of a long-term development of different causes and conditions? Regarding unanswered petitions: Petitions which are use the techniques of intimidation or blackmail (we’ll publicly call you a liar if you don’t answer), contort the facts or which are hostile and one-sided I would also not answer but ignore. That HHDL does not give up trying to work with some of the stubborn CCP leadership may be due to the importance of this issue for the majority of Tibetans and Chinese. Shugden is not that important. Everyone has to balance his time and effort. Why should I “explain the double standard of engagement”. I am not in the position or able to explain HHDL’s position nor do I see a double standard. I see clearly that for you and some Shugden followers this issue is of maximum highest importance. Who gave this importance to Shugden worship? Is this importance realistic? The controversy has been solved so far, for those able to deal with it. Those able to let go, have let go Shugden worship. Those unable do it privately. Those who wish to practice publicly worship Shugden publicy e.g. the expelled monks debate and pray seperately, but keep their monastic buildings. Geshe Kelsang and a few Tibetans do not accept this, but this is their problem. The majority is ok with this issue. Why aren’t you ok with it? If this statement is true then it expresses that those working with him, the TGIE, should not practice Dhogyal. This is a wish also from the Nyingmas and Kagyupas, who feel Shugden is a dangerous ghost. According to research I read, the Nyingmapas refused to work for the TGIE due to the Dolgyal issue. The TGIE should work for the welfare of the majority not a particular, specialized branch of conservative Gelugpas. Keeping in mind the sectarian nature and how Shugden worship was misused against other schools and to establish Gelug exclusivism, to express the wish that no one wishing to work with HHDL for the benefit of the majority should practice Shugden makes sense to me. As far as I know he expressed this wish, and those who disagree work elsewhere – India is a large country. I think every politician stresses certain points and asks for certain policies which should be followed. But maybe I know too little about this to add more reasonable points. Probably you know it better. If you know it better you have to check if you know really all perspectives or just one perspective. Have you interviewed both sides, in Tibetan, in India for example? Knowing only one perspective doesn’t help to understand. The claim of HHDL“utterly destroying the Gelug tradition” is again a mere claim. Until recently the practice could also be practised in the Gelug monasteries, the circumstance which led to the ban – in that case it is correct to speak of restrictions – in the monasteries are manifold and by far not one-sided as the narrow minded perspective of some radical Shugden followers suggest. Check out your own freedom to practice. You have freedom. Check out the freedom of Tibetans to practice, they have freedom. There is enough information about this at my blog and elsewhere. According to my understanding there is no “persecution” of Shugden followers. I said enough about this. If you posit such a claim please prove with unbiased evidence from a neutral source. Persecution is a very strong and serious charge. To stop a harmful practice which is seen as supporting exclusivism, elite-thinking, pride, hostility towards other schools and sectarianism, which on top of that is not suited to be considered as a Buddhist practice one can take refuge in, is no hypocrisy, this is actual protecting others from receiving harm or being misled. By holding the view Shugden is a Buddha, it follows one will disagree with the point of view that he is a spirit or demon and based on the own view, that he is a Buddha, defend their own position. If you portray the act of holding a different position than yours and the actions of those who act based on that view (that he is a harmful spirit) as hypocrisy (or even lying, as WSS do) then also seeing Shugden as a Buddha and defending Shugden worship can be portrayed as hypocrisy (or lying) you can use the same kind of argument you apply against HHDL to apply it against your and WSS’s position: ‘those beings seeing Shugden as a Buddha pretend to be Buddhists but actual take refuge in a spirit’; you can add: ‘by claiming Shugden is a Buddha they do lie, because Shugden had to be controlled by tantric powers (see History of Shugden) but no Buddha is controlled by tantric powers’, therefore using the same kind of argument you apply against HHDL can be applied as well against you and WSS: “You are hypocrites, you are liars, you pretend to be Buddhists but in fact you are not!”, “What a hypocrisy!” “Stop lying!”. So when you apply the term “hypocrisy” (or “liar”) in such a deluded way you have to accept these words may also be used to describe your and Shugden followers’ views and actions, they can be portrayed also as hypocrisy and lies. But in fact, as far as I can see it, none of this is hypocrisy or are lies. To judge something correctly as hypocrisy or lying this needs much more reasoning and investigation (see: https://thedorjeshugdengroup.wordpress.com/2008/07/14/western-shudgen-society-violates-buddhist-ethics/ ). Holding different views is just holding different views. If a mother loves her child and sees how the child out of ignorance corrupts his live with taking drugs, the mother stops forcefully the child to take drugs, is this hypocrisy? Of course a very selfish child will accuse and emotionally blackmail the mother: “You don’t love me. I suffer so much. You are a real bad and cruel and evil mother.” But is such an ignorant and selfish child correct with his perception and claims? HHDL said different times he practised Shugden out of his own ignorance. He didn’t blame anybody other than his own mind. How he came to see it differently he has extensively explained. Have you ever read his explanations? I did, for me it is clear and correct what he did. He gave a good example of a Buddhist and Mahayana/Vajrayana practitioner. It is the ability of a great master to see his own faults, to acknowledge them and to correct them. What do you expect more? Your assertion “A flawless being should be able to provide a coherent, logical, and plausible explanation for this contradiction.” is wrong, even the Buddha gave advice which is contradictory. He gave it in accordance to the time and the ability of his students. You mix your own confusion and misunderstandings about Buddhism in this issue. This is the basis of your confusion not of HHDL’s. You may read the provided two links than you will probably understand what I say here. If you don’t understand don’t accuse me, please. This question you should ask HHDL not me. I am not the Dalai Lama. I know a Nyingma Lama who can help people to get disconnected from the D. spirit – sorry so the majority views him – he said D. is very powerful. Also Nyingmas tried to subdue him but weren’t successful. It musn’t necessarily be a weakness of those lamas but that we lack the merit or have the negative Karma to be faced with such a force. I think there is some space to bring up such questions and to speculate. I will be hard to understand it fully. Thank you for your comments. As this blog aims to “to correct and balance the misinformation campaign of the Western Shugden Society.” it wasn’t initially intended for discussion nor do I have the time to moderate discussion, especially not in such a tricky issue and while having a lot of Buddhist studies to do, and plenitude of other duties towards my monastery and spiritual friends. I think that as you delve further into the controversy, you will become less and less certain of Shamar Rinpochey’s behaviour being correct. If you read the other websites of his high ranking KAGYU opponents, look at his several failed lawsuits against several diffferent religious figures, and examine the behaviour in the West of his major Western disciple Lama Ole Nydahl, I think more and more questions will arise in your mind. Even though it may seem to help the case of the WSS in the beginning, I feel by mentioning Shamar Rinpoche’s name, they align themselves with a controversial figure, (who the vast majority Karma Kagyus have distanced themselves from) and his Western student who has recently had several allegations of impropriety against him. It will not benefit WSS or NKT in any way to get involved or align themselves with his party in the dispute. The reason I mentioned that HHDL’s money funds so many schools, monasteries and clinics is that in Ron Cook’s recent article he maligns HHDL for allowing his face to appear recently in an ad campaign. My point it that all that money went to fund charitable projects, some of them very urgent. For example, I remember during that time several of the major monasteries had a shortfall in their donations and were experiencing a food crisis, so went to HHDL for help.Other Lamas do not have as vast a responsibility as HH and I think the average Geshe or Lama in the West is so well supported they have no idea what weight is on HIs Holiness’s shoulders in terms of who goes to him to feed the hungry, help the sick and save monasteries sinking into disrepair. Thanks for your reasoned and open participation on here Adam. thanks for the further details about the Karmapa controversy. I don’t think I’ll bother pursuing the point further. Yes, the controversy was a mess and the Kagyu lamas went to HHDL as a last resort to help sort it out. It was a mess many years before he was consulted about the issue. The mess started with the 4 Sons of the Kagyu lineage, the Karmapa’s main disciples. It is inconceivable to me that HH the Dalai Lama is something other than Chenrezig (Avalokiteshvara) or at least a Bodhisattva of the highest ground (bhumi) for the following reasons. -My first is personal experience. I observed HHDL at several teaching events over several years, and met him in India personally before I took Highest Yoga Tantra initiations from him. He has all the qualities of a Spiritual Guide according to the Lam Rim Chenmo and Lamai Zhalug (Words of my perfect teacher). -I spoke to many monks who are close with His Holiness and they explained to me his special qualities and the role he has to play regarding Buddhism in the modern world. -His teachings on Lam Rim and Tantra are exceptionally clear and easy to understand. He teaches without rest for hours a day, even at an advanced age – during Losar time the teachings go for 2-3 weeks where he teaches from the throne for 6-8 hours every day, I have not seen another Lama with such stamina for continuous teaching. Few are able to quote liberally from the texts without consulting a pecha. -HHDL has exceptional links with sentient beings of this world. His image is the reason Western monks and nuns are recognized as Buddhist Monastics and accorded respect. No one has done so much to raise the profile of Buddhism in such an international way. -I have several Tibetan friends who I knew were very sick, went to receive blessings from HHDL, and afterwards the sickness was gone. In one case, a woman had cancer and after receiving blessings and reciting some mantras HH recommended, she was completely cured. -It is in large part due to HHDL’s awareness raising and fundraising activities that the three Great Monastic seats (Sera, Drepung and Ganden) were re-established in India with a complete study program after the PRC invasion of Tibet. In addition, His Holiness has sponsored completely or in part, the reconstruction of monasteries, nunneries, schools and temples of all 4 traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. -Not just Gelug Lamas, but Lamas from all schools of Tibetan Buddhism and Bon regard HHDL with the highest respect. These great beings greatly outnumber his detractors. No other Lama inspires such widespread respect and devotion across sectarian lines apart from HHDL. -HHDL is one of the few lamas able to understand and effectively explain various systems of Buddhist thought, not just his own tradition. I have heard him or listened to MP3s of him discussing the Gelug tradition, Milarepa’s Songs, Dzogchen, Chan Buddhism (in dialogue with master Sheng Yen) and the Theravada Vinaya with complete ease and understanding. Although I have met many other great teachers from all 3 Yanas of Buddhism, none has had as wide an understanding as His Holiness. -HHDL gives the handicapped and the heads of state equal attention. I have seen him express concern and recite prayers for the poorest handicapped or peasant person while important VIPs (in one case Barbra Walters, in the other case a high ranking INdian MP) wait. -HHDL is able to establish affinities with people from all walks of life,and I have seen his compassion melt the heart of even the most hardened politician, fundamentalist Christian or Hindu opponent, or skeptical Scientist. I haven’t seen any other Lama capable of having such a wide variety of dialogues with such a wide variety of people. -HHDL’s books are the most popular and widely read books on Buddhism in the world, introducing countless people to the Dharma, when previously such books were not widely available. -HHDL initiations, especially the Kalachakra initiations, are full of wondrous events beheld by a variety of people, be they Buddhist or Hindu. Such blessings often change people’s lives and cause them to embrace Buddhism or at least, compassion and morality. -I have spoken to several lamas with high practice who are able to see HHDL in a bodhisattva or Sambhogakaya aspect when they meet him. -Because of HHDL’s stance on non-violence, in the 50 years of occupation there have been only a tiny number of incidents of violence against the occupiers. Compare this to the situations of occupation in Palestine/Isreal, Kurdistan or East Timor for example. -HHDL lives very simply in Dharamsala despite his high status and security around him. (I have seen this first hand, or consult also Laird’s book). -HHDL appears to countless people, Buddhist and non-Buddhist, in dreams to guide them in their life. The Head of the Tibet Society in london receives hundreds of letters about such dreams, mostly from non-Buddhists. -HHDL has ordained a huge number of bhikshus to keep the Sangha strong in the Tibetan exile community. He has also ordained a huge number of nuns. -At a funeral I chanted at on the weekend, the person who passed away, a Chinese woman, had met HHDL briefly about 20 years ago in Malaysia. In 2004 at the Kalachakra, he walked out of the crowd and greeted this woman warmly, remembering her name, despite the fact they had spoken only for a few short moments. -HHDL pushed to have the Geshe studies available for women despite resistance from more traditional lamas. -After receiving teachings and initiations from HHDL on a number of topics and practices, that I had received before from other teachers but wasn’t able to understand, I was able to make sense of things that had previously left me dumbfounded. -Despite his high status, HHDL has not tried to single-handedly change Vinaya rules or teachings, and always insists on consulation with a wide variety of lamas on such issues. In the case of vinaya disputes, he said that changing the essential rules requires an agreement between all Yanas of Buddhism. -HHDL has spread the blessings and teachings of Tantra to many who otherwise would not have received them, including Buddhist monastics from other traditions. He has greatly helped to dispel many of the misunderstandings about tantra. -HHDL has acted as the Guru for so many wonderful and highly respected teachers of Tibetan Buddhism in the world. More than any other teacher. -Shall I continue or is that enough? Could this statement not be just as easily referring to either party in this dispute? Finally, Adam, it might be good to ask yourself this question. If HHDL had not led the refugees out of Tibet and into India after the PLA invasion, would you have met your teacher Geshe Kelsang? yes, thank you, that was quite inspiring, and even quite touching in a sense. “A man convinced against his will is of the same opinion still” is a completely neutral comment that simply makes the point that it isn’t always worthwhile to try to win at all costs where arguments are concerned if the other party isn’t going to accept your self-declared “victory” anyway – what do you achieve? However, I have some doubts about the idea of DL supporting non-violence over the past fifty years. My understanding is that he decided to support non-violence only when the CIA withdrew their support for the Tibetan Resistance in the 1970s. You know it really is the saddest thing to be protesting against the Dalai Lama, in a sense. As you’ve pointed out he inspires faith of a sort in so many people, and stands for them as a symbol of kindliness and goodness. I think that for me this was one of the most painful things about demonstrating – to feel like I was stamping on the faith of people who were maybe not that interested in Buddhism even, but still wanted to hear him speak in order to receive a little inspiration – very sad. However, I can also reconcile this with a belief that the demonstrations were still justified and served a valuable purpose, and that it would have been “wrong compassion” to have not supported them on account of this. However, anyone who wants to stop this activity, (and I guess it will stop anyway if DL doesn’t travel any more) is welcome to follow the excellent example of the five delegates of the European Tibet Support group in travelling all the way to Dharamsala in order to call for a resolution of the conflict (see Wisdom Buddha Dorje Shugden blog for details). “Two of the Dalai Lama’s elder brothers, Gyalo Thondup and Takster Rinpoche went into exile in India and the United States after 1950. The developed covert relations with the Central Intelligence Agency… The Dalai Lama did not know of these developments with the CIA until years later. In fact, during the height of the CIA covert activity in Tibet (which was by all accounts paltry at best) HHDL could not even meet with his brother Thondup because the Indians prevented it, not wanting HHDL to meet with the man involved in CIA operations. Let’s also not forget how young HHDL was when all this happened, how part of the reason he was in this situation was because the Regency completely ignored all of the 13th Dalai Lama’s reforms, and maybe have some compassion for his situation? The Wisdom Buddha Shugden blog doesn’t give a full account of what happened with the delegates. I tried to post some additional information (very neutral and respectfully stated) but, of course, it wasn’t posted. The delegates were asking the Tibetans to resolve the conflict amongst themselves but didn’t side with either party in the dispute. I am rue to accept the Society’s “quoted statement” as they have misquoted a number of other statements (I have proof of two of these if you would like me to email them to you). Also, the Shugden Society said the delay in the court case was a sign HHDL and the TGIE were trying to put off the inevitable. I don’t believe this is the case at all. I believe that major discussion on this issue is about to take place. You see, the court date they requested happens right after a major conference, unprecedented in TGIE history, begins. http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=22807&article=Tibet+Emergency+Meeting+In+November. It will start on November 17th giving delegates a full two days to discuss Shugden before the meeting between the lawyers in the Delhi high court. I am confident that they will be able to reach a settlement. I think the Shugden people should be kept seperate from the rest of the monastery, as a democratic vote according to Vinaya decided the deity shouldn’t be propitiated. However, I think it would be perfectly fine to draft some resolutions making sure Shugden people are allowed free access to shops to buy essentials, and that the deeds of their seperate house buildings within the monastic complex could be signed over, for example. For a court case to go through, unpleasant accusations being traded between both parties would only tarnish the image of Buddhism in the minds of everyone. This dispute is almost inconceivable to modern people – Shugden seems like a remnant of medieval culture and world coverage of this dispute doesn’t help either side – it only serves to tarnish the image of world Buddhism. Even with a victory in court, the image of these Buddhists arguing over a sword-weilding image on a snow lion will hurt the image of all those wearing the maroon robe and the people who follow them. thank you for your reply. You are certainly well informed and I appreciate your efforts in giving me this information. I really don’t know whether DL knew about the activities of the guerilla fighters. Would you agree that it would be a blatant contradiction of Buddhist moral discipline if he did, and didn’t take steps to try to stop it? Your post is on the Wisdom Buddha blog. I read it just before coming here. Check it out again. I also hope some agreement is reached. Your suggestions sound reasonable, even if they aren’t ideal from our point of view. I’m sure that if you were in charge none of this would have happened. I respect you more than I do DL, and it seems to me that many other basically decent people are being misled by this man. But perhaps this will mean that they can be part of the solution, as their only wish, no doubt, is “peace” and end to the disharmony. Of course – we’re not so out of touch with reality as to not be aware of this. We’re not trying to convert anyone else to faith in Dorje Shugden. We’re simply trying to protect the freedom of worship for those who wish to rely upon him. This is really very simple. Besides, very many things about Buddhism would seem strange to ordinary people, including the teachings on emptiness. On this basis we could probably just reject the whole of Buddhism. In any case – genuine thanks for your contribution to the discussion. Let’s agree to try to keep treading the path of peace and understanding. Adam you have freedom, of worship. There is also freedom of worship in India. The monks can practice Shugden, don’t fool us or the readers, please. It’s more complex than Shugdenpas suggest. There is also freedom of putting restrictions on that what is seen by the great masters and the majority as being harmful. So there is freedom and there are restrictions. This is nothing new. Freedom is a relative thing and the different interests have to been balanced. Also Je Tsongkhapa put restrictions on worship, e.g. one of his protector deities was not allowed to enter the temple or that there was a statue of it. But Chodak’s story has a twist. He’s one of the last surviving guerrilla fighters who took up arms against the Chinese during a little-known chapter in Tibet’s history. His life has been one of war, not peace. Starting in the late 1950s, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency trained scores of Tibetans, many of them monks, and then air dropped them back to their country with weapons and wireless radios. The linchpin of the operation was an older brother of the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of 2.7 million Tibetans and today a Nobel Prize-winning symbol of peaceful resistance. “We were fighting to protect Buddhism from those who wanted to harm it,” said Chodak in an interview, his eyes now clouded with cataracts. He has said that he wasn’t aware of the 1950s-era armed resistance in the beginning, and that upon learning about it, he didn’t encourage Tibetans to join it. He also disavows any plan to see Tibet become independent, pressing merely for China to allow Tibetans more local autonomy to preserve their customs and language. John Kenneth Knaus, a retired CIA officer who led a covert Tibet command center from New Delhi in the 1960s, remembers the Dalai Lama as torn — personally sympathetic to his brave compatriots but unwilling publicly to support a bloody rebellion that ran counter to his Buddhist belief in protecting life. Gyalo Thondup, one of the Dalai Lama’s brothers and the former resistance leader, declined to be interviewed for this story. “It’s a very sensitive and inopportune time to talk, from the points of view of many different parties,” said one of his sons, Tempa Thondup, in a message conveyed from the elder Mr. Thondup. People who answered the door at Gyalo Thondup’s residences in New Delhi and Kalimpong, India, said the 80-year-old wasn’t at home. Stories recounted by Tibetan resistance fighters, including six surviving guerrillas, demonstrate the deep involvement of Mr. Thondup in the CIA-backed operation. Mr. Thondup came to the resistance movement with rare qualities for Tibetans of his generation — a fluency in Mandarin and an understanding of China’s history. In 1949, he was studying in the wartime capital of Nanjing when the People’s Liberation Army vanquished the Nationalist forces. Mr. Thondup and his Chinese wife, the daughter of a Nationalist general, eventually settled in Darjeeling, near the Indian border with Nepal. When the CIA made contact with him in the early 1950s, Mr. Thondup had been organizing escape routes for Tibetans fleeing Chinese rule. His wife, Nancy Chu, helped establish the center where refugees learned handicrafts so they could make a living on Indian soil. A spokesman for the CIA declined to comment on the Tibetan operation. The refugees arrived with tales of misery and horror. Tsering Dakpa, a Tibetan farmer, says in 1954 he watched Chinese soldiers drag suspected rebels outside a village and force them to dig a trench filled with freezing water. The men were stripped, thrown into the trench and — when they didn’t answer questions satisfactorily — shot, according to Mr. Dakpa. That same year, the Dalai Lama had gone to Beijing to meet with China’s leaders, including Mao Zedong, in hopes of securing more religious and political autonomy for Tibet. But back home, in the Tibetan region of Kham, an anti-China resistance had already taken root. It was in Kham, in 1956, that one of the most violent clashes occurred, a days-long battle at the Litang Monastery. One of the Litang monks was Chodak, who now works at the refugee center in Darjeeling. He recalls a meeting in which a Chinese general urged them to abandon their weapons. The monks carried weapons to defend themselves from bandits. Chodak says the general threatened to burn down the monastery if they didn’t comply. Instead, the Litang monks sneaked up at night and attacked a nearby Chinese camp, according to Mr. Datha and Chodak. The Chinese army responded by charging the monastery in a pre-dawn raid. The Tibetans fought back with homemade pistols, antique rifles, axes and knives. Mr. Datha’s younger brother, Tenlay Tenzing, managed to flee the monastery earlier on the family’s black horse. Chinese troops shot the horse, but the monk kept running. Coming upon the horse carcass later, Mr. Datha feared his younger brother had been killed — only to be reunited later at their parents’ home. When bombs from Chinese airplanes were dropped on the monastery, Chodak fled to Tibet’s capital, Lhasa, a weeks-long walk, but far from the fighting in Kham. The events at Litang inflamed passions across Tibet and helped fuel the resistance movement. Many monks, left without a monastery, shed their robes to fight the Chinese. Warring Tibetan clans set aside grievances to unite in battle. The CIA later would gain several recruits from Litang, who wanted to match China’s soldiers with modern firepower and military training of their own. One of the Litang monks, who went by the name Lhotse and was the older brother of Messrs. Datha and Tenzing, fled to Darjeeling, posing as a trader. When he arrived, he knocked on the door of Mr. Thondup. The brother of the 14th Dalai Lama, Mr. Thondup was already a prominent figure among Tibetans and his political sympathies were well known. After listening to Lhotse recount the failed uprising, Mr. Thondup responded with a proposition. The monk agreed to the secret mission, according to interviews with his two surviving brothers, whom he later told about the conversation. In addition to Lhotse, Mr. Thondup recruited five Tibetan fighters and sent them in early 1957 for training with CIA instructors on the Pacific island of Saipan. The Tibetans learned how to operate a radio transmitter, fire modern weapons and set up ambushes. The Dalai Lama’s oldest brother, Thubten Jigme Norbu, served as a translator on Saipan. Mr. Norbu, a retired professor of Tibetan studies at Indiana University, is now in poor health and unable to respond to comment, according to his youngest brother, Tendzin Choegyal. After six months in Saipan, Lhotse and a monk named Athar parachuted back into Tibet. Traveling with other rebels, the pair relayed radio requests for weapons and supplies and kept the CIA apprised of the resistance inside Tibet. Mr. Knaus, the former CIA officer, testified in writing to the U.S. Congress in 1999 that the CIA made two arms drops into Tibet in July 1958 and Feb. 1959. These included 403 Lee Enfield rifles, 60 hand grenades, 20 machine guns and 26,000 rounds of ammunition. By the late 1960s, Mr. Knaus estimates, the CIA had dropped 700,000 pounds of supplies to the rebels. China’s attempts to quell unrest around Lhasa worsened tensions. In March 1959, the Dalai Lama sneaked out of the city’s Potala Palace and headed for India on horseback. The CIA-trained rebels hooked up with the Dalai Lama, sending radio updates on his whereabouts to Washington. As Tibet’s spiritual leader was about to cross safely into India, the rebels cheered and waved. The Dalai Lama waved back. The Dalai Lama’s aides say that at the time the Tibetan leader didn’t have a good grasp of the resistance, or of how the CIA was involved. “His brother really kept him in the dark — for his own sake,” says Tempa Tsering, the Dalai Lama’s representative in New Delhi. As Mr. Thondup filled out the ranks of the CIA-backed resistance, Mr. Datha and his brother Mr. Tenzing also enlisted. Mr. Tenzing recalls arriving in 1959 at a secluded training base in the Colorado Rockies called Camp Hale. He gazed at the pine forests and snow-covered peaks. “I felt I was back in Tibet,” he says. Tibetans would train secretly in Colorado until 1964, according to Mr. Knaus’s written testimony to Congress. Mr. Thondup traveled extensively to publicize Tibet’s plight, recruit fighters and forge links with foreign intelligence agencies, according to another of his sons, Khedroob Thondup, who acted as his private secretary. During Mr. Thondup’s rare breaks at home, the family went on picnics in the misty hills of Darjeeling. The children practiced shooting Mr. Thondup’s old Winchester rifle. He also taught them how to prune his prize roses. But inside Tibet, the resistance was wilting. China’s superior radio communications allowed it to outmaneuver fighters. Its air power crushed Tibetan fighters. Most of the agents the CIA sent into Tibet were captured or killed. In disarray, the rebels retreated to a mountainous base known as Mustang just beyond southern Tibet inside Nepal. Fighters at Mustang say Mr. Thondup showed up periodically to rally spirits. “You don’t have to worry about food and supplies. We have sponsors that will take care of that,” Mr. Thondup said, according to Nyima Namgyal, one of the rebels who heard the Dalai Lama’s brother speak at Mustang. “We had an idea it was America,” added Mr. Namgyal, now 65 years old and living in a retirement home in Dharmsala. So many arrived at Mustang that supplies were stretched thin. Chodak says he sold his sword and charm box — an amulet he wore around his neck — to buy provisions. The rebels raided farms inside Tibet for sheep that would provide food and wool to fend off the cold. Infighting posed as grave a threat to the Mustang operation as the Chinese army. Several of the Tibetan fighters complained that the commander was pocketing funds, according to Mr. Tenzing. In 1968, disgusted with what had become of the resistance, Mr. Tenzing returned to Darjeeling and opened a dumpling restaurant. For the Americans in the late 1960s, the operation was reaching the end of its usefulness. The CIA had closed training camps years earlier and was winding down supply runs. Mired in Vietnam, the U.S. government worried about getting drawn deeper into another Asian conflict. In 1972, President Nixon met with Chinese leader Mao Zedong, ushering in a new era of the U.S. and China relationship. For the Dalai Lama, a new stance toward China would take shape, too. In the early 1970s, he sought to disband the rebels and end the bloodshed. Chodak says he concluded his war with the Chinese after a tearful 1972 meeting with the Dalai Lama in Dharmsala. Not everyone agreed to leave Mustang. Some fighters shot themselves or slit their own throats rather than disobey the Dalai Lama’s orders, according to his spokesman Tenzin Taklha. The man who would serve as the go-between with the Chinese government was someone both sides knew well. He was the Dalai Lama’s older brother, Gyalo Thondup. I don’t see these things in such a black and white manner. From reading the passages above, we can see that HHDL had no direct knowledge of the rebels activities, in part due to the protection of his brother who kept him uninvolved, I would assume to help him protect his monastic vows. HHDL never ordered anyone to kill, and couldn’t give his support. The deep sadness of his situation is summed up in a poignant moment in the film Kundun. At this time, HHDL was a teenager, with no real political training or power, but an important figurehead uniting his people in a time of danger. Tears stream down my cheeks every time I watch this movie (I’ve seen it 5 times I guess). I challenge any sensitive person to view the film and not feel pity for how HHDL was trapped between a rock and hard place. If you criticize HHDL for waving to the rebels as he left India, I ask you this, would it have been better for him to condemn them, knowing their heart was in the right place, trying to defend their country and the special dharma that existed there? Would that have been the action of a bodhisattva? Should he have stopped them from trying to protect the regular Tibetans who were being killed, raped, whose crops were being stolen, by the PLA? Is the complexity and heartache of such a situation even fathomable for those of us who have grown up in the cushy and safe environment Western countries provide? Others in Tibetan history have actually transgressed their monastic vows, and are heroes, such as the monk who killed Langdarma to revive the Sangha in Tibet. This monk is lauded by hero, especially by Shugden followers. Is this not hypocritical? In another blog a former NKT member talked about how their teacher taught that sometimes great Bodhisattvas kill to save the dharma or the great number of beings, in relation to the above story. Have you never heard this story during your time in NKT classes? Finally, you say you feel HHDL has misled people. I don’t think I have been misled and I am not easily duped. I have lived in many spiritual communities and know how to evaluate a teacher. That doesn’t mean I agree with every single statement HHDL has ever made (nor do I have to, if you follow Guru devotion as Lama Tsongkhapa taught it), but can see him as a great and holy being, guiding countless people to better lives, and visualize him during the Guru yoga portion of my self-generation recitations. Him being the greatest exponent of Buddhism on the planet I think is beyond question. If you respect me, who has no qualities and an ordinary being, more than HHDL, who has immeasurable qualities and is a Bodhisattva, i would venture to say you should research HHDL’s teachings and activities more. Finally, I don’t think it is entirely accurate to say that you and other NKT members aren’t trying to convert people to Shugden worship. Many people with direct experience of your organization speak of being introduced to the practice at the very beginning of their studies, and not being informed of its controversial history. Introducing new students to protector practices is very unconventional, and I haven’t heard of it happening in any other Vajrayana organizations on such a large sale. Even during Phabongkhapa’s time, the practice was not nearly as widely propagated among laypeople as it is through the NKT. Fortunately, as more of Phabongkhapa’s statements on the issue become translated, people will have access to more material before making their decision. That being said, NKT definitely has the right to decide on its own spiritual policies. But I think many people would be grateful for more material to research before deciding to rely on Shugden as a Buddha. In India, the Shugden practices are continuing, within the same khangtsens (house groups), in the same buildings. The communities have seperated, but monks who have strong devotion can and do still worship in public pujas. To force the other monks to mix and share requisites with those who go against the referendum decided policies of the majority of the monks, I think, is more harmful to the Sangha than peaceful, but seperate co-existence. I think this is the solution, and that, as I said, buildings should be signed over to the Shugden houses and their access to essentials should be secured. Should the 4,000 monks at Sera, for example, who don’t worship Shugden, be forced to debate and pray with the 120 who still do, who they believe are contravening their refuge vows? And finally, Adam, I think it is important for Shugden followers to know about and aknowledge the sectarian activities of many who propagated the Shugden practice. Because without that knowledge, they can never work to address and rectify those attitudes that some within their fold still carry. (Many whom I know have confirmed these attitudes. I spoke with several Shugden monks at Sera when I was there. When I return to India in late October, I hope to continue my research). thank you for your lengthy response. If you read the Jataka tales, as I’m sure you may well have done, you will find many instances of stories in which the bodhisattva chose not to retaliate to harm, even when his own wife and children were in danger. It seems to me that these tales are trying to teach us an important message – that doing right is about doing what is right according to our highest principles and understanding, and not just doing what feels right. I believe that if teachings on karma and the patience of non-retaliation are correct, then they must apply universally. The tragedy that befell Tibet and Tibetans is worthy of our compassion, but no more so than the tragedies experienced by other groups around the world – the Palestinians, the people of Darfur, etc. etc. Furthermore, as I understand it the Chinese are no worse to Tibetans than to other minority groups within China, whose plight receives no such international coverage. I’m not trying to belittle the plight of Tibtans or the suffering they’ve endured, just to place it in context. I’ve certainly heard the stories of Bodhisattvas who kill out of compassion, but this is the killing of an single individual carried out by someone with clairvoyance, wisdom, and compassion. I have compassion for the Tibetan fighters but I regard their actions as having been completely misguided, as I do the military actions of both the Israeli army and those of Hamas. As regards Shugden practise within the NKT, it’s simply the case that Wishfulfilling Jewel pujas are held at a certain time each day and people are welcome to attend them if they wish. If they wanted to they could also have a look at the commentary in Heart Jewel. You may see this as some sort of negligence, but since we don’t accept the notion of the Dorje Shugden practice being harmful we don’t feel morally obliged to make a big deal about its “controversial” nature – it is only regarded as controversial by some due to DL’s statements about it, which we regard as wrong and untruthful. I’ve read a translation of one of Phabongkhapa’s statements on the blogs, and I found it funny because it did indeed make Dorje Shugden practice look incredibly bad! Even in our prayers there are statements that could be seen to be “sectarian.” However, these things have to be understood in perspective, and within a particular cultural and historical context (in the case of Phabongkhapa). DL’s personal rejection of Dorje Shugden practice makes perfect sense as it contains the advice to follow one tradition without mixing it with teachings from other traditions – advice that he rejects. Whether it is right for him to hold this belief it is indisputable that he has the right to think and believe as he wishes. We only ask that he respect the right of others’ to hold differing views and beliefs to his own. I’m still hopeful that you can be a force for moderation and am grateful that you disapprove of some of the things that have taken place. I will be interested in learning about your experiences when you go back to India, and I guess I’ll get to learn about them through the site at some point. You compared the situation in Tibet to the situation in Palestine/Isreal for example. When one looks at the length of time of the conflicts (similar) and compares how they have panned out, the conflict in Tibet has been overwhelmingly non-violent in comparison. The primary reason for this is His Holiness’ stance against violence. I believe, along with many Tibetans I have spoken to in both Dharamsala and the Lugsam Settlement (South India, where Sera is located), that what has prevented violence has largely been the voice of HHDL. In fact, if you remember, when protests in Lhasa got ugly recently, HHDL said he would resign if any violence continued. And things calmed down. Even after years of occupation, the Tibetans in Tibet still look up to HHDL. This is one aspect of the NKT’s campaign I found particularly disturbing. The used CCTV (PRC state television) footage of the protests, calling the people acting violent “followers of the Dalai lama” and, in fact, helping to spread CTTV propaganda from the web. I have seen pictures from Amdo of killing that took place before the incidents, and indeed at the time I was taking initations and teachings in NZ with a lama from Amdo, and because I was one of the few who spoke Tibetan, helped the lama’s attendant to call his family in their village. The stories, which I won’t go into, were horrifying. That is why I was so shocked that the NKT used the one-sided PRC footage in order to “defend” itself against the ASA statement. I e-mailed them about this, that it hurt millions of Tibetans who had nothing to do with their Shugden issue, but of course, no response to my concerns. The plight of the Tibetans has gained international coverage. As has that of Darfur. Because they have been in exile for SO LONG, perhaps that is the reason? The Palestinians are terribly mistreated I agree, but at least there are talks towards giving them independent forms of government, and they pretty much run their own affairs in Gaza and the West Bank. The East Timorese already have an independent government. As do the Mongolians. How long have the Tibetans waited? It seems to me from your statements (and please correct me if I’m wrong) that you feel no special connection or gratitude to the Tibetans. I think this is very sad. The Tibetans preserved a very unique and complete form of Lord Buddha’s teachings while such teachings were being wiped out in India and Indonesia, among other places. They translated the entire canon from sanskrit (not an easy task) and preserved the texts, as well as making the practices come alive through sincere cultivation, which led to many spiritual masters. Without their efforts, would we have access to these precious teachings? The answer is of course no. Only in Tibet do we find the complete corpus of Vajrayana (Shingon in Japan only preserves one class of tantra), along with pithy Mahayana instructions like the Lojong. To say that DS practice is only regarded as controversial because of HHDL’s statements about it is also completely inaccurate. What about the statements of HH Sakya Trizin? HH Minling Trichen Rinpoche? HH Tai Situ Rinpoche? As for historical figures, what about the Panchen Rinpoche Losang Chokyi Gyaltsen? Once again WSS seems to be blaming HH Dalai lama for all and any misgivings people have against Shugden practice. This shows a lack of understanding about the history of Tibetan Buddhism and why the practice is controversial. Fortunately, now passages relevant to this controversy previously available only in Tibetan are being translated into English so people can make a more informed choice. Your statement about Shugden practice and the seemingly sectarian aspects of it needing to be placed in context, are the exact reason i think newcomers should have access to reliable historical records about the history behind the practice and the Lamas involved in it. As I said, I don’t think we have to view a Lamas every action as perfect in order to benefit from some of their teachings. But I think we should have access to an honest history of everything so we can avoid those bits that are linked to problems. The bit about HHDL letting people hold views different to his own seems a little odd to me considering the recent post of Ven. Jampa on this forum, which seems to indicate the NKT doesn’t tolerate much disagreement either. An argument could be made that while HHDL has allowed Shugden monks to stay in his monasteries, because of seeing another teacher (who transmitted ordination to him) Jampa was kicked out of his home (an NKT centre), and forced to live with his mother. As I said above, the two sides are going to meet in a Delhi court so I see the protests as completely unnecessary, just a method to “rally the troops” in a way. Before recruiting its members to engage in such protests (whether as part of an ad-hoc group or not, the majority are NKT), the New Kadampa Tradition should have examined its own history honestly to see whether or not they have turned people away from their homes for having their own beliefs. I believe Ven. Jampa’s account, I don’t think he has any reason to exaggerate and he seems sincere. Of course, if there is evidence this didn’t happen (rather than conjecture) I would welcome it. Dear Khedrub & Adam, that close followers were asked not to go to other teachers was reported different times – also in NKS. This policy was either established by indirect means (fearing to pollute the “pure lineage”) and using facial expressing or verbal expressions of disagreement if somebody did it or by direct order of GKG. What happens and what means are applied depends mainly upon the NKT center and how deep the student is involved in NKT. Loose members are treated more relaxed so that they came back again. In Manjushri Institute the policies were much more strict as far as I heard. At one time it was even not acceptable for GKG when residents had books on their shelf of other authors. Caroline, now a follower of Gangchen Lama and once resident at Manjushri Institute, said when she left NKT they even organized demonstrations against her when she was granting empowerments with the permission of Lama Gangchen. She wanted to tell me the whole story but at that time it was to much for me to be faced with so many “bad news”. So I refused to listen to her. He was a resident of Manjushri Center. As the Manjushir Institute serves as the role model for NKT policies it is important for understanding NKT to understand what policies they have implemented there. I remember an Email by GKG were he expressed his disagreement that his students buy Buddha images painted by Andy Weber in Weber’s Ulverston shop. He said they should not do this and indicated Andy Weber would have no proper motivation for selling them there. So, when even shopping of Buddha images is controlled by the NKT leadership what else has to been said? Andy Weber was the main Thanka / image painter of NKT and a Manjushri resident there as well, he left some years ago. In our center it was an unspoken rule that never ever a devoted follower, especially no NKT monk or nun or NKT teacher goes to non NKT teachers. This policy derives just directly from the policy of keeping the “pure tradition” purely and “not mixing it”. As a result even Kundeling lama was not allowed when he visited our center in 1998 to use the throne or to teach something, because he was no “Kadampa” and had not “our lineage”. Dechen received this ‘purity policies’ from Gen Thubten, GKG’s successor, who visited many NKT centers in about 1994/95 to remove all non-NKT stuff and members who were ‘mixing the tradition’ or ‘not keeping the pure tradition’ “purely”. Many left NKT quite frustrated the other followed the ‘purity policies’. I was no witness of that process but former members I met told this to me. Later when Dechen was expelled and the new Foundation Programm Teacher suggested a non-NKT book to read – additional to GKG’s text – one week later she was removed from her position as a NKT teacher and replaced by a devoted NKT monk. One person who followed the advice bought the non-NKT book and brought it to the FP Class, him was told that this book is not welcomed there… For me, also this speaks volumes. Removal or installation of NKT teachers who are more devoted to NKT policies is another mean to make followers more conform. The latest instances are Lucy James, Björn Clausen etc. So you have at least these three methods: 1. unspoken indirect rules, 2. direct orders by NKT leadership (GKG) behind the scene – which are not brought to the public eye 3. arbitrary removal or installation of NKT teachers. May be some can add their experiences of this here for a better understanding. Of course the experience are manifold and depend on the place and local NKT teachers. I don’t have to defend the actions of the NKT in this context and I chose not to do so. As far as I’m concerned this is a separte discussion. I’m extremely pleased that the New Kadampa Truth site has said that people are welcome to register complaints if they have any, and that they will receive replies, and I’ve even requested that they make this point a bit more clearly. So that’s my bit as far as that’s concerned. I must frankly confess to you that my compassionate concern for the Palestinians is greater that that for Tibetans. From what I can make out their plight is infinitely worse than that of the Tibetans. I found your statement about the Gaza strip incredible. Have you read any reports about conditions in the Gaza strip over the past year? Having attended a talk by Karma Hardy the director of the Tibet Foundation, I’m convinced that their non-political approach is the right one. I would heartily recommend watching the video about their activities in Tibet if you ever get the chance. However, the most touching part for me was about the Chinese school girls who were being looked after. They were orphans. I thought it was wonderful that a Tibetan school accepted them. It would be nice to think of them growing up to be peace-makers between Tibetans and Chinese. I have strong reservations about all forms of nationalism including Tibetan nationalism. I don’t think DL helps the cause of Tibetans in Tibet at all, except perhaps in so far as his status gets people donating to Tibet Foundation. From where I stand it seems like he helps to keep people clinging to an impossible dream, rather than allowing them to swim with the tide and make the most of changed circumstances – i.e. by learning Chinese and so on. Tibet as an independent nation is a completely lost cause. Buddha’s taught us to accept the inevitability of impermanence, not to try to fight the inevitable. Gratitude to past Tibetan masters is besides the point. The way to repay their kindness is to put the teachings into practice and attain enlightenment for the sake of all living beings – this is what they would wish of us. Sorry if the statement sounded uninformed, I am indeed no expert on this issue. What I was saying was, at least the international community has worked with the Conservative Isrealis in order to give some form of self-government to the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Palestianians have at least some friends in the UN (several of the Arab countries and others). The Tibetans on the other hand, have no one who will stick up for them in the UN and no voice through official political channels. It is mostly HH the Dalai Lama who brings attention to their plight. This being said, I have never visited Isreal, the occupied territories, or the Gaza settlements, so I can’t speak with the authority of experience on the issue. I have, however, had extensive experience over several years with Tibetans in India and also in the commuity here in Canada. I have seen their battle scars and heard their stories. However, to diverge entensively to the Palestinian issue on this blog I think detracts from its purpose, so perhaps we should leave it here. HH Dalai Lama, contrary to you assertion above, has encouraged the Tibetans to learn CHinese. EVen in exile, for example, there are Chinese classes available at several of the larger monasteries. HHDL tells those monks who know Chinese to continue to study it because it is a very important language. HHDL has also contributed to a modern Chinese translation of the Lam Rim Chenmo, for example (the current one uses classical Chinese and is outdated). Also, in the film Unwinking Gaze HHDL repeatedly says he is willing to work for autonomy and not independence, and try to be a good Chinese citizen while protecting his culture. His stance is far more moderate than many of the young Tibetans who wish to attempt to take their country by force, and his middle-way approach has contributed greatly to the lack of violence in regard to this situation. If you don’t think HHDL helps the Tibetans in Tibet at all, I recommend you view the film “What Remains Of Us” , where a Tibetan-Canadian woman went into Tibet with a recorded message from HHDL and then recorded the reactions of the Tibetans. It is clear that his presence inspires tremendous hope in these people trying to preserve at least some part of their culture. Also, if you go to Dharamsala, you will see that HHDL has many programs funneling money and support to many charitable projects in Tibet, and has also arranged for other foundations like FPMT to provide medical care in Tibet, for example through the Amdo Eye Centre. In addition, many lamas who are students of HHDL have taken his advice to help Tibet directly and built monasteries and schools in the country, focusing on modern education, and teaching Tibetan and Chinese side by side. One of my friends runs a school in Kham that does this, and received substantial donations through the office of HHDL. So, your statement that HHDL does little for the Tibetans in Tibet can be proven inaccurate by visiting India and seeing what types of projects are in the works. Also don’t forget that through HHDL’s monasteries, thousand of monks complete a proper traditional monastic education, and many of these return to Tibet and their communities where they can teach a complete form of the dharma, unhindered by the rigid controls of the PLA government. thanks for your information. With regards to the Palestinian issue I would certainly recommend Jimmy Carter’s book Palestine Peace not Appartheid, which gives clear insight into the issue, and is all the more powerful for its complete even-handedness. I think if you learn a bit more you will realize that the Palestinians are a lot worse off than you seem to think. Thanks also for the information about DL sponsered programmes in Tibet. I must admit that my statement was to some extent made in ignorance. I did really enjoy the Tibet Foundation film though as I’ve said repeatedly. I think this particular discussion may have run its course for me so I think I’ll bow out now. No doubt we’ll talk again on another thread. I’ve given up on the idea of moving away from the site in general, as I think this sort of discussion serves a purpose.

2019-04-23T05:00:27Z

https://buddhism-controversy-blog.com/2008/09/11/bodhisattva-centre-open-day-review-and-reply/

2502.4 Public reference facilities and current index. 2502.5 Records of other Agencies. 2502.6 How to request records--form and content. 2502.10 Appeals to the Deputy Director from initial denials. 2502.12 Fees to be charged--general. 2502.13 Fees to be charged--categories of requestors. 2502.15 Waiver or reduction of charges. 2502.16 Information to be disclosed. 2502.18 Deletion of exempted information. 2502.31 Production prohibited unless approved by Deputy Director. 2502.32 Procedure in the event of a demand for disclosure. 2502.33 Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling. Authority: 5 U.S.C. 552, as amended by Pub. L. 93-502 and Pub. L. 99-570. Source: 45 FR 47112, July 14, 1980, unless otherwise noted. Sec. 2502.2 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains the regulations of the Office of Administration, Executive Office of the President, implementing 5 U.S.C. 552. The regulations of this subpart describe the procedures by which records may be obtained from all organizational units within the Office of Administration. Official records of the Office made available pursuant to the requirements of 5 U.S.C. 552 shall be furnished to members of the public only as prescribed by this subpart. To the extent that it is not prohibited by other laws the Office also will make available records which it is authorized to withhold under 5 U.S.C. 552 whenever it determines that such disclosure is in the public interest. Sec. 2502.3 Organization and functions. and Pennsylvania Avenue NW., 20500, and in the New Executive Office Building, 725 17th Street NW., Washington, DC 20503. Regular office hours are from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. Both buildings are under security control. Persons desiring access are encourged to make advance arrangements by telephone with the office they plan to visit. Sec. 2502.4 Public reference facilities and current index. (a) The Office maintains a public reading area located in the Executive Office of the President Library, Room G-102, New Executive Office Building, 725 17th Street NW., Washington, DC, and makes available for public inspection and copying a copy of all material required by 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(2), including all documents published by OA in the Federal Register and currently in effect. (b) The FOIA Officer or his or her designee shall maintain files containing all materials required to be retained by or furnished to the FOIA Officer under this subpart. The material shall be filed by chronological number of request within each calendar year, indexed according to the exceptions asserted, and, to the extent feasible, indexed according to the type of records requested. (c) The FOIA Officer shall also maintain a file open to the public, which shall contain copies of all grants or denials of appeals by the Office. Sec. 2502.5 Records of other Agencies. Requests for records that originated in another Agency and are in the custody of the Office of Administration, will be referred to that Agency for processing, and the person submitting the request shall be so notified. The decision made by that Agency with respect to such records will be honored by the Office of Administration. Sec. 2502.6 How to request records--form and content. (a) A request made under the FOIA must be submitted in writing, addressed to: FOIA Officer, Office of Administration, 725 17th Street NW., Washington, DC 20503. The words ``FOIA REQUEST'' should be clearly marked on both the letter and the envelope. Due to security measures at the Old and New Executive Office Buildings, requests made in person should be delivered to Room G-1, at the above address. (b) Any Office employee or official who receives a FOIA Request shall promptly forward it to the FOIA Officer, at the above address. Any Office employee or official who receives an oral request made under the FOIA shall inform the person making the request of the provisions of this subpart requiring a written request according to the procedures set out herein. (c) Each request must reasonably describe the record(s) sought, including when known: Agency/individual originating the record, date, subject matter, type of document, location, and any other pertinent information which would assist in promptly locating the record(s). (d) When a request is not considered reasonably descriptive, or requires the production of voluminous records, or places an extraordinary burden on the Office of Administration, seriously interfering with its normal functioning to the detriment of the business of the Government, the Office may require the person or agent making the FOIA request to confer with an Office representative in order to attempt to verify, and, if possible, narrow the scope of the request. (e) Upon receipt of the FOIA request, the FOIA Officer will make an initial determination of which officials and offices may be involved in the search and reviewing procedures. The FOIA Officer will circulate the request to all offices so identified and any others the FOIA Officer later determines should be notified. The General Counsel or his or her designee shall have the authority to approve or deny requests received pursuant to these regulations. The decision of the General Counsel shall be final, subject only to administrative review as provided in Sec. 2502.10. (2) It is necessary to consult with another agency having a substantial interest in the determination of the request or among two or more components of the agency having substantial subject matter interest therein. (b) When additional time is required for one of the reasons stated in paragraph (a) of this section, the General Counsel or his or her designee shall acknowledge receipt of the request within the 10 workday period and include a brief explanation of the reason for the delay, indicating the date by which a determination will be forthcoming. An extended deadline adopted for one of the reasons set forth above may not exceed 10 additional workdays. Sec. 2502.9 Responses--form and content. (a) When a requested record has been identified and is available, the General Counsel or his or her designee shall notify the person making the request as to where and when the record is available for inspection or the copies will be available. The notification shall also advise the person making the request of any fees assessed under Sec. 2502.13 hereof. (4) A statement that no agency records are responsive to the request. (5) A statement that the denial may be appealed to the Deputy Director within 30 days of receipt of the denial or partial denial. If a requested record cannot be located from the information supplied, or is known to have been destroyed or otherwise disposed of, the person making the request shall be so notified and the legal authority for disposition shall be cited. Sec. 2502.10 Appeals to the Deputy Director from initial denials. (a) When the General Counsel or his or her designee had denied a request for records in whole or in part, the person making the request may, within 30 days of its receipt, appeal the denial to the Deputy Director. The appeal must be in writing, addressed to the Deputy Director, Office of Administration, 725 17th Street NW., Washington, DC 20503 and clearly labeled as a ``Freedom of Information Act Appeal''. writing, signed by the Deputy Director of the Office. (c) If the decision is in favor of the person making the request, the Deputy Director shall order records promptly made available to the person making the request. (d) A denial in whole or in part of a request on appeal shall set forth the exemption relied on and a brief explanation of how the exemption applied to the records withheld and the reasons for asserting it, if different from that described by the General Counsel or his or her designee under Sec. 2502.10. The denial shall state that the person making the request may, if dissatisfied with the decision on appeal, file a civil action in the district in which the person resides or has his principal place of business, in the district where the records are located, or in the District of Columbia. (e) No personal appearance, oral argument or hearing will ordinarily be permitted in connection with an appeal to the Office of Administration. (f) On appeal, the Office may reduce any fees previously assessed. (4) Return overdue revenue to the Treasury for defraying, wholly or in part, appropriated funds used to pay the cost of disseminating government information. (c) The term direct costs means those expenditures that OA incurs in searching for and duplicating (and in the case of commercial requestors, reviewing) documents to respond to a FOIA request. Direct costs include, for example, the salary of the employee performing the work (the basic rate of pay for the employee plus 16 percent of that rate to cover benefits) and the cost of operating duplicating machinery. Not included in direct costs are overhead expenses such as costs of space, and heating or lighting the facility in which the records are stored. (d) The term search includes all time spent looking for material that is responsive to a request, including page-by-page or line-by-line identification of material within documents. OA employees should ensure that searching for material is done in the most efficient and least expensive manner so as to minimize costs for both the agency and the requestor. For example, employees should not engage in a line-by-line search when merely duplicating an entire document would prove the least expensive and quicker method of complying with a request. Search should be distinguished, moreover, from review of material in order to determine whether the material is exempt from disclosure (see paragraph (f) of this section). Searches may be done manually or by computer using existing programming. (e) The term duplication refers to the process of making a copy of a document necessary to respond to a FOIA request. Such copies can take the form of paper copy, microform, audio-visual materials, or machine readable (e.g. magnetic tape or disk), among others.[[Page 389]]The copy provided must be in a form that is reasonably usable by the requestors. (f) The term review refers to the process of examining documents located in response to a request that is for a commercial use (see paragraph (g) of this section) to determine whether any portion of any document located is permitted to be withheld. It also includes processing any documents for disclosure, (e.g., doing all that is necessary to excise them and otherwise prepare them for release). Review does not include time spent resolving general legal or policy issues regarding the application of exemptions. (g) The term `commercial use' request refers to a request from or on behalf of one who seeks information for a use or purpose that furthers the commercial, trade, or profit interests of the requestor or the person on whose behalf the request is made. In determining whether the requestor properly belongs in this category, OA must determine the use to which a requestor will put the documents requested. Moreover, where an OA employee has reasonable cause to doubt the use to which a requestor will put the records sought, or where that use is not clear from the request itself, the employee should seek additional clarification before assigning the request to a specific category. (i) The term non-commercial scientific institution refers to an institution that is not operated on a commercial basis (as that term is referenced in paragraph (g) of this section) and that is operated solely for the purpose of conducting scientific research, the results of which are not intended to promote any particular product or industry. (j) The term representative of the news media refers to any person actively gathering news for an entity that is organized and operated to publish or broadcast news to the public. The term news means information that is about current events or that would be of current interest to the public. Examples of news media entities include television or radio stations broadcasting to the public at large, and publishers of periodicals (but only in those instances when they can qualify as disseminators of news) who make their products available for purchase and subscription by the general public. These examples are not intended to be all-inclusive. Moreover, as traditional methods of news delivery evolve (e.g., electronic dissemination of newspapers through telecommunications services), such alternative media would be included in this category. In the case of free lance journalists, they may be regarded as working for a news organization, if they can demonstrate a solid basis for expecting publication through that organization, even though not actually employed by it. A publication contract would be the clearest proof, but OA may also look to the past publication record of a requestor in making this determination. Sec. 2502.12 Fees to be charged--general. OA should charge fees that recoup the full allowable direct costs it incurs. Moreover, it shall use the most efficient and least costly methods to comply with requests for documents made under the FOIA. When documents that would be responsive to a request are maintained for distribution by agencies operating statutory-based fee schedule programs (see definition in Sec. 2502.11(b)), such as the NTIS, OA should inform requestors of the steps necessary to obtain records from those sources. (a) Manual searches for records. OA will charge at the salary rate(s) (i.e., basic pay plus 16 percent) of the employee(s) making the search. (b) Computer searches for records. OA will charge at the actual direct cost of providing this service. This will include the cost of operating the central processing unit for that portion of operating time that is directly attributable to searching for records responsive to a FOIA request and operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (c) Review of records. Only requestors who are seeking documents for commercial use may be charged for time spent reviewing records to determine whether they are exempt from mandatory disclosure. Charges may be assessed only for the initial review; i.e., the review undertaken the first time OA analyzes the applicability of a specific exemption to a particular record or portion of a record. Records or portions of records withheld in full under an exemption that is subsequently determined not to apply may be reviewed again to determine the applicability of other exemptions not previously considered. The costs for such a subsequent review are assessable. (d) Duplication of records. Records will be duplicated at a rate of $.15 per page. For copies prepared by computer such as tapes or printouts, OA shall charge the actual cost, including operator time, of production of the tape or printout. For other methods of reproduction or duplication, OA will charge the actual direct costs of producing the document(s). If OA estimates that duplication charges are likely to exceed $25.00, it shall notify the requestor of the estimated amount of fees, unless the requestor has indicated in advance his willingness to pay fees as high as those anticipated. Such a notice shall offer a requestor the opportunity to confer with agency personnel with the object of reformulating the request to meet his or her needs at a lower cost. (f) Remittances shall be in the form of a personal check or bank draft drawn on a bank in the United States, or a postal money order. Remittances shall be made payable to the order of the Treasury of the United States and mailed or delivered to the FOIA Officer, Office of Administration, 725 17th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20503. (h) Restrictions on assessing fees. With the exception of requestors seeking documents for a commercial use, OA will provide the first 100 pages of duplication and the first two hours of search time without charge. Moreover, OA will not charge fees to any requestor, including commercial use requestors, if the cost of collecting a fee would be equal to or greater than the fee itself. (1) The elements to be considered in determining whether the ``cost of collecting a fee'' are the administrative costs of receiving and recording a requestor's remittance, and processing the fee for deposit in the Treasury Department's special account. (2) For purposes of these restrictions on assessment of fees, the word ``pages'' refers to copies of ``8\1/2\ x 11'' or ``11 x 14.'' Thus, requestors are not entitled to 100 microfiche or 100 computer disks, for example. A microfiche containing the equivalent of 100 pages or 100 pages of computer printout does meet the terms of the restriction. (3) Similarly, the term ``search time'' in this context has as its basis, manual search. To apply this term to searches made by computer, OA will determine the hourly cost of operating the central processing unit and the operator's hourly salary plus 16 percent. When the cost of a search (including the operator time and the cost of operating the computer to process the request) equals the equivalent dollar amount of two hours of the salary of the person performing the search, i.e., the operator, OA will begin assessing charges for a computer search. Sec. 2502.13 Fees to be charged--categories of requestors. (a) Commercial use requestors. When OA receives a request for documents for commercial use, it will assess charges that recover the full direct costs of searching for, reviewing for release, and duplicating the record sought. Requestors must reasonably[[Page 391]]describe the records sought. Commercial use requestors are not entitled to two hours of free search time nor 100 free pages of reproduction of documents. OA may recover the cost of searching for and reviewing records even if there is ultimately no disclosure of records (see Sec. 2502.14). (b) Educational and non-commercial scientific institution requestors. OA shall provide documents to requestors in this category for the cost of reproduction alone, excluding charges for the first 100 pages. To be eligible for inclusion in this category, requestors must show that the request is being made as authorized by and under the auspices of a qualifying institution and that the records are not sought for a commercial use, but are sought in furtherance of scholarly if the request is from an education institution) or scientific (if the request is from a non-commercial scientific institution) research. Requestors must reasonably describe the records sought. (c) Requestors who are representatives of the news media. OA shall provide documents to requestors in this category for the cost of reproduction alone, excluding charges for the first 100 pages. To be eligible for inclusion in this category, a requestor must meet the criteria in Sec. 2502.11(j), and his or her request must not be made for commercial use. In reference to this class of requestors a request for records supporting the news dissemination function of the requestor shall not be considered to be a request that is for a commercial use. Requestors must reasonably describe the records sought. (d) All other requestors. OA shall charge requestors who do not fit into any of the categories above fees that recover the full, reasonable, direct cost of searching for and reproducing the records that are responsive to the request, except that the first 100 pages and the first two hours of search time shall be furnished without charge. Moreover, requests for records about the requestors filed in OA's system of records will continue to be treated under the fee provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974 which permit fees only for reproduction. Requestors must reasonably describe the records sought. Sec. 2502.14 Miscellaneous fee provisions. (a) Charging interest--notice and rate. OA may begin assessing interest on an unpaid bill starting on the 31st day of the month following the date on which billing was sent. The fact that the fee has been received by OA within the thirty day grace period, even if not processed, will suffice to stay the accrual of interest. Interest will be at the rate prescribed in section 3717 of title 31 of the United States Code and will accrue from the date of billing. (b) Charges for an unsuccessful search. OA may assess charges for time spent searching, even if it fails to locate the records or if records located are determined to be exempt from disclosure. If OA estimates that search charges are likely to exceed $25.00, it shall notify the requestor of the estimated amount of fees, unless the requestor has indicated in advance his willingness to pay fees as high as those anticipated. Such a notice shall offer the requestor the opportunity to confer with agency personnel with the object of reformulating the request to meet his or her needs at a lower cost. (c) Aggregation results. A requestor may not file multiple requests at the same time, each seeking portions of a document or documents solely in order to avoid payment of fees. When OA reasonably believes that a requestor, or on rare occasions, a group of requestors acting in concert is attempting to break a request down into a series of requests for the purpose of evading the assessment of fees, OA may aggregate any such request and charge accordingly. One element to be considered in determining whether a belief would be reasonable is the time period over which the requests have occurred. (2) A requestor has previously failed to pay a fee charged in a timely fashion (i.e., within thirty days of the date of the billing). OA may require the requestor to pay the full amount owed plus any applicable interest as provided above or demonstate that he or she has in fact paid the fee, and to make an advance payment of the full amount of the estimated fee before the agency begins to process a new request, or a pending request from that requestor. When OA acts under paragraph (d) (1) or (2) of this section, the administrative time limits prescribed in the FOIA, 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(6) (i.e., ten working days from receipt of initial request and 20 working days from receipt of appeals from initial denial, plus permissible extensions of these time limits) will begin only after OA has received fee payments described above. (e) Effect of the Debt Collection Act of 1982 (Pub. L. 97-365). OA should comply with the provisions of the Debt Collection Act, including disclosure to consumer reporting agencies and use of collection agencies, where appropriate, to encourage repayment. Sec. 2502.15 Waiver or reduction of charges. Fees otherwise chargeable in connection with a request for disclosure of a record shall be waived or reduced where it is determined that disclosure is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the Government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requestor. Sec. 2502.16 Information to be disclosed. (a) In general, all records of the Office of Administration are available to the public, as required by the Freedom of Information Act. However, the Office claims the right, where it is applicable, to withhold material under the provisions specified in the Freedom of Information Act as amended (5 U.S.C. 552(b)). (b) Records from Non-U.S. Government Source. (1) Upon receipt of a request for a record that was obtained from a non-U.S. Government source, or for a record containing information clearly identified as having been provided by a non-U.S. Government source, including a contract proposal or contract material, the Office will contact the source of the requested record or information requesting advice as to whether release of the record would adversely affect the source's competitive position or invade anyone's privacy. Subsequent to receipt of such advice, the Office will independently examine the requested document and will notify the requester of the final decision. (2) OA personnel will generally consider two exemptions in the FOIA in deciding whether to withhold from disclosure material from a non-U.S. Government source. Exemption 4 permits withholding of ``trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential.'' Exemption 6 permits withholding certain information, the disclosure of which ``would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.'' The source whose material has been requested will be asked to supply convincing justification for any material it wishes withheld under the Act, in accordance with the following general guidelines. (i) For consideration under exemption 4, the supplier of the record or information should identify material that would be likely to cause substantial harm to its present or future competitive position if it were released. If a contractor, the provider should assume that the material will be released to a competitor, even if that is not always the case. A contractor must provide detailed information on why release would be harmful, e.g., the general custom or usage in the business; the number and situation of the persons who have access to the information; the type and degree of risk of financial injury that release would cause; and the length of time the information will need to be kept confidential. (A) In this respect, the Office of Administration will--as a general rule--look favorably upon recommendations for withholding information about[[Page 393]]ideas, methods, and processes that are unique; about equipment, materials, or systems that are potentially patentable; or about a unique use of equipment which is specifically outlined. (B) OA will not withhold information that is known through custom or usage in the relevant trade, business, or profession, or information that is generally known to any reasonably educated person. Self-evident statements or reviews of the general state of the art will not ordinarily be withheld. (C) OA will withhold all cost data submitted except the total estimated cost for each year of the contract. Where appropriate, OA will release unit pricing data except where that information would disclose confidential information such as profit margins. It will release these total estimated costs and ordinarily release explanatory material and headings associated with the cost data, withholding only the figures themselves. If a contractor believes some of the explanatory material should be withheld, that material must be identified and a justification be presented as to why it should not be released. (ii) Exemption 6 is not a blanket exemption for all personal information. The Office will balance the need to keep a person's private affairs from unnecessary public scrutiny with protection of the public's right to information on Government records. (A) As a general practice, the Office will release information about any person named in a contract itself or about any person who signed a contract as well as information given in a proposal about any officer of a corporation submitting that proposal. Except for names and other identifying details, the Office usually releases all information in resumes concerning employees, including education and experience. Efforts will be made to identify information that should be deleted and offerors are urged to point out such material for guidance. Any information in the proposal which might constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy if released should be identified and a justification for non-release provided in order to receive proper consideration. (B) The Office can protect the names of and identifying details about other staff members who are described in a contract proposal if it is clear that identification of these employees would assist competitors in raiding and hiring them away. In this regard, names and other identifying details could be protected under Exemption 4 (harmful to competitive position) and also under Exemption 6 (it would be an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy to release them). In such a case, the Office would withhold names, home addresses, salaries, telephone numbers, social security numbers, marital status and, if these served to identify them, perhaps some details about past employment or professional activities of these persons. (a) 5 U.S.C. 552 exempts from all of its publication and disclosure requirements nine categories of records which are described in 552(b). These categories include such matters as national defense and foreign policy information, investigatory files, internal procedures and communications, materials exempted from disclosure by other statutes, information given in confidence and matters involving personal privacy. (b) Executive Order 12028 (December 4, 1977) provides that the Office of Administration shall upon request, assist the White House office in performing its role of providing those administrative services which are primarily in direct support of the President. Due to this role of providing direct support of the President, members of the public should presume that communications between the Director of the Office of Administration and the President (and their staffs) are confidential or ordinarily will not be released; they will usually fall, at a minimum, within Exemption 5 of the Act. public except as provided by 5 CFR part 2504. Sec. 2502.18 Deletion of exempted information. Where requested records contain matters which are exempted under 5 U.S.C. 552(b) but which matters are reasonably segregable from the remainder of the records, they shall be disclosed by the Office with deletions. To each such record, the Office shall attach a written justification for making deletions. A single such justification shall suffice for deletions made in a group of similar or related records. The General Counsel or his or her designee shall annually on or before March 1, submit a Freedom of Information report covering the preceding calendar year to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and President of the Senate. The report shall include those matters required by 5 U.S.C. 552(d). Sec. 2502.30 Purpose and scope. (c) Any information or material acquired by any person while such person as an employee of the Office of Administration as a part of the performance of his official duties or because of his official status. Sec. 2502.31 Production prohibited unless approved by the Deputy Director. No employee or former employee of the Office of Administration shall, in response to a demand of a court or other authority, produce any material contained in the files of the Office of Administration or disclose any information or produce any material acquired as part of the performance of his official status without the prior approval of the Deputy Director. Sec. 2502.32 Procedure in the event of a demand for disclosure. (a) Whenever a demand is made upon an employee or former employee of the Office of Administration for the production of material or the disclosure of information described in Sec. 2502.31, he shall immediately notify the Deputy Director. If possible, the Deputy Director shall be notified before the employee or former employee concerned replies to or appears before the court or other authority. (b) If response to the demand is required before instructions from the Deputy Director are received, an attorney designated for that purpose by the Office of Administration shall appear with the employee or former employee upon whom the demand has been made, and shall furnish the court or other authority with a copy of the regulations contained in this part and inform the court or other authority that the demand has been or is being, as the case may be, referred for prompt consideration by the Deputy Director. The court or other authority shall be requested respectfully to stay the demand pending receipt of the requested instructions from the Deputy Director. Sec. 2502.33 Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling. Director, or if the court or other authority rules that the demand must be complied with irrespective of the instructions from the Deputy Director not to produce the material or disclose the information sought, the employee or former employee upon whom the demand has been made shall respectfully decline to comply with the demand. (United States ex rel. Touhy v. Ragen, 340 U.S. 462 (1951)).

2019-04-26T10:03:17Z

https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/EOP/html/other/foia/title5.html

It’s been a long time since we’ve done one of these posts, so let’s review. We talk a lot here. In fact, we do like 99% of the talking . And technically, I guess it’s “writing” and not “talking.” Then again, you probably hear us in your head with whatever voices you’ve imagined for us while you read our site. Joanna probably sounds like Julia Roberts, I probably sound like Michael Cera. Whatever. Point being, we love to hear more about you out there on your computer machines. It helps remind us where you’re at in life, what makes you tick, and how cool (almost) all of you are. But really quick before we jump into the Q&A’s, here are a few other ways we love to stay in touch and hear from more of you. Follow Joanna on Instagram (lots o’ Sally, NYC, and me running away from shots), like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter. And we’re kicking off a super secret email list where a few times a month, we’ll show up in your email inbox with budgeting tips, knock-knock jokes, and other stuff you won’t read here. So if you’re into that sorta thing, join our secret email list. A friend wants a TV show to binge-watch. What’s your recommendation? What song/audio/sounds you got on repeat? What financial achievement from 2014 are you most proud of? Choose one to play for the rest of your life: Oregon Trail or Sim City. Why are you here (OFB.com)? We’re going to talk a little bit more and tell you our answers, and then we’ll shut up. Promise. Breaking Bad. House of Cards. Reading Rainbow. In that order. A little The Head and the Heart, but mostly the StartUp podcast. So good. Saving 50% of our net income. And not blowing it on LEGOs. Oregon Trail always makes me feel guilty. Being unknowingly frugal at an early age, I would play and buy the bare minimum amount of supplies, force my family to eat sparingly, hunt buffalo all day and night, and would always choose to just float my wagon and family across the river instead of paying some river expert to get us across safely. And by safely I mean killing half my family. I’ll do without the guilt trips and get my god complex on with Sim City. I’m here, at 1 am, because I didn’t get started on this post earlier tonight. Because football. But I’m mostly here because I dig talking money stuff. Johnny and I both love New Girl. It’s the only sitcom we’ve ever both loved. We have seen every single episode of this show, and we still can’t get enough. Oh, music. I used to listen to listen to you. No time no mo. My favorite audio book this last year was What Alice Forgot. And men, this is strictly chick lit, so I don’t recommend it to you. Going into FAO Schwarz over the holidays and not buying Sally a single item in the store. She wanted it ALL. For some reason, members of my wagon party dying of diphtheria is way less stressful than a tornado destroying one of my neighborhoods, so I’m gonna say Oregon Trail. In case you didn’t know, OFB kinda started out as Johnny’s hobby that I was reluctantly helping with. But I really love writing and reading on this site and interacting with so many cool peeps. This is all your fault… just remember that. This concludes all Johnny/Joanna talking. Now talk to us! 1. Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee – light, quick, and funny. 2. Not much of an audiophile these days. Current audio-book: the Camel Club. 3. Paying off our non-mortgage debt. 4. Sim City – had a hack code when I was younger for essentially unlimited money! Made it so much more fun. Haha, you and I are the same. The unlimited money code is what I lived and died by when I played Sim City. I didn’t have the patience otherwise. Johnny sees this as a cardinal sin, so I’m glad I’m not the only one. Uptown Funk. I can’t stop listening to it! I know this is really weird, but taking out a student loan. It’s for the 1 year master’s I just finished abroad. I was lucky enough to have a lot of grants and scholarships for my undergrad, and my parents took care of what was left. I also bought my car second-hand. While I certainly am thankful and count my blessings, I’ve been struggling to build my credit because of it. So, the smaller student loan (well, its still about $20k but much less than most!) coming at a time when I can actually pay it off more quickly will definitely help the future. Oregon Trail all the way. Sim City just never appealed to me. Maybe the design aspect? I came here to learn about budgeting from people my own age (I’m sure David Ramsey is great but he’s generally talking to people in a different stage of life and it’s harder for me to relate). Also– photos of Sally. She’s just so freaking cute with her little chin dimple and all. Just started watching Mindy Project and we’re both thoroughly entertained! Not all debt has to be bad debt, and it sounds like you’ve figured that out with your student loan, so kudos on that. And thanks for taking a chance on us weirdos. Awesome on the condo down payment. It’s still TBD whether we can make it work budget-wise in this crazy place called NYC, but we’re gonna give it the best we’ve got! 2. Anything 80’s! Current song would have to be Uptown Funk though! 3. Actually saving money and clearing my credit card! 5. Love love love the blog! It’s just that good! Great to hear everyone’s perspective on things and love being inspired to carry on trying to be an amazeballs saver!! Johnny and I had TOTALLY different upbringings, but we both played those games! They’re an American childhood staple for our generation. I keep hearing great things about The Wire… Johnny and I need to get on that! 1. I rarely watch any adult tv, our tv is almost always tuned to disney jr…no recommendation. 2. Need You Now – Plumb. Heard it a week ago for the first time and can’t stop listening. 3. Sold our house in Feb and moved (our family of 4) in with my parents to save money while finding a new home, which took 8 months. Found a wonderful home for a great price! 4. Never played either, that I remember. So boring. 5. Love hearing your perspective on all things personal finance. So inspiring. Oh man.. that’s gonna be our house someday soon, I’m sure. Already Curious George is on more than it should be. And congrats on the new home! How exciting! 2. I heard this song by The Wind and The Wave on a show on E! and I downloaded their whole album and am obsessed. 3. My husband and I got married this year and we paid for it all ourselves. We both had credit card debt beforehand, and while we didn’t make progress paying it off at all during the past year, we did manage to keep it from going up. 2015 is the year of repayment! 4. This is tough! Oregon Trail! All the memories! Honestly, though, I have to say Sim City. I used to have one family that I used the money hack for – and I bought every single thing I wanted and decorated the house to the nines – and then I had another family that I had work for it for the “real game experience”. Best of both worlds! 5. I forget how I stumbled across you guys – but I think your PF blog is one of the best out there. Lots of other ones are so technical in nature – you guys share your real lives and weave personal finance into it. Its so much more relatable than reading the same old dry, informational post about interest rates or whatever. Also, love the humor you guys sprinkle throughout! The next time Johnny and I have a long weekend or time off (might not be until April!), we’ll have to binge on True Detective… seems to be a major favorite for everyone we talk to! I’m dying laughing at your Sims comment. I would do the exact same thing! I felt I could justify my money hacking that way haha. Amazing. A friend wants a TV show to binge-watch. What’s your recommendation? Walking Dead and The Profit. What song/audio/sounds you got on repeat? Anything my kids are listening to, probably Meghan Trainer and Ariana Grande. What financial achievement from 2014 are you most proud of? Actually taking a real vacation! First one with our kids. Oldest is 14. Went to San Francisco and spent 8 days traveling back down to LA. Only have ever taken long weekend trips. The joys of being a small business owner. Choose one to play for the rest of your life: Oregon Trail or Sim City.haven’t really played either, but am aware of both. Probably Oregon Trail because I like 1800’s history. Why are you here (OFB.com)? Love all three almost 4! of you. +1 for The Profit. Love that show. We’ve added it to our “must-watch” list! Oh man, that is an achievement! Way to go. That sounds like a super cool trip. We have failed at that one for a few years, but it’s on my to-do list for next year! 1. Newsroom, Parenthood, Gilmore Girls. 2. This American Life and more recently Serial. 3. Um, not taking out a new loan? I know, lame sauce. I feel ya… If I didn’t have to share my TV with Johnny, I would have shows like Parenthood and Gilmore Girls on at all times! 1) Haven – I love Sci-fi, and my guilty pleasure would be Hart of Dixie. 3) Finally got the husband on board with savings and the concept of retiring early. 4) Sim City, hands down. Guilty pleasure shows are the best. I have too many to count. And Johnny wooed me with Damien Rice music when we were dating… I’d play one of his songs on the piano, and we’d sing it together… good times! 2. Lately music is all about Ed Sheeran. And I’m constantly pondering the podcast thing, I just can’t get aboard. 3. Hitting my savings goals so I can begin the debt repayment journey but yet have a cushion incase my job decides to relocate this year. 4. Oregon Trail. I loved seeing who of my family/friends was the strongest. Because a computer game can totally tell. 5. I’m here because I have so much to learn and you have taught me using a vocabulary I can understand with examples that I can relate to my own life. Too true. I love watching shows that make me feel good about myself! And your Oregon Trail comment cracked me up… I remember doing that, too! 1 – A friend wants a TV show to binge-watch. What’s your recommendation? Friends, obviously. But then again, there might not be anybody who hasn’t seen it at this point. I also recommend Luther, Sherlock, Broadchurch and Doctor Who. I’m a Brit living in Atlanta, so I need to get my British TV fix. 2 – What song/audio/sounds you got on repeat? At almost 40 yrs old, it’s hard for me to say this, but Blank Space by Taylor Swift. That young lady has totally mastered the art of the perfect pop song. 3 – What financial achievement from 2014 are you most proud of? This is a holdover from 2013, but living on one income and not going broke during a period of unexpected unemployment for me after our move to Atlanta. I now have a job, and it’s been surprisingly hard to readjust to a dual income. I maybe got a little spend crazy when we had extra money again. 2015 is our year to reign it back in. 4 – Choose one to play for the rest of your life: Oregon Trail or Sim City. I’m not a gamer, and have never played either one. Computers just weren’t a thing when I was growing up in England. That makes me sound really old, but we were just a little behind the curve when it came to computer games in the UK. 5 – Why are you here (OFB.com)? For real world inspiration on how to manage money and to live vicariously through you now you are in NYC. I always wanted to live there. Also, babies. Multiple friends have recommended Sherlock to me… I need to get on that STAT! And seriously, I want to have this baby just so I can listen to Taylor Swift’s new album while running haha. I felt the same way when Johnny was laid off in 2013 and then got a new job. We’d been on a spending freeze for a few months, and I wanted to just buy, buy, buy! So totally understand that feeling! Here’s to 2015! 3. Getting Home Budget (recommended by OFB) and then using it! Glad you like HomeBudget! It works for us, so I’m happy other people are having it work for them, too. Man, I just want a long weekend to sit in my pajamas, eat chocolate, crochet, and watch all of Gilmore Girls. Is that really so much to ask?! 1. My favorite TV show has always been House. In fact, I was just watching a couple re-runs of it last night. So I’d definitely have to recommend this one. 2. My sister-in-law was playing T-Swift’s latest CD in her car last weekend and now it’s stuck in my head. :/ Shake it off, boo, shake it off. 3. This sounds so bad….but surviving. My husband and I made a sudden move and then he spent almost two months without any income. Being at the beginning of our savings journey made all of that really hard, and I’m just proud of us for powering through and getting back to where we started by the end of the year. House is a good one. We were obsessed with that show as newlyweds. I resisted it for as long as I could, but I think Taylor has us all hooked. And way to go for getting through that tough move last year. Those moments are the ones that ultimately make you stronger as a couple and financially. They’re not fun in the moment, but definitely strengthening in the long run! It makes us happy to have like-minded couples on here, too! 2. Veggie Tales. Not by choice, obviously. If I had my choice, we’d be jammin’ to the new Blake Shelton CD I got for Christmas but have not listened to yet. 3. My husband is in grad school and when we had our daughter, we had to take out a student loan to help cover expenses. Last semester, we took out less than half of what we had the previous two years. We did have to use some of the money last semester, but we do not think we will need it this semester and we may even be able to take out $0 in loans for this coming school year (his last)! 4. Sim City. I do not want to die of dysentery every again. 5. I love reading your blog because we are similar stages of life and have similar goals. I really appreciate the real-world, real-life advice! I do our family’s finances (my husband does help, but it is just not his strength!) and I know very little, so I am always looking for the best ways to use our money! Love the site!!! Sally hasn’t yet discovered Veggie Tales music, but I bet she’d be a big, big fan… oh the things we do for our children! And awesome job on powering through your husband’s schooling and minimizing your need for loans. Very cool. It’s a big motivation to us to have other young families like us reading and having the same goals we have. We’re glad you’re here! My mother bought a Silly Songs with Larry CD for our daughter. I worked Christian retail for a while and learned a lot of the songs through our kids’ department. So, I happily popped in the CD on the way to daycare one day and seriously… we have listened to it EVERY DAY since. Before we even get in the car, she’s saying “Veggie Tales! Veggie Tales!”! Maleah’s favorite song right now is “Monkey” – pull it up on YouTube for Sally! It is seriously catchy! Before Veggie Tales, though, we were hooked on “Taylor Fift”. 1) Lost. Watching it on DVD was the only way I could watch it because the suspense was too much. Waiting a week would have made me crazy. 2) Taylor Swift…guilty pleasure. Her lyrics are written so well; it’s like poetry. 3) Um…nothing comes to mind. Sad. 4) Oregon Trail all day long! FORD THE RIVER! 5) I like your realistic approach to finances. It makes sense and is encouraging. Thank you! Oh man… to this day, I’ve never watched a more suspenseful show than Lost. I think I started biting my nails again when we watched that show. All these Oregon Trail references are wanting me to play right this second… I need to ford the river RIGHT NOW! 2. I can’t stop listening to Alana Henderson, she showed up in a Spotify playlist and she only has like four songs on her single (Wax and Wane) and I listen to it over and over. Also, Welcome to Nightvale every couple weeks, and also there was a radio play of one of my favorite books, Good Omens, that came out around Christmas and I’ve listened to several times through now because it’s only free until 1/22 and then I’d have to buy it. 3. I’m most proud that we got out of my parents basement! I’ve lived there for eight years with my daughter while going back to school (and working). Mostly because of the new better paid position at work thanks to my degree. A little bit because my long-time boyfriend moved in with us, but I did the math and could still have afforded a place of my own, I just get to live in a NICER place thanks to his contribution (clearly, learning to think in terms of OUR money rather than my money/your money is a goal for the year ahead). 4. Sim City. I like when Godzilla attacks although that rarely happens. Wait, we’re talking original Sim City, right? Not the fancy later editions? 5. I’ve been following for a few months now, because it keeps me motivated reading about other people’s budgeting and financial goals, and it gives me good ideas, and as some one else said it’s really helpful to hear it from people at a more similar stage in life as me than some of the other sources I enjoy. I need to look into Alana Henderson… I’m a total girl singer junkie at heart, and her music sounds like it’s right up my alley. Awesome 2014 accomplishment… there isn’t a better feeling than being in your own space again! 3) We were able to pay for the entire year of preshcool for my daughter up front and finish our basement with only a small loan. 4) I guess Oregon Trail, but I’d rather not play either. 5) To learn how others manage their budget and inspire me to make tweeks to my own. And this year, how to pay off a loan quickly! My So-Called Life! I watched it for the first time a few years ago, and I couldn’t get enough. Way to go on paying for preschool up front! We’re looking into preschools right now, and I’m trying to wrap my brain around what it’s gonna do to our budget! 1) The Bachelor/Bachelorette. I love reality TV! 2) Taylor Swift, she’s just so great! Plus, she’s my age so- totally age appropriate, right? 3) Proud that we put my husband through his Bachelor’s degree without any student debt! 4) What are Sim City & Oregon Trail? 5) Your personalities intrigue me, I love Sally posts (she’s a doll), and I like your take on budgeting! 3. That’s a huge accomplishment. Congrats! 4. Terri. You have missed out on so much. You now have homework: go here (https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_msdos_games) and play Oregon Trail and Sim City. 1. Grey’s Anatomy. No shame. 3. Beginning to budget. Finally putting my foot down and not letting my debt get any higher. I’ve got at least a couple years to go before it’s paid off. 4. Oregon Trail, I suppose, because I liked shooting the squirrels. But if it were an option, I’d say the Sims instead, because I like to turn off their free will and create the perfect lives. It’s a good outlet. 5. I looked for personal finance blogs to help keep me motivated, and this one seemed the most accessible and entertaining. Thanks! 3. You’ll have one less year of payoff after 2015! Make it happen. 4. Without the hunting side-game in Oregon Trail, it was just a bunch of people slowly starving to death and drowning. I loved hunting. Shake It Off… My almost 3 yr old is obsessed. Also just started Serial. Buying our second, probably forever, home. Oregon Trail, mostly bc I only vaguely remember what Sim City was all about. Personal finance is oddly exciting to me, and you guys write with such personality. We are probably about the same age and in similar points of life as well, so I can relate you both easily. 2. Sally is a big fan, too. Of “Shake it Off” that is. She hasn’t really taken to Serial yet. 3. Mannnn, so jealous! I mean, we’re happy doing what we’re doing, but super envious that you think you’ve found “it.” Congrats. 2. I found a “Classical Music for Sleep” playlist on Spotify that I listen to almost every night as I go to sleep. However, last night as I was just starting to doze off, some loud inappropriate rap song came on in the middle of my playlist and it really scared me. 5.I get really excited about budgeting, and my husband doesn’t get as giddy and excited about it as me… so I come here! 2. Hahah. I used to listen to the Gladiator score to study because if I accidentally started drifting asleep the loud war parts would scare the crap out of my dozing. 3. Congrats! You did work in 2014! 1. My husband and I are obsessed with Big Bang Theory. We bought all of the seasons and watched them together. And now that we have caught up we feel like we have lost our friends. It was a big part of our evening. I also highly recommend both Sister Wives and 90 Day Fiance. I have no reasoning for this other than pure fascination. 2. T-Swift. And sometimes the How To Train Your Dragon 2 soundtrack. 3. Applying for our first credit card. We debated for a long time and decided to take the plunge. 4. I am an Oregon Trail lover. Plus, I have never actually made it to my destination, but one day I will. It’s happening. 5. I like silently picking peoples financially-minded brains and the topics you cover are things I like to read and learn from. 1. We’ve watched most of Sister Wives for the fascination factor. Not proud of it, but it feels to get it off my chest. 3. Glad to hear it’s something you debated. Those types of decisions shouldn’t come easy. And you’ll be better off and use it more responsibly as a result. 2. “Farewell” by Bob Dylan – Did I mention I’m old school? 3. Not sure this is really a “financial” achievement, but I drove under 700 miles in 2014 – which really kept the gas bill down! 5. I’m here ’cause I like your perspective – which is different from my own – plus you make me laugh. 2. Old school and into the deeep cuts. Thumbs up. 3. That’s awesome. We’re hoping to join your club in 2015, granted it’s probably a lot easier for us in NYC than CO. 1. White Collar, Suits, Parenthood. 2. I’ve always been a whatever is on the radio person. 3. Staying on a strict budget and saving approximately 65% of my income. 4.Oregon Trail, because those memories of sharing a big arm chair and playing with my sister. 1. All I know about Parenthood is every time I walked in on Joanna watching it she was crying. So there’s that. 1. pretty little liars. guilty pleasure. I may be way too old to still be watching this show, but I got hooked during my maternity leave with my first daughter. once you start you cant stop! 2. old brand new cds. once again, I am probably way too old to still be listening to hipster emo. 3. saving most of my tax return money! still have about 2k of it left and about to get this years!! woot! 4. can it be the sims? cause I definitely spent way too many nights playing that when I was younger. this post is becoming nostalgic. 5. I enjoy you guys’ honest and refreshing viewpoints on budgeting, and I feel your blog has different information than the 2348932 other budgeting blogs you can find on pinterest. also, I am due april 7.. hey Joanna ready for the third trimester?? 4. High five on The Sims. Joanna and I spent one of our first few dates diving deep into our Sims strategies. We should have known we were in trouble then. 1. House of Cards, Orange is the New Black, Newsroom, HIMYM, Modern Family. 2. Taylor Swift. Deep down I’m 12, and I don’t care who knows it. 3. Not blowing our wedding budget! 5. Waiting for LeVar Burton to show up. In the meantime I like the balanced perspective and humor you two bring to things as a couple, plus those adorable Sally pics aren’t too shabby. 3. Congrats again on the wedding AND the budget! Sounds like a great 2014. 5. Hahaha. I’m telling you, the day he stops by and/or retweets us, I’ll pull the plug. There really won’t be anything else to achieve at that point. 3. Having an emergency fund ready to use when I had some big/unexpected expenses come up at the end of the year (you know, like car repairs after I hit an ottoman on the expressway…). Next step: rebuild said emergency fund! 5. Great, relatable financial advice! 3. WHAT?! I guess I need be more careful for stray ottomans on the road. So lame that happened. But awesome job having that E-fund all ready to go. 1. New Girl! How have we not talked about this?? Klane hasn’t watched it but I LOVE IT. It’s one of the only shows that consistently makes me legitimately laugh out loud. 2. Taylor Swift. Don’t judge me. Okay, judge me. I can’t stop. 4. Sim city. But actually roller coaster tycoon. 5. Because I like you guys. Plus also I think you’re pretty smart and you’re teaching me stuff. 1. Tell Klane it’s Johnny-approved. Not that that means anything, but there are more than our share of bro-jokes to make it well worth the 23 minutes. A friend wants a TV show to binge-watch. What’s your recommendation?: Depends on the friend. Girly-girl friend who doesn’t want to use brain? SATC or Gilmore Girls, Nostalgic friend? Boy meets world. Intellectual friend? The Newsroom. What song/audio/sounds you got on repeat? We listen to satellite radio, so it varies. What financial achievement from 2014 are you most proud of? Paying off 20k worth of principal debt and increasing my income. Why are you here (OFB.com)? Wanted to see new site design (LOVE it :))…and I’m procrastinating. Your nostalgic friend is in for the ride of their life — Boy Meets World is the bomb.com! 1) Buffy the Vampire Slayer. So old! So good! 2) Janelle Monae. And a lot of Pentatonix and Gregory Porter to keep my three year old happy. 3) Saving all of my babysitting money instead of blowing it on almond croissants and cute boots. 4) Oregon Trail, but I never played SimCity. We had SimEarth, in which you were in charge of an entire planet. My little brother used to see how quickly he could destroy the world. 5) Why am I here? I think it boils down to me still needing someone to tell me to go to bed. I mean, this is ridiculous. Buffy! Before I started working from home, Buffy provided me with hours and hours of entertainment at my first job out of college. I will forever be indebted to that show for saving me from a boredom-induced death. You and Johnny both on the the going to bed thing! I have to force him to go to bed every. single. night. If there were a Night Owls Anonymous, I’d sign him up. 5. I just appreciate your posts. Well done on paying off your student loan. That is quite the 2014 accomplishment! 1. Homeland, Luther, House of Lies, House of Cards & Parenthood. 2. I, too, love The Head and The Heart (so great live!), Bleachers, The National, Ray Lamontagne, Jose Gonzalez, City and Colour. 3. Used our savings reserved for a down-payment and bought our first home- in our favorite school district, for our 9 year old! 5. Learn how to spend and save better… much better, than we have in the past! You just named all of Johnny’s favorite musicians, not even kidding. Very cool on the first home! I can’t imagine the day when we’re settled enough to actually put our savings toward a down payment, but boy do I look forward to it! 4. I love both games so much… I guess I would pick Sim City (especially Sim City 2000). Fun Fact… archive.org now has Oregon Trail online and my wife has been playing that pretty much non-stop. Very cool on the Dependent Care FSA… I MIGHT have had to look up what it was. We’re looking to put Sally in some part-time care before long, so it’s good to know those exist! WHY did you tell me that Oregon Trail is online? I can never go to that site. Ever. Okay, going right now. Hello my name is Jen. 1. Psych. Funny, lighthearted awesomeness that I can’t get enough of. 2. Currently, the soundtrack for the Musical Spamalot, because my husband and I are in the local community theater’s version of it this month. 3. Getting married without going into debt, and paying off all of our private debt in six months. 4. Oregon Trail, mostly because I feel I can actually WIN it. 5. To keep me financially motivated! Hi Jen! Wow, what a year for you guys! A debt-free wedding and paying off your private debt? Very awesome. And congrats on getting married! 3) Keeping afloat during my second maternity leave to occur during my husband’s schooling and his new not-yet-successful job hunting… And by “afloat” I mean not going further into debt. Super excited to get back to debt-free (aside from mortgage) soon, and then chase that mortgage-free dream. 4) Sim City. I rocked at that game (definitely utilizing the money cheat!!). Oregon Trail stressed me out to the max. Plus I have an unhealthy addiction to anything that resembles a management game… too many hours of my childhood went to Roller Coaster Tycoon, Lemonade Tycoon, Sim Tower, Sim City, Sim Zoo, The Sims…. 5) I’m here because we’re really trying to keep our financial goals in mind while we slog through the tough stuff and hopefully we’ll really gain some good ground when we start having more income again… I love your humour and easily applicable tips. I feel about music the way you do about TV shows… I never listen to anything anymore! I’ll have to look up your recommendations the next time I’m on Spotify. Keeping afloat is 1000x times better than drowning, and it will make your transition to more income in the near future that much more enjoyable. Well done, and here’s to being more than afloat in 2015! 2. I have podcasts playing all day long at work. Really loved Serial and been listening to Too Beautiful To Live for about 5 years now. It’s just too guys talking about their day and life in general but for some reason so much fun. 3. Paying off all store credit cards before we had our little one in May. Paying off all our doctor bills by the end of the year. 4. Sim City. There is just so much more you can do! 5. We want a house, we want another baby, we want to be debt free. Both of you have helped me significantly in understanding budgeting and how to get started so thank you. Also love the HomeBudget app! Crazy how having a kid helps to financially motivate us, right? It sounds like you guys are on a great path, so good work. I’ll have to look into the Too Beautiful to Live podcast… it sounds like it’d be right up my alley! 1. A friend wants a TV show to binge-watch. What’s your recommendation? – 99% of the time when this happens we watch Friends. We have probably seen the whole series through 5 times now. 2. What song/audio/sounds you got on repeat? – Queens of the Stone Age radio on Pandora. It’s got Black Keys, Arctic Monkeys, The Strokes, QOTSA (obviously), and many more tunes that are good for passing the boring work day. 3. What financial achievement from 2014 are you most proud of? – The fact that I found your blog (and a couple others) and decided to actually take control of my debt and pay that crap off. Not to say I wasn’t paying it before…but I wouldn’t have been able to make myself pay off 2 car loans in 10 months without the push from personal finance blogs. Thanks, by the way. 4. Choose one to play for the rest of your life: Oregon Trail or Sim City. – Sim City, only because I haven’t ever played Oregon Trail. I’m terrible at Sim City, though. That’d be a pretty terrible rest of my life. 5. Why are you here (OFB.com)? – I stumbled upon the site initially while killing time at work. I’m a financial program coordinator for a non-profit organization. I occasionally (almost every single day) have some time to kill. I figured I would look up some money type success stories…and there you were. Well, we’re glad you’re here! Way to go on paying down those car loans so quickly! Very cool. And agreed… Friends never gets old. It will forever be an oldie but goodie. A friend wants a TV show to binge-watch. What’s your recommendation? Peaky Blinders on Netflix. I love me some Cillian Murphy. What song/audio/sounds you got on repeat? “Desperation” by 1st Vows – really good! What financial achievement from 2014 are you most proud of? My husband and I bought our first home! We live in an expensive area (Fairfield Cty, CT) so it took longer to save a down payment than I would have liked but I’m glad we’re finally in! Choose one to play for the rest of your life: Oregon Trail or Sim City. Sim City! Why are you here (OFB.com)? I have always been a budgeter, but now that I am a home owner I’m trying to cut costs wherever I can to put extra money toward our mortgage to pay it off as early as possible. You guys provide great tips in budgeting! Yay! Homeownership is definitely something to get excited about! I’ll live through all of you who have taken the plunge until Johnny and I actually go for it, too. I’ve never heard of Peaky Blinders… I’ll have to look it up! 1.) Firefly, The Dresden Files, and Arrested Development. 2.) 2002 Believe, 2002 Across an Ocean of Dreams. 2 new age albums that will put you in a very chilled out mellow place. 3.) 2014 was my final push to retire my debt, I am debt free as of yesterday (house and everything as Dave would say) . $140K in 6 years, 3 months on about $65K income. 4.) Sim City…but the old old one. I wonder if that even runs on Windows? 5.) Saw your story Dave vs. Suze. I watch both, too. I followed Dave’s advice, but kept the credit cards and FICO score. I know, I know. I have no idea why I still have those stupid things. Whoa!! Super congrats to you! That is quite the achievement. Very, very, very cool. We kept the credit cards, too! Ain’t no shame in that, especially after what you’ve accomplished! Its not Dave Ramsey or Suze Orman, but they are relevant for folks like us. My biggest beef with the show is they don’t dig into the numbers. The more current episodes are better than the older ones. No, we haven’t heard of that show, but it looks like it would be right up our alley! We’ll have to check it out this weekend. We love seeing real-world money situations and how other people are handling them. Thanks for sharing! 2.) Shake It Off by Taylor Swift. I realize that, at almost 40, I’m not her target demographic, but that song gets me off the couch to dance around the house every time. 3.) Moving to another country without going into debt. 4.) I’ve never played Sim City but I’m a huge fan of The Sims so I’m going to go with that. 5.) Found you while Googling articles on people who budget but still use their credit cards. We’re of the idea that credit is good when used responsibly but so many people refuse to see any positives in them. I wanted experiences from people who can handle using them and still keep to a regular budget, in the same way as the cash only budgeters do. Agreed… The perfect TV show is one that makes me laugh but doesn’t take much time. We’re currently hooked on Parks and Rec. No shame in loving Taylor… I swear it’s on repeat in our house most nights because we all love to dance to it. Completely forgot about Parks and Rec! Just recently started catching a few episodes and I’m definitely thinking about starting at the beginning of the series. It’s my go-to show for decompressing and getting some stress off my chest! I don’t know about you, but I need a good laugh every night once the day is done!

2019-04-19T18:26:33Z

http://www.ourfreakingbudget.com/about-you-11/

When most American families have cut up their credit cards and tightened their spending habits, Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) voted to raise the nations’ debt ceiling to $14.3 trillion. At last night’s State of the Union speech, President Obama called for a spending freeze (albeit it will take place next year after the dicey elections in November) the administration is seeking repentance after they increased spending in budgets this year by double digits. Another component the President called for was bipartisanship. During the Senate session today Jeff Sessions (R-AL) and Claire McCaskill (D-MO) put a bipartisan bill forth. The bill would have imposed binding limits on total defense and non-defense discretionary spending for the next four years. Boxer nixed the idea of curtailing Washington’s spending problem. Californians are expected to make Boxer earn their upcoming votes. There are three candidates in the race on the GOP side, Chuck DeVore, Carly Fiorina and Tom Campbell- all are within single digits of Senator Boxer. In a press release from Senator McCaskill, Senators Jeff Sessions (R-AL) and Jon Kyl (R-AZ) offered an amendment proposing spending caps. The group of bipartisan Senators are calling it “A rare opportunity to impose budget discipline on Congress. “As public scrutiny intensifies on Washington’s penchant for spending and borrowing, senators will face a clear choice this week when they consider a measure to legally limit the growth of discretionary spending over the next four years. The proposed spending caps will be considered as an amendment to broader Senate legislation needed to permit the U.S. Treasury to borrow more money,” according to the McCaskill press release. California’s budget crisis coupled with Washington’s spending habits will certainly be on the voter’s minds in November –the question remains will Boxer be the next Senator sent home due to angry constituents? A shaky economy, poor job reports and a Washington spending spree have mere mortals in the trenches screaming ‘the sky is falling.’ The fix is in, the American people have read between the lines and realize the ‘saved or created’ fuzzy math when it comes to jobs just isn’t flying. The only real number an unemployed worker can rely on is the three million jobs that have been shed since the $787 billion stimulus bill was signed into law. Since then jobs have gone away, foreclosures grew and deficits approached the unsustainable title wave status. Yet party loyalty holds true. According to a new Gallup poll, 88 percent of Democrats approve of the freshman president while only 23 percent of Republicans think Obama has stood up to the challenge. This translates to a 65-percentage point gap between Republicans and Democrats giving Obama the largest split for any president in his first year, according to Gallup. The last Democrat President Bill Clinton enjoyed a much lower point gap of 52 points. While Obama still enjoys a high likeability among Americans, 57 percent, the country isn’t looking for a new best friend, they are looking for a leader. When Obama placed his hand on the bible, his approval rating was among the highest for an incoming president, according to most pollsters. However, the spending spree he endorsed quickly lost American support. CBS puts Obama’s approval rating at 46 percent, which translates into a big loss of the Independent voting block. And nowhere was that more evident than the recent special elections. First there was Virginia governor’s race Obama went to help his man – it didn’t go so well, the new Republican Governor Bob McDonnell will be delivering the President’s State Of The Union rebuttal speech. Up next was Obama’s campaign pitch for New Jersey’s incumbent governor- strike two a Republican was elected. And finally the midnight blue state of Massachusetts and former Democratic stalwart Teddy Kennedy’s seat, again Obama stopped by, made his pitch, insulted people who drive pickup trucks and walked away a three-time loser. It’s settled, President Obama listened to the voters in very blue states and decided to head to the center, roll up his sleeves and work with all legislators to get Americans back to work. Not really. Looking back to the crisp clear day a year ago at a torn country in need of repair, Obama became the 44th president and he basked in the winter sun explaining his ability to bring a broken nation together. Obama let a world audience know a new era was on the horizon, one that would work equally with its partners, a hand up not a hand out. However, after a year of apologizing Obama has received very little from its new partners. Defiant leaders from North Korea and Iran moved full speed ahead with the nuclear programs. Saving the planet didn’t go so well either as the biggest polluters China and India gave nothing at the summit in Copenhagen. President Obama has the lowest one-year field poll since Jimmy Carter. On domestic issues the President has lost some Democrats due to either being too progressive or not progressive enough. Republicans he never had and it is the coveted Independents that have taken their vote of confidence from Obama. Candidate Obama made lofty promises, no more back room deals, CSPAN will be there shining the light on the process and K Street lobbyist would not be welcomed at the White House. Yet bills making their way to the President are chalked full of pork and CSPAN didn’t make it into the back rooms. Obama also had his own ‘read my lips’ moment and told the American people he would not raise taxes on the middle class. Yet he rubber-stamped a tax increase on folks who smoke cigarettes. The largest group of voters who smoke are lower- to- middle class, this translates into a tax increase. And finally he promised a new era of bipartisanship, he would be the guy who would reach across the isle, apparently the Democratic leadership missed that memo. The net result of Obama’s first year is disillusionment, frustration and disappointment. The longer than usual honeymoon the media offered him is gone, the fainting at the mere sight of ‘the one’ is gone and the goodwill of many Americans has now vanished. Looking ahead to another challenging year if the President focuses on creating jobs, reducing the deficit and treating terrorists like, you know, terrorists he has a chance to regain the trust of the American people and accomplish a lot while doing so. It remains to been seen which way the President will govern during his second year in power. Even intergalactic super stars must rely on their job performance and the fix is in, Obama seems to be another smooth politician who captured the hope of many seeking a new era and was only successful in proving politician’s are incapable of disguising the spoils of power. As a young girl Darlene Fitzgerald bucked the ‘norm’ when it came to the way she envisioned life. Her father encouraged her to be whatever she wanted to be. Fitzgerald’s quest into the world of boys started early, she wanted to play baseball with the boys when it was unthinkable; it would mark the start of her trailblazing ways something that has not fallen by the wayside. Fitzgerald took on a fight against major corruption, put her life on the line for her country and ran up against a brick wall with Customs and Border Protection. This happened because there was no whistle blower protection for federal government employees and the military – the folks on the front lines of national security. Now she is taking that fight, and my fight against crony campaign financing to Capitol Hill. Her story with CBP began by following the rules and firmly believing her supervisors would stand by her when she reported any wrong-doing by other CBP agents. Fitzgerald was wrong. In a long line of government cover-ups and corruption Fitzgerald’s no nonsense attitude was put to the test. The country she loved and protected with everything she had turned on her. Her lamp lighting (whistle blowing) resulted in her career being stripped from her. But like her stubborn childhood tenacity, Fitzgerald picked herself up, wrote a book (BorderGate) and is now running for the United States Senate in Kentucky. Her new mission is to change the way Washington does business. Those who bet against Fitzgerald making it to D.C. don’t know how determined she really is. The following is her accounting on the CBP, DHS and Washington-style politics, and why these agencies are wrong for America and what exactly has to change. “Immediately following the terror attempt aboard the aircraft, Homeland Secretary Janet Napolitano announced: “The system worked.” The suspect was able to bring explosives on board a flight from Europe to the U.S. and only failed in his “mission” because his bomb didn’t explode, but “the system worked.” Really? This is a clear failure not only of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), but also of the entire Department of Homeland Security (DHS) of which TSA is a component. These agencies have long been suffering from incompetent management. The promotion system in these agencies is the “good old boy” crony club. The ‘”best and the brightest” are rarely promoted into management positions. When better-qualified agents/inspectors dare to file any type of legitimate complaint or grievance in an attempt to solve this problem, they are immediately silenced- usually with a phony investigation by the Internal Affairs Department (IA). The retaliation for anyone in these federal agencies who dare to speak truth to power is swift and painful. I know this firsthand. Moreover, if an agent/inspector observes any behavior from his/her superiors that would cause a breach in our national security, they risk their careers if they dare to report their managers, even though DHS regulations and some federal laws require them to do so. There are thousands of government whistle blowers who have repeatedly given spine-shivering testimony about the gaping holes in our national security to both houses of Congress. I have testified before them in Washington myself. The whistle blowers are neutralized and nothing gets fixed. This happens because there is no real whistle blower protection for federal government employees or the military on the front lines of our national security. Two of the best government watchdog organizations on Capitol Hill are the Government Accountability Project (GAP) and the Project on Government Over-site (POGO). Both have been trying for years to get real whistle blower protection to no avail. Until agencies like DHS and TSA are no longer allowed to investigate themselves and use IA as the “goon squad” on folks who try to file legitimate complaints, we all remain at risk. I believe these agencies and others do not have the manpower or the assets to really accomplish their missions. We are spending hundreds of billions of dollars on Iraq and Afghanistan trying to fight a tactic -terrorism. You cannot wage a war against a tactic. While we have focused on military plans since 9-11, we are bleeding money away from greater investments in intelligence, improving infrastructure, and law enforcement techniques. Most of the actual Al Qaeda terrorists who have been caught and brought to justice have been apprehended through the use of interagency intelligence such as Interpol and cooperative law enforcement and not “boots on the ground” military. The regular military (army and marines) were not trained to conduct an intelligence gathering manhunt. They are very good at what they are trained for, but it is not this. Had our elected officials on Capitol Hill listened to the countless government employee and military whistle blowers over the last 20 years, and had placed into effect even a few of the recommendations from GAP and POGO, maybe 9-11 wouldn’t have happened. Hindsight is 20-20, but they’re still not listening. Many counterterrorism experts and top military officials agree that we are not making any real progress in our fight against Al Qaeda by escalating the war in Afghanistan. ‘Make wars unprofitable and you make them impossible,’ Franklin D. Roosevelt said. There are a lot of big corporations making tons of money off of these two wars. Not coincidentally, they are also large contributors to the campaigns of our elected officials on Capitol Hill. This places many in government in a terrible bind and it is not unfair to ask if some of our elected officials are voting the interests of the funders of their campaigns in the name of national security. If we don’t fix crony campaign financing, none of the above will ever get fixed. It’s time the people take back their government from those who own it now. In 1988 Sandra Nunn became a Special Agent with the U.S. Customs Service Office of Investigations in the Los Angeles area, like most before her she felt that she was part of an honorable organization with the highest level of integrity. Words like honored and pride were associated with being a Special Agent. During the past 10 years, Nunn served with integrity and professionalism befitting her position as a federal agent, never once shirking or abusing her position. Nunn investigated international money laundering cases that made national headlines and were featured in TIME and Business Week. “As the case agent I was involved with the illegal smuggling activity via the Southern U.S. border that included tons of illicit narcotics.” As a key undercover operative with this particular investigation, Nunn found more than 1000 fully automatic AK-47’s. She also served as a diplomatic representative and key investigator with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) on two European tours of duty during the UN sanctions against Serbia, casework which included narcotics smuggling, money laundering, espionage, counterterrorism, arms trafficking, and national security. Nevertheless, beginning in 1997, her career began experiencing retaliation when she chose to step forward and back-up allegations made by a fellow agent of misconduct within the CBP agency by management officials. “My support of fellow agent, Darlene Fitzgerald, by telling the truth in what at the time initially was an EEO related matter, I along with Ms. Fitzgerald, became the unwitting victims of egregious retaliatory acts perpetrated by our management as well as the Office of Internal Affairs in a concerted effort to silence and discredit us,” Nunn explains. Both agents were put under investigation, their work was heavily scrutinized in an effort to intimidate and upset them. The threats did not end with the two female agents. Another agent who spoke out against the retaliation found two surveillance cameras pointed directly at his personal residence where he along with his family lived. Despite all the CBP shenanigans, Agent Fitzgerald continued her work with major narcotics trafficking investigation that culminated in the seizure of more than 8,000 pounds of narcotics. Information was developed from this seizure in conjunction with an informant-based situation and it resulted in Fitzgerald locating five railway tanker cars that had entered the country. A fraudulent Customs Manifest tipped Fitzgerald and would lead her to the subsequent weigh-in of each of these respective tanker cars at the Colton Rail Yard demonstrated that these allegedly empty pressurized railway tanker cars were between 25-40 tons overweight illustrating the rail cars were potentially carrying contraband of some kind. Yet, when both Ms. Fitzgerald and Senior Special Agent Robert Mattivi approached Customs Resident Agent in Charge Gary Pinkava to get permission to perform a simple pressure test at no cost to the Government and no extra manpower, Mr. Pinkava ordered both Fitzgerald and Mattivi not to do their job and not to return to the rail yard. Shortly thereafter, it was learned that the suspect tanker cars had disappeared into the commerce of the United States never to be seen again. This incident becomes a clear example of screw up, move up practices the DHS and CBP continue to employ using their crony-style politics. Instead of punishing Agent Pinkava, he has been allowed to continue in his fully paid full-time position and was promoted to Assistant Special Agent in Charge (ASAC). “How many other managers like this are jeopardizing our national security and not being held accountable? One must seriously ponder this question. Because knowing what I know and seeing what I’ve seen, it scares me to death that even one instance of this can happen,” Nunn finished. But, it doesn’t end there. “I was forced to resign my position in protest due to the ongoing retaliation. I suffered bankruptcy and lost my retirement. Additionally, both Ms. Fitzgerald and I, are both highly educated women, were time and time again denied employment opportunities,” according to Nunn. Courageous individuals who take the road less traveled often reach the end of the road with well-worn shoes, tattered clothing for the thankless actions and peace of mind knowing they accomplished something bigger than themselves. When Dr. Jeffery Wigand began his career in the medical research industry he never thought his scientific research would send tsunami-like waves throughout the lucrative tobacco industry. Dr. Wigand did just that when he took the leap of faith to right the wrongs being perpetrated by the greedy tobacco companies. Dr. Wigand started his scientific research career in the tobacco industry with Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W) the third largest tobacco company. The $300,000 salary secured him a slot as the vice president of Research and Development. With his health care background and impressive degrees, MA, Ph.D., MAT, Sc.D, Wigand set out to establish a new life and earn a respectable living for his young family. He began is work at B&W on the development of an engineered tobacco product, code-named Airbus, the cigarette had less “biological activity” – industry speak for a nicotine-delivery device that causes less disease. It is through his prism that he shares his chosen and a few of the many observations and experiences that highlight the behavior of this company- and its total disregard for public health and safety. By putting profits and sales over health concerns and truth, B&W sealed their fate by hiring the young up-and-coming scientist. The tobacco company clearly articulated the internal mantra: “We are in the nicotine-delivery business, and tar is the negative baggage.” In other words, nicotine is addictive and pharmacologically active and there is a possibility that a product could be safer but never safe. The company’s extensive use of this technology, which is called ammonia chemistry, allows for nicotine to be more rapidly absorbed in the lung and therefore affect the brain and central nervous system. Dr Wigand explained that coumarin is a flavoring that provides a sweet taste to tobacco products, but it is also known to cause tumors in the livers of mice. It was removed from B&W cigarettes, but according to documents, B&W continued to use it in its Sir Walter Raleigh aromatic pipe tobacco until at least 1992. “There are times I wish I hadn’t done it (went public). But there were times that I feel compelled to do it. If you asked me if I would do it again or if I think it’s worth it? Yeah. I think it’s worth it. I think in the end people will see the truth,” Dr Wigand explains his logic behind stepping into the media spotlight and testifying regarding to dangers of the tobacco industry. There was another report generated by independent researchers, as part of a national toxic safety program, it presented evidence that coumarin is a carcinogen that causes various harmful cancers. In fact, many tobacco products are laced with more than 600 intentionally added chemical additives that are put into the tobacco and waste tobacco-derived materials in order to lessen the harshness generated when burning a bioorganic material. This bioorganic material that tobacco generates also uses over 5,000 toxic chemical pyrolysis compounds. These combustion type chemicals are so toxic you cannot bury them in solid-waste disposal areas, according to Dr. Wigand. Tobacco critics often compare the dangers of tobacco products to the use of hard drugs. For example, critics point to the fact that tobacco kills more people in the U.S. than hard drugs. This is directly opposite to what the big tobacco companies were saying under oath in April of 1994. The seven chief executive officers of all the major U.S. tobacco companies appeared in Congress and stated that nicotine was not addictive and that nicotine was there for taste therefore smoking was no more dangerous to your health than eating Twinkies. This was a blatant lie. “While employed with B&W, I began to share my negative knowledge with the FDA. I did it with the agreement that I would have a completely anonymous working relationship. I would travel to the FDA offices in Rockville, Maryland, under assumed names going through unmarked entrances,” Dr. Wigand explained. “I needed to set my moral compass back on a true heading,” he said. Somehow B&W learned of the interview and threatened CBS with a lawsuit based on tortuous interference, something that could be worth billions in damages. Dr Wigand was devastated to learn his interview would be withheld from the 60 Minutes original program. At this point CBS provided the Wigand’s with 24/7 physical security by former secret service agents. “They lived with us every minute, checked and opened the daily mail, started the car in the morning, followed me to school, where I was teaching high school chemistry, biology, physical sciences, and Japanese, to check my class room, escorted my two daughters to school, play, and so forth. Ultimately, the school was forced to place physical security at my classroom door due to the recurrent daily threats. Not a fun time,” says Dr. Wigand. Also during this time Mississippi lawmakers were looking into the ills of tobacco and were seeking retribution for all the medical costs related to the tobacco industry. They approached Dr. Wigand about testifying in court. The Mississippi Supreme Court ruled that his deposition could go forward but ordered it “sealed.” Concurrently, B&W went to the Kentucky Supreme Court and obtained a contempt order against Dr. Wigand should he testify in Mississippi’s afternoon court session. It was decision time for Dr. Wigand and after reflecting on the issues, he decided to go forward because he had already paid the price. “I would most likely never get the opportunity to do it (testify) again. B&W would tie me up in court for an eternity. I decided to go forward and have never looked back since that day. The deposition in the Chancery Court Hose was a fiasco. The tobacco industry lawyers were as abundant as sand on the beach and adamant in their efforts to prevent the proceeding from going forward with threats and constant verbal interruptions,” Dr. Wigand explained. The turning point for many things in the war on tobacco began in 1996 when the sealed deposition from Mississippi found its way to the Wall Street Journal. After that B&W spent millions for a smear campaign by using private investigators, a publicist and large law firms. Luckily for Dr. Wigand it did not succeed in discrediting him in the court of public opinion because the Wall Street Journal refused to print a story without assessing the validity of the accusations. On the other hand, the local paper in Louisville published the B&W orchestrated smear campaign without investigating any of the allegations. Adding fuel to the fire, someone managed to put a live bullet in his mailbox and threatened his daughters- despite having two armed-security personnel on duty. The ordeal culminated with a divorce notification from his wife of ten years on their 10th wedding anniversary. Not much more could happen. “It was not what I expected and it is the most disappointing aspect of this whole journey,” Dr. Wigand said. The journey into the spotlight ended with a major motion picture “The Insider” that starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. Although it marked the beginning of the end for Dr. Wigand’s voyage of sharing the evils of the tobacco industry with the world, it would mark a new beginning on his quest to ensure children steer clear of the highly-addictive drug called tobacco. The blockbuster movie was about the truth; will and can big tobacco use its might to intimidate the guardians of free press? That is the chilling relevant take-away message from the film, one that can transcend the passage of time. The Government Accountability Project (GAP) has been around for 30 years and while the decades may have focused on different red herrings throughout the country the nonprofit public interest group’s mission has remained steadfast. The GAP organization promotes government and corporate accountability by advancing occupational free speech, defending whistle blowers and empowering citizen activists. Another organization offering support to those who decide to pursue the lamp lighting method to shine the spotlight on private and government wrong-doing is the National Whistleblower Center. They have supported Americans who are willing to step outside the company line in order to ensure wrongs are righted since 1988. Their attorneys have been associated with it and supported whistle blowers in the courts and before Congress. They have achieved victories for environmental protection, government contract fraud, nuclear safety, government and corporate accountability. In addition to defending the jobs and careers of a number of lamp lighters, NWC’s victories include the following: National Whistleblowers Center using the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to compel government agencies to release hundreds of thousands of pages of information documenting government misconduct; Exposing misconduct at the World Trade Center and the 9/11 crime scenes, including theft by FBI agents and the mishandling of evidence. NWC has been successful in documenting deficiencies in the FBI’s counterterrorism program, requiring the FBI to create whistle blower protection for FBI agents (the first time in U.S. history). The organization has worked closely with Congress to ensure passage of critical whistle blower protection laws, such as the No-Fear Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Corporate Whistleblower Protection Act and the Civil Rights Tax Relief Act. Other issues tackled by NWC include prevention of federal agencies from gagging employee free speech critical of agency policies, banning “hush money” payments for all environmental and nuclear federal safety cases and the recovery of hundreds of millions of dollars for the United States taxpayers from corrupt government contractors. Working with employees the NWC forced the Department of Justice to review thousands of criminal convictions resulting in the release of innocent defendants from prison, exposed the illegal no-bid contract between Halliburton and the Army Corps of Engineers for the reconstruction of Iraq after the 2003 invasion and subsequent war. By establishing numerous legal precedents to strengthen whistle blower protections for public and private sector employees NWC increased rights of lamp lighters, including expanding the scope of protected whistle blower speech, enjoining government regulations which restricted whistle blowing and expanding the use of the Privacy Act to prevent the government from smearing its critics. For those who take the journey into the spotlight they can expect whistle blower retaliation. This unacceptable behavior takes on different shapes and forms, including; denial of rights and benefits, isolation by peers, demotion, loss of promotion, libel, slander, defamation of character, cut in pay, public scrutiny, privacy violations, blown cover (for under-cover agents or informants), job termination, harassment, stress, death threats, baseless investigations, malicious prosecutions and attempts on the whistle blower’s life (like Frank Serpico). While there is a long way to go in this country regarding the treatment of courageous citizens who step out on that ledge and risk it all in the name of right verses wrong, with the support of whistle blower organizations the road is a little more traveled and can be easier for defenders of truth to reach the finish line. This is part two of a week long series. When one thinks of the term whistle blower, most think about Frank Serpico of NYPD fame. Serpico’s tough, gritty persona allowed him to turn the tables on corrupt cops and his no nonsense, take no prisoners attitude forced the NYPD to take a good hard look at the way they conducted police business. His harrowing “Lamp Lighting” story eventually became a Hollywood major motion picture starring Al Pacino, another Hollywood tough guy. Whistle blowers or “lamp lighters” as Serpico refers to them as often to do not make the big screen, but their stories are just as compelling and very hard to read about. Julia Davis’ experience is one such story; Blackhawk helicopters, sneak and peeks, eaves dropping, multiple agents tailing her every move and finally two false arrests. It seems unimaginable for someone who emigrated from Communist Ukraine hoping to leave behind the corruption and make a fresh start in America would experience such a plight. Little did she know her journey to the U.S. would be meet with the same Draconian government policies Davis thought she was leaving behind. Davis made the trip to America with the hopes of becoming a special agent in the FBI. After she completed her college education in Russia’s equivalent of the NASA program, Davis packed her bags with stars and stripes in her eyes. Davis is a former Customs and Border Protection Officer, who was born in Kiev, Ukraine, educated as an Aviation/Spacecraft Engineer with a Masters degree, who speaks several languages fluently. Davis’ inquisitive mind and lifelong interest in the criminal justice system prompted her to apply for federal employment. She scored 100 percent on her tests to become a federal agent with the Department of Homeland Security and received an offer of employment with Department of Homeland Security as a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agent. As an immigrant herself, Davis sought her American dream by striving to serve her new country. In early 2002, Davis graduated with honors from the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, receiving an Outstanding Achievement Award. She reported to her duty station at the San Ysidro, CA Port of Entry in San Diego and quickly learned her new job. She built good relationships with coworkers, received outstanding performance reviews and started to move up the ranks within CBP. But her American dream was shattered when she reported a series of ongoing national security breaches pertaining to deficient processing and subsequent entry of subjects from countries with terrorist ties, into the United States, as well as her concern over the removal of metal detectors and X-ray equipment from the Port inspection areas and the reduction in the security staff. Davis noted that she found these developments “alarming and disturbing” given the “very high-security level and risk” involved at one of the busiest and largest points of entry into the country. Not wanting to let this go she filed a report to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Joint Terrorism Task Force about another potential security breach at the Port. She noting that an unusually high number of individuals from suspect, or “Special Interest Countries” entered the United States over a ten-hour period on a national holiday, known to be a potential entry time for terrorists. Davis noted that she raised the issue with the Port Director and was told to contact the Intelligence Unit Office. However, in what appeared to be a further breach of security, there was not a single Intelligence officer on duty in the Intelligence Unit despite the heightened risk of entry of terrorists over the summer holiday. This failure and deficiency was pointed out by Davis and directly reflected on the Office of Professional Responsibility within the DHS’s Immigration and Customs Enforcement. It would be the same agents that should have been on duty to handle this matter and whose absence was called out by Davis in her report to the FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force, which included ICE/OPR Agents Jeffrey Deal and Herbert Kaufer. Her whistle-blowing activities garnered media attention and embarrassed the DHS. Former CBP Commissioner Robert Bonner was approached by a Los Angeles Times reporter with respect to Davis’ report to the FBI/JTTF. The Agency responded by subjecting her to multiple investigations (as many as 19 during her employment and over 34 after she involuntarily resigned from the CBP agency), aircraft, land and vehicular surveillance and referred to her as a “Domestic Terrorist,” raided her house with a Blackhawk helicopter and a Special Response Team (with a total of at least 28 armed agents involved in that operation). This caused Davis and her husband, BJ , to be maliciously prosecuted, falsely imprisoned (twice) and actively interfered with her potential employment. The Davis’ found that these actions were spearheaded by the same ICE/OPR personnel that were embarrassed by Davis’ report to the FBI/JTTF and media scrutiny that followed. All criminal charges against Davis and her husband were dismissed, including a finding of factual innocence. Additionally, the court ordered the government to return all items taken in the two warrantless searches of the Davis’ residence and office. To date, the CBP agency has not complied with that court order. The government’s attack on Davis, following her reports of national security lapses at the Port of San Ysidro, was clearly motivated by the government’s desire to chill Davis’ free speech and to incapacitate her at any cost before she could do any more damage to the reputation of her former employer. It was also undoubtedly meant to improperly deter other officers from coming forward with allegations of discrimination or whistle-blowing disclosures. In light of the years of false allegations the Davis’ brought a lawsuit against the United States, ICE/OPR Agent Kaufer and CBP/OPR Agent Deal for their misconduct, abuse of government resources and selective prosecutions. The trial is currently scheduled to take place in March of 2010. 30 days – The time limit for environmental whistle blowers to make a written complaint to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]. 45 days – The time limit for federal employees to file a complaint of discrimination, retaliation or other violations of their civil rights laws with their agency’s equal employment opportunity (EEO) officer. 90 days – The time limit for airline workers and corporate fraud whistle blowers to make their complaint to OSHA. 180 days – The time limit for nuclear whistle blowers and truck drivers to make complaints to OSHA and for victims of retaliation against union organizing and other concerted activities to improve working conditions to the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). During the entire Bush administration, the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) ruled in favor of whistle blowers in only two cases. Since 1994, Federal whistle blowers have lost more than 98.5 percent of cases at the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals. The Government Accountability Project (GAP) offered praise for two MSPB appointments by President Obama. Unlike the Bush administration appointees who compiled a 1-44 track record against whistle blowers, these leaders are seasoned veterans with a proven track record of commitment to the merit system throughout their careers. Last year, June of 2009, Washington, D.C. issued a MSPB ruling in Robert J. MacLean v. Department of Homeland Security Agency. MacLean blew the whistle on the Department of Homeland Security’s Transportation Security Agency (TSA) plan to improperly remove U.S. Air Marshals from long distance flights during a heightened terrorist alert. MacLean was concerned that the TSA’s plan posed a serious threat to public health and safety. After MacLean’s internal warnings were ignored, he made a public disclosure that was protected under the Whistleblower Protection Act. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) subsequently fired MacLean in flagrant violation of the law. The MSPB declined to review this retroactive relabeling and upheld MacLean’s termination. Agencies through the country continue to work with whistle blowers or lamp lighters across the country for the brave actions of everyday Americans in reporting wrong doing by governmental or law enforcement agencies. One such group is the Law Enforcement Advocates Council. Davis is determined to help other government whistle blowers and recently joined the Board of Directors for the (LEOAC) as a Vice President. “I am most humbled that we were able to add former CBPO Julia Davis to our board as a Vice President. Julia brings a wealth of knowledge and experience as a former law enforcement officer, entrepreneur, writer, producer, and scientist. We share a vision for what needs to be done to improve the security of America, and improve the the protections and civil rights of our law enforcement officers, especially whistle blowers who just want to do their job and protect our nation,” said founder Andy Ramirez. “I first learned of her case about two years ago, and included it as a key aspect of my report, Unjustifiable & Impeachable, which addressed DOJ, DHS, and the Courts. Anyone who is not familiar with Julia’s story needs to take the time to learn her story as her case demonstrates everything wrong with how our government abuses their powers to cover-up their security compromises. Our government failed Julia and has given her their worst. She, being a person of high integrity and honor, has stood tall in the finest traditions of America’s best and brightest. In my opinion, her case should be textbook reading for all law enforcement officers who will learn from a heroic and courageous patriot. Julia brings a fresh perspective to our board, especially given her incredible life story having been born behind the Iron Curtain. She knows what governments can do to a society’s citizens firsthand. I know she will do all she can to help restore the rule of law, a sense of justice, and fair play, which is a hallmark of America. We share the goal of ensuring that officers can do their job without the fear of false charges being brought against a citizen as a form of retaliation and retribution, or political intrigue, or to cover up a crime and gross incompetence,” Ramirez finished.

2019-04-22T06:51:16Z

https://thekdreport.me/2010/01/

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Precious objects made of silver and/or its alloys tarnish and become black when exposed to ambient atmospheres containing moisture and ppb-amounts of H2S. Such objects usually contain small but variable amounts of copper as alloying constituent and this affects the corrosion process due to a preferential oxidation of copper. However the visual appearance of the formed tarnishing layers on different types of silver alloys is very similar. Therefore, conservators-restorers are confronted with the problem that in some cases certain cleaning techniques are very effective while in other similar cases the removal of tarnishing layers is unsatisfactory. Since cleaning experiments are not allowed on genuine objects, many investigations use artificially corroded dummies instead. In order to evaluate the representativity and reproducibility of this often used methodology, differences in morphology, microstructure and composition of the sulfide layers on sterling silver generated by different sulfidation methods were analysed. Sterling silver samples were artificially aged in five different environments. The samples exposed to uncontrolled ambient air at different locations (e.g. residential and laboratory environments) showed different corrosion rates and corrosion colours. Three accelerated ageing methods were executed in a gaseous or liquid environment under controlled conditions. These tests showed different results in morphology, microstructure, composition, thickness and the interface between bulk and corrosion layer. A first accelerated sulfidation procedure in a Na2S solution alternated with exposure to air, resulted in a fast corrosion rate and an even corrosion layer formation with several S-species. A second series of sulfidation in a controlled gas environment of H2S and SO2 developed a thin but uneven corrosion layer, mainly consisting of oxides. A third corrosion methodology used was based on the thioacetamide method. This resulted in an even and relative thick corrosion layer, comparable to the Na2S/aeration sulfidation system. However, the interface between the corrosion layer and the bulk is importantly different, showing severe voids. The corrosion layers generated by five different experimental sulfidation series on identical prepared sterling silver coupons were clearly different from each other. Analyses demonstrated that the composition and microstructure of the corrosion layers were strongly dependent on the sulfidation method used and copper was found to be an important element present in all sulfide layers analysed. Therefore, artificially corroded sterling silver is not necessarily representative for naturally tarnished historical objects and the extrapolation of the cleaning results obtained on dummies to historical objects must be performed with care. Many historic silver objects are not made of pure silver but rather of silver alloyed with small but variable amounts of copper. For example, a typical alloy used in jewellery is sterling silver (Ag: 92.5 w%; Cu: 7.5 w%), which consists of an Ag-rich matrix containing Cu-rich inclusions. It is well known that small amounts of Cu play a crucial role in the corrosion process of silver alloys due to the preferential oxidation of Cu . As a result of this, the composition, microstructure and physical properties of tarnish layers formed on top of pure silver is substantially different from the ones formed on silver alloys, although all advanced forms of tarnish layers have a very similar visual appearance: black and dull. Unsatisfactory cleaning performances It is known that electrolytic techniques , laser or low temperature atmospheric plasma afterglow cleaning techniques [4, 5] exhibit certain difficulties on the removal of sulfide films on sterling silver contrary to pure silver on which the corrosion products can easily be reduced. Unpredictable future corrosion When using a new cleaning technique; it is not possible to predict the future behavior of the surface without performing chemical analysis or without extensive practical experience. In order to solve the problems described in the list above, cleaning experiments are needed. However, the Venice Charter of 1964 clearly states in article 10 that experimental techniques can only be used when the efficacy has been shown and proven by experience or the ECCO Guidelines in article 9 that ‘The Conservator-Restorer shall strive to use only products, materials and procedures which, according to the current level of knowledge, will not harm the cultural heritage, the environment or people. The action itself and the materials used should not interfere, if at all possible, with any future examination, treatment or analysis. They should also be compatible with the materials of the cultural heritage and be as easily and completely reversible as possible’ . For this purpose, cleaning experiments are usually performed on artificially sulfidized silver or sterling silver coupons. According to literature rather extreme corrosion conditions were used to generate sulfidized coupons which were considered by the authors as an imitation of the natural corrosion of silver such as immersing silver in hot aqueous solution of 0.1 M CuCl2, hot (50–60°C) Na2S·xH2O 2.5 g/l or low concentration H2S vapours (10 ppm) for 7 days [8, 9]. This suggests that some authors assume that the underlying corrosion mechanism for artificial corrosion is identical to the natural corrosion process and that the only difference would be the speed at which the process takes place. However, artificially tarnished dummies are not necessarily representative for natural tarnishing layers: (1) morphology, microstructure and composition of the corrosion layer might be dependent on the corrosion method used, and (2) there is no reason to assume that natural tarnishing layers can be described as a single corrosion state and the presence of a set of natural corrosion states must not be excluded. Moreover, objects may have different microstructures and copper distribution at the surface, may have underwent different use and storage conditions leading to a variation of corrosion layers, etc. [8–10]. The work presented here focuses on the influence of different tarnishing procedures to the obtained surface states on identical polished sterling silver coupons. The results and the knowledge gained from of this study will be beneficial for the testing of new cleaning techniques, for the understanding of the results obtained by certain cleaning techniques, and for the development of proper mitigation actions to reduce future corrosion. The numerous analyses conducted over decades about corrosion rate, underlying mechanisms and the subsequently formed corrosion products, demonstrate that the corrosion process of silver alloys is affected by several parameters such as temperature, moist content, concentration of H2S [11–28]. Compared to pure silver, alloys have several additional properties (e.g. silver-rich and copper-rich phases, grain boundaries precipitation) that affect the corrosion process from the very first steps in the making of an object. For example, production methods such as casting, hammering, coinage, rolling or annealing have a considerable impact on the distribution of copper rich phases in the bulk and at the surface and influence the corrosion process [1, 8, 29]. Another parameter that must be emphasized is the finishing procedures which has been applied during alloy manufacture such as silvering, copper depletion, burnishing as a polishing technique, etc. [1, 29–31]. Such procedures had the intention to generate a silver-rich top layer just beneath the surface. Therefore, the copper content at the surface of a silver object does not always have a direct relation to the copper amount of the bulk. As an example, pickling is a well-known technique where the previously heated and oxidized object is immersed in a hot sulfuric acid solution in order to dissolve the formed oxide-products at the surface. After the pickling, the silver rich surface is burnished to obtain a surface with high gloss. In the use of the object, along with the wear and tear, it also has to be remembered that repeated cleaning alters the surface finish and removes also possible earlier formed copper corrosion products from the surface, since Cu-inclusions corrode preferentially. This results in a silver-rich top layer. However, extensive cleaning can also again remove this silver-rich layer. Therefore, the presence of silver-rich top layers or the amount of Cu-particles in a top layer can hardly be predicted on various objects. For this research, in order to obtain a set of coupons with a very similar microstructure and copper distribution at the surface, all samples were cut from the same plate and polished in such a way that the surface state can be considered nearly identical to each other. Sterling silver sheets with a composition of Ag: 92.5 w%; Cu: 7.5 w% and dimensions of 100 mm × 200 mm × 1.0 mm were purchased at Schöne Metals Corporation. Smaller coupons with a surface area of 20 mm × 50 mm were cut from a single sheet using a parallel metal cutting guillotine. In order to standardize the corrosion tests and to study the influence of copper rich inclusions at the surface, the top layer of the sterling silver coupons was grinded and polished before weathering. Polishing steps were performed with a soft cotton rotating wheel (1,850 rpm, radius of the wheel was 60 mm) with 3 M Finesse-IT water soluble liquid polishing paste followed by 3 M Imperial lapping water soluble liquid. Each polishing step took about 1 min. This method complies with historical abrasive polishing techniques. The cleaning of the polished surface was performed according to NBN EN ISO 8891:2000 by immersing the coupon in an ultrasonic bath with ethanol for 2 min. Afterwards, the coupons are rinsed with deionised water and dried with oil- and water-free compressed air. The visual appearance of the surface is very similar to that of silver objects, finished with a traditional mechanical and abrasive polishing technique as described in technical handbooks [32, 33]. Freshly polished sterling silver coupons were exposed to five different sulfidation environments. The most important features and differences between these procedures are summarized in Table 1. According to the visual change of the surface appearance, it is possible to rank the sulfidation methods from slow to fast (indicated in Table 1). Method 1 A series of polished sterling silver coupons was exposed to an ambient atmospheric indoor environment at a private residence just outside the historical center of Antwerp (Belgium) with successive prolonged exposure times for each coupon. The average indoor conditions were 17–22°C and 40–60% relative humidity. Method 2 A similar experiment as in method 1 was performed in a chemical laboratory environment in the historical center of Antwerp (Belgium) with average conditions of 22°C ± 2 and 35–70% RH. The laboratory is fitted with a continuous ventilation system without filtration. For both methods 1 and 2, H2S concentration in indoor situations ranges from 86 to 600 ppt , which is below the detection limits of most sensors. Therefore, these values could not be recorded and the corrosion conditions must be considered as (partially) unknown. Method 3 A series of samples were exposed to a H2S containing environment following the NBN EN ISO 4538:1995 thioacetamide (TAA) procedure: a saturated Na2SO4 solution in the desiccator generated a constant relative humidity at 91% while the TAA powder distributed across the horizontal plate in de recipient slowly decomposes to H2S due to presence of moist. Three coupons were sulfidized with exposure times of 24, 72 and 168 h respectively. Method 4 In this method, a single sample was exposed in a gas tight weathering chamber to a well-defined atmosphere. A gas mixing unit provided the corrosive atmosphere, where synthetic air is mixed with any amount of relative humidity (0–95% RH) and acidifying gas (H2S, SO2) to simulate real world atmospheric corrosion conditions [34, 35]. In this method, a polished Ag925 coupon was exposed to a controlled gaseous atmosphere consisting of synthetic air, 90% RH, 500 ppb H2S and 500 ppb SO2. For the first 24 h of weathering the samples were exposed to 90% RH and 500 ppb H2S followed by 90% RH and 500 ppb SO2 for another 48 h, leading to a total weathering time in sulfur containing environment of 72 h. Method 5 A series of polished sterling silver coupons were corroded by immersion in a 0.1 mol/L Na2S solution, combined with aeration following the norm NBN EN ISO 8891:2000. More specific, every cycle of 1 min consisted of an immersion of 12 s followed by an aeration of 48 s. The number of cycles needed to obtain a black tarnish layer was set to 60 (i.e., 60 min). The surfaces of the untreated and treated coupons were characterized using a multi-analytical approach. UV–vis spectra were collected with an Avantes spectrophotometer consisting of an AvaLight-DH-S-Bal light source combining a halogen-tungsten lamp for IR and visible light and a deuterium lamp for UV-light and the Avaspec-2048 spectrometer. Light source and detectors were coupled to a 50 mm integrating AvaSphere using fibre-optic cables. The surface was illuminated with an angle of incidence of 8°, while the partially reflected light was measured at 90°. This instrument was also used to determine the surface colour from a zone of 10 mm diameter by measuring the L*a*b*-values. The Avasoft software allows selecting a D65 illuminant and a CIE standard observer of 2° in order to calculate the L*a*b*-values from the collected UV–Vis spectrum. Colour variations were evaluated by calculating ΔE = [(ΔL*)2 + (Δa*)2 + (Δb*)2]1/2. Measurements were taken as a function of time, except for method 4 since this is not possible with the specific experimental setup. A SEM-EDX FEI Quanta 250 was used for the measurements on the samples of methods 1 and 2. The instrument is equipped with an Everhart–Thornley secondary and backscattered electron detector and an Oxford EDX detector (for semi-quantitative element analytics). For methods 3, 4 and 5, a Focused Ion Beam (FEI Quanta 200 3D) equipped with detectors for secondary and back scattered electrons and an EDX detector was used to obtain cross sections of the thin corrosion layers applying Ga-ions for the bombardment. The obtained FIB crater size was approximately 30 × 10 µm. For surface topography images (secondary electron detection), elemental distribution images (backscattered electron detection) and cross-section analyses SEM-EDX measurements were performed applying a Philips XL 30 ESEM-FEG equipped with a detectors for secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, a large field detector for secondary electron measurements in low vacuum conditions, an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) detector (soft. OIMDC 5.1 fa. EDAX) and an energy dispersive X-ray detector. Ag925 coupons were exposed to two different uncontrolled indoor environments (method 1 and 2) for 6 months. Colour measurements were performed every month to track the change over time. During exposure in residential environment (method 1), visual changes could hardly be observed, while exposure of the coupons in laboratory environment (method 2), lead to a visually brownish tarnish layer which gradually darkened over time. For every coupon the colour after exposure was compared with the colour just after polishing by L*a*b* measurements. This change in colour is shown in the scatter plot in Figure 1a. For the residential conditions, the colour change was considerably smaller (ΔE < 5) than for the laboratory environment (ΔE > 15). Moreover, the colour changes much faster in laboratory environment. As shown in Figure 1b, the residential series show a more bluish, while colour appearance of the series in laboratory environment exposed samples is more reddish discolouration. This difference in colour was observed as well the early and the more advanced stages in the corrosion process. Calculated colour change of Ag925 coupons exposed to residential and laboratory environments in comparison with a freshly polished Ag925 coupon. a Change in colour (ΔE) over time; b the colour as described by a* and b* values, indicating a more yellow (Residence environment) and a more reddish corrosion colour development (Laboratory environment); values with numbers 1–6 correspond to the exposure time in months as in a. Figure 2 shows SEM images of surface corrosion features formed after 6 months of exposure. The sample from the residential environment (Figure 2a) shows developed corrosion grains with submicron dimensions (0.1–0.8 µm), whilst the sample from the laboratory environment (Figure 2b) shows much larger grains (up to 3.0 µm). Corrosion on the samples after 6 months of exposure; a residential environment, b Laboratory environment. (Images AXES, Antwerp). Since the air quality and conditions are different for the two locations and cannot be considered as constant over time, this tarnishing technique is considered as examples for natural corroded objects. Therefore, the sulfide layers obtained are hard to be reproduced in an accurate way. This is illustrated by the difference in colour, colour evolution (Figure 1), morphology of the sulfide layer (Figure 2), the difference in oxygen in the spectra (Figure 3). In addition, the spectra suggest that the surface endured a copper enrichment during corrosion, that oxygen is present but that sulfide compounds are not yet developed. Such copper enrichment has been observed by others as well [1, 29, 36, 37]. It seems that the natural corrosion process traverses intermediate states. This suggests that a set of different natural corrosion states must be considered. Besides the fact that this method is probably only representative for an early stage of natural corrosion, the time needed to generate dummies this way is considered too long to be practical. EDX spectra collected on the general area of the presented images (Figure 2) show in both cases no S but an enrichment in Cu and O, moderate in the residential environment (Cu 9.6, O 1.2, S 0.1 and Ag 89.1 wt%), but strong in the laboratory environment (Cu 20.8, O 15.7, N 2.5, S 0.1 and Ag 60.9 wt%). Reference values for a non-exposed sample is Cu 5.3 and Ag 94.6; O, N and S: 0.0 wt%). A summarizing table is given at the end of the ‘Results’ part. The visual appearance of a silver coupon exposed to the H2S environment using the TAA procedure for 1 week turned into a grey and matt surface state. Visually, it is close to that of the coupons exposed for 5 months in the residence environment, described in the previous paragraph. As shown in Figure 4b, the change in colour over time did not show a clear trend. In contrast to the results obtained by the natural corrosion process (method 1 and 2), where the surface colour follows a subsequent change, here the grey coloured surface state is achieved within 24 h of weathering. Change in colour relative to the polished metal as a function of exposure time. From the obtained visual appearance, no information about the chemical and physical evolution of the sulfide layer can be stated. Therefore, SEM analyses of the surface and of FIB cross sections have been performed. The secondary electron images of the surface and the FIB cuts in the surface in Figure 5 illustrate the complexity of the bulk, the interface and the surface of the sulfidized sample. The black arrows in Figure 5a show the presence of 3 different phases. The layered structure analyzed is as follows: (1) A bulk silver with copper inclusions (Cu-rich inclusion at arrow 1 and Ag-rich matrix at arrow 3 in Figure 5a), (2) a porous interface between bulk metal and sulfide layer and (3) a compact sulfide corrosion layer (arrow 2) with a thickness of about 0.3 µm. The spherical voids seen in Figure 5a and b (at the black arrows) must be due to the preferential corrosion of copper but in a later stage the amount of voids at the interface is so substantial that it cannot be explained by solely corrosion of copper. Apparently, the corrosion of the Ag-rich matrix goes along with Ag-migration. Also clearly visible is the filament consisting interface which must result in a rather poor adhesion of the surface corrosion film to the bulk metal. Since the formation of voids at the interface appears to continue, the adhesion of the sulfide layer to the bulk is gradually lost. Indeed, at prolonged sulfidation it is known that the tarnish layer starts to peel off . Figure 5b shows the cross section at a higher magnification where the presence of smaller light coloured grains in the sulfide layer become visible. The presence of such grains in the sulfide layer might be caused by the applied analysis method and therefore has to be interpreted with care . The amount of voids at the interface has to be considered during the evaluation of a cleaning procedure. SEM–FIB investigations of an Ag925 coupon after an exposure of 168 h according to method 3. In these FIB-cross-sectioned samples, the bulk metal is located at the bottom of the image and the sulfide layer is located between the bulk metal and the platinum evaporated on top of the surface. a the FIB cut showing different phases in arrows 1 and 3 in the metal (bottom of the image) and the sulfide layer (arrow 2); b high magnification image showing a compact sulfide layer with brighter inclusions. (Images CEST, Wr.Neustadt). Figure 6 shows SEM images of surface corrosion features formed during the TAA corrosion process over time. The morphology of these features clearly changes from rough flaky to a finely needle shaped surface with increasing exposure time. A solid state transition is probably occurring. Although the surfaces appear to have different extents of roughness, the corrosion layers all appear to be compact films in the FIB-cross-section. With increasing exposure time, the amount of voids at the interface increases, leading to a filament interface structure. Method 3 is a normalized procedure, performed under well controlled conditions and therefore enables the surface state to evolve from one state to another at well controllable rates. The variations shown in Figure 4 might influence the cleaning evaluation and therefore, it is recommended to perform the tests on a set of dummies corroded in the same environment and the same exposure time. Secondary electron images of the tarnishing/corrosion layer obtained by method 3 (TAA procedure), illustrating the change in morphology on the surface, left column. The right column shows the corresponding FIB-cross sections, showing the increase in voids at the interface. (Images CEST, Wr. Neustadt). X-ray spectra taken at the surface of the sample after 168 h of sulfidation shows a very large increase of Cu concentration to 30.9 wt%; O 2.7 wt%; S 12.7 wt%; rest Ag 53.1 wt% (Table 2). This shows that Cu-rich sulfide compounds are formed besides Ag-rich sulfide compounds. The presence of sulfur makes this method different from the natural corrosion methods 1 and 2. Here a corrosion process is executed under well controlled laboratory conditions (synthetic air, 90% RH, 500 ppb H2S and 500 ppb SO2) but using higher pollutant concentrations compared to most normal ambient air circumstances (c. 1 ppb). The calculated ΔE value after 72 h of weathering was 18.9. Figure 7a and b show the obtained SEM results from an Ag925 coupon exposed for 72 h to the above mentioned atmosphere. Visible is the formation of agglomerated corrosion product islands which seem to be on top of a uniform crystalline corrosion layer. Figure 7b indicates at arrows 1, 2 the EDX spectra values for the corroded surface, giving average results of Cu 11.1 wt%, O 14.4 wt%, S 0.4 wt% and Ag 73.8wt%. Arrows 3 and 4 indicate the EDX spectra for the agglomerated corrosion products, showing average results of, Cu 35.4 wt%, O 39.1 wt%, S 0.0 wt% and Ag 25.6 wt% (Table 2). This means that mainly Cu oxides are formed. Also this method suggests that in the early stages of corrosion the formation of oxides dominates the formation of sulfides. Secondary electron images of the surface of polished sterling silver after exposure to synthetic air, 90% RH and 500 ppb H2S for 24 h, followed by 90% RH and 500 ppb SO2 for another 48 h (Images CEST, Wr.Neustadt). Figure 8 shows the FIB cross sections of the weathered Ag925 coupon at different magnifications. By this approach, a sulfide layer with an irregular thickness and with a maximum of 0.15 µm thickness was formed. Visible is the formation of agglomerated corrosion product islands which seem to be on top of the corrosion layer. Energy-dispersive measurements at the spots indicated in Figure 8b revealed that the bulk metal consists of Ag (analyzing spot 2) with spherical shaped local confined copper inclusions (analyzing spot 1). Further visible is a very thin corrosion layer which tends to separate from the surface (Figure 8a, b) and the energy-dispersive measurements in these areas (analyzing spots 3 and 4) showed high signals of Cu, Ag, O originating by the formed Cu/Ag-corrosion products with no detectable S. Noticeable is the fact that contrary to method 3 here fewer voids are formed at the interface, but larger in size and less uniform distributed. FIB SEM-EDX Analyses of Ag925 exposed to synthetic air, 90% RH and 500 ppb H2S for 24 h, followed by 90% RH and 500 ppb SO2 for another 48 h. a SEM SE image ×40,000of FIB cut cross section, b BSE image and EDX measuring point analyses of FIB cross section, ×20,000 (Images CEST, Wr.Neustadt). The samples treated by this method (showed a drastic change in gloss and colour within very short time periods (3 min). The gloss value of the samples relative to the original surface decreased within these 3 min by 92%. Figure 9 depicts the change in colour (ΔE) as a function of the exposure time. After this initial fast decrease in the first minutes of the tarnishing procedure, the colour change remains constant for a period of approximately 20 min and afterwards it increases again to constant values in the range of 47–50. The step function shows that the sulfidation process is not a continuous process. At around 20 min of exposure, there is a sudden change in colour. This suggests that the first initial products on the surfaces caused by the immersion process transformed in other products. Figure 10 shows a FIB cross sectioned sulfide layer for sterling silver exposed for 60 min to Na2S solution/air (method 5) corresponding to a final colour change value of approximately 47–50. Figure 10a shows a region where the bulk metal does not contain considerable Cu amounts. Nevertheless, the corresponding X-ray spectrum collected at arrow 1 shows the presence of both Cu and Ag. There the sulfide layer (arrow 1) had a thickness of about 0.15 µm. In the bulk large empty voids (arrow 2) and Cu-rich inclusions can be found (arrow 3). Other regions in the sulfide layer have considerable amounts of Cu- species and the shape of this layer is presented in Figure 10b. There, the sulfide layer had a thickness of about 0.6 µm and the collected X-ray spectrum at arrow 4 shows the dominant presence of Cu. The voids close and below the interface appear to contain products with irregular shape, possibly remnants of the copper inclusions. X-ray spectra taken at the surface of the sample after 60 min of sulfidation shows a very large increase of Cu concentration to 35.8 wt%, O 3.6 wt%, S 10.1 wt% and rest Ag 50.5 wt% (Table 2). The presence of Cu-rich compounds in the tarnish layer has to be considered as a main constituent. Backscattered electron images of a FIB cut of sterling silver sulfidized with the Na2S method for 60 min: a a surface area with moderate Cu content in the sulfide layer; b an area with a higher Cu-content in the sulfide layer. (Images CEST, Wr.Neustadt). The secondary electron images in Figure 11 illustrate how the sulfide morphology changes over time. In the early stage of the sulfidation process (3–9 min) the surface became irregular, explaining the sudden drop of gloss. As the sulfidation proceeded, the crystalline corrosion products increased in size. The crystals have a coarse compact and geometrical shape. SEM images of the evolution of the tarnish layer over time after 3 min (a), 9 min (b), 60 min (c) and 300 min (d). (Images CEST, Wr.Neustadt). The results of the FIB-cross section not only show that the thickness of the sulfide layer increases, it also became more heterogeneous (see the white spots in the sulfide layer in Figure 12d) and the amount of voids increased as well. The analyses suggest that when the sulfide layer is growing the adherence of the sulfide layer to the metal below is gradually lost. The main advantage of this corrosion procedure is that it is not only standardized, but also the corrosion conditions can easily be controlled, although the succession of surface states during the corrosion process must be considered in the production of artificially corroded dummies. Evolution of the tarnishing layer as function of time with SEM-FIB. The images correspond to the ones in Figure 11. (Images CEST, Wr.Neustadt). For the corrosion of sterling silver in ambient atmospheric conditions (method 1 and 2), the laboratory environment resulted in a much faster corrosion than for the residential environment. These corrosion processes are regarded to be too slow for the practical use of sulfidizing coupons to perform cleaning experiments. Short production times, controlled conditions and reproducible samples are important issues and therefore, artificial corrosion methods 3, 4 and 5 seem to be more convenient to produce sulfidized sterling silver coupons. However, the sulphidation environments for the 5 methods are completely different: (1) the TAA method 3 is governed by the acid gas H2S while the Na2S immersion method 5 occur in a strong alkaline solution of pH = 14, or (2) some methods occur in a gaseous environment other ones in a liquid environment. For the artificial corrosion methods 3, 4 and 5, the surface of the resulting sulfide layers appear with the naked eye very similar. However, at a microscopic level both surface and cross section show significant differences. The surface topography shows important differences between the different sulfidation environments with a needle-like structure for method 3 (Figure 6c), small grains on the surface (Figure 7a) and coarse grains, obscuring all surface features for method 5 (Figure 11d). The corrosion state is highly dependent on the exposure time. Also, the morphology and thicknesses of the formed corrosion surface layers formed by the method 3, 4 and 5 show significant differences in cross-section. This means that when corrosion conditions are not well controlled, dummies with a variation in corrosion states are obtained. In addition, the chemical composition of the corrosion layer differs between the methods used. As shown in method 1, 2 and 4, the corrosion process can involve a strong formation of oxides. The chemical composition of the corrosion layers also shows a substantial Cu enrichment. This means that cleaning evaluations should not be focused on Ag2S removal only. The cross-sections of the sulfidized samples demonstrated that the microstructure of the region just below the surface is more heterogeneous than expected. Within our studies we could clearly show that sterling silver samples treated by the accelerated tarnishing test methods 3 (TAA) and 5 (immersion method) show the formation of voids during the sulfidation process. It is known that copper is oxidized preferentially and oxidizes faster than silver. Therefore, the larger voids located in the vicinity of the interface (Figures 6, 10, 12) must be the result of a migration process (oxidation) of copper inclusions. These oxidized copper species diffuse towards the surface and react subsequently with the environment. The sulfide layer in the cross sectioned samples appear to be compact with a uniform thickness, suggesting that the corrosion products grow laterally over the surface. The residual gaps are in general not completely filled with bulk material or corrosion products within the monitored time frame although some solid material appeared to be present in these voids (see Figure 12). This shows that artificial corrosion procedures might affect the cleaning performances and evaluation. It is a common practice that new cleaning techniques are tested and evaluated on artificial corroded dummies. For pure silver, several corrosion procedures have been used because they all appear to produce Ag2S. However, for sterling silver the tested corrosion procedures seem to generate variations in morphologies, compositions and voids below the surface. Therefore, it is possible that the cleaning performance might be affected by the corrosion procedure used. Moreover, several indications suggest that the natural corrosion state of sterling silver cannot be considered as a single corrosion state but merely a set of corrosion states. The variation between artificial corrosion procedures and within natural corrosion processes complicates the representativity of the cleaning tests for genuine historical objects. Due to the complexity of the examined corrosion states of sterling silver in different sulfidation environments, there is no indication that the corrosion methods are identical. There were clearly differences between the corrosion methods used and between different exposure times of the same corrosion method. The most notable differences were: (1) the difference in morphology of the sulfide layer, (2) the absence or presence of sulfur in the tarnish layer, and (3) the presence or absence of voids. From a conservation-restoration point of view, the results indicate that cleaning experiments on artificially sulfidized sterling silver coupons is indicative for historical results but should not be directly extrapolated to historical objects. For that reason, cleaning experiments on artificially sulfidized sterling silver coupons can be expected to be different in regard to genuine historical objects. The introduction of new cleaning methods (e.g. cold atmospheric plasma cleaning) goes along with a continuous learning process and gradual gain in experience where the complexity of dummies and genuine objects is increased step by step. Precise measurements of the silver objects surface are necessary to identify elements and corrosion products prior to treatment, especially for the use of non- or low-invasive cleaning techniques, in order to increase the chances of attaining a predetermined target of treatment result. However, as shown in this article, surface measuring techniques (e.g. UV–Vis, SEM-EDX) are not always capable of revealing all of the relevant aspects that might influence the cleaning performance, such as voids or intermediate layers. To reveal the latter, cross sections should be taken. Moreover, the presence of metastable corrosion states and the presence of voids suggest that the corrosion process of sterling silver in insufficiently understood which also may hamper cleaning test evaluations. PS: Acquisition and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript, accountable for all aspects of the work. OS: Acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript and revising it critically, accountable for all aspects of the work. RW: Acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript and revising it critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors are grateful to the EU-project PANNA (FP7, no 282998) for funding, The Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology CEST for the use of instrumentation and The Institute of Science and Technology in Art of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna for the cooperation. More in particular, we thank the following persons: Christoph Kleber, Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Viktor-Kaplan-Strasse 2, 2700 Wr. Neustadt, Austria; for the acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. Manfred Schreiner, Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; Supervision of a contributing research group. Joost Caen, University of Antwerp, Conservation Studies, Blindestraat 9, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Supervision of the contributing Heritage & Sustainability research group. Karolien De Wael and Gert Nuyts. University of Antwerp, Chemistry Department, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Supervision of the contributing AXES research group for SEM-EDX measurements.

2019-04-23T14:29:20Z

https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-015-0054-1

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You can then have your vitals taken, and soon thereafter you are going to be sent on the cardio-thoracic surgical treatment device. Inside a superior medical center your loved ones will likely be allowed to accompany you. If you get there there’ll be many physicians and nurses current, together with your anesthesiologist. They can take your vitals once more, and once your surgeon arrives they may short both you and your household about the information with the precise open up coronary heart medical procedures. The anesthesiologist will show you how things will select putting you to sleep, together with what to anticipate when you awaken afterward. Your surgeon offers you a rundown of everything and provides you a chance to request any remaining concerns you may have. When they are concluded speaking to you and your loved ones, your anesthesiologist will possible set an IV in each arm if you are however awake. They use these to administer anesthesia and other drugs after you happen to be about the working desk. Truxedo gives a wide wide range of every kind of tonneau covers on your truck. Please review our useful report, to help you make the top selection of brand name and kind to your truck now https://wheelstips.com/best-truck-bed-covers. Truck bed tonneau addresses are available a variety of customized designs by TruXedo, which can be produced exclusively for your make and calendar year within your truck. TruXedo Soft Roll-Up truck bed covers are produced by a firm with a long time of practical experience in creating tarps that made use of by tractor-trailers who tested their longevity in hard environments. Shur-Company analyzed their merchandise from Arizona to Alaska in that fashion they could be sure that the Soft Roll-Up Tonneau Cover is resilient ample to very last in a variety of weather. 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As flowers are delicate things that have to be dealt with with treatment, look at regardless of whether the flowers sent in your close friends and kin are new and not crushed. Skin Treatment Cream – Must You Go Normal? The skin is probably a part of your self that you just generally choose for granted. We forget, that with the amount of money of pollution, UV rays, dust and mud the pores and skin is uncovered to everyday, as a way to have stunning skin, one particular has got to choose appropriate treatment of it. While using the availability of skin treatment product products, looking after your skin has grown to be much easier. A goji cream ervaringen is more than just any moisturizer. Although it does raise the level of moisture within your skin, it can also support to take care of and handle the level of sebum exuded from the sebaceous glands on the pores and skin. 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Merely disposing on the batteries in some sort of landfill won’t help the ecosystem and may most unquestionably not appeal to either automobile manufacturers or customers. To address this worry, quite a few major car or truck manufacturers during the electric powered vehicle race have teamed up with firms experienced about energy and strength to plan tips on how to recycle and reuse outdated electric powered Car Battery Replacement Service In Singapore and their electrical power. Typical Motors has announced it is going to collaborate using the Swiss enterprise ABB, a frontrunner in electrical power and automation systems as well as world’s premier provider of ability grid methods, to plan a prepare for re-using batteries with the Chevrolet Volt. The companies will produce quite a few pilot tasks and look at the Volt’s 16-kWh lithium-ion batteries to determine how the second-life vehicle batteries might be utilized to offer electrical grid storage units. All through the pilot assignments the companies will research renewable power storage, grid load management, back-up energy supplies for communities, and time of use management. In line with GM Govt Director of Electrical Units, Micky Bly, ‘Volt’s battery could have sizeable capacity to retail outlet electricity, even right after its automotive lifetime.’ Which means following the eight calendar year or 100,000 mile guarantee made available about the Volt, the battery will even now have electricity which can be used for other uses if the auto battery is recycled. Thus, GM’s final goal via its ABB partnership is usually to find a cost-effective option that may improve the entire lifecycle with the battery and will strengthen the effectiveness from the country’s electrical grid. One more auto maker which has begun learning electric powered battery recycling options is Nissan. Nissan has entered into a joint venture with Sumitomo Company to carry out investigation on employed lithium-ion batteries. The joint venture, referred to as 4R Energy, contains a intent to ‘Reuse, Resell, Refabricate, and Recycle’ the electrical batteries that electricity the Nissan Leaf. The corporate is anticipated to perform demonstration exams and undertake a commercialization review mainly because it operates towards building a company for second-life usage of lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the California electrical car maker Tesla Motors, has entered into a investigation venture with SolarCity, a national leader in solar layout and set up, plus the University of California, Berkley to analyze outdated electric auto battery prospects. The trio is producing a method that should merge Tesla’s electrical motor vehicle battery procedure with SolarCity’s checking platform to provide a sophisticated grid-interactive photovoltaic (PV) and stationary storage solution that may have the capacity to be put in in structures. The concept is the battery storage produced will accumulate surplus PV ability which the utility can use in lieu of working with ability crops with larger sized emissions. Everybody has read that to generally be Pain you may have to training, take in very well, get a excellent night’s slumber and equally as importantly be content. These are generally four cornerstones of fine wellness. The lifestyle of a truck driver is just not often conducive to being wholesome. Truckers awaken early, consume, generate, take in, push some extra, then snooze for a number of hours and begin all over again – not necessarily the healthiest lifestyle! 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Fantastic health allows us to appreciate existence on the fullest. A few of the critical rewards of becoming nutritious consist of, improved vitality, a lot less stress, much less exhaustion, the chance to combat off bacterial infections and usually emotion physically much better and happier. The every day stresses from the trucking life-style can from time to time be overwhelming. The healthier that you are, the greater you’ll have the ability to deal with the daily grind of everyday living about the highway. That seems great to me! Hence the subsequent time that car cuts you off, consider about your wellbeing, acquire a couple of deep breaths and imagine positively, your body will thank you. It is actually in no way as well late to start earning adjustments to become healthier. 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The stable sorts are capsules, tablets, creams, ointments etcetera. Pharmaceutical merchandise in liquid kind incorporate methods, gels, Suspensions, emulsions and injectables. Many exterior use only solutions like inhalers and aerosols which primarily comprise butane and chlorofluorocarbons. We will conclude that pharmaceutical producing models have extra a great deal to the health care area and helped mankind in preventing with several health and fitness ailments and so are still endeavoring to add a growing number of to the medical planet. Frameless shower doors not simply lead towards the fantastic thing about your lavatory, nonetheless they also lead towards the practical usage of space. They sometimes signify a novel option in your lavatory. Because these doorways don’t have any body, they need to be quite solid. They’re also very easy to scrub and retain. Glass Shower Doors Frameless have substantial aesthetic charm and raise the worth of the toilet. You can find different viewpoints about what exactly is much better to possess during the toilet, shower stall or bathtub, or both equally. This determination will depend on anything you prefer. For those who have a small rest room, the shower stall is surely an great answer simply because you’ll so use room maximally. The benefit of the shower stall is drastically less h2o intake. Conversely, classical bathtubs will be the spot for luxury, leisure and delight. Relaxing from the bathtub is the greatest technique to take pleasure in and forget about all complications. Your decision of bath is a issue of style, but will also a make a difference of room. Of course, the best can be to own each a bath and shower stall, if the true dimensions of place, requirements and economic capacities permit. Since this isn’t normally the situation, you ought to make a selection which by natural means will depend on your individual routines. Contemporary way of life and minimal space typically suggest that we should always opt for shower doorways.

2019-04-24T16:38:29Z

http://www.gremco.net/2019/02/

Diener Violettas und Floras - Kostümierte etc. Im Haus der bekannten Halbweltdarne Violetta wird ein Fest gefeiert. Der von Vicomte Gaston eingeführte Alfred bewundert schon länger die Dame des Hauses, die ihn nur flüchtig begrüsst. Da Baron Douphol, Violettas augenblicklicher Verehrer, auf die Gastgeberin keinen Trinkspruch ausbringen kann, singt Alfred ein feuriges Lied, das alle Gäste und Violetta leidenschaftlich beantworten (Libiamo ne'lieti calici). Als Violetta, die an Tuberkulose leidet, einen Schwächeanfall bekommt und sich zurückzieht, nähert sich Alfred ihr und gesteht seine Liebe (Un dì felice). Violetta, überrascht und mit sich uneins, überreicht ihrem Verehrer eine Kamelie, nach deren Verblühen er sie wieder besuchen dürfe. Nachdem die Gäste und Alfred gegangen sind, denkt Violetta an ihr bisheriges Leben (È strano!). Sie sehnt sich zwar nach dem Glück der reinen Liebe (Ah, fors è lui), verwirft dann aber den geheimen Wunsch zu Gunsten ihres bisherigen Lebens in Lust- und Festtaumel (Sempre libera). Alfred hat sich mit Violetta auf ein Landgut in der Nähe von Paris zurückgezogen, um ganz ihrer Liebe leben zu können (De' miei bollenti spiriti). Von Annina erfährt Alfred eines Tages, dass Violetta nichts mehr besitzt, um ihren Lebensunterhalt bestreiten zu können. Er will die finanzielle Situation bereinigen (O mio rimorso). Während Alfred nach Paris fährt, um Geld zu holen, erscheint überraschend sein Vater und verlangt von Violetta auf den Geliebten zu verzichten, weil sonst seine Tochter, Alfreds Schwester, von ihrem Bräutigam verlassen werde. ( Pure sicome un angelo). Schweren Herzens nimmt Violetta von Alfred Abschied, kehrt heimlich nach Paris zurück und lässt durch einen Boten bestellen, dass sie ihr früheres Leben wieder aufnehmen will. Alfred erfasst rasende Eifersucht, auch sein Vater kann ihn nicht beruhigen (Di Provenza il mar). Er vermutet, dass Violetta zu ihrem früheren Verehrer zurückgekehrt ist und folgt, blind vor Wut, seiner Geliebten nach Paris. Alfred trifft Violetta, wie angenommen, in Flora Bervoix Salon wieder, als sie am Arm des Barons den Saal betritt. Vergebens versucht Violetta Alfred, der beim Glücksspiel ständig gewonnen und den Baron beleidigt hat, zu überreden, das Fest zu verlassen. Sie deutet ihm an, dass ein Versprechen sie hindere, sich zu erklären und dass sie Angst um ihn habe. Alfred ist überzeugt, dass Violetta lügt und fordert sie auf, ihm zu sagen, wem sie geschworen hat, auf ihn zu verzichten. Nach schwerem inneren Kampf gibt Violetta vor, Douphol Treue gelobt zu haben und diesen zu lieben. Vom Zorn überwältigt, ruft Alfred die Gesellschaft zusammen und wirft Violetta die im Spiel gewonnenen Banknoten für die geleisteten Dienste vor die Füsse. Alle sind starr vor Entsetzen, auch sein Vater, der seinen Sohn mit Würde zurechtweist (Di sprezzo degno). Während Douphol Alfred zum Duell fordert, sinkt Violetta bewusstlos zu Boden. Einige Wochen sind vergangen. Violetta, deren Krankheit sich durch die Aufregung verschlimmert hat, ist mit Annina in ihrer Wohnung allein. Todkrank und fast mittellos nimmt sie Abschied vom Leben, obwohl ihr der Doktor baldige Genesung in Aussicht gestellt hat (Addio del passato). Ein Brief von Alfreds Vater wird überbracht, aus dem Violetta erfährt, dass Alfred das Duell überstanden hat und zu ihr zurückkommen wird, um Verzeihung zu erbitten. Doch es ist zu spät, Alfred findet eine Sterbende. Noch einmal kehren Violettas Kräfte zurück, die beiden Liebenden sehen die Zukunft in herrlichsten Farben, ein neues Leben soll beginnen (Parigi, o cara). Als auch Alfreds Vater kommt, um das Mädchen als Tochter anzuerkennen, muss er erschüttert sehen, wie sie in den Armen seines verzweifelten Sohnes stirbt. A brilliant party is in progress and Violetta is receiving her guests. One of them begs leave to introduce a friend, Alfredo Germont, who has long admired her from afar. Baron Douphol, Violetta's current protector, takes a dislike to Alfredo and refuses to propose the toast when the wine is poured. Instead Alfredo proposes the toast - to love. Violetta answers that love, like all things, must fade: it is best to enjoy the pleasures of the fleeting moment. The guests move into another room to dance but Violetta, who had been ill, suddenly feels faint and begs them to go on without her. Only Alfredo remains, anxious about her. He tells her he has loved her from the moment he first saw her a year ago. Violetta warns him not to look to her for love, since she has never experienced it. She tells him to leave and think of her no more, but gives him a flower with permission to return it when it has faded. "That will be tomorrow!" exclaims Alfredo, and she agrees. Alfredo goes, followed shortly afterwards by the other guests. Left alone, Violetta begins to wonder whether she could love Alfredo, but rejects the possibility. A woman in her position cannot afford such luxuries. She will keep her place in the social whirl of Paris and forget about serious affairs of the heart. Under the balcony Alfredo's voice can be heard repeating his declaration of love. Alfredo's passion has won the day. Three months later he and Violetta, deeply in love, have cut themselves off completely from fashionable. life. Alfredo's joy is disturbed one morning when he learns from Violetta's maid Annina that Violetta has had to sell her last possessions, because they have been living on her money which is now all gone. He rushes off to Paris to see what he can do to raise some money, leaving a message for Violetta. She comes in with an invitation from Flora, one of her fashionable friends, which she puts aside laughing, not intending to accept. Alfredo's father suddenly appears and accuses her of having ruined his son. When she proves to him that all the money spent has been hers he is more polite, but goes on to ask her to give up Alfredo because the liaison is spoiling his daughter's marriage prospects. Broken-hearted, she agrees - thereby winning his deep admiration. They agree that the only way she can convince Alfredo that their idyll is at at end is to tell him she no longer loves him. Telling Germont to wait in the garden to be ready to comfort Alfredo, she begins a letter to him telling him of her decision. He arrives back before she has finished. Somewhat to his astonishment she bids him a tearful farewell, telling him to love her always as she loves him. A few minutes after her departure he receives her note by a messenger and understands that she has left for ever. His father appears and tries to comfort him, reminding him of his happy childhood in far Provence. Alfredo refuses to be comforted and, seeing Flora's invitation, assumes that Violetta will be returning to her former life and to the baron. He determines to follow her. Another party is taking place. Dancers dressed as matadors and Spanish gypsies entertain the company and tell their fortunes. Alfredo arrives alone, followed shortly afterwards by Violetta accompanied by the jealous baron who forbids her to speak a word to Alfredo. The men begin to play cards and Alfredo wins, remarking bitterly that he is unlucky at love but lucky at cards. Drawn by their mutual antagonism he and the baron begin to play against each other. Their rivalry increases as Alfredo continues to win. Violetta watches, full of anguish. When the guests retire to another room for supper she begs Alfredo to stay for a moment and entreats him not to anger the baron. Alfredo refuses to believe that her concern is for him rather than the baron, particularly when she refuses his request to leave at once with him. She tells him she has sworn to avoid him and he assumes that only the baron could have had the power to extort such a promise from her. To avoid telling him the truth she says she loves the baron. Desperate, Alfredo calls the others back and throws his winnings at Violetta, calling them to witness that he has now repaid all his debts to her. Everyone turns on him for his unkindness to Violetta and even his father, who comes in at this point, reproves him for insulting a lady. Coming to his senses Alfredo himself is horrified by what he has done. The baron challenges him to a duel for his discourtesy. Violetta, overcome by weakness and emotion, assures Alfredo that she does not deserve his scornful treatment; she still loves him and one day he will be filled with remorse at what he has done. Violetta is alone except for her maid Annina. She is practically penniless and dying of the consumption which has been racking her. A carnival is taking place in the streets outside while she lies in bed. She has had a letter from Germont which she reads through again: Alfredo has wounded the baron in a duel and had to leave the country for a while. Germont has told him of Violetta's sacrifice and he is coming back to ask her forgiveness. But Violetta knows that she has little time left and that her days of love with Alfredo are over. He arrives and they have an ecstatic reunion. Their love is stronger than ever and they declare their intention of leaving Paris forever. But all this emotion is too much for Violetta and she collapses. Alfredo, looking at her closely for the first time, realises the terrible truth that she is dying. She tries to pretend that this is not so by getting up and dressing, but she is too weak and falls to the floor, crying out bitterly against the cruel fate of dying so young just when her hopes had been about to be fulfilled. Germont arrives with the doctor, ready to embrace her as a daughter. When he too realises her real condition he is struck by remorse at having caused her so much unhappiness. She gives Alfredo a portrait of herself as a keepsake and tells him to marry some pure young girl and be happy. She rises to her feet, feeling a strange new strength, but it is only the last remission of her illness which precedes death. She collapses lifeless, surrounded by those she holds dearest in the world. Après le prélude qui superpose les thèmes de l'amour, de la mort, et de la vie futile, nous assistons à une réception à Paris où la demi-mondaine Violetta (soprano) entonne avec son nouveau soupirant Afredo (ténor) un brindisi (Libiamo), et se laisse émouvoir par sa sincérité (duo: Un di, felice) contrastant avec le caractère superficiel de ses autres relations et l'indifférence de ses hôtes aux symptômes de phtisie qu'elle manifeste. Elle rêve d'un véritable amour partagé (È strano ... Ah fors'è lui), et tente de se reprendre (Follie … Sempre libera) alors que la voix d'Alfredo se fait entendre au loin. Depuis trois mois, Alfredo vit avec Violetta un bonheur sans nuages à la campagne (Lunge da lei... Dei mie bollenti spiriti), et revient soudain à la réalité lorsqu'il apprend que Violetta a dû, pour subvenir à leur train de vie, vendre ses bijoux (Oh mio rimorso). Violetta reçoit, seule, la visite de Giorgio Germont (baryton), le père d'Alfredo (duo: Madamigella Valery?), qui, pour éviter la mauvaise réputation de la courtisane ne porte un préjudice irréparable non seulement à Alfredo, mais à sa sœur, dont les fiançailles risquent d'être rompues, demande à Violetta de cesser cette liaison (Pura siccome un angelo). Violetta se résout au sacrifice (Dite alla giovine) et, sans lui révéler son départ, dit un adieu bouleversant à son amant (Amami, Alfredo). Alfredo reçoit la lettre de rupture de Violetta. Son père revient, le console (Di Provenza il mar), et l'exhorte en vain à le suivre (No, non udrai). Lors d'une fête donnée par Flora (soprano), Alfredo trouve Violetta accompagnée par le baron Douphol (baryton) et se croit plus que jamais trahi; il la supplie de reprendre la vie commune, mais Violetta doit rester fidèle à la parole donnée a Germont. Alfredo l'injurie publiquement en lui jetant de l'argent au visage (Questa donna conoscete?): le baron le provoque en duel, et Germont, survenu, prend la défense de Violetta qui, dans l'ensemble final, confesse son amour intact (Alfredo, di questo cuore). Dans sa maison presque vide, dévenue pauvre, oubliée par ses amis, Violetta se meurt de la phtisie. Elle relit la lettre de Germont (Teneste la promessa... Addio del passato) qui a révélé son sacrifice a son fils. Alfredo accourt, implorant son pardon; les deux amant rêvent d'une nouvelle vie loin de Paris (duo: Parigi, o cara), mais, en présence aussi de Germont et du fidèle Médecin le docteur Grenvil (basse), Violetta expire dans les bras d'Alfredo. Un’affiatata compagnia di gaudenti aristocratici e compiacenti damigelle si è riunita per trascorrere l’ennesima notte di piaceri, dove «L’amistà s’intreccia al diletto». Novizio, e un po’ disorientato fra tanto vortice di parole e di musica, è Alfredo Germont, fattosi introdurre dall’amico Gastone col deliberato proposito di conoscere personalmente la padrona di casa, oggetto di segreta passione. Violetta si fa celia di tante attenzioni, e per sdrammatizzare la scena propone un brindisi collettivo (“Libiam ne’ lieti calici”). La festa prosegue: nel salone contiguo si aprono le danze; gli invitati accorrono, ma un accesso di tosse frena l’uscita di Violetta, che si trattiene assistita da Alfredo. L’eco dei valzer giunge sino al proscenio, fungendo da sostegno sonoro alla conversazione appartata dei due: alle profferte amorose dell’uno (“Un dì, felice, eterea, / mi balenaste innante”) si mescolano le ricuse divertite dell’altra, che a un uomo non può promettere altro che amicizia (“Ah, se ciò è ver, fuggitemi... / solo amistade io v’offro”). Catturati nuovamente dal turbinio della festa, che sta per volgere al termine, i due si danno appuntamento per il giorno seguente. È ormai l’alba e Violetta, rimasta sola, medita turbata sull’effetto sortito in lei dalle parole di Alfredo: che sia forse giunto il giorno del suo primo vero amore, il momento di «essere amata amando»? (cantabile “Ah, fors’è lui che l’anima”) No di certo (tempo di mezzo “Follie... follie... delirio vano è questo”). Il destino di Violetta è ben altro: continuare nella sua condizione di gaudente indipendenza sociale (cabaletta “Sempre libera degg’io /folleggiare di gioia in gioia”). Fra tali propositi era calato il sipario dell’atto primo; ma il riaprirsi della tela, su una casa di campagna presso Parigi, ci rivela contro ogni aspettativa un Alfredo perfettamente inserito in un tranquillo ménage di coppia con la donna (cantabile “De’ miei bollenti spiriti / il giovanile ardore / ella temprò col placido / sorriso dell’amore”). La serenità conquistata ha tuttavia vita breve. La servetta Annina, testé giunta da Parigi, rivela di esservi stata inviata dalla padrona – privata ormai delle munifiche elargizioni di tanti protettori – per alienare i beni restanti e finanziare così la nuova esistenza. Alfredo non ci sta: aperti finalmente gli occhi dopo tre mesi di estasi beata (“Dell’universo immemore / io vivo quasi in ciel”) corre egli stesso a Parigi, per cercare una soluzione adeguata (cabaletta “O mio rimorso, o infamia, / io vissi in tale errore”). Ignara di tutto, rientra Violetta; sorride di un invito che le giunge dai vecchi amici per la sera stessa: non è più vita per lei! Ed ecco piombare inatteso il padre d’Alfredo che, in un memorabile duetto con Violetta, chiede alla donna una netta recisione della convivenza peccaminosa: il futuro genero, già sul punto di sposare la sorella di Alfredo, venuto a conoscenza dell’onta che grava sulla famiglia Germont, minaccia l’abbandono della giovane (“Pura siccome un angelo / Iddio mi die’ una figlia”). Violetta, in una disperata requisitoria, oppone tutto il suo autentico e disinteressato amore per Alfredo a quello ipocrita dei matrimoni combinati fra l’alta società, ma il vecchio Germont è irremovibile nel suo cinismo: torni, finché è giovane, alla vita gaudente di prima; l’uomo è volubile e, quando la bellezza sarà svanita, anche Alfredo si rivolgerà altrove. Votata al martirio, la donna cede (“Dite alla giovine – sì bella e pura / ch’avvi una vittima – della sventura”). L’accordo è presto fatto. Inutile dire ad Alfredo che l’amore è finito: non lo crederà; sarà piuttosto Violetta a concertare la cosa, dietro la promessa che, quando il dolore avrà sopraffatto la sua ormai cagionevole salute, la verità venga rivelata all’amato (cabaletta “Morrò!... la mia memoria non fia ch’ei maledica”). Rimasta sola, Violetta si appresta a scrivere la lettera mendace per Alfredo; da questi inopinatamente sorpresa, scoppia in un’eccitazione crescente, che culmina nella più straziante richiesta d’amore della storia dell’opera (“Amami Alfredo, amami quant’io t’amo”). Violetta fugge verso Parigi; la lettera viene recapitata all’amato pochi minuti dopo: questi l’apre, la legge e cade disperato fra le braccia del padre, rimasto opportunamente in agguato per cogliere l’attimo più propizio alla riconquista del figlio. La paternale è immediata (“Di Provenza il mar, il suol – chi dal cor ti cancellò?”); Alfredo si stacca adirato dall’abbraccio paterno, tutto intento a scoprire chi possa essere la causa dell’improvviso voltafaccia di Violetta (forse il barone Douphol?), mentre il padre torna all’attacco sul suo fronte moralistico (cabaletta “No, non udrai rimproveri”), senza riuscire più a catturare l’attenzione di Alfredo. È invece un foglio abbandonato sul tavolo a colpirlo: l’invito per la sera stessa al solito festino gaudente; è lì che l’offesa verrà vendicata. Repentino il cambio di scena, ed eccoci al centro di un ballo mascherato: zingarelle e toreri invadono il salone coi loro canti festosi (“Noi siamo zingarelle”; “Di Madrid noi siam mattadori”). A poche ore dal fatto, la notizia della separazione fra i due amanti circola già in società, e l’ingresso disinvolto di Alfredo alla festa in cui la donna apparirà a braccetto del nuovo amante viene salutato con approvazione. Ecco infatti giungere Violetta, accompagnata dal barone Douphol. Alfredo sbanca tutti al tavolo da gioco: anche il rivale, in una sfida a carte che assume inevitabilmente connotazioni ben più personali. La tensione viene tempestivamente interrotta dall’invito alla cena: i convitati si allontanano, tranne Violetta, che in un disperato quanto fallimentare tentativo di evitare il peggio ha fatto chiamare a sé proprio Alfredo. Il dialogo è impossibile: lei si vede costretta ad ammettere di amare Douphol, pur di non svelare il vero, e lui, chiamati i presenti a raccolta, con ira crescente ne denuncia pubblicamente la condotta, gettandole ai piedi una borsa di danaro in segno di pagamento per il periodo trascorso insieme. La situazione precipita nel concertato finale, aperto dall’ingresso inatteso di Germont padre che, invece di giustificare il comportamento della donna svelando la verità, continua le sue querimonie contro il comportamento indecoroso del figlio (Largo concertato “Di sprezzo degno se stesso rende / chi pur nell’ira la donna offende”), cui si accodano le espressioni di rimorso di Alfredo, le dolenti rimostranze di Violetta, i moti compassionevoli di tutti gli astanti. Ed eccoci alla conclusione del flashback , come ci ricorda il preludio che si apre con le identiche note dell’inizio, ma senza più deviare verso i toni della passione e della frivolezza: il presente è solo dolore – fisico, oltre che morale e affettivo, in quanto la tisi ha ormai condotto l’eroina sul letto di morte. Al capezzale l’assistono ancora la fedele Annina e le cure pietose del medico, già testimone di tutti i precedenti eventi. La sofferenza e l’indigenza di Violetta contrastano con l’opulenza del carnevale parigino, che fa giungere dalla strada i suoi canti festosi. Unica consolazione in tanta solitudine è una lettera che la donna ha ricevuto da Giorgio Germont: l’informa del duello, in cui il barone è rimasto ferito, e della partenza di Alfredo dalla Francia; ragguagliato finalmente dal padre sulla verità degli eventi, sta ora facendo rapido ritorno per farsi perdonare dall’amata. Purtroppo è ormai tardi: Violetta rilegge lo scritto per l’ennesima volta, e ancor non giunge alcuno, mentre le forze la abbandonano giorno dopo giorno (romanza “Addio del passato bei sogni ridenti”). Ma ecco Annina entrare tutta eccitata nella stanza: Alfredo è arrivato, e corre fra le braccia di Violetta per l’immancabile duetto. Alla rappacificazione immediata (tempo d’attacco “Colpevol sono...so tutto, o cara”), seguono i più ottimistici progetti per il futuro (cantabile “Parigi, o cara, noi lasceremo”); Violetta vorrebbe uscire (tempo di mezzo), correre in chiesa per ringraziare Iddio della nuova gioia, ma le forze non la reggono più: si chiami pure il medico, ma se non riesce a salvarla il tanto sospirato ritorno di Alfredo, nessun altro lo potrà in terra (cabaletta “Gran Dio, morir sì giovane”). Anche Giorgio Germont sopraggiunge per l’ultimo conforto: le voci si uniscono nel concertato finale avviato dalla protagonista (Largo “Prendi; quest’è l’immagine / De’ miei passati giorni”), cui seguono i soli pochi istanti di apparente vigore che sogliono cogliere i malati di tisi, prima del crollo definitivo. Vana illusione: Violetta cade esanime. Salon im Hause Violettas. Im Hintergrund führt eine Tür zu einem anderen Saal; zwei weitere Türen sind an den Seiten; links ein Kamin mit einem Spiegel darüber. In der Mitte ein reich gedeckter Tisch. Violetta sitzt auf einem Sofa und unterhält sich mit dem Doktor und einigen Freunden, während andere auf die zugehen, die neu hinzukommen; unter diesen befinden sich der Baron und Flora am Arm des Marquis. Verspätet habt Ihr Euch . . . und beim Spiel verging die Zeit im Fluge. Und Ihr werdet Euch daran freuen können? mit dieser Arznei das Übel zu lindern. Ja, das Leben wird durch die Freude doppelt lebenswert. Die zuvor Genannten, der Vicomte Gaston de Letorières, Alfredo Germont. Diener sind um die Tafel herumbeschäftigt. wenige Freunde sind ihm gleich. Mein lieber Vicomte, Dank für dieses Geschenk. Sie drücken sich die Hand. Die Freundschaft paart sich hier mit dem Vergnügen. Die Diener haben inzwischen die Speisen aufgetragen. dem festlichen Mahl möge jeder zusprechen. Sie setzen sich so, dass Violetta zwischen Alfredo und Gaston bleibt; ihnen gegenüber Flora zwischen dem Marquis und dem Baron; die anderen nehmen nach eigenem Belieben Platz. Es tritt ein Moment des Schweigens ein; inzwischen werden die Gerichte herumgereicht, Violetta und Gaston sprechen leise miteinander. Alfredo denkt immerzu an Euch. in Sorge hierher und fragte nach Euch. Ich bin nichts für ihn. Es ist also wahr? ... Wie kommt das? . . . Ich verstehe es nicht. Ich kenne Euch erst seit einem Jahr. Und er erst seit einigen Minuten. Es wäre besser gewesen, Ihr hättet geschwiegen. Dieser junge Mann ist mir lästig . . . Mir dagegen ist er sympathisch. Und du machst nun den Mund nicht mehr auf? Ich werde wie Hebe sein, die kredenzt. fällt Euch in dieser vergnügten Stunde ein? Bist du nicht ein Experte? Ja?…Mir ist schon etwas eingefallen. Ja, Aufmerksamkeit für den Sänger. durch das Trinken noch heissere Küsse erlangen. länger kann man sie nicht geniessen. Im Feiern liegt das Leben. Wenn man sich noch nicht liebt. Sagt das nicht der, die das nicht kennt. Möchtet ihr jetzt nicht tanzen? Oh, eine nette Idee! ... Wir sind alle einverstanden. Sie begeben sich zur mittleren Tür, aber Violetta wird plötzlich ganz blass. Sie macht einige Schritte, muss aber wieder innehalte und sich setzen. O Himmel! … Was ist das? Ich werde gleich kommen . . . Alle gehen in den anderen Saal ausser Alfredo, der zurückbleibt. Ein Herz? ... ja ... Vielleicht ... warum fragt Ihr danach? Ach, wenn es so wäre, könntet Ihr nicht scherzen. Ich mache Euch nichts vor. Liebt Ihr mich seit langem? Ach ja, seit einem Jahr. glücklich und himmlisch vor mir. Qual und Glückseligkeit für das Herz. Nun also? ... Was zum Teufel macht ihr? Ha! Ha!… ist ja gut . . . bleibt da. Von Liebe also nichts mehr… Gefällt Euch die Abmachung? Er wendet sich zum Gehen. Sie nimmt eine Blume von ihrer Brust. Sagt Ihr noch immer, dass Ihr mich liebt? Violetta und alle anderen, die vom Tanz erhitzt aus dem Saal zurückkommen. Sie gehen nach rechts ab. haben sich mir jene Worte gegraben! Wäre eine ernsthafte Liebe Unglück für mich? Wie entscheidest du dich, meine verstörte Seele? als er mich zur Liebe erweckte. Qual und Glückseligkeit des Herzens! Aberwitz! ... Torheit ... eitler Wahn ist das! in den Strudeln der Lust untergehen. soll mein Sinn gerichtet sein. Landhaus in der Nähe von Paris. Salon im Erdgeschoss. Im Hintergrund dem Zuschauer gegenüber befindet sich ein Kamin, über dem ein Spiegel und eine Uhr hängen, zwischen zwei geschlossenen Glastüren, die in einen Garten führen. Im ersten Stock zwei andere einander gegenüberliegende Türen. Sessel, kleine Tische, einige Bücher Schreibzeug. Fern von ihr gibt es für mich keine Freude! vergesse ich bei den Freuden mit ihr die ganze Vergangenheit. Der zuvor Genannte und Annina in Reisekleidung. Wer trug dir das auf? Es war die gnädige Frau. was sie noch besitzt, zu veräussern. Nun geh ... Ich werde nach Paris fahren. Dieses Gespräch soll die gnädige Frau nicht erfahren. Noch kann ich alles in Ordnung bringen. O wie ich bereue! Wie schändlich von mir! Ich lebte in solcher Verblendung! diese Schmach werde ich tilgen. Violetta tritt mit einigen Papieren auf: sie spricht mit Annina; später Giuseppe. Er fuhr gerade nach Paris. Geschäftsmann erscheinen ... Er soll sofort hereinkommen. Annina und Giuseppe gehen ab. Violetta, dann Herr Germont, von Giuseppe hereingeführt, der zwei Sessel vorrückt und abgeht. Und sie lädt mich heute abend zum Tanzen ein! Sie wirft das Blatt auf den Tisch und setzt sich. Alfredos Vater seht Ihr in mir! mehr in Eurem als in meinem Interesse. Sie wendet sich zum Gehen. Allen ist dieses Dokument unbekannt . . . Euch soll es das nicht sein. Ach, Eure Vergangenheit, warum nur macht sie Euch zur Angeklagten? und Gott tilgte sie, weil ich bereute. Das ist es nicht, was ich verlange. Himmel, was wollt Ihr noch mehr? ... Ich bot schon viel! tief und unermesslich in meinem Herzen brennt? keine Freunde, keine Verwandten habe? dass ich in ihm all das finden werde? von einer unheilvollen Krankheit geschlagen ist? Dass ich schon mein Ende nahen sehe? Ich soll mich von Alfredo trennen? dass ich lieber sterben will. Ihn allein will ich lieben. noch wäre es die rechte Zeit. gibt einem Vater diese Worte ein. keine Stimme der Hoffnung, sich jemals wieder aufzurichten! den es jetzt ihr opfert, und das dann sterben wird! es ist das grösste Opfer, das ich jetzt von dir verlange. Nur Mut ... und das edle Herz wird siegen. Sagt ihm, dass Ihr ihn nicht liebt. Er wird es nicht glauben. Sie zeigt auf den Garten und geht, um etwas zu schreiben. Was gedenkt Ihr zu tun? Wenn Ihr es wüsstet, würdet Ihr Euch meiner Idee widersetzen. Ihr Grossherzige! ... Und was kann ich für Euch tun? meine schrecklichen Qualen wenigstens erzählt. so edle Tat stolz sein. Germont geht durch die Tür zum Garten ab. Violetta, dann Annina, darauf Alfredo. Gib mir Kraft, o Himmel! Sie setzt sich, schreibt, dann läutet sie. sieht die Adresse und zeigt sich überrascht. Kein Wort darüber … Geh sofort. Was sage ich ihm? Wer gibt mir dazu den Mut? Welche Verwirrung! … Wem schriebst du? Verzeih mir ... ich mache mir Sorgen. Aber ich erwarte ihn; er wird dich gern haben, wenn er dich sieht. Hält kaum die Tränen zurück. weil du mich liebst, Alfredo, nicht wahr? Ach wie sehr ... Warum weinst du? Ich werde dort zwischen den Blumen dir immer nahe sein. Liebe mich, Alfredo, so sehr, wie ich dich liebe ... Leb woh1. Sie läuft in den Garten. Alfredo, dann Giuseppe, später ein Dienstbote. Er setzt sich, nimmt aufs Geratewohl ein Buch, liest etwas, dann erhebt er sich, sieht nach der Uhr über dem Kamin. mein Vater nicht mehr kommen. Man sieht in der Ferne den Vater den Garten durchqueren. Er gibt Alfredo einen Brief erhält einige Geldstücke und geht. Alfredo, dann Germont, der vom Garten hereinkommt. Wie vom Blitz getroffen schreit er auf. Kehre als Stolz und Ruhm deines Vaters zurück. Das Meer und das Land der Provence - wer tilgte sie in deinem Herzen? Welches Schicksal raubte dich der strahlenden Sonne deiner Heimat? und dass allein dort noch Frieden über dir leuchten kann. Als du fern warst, zog Trostlosigkeit in sein Haus ein. . . Erwiderst du nicht die Liebe eines Vaters? Also habe ich dich umsonst wiedergefunden! eine so grosse Freude nicht. Was sagst du? Ach bleib doch stehen! Galerie in Floras Palast, reich dekoriert und illuminiert. Eine Tür im Hintergrund und zwei an den Seiten. Rechts mehr im Vordergrund ein Spieltisch mit allem, was dazugehört; links ein Tischchen mit Blumen und Erfrischungen, verschiedenen Sitzgelegenheiten und einem Diwan. Flora, der Marquis, der Doktor und andere Gäste treten von links ein und unterhalten sich. Auch Violetta und Alfredo habe ich eingeladen. Kennt Ihr die Neuigkeit nicht? Violetta und Alfredo haben sich getrennt. Sie wird mit dem Baron hierher kommen. Ich sah sie noch gestern ... sie schienen glücklich. Man hört von rechts Lärm. Die zuvor Genannten und viele als Zigeunerinnen kostümierte Damen, die von rechts hereinkommen. die Zukunft aus der Hand. Sie ergreifen Floras Hand und betrachten sie. Sie tun dasselbe beim Marquis. Spielt Ihr noch immer den Galan? Gut, Ihr sollt mir dafür bezahlen . . . oder ich lasse es Euch bereuen. Flora und der Marquis schütteln sich die Hand. Die zuvor Genannten; Gaston und andere, die als Stierkämpfer und spanische Picadores verkleidet sind, kommen lebhaft von rechts herein. werdet Ihr erfahren, was für Liebhaber wir sind. Mit Vergnügen werden wir es hören . ist er Herr der Turniere. bei deiner Rückkehr Hand und Herz schenken. auf diese Weise seine Liebe bewies. in den Armen der Liebe. die Stierkämpfer die Schönen zu erobern! Die Männer legen die Masken ab; die einen gehen umher, und die anderen schicken sich an zu spielen. Die zuvor Genannten und Alfredo, dann Violetta mit demBaron, später ein Diener. Von ihr weiss ich nichts. Ganz schön abgebrüht! ... Bravo! ... Nun los, man darf spielen. Du bist mir sehr willkommen. Ich folgte der freundlichen Einladung. Ich bin Euch dankbar, Baron, dass Ihr sie angenommen habt. Ihr dürft kein einziges Wort an diesen Alfredo richten. Setz dich zu mir; erzähl mir… Welche neue Situation sehe ich da? Der Doktor nähert sich ihnen, während sie sich leise unterhalten. Der Marquis hält sich mit dem Baron abseits. Gaston hebt ab, Alfredo und die anderen setzen; andere gehen umher. um das gewonnene Gold auf dem Lande zu verprassen! Ihr habt ein solches Glück, dass Ihr mich zum Spiel reizt. Und auf die linke Seite hundert. Ein As ... ein Bube ... du hast gewonnen! Der Sieg ist wirklich mein! Ich sehe schon, der Baron wird den Landaufenthalt bezahlen. Bei dem Spiel, das Ihr mögt. Es wird sein, wie Ihr wünscht. Alle gehen durch die mittlere Tür.- Die Bühne bleibt einen Augenblick leer. Violetta kehrt atemlos zurück; dann Alfredo. Ihr rieft mich? Was wollt Ihr? Und Ihr haltet mich für so feige? Erschreckt Euch ein solches Unglück? Aber wenn er es ist, der tötet? das ich als verhängnisvoll fürchte! Ach, geht und auf der Stelle. Vergiss einen Namen, der mit Schande bedeckt ist. Der volles Recht darauf hatte. Die zuvor Genannten und alle Vorherigen, die verwirrt zurückkehren. Ihr rieft uns? …Was wollt Ihr? dass ich sie hier bezahlt habe. Er wirft mit wütender Verachtung eine Börse zu Füssen Violettas, die ohnmächtig in Floras und des Doktors Arme sinkt. In diesem Augenblick tritt der Vater auf. Die zuvor Genannten und Herr Germont, der bei den letzten Worten auftritt. du erweckst in uns Abscheu. der, wenn auch nur im Zorn, eine Frau beleidigt. In dir kann ich Alfredo nicht mehr finden. (Ach ja! …Was tat ich!…Ich fühle mich schrecklich. zerreissen mir die Seele…lassen der Vernunft keinen Platz. Sie wird mir nicht mehr verzeihen. Ich wollte sie fliehen…ich hab es nicht vermocht! Vom Zorn angestachelt, bin ich hierher gekommen! den Preis deiner Verachtung bewiesen habe! auch noch im Tode werde ich dich dennoch lieben. dass ich diesen Hochmut brechen werde. trockne die Flut deiner Tränen. Germont zieht den Sohn mit sich fort; der Baron folgt ihm. Violetta wird vom Doktor und Flora in ein anderes Zimmer geführt; die anderen zerstreuen sich. Schlafzimmer Violettas. Im Hintergrund steht ein Bett mithalb zugezogenen Vorhängen; ein Fenster, verschlossen durch nach innen gehende Fensterladen; nahe dem Bett ein Schemel, auf dem eine Wasserflasche, ein Kristallbecher und verschiedene Medikamente liegen. ln der Mitte der Szene ein Frisiertisch, daneben ein Kanapee; weiter entfernt ein anderes Möbelstück, auf dem ein Nachtlicht brennt; ver-schiedene Sessel und andere Möbel. Die Tür ist links; dem Zuschauer gegenüber befindet sich ein Kamin, in dem Feuer brennt. Violetta schläft auf dem Bett. Annina sitzt neben dem Kamin und schläft gleichfalls. Gib mir einen Schluck Wasser. Annina führt den Auftrag aus. Sieh nach; ist es schon heller Tag? Sie erhebt sich und fällt wieder zurück; dann geht sie mit Unterstützung Anninas langsam zum Kanapee; der Doktor kommt rechtzeitig herein, um ihr zu helfen, sich dort hinzulegen. Annina bringt Kissen herbei. Die zuvor Genannten und der Doktor. Ja, wie fühlt Ihr Euch? Mein Körper leidet, aber meine Seele ist gefasst. Gestern abend sprach mir ein frommer Priester Trost zu. Religion ist Trost für die Leidenden. Wie geht es ihr, mein Herr? Die Schwindsucht gewährt ihr nur noch wenige Stunden. Zehn gibst du selbst den Armen. Sie betrachtet sich im Spiegel. Oh, wie verändert ich aussehe! Ach, mit einer solchen Krankheit ist jede Hoffnung verloren. ach, verzeih ihr; nimm sie auf, o Gott, nun ist alles zu Ende. das Grab ist für die Sterblichen das Ende von allem! kein Kreuz mit dem Namen, das die Gebeine deckt! ach, verzeih ihr; nimm sie auf, o Gott. Nun ist alles zu Ende! für den Triumphzug des Boeuf gras. jedes Metzgers . . . Die zuvor Genannte und Annina, die eilig zurückkommt. Versprecht Ihr, ruhig zu sein? Ja, was willst du mir sagen? Alfredo! ... Ach, du sahst ihn? ... Er kommt! ... Treib ihn zur Eile an. Annina nickt bejahend und geht die Tür öffnen. Alfredo erscheint bleich vor Erregung; beide fallen sich um den Hals und rufen. Ich bin schuldig ... ich weiss alles, meine Liebste. ohne dich leben könnt' ich nicht mehr. musst du glauben, dass der Schmerz nicht töten kann. verzeih mir und meinem Vater. kann mich jemals wieder von dir trennen. deine Gesundheit wird wieder erblühen. die ganze Zukunft wird uns hold sein. Sie lässt sich erschöpft auf einem Sessel nieder, ihr Kopf fällt nach hinten. Es war nichts ... Annina, gib mir etwas zum Anziehen. Nein … ich will ausgehen. Annina legt ihr ein Kleid vor, das sie anziehen will; durch ihre Schwäche gehindert, ruft sie aus. Grosser Gott! Ich kann es nicht! Sie wirft ärgerlich das Kleid hin und fällt auf den Sessel. Hol den Doktor .. . kann mich keiner auf Erden retten. ich, die ich so sehr gelitten habe! Violetta sinkt auf das Kanapee. Die zuvor Genannten, Annina, Herr Germont und der Doktor. Ach, zu spät kommt Ihr! Oh, ich unbesonnener alter Mann! Ach, all das Übel, das ich tat, sehe ich erst jetzt! Komm näher her zu mir… höre mich, geliebter Alfredo. erinnern, die dich so sehr liebte. soll sie deine Ehefrau sein ... ich will es so. für sie betet und für dich. der Tod nicht von dir trennen. wird mit dir auch mich aufnehmen. die ich deinem guten Herzen bereitete. Gott ruft dich zu sich. Sie fällt aufs Kanapee zurück. A room in Violetta's house. Violetta is seated on a sofa talking to the Doctor and other friends, who come and go. Some of the guests turn to meet a group of new arrivals, amongst whom are the Baron and Flora, on the arm of the Marquis. Time flies when one is playing. Let's raise our glasses and enjoy ourselves. Can you be so gay? As a cure for all my ills. Yes, pleasure adds zest to life. Gaston, Vicomte de Litorières, entering with Alfredo. The servants prepare the table. And one of my most valued friends. Thank you, Vicomte, for sharing such a gift. In this house joins hands with pleasure? The servants, meanwhile, have laid the supper table. That puts secret sorrow to flight! They sit down with Violetta between Alfredo and Gaston. Let's open our hearts to each other. Alfredo thinks of nobody but you. Be quiet! I'm nothing to him. Is it true, But why should you? You never did as much for me, Baron. I've only known you a year. He's only known me a few minutes. You'd have done better to keep quiet. This young man annoys me. Why? I find him charming. You haven't so much as opened your mouth, yet. It's the lady's privilege to loosen his tongue. I'll be Hebe, who pours the wine. To mark this happy moment? The Baron shakes his head. Yes, yes, a drinking song! The Muse doesn't smile on me. Yes? You put heart into me. Yes, let's hear the singer. That does not give us pleasure. And can be enjoyed no more. Brilliant summons lures us on. Dawns on us in paradise. But there lies my fate. Dawns on this paradise of ours. Music is heard from the other room. Would you like to dance now? Oh, what a pleasant thought! The guests move towards the centre door, but Violetta turns suddenly pale. She takes a few steps. She is obliged to sit down. They all go into the other room except Alfredo. Oh, how pale I am! Do you still feel upset? You should take more care of your health! Who cares what happens to me? I'd forgotten that grand passion. But all the same, you have a heart. You wouldn't make fun of me. Then how long have you loved me? For more than a year. The torment and delight of my heart. If that is true, then leave me. Friendship is all I can offer you. I couldn't feel so great an emotion. Well now? What the devil are you up to? Ha, ha! Splendid! Go on! So no more about love. I'll do as you say. I'll go. So it's come to that already? She takes a flower from her corsage. So that you can bring it back to me. Do you still say you love me? How much, how much I love you! I'm happy ... oh, so happy! All the others come in from the ballroom flushed with dancing. For such a splendid party. Pleasure rolls on its way. The zest for further joys. How strange it is … how strange! Those words are carved upon my heart! Would a true love bring me misfortune? What do you think, o my troubled spirit? No man before kindled a flame like this. To love and to be loved! For a life of sterile pleasure? Into the burning flame of love! It's madness! It's empty delirium! What can I hope? What should I do? Of pleasure and drown there! That make my spirit soar. Free and aimless, I must flutter … etc. A country house near Paris. A ground?floor room. There's no pleasure in life when she's away! Where she forgets everything for me. Forgetting the past in present delights. "I want to live, faithful to you alone!" Annina enters in great agitation, dressed for travelling. Annina, where have you been? And all her other things. It's very costly living here on our own. But why didn't you tell me? Mustn't? How much do we need? All right, you may go .. I'm going to Paris, myself. There's still time to put things straight. Oh, my remorse! Oh, disgrace! And I lived so mistaken! Has broken my base sleep! I shall wash away this infamy. Ah, yes, I shall wash away this infamy! Alfredo goes out. Violetta enters with some papers in her hand, talking to Annina. Behind them is Giuseppe. He's just gone to Paris. A man will be coming on business. Show him in at once. Annina and Giuseppe go out. Violetta opens the letter. She invites me to a dance this evening! She throws the letter on to the table and sits down. She'll wait for me in vain. Giuseppe comes in and approaches Violetta. It'll be the man I'm expecting. Because of his infatuation for you. More for your sake than mine. She turns to go out. He wants to make over everything to you. But you shall know the truth. Heavens! What are you telling me? Is this how the past reproaches you? God has wiped out the past. He knows of my repentance! Your feelings do you credit. How kind your voice sounds now. Of those noble feelings of yours. Don't tell me your terrible demand! That was to bind them in their happiness. Love to flowers of sadness. The prayer I utter now. That's not what I'm asking. Heavens! What more do you expect? So much I've offered, already! That burns in my heart! I have no friends, no family still living. That I should find them all in him. Is threatened by a fell disease? That already I see the end is near? Why yes, much rather die! I want nothing but to love him! But men are often less faithful. What will happen then? Think! Had not been blessed by heaven. You still have time for that. The words this father speaks. The hope of rising is for ever gone! Man will never forgive her. Is a sacrifice made for her. Tell me what I must do. Say you don't love him. So you may give me strength. But more unhappy than words can tell. She goes to the writing-table. And what can I do for you? What can I do for you who are so generous? Heaven will repay you for these tears. Till I draw my last breath. Of so great a love. Someone is coming, you must go now. I thank you from my heart! We may not meet again. May you be happy! Farewell! Germont goes to the door. Her tears stifle the words. Germont goes through the door into the garden. And now a note to him. Who will give me the courage to say it? She writes and seals the letter. Why are you so confused? Who were you writing to? But he left me an angry letter. I shall wait for him. He'll love you when he sees you. He won't want to part us any more. So very much, but why are you crying? You see ... I'm smiling ... you see? Love me as I love you! Farewell! She runs out into the garden. He sits down and picks up a book, reads for a mo ment, then gets up and looks at the clock above the fireplace. It's on its way to Paris now. I know, don't agitate yourself. But Annina will stop her. His father is seen in the distance, crossing the garden. There's someone in the garden? He turns to go out. Gave me this note for you. He gives Alfredo a letter, receives a tip and goes out. From Violetta! Why am I so disturbed? Perhaps she suggests my joining her? I'm afraid! Oh, heaven! Give me courage! He opens the letter and reads. He finds himself in his father's arms. I know how much you suffer! Alfredo, in despair, sits down near the table with his face in his hands. The dear sea and soil of Provence? The bright sunshine of your native country? It was God who brought me here! What pain your old father has suffered! His home has been desolate indeed. What, no response to your father's love? A thousand serpents devour my breast. Then I have found you in vain? To those who have suffered till now. Hasten to console a father and a sister. Freeing himself, he sees Flora's letter on the table. He reads is hastily and exclaims. She's gone to the party! I'll have my own back for that! What's that you say? Stop! A brilliantly lighted, richly furnished room in Flora's house. A door at the back and one on each side. Downstage right is a table where guests are playing cards; on the left another table decked with flowers, where refreshments are set out. There are chairs and a sofa. Flora, the Marquis, the Doctor and other guests come in left, talking together. The young vicomte at their head. Violetta and Germont have parted? She'll coming with the baron. But I saw them only yesterday! There is a sound of new arrivals, off right. A crowd of guests wearing masks and gypsy costumes enter right. We can reveal to you. You, Madame, Have several rivals. Are no model of faithfulness. Are you at your games again? Believe me, I shall make you pay! What the deuce do you mean? But he doesn't forget his tricks. Or you may be sorry for it. Let us welcome what's to come. Flora and the Marquis press each other's hands. Gaston comes in right, with a lively band of guests in masks, dressed as Spanish bullfighters and picadors. And would like to know how we can love! Yes, yes, you splendid fellows, tell us! We are eager to hear you! He's the lord of the arena. You shall have my heart and hand." Stretched lifeless upon the sand. The kind of love yours is. In the strong arms of love. Know how to win the fair. We make do with fun and games! The men take off their masks. Some move around and some get ready for gambling. Alfredo enters. Now, let's have a game! Violetta enters on the arm of the Baron. Here's the one we've been waiting for. I couldn't refuse such a lovely invitation. Germont is here! Do you see? Ah, why did I come? It was rash of me! Heaven, Have mercy on me! Flora makes Violetta sit beside her on a sofa. The Doctor approaches them; the Marquis talks to the Baron. Gaston cuts the cards; Alfredo and the other stake their money, Guests pass to and fro. And tell me about this new turn of events. Flora and Violetta talk together. He stakes again and wins. He's winning all the time! Until she ran away from me. Remain calm, or I leave you. Did you speak to me, Baron? Really? I'll take you on. Ah! I feel like death! Bravo! Alfredo has all the luck. the country … I can see that! What's going to happen? I feel like death! If you'd like to go on? I'll have my revenge later. At any game you like. I'll be at your service. Everybody goes out, the stage is empty for a few moments. I've asked him to follow me. Will he come? Will he heed me? You called me? What do you want? So you think I'm a coward? It's a question of life and death between us. Doesn't such a fate terrify you? But if he should be the killer? My death? What do you care about that? Please go, go at once! Forget a name that's without honour! Go, leave me this minute. Who to? Tell me, who could make you? One who had every right. Come here, all of you! The rest of the company rush in. You called us? What do you want? But you don't know what she's done. For me this woman lost all she possessed. To clear myself from debt. That I've paid her back! Contemptuously, he throws his winnings at Violetta'sfeet. She swoons in Flora's arms. Alfredo's father arrives suddenly. What you have done is shameful! So to strike down a tender heart! You have insulted a woman! We've no use for you! We've no use for such as you! What have I done? Yes, I despise myself! Ravaged my soul, destroyed my reason. How can I ever gain her pardon? I feel nothing but a deep remorse! That's vowed so cruelly to silence. I shall find a way to humble your pride! Alas, what have I done? All the love that's in my heart? Even at the price of your contempt? When you'll admit how much I loved you. God save you then from all remorse! Even after death I shall still love you. Germont leads his son away with him; the Baron follows. Flora and the Doctor take Violetta into the other room as the rest of the company disperses. Violetta's bedroom. Violetta is asleep on the bed; Annina, seated near the fireplace, is dozing. Were you asleep? Poor Annina! Give me a sip of water. Look and see if it's daylight. Let's have a little light. What a good friend he is! I must get up, help me. She rises but falls back, then, with Annina's help, moves slowly over to the couch. The Doctor arrives in time to help her. To think of me so early! Religion's a great solace when one's ill. Convalescence is not far away. Good?bye, I'll see you later. It's the carnival, Paris is running wild. Suffering while the people enjoy themselves! How much have we left in the drawer? And give them to the poor. You won't have much left. Go and see if there are any letters for me. Annina goes out. Violetta draws a letter from her breast and reads it in a low voice, speaking in time to the music. I have told him of your sacrifice. You deserve a better future. I wait and wait, but they never come! She looks at herself in the glass. But the Doctor still urges me to hope! The roses in my cheeks already are faded. To comfort and uphold my weary spirit. And may God pardon and make her his own! To the Fat Ox's triumph. Will you promise to keep calm? I must warn you of a joy you don't expect. Annina nodds in confirmation, goes to open the door. Violetta goes to the door. Alfredo appears, pale with emotion, and they fall into each other's arms. But now, dearest, I know everything! I only know I have you back! From the beating of my heart! I can live no longer without you! Means that sorrow cannot kill. Forgive me and my father. When I'm the one to blame? But it was love that made me so. Shall ever part you from me again. Together we'll go through life. You'll bloom into health again. All the years to come will smile on us. I shall bloom into health again. And give thanks for your return. When one has been sad at heart. She falls, exhausted, into a chair. It's the way the illness takes me! Annina, help me to dress. No! I want to go out. Annina brings Violetta's clothes, which she tries to put on, but nearly falls from weakness. She falls back on the chair. To see her like this! Go and get the Doctor! Tell him I want to live again! No one on earth can do it. After the long night of tears! My hope and my belief! Was constant all in vain! I need your true devotion. To our love and my life! Is worse to me than death! Alas, you come too late! But I'm grateful, all the same. Of those I hold dearest in all the world. Whatever are you telling me? Heaven help us! It's true! You see how it is with her, Father? Her every word strikes me like lightning! Violetta opens a drawer and takes out a medallion. Torment inflicted on your fair heart. Let her be your wife, for such is my wish. Prays always for her and for you. I shall weep for you. For God calls you to Him! Shall enclose me with you! The spasms of pain have ceased! I feel I'm coming back to life! She falls back on the sofa. Oh, heavens! She is dying! Oh, God, she needs help! Salotto in casa di Violetta. Nel fondo è la porta che mette ad altra sala; ve ne sono altre due laterali; a sinistra, un caminetto con sopra uno specchio. Nel mezzo è una tavola riccamente imbandita. Violetta, seduta sopra un divano, sta discorrendo col Dottore e con alcuni amici, mentre alri vanno ad incontrare quelli che sopraggiungono,tra i quali sono il Barone e Flora al braccio del Marchese. Col tal farmaco i mali sopir. Sì, la vita s'addoppia al gioir. Pochi amici a lui simili sono. Mio Visconte, merce' di tal dono. L'amistà qui s'intreccia al diletto. È al convito che s'apre ogni cor. Sempre Alfredo a voi pensa. Qui volò, di voi chiese. Nulla son io per lui. Vero è dunque? onde è ciò? Le mie grazie vi rendo. Vi conosco da un anno soltanto. Ed ei solo da qualche minuto. Meglio fora se aveste taciuto. A me invece simpatico egli è. E tu dunque non apri più bocca? E non se' tu maestro? Sì? L'ho già in cor. Né più si può goder. Ne scopra il nuovo dì. La vita è nel tripudio. Nol dite a chi l'ignora. Non gradireste ora le danze? Oh, il gentil pensier! tutti accettiamo. Ridete? e in voi v'ha un core? Un cor? Sì forse e a che lo richiedete? Da molto è che mi amate? Ah sì, da un anno. Ah! ah! sta ben restate. Ch'io non conobbi, essere amata amando! Per l'aride follie del viver mio? Casa di campagna presso Parigi. Salotto terreno. Nel fondo in faccia agli spettatori, è un camino, sopra il quale uno specchio ed un orologio, fra due porte chiuse da cristalli che mettono ad un giardino. Al primo piano, due altre porte, una di fronte all'altra. Sedie, tavolini, qualche libro, l'occorrente per scrivere. Scordo ne' gaudii suoi tutto il passato. Io vivo quasi in ciel. Mi fu il silenzio imposto. Or vanne andrò a Parigi. Questo colloquio ignori la signora. Il tutto valgo a riparare ancora. e vissi in tale errore? Per Parigi or or partiva. giungerà un uom d'affari, entri all'istante. Ah, ah, scopriva Flora il mio ritiro! E m'invita a danzar per questa sera! Ah! sarà lui che attendo. D'Alfredo il padre in me vedete! Più per voi che per me. Tratto in error voi foste. Ah, il passato perché, perché v'accusa? Lo cancellò col pentimento mio. Mi suona il vostro accento! Non voglia il vostro cor. Non è ciò che chiedo. Cielo, che più cercate? offersi assai! Volete che per sempre a lui rinunzi? Vivo, immenso m'arda in petto? Io non conto tra i viventi? Che in lui tutto io troverò? D'altro morbo è la mia vita? Che già presso il fin ne vedo? Ch'io mi separi da Alfredo? Ne siete in tempo ancor. Tai detti a un genitor. Di più risorgere - speranza è muta! Che a lei il sacrifica - e che morrà! È il sacrificio - ch'ora io ti chieggo. Coraggio e il nobile - cor vincerà. Sapendol, v'opporreste al pensier mio. Generosa! e per voi che far poss'io? Vi sia chi almen gli dica. Dal cielo un giorno avrete. Ah, grato v'è il cor mio! Non ci vedrem più forse. Dammi tu forza, o cielo! Che gli dirò? Chi men darà il coraggio? Qual turbamento! a chi scrivevi? Mi perdona son io preoccupato. Però l'attendo, t'amerà in vederti. Perché tu m'ami, Alfredo, non è vero? Sarò là, tra quei fior presso a te sempre. Amami, Alfredo, quant'io t'amo Addio. Ah, vive sol quel core all'amor mio! Più non verrà mio padre. Di Violetta! Perché son io commosso! o tremo! Oh ciel! Coraggio! "Alfredo, al giungervi di questo foglio" Di Provenza il mar, il suol - chi dal cor ti cancello? Al natio fulgente sol - qual destino ti furò? E che pace colà sol - su te splendere ancor può. Né rispondi d'un padre all'affetto? Galleria nel palazzo di Flora, riccamente addobbata ed illuminata. Una porta nel fondo e due laterali. A destra, più avanti, un tavoliere con quanto occorre pel giuoco; a sinistra, ricco tavolino con fiori e rinfreschi, varie sedie e un divano. Violetta ed Alfredo anco invitai. Violetta e Germont sono disgiunti. Ella verrà qui col barone. Li vidi ieri... ancor parean felici. Quali amanti noi siamo saprete. Delle giostre egli è signor. Mano e cor ti vò donar. In tal guisa egli provò. Or via, giuocar si può. Grata vi son, barone, d'averlo pur gradito. (Ciel! gli è vero). Il vedo. Meco t'assidi: narrami quai novità vegg'io? Poscia a goder tra' campi ritornerò beato. Che al giuoco mi tentaste. Un asse un fante hai vinto! Pur la vittoria è mia! Bravo davver! la sorte è tutta per Alfredo! E sì vile mi credete? Ch'io pavento a me fatale! La mia morte! Che ven cale? Scorda un nome ch'è infamato. Chi diritto pien ne avea. Che qui pagata io l'ho. Chi pur nell'ira la donna offende. In te più Alfredo - trovar non so. (Ah sì che feci! ne sento orrore. Mi strazia l'alma più non ragiono. Da lei perdono - più non avrò. Volea fuggirla non ho potuto! Dall'ira spinto son qui venuto! Me sciagurato! - rimorso n'ho. Del tuo disprezzo - provato io l'ho! Io spenta ancora - pur t'amerò. Che tanto orgolio - fiaccar saprò. Rasciuga il pianto - che t'inondò. Camera da letto di Violetta. Nel fondo è un letto con cortine mezze tirate; una finestra chiusa da imposte interne; presso il letto uno sgabello su cui una bottiglia di acqua, una tazza di cristallo, diverse medicine. A metà della scena una toilette, vicino un canapé; più distante un altro mobile, sui cui arde un lume da notte; varie sedie ed altri mobili. La porta è a sinistra; di fronte v'è un caminetto con fuoco acceso. Osserva, è pieno il giorno? Quanta bontà pensaste a me per tempo! Soffre il mio corpo, ma tranquilla ho l'alma. Mi confortò iersera un pio ministro. Religione è sollievo a' sofferenti. La tisi non le accorda che poche ore. Giorno di festa è questo? Dieci ne reca ai poveri tu stessa. Attendo, attendo né a me giungon mai! . . . Ma il dottore a sperar pure m'esorta! Ah, con tal morbo ogni speranza è morta. La tomba ai mortali di tutto è confine! Non croce col nome che copra quest'ossa! A lei, deh, perdona; tu accoglila, o Dio. Al trionfo del Bue grasso. Alfredo! Ah, tu il vedesti? ei vien! l'affretta . Colpevol sono... so tutto, o cara. Io so che alfine reso mi sei! Senza te esistere più non potrei. Credi che uccidere non può il dolor. A me perdona e al genitor. Ma solo amore tal mi rendé. Mai più staccarti potrà da me. Tutto il futuro ne arriderà. Fu nulla Annina, dammi a vestire. A niuno in terra salvarmi è dato. Io che penato ho tanto! Il mio sì lungo pianto! Armato avrò il mio cor! Non chiudere il tuo cor. Ah, tutto il mal ch'io feci ora sol vedo! Più a me t'appressa ascolta, amato Alfredo. Sposa ti sia lo vo'. Prega per lei, per te. Morte non può da me. Recato al tuo bel core. Iddio ti chiama a sé.

2019-04-20T15:36:53Z

http://www.opera-guide.ch/opera.php?id=396&amp;uilang=en

Business challenges are human challenges, and humans are complicated. Brandtrust is a research and strategy firm that utilizes applied social and behavioral sciences to solve complex business challenges. Our methodologies are designed to unlock the nonconscious needs and desires of customers, providing insight-driven strategic direction for brand development, innovation, customer experience and behavior design. Nearly 20 years ago, we set out to change a harsh reality: No one could explain why one particular brand succeeded when another flopped. It didn’t take long for Brandtrust to realize our most successful brand work was, in fact, rooted in deep insights—human insights. We discovered that a single human truth could profoundly change our beliefs and our cultures, and that human behavior and persuasion are driven primarily by emotion. Brands, we determined, are about feelings, not facts. We had to change the way we think. We are marketers, but through the years we became committed social scientists who leverage powerful methodologies to reveal the nonconscious mindset of the customer. Time and again, client after client, we proved that human truths not only solve complex business challenges, but fundamentally change lives. By offering clarity on the decision drivers and experiences that matter most, we help you change the way you think about your customers and your business. We help you change your world. As a Brandtrust researcher, Andy Akester uses his experience in business, professional counseling and—uniquely—improvisational theater to better understand the inner workings of the people he interviews. He considers it an honor to represent their voices and takes pride in assisting clients like Kellogg’s and Wrigley to meet the needs and demands of their consumers. “I love that I get to step into people’s stories,” Andy says. “There’s analysis going on, and some great critical thinking that this wonderful team applies to the work, but at the end of the day, I get to hear stories about what matters most to people.” As a licensed professional counselor, Andy has been trained, in a wide variety of settings, to seek the truth inside those stories and apply it to finding solutions. He has also spent over a decade working in clinical practice and case management, although his specialty and true interest lies in assessment. When she was a young child, AJ was instructed to never again ask her father the question, “Why?” for fear that he may lose his mind from her incessant questioning. Good thing she’s a rebel: She’s been driven by her curiosity and problem-solving skills ever since. Holding a Marketing degree from the University of San Diego, AJ gained early media and advertising experience through working at the Chicago Tribune and Forbes Magazine. At Brandtrust she uses her client-focused background combined with a penchant for detail and results-oriented mindset to bolster her reputation as a holistic research mind. During her off time, AJ enjoys practicing hot yoga, walking along Lake Michigan, and catching a live show whenever she can. She’s a Chicago girl through and through and loves a good Italian Beef, but also prides herself as being an avid doughnut connoisseur. Lindsey’s curiosity and positive energy are infectious within the walls of Brandtrust, and great assets to the clients she works within her role as Senior Analyst. Her background allows her to excel in her demanding role: she has a bachelor’s degree in Decision Science and Business Administration from Carnegie Mellon which she puts to good use when working on a project. With seemingly endless energy, Lindsey is also a runner, completing one marathon, four half marathons, five Tough Mudders, and numerous other races. When she’s not traveling for work or for fun, you can find her in hometown of Pittsburgh, cheering on the Steelers with her pup, Wallace. Dr. Sandra Bauman brings her 20 years of experience in marketing research and consulting to her role as founder and principal of Bauman Research & Consulting, LLC, a woman-owned enterprise. During her career in research, Sandra has designed and managed over 250 studies for corporate and nonprofit clients in the areas of corporate image and brand positioning; employee communications and commitment; strategic marketing; publicity and public affairs; and customer satisfaction and loyalty. She is an expert in quantitative methodologies, including telephone, Internet, and mail surveys, and her analysis skills include multivariate techniques such as segmentation and regression. She is also adept at qualitative research; she is a trained and experienced focus group moderator and facilitator for brainstorming, ideation and strategic planning sessions with executives. Prior to starting her firm, Sandra was Vice President at Wirthlin Worldwide, where she founded and led Wirthlin’s e-Solutions division, focusing on Internet, technology and ebusiness research and consulting. Having worked with many clients on branding, positioning and customer loyalty issues, Sandra’s client list includes Stryker Orthopaedics, OrthoBiotech, Samsung, Bayer Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Thomson Healthcare, Honeywell, Nielsen, Roche and WebMD. Sandra has testified before Congress about public opinion toward privacy issues. In addition, she is the author of numerous book chapters and white papers and is a frequent conference speaker. Sandra began her career as a reporter and editor for several major metropolitan daily newspapers. She completed her B.A. in journalism at Drake University, and her M.S.J. at Northwestern University. She holds a Ph.D. in communication research from Northwestern University. Sandra is active in the New Jersey Association of Women Business Owners and is a member of the American Association for Public Opinion Research. As Accounting Assistant, Vicky keeps the wheels turning by supporting all things accounting related. She brings with her a unique background in accounting and marketing, having previously held roles at American Airlines, VF Corporation, Weiss CPA, and SSPR. Of working at Brandtrust she says, “The entire team inspires me to be a better person and live a better life.” She volunteers nearby at the Ronald McDonald House and enjoys the exercise she gets commuting to and from work. Originally from Michigan, Vicky always knew she would land in Chicago and hasn’t looked back. Her greatest passions are traveling, reading, bike riding and cheering on the Chicago Cubs (she got engaged at Wrigley Field). Proud parents of two daughters who currently attend the University of Missouri, she and her husband are also proud members of the quarter century club having been blissfully married for over 25 years. With a background in journalism and psychology, and an insatiable curiosity, Kristen was a natural fit for Brandtrust. She began her career at a local Chicago P.R. firm, where she gained experience in identifying clients’ challenges and solving their difficult brand issues. At that position, she earned a Publicity Club of Chicago Golden Trumpet Award, and now at Brandtrust, Kristen has continued to build upon her impressive resume by managing research for and advising some of our largest clients, both domestically and abroad. Her impressive tenure includes Eli Lilly, Amgen, 3M, Masco, and Brown-Forman, to name a few. Outside Brandtrust, Kristen enjoys yoga and skiing – both on water and on snow. She also flies with the greatest of ease during flying trapeze classes she takes on the lake in Chicago each summer. Kristen lives in the Lakeview neighborhood of Chicago, and with a natural passion for traveling, is always planning her next trip. Dan has been a long time partner of Brandtrust. He has a diverse background, having studied Industrial Engineering, Communication, and Social Entrepreneurship. His undergraduate work and early career experience in engineering has prepared him to bring order to chaos with a proficiency for translating ideas into reality. In conjunction with our team, Dan has led many clients through a process of uncovering the psychological and emotional insights about their consumers and other stakeholders, and assisted them in translating those insights to actionable marketplace strategies. Dan also has a deep personal passion for the power of a great business to create value in multiple dimensions. This is why his graduate work also focused on blended value business models, and his master’s thesis convinced his university to develop a program in the field. Dan is committed to delivering not only excellent strategic brand consultation, but also the benefits of a partner with true passion for businesses that make their stakeholders’ lives better. Dan loves all things related to cuisine and travel, and looks forward to every chance he has to gather for a meal with friends and strangers alike. Meghan is a proven performer with a stellar track record of success in all of her endeavors, a truly fearless and outgoing personality with a natural penchant for forging personal connections. In her role as a Senior Manager of Client Development, Meghan leverages those skills and attributes as she sets out to understand client needs and then helps Brandtrust craft thoughtful solutions that will best allow those clients to achieve their objectives. At home, Meghan revels in raising her daughter Blake with her husband, Dan, in Chicago’s historic Gold Coast neighborhood. She is also deeply interested in all aspects of food. Since childhood in a historic small town in upstate New York, she would go to the library to check out cookbooks about different world cuisines, and then drag her mother off in search of exotic ingredients. And while little has changed since those days, living in Chicago affords her many more outlets for her food passions. Kathryn’s role is Client Development Manager. As she sees it, “it is code for spreading the Brandtrust love and empathy all while being a problem solver!” If you can’t tell already, she has a deep passion for her work that causes her to constantly go that extra mile to create lasting friendships with partners across industries. She excels in any role that allows her to use her gift of gab, so it’s no surprise then that she has a long resume of sales and successful client relationship building. She even has technical back-end experience communicating between IT teams and clients. Her diverse experience and unrivaled energy makes her the perfect fit for Brandtrust. Gillian wants to tell you something. Actually, many things. She is bursting at the seams to let you know all that Brandtrust does, and can do. It’s good she has an outlet to do this. As the Senior Marketing Manager, Gillian is responsible for sharing Brandtrust’s knowledge and insights with the world. She takes it upon herself to build awareness of the unique services Brandtrust offers and the impact our work has made globally. She manages speaking engagements, media relations, the company website, social media communications, and educational opportunities in the marketplace. If this wasn’t enough, she also is one of the designated facilitators for Brandtrust’s Workshops. Outside of work, she doesn’t slow down. She is a lover of the outdoors, and carries her adventurous spirit with her as she attempts to explore every National Park with her husband. She sees her biggest reward in life as “spending time with those I love and playing outside. I live by the words of John Muir, “The mountains are calling and I must go.”” With such a positive spirit, it is no wonder that Gillian dreams of being a contestant on The Amazing Race. Gillian plays both the trumpet and piano, and loves to dance. Fair warning: she is always prepared, at any moment, to have a dance off. Challenge her, she double dog dares you. Jonathan has spent most of the last ten years striving to better understand the emotional motivations that cause consumers to behave the way they do. An expert in consumer psychology, he has put his distinctive style of Emotional Inquiry® to work for Brandtrust clients such as Eli Lilly, Nestlé, Discover, General Mills, Procter & Gamble, Intel and Ace Hardware. At Brandtrust, Jonathan helps clients understand this distinction so they can make—and keep—meaningful brand promises to their customers. In addition to his work with Brandtrust, Jonathan has applied his interest in qualitative research methodologies toward helping political candidates get the upper hand in elections. He’s worked in this capacity with congressional candidates, grassroots nonprofits, and government organizations. Jonathan lives in a picturesque and often snowy small town with his wife and three young children. Keri brings a positive energy and academic expertise to her role as a Consultant at Brandtrust. Whether she is helping clients discover inspiring insights through research or guiding her team through meaningful strategy, Keri draws on her wealth of experience to deliver the best possible outcome for everyone involved. As a graduate of UCLA’s bachelor program in Pyschobiology and University College London’s master program in Neuroscience, Keri has an academic grounding that allows her to see clearly the insights that matter most to clients and consumers. Her professional background as a researcher on psychological and physiological projects gives her a unique understanding of how to translate deeply human insights toward organizational goals. Her enthusiasm and drive don’t stop with her professional life. Like many of her fellow consultants, Keri also has a serious case of wanderlust: she has lived in San Diego, Los Angeles, Barcelona, and London—to name a few. When she isn’t working or traveling, you can usually catch her reading a book or sipping a latte in a local coffee house. At Brandtrust, we all strive for truth. And as truth seekers, we are carefully attuned to the words people say and the way they act. So, when we describe Jenny as the person at Brandtrust who “keeps it real,” then you know we are serious. Always known for her design prowess and ability to take a concept from an idea to a fully realized, beautiful visual product, Jenny’s discerning eye and whip-smart wit are valued commodities. Jenny has worked on countless projects at Brandtrust, and along with her experience, her varied interests make her stand out. She seems to always sprout new hobbies, and currently she is heavily invested in reading, knitting, and playing the piano. She also won the state title in track two years in a row, was a carriage driver, and studied journalism, fine art, and massage therapy in college. Ask her about any topic and you are sure to learn something. Annie is an Associate Consultant at Brandtrust, meaning she helps clients discover new insights by learning and walking with them toward the low hanging fruit in projects and engagements. During her time in this role, Annie has had a bevy of experiences across industries that she puts to great use in her day-to-day role. Annie’s background has prepared her for her people-centered work. She graduated from Harvard with a degree in Psychology, and has worked with several psychology labs during her time in college. She also worked in chemical engineering at a major aerospace company for three summers during her busy undergraduate tenure. When she isn’t at work, you can usually catch Annie taking in the sights all around the city of Chicago, from the beach to downtown to everywhere in between. And, while she (only sometimes) wishes life were more like Downton Abbey, her own life would make anyone jealous. She even beat an Olympian at Badminton. A recent graduate from Wheaton College with a degree in political science, Fedhii has a passion for traveling and engrossing himself in different cultures. In fact, he spent his past two summers abroad in Ethiopia learning from business executives and working in youth hostels across Northern Europe. Dave is a leader who brings together curiosity with drive to make the world a better place. As with most of us at Brandtrust, Dave’s background has some interesting twists. He combines his undergraduate degree in Psychology with a Masters of Divinity and over two decades of leadership experience in both the for-profit and non-profit space. Since joining Brandtrust, Dave has worked on projects for clients in a variety of industries including health care & pharmaceuticals, financial services, consumer packaged goods, B2B/Service, technology and more. Dave leads our team of consultants, ensuring our clients receive the rigorous thinking and strategy they deserve to drive results. When not working, Dave volunteers with International Justice Mission, where he produces their annual conference. He and his wife Ann have two children, Joshua and Abigail. He loves the diversity they benefit from living in the Humboldt Park neighborhood of Chicago, where Dave resides. Studying sociology and anthropology in school, Chris began his career in the world of standardized testing and measurement. During this time, he came to realize there was more to understanding someone (and their potential) than a few questions. Searching for a way to use his love of the social sciences, Chris found Brandtrust and realized a unique opportunity to dig deeper into the psychology of consumers. Chris lives with his wife in the Roscoe Village neighborhood of Chicago. Together they enjoy traveling, exploring new restaurants and frequenting the great beer bars and breweries the city has to offer. Ed has been with Brandtrust since the company’s earliest days, in 1998. He works to make sure that everything that leaves our office reflects beautiful design and supports the clear and simple communication of meaningful ideas. Having studied Marketing and Design in school, he also leverages the rich and deep experience he earned during his time as Senior Art Director at Leo Burnett, working on accounts such as Sony, McDonald’s, Nintendo, Kraft, M&M/Mars, and HP. Ed fills his free time by listening to all types of music and playing drums, and he admits to being a huge PBS addict. He shares his life with his lovely wife Mimi, and two daughters, Sara and Eden. He says the girls still think “Papi can fix anything.” He hasn’t let them down yet, and his goal is to never have to. As the younger of two children from the Chicagoland area, she is naturally drawn to water. She grew up boating with her family, and values whenever there is time to be on or near the lake. Alyssa has also been practicing yoga for over ten years, and loves it for its “unique ability to create both personal space and community. Yoga helps me to navigate a challenging and socially demanding profession.” When not on the water or practicing yoga, she can be found zip lining in Costa Rica, hiking in the southwest, or exploring one of the different cities she is dropped into as part of her work. No one could be more perfectly equipped than Erin to serve as Brandtrust’s Group Director, Client Development and Marketing. She came to Brandtrust with a balanced combination of experience in consulting services, marketing and business development. Erin has spent many years advising Fortune 500 clients in marketing and consumer research, yet she also has rich and deep experience in managing and leading marketing and business development staff, nurturing client relationships and coaching highly performing teams to collaborate effectively. Erin’s always on the leading edge of what’s new and effective in marketing. Her marketing prowess was responsible for creating buzz-worthy online campaigns before it became a standard. Her successes include such groundbreaking concepts and campaigns as the first Internet Film and Music Festival, which caught the attention of–and was acquired by–the Sundance Institute. Outside of work, Erin and her husband Pete are devoted parents to McKenzie and Nick. Erin is also an avid runner, is always looking for new physical and intellectual challenges and somehow finds the time to read a variety of books on a wide and eclectic range of topics. Bailey’s passion to learn and eagerness to build strong relationships is what she is admired most for at Brandtrust. As a Consultant, she assists clients to better serve consumers by better understanding their stories. She has had the opportunity to work with a variety of clients, including Eli Lilly, AbbVie, and Mutual of Omaha. A graduate from The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia with a bachelor’s of business administration and double major in Marketing and Hispanic Studies, Bailey has the unique honor of calling Thomas Jefferson one of her fellow alumni. Prior to Brandtrust, she focused her insightful mind working for Collage Group, a subscription-based market research and consulting firm in Washington D.C. Bailey was born and raised in the land of Skyline chili and Graeter’s ice cream: Cincinnati, but moved to Chicago to enjoy the city’s rich history, layered architecture, and fervent pride. One of her many hobbies is being an aficionado of all things stationary products and is known around the office for her impeccable handwriting. Like many of the Brandtrust team, she has a passion for exploring new corners of Chicago and traveling abroad—Argentina, Chile, and Asia are on the docket for her next adventures! As Associate Consultant, Mary has a passion for logistics and a keen eye for details. In her role she is dedicated to making sure that each project is on track and on budget to delight her team and her clients. Mary finds inspiration in the various relationships she has formed with her colleagues and clients. In her words, she loves “working among a talented and dynamic group dedicated to delivering impactful results to our clients.” Mary is a crucial part of delivering those results to clients and Brandtrust team alike. Her giving nature keeps Mary invested in what is going on around her. A native of Chicago, her greatest passion is spending time with her family and friends. She rarely has a negative word about her home city, but if you press her, she might kindly ask the sun and warmth to come out and stay around a bit longer. With a unique background that led him to earn degrees in both marketing and architecture, Christian brings a keen sense of precision and a creative awareness to his projects with Brandtrust. His focus lies in helping clients glean powerful insights from customer research and then leverage these insights to craft tangible branding, marketing and communications strategies. During his time with Brandtrust, Christian has helped craft brand solutions for Hewlett Packard, Nestlé, Honda, Kraft, Amgen and General Mills, among others. A multi-dimensional thinker both at work and at home, Christian often shatters people’s preconceptions of him. He’s an avid (if not rabid) sports fan, yet can occasionally be coaxed to play classical violin at a friend’s wedding. Christian and his wife Kelly have a passion for running marathons, but are now busy caring for their children, Micah, Reid, and Gemma. Stephan loves a good challenge, and for that, has been well loved at Brandtrust for over a decade. As Director, Customer Experience and Innovation Strategy, Stephan has brought his passion for problem-solving and process, keen observation and translation skills, and committed work ethic to delight such clients as Eli Lilly, Kraft, Jack Daniel’s, Lincoln Financial, Abbott Nutrition and Johnson & Johnson. During his tenure at Brandtrust, Stephan has been instrumental in the development and facilitation of many of Brandtrust’s Human Truth Workshops, including A More Beautiful Question Workshop, Essentials of Empathy Workshop, The Art of the Question Workshop, and Emotional Listening Workshop. In his personal life, Stephan is an amateur musician and is interested in anything having to do with sports, playing in tennis tournaments and softball and basketball leagues as the seasons and his work schedule allow. He and his lovely wife, Liz reside in Salt Lake City and are proud parents of two young children. Lacey has always been fascinated by people and why they do the things they do. It’s a passion that led her to a formal education in psychology and to her initial role with Brandtrust as a consumer researcher. In her current role, as a Senior Consultant, Lacey helps clients discover new ways of seeing consumer drivers to achieve critical competitive advantage. She has worked for a wide array of clients, including Coke, Honda, Eli Lilly, Kraft Foods, FedEx, Intel and General Mills. Outside of work, Lacey and her husband drive their budding performer Mary to various classes, rehearsals and shows. When not busy at work, Lacey enjoys cooking and relaxing up to a good book. His motivation doesn’t just stop at branding. In 2012, he achieved his longstanding goal of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean. When he isn’t helping the best brands become even better, you can find him enjoying his other passions: baseball, books and, of course, boating. Nicole Potoshnick knows how people work, inside and out. Before coming to Brandtrust, her experiences as a Reunions and Special Events Specialist at Duke University, an Account Manager at a staffing firm and a mental health counselor have given her a wealth of knowledge about the needs and desires of others from very diverse backgrounds. While Brandtrust’s research is designed to provide clients with insights, Nicole acknowledges that she also loves watching respondents discover things they didn’t know about themselves, and hear them say, “Aha! That’s why I do that!” Her international experience—living, working and traveling throughout Europe, in particular—has allowed her a depth of global understanding that has proven invaluable in her time with Brandtrust. While not trying to prompt those “aha!” moments, Nicole lives just outside of Chicago with her husband, their twin toddlers and a cuddly toy poodle named Moses. She never thought she’d enjoy having a white picket fence in suburbia but has found that her little corner of the world is quite charming. As a Senior Associate Consultant at Brandtrust, Jamie always brings a passion for human truth and understanding to her work. She delights her teams and clients by keeping projects moving smoothly, with a keen eye toward keeping her team on track and managing details. When not pursuing her work passion, Jamie can be found turning her attention to detail toward the kitchen. She loves to cook and bake, and is always looking for new recipes to add to her ever-expanding collection. Curiosity is common within the walls of Brandtrust. So is drive. Among her accomplished colleagues, though, Leigh stands out. As Brandtrust’s Director of Operations, she believes that everyone should be equipped with the necessary resources to succeed in their role, feel smart, and shine. In order to equip the Brandtrust team with the tools and training they need, she leads the company’s Knowledge Management Initiative, which puts logical, structural and cultural tools in place to capitalize on Brandtrust employees’ natural desire to learn, share what they know and to make processes, methodologies and Brandtrust overall a better organization. In addition to this responsibility, she is also in charge of the Privacy and Compliance department, which was built to ensure each employee securely carries out client projects. These two critically important roles put Leigh in the unique position of supporting both Business Development and Client Relationship teams. She also believes that learning and improvement should not stop within the walls of the office. With a passion for learning and adventure, Leigh is constantly reading (about two books per week), surfing and sailing (when near bodies of water), and managing Judge, her chocolate lab (a full-time job). Maggie Sams comes to Brandtrust by way of the University of Wisconsin, Madison with a degree in journalism and strategic communication. Maggie’s lively spirit and unstoppable work ethic have made her an essential asset to the Brandtrust team. She is always striving to be one step ahead so that she is able to surprise and delight her team and clients. Her impeccable organization skills and passion for building relationships allows her to successfully manage each of her projects while helping her clients discover deep insight into their brands and customers. Maggie has had the pleasure of working alongside clients such as Kimberly-Clark, Moen, Eli Lilly and Kraft. In her spare time, Maggie can be found cheering on her beloved Wisconsin Badgers or sweating it out in a hot yoga class. As a Proposal Manager, Jill’s role is to corral Brandtrust’s best and brightest thinking, wrangle it onto the page, and delight clients with proposals that can inspire a new way of thinking about how to solve their business challenges. Her work spans across numerous industries and clients, and she loves that diversity, having spent most of her career in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. Jill has a background rich in communications, proposal and content development, and project management experience in the healthcare and pharma industries at Kaiser Permanente and Eli Lilly and Company, and in the agency world at Weber Shandwick and Ogilvy Public Relations, where she was a consultant for world-class companies including Genentech, Pfizer, Bayer, and GSK, to name a few. Outside of Brandtrust, Jill enjoys cooking, exploring the robust dining scene, and traveling the world. Originally from Indiana, this domestic nomad has also lived coast to coast with stints in the Big Apple, San Francisco Bay Area, and Los Angeles. Thrilled to be back in the Midwest and closer to family, Jill has found the perfect balance between working in the big city and residing in the enchanting natural beauty and small-community feel of Chicago’s North Shore. Diane is an Industrial Psychologist with over 10 years of experience in helping organizations achieve their strategic objectives in the areas of employee assessment and selection, leadership development, organization design and change management. Diane holds a B.A. in International Relations from the University of Wisconsin and both a Master’s and Ph.D. in Industrial/Organizational Psychology from DePaul University. Diane has applied her expertise to both internal and consulting roles in a variety of industries. Her projects have included management coaching, and organizational change efforts including team development, culture change, communications, and mission and team building. Diane states, “My client work requires an ability to communicate with members of all levels within an organization and the ability to determine the necessary course of action by asking the right questions, observing and listening to people. I am delighted to partner with Brandtrust® as they use the same approaches to helping their client organizations succeed.” She has partnered with Brandtrust® on projects for Alberto Culver, Frito-Lay, General Mills, Kraft and BUNN. Outside of work, Diane is a world traveler with a particular interest in ancient cultures. She’s also an avid cyclist and spent an entire week on her bicycle a few summers ago, though she admits that she still finds it challenging to change a flat tire. Diane studies and attempts to practice meditation and Buddhism, and visits the library once a week with her daughter. Carmie Stornello is the glue that holds Brandtrust together. It is no exaggeration to say that she oversees the smooth and efficient operation of, well, every last little thing. In her role as the Director of People Operations in charge of operations and resource management, Carmie ensures that each project is manned with the most appropriate personnel, that everyone is in the right place at the right time, armed with the right information and tools to do an excellent job. Carmie’s challenges transcend the sphere of mere logistics, incorporating significant doses of finance, business strategy, negotiation, psychology, persuasion and tough love. Throughout her career, Carmie has managed million dollar projects in a wide range of industries. She brings over 20 years of agency management experience to her role. Carmie began her career in a pharmaceutical advertising agency, managing the process of developing breakthrough creative for clients including Procter & Gamble, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Abbott Laboratories. She went on to a management position in Abbott Laboratories’ internal advertising agency, and during the pioneering days of the Internet, helped build a small interactive advertising boutique agency that was later acquired. This led to a stint as an Account Director with the new parent company on consumer products such as Tombstone Pizza, Abreva and Postopia, the kids’ website for Post Cereals. Carmie spends her free time enjoying life in Chicago with her husband and their two precious children, fending off requests for a dog or a pony, and checking email. She also maintains her mental health in balance by running and practicing yoga. Sophia is no stranger to challenge. With a bachelor’s degree in Russian language and literature, and a Master’s in Marketing Analytics and Communication, she is constantly striving to test her limits and grow her already impressive resume. She speaks three languages, was inducted into the Beta Gamma Sigma international honor society for business programs, and moved halfway around the world to pursue her dream job in Chicago. Outside of her work, Sophia loves to cook authentic Chinese cuisine. She is proud to be a cat lover, and enjoys the companionship of two cute cats that she rescued. Throughout his extensive career, Daryl has advised many of the largest and best brands in the world. His latest groundbreaking book, Little Things Big Returns, explores what really motivates people and how to deliver experiences that matter most to your customers. A colorful and engaging storyteller, Daryl speaks frequently on the power of insights and the critical need for marketers to change the way they think about how people think. He explains how research can lead us astray or help us to gain a competitive edge. “Most research discloses what happens,” he says. “However, it often fails to reveal why it happens or the underlying emotional drivers that are critical in creating an effective strategy.” Daryl’s guiding mantra is The NINA Principle®:—No Insight—No Advantage®. Passionate about learning and understanding more about how people think, Daryl is always reading a new book—more than one hundred each year. His voracious reading helps leverage recent breakthroughs in the social sciences to improve the consumer research process, tapping into the deeper underlying emotions and nonconscious motivations critical to revealing insights. Daryl and his wife Donnita extend his continuous learning passion as active members of Chicago’s philanthropic community, volunteering time and resources to support education and literacy programs for underprivileged children throughout the city. David’s passion to forge strong relationships, coupled with his continued eagerness to learn, is what he is most appreciated for at Brandtrust. As an Associate Consultant, he assists clients and our team with all the logistics of a project; anticipating the needs of others and keeping every project moving like a well-oiled machine. David’s curiosity and thirst for knowledge have shined since day one–traits that truly prove he has Brandtrust in his DNA. David graduated from Loyola University Chicago with a Bachelors of Business Administration in Marketing. Prior to Brandtrust, David has experience working with a small non-profit, helping build their brand and marketing initiatives on an international platform. David grew up in the northwest suburbs of Chicago but has always considered himself a prideful Chicagoan. His favorite thing about Chicago is the beautiful summer months, which motivates him to bear the treacherous winters every year. Having been bitten by the travel bug after a semester in Madrid, Spain studying business and learning to love the Spanish lifestyle, David shares the same passion for travel and exploration as the rest of the Brandtrust team. Beth knows what it means to be accountable. As Brandtrust’s Director of Finance, she is responsible for making sure all finance and HR related tasks run as smoothly as possible. This is no easy task in our dynamic environment. With everything from preparing proposals to sending clients the final invoice for a project, Beth is involved in every step along the way for Brandtrust operations. An avid traveler, Beth has been to five continents and over thirty states and intends on finishing the list in her lifetime, her most exotic destination to date being Ethiopia. She also owns eighteen chickens on her farm in Wisconsin with her husband and two teenagers. Around the Brandtrust office, anyone can come to her for financial advice or chicken eggs. As a Senior Associate Consultant at Brandtrust, Valerie brings her passion for the human story, her positive outlook on life, and creativity to her role to ensure every project runs smoothly and on track in order to delight her clients and support her team. Valerie’s natural curiosity and background have uniquely prepared her for such a pivotal human-centric role. After graduating from University College Dublin with a Masters of Arts in Cultural Policy and Arts Management, she worked as an arts administrator for a non-profit and as an independent consultant for startups and creative professionals. Valerie has returned to her hometown of Chicago to be closer to family and work and to enjoy her favorite piece of the Midwest city—the Lake Michigan lakefront parks. However, with a deep seeded passion for travel and history, you’ll most likely find Valerie planning her next great adventure. Be it solo-hike summiting mountains, singing, or indulging in an exquisite charcuterie board, Valerie’s journey is just getting started.

2019-04-24T03:14:27Z

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