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The idea of a thinking machine is an amazing one. It would be like humans creating artificial life, only more impressive because we would be creating consciousness. Or would we? It’s tempting to think that a machine that could think would think like us. But a bit of reflection shows that’s not an inevitable conclusion. To begin with, we’d better be clear about what we mean by “think”. A comparison with human thinking might be intuitive, but what about animal thinking? Does a chimpanzee think? Does a crow? Does an octopus? There may even be alien intelligences that we might not even recognise as such because they are so radically different from us. Perhaps we could pass each other in close proximity, each unaware that the other existed, having no way to engage. Certainly animals other than humans have cognitive abilities geared towards understanding tools and causal relationships, communication, and even to recognising directed and purposeful thinking in others. We’d probably consider any or all of that thinking. And let’s face it, if we built a machine that did all the above, we’d be patting ourselves on the back and saying “mission accomplished”. But could a machine go a step further and be like a human mind? What’s more, how would we know if it did? Just because a computer acts like it has a mind, it doesn’t mean it must have one. It might be all show and no substance, an instance of a philosophical zombie. It was this notion that motivated British codebreaker and mathematician Alan Turing to come up with his famous “Turing test”, in which a computer would interact with a human through a screen and, more often than not, have the human unsure it was a computer. For Turing, all that mattered was behaviour, there was no computational “inner life” to be concerned about. But this inner life matters to some of us. The philosopher Thomas Nagel said that there was “something that it is like” to have conscious experiences. There’s something that it is like to see the colour red, or to go water skiing. We are more than just our brain states. Could there ever be “something that it’s like” to be a thinking machine? In an imagined conversation with the first intelligent machine, a human might asked “Are you conscious?”, to which it might reply, “How would I know?”. Is thinking just computation? Under the hood of computer thinking, as we currently imagine it, is sheer computation. It’s about calculations per second and the number of potential computational pathways. But we are not at all sure that thinking or consciousness is a function of computation, at least the way a binary computer does it. Could thinking be more than just computation? What else is needed? And if it is all about computation, why is the human brain so bad at it? Most of us are flat out multiplying a couple of two digit numbers in our heads, let alone performing trillions of calculations a second. Or is there some deep processing of data that goes on below our awareness that ultimately results in our arithmetically impaired consciousness (the argument of so-called Strong AI)? Generally speaking, what computers are good at, like raw data manipulation, humans are quite bad at; and what computers are bad at, such as language, poetry, voice recognition, interpreting complex behaviour and making holistic judgements, humans are quite good at. If the analogy between human and computer “thinking” is so bad, why expect computers to eventually think like us? Or might computers of the future lose their characteristic arithmetical aptitude as the full weight of consciousness emerges? Belief, doubt and values Then we have words like “belief” and “doubt” that are characteristic of human thinking. But what could it possibly mean for a computer to believe something, apart from the trivial meaning that it acted in ignorance of the possibility that it could be wrong? In other words, could a computer have genuine doubt, and then go ahead and act anyway? When it comes to questions of value, questions about what we think is important in life and why, it’s interesting to consider two things. The first is if a thinking computer could be capable of attributing value to anything at all. The second is that if it could attribute value to anything, what would it choose? We’d want to be a bit careful here, it seems, even without getting into the possibility of mechanical free will. It would be nice to program into computers a human style value system. But, on the one hand, we aren’t quite sure what that is, or how that could be done, and, on the other hand, if computers started programming themselves they may decide otherwise. While it’s great fun to think about all this, we should spend a bit of time trying to understand what we want thinking computers to be. And maybe a bit more time should be spent trying to understand ourselves before we branch out.

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Eye Banks in Delhi – How They Work? An Eye Bank is an institution which may be a government or a non-government organization that is responsible for collecting and processing eyes (and corneas), donated voluntarily by people upon death. They are also responsible for storing these donated eyes and corneas until use, and for distributing them to trained corneal transplant surgeons. Eye Banks are relatively autonomous, voluntary community-based organisations which are usually associated with a hospital. Most Eye Banks are located either in a large hospital set up (Example National Eye Bank at AIIMS) or may be stand-alone, as in case of several non-profit organizations. Funding for Eye Banks is derived from Government, International Non-Governmental Organizations and private donors and charitable trusts. Part of the operating expenses of Eye Banks are covered by processing fees (usually paid by upper socio-economic groups individually, and subsidized by the government for lower socio-economic group) as well as donations. Where was the first Eye Bank? In 1944, the first Eye Bank was started in New York City by Dr. Townley Paton and Dr. John MacLean. The first Eye Bank in India was founded in Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Chennai in 1945 by Dr. RES Muthiah. Since then, eye surgeons and citizen activist alike have campaign extensively to generate awareness about eye donation in their local communities, with an aim to alleviate corneal blindness worldwide. What is the function of an Eye Bank? The Eye Bank is responsible for various activities about eye donation. The most important ones in this regard are mentioned below: - Harvesting of eyes/ corneas that is, a collection of donor’s eyes, as well as retrieval of corneas - Grading of tissue, its evaluation including serology and microbiology - Processing of eyeballs for appropriate storage and use - Distribution of Corneal tissues to qualified corneal transplant surgeons to ensure maximum utilization of donated corneas - Storage and distribution of other parts of the eye for therapeutic and research use: For example, limbus and sclera, in addition to the cornea - Training of Eye Bank technicians, grief counselors & even corneal surgeons in latest techniques of corneal retrieval, preservation, and utilization - Promote public relation activities and raise awareness about eye donation and its activities - Provide eye tissues for training & research as well as for transplants and other surgeries. What are the various divisions or departments of the Eye Bank? The Eye Bank is divided into various departments for administrative ease and for ensuring its smooth and proper functioning. The various departments include: - Technical Department: Its responsibilities include the following functions. - Tissue Recovery, cornea retrieval - Processing and distribution - Preparing tissue for various corneal transplant procedures - Grading of corneal tissue - Storage of tissues including cornea, sclera, and limbus - Distribution of corneas and other tissues to hospitals, clinics and institutions performing corneal transplants, and other surgeries that require donated tissue - Promotion of research in Eye Banking and transplantation - Providing space, technology, and tissue for research purposes - Donor Development: Its responsibilities include the following functions. - Promotion of awareness about Eye Bank, organ donation through community outreach including television and radio advertisements, hoardings and billboards and public awareness lectures - Strengthen relationships with the community, hospitals, hospices, and other non-governmental organizations working towards the promotion of eye donation. - Provide support and grief counseling to donor families during and also after the cornea retrieval. - Quality Control: Its responsibilities include the following functions. - Ensures that proper standards are met during all processes of tissue handling including cornea retrieval, grading, processing and distribution - Strict adherence to quality standards prescribed by the EBAI, and to ensure cooperation with EBAI during compliance checks - Teaching and Training: Its responsibilities include the following functions. - Teaching and training of Eye Bank personnel, including technicians and counselors. Some Eye Banks are also involved in the training of eye surgeons who are super specializing in corneal transplant. - Lectures and community outreach by Eye Bank personnel and community leaders to increase awareness about eye donation and Eye Banking. - Most Eye Banks also hold lectures of public interest like eye care and prevention of blindness. What is the Eye Bank Association of India? The Eye Bank Association of India, the EBAI, is the apex body that is responsible for coordinating the efforts of all Eye Banks and citizens who aim to promote eye donation. It was founded in 1989 with an aim to grant a further impetus to the eye donation movement. Like its American counterpart, the Eye Bank Association of America, EBAA, the EBAI is responsible for establishing comprehensive medical standards for Eye Banks all over India. EBAI also has carried out standardized the training and certification of Eye Bank technicians and counselors all across the country. The EBAI is the national accrediting agency for Eye Banks and evaluates each Eye Bank regularly to ensure the quality standards required to make eye donation and corneal transplantation a safe and comfortable process. The very useful Hospital Cornea Retrieval Program was initiated in 1991 under the aegis of the Eye Bank Association of India. The EBAI formulated the Eye Banking Medical standards in association with Ministry of Health & Family welfare in 1999. The objectives of the EBAI as mentioned on its website are as follows: - Create awareness about eye donation - Augment quality and quantity of corneas collected - Evolve and implement uniform medical and operational standards and practices which are on par with international standards - Act as a resource center for all Eye Banks in the country What are the Eye Banks in Delhi? The complete list of Eye Banks in India with phone numbers is available at http://www.myeyeworld.com/files/eyebanks.htm The list of all the Eye Banks in Delhi and their contact information is available at http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit/Delhi+Govt/Delhi+Home/Departments/Citizen+Services/Important+Telephone+Numbers/Eye+Banks. In case you are interested in pledging your eyes for donation or want to know more about eye donation and how you can contribute to this immensely selfless charity, please refer to the article on eye donation on this website, which will deal with all your questions and fears. You may also speak to an Eye Bank counselor on the phone, or in person at the Eye Bank near you.

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1.the act of interpreting something as expressed in an artistic performance"her rendition of Milton's verse was extraordinarily moving" 2.an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious"the edict was subject to many interpretations" "he annoyed us with his interpreting of parables" "often imitations are extended to provide a more accurate rendition of the child's intend..." 3.a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc."they heard a live rendition of three pieces by Schubert" 4.handing over prisoners to countries where torture is allowed RenditionRen*di"tion (r?n-d?sh"?n), n. [LL. rendere to render: cf. L. redditio. See Render, and cf. Reddition.] 1. The act of rendering; especially, the act of surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at the claim of a foreign government; also, surrender in war. The rest of these brave men that suffered in cold blood after articles of rendition. Evelyn. 2. Translation; rendering; version. This rendition of the word seems also most naturally to agree with the genuine meaning of some other words in the same verse. South. definition of Wikipedia Extraordinary Rendition (film) • Extraordinary rendition by the United States • Holomatix Rendition • Rendition (company) • Rendition (film) • Rendition (law) • Rendition (video game) • Rendition aircraft • Rendition flights jouer un rôle, une pièce... (fr)[ClasseParExt.] interpretation, rendering, rendition - interpretation, interpreting, rendering, rendition - interpretation, reading, version - interpretation - interpretative, interpretive - representation - interpreter - rendering, rendition[Dérivé] brainpower, brainwork, cerebration, headwork, intellection, mental labor, mental labour, mentation, reflection, reflexion, thinking, thought, thought process - understand - explain, explicate - do, execute, perform, transact[Hyper.] interpretation, interpreting, rendering, rendition - interpretation, reading, version - construal - interpretation - interpretation, rendering, rendition - interpretative, interpretive - rendering, rendition - interpreter[Dérivé] acte de persécution (fr)[ClasseEnsembleDe] mauvais traitement (fr)[Classe] les trois premiers siècles de l'Église (fr)[termes liés] faith, religion, religious belief[Domaine] |Look up rendition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.| Rendition may refer to: |This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Dictionary and translator for handheld New : sensagent is now available on your handheld A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! With a SensagentBox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent.com. Choose the design that fits your site. Improve your site content Add new content to your site from Sensagent by XML. Crawl products or adds Get XML access to reach the best products. Index images and define metadata Get XML access to fix the meaning of your metadata. Please, email us to describe your idea. Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Each square carries a letter. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame ! Change the target language to find translations. Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more.

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Nuclear Energy: Nationalize the Fukushima Daiichi Atomic Plant Japanese original text is available here. Taira Tomoyuki and Hatoyama Yukio With a comment by scientists Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress and Arjun Makhijani. Japanese translation is here Only by bringing the nuclear power station into government hands can scientists find out what really happened, say Taira Tomoyuki and Hatoyama Yukio. Events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant following the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami are of crucial importance for the future of atomic energy — in Japan and globally. To respond adequately to the accident, we have to know precisely what happened then and what is continuing to happen now. To establish the facts, all the evidence and counter-evidence for what might have taken place must be gathered and made public. Only then will the world be able to have faith in the containment plan developed by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), or be able to judge how it should be modified. Exactly how much damage the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant sustained as a result of the 11 March earthquake and tsunami remains to be determined. Particularly important is finding out whether the 'worst-case' scenario occurred: that is, whether self-sustaining nuclear reactions were re-ignited in the core ('re-criticality'), creating more fission products and heat damage; whether the explosions that rocked the plant days after the earthquake were nuclear in origin, releasing radioactive metals from damaged fuel rods; and whether molten fuel has broken through the reactor's base, threatening environmental contamination. A group of representatives from the Japanese Diet (called the 'B-team' in relation to the government's 'A-team') was formed on 24 March to develop a response plan for the worst-case scenario. Set up by one of us (H.Y., former prime minister) and including us both, the B-team's other members are Fujita Yukihisa (now a senior vice-minister of finance) and Kawauchi Hiroshi (now chairman of the Deliberative Council on Political Ethics). The team's recommendations — to be released in a future report — will be independent from those of Japan's government, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) and TEPCO. Information on the B-team in Japanese and English is available here. Our investigation has already shown that key pieces of evidence remain incomplete. We do not yet know whether the worst-case scenario happened. To find out, we believe that independent scientists must be given access to the nuclear plant, and that the plant should be brought into national ownership. If nuclear reactions are ongoing within the core, they will continue to create fission products, and the heat generated is likely to damage the cooling and decontamination systems. Proof that re-criticality has occurred hinges on the detection of certain isotopes. The radionuclide chlorine-38, for example, has a short half-life of about 37 minutes and can be generated only if neutrons are available. Its presence would therefore indicate current nuclear activity. Reports of such a detection have been mixed. On 26 March, NISA reported that TEPCO had found 38Cl in a water sample drawn two days earlier, after sea water (which includes sodium chloride) had been injected into the basement of unit 1. On 1 April, NISA questioned TEPCO's analysis, and said that radioactive sodium-24 should also have been present in the sample. However, some scientists claim that 38Cl can be detected even if 24Na is not. On 20 April, TEPCO negated its earlier report, asserting that 38Cl was not seen in the sea water, and neither was 24Na. It did not, however, publish the data from its analysis. Through NISA, we obtained and reanalysed TEPCO's data, which were measured with a germanium semiconductor detector. We concluded that 38Cl was indeed present, and at a level close to that initially reported (1.6 million becquerels per millilitre). In our view, NISA's and TEPCO's questioning of this detection were therefore unfounded. Another indicator is xenon-135, which is made when uranium or plutonium undergoes fission; it has a half-life of 9 hours. On 1 November, TEPCO detected 135Xe in unit 2. But, because the concentration was low, NISA concluded that the nuclide could have been produced by spontaneous fission of the dormant fuel, so was not necessarily caused by continuing nuclear reactions. The evidence for re-criticality is therefore still inconclusive. Another question that must be answered is what caused the explosions at the site. They were initially reported as being caused by the ignition of hydrogen generated by a high-temperature chemical reaction between the alloy covering the fuel rods and the vapour in the core. But, again, this has not been settled. Other possibilities include a nuclear explosion, or the ignition of other gases. Knowing whether a nuclear explosion took place is essential for predicting how much radioactivity might have been released, what it would have consisted of and how far it would have spread, as well as the state of the spent-fuel rods stored in a pool in unit 3. Two observations suggest that this is plausible. First, some metals heavier than uranium have been detected tens of kilometres from the plant. Second, the steel frame on top of the unit-3 reactor building is twisted, apparently as a result of melting. Solutions for the Fukushima nuclear disaster must be based on the worst-case scenario Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) reported finding heavy metals such as curium-242 up to 3 kilometres from the reactor site and plutonium-238 up to 45 kilometres away. These isotopes are deadly poisons if ingested, causing internal exposure to radiation. Because 242Cm has a short half-life (about 163 days), and because the concentrations of 238Pu around the plant were much higher than usual, MEXT concluded that these radionuclides were not fallout from past nuclear tests in the atmosphere, so must have come from the Fukushima reactor. If so, they suggest that broken spent-fuel rods might be scattered around the site — a considerable hazard. Such elements are too heavy to have been borne in a plume, like the lighter caesium and iodine, so they must have been blown out with great force. Whether a hydrogen explosion would have been powerful enough to scatter heavy metals that far remains unclear. And a hydrogen explosion should not have generated enough heat to melt steel. Initially, TEPCO claimed that the explosion in unit 3 generated white smoke; on re-examination, the smoke was black, and therefore unlikely to have been caused by a pure hydrogen explosion. So a nuclear explosion is a possibility. Whether other explosive gases were present on the site would be equally important to establish. Similarly unconfirmed is how much of the concrete base of the reactor has been breached by molten fuel. This is important because TEPCO plans to fill in the core with water to absorb the radioactivity while it extracts the fuel. If the concrete below the reactor is cracked, then radioactive materials could leak into the groundwater. Until recently, the government did not believe that this was the case. In a 7 June report to the International Atomic Energy Agency, it reported that most of the melted fuels are being cooled in the lower portion of the reactor pressure vessel and that little fuel is thought to have leaked out into the preliminary containment vessel. However, two weeks ago, TEPCO admitted that molten fuel may have eaten through three-quarters of the concrete under unit 1, and damaged the bases of two of the other reactors. But again, caution is required. No one has actually looked at the fuel inside the reactor core. So the extent of the leakage is yet to be established. Nationalize and intervene Solutions for the Fukushima nuclear disaster — from how to lock up radioactive contamination for half a century to how to discard the reactor core and the molten fuel — must be based on the worst-case scenario, even if the people most involved remain optimistic that this wasn't the case. Although many facts remain to be established, in our view, two things must be done. First, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant must be nationalized so that information can be gathered openly. Even the most troubling facts should be released to the public. Nationalization is inevitable, moreover, because the government is obliged to investigate and provide compensation for the disaster. As an illustration of how information about the accident is being restricted, our committee struggled to obtain even a manual for the plant when we requested it in August. Initially, TEPCO refused to supply it. When a copy was eventually sent to us, a month later, many passages (including key temperatures and emergency procedures) had been blacked out. TEPCO said that it considered those parts to be its intellectual property and of possible security concern. Only after six months did TEPCO release the full manual to us. It was important that we saw the manual to learn why the company had switched part of the emergency core-cooling system off and on again after the earthquake (and before the tsunami) — to find out when the emergency systems were destroyed. Second, a special science council should be created to help scientists from various disciplines to work together on the analyses. That should help to overcome the dangerous optimism of some of the engineers who work within the nuclear industry. Through such a council, the technologies needed for decommissioning and decontamination and for construction of a deep geological repository for radioactive waste can be developed, even for a worst-case scenario. Taira Tomoyuki is a member of the House of Representatives in the Japanese Diet. Hatoyama Yukio is a member of the House of Representatives in the Japanese Diet. He was prime minister of Japan from 2009 until 2010. Their report appeared in Nature 480, pp. 313–314, 15 December 2011. Comment on the Comments by Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and Representative Tomoyuki Taira Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress and Arjun Makhijani Former Prime Minister Hatoyama Yukio and Representative Taira Tomoyuki wrote a bold, courageous and very public comment in the December 15 issue of Nature magazine calling for the immediate nationalization of the Fukushima Daiichi (FD) nuclear power plant. Their biggest frustration is the problem that TEPCO has inflicted on the public since day 1 of this tragedy: a lack of transparency, a lack of being forthcoming about the depth and breadth of the problem. We are dismayed to learn that TEPCO refused to give the reactor manual even to the former Prime Minister of Japan at first, and when it did, it redacted portions. The article throws some light on what TEPCO might be trying to hide. TEPCO has declared a successful “cold shut down” while the authors quite rightly point out that this claim may be irrelevant given that some of the fuel has reached the concrete floor and may breach it, posing a threat of unremediable contamination of ground water. Now that TEPCO has announced a “cold shutdown”, surely they should be able to access the concrete base and verify its integrity! The article also indicates that TEPCO and the Japanese nuclear regulator may have misled the public when they stated in April 2011 that a measurement that provided evidence for ‘re-criticality’, that is a restart of a chain reaction for at least a brief spurt, was incorrect. After the former Prime Minister and his team finally got the raw data, they concluded that a re-criticality could not be ruled out – the evidence was inconclusive. We raised this issue in a paper (available in English and Japanese) by one of us (Dalnoki-Veress), released March 28. There we analyzed the implications of TEPCO’s Chlorine-38 measurement from sea water in the turbine of FD reactor #1. At the time, sea water was used to cool the reactor in the absence of access to regular water. We estimated the neutron flux in the reactor core needed to explain the measured concentration of Chlorine-38 (which is an activation product of non-radioactive Chlorine-37 naturally present in the salt in sea-water). This led to the uncomfortable conclusion that natural spontaneous fission could not explain the measured Chlorine-38 concentration; the possibility of a re-criticality was clear and could not be ignored. It could happen again. Our fear at the time was that a re-criticality could cause workers to be “in considerably greater danger than they already are when trying to contain the situation”. We hoped that TEPCO would take our concerns into consideration and respond to our conclusion by further analysis, especially as many analysts have mentioned the need to measure the concentration of sodium isotopes. After the paper was published, TEPCO claimed the measurement was in error. The authors of the comment in Nature have taken an independent look at the TEPCO data and found the data to be consistent with the initial March 25th measurement of Chlorine-38. This implies that as we suggested in late March the possibility of re-criticality cannot be ignored. Efforts must also be made to determine why so many official simulations don’t predict a re-criticality. An independent investigation is clearly called for not only to determine if TEPCO covered up the results, but to understand what actually happened for the sake of future safety. The immense problem of cleanup at the site, which will take decades and cost untold sums of money, the problem of people who have no homes to go back to, the problem of contaminated businesses and schools and farms – none of these problems can be addressed with confidence with TEPCO in charge of FD. In any case, the company does not have the assets to deal with the damage and compensation claims. We agree and echo the authors call for an independent scientific committee to look at all the data in an objective way devoid of the “dangerous optimism” of those who work within the nuclear industry. Nuclear safety demands that the damage from the earthquake prior to the tsunami and possible damage from the aftershocks be understood. Secrecy is inimical to safety and it is also hostile to democracy. But nationalization must be carried out on condition of complete transparency — including publication of all prior documents and measurements, including raw data. Governments are no strangers to secrecy; nationalization will not help if we go from corporate secrecy to a governmental one. The stakes are high for Japan and indeed for the world, since despite the disaster at FD nuclear power is expected to expand in Asia and the Middle East. In addition, immediate risks for workers attempting to mitigate the situation need to be quantified and fundamental questions need to be asked about the risks the industry poses for society. Certainly they need to be posed before TEPCO and other Japanese corporations are allowed to sell their nuclear power wares to third countries. Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress is a Research Scientist at the James Martin Center for Non-Proliferation Studies of the Monterey Institute of International Studies. He is a specialist on nuclear disarmament and on aspects of global proliferation of fissile materials. He holds a PhD in high energy physics from Carleton University, Canada, specializing in ultra-low radioactivity background detectors. He can be contacted here: ferenc.dalnoki@ miis.edu and 831- 647-4638. Arjun Makhijani is president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (www.ieer.org). He holds a Ph.D. in engineering (specialization: nuclear fusion) from the University of California at Berkeley and has produced many studies on nuclear fuel cycle related issues, including weapons production, testing, and nuclear waste, over the past twenty years. He is the author of Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free: A Roadmap for U.S. Energy Policy the first analysis of a transition to a U.S. economy based completely on renewable energy, without any use of fossil fuels or nuclear power. He is the principal editor of Nuclear Wastelands and the principal author of Mending the Ozone Hole. He can be contacted here: [email protected]. Recommended citation: Taira Tomoyuki and Hatoyama Yukio with Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress and Arjun Makhijani, 'Nuclear Energy: Nationalize the Fukushima Daiichi Atomic Plant,' The Asia-Pacific Journal Vol 9, Issue 51 No 2, December 19, 2011. Articles on related subjects See the full list of articles on the 3.11 earthquake tsunami and nuclear power meltdown: link • Hirose Takashi, Farewell to Nuclear Power – A Lecture on Fukushima • Satoko Norimatsu and Matthew Penney, Japan Nuclear Safety Agency: Radioactive Water Leaks to the Ocean ‘Zero’ http://japanfocus.org/events/view/121 • Nicola Liscutin, Indignez-Vous! ‘Fukushima,’ New Media and Anti-Nuclear Activism in Japan • Satoko Oka Norimatsu, Fukushima and Okinawa – the “Abandoned People,” and Civic Empowerment http://japanfocus.org/-Satoko-NORIMATSU/36 • Jeff Kingston, Ousting Kan Naoto: The Politics of Nuclear Crisis and Renewable Energy in Japan • Chris Busby and Mark Selden, Fukushima Children at Risk of Heart Disease • Hirose Takashi, Japan’s Earthquake-Tsunami-Nuclear Disaster Syndrome: An Unprecedented Form of Catastrophe • Winifred A. Bird and Elizabeth Grossman, Chemical Contamination, Cleanup and Longterm Consequences of Japan’s Earthquake and Tsunami • Kodama Tatsuhiko, Radiation Effects on Health: Protect the Children of Fukushima • David McNeill and Jake Adelstein, What happened at Fukushima? • Koide Hiroaki, The Truth About Nuclear Power: Japanese Nuclear Engineer Calls for Abolition • Paul Jobin, Dying for TEPCO? Fukushima’s Nuclear Contract Workers • Say-Peace Project and Norimatsu Satoko, Protecting Children Against Radiation: Japanese Citizens Take Radiation Protection into Their Own Hands

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This would also mean she would sink further in society as the slaves would not like her because of her childhood of growing up with the people who dictate thier lives. She said it over and over under the breath: The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas-Nebraska Act ofthough it is sometimes argued to stretch back as early as Louise falls to the floor, dead from "the joy that kills. In this story, Chopin shows how marriage acted as a boundary between women and their desires. They were indoctrinated to believe that the goal of their life is to serve for their husband. She felt that she is free and independent. Louise Mallard, a pretty, young woman with a heart problem, discovers that her husband has been killed in an accident. Both women succumb to an untimely death at the end of the story. Armand banishes both she and the baby from the house. Mallard hears a falsehood about her husband from a friend, namely, that he is dead. Library of America, Both women struggle in their marriages. To these men, women were made to serve their husband. Her happiness and sorrows are associated with his. Desiree chooses to end her own life presumablybut Mrs. She views life as being a good wife and serving for her husband. Desiree is blissfully happy for the first month after She cannot imagine any life without her husband. As Louise becomes conscious of her situation and emotions, the reader gains access to her thinking which reveals her character. The reason I chose this picture is because it shows a woman looking into the eyes on one man, yet holding hands with another. This is a very "PG" way of demonstrating the adultery that occurs between Calixta and Alcee in "The Storm". The main event is when the two make love at. Compare And Contrast Between Story Of An Hour Ammd Desiree S Baby Raynie 27 June Comparison/ Contrast Essay Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour ” and “Desiree’s Baby ” are two stories dealing with women who were trapped and isolated in a marriage by their husbands. Together, the characters, symbols, and settings in Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour” and “Désirée’s Baby” depict the overall theme of women’s suffrage during the time period in which they were written, and the line between hatred and love that makes human existence perilous. May 28, · Comparative analysis essay on Kate Chopin's "Desiree's baby", "The story of an hour" and "The Storm" An analysis of Kate Chopin’s Stories Kate Chopin is an American writer known for her deception of impacts, the restricted view of the nineteenth century society, had on women. Literary Elements in The Story of an Hour In Kate Chopin’s short story, “The Story of an Hour” she uses different kinds of literary elements to clearly define her story and to show all of the meanings behind what happens in the story. Reading the two works written by Kate Chopin, Story of an Hour and Desiree's Baby, one could definitely see similarities and differences between the main characters of each piece. The two women in the stories seem to have a problem with their relationship with men.Compare and contrast between story of an hour ammd desiree s baby

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Drawn to Plants lecture: Horticulture, scientific research, and art appreciation are connected by the portrayal of the beauty and diversity of plants. Historical and contemporary botanical art defines and delineates species and leads to an in-depth appreciation of the world of plants. Herbaria and public gardens provide resources that enhance the accuracy and artistic merit of the art. Botanical artist Bobbi Angell will discuss the relationship between art and science, highlighting her work as intertwined with a history of artists associated with the New York Botanical Garden and other institutions. Capturing the Life of Plants workshop: Observing, dissecting, and sketching plants leads to an enhanced ability to identify, understand, and appreciate them. Visiting instructor Bobbi Angell is a Vermont-based botanical illustrator, who works closely with scientists from institutions like the NY Botanical Garden and Harvard’s Arnold Arboretum. As an introduction to botanical art, participants in this one-day workshop will learn plant features and reproductive structures as they details, and botanical terminology will be explained. Participants will create a portrait that depicts a woody plant species in seasonal full flower at Polly Hill Arboretum, drawn as a pencil sketch that can be colored or inked in. We will look at herbarium specimens and other species for comparison to highlight the value of accurate observation. Bring pencils and erasers – all other materials will be provided.

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After a gap of eight years, a six-year-old jackal gave birth to six female pups at the Arignar Anna Zoological Park in Vandalur, a few days ago. The cubs and their mother are said to be healthy. The pups, each weighing about three kilograms, are being given special care with zoo vets making periodic checks on their health. The mother, too, is being provided with necessary care with a special diet of two chickens and a kilogram of beef feed daily. “The cubs are feeding on their mother’s milk. It will take a few months before they can be allowed for public viewing as they have to get acclimatised to the other adults in the pack in the common enclosure,” said a zoo vet. With the newborns, the zoo now has eleven side-striped jackals, including four adult males and one adult female. There are three types of jackal in the wild — the black-backed jackal, the side-striped jackal and the golden jackal. The side-striped jackal is the heaviest and the only of the three to be found outside Africa, in places including south eastern Europe, the Middle East, western Asia, and south Asia. Explaining its features, a zoo official said that their long legs and large feet help them in long-distance running. Most active at dawn and dusk, they are monogamous and occasionally assemble in small packs mainly to scavenge but they normally hunt alone or in pairs. They prey on small mammals like deer, reptiles and birds. The Vandalur zoo, the first in the country and the biggest in south Asia, houses 2,553 flora and fauna varieties on its 1,265-acre campus. At least 46 endangered animals of the Western Ghats and the subcontinent and 22 lion-tailed macaques find a home here. Keywords: jackal pups

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The name of Chicago is a French version of a native word shikaakwa, which means wild onion in the local Irenwa language of the region. French explorer Robert de LaSalle first heard the locals refer to the area as “Checagou” in 1679 because of the many wild onions that used to grow there. American and European explorers and settlers adopted the local native name for the place. The name stuck until the actual Town of Chicago was organized in 1833, and the city replaced it in 1837. What Was Chicago Called Before? The Miami Confederacy, a confederation of North American tribes, had a settlement in the same area as modern-day Chicago as early as 1671. This settlement was in the area known as shikaakwa, which the European explorers used to refer to the village. Its location near a high-traffic trading area, and at the entrance to the Mississippi River system, made the village a popular location for explorers and traders passing through the region. Since the locals referred to the area as shikaakwa, and Chicago is a French version of that word, we could say it has had the same name for hundreds of years! A series of wars and conflicts between different tribes and European powers saw the settlement rise and fall a number of times over the subsequent decades. Some tribes would settle the area and then be forced to leave it due to war. The French and other Europeans largely abandoned the area during the 1720s due to the frequency of Native American raids. The first non-native version of Chicago was founded by a free back man, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, in 1790. However, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn in the exact location Chicago is today. The fort did not expand into a city but remained a separate zone as the city grew around it. British and Native American forces destroyed it in the War of 1812. The Army rebuilt it later. By the time the City of Chicago was founded in 1837, the fort had been decommissioned but not demolished. The last vestiges of the fort were finally destroyed during the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Other Names for Chicago There are at least 16 well-known nicknames and alternate names for Chicago. In fact, many of them are so ubiquitous in Chicago that you can use them interchangeably without a problem in conversation. This is the most popular and well-known of Chicago’s nicknames. However, there is no definitive answer as to why or how it earned this nickname. Chicago isn’t even the windiest city in North America! Some origin stories point to a rivalry with the neighboring city Cincinnati that might have created the term or the corrupt politics of Chicago. Whatever the reason, people continue to use the name today. This is also a well-known and common nickname, but its use comes with some caveats! According to some reporters, locals don’t really like using this name and can recognize and avoid visitors by their continued use of the term. It remains, however, a popular nickname for the city during the many festivals that take place during the year, and for marketing and branding. This nickname started as an insult by a writer for the New Yorker. The writer hated Chicago and compared it to his hometown of New York in a series of articles in which he insulted and disparaged and complained about Chicago. The people of Chicago have since embraced the insult, turning it into a point of pride for their beloved city. Chiberia is a portmanteau of Chicago and Siberia, the cold region that covers all of North Asia. This nickname is popular during the winter when Chicago experiences intense, biting cold and freezing winds. A meteorologist in the city created the term in 2014 during a particularly cold season. The Great American City Last, but certainly not least, this nickname is not one to pass over lightly! The novelist Norman Mailer described Chicago as “perhaps [the last] of the great American cities”. Harvard professor Robert J. Sampson described said Chicago “is arguably the most quintessential American city”. It has attracted, and created, the most unique and flavorful aspects of American culture and has definitely earned this nickname. Additional nicknames for Chicago include Mud City, City by the Lake, The City that Works, Heart of America, The Great American City, The City Beautiful, The 312, City of Big Shoulders, and Paris on the Prairie. While the name Chicago might not have a complicated and intricate history, the city and the region it is named for is rich in culture and life. It is one of the most populated and prosperous cities in North America, a tourist destination, and a heaven for foodies. Pride in the Chicago name runs deep with Chicago natives, and even with residents of Illinois in general. Chicago, named for the wild onions that grow along the banks of its rivers, is truly The Great American City. The photo featured at the top of this post is © Sean Pavone/Shutterstock.com Thank you for reading! Have some feedback for us? Contact the AZ Animals editorial team.

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The British Colonies in North America (1500 - 1783) 1.1 Conditions to settlement II. English settlement 2.1 First attempts of settling * Tobacco cultivation 2.4 Massachusetts Bay Company III. Development of the colonies 3.1 Life in the colonies 3.2 Role of religion 3.3 Further development of the colonies 3.4 Native Americans 4.1 Conflict with the British parliament 4.2 War of Independence * Declaration of Independence 1. Conditions to settlement The first English voyages of discovery were already made in the second half of the 15th century. One important man you have to know is John Cabot. His real name was Giovanni Caboto, he was born in Italy, but when he came to England he was named John Cabot. He discovered Newfoundland in 1497 and so he named it: New-found-land. He sailed along the coast and after he had come back to England Henry VIII. layed claim to the land from Labrador to Cape Hatteras. There were three main factors for the people to emigrate: the trading initiative of commercial companies, the religious intolerance in England and the poverty of the people(most of them had no own property and were nearly uneducated in those days). II. English settlement 1. First attempts to settle The Europeans got to know the cultivated plants of North America (e.g. pumpkin, potato, pepper) and they liked them. Those could be found in European meals already in the 16th century. The early English settlements in North America failed. The settlements were situated in the furthest coastal areas at first. The pioneers of the English colonisation were Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh who were brothers. They were confidants of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1578 Gilbert got a licence for six years to take possesion of all teritories that are not reigned by a Christian monarch. Because of climate difficulties he reached Newfoundland only in 1583 and declared it to be English property. After Gilbert had got missing Raleigh received a second licence. He founded Virginia(named after the virgin Queen) on Roanoke Island. A settlement which made a good start but also failed was founded in 1587 on Roanoke Island. 91 men, 17 women and 9 children lived there at the beginning. Even the first child who was born in America from English parents was born there. It was a girl who were named Virginia Dare. Three years later the parent ship from England came to America. The settlers were all missed without any trace. People only found a tree into which was carved Croatan, the name of a nearby Indian tribe. Until today it`s not clear what had happened to the settlers. 2. Jamestown In 1606 the London Company was founded. Later it was named into Virginia Company.. It sprung from the idea of some businessmen who wanted toearn money with the settling of North America. Because of their hard life many volunteers could be found who hired for a 7-year-employment in the colony. And so three ships with 150 men left London harbour in Dec. 1606. After three months they reached Chesapeake Bay. They gave the river there the name James River to honour their King James I. At the mouth of the river they settled down and on May 5th in 1607 Jamestown, the first permanent settlement, was founded. The land was swampy and the settlers had to fight against many problems: there existed a shortage of food and drinking. water, the hostility of the nearby Indians increased, many settlers suffered from malaria and there were also disagreements between them. That made many the settlers think more and more about giving up. But John Smith saved the colony of dying out. He established discipline and protection against the Indians and made a strictly plan for work. After 1612 the colony gradually flourished and had an economicly stable basis through tobacco cultivation. *Tobacco cultivation John Rolfe introduced tobacco as profitable, agricultural product for Virginia. When tobacco cultivation was forbidden in1620 Virginia monopolized in production and export. The profit increased so extremely that food production in Virginia was in damger of being driven out. So the cultivation was limited in 1621. Something interesting is that money was rare in the colonies in the 17th century and so tobacco was used for changing goods, partly even for paying of officials, soldiers and priests. Next to potatos and tomatos tobacco became the most succesful import product from the New World in England. And still today the most important growing area in the USA is the SouthEast. 3. Plymouth Another reason for people to emigrate was their religion. English reformists(mostly Calvinistic puritans) were not allowed to found own communities and churches. Because of that many emigrated. The most important group, the so-called Pilgrim fathers left Plymouth harbour in Sep. 1620 with 101 people on board. Before that they had gone to the Netherlands where they had collected money and had chartered two ships. Because of technical defects only the Mayflower could start the journey to America. On the trip they drew up the Mayflower Compact which contained requirements about the gouvernment in the new settlement. This is often called the first constitution of America. It was the first time that a group of settlers went off on their own and organized themselves without any European intervention. After 64 days the Pilgrims reached not Virginia but Massachusetts. They found an abounded Indian village and founded Plymouth Plantation. In the first winter half of the settlers died because of starving and diseases. Only with the help of hearby Indians they could sustain life. But shortly after it turned out that the Pilgrims were as intolerant as their former oppressors. They saw the Indians as savages without any human rights.. So the tension between the colonists and their neighbours increased but that coulnd`t disturb the colony`s growing. 4. Massachusetts Bay Company That trade company was founded in 1629. The aim was to build up a trading colony. From the King it got the right of self-administration. And so in 1630 1000 men reached Salem and founded Boston as capital of Massachusetts in autumn. Soon other towns in the surrounding developed e.g. Charleston and Concord. In 1684 the licence for self-administration was taken away by the kingdom because of opposition against royal laws. III. Development of the colonies 1. Life in the colonies

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The dental pulp is the soft tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The dental pulp lies in the pulp chamber and root canals of the tooth. In root canal treatment, pulp along with its nerve supply is removed. However, a tooth's nerve is not vitally important to a tooth's health and function. Its only function is sensory i.e. to provide the sensation of heat or cold. The presence or absence of a nerve will not affect the day-to-day functioning of the tooth. However, after treatment, the tooth is less viable and more susceptible to fracture.

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“Gender is a term that has psychological and cultural connotations. Gender is the amount of masculinity and femininity found in a person, and, obviously, while there are mixtures of both in many humans. The normal male has a preponderance of masculinity and the normal female a preponderance of femininity.” (Stoller, 1968, pp 9-10) Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. It is a constructed category that is culturally defined as masculine and feminine. When it comes to gender, there is no one single masculine or feminine identity. Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? “Gender is defined by FAO as ‘the relations between men and women, both perceptual and material. Gender is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution,” (FAO, 1997). Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? According to "Eldis" (2013), “'Gender' refers to the socially constructed roles of and relations between men and women. , while 'Sex' refers to biological characteristics which define humans as female or male.” (1) Gender and sex are similar but they are not the same thing. I say this because a person can have the sexual characteristics of a man but still have the gender of a woman e.g. Throughout history in the United States, people have always been categorized into different groups based on distinct factors. In today’s society, gender, race, and class tend to be the main three distinctions of the human species. Everyone fits into these categories and being neutral is generally not an option. Starting at a young age, you are conditioned to identify with your gender. Girls wear pink and play with Barbie’s while boys wear blue and play with toy trucks. For example, cultural feminists look to the different values associated with womanhood and femininity as a reason why men and women experience the social world differently. Other feminist theorists believe that the different roles assigned to women and men within institutions better explain gender difference, including the sexual division of labor in the household. Existential and phenomenological feminists focus on how women have been marginalized and defined as the “other” in patriarchal societies. Women are thus seen as objects and are denied the opportunity for self-realization. Gender Inequality: Gender-inequality theories recognize that women's location in, and experience of, social situations are not only different but also unequal to men's. It begins when a child is born; at this stage a child is labelled a boy or a girl and can have all sorts of influences of how the baby is treated (e.g. we commonly dress boys in blue and girls in pink). Money and Ehrhart proposed that social labelling and differential treatment of boys and girls can lead to different paths of socialisation, however this varies depending of the cultural views of masculinity and femininity (e.g. some cultures have gender expectations, stereotypically males must play with cars and action figures whereas girls have to play will dolls, however some cultures do not label activities so stereotypically.) Social constructionist theory suggests the concepts of gender are not natural but made/constructed within a particular time and place through language. There are also various factors such as social class and gender that affect the treatment and experiences of children. Furthermore, genders are assigned different roles providing them with different, often unequal opportunities (e.g. according to Oakley, females are more likely to perform domestic labour than males). Child liberationists such as Firestone and Holt argue that children are oppressed by adults. Adults have full control over the freedom of children, particularly parents. How is gender a social construction of reality? The typical gender identity widely known today such as the girly girl or the tough boy was formed by our society. The term gender is a symbolic construction that expresses the meanings a society confers on biological sex. Social construction of reality is that by consistently being treated in a certain way, we begin to expect to be treated in that way. With that being said, there is some sort of development of awareness of what is normal and what is not for a gender. What is Gender ? Gender means those characteristics which defines or explains if someone is masculine or feminine according to their behavioral differences, for example how they dress or act towards others, the kinds of work they do and their status in society. Gender refers to the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men. Some critics argue that gender roles in modern society are based on women being inferior to men. I agree because of a countless observation at social arenas, such as workplace, the average household, educational institution, and even in our nation’s government. Society and its Effects on Gender Roles Many people don’t know the difference between gender and sex. Sex is anatomical and biological. Gender roles are expectations of how a person should act, dress, and talk based on our sex. Gender roles are learned mainly through social interaction instead of biologically. When we are born we have very little concept of our gender and we learn “proper” behavior through society and our relationships with others.

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1. n., The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria, also L. vulgaris), a wide-spreading vine, with large-angled or lobed leaves, white, night blooming flowers, and smooth green and mottled or white fruits varying widely in shape and size. The plant is a native of tropical Asia or Africa. Hawaiians have long used gourds as receptacles, small gourds with thin walls to hold water or food, or for rattles for dances (the ipu has a fine tone, halfway between that of niu and laʻamia), larger ones with thin to thick walls to hold tapa and other articles or to serve as drums. Orientals cook and eat the white pulp of green fruits. Hawaiians have distinguished between a kind with bitter pulp, used medicinally, and a kind with nonbitter pulp. - Neal 812–3. - Cf. pule ipu. - PPN ipu. 2. n., The watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), a wide-spreading vine from tropical Africa, with large, lobed leaves and yellow flowers. It is grown for its edible fruits, which are round or oblong, green or green with light stripes, and full of sweet, juicy, rose-colored pulp surrounding flat, black seeds. The watermelon was introduced to Hawaiʻi about 1792 and thrived until the melon fly arrived about 1910. Among many varieties that were developed were three outstanding ones: ipu huluhulu, ipu poʻo kanaka, and ipu oloolo. Today watermelons are again cultivated successfully because the fruits are commonly wrapped in paper or cloth during early stages. - Neal 810–1. - Ka ipu o ka ʻike, a container of knowledge [a learned person]. 4. n., Drum consisting of a single gourd or made of two large gourds of unequal size joined together. 5. n., Crown of a hat. Papa helu loli ｜ Wehewehe Wikiwiki update log

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Nodes are objects on the diagram that accept inputs, return outputs, and perform operations when a program runs. They are analogous to statements, operators, functions, and subroutines in text-based programming languages. Anatomy of a Node Nodes have the following components: Icon—Illustrates the purpose of the node. Input parameters—Pass data into the node. The node uses this data to perform computations. Output parameters—Pass data from the node to the rest of the diagram after the node executes. Recently Viewed Topics

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"Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women worldwide," the test's inventor, Michael X. Wang, M.D., Ph.D. , explains in the patent filing . "Most patients with lung cancer are diagnosed at advanced stages with an overall five-year survival rate of only 15% A key to longer life, early cancer detection significantly raises cancer survival rates because treatment can start much sooner. The new test accomplishes several remarkable feats, including accurate detection of Stage 1 lung cancer, says Wang, who directs the molecular pathology laboratory at the University of Missouri School of Medicine. It also differentiates between all four stages of lung cancer , and can determine if the cancer has spread -- metastatic vs. non-metastatic. Finally, Wang's test non-invasively monitors progress during chemotherapy. Before now, blood tests for lung cancer have not been available. The disease is normally detected using chest X-rays, examination of cells in sputum, chest CAT scans, or a combination of the three. None of these tests detect cancer early enough, however, to "significantly improve overall mortality," Wang explains. "There is a need to develop a reliable, noninvasive, and cost-effective confirmatory test for detection of lung cancer," he adds. Wang's test examines microRNA (miRNA) levels in blood. Over 2,500 types of miRNA regulate normal gene expression in humans. But when certain miRNAs go bad, cancer can result. "Human cancers commonly exhibit an altered expression profile of miRNAs with oncogenic [cancer-causing] or tumor-suppressive activity," Wang explains. With fellow scientist Dali Zheng , a post-doctoral research associate at Washington University in St. Louis, Wang measured three types of miRNA levels -- miR-155, 182, and 197 -- in 142 blood plasma samples from 74 lung cancer patients at various stages and 68 cancer-free patients for comparison. On average, they found "significantly higher levels" of all three miRNA types in the lung cancer patients, and even higher levels of just two -- miR-155 and miR-197 -- in patients with metastasis. After chemotherapy, the blood test showed significantly reduced levels of the three miRNAs. Wang and Dheng also discovered miR21, miR210 and miR221 are good lung cancer biomarkers, and that miR-155 levels can be used to monitor metastasis. Method for Early Detection of Lung Cancer

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Each spring, the season’s warm weather kicks off a sequence of spawning runs for migrating fish in the Chesapeake Bay. First up are the striped bass, though they don’t have too far to go. As a “semi-anadromous” species, the 30–40-pound fish lives mostly in the mainstem of the Chesapeake Bay and migrates just a short way into the estuary's rivers to spawn (lay eggs). The fully anadromous fish—namely shad and herring—travel much farther, swimming thousands of miles from the Atlantic Ocean and up into the Bay’s freshwater rivers to reach their ancestral spawning grounds. In some parts of the Chesapeake watershed, these spawning runs are alive and well. Anglers head out to their preferred fishing spots to take advantage of this short window, which lasts just a few short weeks for each species, while eagles and herons feast from above. But overall, the spawning runs are much smaller than they once were, and each fish is on shaky ground, population-wise. While American shad once supported a prosperous commercial fishery (the first-ever in Maryland), it’s now known as the “forgotten fish” due to a severe population decline. Striped bass made a major recovery in the 1990s after Maryland and Virginia paused commercial fishing, but has been declining in numbers again since 2010. The herring fishery has also seen a dramatic decline in the United States, with landings decreasing 90% in recent decades. Overfishing, polluted waters and a lack of access to food have all played a part in the decline of these species, but one of the biggest factors is barriers to spawning grounds. For over 30 years, the Chesapeake Bay Program has been working to improve passage for migratory fish, whose migration corridors are blocked by hundreds of dams, bridges and outdated culverts built in the late 19th and early 20th century. By removing these barriers, our Fish Passage Workgroup supports not only striped bass, herring and shad, but also the American eel, that lives in freshwater rivers and spawn in the ocean, and the beloved brook trout, that migrates up and down freshwater tributaries. The Bay Program has opened over 31,000 miles of stream habitat since 1988, and with each dam breach, culvert upgrade and fish ladder installation, we see fish species showing up in places they haven’t been for decades, if not centuries. In such a challenging time for the Bay’s health, this work gives us hope for the estuary’s wildlife. Opening over 31,000 miles of fish passage On a winter morning in 2004, deep-sea divers from the U.S. Army ventured into 32-degree water, hauling 50-pound hydraulic jack hammers to drill holes in the back of Embrey Dam on the Rappahannock River. The team was guided by both the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Air Force Reserves—a special training program called in to help detonate the dam and remove the obstruction from the tributary. “We’re gonna blow this bad boy up come Monday morning,” said U.S. Army squad leader, Michael Poole, in a 2004 recording of the event. Embrey Dam had been targeted by members of the Chesapeake Bay Program’s Fish Passage Workgroup as a key barrier to remove as early as 1988. The 22-foot-tall construction had outlived its usefulness for generating power and was no longer needed to supply drinking water in the nearby city of Fredericksburg, Virginia. With the removal of the dam, migratory species found access to spawning grounds they hadn’t been able to reach for over 150 years. “The hickory shad just poured through,” recalled Alan Weaver, fish passage coordinator with the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR). DWR is a key member of the Fish Passage Workgroup and has been surveying fish in the Rappahannock since Embrey was removed. According to Weaver, by 2008, American shad were found 28 miles upstream from where Embrey used to stand, at a survey location called Kelly’s Ford. In 2009, blueback herring were found in Kelly’s Ford as well as striped bass. And by 2016, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC), another Workgroup member who conducts research on the Bay’s migratory fish, tracked blueback and alewife 62 miles from the ghost of Embrey Dam. “Bottom line is we know they’re using the habitat,” Weaver said. The removal of Embrey Dam is one of several success stories for the Fish Passage Workgroup, which brings together state and federal agencies, nonprofits and academic institutions to identify dams that should be removed and determine how to do it. “The biggest benefit of the Fish Passage Workgroup is that you have a variety of different agencies and organizations that can work together to figure out what priorities there are and then collectively pursue them,” said Jessie Thomas-Blate, dam removal expert with American Rivers. A similar story can be found along the Patapsco River in Maryland. The removal of Bloede Dam is one of the most well-known in Maryland, but it was actually preceded by two others. The first to go was Union Dam up in the Patapsco headwaters, which was removed in 2010. Next was Simkins Dam, which was downstream of Union and went down in 2011. It took several years for the state of Maryland to take on the biggest and most expensive removal of them all, the Bloede Dam, which was finally removed using a controlled explosion in 2018. Just like in the Rappahannock, migratory fish are now passing more readily through the Patapsco. “We've seen eight species upstream of Bloede Dam that were not observed pre-removal,” said William Harbold of Maryland Department of Natural Resources. “Alewife, blueback herring, gizzard shad, white perch, striped bass, yellow perch, quillback and northern snakehead.” Like humans, fish leave behind DNA when they travel, and this can be captured in a water sample to determine where they were. According to SERC, since the removal of the Bloede Dam the likelihood of detecting the environmental DNA (eDNA) of alewife increased from 0% to 5% and from 0% to 13% for blueback herring. “This research is important because it indicates that the primary objective for Bloede Dam’s removal—to restore migratory fish passage in the Patapsco River—has been met for river herring,” said Henry Legett, a SERC scientist involved in the study. While the largest dams tend to be owned by the state or big energy companies, a majority of the Bay’s blockages are actually privately owned. This is particularly true in Pennsylvania, where some 70% of the Commonwealth’s dams are owned by private landowners. In these cases, removing the barriers doesn't require army divers or dynamite to remove, just permission. Within the Fish Passage Workgroup, nonprofit organizations such as Trout Unlimited and American Rivers work with landowners to communicate the benefits of removing their dams. In West Virginia, Pennsylvania and part of Maryland, supporting brook trout populations is an especially compelling reason to improve passage along smaller rivers and streams. Resident fish such as brook trout, who spend their entire lives in the watershed’s various freshwater streams, can also be blocked from their spawning ground or any general habitat with food and shelter from predators when dams are in place. In upstream locations as distant as the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, which runs to the farthest stretches of the Bay watershed, homeowners have removed dams to improve local fishing and water quality. Landowners also remove their dams because they can be a hazard to people on the river or because they’re in danger of collapsing. “A large percentage of the dams across the country are more than 50 years old,” Thomas-Blate said. “They're in various stages of breaking down, especially if they're not actively maintained by whoever owns them.” While the majority of dams in the watershed aren’t operational, some larger ones are still in use. In these cases, Workgroup members have installed fish passage devices to help species migrate. These devices, sometimes called “fish ladders” or “fish ways” will use the natural flow of a river to help fish ascend a series of steps and exit the dam on the other side. Since 1999, Bosher’s Dam on the James River has had a fishway that provides migratory species with access to 137 miles of the river and 168 miles in its tributaries. Not since 1823 could migrating fish, such as American shad, swim past the dam. Another example is the Conowingo Dam on the Susquehanna River, which provides 165,000 Maryland homes with clean energy. Because this dam can’t be removed, wildlife managers have installed three fish ladders to help shad and herring migrate, and have also physically trucked the fish upstream. However, in the past 10 years, the Fish Passage Workgroup has been moving away from fish ladders to focus on dam removals. According to Jim Thompson, fish passage coordinator with Maryland DNR and chair of the workgroup, some of the best fish ladders are only 30% effective. While these devices are necessary for dams we still rely on, they’re not a silver bullet. On the other hand, fish passage devices have proved more successful when designed for one species in particular—the American eel. At the eel ladder on Daniels Dam in the Patapsco River, for instance, over 36,000 eels maneuvered past the dam in 2022. This is partly due to the effectiveness of the ladder but also because of Bloede being removed downstream. “We had a huge success with American eel out there,” Thomas-Blate said. The Conowingo Dam also has an eel lift, which has played a part in the species’ comeback within the Susquehanna River. This snake-like fish might not be the most beautiful looking critter, but it provides a unique benefit to freshwater mussels, who clean the water by filter-feeding. After spawning, mussel larvae migrate upstream by attaching themselves to the gills of “host fish” such as eels. “That’s the only way those populations will survive,” said Chris Guy, biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The future of fish passage You can be sure that more dam removals are on the horizon for the Fish Passage Workgroup. In the deep headwaters of the Patapsco River, for instance, Daniels Dam stands as the last major dam since Union, Simkins and Bloede all went down. According to Thomas-Blate, the state of Maryland is weighing the cost of removal against the cost of repairs for the dam. But beyond dam removals or fish ladders, the Workgroup is setting its sights on upgrades to other man-made structures blocking fish passage, such as culverts. When a new road or small development is built that crosses a stream, a culvert has to be put underground to allow the waterway to continue. However, many of the culverts in the watershed are outdated and don’t do a good job of allowing fish to successfully migrate. According to Thompson, most of the blockages from culverts occur with state and county-owned roads, which makes it easier to get permission and support for removing them. Thompson said that funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law will allow the Fish Passage Workgroup to pursue culvert upgrades across the watershed, supplementing the larger dam removals and fish ladders. As this work continues, it’s important to remember that migratory fish like striped bass, shad, herring, American eel and brook trout face various threats to their survival, and that removing a dam doesn’t immediately resolve the generations of fish impacted by blockages. “It’s going to take multiple generations of fish to see a change,” Thompson said. However, as improvements are made to water quality and habitat is improved in more of the Bay rivers, migratory fish will enjoy the new access to these spaces.

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FREE HOME SCHOOL CURRICULUM What is a unit study? Free Unit Studies for a Variety of Topics and Subjects are often a wonderful learning experience that can go right along with your text book study. A “unit study” integrates disciplines together, rather than dividing them into separate “subjects” to be pursued at different times during the school day. Literature, history, science, mathematics, art, music, history, and so on are all studied through their relationship to a topic. or 'unschooled' students its an exploration of a topic that delights or interests them. Students will explore a topic of choice and create a lap book, a multimedia presentation, write a report or act out a skit. These resources are to help the younger students safely explore their topic of choice independently. MASTER LIST of Free Home School Curriculum, Lessons and Unit Study Guides These are the unit studies we are working on or have recently completed. Students take the lead on what study we will work on throughout the year. Check back often as the school year progresses many more unit studies will be posted. Like our Facebook Page to see our updates. GEOGRAPHICAL UNIT STUDY Intro to World Geography BIOGRAPHICAL UNIT STUDY Government / Military - Toussaint L'Ouverture (Abolition of Slavery HAITI) - Lord Nelson / British Navy - Martin Luther King Jr. more information about unit study resources: Many of these elements are taken from family friendly websites of other home schooling families. Please remember the the internet changes daily and that the sites may not be available. Every effort is made to maintain the links but the content could change without notice. Parents please double check site content to make sure it suitable for your family. Those sites with downloads I have provided a direct link to the actual file at the site if allowed by the creator. Instructions will be listed to assist children in finding the information. Those created by free home school lessons will be listed as such.

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Wild-type I. cylindrica (cogongrass) is one of the top ten worst invasive plants in the world, negatively impacting agricultural and natural resources in 73 different countries throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, New Zealand, Oceania and the Americas1-2. Cogongrass forms rapidly-spreading, monodominant stands that displace a large variety of native plant species and in turn threaten the native animals that depend on the displaced native plant species for forage and shelter. To add to the problem, an ornamental variety [I. cylindrica var. koenigii (Retzius)] is widely marketed under the names of Imperata cylindrica 'Rubra', Red Baron, and Japanese blood grass (JBG). This variety is putatively sterile and noninvasive and is considered a desirable ornamental for its red-colored leaves. However, under the correct conditions, JBG can produce viable seed (Carol Holko, 2009 personal communication) and can revert to a green invasive form that is often indistinguishable from cogongrass as it takes on the distinguishing characteristics of the wild-type invasive variety4 (Figure 1). This makes identification using morphology a difficult task even for well-trained plant taxonomists. Reversion of JBG to an aggressive green phenotype is also not a rare occurrence. Using sequence comparisons of coding and variable regions in both nuclear and chloroplast DNA, we have confirmed that JBG has reverted to the green invasive within the states of Maryland, South Carolina, and Missouri. JBG has been sold and planted in just about every state in the continental U.S. where there is not an active cogongrass infestation. The extent of the revert problem in not well understood because reverted plants are undocumented and often destroyed. Application of this molecular protocol provides a method to identify JBG reverts and can help keep these varieties from co-occurring and possibly hybridizing. Cogongrass is an obligate outcrosser and, when crossed with a different genotype, can produce viable wind-dispersed seeds that spread cogongrass over wide distances5-7. JBG has a slightly different genotype than cogongrass and may be able to form viable hybrids with cogongrass. To add to the problem, JBG is more cold and shade tolerant than cogongrass8-10, and gene flow between these two varieties is likely to generate hybrids that are more aggressive, shade tolerant, and cold hardy than wild-type cogongrass. While wild-type cogongrass currently infests over 490 million hectares worldwide, in the Southeast U.S. it infests over 500,000 hectares and is capable of occupying most of the U.S. as it rapidly spreads northward due to its broad niche and geographic potential3,7,11. The potential of a genetic crossing is a serious concern for the USDA-APHIS Federal Noxious Week Program. Currently, the USDA-APHIS prohibits JBG in states where there are major cogongrass infestations (e.g., Florida, Alabama, Mississippi). However, preventing the two varieties from combining can prove more difficult as cogongrass and JBG expand their distributions. Furthermore, the distribution of the JBG revert is currently unknown and without the ability to identify these varieties through morphology, some cogongrass infestations may be the result of JBG reverts. Unfortunately, current molecular methods of identification typically rely on AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) and DNA sequencing, both of which are time consuming and costly. Here, we present the first cost-effective and reliable PCR-based molecular genotyping method to accurately distinguish between cogongrass and JBG revert. 25 Related JoVE Articles! Myo-mechanical Analysis of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Institutions: University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco State University, University of California San Francisco , University of California San Francisco. To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3 , quantitative methods are needed that measure force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We describe a detailed approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in freshly explanted hindlimb muscle from the mouse. We describe the atraumatic harvest of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle, mounting the muscle in a muscle strip myograph (Model 820MS; Danish Myo Technology), and the measurement of maximal twitch and tetanic tension, contraction time, and half-relaxation time, using a square pulse stimulator (Model S48; Grass Technologies). Using these measurements, we demonstrate the calculation of specific twitch and tetanic tension normalized to muscle cross-sectional area, the twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio, the force-frequency relationship curve and the low frequency fatigue curve 4 . This analysis provides a method for quantitative comparison between therapeutic interventions in mouse models of muscle disease 1,2,3,5 , as well as comparison of the effects of genetic modification on muscle function 6,7,8,9 Medicine, Issue 48, muscle, twitch, tetanus, force-frequency, fatigue Arabidopsis thaliana Polar Glycerolipid Profiling by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Coupled with Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) Institutions: Michigan State University. Biological membranes separate cells from the environment. From a single cell to multicellular plants and animals, glycerolipids, such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine, form bilayer membranes which act as both boundaries and interfaces for chemical exchange between cells and their surroundings. Unlike animals, plant cells have a special organelle for photosynthesis, the chloroplast. The intricate membrane system of the chloroplast contains unique glycerolipids, namely glycolipids lacking phosphorus: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG)4 . The roles of these lipids are beyond simply structural. These glycolipids and other glycerolipids were found in the crystal structures of photosystem I and II indicating the involvement of glycerolipids in photosynthesis8,11 . During phosphate starvation, DGDG is transferred to extraplastidic membranes to compensate the loss of phospholipids9,12 Much of our knowledge of the biosynthesis and function of these lipids has been derived from a combination of genetic and biochemical studies with Arabidopsis thaliana14 . During these studies, a simple procedure for the analysis of polar lipids has been essential for the screening and analysis of lipid mutants and will be outlined in detail. A leaf lipid extract is first separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and glycerolipids are stained reversibly with iodine vapor. The individual lipids are scraped from the TLC plate and converted to fatty acyl methylesters (FAMEs), which are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (FID-GLC) (Figure 1). This method has been proven to be a reliable tool for mutant screening. For example, the tgd1,2,3,4 endoplasmic reticulum-to-plastid lipid trafficking mutants were discovered based on the accumulation of an abnormal galactoglycerolipid: trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGDG) and a decrease in the relative amount of 18:3 (carbons : double bonds) fatty acyl groups in membrane lipids 3,13,18,20 . This method is also applicable for determining enzymatic activities of proteins using lipids as substrate6 Plant Biology, Issue 49, Lipid Analysis, Galactolipids, Thin-layer Chromatogrpahy, Chlorplast Lipids, Arabidopsis Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model (EIM) of Venous Thrombosis Institutions: University of Michigan , University of Michigan. Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential therapeutic compounds (1). New compounds to be utilized in the treatment and prevention of DVT are currently being developed. The delivery of potential therapeutic antagonist compounds to an affected thrombosed vein has been problematic. In the context of therapeutic applications, a model that uses partial stasis and consistently generates thrombi within a major vein has been recently established. The Electrolytic Inferior vena cava Model (EIM) is mouse model of DVT that permits thrombus formation in the presence of continuous blood flow. This model allows therapeutic agents to be in contact with the thrombus in a dynamic fashion, and is more sensitive than other models of DVT (1). In addition, this thrombosis model closely simulates clinical situations of thrombus formation and is ideal to study venous endothelial cell activation, leukocyte migration, venous thrombogenesis, and to test therapeutic applications (1). The EIM model is technically simple, easily reproducible, creates consistent thrombi sizes and allows for a large sample (i.e. thrombus and vein wall) which is required for analytical purposes. Medicine, Issue 53, Endothelial dysfunction, Thrombosis, Electrolytic injury, Inflammation, Animal model Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines Institutions: Pace University, University of California, San Diego, Braunschweig University of Technology. electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific regions of developing embryos, including those of C. elegans , chick, Xenopus , zebrafish, and mouse 1 . In zebrafish, in vivo electroporation has been shown to have excellent spatial and temporal resolution for the delivery of these reagents 2-7 . The temporal resolution of this method is important because it allows for incorporation of these reagents at specific stages in development. Furthermore, because expression from electroporated vectors occurs within 6 hours 7 , this method is more timely than transgenic approaches. While the spatial resolution can be extremely precise when targeting a single cell 2, 6 , it is often preferable to incorporate reagents into a specific cell population within a tissue or structure. When targeting multiple cells, in vivo electroporation is efficient for delivery to a specific region of the embryo; however, particularly within the developing nervous system, it is difficult to target specific cell types solely through spatially discrete electroporation. Alternatively, enhancer trap transgenic lines offer excellent cell type-specific expression of transgenes 8 . Here we describe an approach that combines transgenic Gal4-based enhancer trap lines 8 with spatially discrete in vivo electroporation 7, 9 to specifically target developing neurons of the zebrafish olfactory bulb. The Et(zic4:Gal4TA4,UAS:mCherry)hzm5 (formerly GA80_9) enhancer trap line previously described 8 , displays targeted transgenic expression of mCherry mediated by a zebrafish optimized Gal4 (KalTA4) transcriptional activator in multiple regions of the developing brain including hindbrain, cerebellum, forebrain, and the olfactory bulb. To target GFP expression specifically to the olfactory bulb, a plasmid with the coding sequence of GFP under control of multiple Gal4 binding sites (UAS) was electroporated into the anterior end of the forebrain at 24-28 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Although this method incorporates plasmid DNA into multiple regions of the forebrain, GFP expression is only induced in cells transgenically expressing the KalTA4 transcription factor. Thus, by using the GA080_9 transgenic line, this approach led to GFP expression exclusively in the developing olfactory bulb. GFP expressing cells targeted through this approach showed typical axonal projections, as previously described for mitral cells of the olfactory bulb 10 . This method could also be used for targeted delivery of other reagents including short-hairpin RNA interference expression plasmids, which would provide a method for spatially and temporally discrete loss-of-function analysis. Neuroscience, Issue 54, electroporation, zebrafish, olfactory bulb, Gal4 enhancer trap Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency Institutions: Institut Pasteur . RNA viruses use RNA dependent RNA polymerases to replicate their genomes. The intrinsically high error rate of these enzymes is a large contributor to the generation of extreme population diversity that facilitates virus adaptation and evolution. Increasing evidence shows that the intrinsic error rates, and the resulting mutation frequencies, of RNA viruses can be modulated by subtle amino acid changes to the viral polymerase. Although biochemical assays exist for some viral RNA polymerases that permit quantitative measure of incorporation fidelity, here we describe a simple method of measuring mutation frequencies of RNA viruses that has proven to be as accurate as biochemical approaches in identifying fidelity altering mutations. The approach uses conventional virological and sequencing techniques that can be performed in most biology laboratories. Based on our experience with a number of different viruses, we have identified the key steps that must be optimized to increase the likelihood of isolating fidelity variants and generating data of statistical significance. The isolation and characterization of fidelity altering mutations can provide new insights into polymerase structure and function1-3 . Furthermore, these fidelity variants can be useful tools in characterizing mechanisms of virus adaptation and evolution4-7 Immunology, Issue 52, Polymerase fidelity, RNA virus, mutation frequency, mutagen, RNA polymerase, viral evolution Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun Institutions: Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Delft University of Technology. In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately using complex regulatory strategies including differential promoters and/or signal sequences. Metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists interested in targeting enzymes to a particular organelle are faced with a challenge: For a protein that is to be localized to more than one organelle, the engineer must clone the same gene multiple times. This work presents a solution to this strategy: harnessing alternative splicing of mRNA. This technology takes advantage of established chloroplast and peroxisome targeting sequences and combines them into a single mRNA that is alternatively spliced. Some splice variants are sent to the chloroplast, some to the peroxisome, and some to the cytosol. Here the system is designed for multiple-organelle targeting with alternative splicing. In this work, GFP was expected to be expressed in the chloroplast, cytosol, and peroxisome by a series of rationally designed 5’ mRNA tags. These tags have the potential to reduce the amount of cloning required when heterologous genes need to be expressed in multiple subcellular organelles. The constructs were designed in previous work11 , and were cloned using Gibson assembly, a ligation independent cloning method that does not require restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal leaf cells with a modified Gene Gun protocol. Finally, transformed leaves were observed with confocal microscopy. Environmental Sciences, Issue 86, Plant Leaves, Synthetic Biology, Plants, Genetically Modified, DNA, Plant, RNA, Gene Targeting, Plant Physiological Processes, Genes, Gene gun, Gibson assembly, Nicotiana benthamiana, Alternative splicing, confocal microscopy, chloroplast, peroxisome Monitoring Intraspecies Competition in a Bacterial Cell Population by Cocultivation of Fluorescently Labelled Strains Institutions: Georg-August University. Many microorganisms such as bacteria proliferate extremely fast and the populations may reach high cell densities. Small fractions of cells in a population always have accumulated mutations that are either detrimental or beneficial for the cell. If the fitness effect of a mutation provides the subpopulation with a strong selective growth advantage, the individuals of this subpopulation may rapidly outcompete and even completely eliminate their immediate fellows. Thus, small genetic changes and selection-driven accumulation of cells that have acquired beneficial mutations may lead to a complete shift of the genotype of a cell population. Here we present a procedure to monitor the rapid clonal expansion and elimination of beneficial and detrimental mutations, respectively, in a bacterial cell population over time by cocultivation of fluorescently labeled individuals of the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis . The method is easy to perform and very illustrative to display intraspecies competition among the individuals in a bacterial cell population. Cellular Biology, Issue 83, Bacillus subtilis, evolution, adaptation, selective pressure, beneficial mutation, intraspecies competition, fluorophore-labelling, Fluorescence Microscopy Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling Institutions: Heidelberg University, Heidelberg University. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors represent some of the most potent and promising vehicles for therapeutic human gene transfer due to a unique combination of beneficial properties1 . These include the apathogenicity of the underlying wildtype viruses and the highly advanced methodologies for production of high-titer, high-purity and clinical-grade recombinant vectors2 . A further particular advantage of the AAV system over other viruses is the availability of a wealth of naturally occurring serotypes which differ in essential properties yet can all be easily engineered as vectors using a common protocol1,2 . Moreover, a number of groups including our own have recently devised strategies to use these natural viruses as templates for the creation of synthetic vectors which either combine the assets of multiple input serotypes, or which enhance the properties of a single isolate. The respective technologies to achieve these goals are either DNA family shuffling3 fragmentation of various AAV capsid genes followed by their re-assembly based on partial homologies (typically >80% for most AAV serotypes), or peptide display4,5 insertion of usually seven amino acids into an exposed loop of the viral capsid where the peptide ideally mediates re-targeting to a desired cell type. For maximum success, both methods are applied in a high-throughput fashion whereby the protocols are up-scaled to yield libraries of around one million distinct capsid variants. Each clone is then comprised of a unique combination of numerous parental viruses (DNA shuffling approach) or contains a distinctive peptide within the same viral backbone (peptide display approach). The subsequent final step is iterative selection of such a library on target cells in order to enrich for individual capsids fulfilling most or ideally all requirements of the selection process. The latter preferably combines positive pressure, such as growth on a certain cell type of interest, with negative selection, for instance elimination of all capsids reacting with anti-AAV antibodies. This combination increases chances that synthetic capsids surviving the selection match the needs of the given application in a manner that would probably not have been found in any naturally occurring AAV isolate. Here, we focus on the DNA family shuffling method as the theoretically and experimentally more challenging of the two technologies. We describe and demonstrate all essential steps for the generation and selection of shuffled AAV libraries (Fig. 1 ), and then discuss the pitfalls and critical aspects of the protocols that one needs to be aware of in order to succeed with molecular AAV evolution. Immunology, Issue 62, Adeno-associated virus, AAV, gene therapy, synthetic biology, viral vector, molecular evolution, DNA shuffling Design and Use of Multiplexed Chemostat Arrays Institutions: University of Washington. Chemostats are continuous culture systems in which cells are grown in a tightly controlled, chemically constant environment where culture density is constrained by limiting specific nutrients.1,2 Data from chemostats are highly reproducible for the measurement of quantitative phenotypes as they provide a constant growth rate and environment at steady state. For these reasons, chemostats have become useful tools for fine-scale characterization of physiology through analysis of gene expression3-6 and other characteristics of cultures at steady-state equilibrium.7 Long-term experiments in chemostats can highlight specific trajectories that microbial populations adopt during adaptive evolution in a controlled environment. In fact, chemostats have been used for experimental evolution since their invention.8 A common result in evolution experiments is for each biological replicate to acquire a unique repertoire of mutations.9-13 This diversity suggests that there is much left to be discovered by performing evolution experiments with far greater throughput. We present here the design and operation of a relatively simple, low cost array of miniature chemostats—or ministats—and validate their use in determination of physiology and in evolution experiments with yeast. This approach entails growth of tens of chemostats run off a single multiplexed peristaltic pump. The cultures are maintained at a 20 ml working volume, which is practical for a variety of applications. It is our hope that increasing throughput, decreasing expense, and providing detailed building and operation instructions may also motivate research and industrial application of this design as a general platform for functionally characterizing large numbers of strains, species, and growth parameters, as well as genetic or drug libraries. Genetics, Issue 72, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Cellular Biology, Basic Protocols, Genomics, Eukaryota, Bacteria, Biological Phenomena, Metabolic Phenomena, Genetic Phenomena, Microbiological Phenomena, Life sciences, chemostat, evolution, experimental evolution, Ministat, yeast, E. coli., Physiology, Continuous culture, high throughput, arrays, cell culture The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology Institutions: New York University . Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research. Environmental Sciences, Issue 80, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Molecular Biology, Computational Biology, Systems Biology, Cell Biology, Genetics, Environmental Microbiology, Biochemistry, Chemostat, growth-rate, steady state, nutrient limitation, adaptive evolution Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves Institutions: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München. Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments. Plant Biology, Issue 85, Tetratricopeptide repeat domain, chaperone, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, HSP90, Toc complex, Sec translocon, BiFC A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Institutions: University of Münster, Carnegie Institution for Science. The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex composition under different conditions. In this protocol the approach is demonstrated by comparing the composition of the protein complex responsible for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , isolated from genetically different strains. The procedure comprises the isolation of thylakoid membranes, followed by their separation into multiprotein complexes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection and comparative, quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) based on differential metabolic labeling (14 N) of the analyzed strains. Detergent solubilized thylakoid membranes are loaded on sucrose density gradients at equal chlorophyll concentration. After ultracentrifugation, the gradients are separated into fractions, which are analyzed by mass-spectrometry based on equal volume. This approach allows the investigation of the composition within the gradient fractions and moreover to analyze the migration behavior of different proteins, especially focusing on ANR1, CAS, and PGRL1. Furthermore, this method is demonstrated by confirming the results with immunoblotting and additionally by supporting the findings from previous studies (the identification and PSI-dependent migration of proteins that were previously described to be part of the CEF-supercomplex such as PGRL1, FNR, and cyt f ). Notably, this approach is applicable to address a broad range of questions for which this protocol can be adopted and e.g. used for comparative analyses of multiprotein complex composition isolated from distinct environmental conditions. Microbiology, Issue 85, Sucrose density gradients, Chlamydomonas, multiprotein complexes, 15N metabolic labeling, thylakoids Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles Institutions: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Ohio State University . Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, fatigability, and recovery after fatigue can be obtained to assess specific aspects of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process such as excitability, contractile machinery and Ca2+ handling ability. This method removes the nerve and blood supply and focuses on the isolated skeletal muscle itself. We routinely use this method to identify genetic components that alter the contractile property of skeletal muscle though modulating Ca2+ signaling pathways. Here, we describe a newly identified skeletal muscle phenotype, i.e. , mechanic alternans, as an example of the various and rich information that can be obtained using the in vitro muscle contractility assay. Combination of this assay with single cell assays, genetic approaches and biochemistry assays can provide important insights into the mechanisms of ECC in skeletal muscle. Physiology, Issue 69, extensor digitorum longus, soleus, in vitro contractility, calcium signaling, muscle-tendon complex, mechanic alternans High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities Institutions: Colorado State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Colorado. Microbes in soils and other environments produce extracellular enzymes to depolymerize and hydrolyze organic macromolecules so that they can be assimilated for energy and nutrients. Measuring soil microbial enzyme activity is crucial in understanding soil ecosystem functional dynamics. The general concept of the fluorescence enzyme assay is that synthetic C-, N-, or P-rich substrates bound with a fluorescent dye are added to soil samples. When intact, the labeled substrates do not fluoresce. Enzyme activity is measured as the increase in fluorescence as the fluorescent dyes are cleaved from their substrates, which allows them to fluoresce. Enzyme measurements can be expressed in units of molarity or activity. To perform this assay, soil slurries are prepared by combining soil with a pH buffer. The pH buffer (typically a 50 mM sodium acetate or 50 mM Tris buffer), is chosen for the buffer's particular acid dissociation constant (pKa) to best match the soil sample pH. The soil slurries are inoculated with a nonlimiting amount of fluorescently labeled (i.e. C-, N-, or P-rich) substrate. Using soil slurries in the assay serves to minimize limitations on enzyme and substrate diffusion. Therefore, this assay controls for differences in substrate limitation, diffusion rates, and soil pH conditions; thus detecting potential enzyme activity rates as a function of the difference in enzyme concentrations (per sample). Fluorescence enzyme assays are typically more sensitive than spectrophotometric (i.e. colorimetric) assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light; so caution is required when handling fluorescent substrates. Likewise, this method only assesses potential enzyme activities under laboratory conditions when substrates are not limiting. Caution should be used when interpreting the data representing cross-site comparisons with differing temperatures or soil types, as in situ soil type and temperature can influence enzyme kinetics. Environmental Sciences, Issue 81, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, Environment, Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology, Soil Microbiology, Ecology, Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria, Soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs), fluorometric enzyme assays, substrate degradation, 4-methylumbelliferone (MUB), 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (MUC), enzyme temperature kinetics, soil Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis Institutions: University of Northern Colorado, Arizona State University, Iowa State University. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis, and 2) contrast the effects of the proposed technique and that of using intact limb inertial properties on joint kinetic estimates during walking in unilateral, transtibial amputees. An oscillation and reaction board system was validated and shown to be reliable when measuring inertial properties of known geometrical solids. When direct measurements of inertial properties of the prosthesis were used in inverse dynamics modeling of the lower extremity compared with inertial estimates based on an intact shank and foot, joint kinetics at the hip and knee were significantly lower during the swing phase of walking. Differences in joint kinetics during stance, however, were smaller than those observed during swing. Therefore, researchers focusing on the swing phase of walking should consider the impact of prosthesis inertia property estimates on study outcomes. For stance, either one of the two inertial models investigated in our study would likely lead to similar outcomes with an inverse dynamics assessment. Bioengineering, Issue 87, prosthesis inertia, amputee locomotion, below-knee prosthesis, transtibial amputee 2D and 3D Chromosome Painting in Malaria Mosquitoes Institutions: Virginia Tech. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of whole arm chromosome probes is a robust technique for mapping genomic regions of interest, detecting chromosomal rearrangements, and studying three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromosomes in the cell nucleus. The advent of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and whole genome amplification (WGA) allows obtaining large quantities of DNA from single cells. The increased sensitivity of WGA kits prompted us to develop chromosome paints and to use them for exploring chromosome organization and evolution in non-model organisms. Here, we present a simple method for isolating and amplifying the euchromatic segments of single polytene chromosome arms from ovarian nurse cells of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae . This procedure provides an efficient platform for obtaining chromosome paints, while reducing the overall risk of introducing foreign DNA to the sample. The use of WGA allows for several rounds of re-amplification, resulting in high quantities of DNA that can be utilized for multiple experiments, including 2D and 3D FISH. We demonstrated that the developed chromosome paints can be successfully used to establish the correspondence between euchromatic portions of polytene and mitotic chromosome arms in An. gambiae . Overall, the union of LCM and single-chromosome WGA provides an efficient tool for creating significant amounts of target DNA for future cytogenetic and genomic studies. Immunology, Issue 83, Microdissection, whole genome amplification, malaria mosquito, polytene chromosome, mitotic chromosomes, fluorescence in situ hybridization, chromosome painting Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation Institutions: Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Illinois Institute of Technology- Moffett Campus, University of Guadalajara, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech. Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and lignin. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process which relies on the assembly of oppositely charged molecules from aqueous solutions was used to build a freestanding composite film of isolated wood polymers of lignin and oxidized nanofibril cellulose (NFC). To facilitate the assembly of these negatively charged polymers, a positively charged polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammomium chloride) (PDDA), was used as a linking layer to create this simplified model cell wall. The layered adsorption process was studied quantitatively using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The results showed that layer mass/thickness per adsorbed layer increased as a function of total number of layers. The surface coverage of the adsorbed layers was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complete coverage of the surface with lignin in all the deposition cycles was found for the system, however, surface coverage by NFC increased with the number of layers. The adsorption process was carried out for 250 cycles (500 bilayers) on a cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. Transparent free-standing LBL assembled nanocomposite films were obtained when the CA substrate was later dissolved in acetone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fractured cross-sections showed a lamellar structure, and the thickness per adsorption cycle (PDDA-Lignin-PDDA-NC) was estimated to be 17 nm for two different lignin types used in the study. The data indicates a film with highly controlled architecture where nanocellulose and lignin are spatially deposited on the nanoscale (a polymer-polymer nanocomposites), similar to what is observed in the native cell wall. Plant Biology, Issue 88, nanocellulose, thin films, quartz crystal microbalance, layer-by-layer, LbL Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey Institutions: U. S. Geological Survey, Grand Valley State University, Shedd Aquarium. A technique for laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiency (γ) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to piscivorous fish from their prey is described herein. During a 135-day laboratory experiment, we fed bloater (Coregonus hoyi ) that had been caught in Lake Michigan to lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush ) kept in eight laboratory tanks. Bloater is a natural prey for lake trout. In four of the tanks, a relatively high flow rate was used to ensure relatively high activity by the lake trout, whereas a low flow rate was used in the other four tanks, allowing for low lake trout activity. On a tank-by-tank basis, the amount of food eaten by the lake trout on each day of the experiment was recorded. Each lake trout was weighed at the start and end of the experiment. Four to nine lake trout from each of the eight tanks were sacrificed at the start of the experiment, and all 10 lake trout remaining in each of the tanks were euthanized at the end of the experiment. We determined concentrations of 75 PCB congeners in the lake trout at the start of the experiment, in the lake trout at the end of the experiment, and in bloaters fed to the lake trout during the experiment. Based on these measurements, γ was calculated for each of 75 PCB congeners in each of the eight tanks. Mean γ was calculated for each of the 75 PCB congeners for both active and inactive lake trout. Because the experiment was replicated in eight tanks, the standard error about mean γ could be estimated. Results from this type of experiment are useful in risk assessment models to predict future risk to humans and wildlife eating contaminated fish under various scenarios of environmental contamination. Environmental Sciences, Issue 90, trophic transfer efficiency, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, lake trout, activity, contaminants, accumulation, risk assessment, toxic equivalents Measuring Respiratory Function in Mice Using Unrestrained Whole-body Plethysmography Institutions: Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Animal Resource Centre, Perth, Australia, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Respiratory dysfunction is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world and the rates of mortality continue to rise. Quantitative assessment of lung function in rodent models is an important tool in the development of future therapies. Commonly used techniques for assessing respiratory function including invasive plethysmography and forced oscillation. While these techniques provide valuable information, data collection can be fraught with artefacts and experimental variability due to the need for anesthesia and/or invasive instrumentation of the animal. In contrast, unrestrained whole-body plethysmography (UWBP) offers a precise, non-invasive, quantitative way by which to analyze respiratory parameters. This technique avoids the use of anesthesia and restraints, which is common to traditional plethysmography techniques. This video will demonstrate the UWBP procedure including the equipment set up, calibration and lung function recording. It will explain how to analyze the collected data, as well as identify experimental outliers and artefacts that results from animal movement. The respiratory parameters obtained using this technique include tidal volume, minute volume, inspiratory duty cycle, inspiratory flow rate and the ratio of inspiration time to expiration time. UWBP does not rely on specialized skills and is inexpensive to perform. A key feature of UWBP, and most appealing to potential users, is the ability to perform repeated measures of lung function on the same animal. Physiology, Issue 90, Unrestrained Whole Body Plethysmography, Lung function, Respiratory Disease, Rodents Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses Institutions: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Boyce Thompson Institute. is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail millet. Recently, the 510 Mb genome of foxtail millet, S. italica, has been sequenced 1,2 and a 25x coverage genome sequence of the weedy relative S. viridis is in progress. S. viridis has a number of characteristics that make it a potentially excellent model genetic system including a rapid generation time, small stature, simple growth requirements, prolific seed production 3 and developed systems for both transient and stable transformation 4 . However, the genetics of S. viridis is largely unexplored, in part, due to the lack of detailed methods for performing crosses. To date, no standard protocol has been adopted that will permit rapid production of seeds from controlled crosses. The protocol presented here is optimized for performing genetic crosses in S. viridis , accession A10.1. We have employed a simple heat treatment with warm water for emasculation after pruning the panicle to retain 20-30 florets and labeling of flowers to eliminate seeds resulting from newly developed flowers after emasculation. After testing a series of heat treatments at permissive temperatures and varying the duration of dipping, we have established an optimum temperature and time range of 48 °C for 3-6 min. By using this method, a minimum of 15 crosses can be performed by a single worker per day and an average of 3-5 outcross progeny per panicle can be recovered. Therefore, an average of 45-75 outcross progeny can be produced by one person in a single day. Broad implementation of this technique will facilitate the development of recombinant inbred line populations of S. viridis X S. viridis or S. viridis X S. italica , mapping mutations through bulk segregant analysis and creating higher order mutants for genetic analysis. Environmental Sciences, Issue 80, Hybridization, Genetics, plants, Setaria viridis, crosses, emasculation, flowering, seed propagation, seed dormancy Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter Institutions: Yale University, Virginia Tech, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as recycle rates of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) sequestration1,2 . Plant litter comprises the majority of detritus3 , and so it is assumed that decomposition is only marginally influenced by biomass inputs from animals such as herbivores and carnivores4,5 . However, carnivores may influence microbial decomposition of plant litter via a chain of interactions in which predation risk alters the physiology of their herbivore prey that in turn alters soil microbial functioning when the herbivore carcasses are decomposed6 . A physiological stress response by herbivores to the risk of predation can change the C:N elemental composition of herbivore biomass7,8,9 because stress from predation risk increases herbivore basal energy demands that in nutrient-limited systems forces herbivores to shift their consumption from N-rich resources to support growth and reproduction to C-rich carbohydrate resources to support heightened metabolism6 . Herbivores have limited ability to store excess nutrients, so stressed herbivores excrete N as they increase carbohydrate-C consumption7 . Ultimately, prey stressed by predation risk increase their body C:N ratio7,10 , making them poorer quality resources for the soil microbial pool likely due to lower availability of labile N for microbial enzyme production6 . Thus, decomposition of carcasses of stressed herbivores has a priming effect on the functioning of microbial communities that decreases subsequent ability to of microbes to decompose plant litter6,10,11 We present the methodology to evaluate linkages between predation risk and litter decomposition by soil microbes. We describe how to: induce stress in herbivores from predation risk; measure those stress responses, and measure the consequences on microbial decomposition. We use insights from a model grassland ecosystem comprising the hunting spider predator (Pisuarina mira ), a dominant grasshopper herbivore (Melanoplus femurrubrum ),and a variety of grass and forb plants9 Environmental Sciences, Issue 73, Microbiology, Plant Biology, Entomology, Organisms, Investigative Techniques, Biological Phenomena, Chemical Phenomena, Metabolic Phenomena, Microbiological Phenomena, Earth Resources and Remote Sensing, Life Sciences (General), Litter Decomposition, Ecological Stoichiometry, Physiological Stress and Ecosystem Function, Predation Risk, Soil Respiration, Carbon Sequestration, Soil Science, respiration, spider, grasshoper, model system Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species Institutions: Uppsala University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The high-throughput expression analysis technologies available today give scientists an overflow of expression profiles but their resolution in terms of tissue specific expression is limited because of problems in dissecting individual tissues. Expression data needs to be confirmed and complemented with expression patterns using e.g. in situ hybridization, a technique used to localize cell specific mRNA expression. The in situ hybridization method is laborious, time-consuming and often requires extensive optimization depending on species and tissue. In situ experiments are relatively more difficult to perform in woody species such as the conifer Norway spruce (Picea abies ). Here we present a modified DIG in situ hybridization protocol, which is fast and applicable on a wide range of plant species including P. abies . With just a few adjustments, including altered RNase treatment and proteinase K concentration, we could use the protocol to study tissue specific expression of homologous genes in male reproductive organs of one gymnosperm and two angiosperm species; P. abies, Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus . The protocol worked equally well for the species and genes studied. AtAP3 were observed in second and third whorl floral organs in A. thaliana and B. napus and DAL13 in microsporophylls of male cones from P. abies . For P. abies the proteinase K concentration, used to permeablize the tissues, had to be increased to 3 g/ml instead of 1 g/ml, possibly due to more compact tissues and higher levels of phenolics and polysaccharides. For all species the RNase treatment was removed due to reduced signal strength without a corresponding increase in specificity. By comparing tissue specific expression patterns of homologous genes from both flowering plants and a coniferous tree we demonstrate that the DIG in situ protocol presented here, with only minute adjustments, can be applied to a wide range of plant species. Hence, the protocol avoids both extensive species specific optimization and the laborious use of radioactively labeled probes in favor of DIG labeled probes. We have chosen to illustrate the technically demanding steps of the protocol in our film. Anna Karlgren and Jenny Carlsson contributed equally to this study. Corresponding authors: Anna Karlgren at [email protected] and Jens F. Sundström at [email protected] Plant Biology, Issue 26, RNA, expression analysis, Norway spruce, Arabidopsis, rapeseed, conifers Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG Institutions: MGH - Massachusetts General Hospital. We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates. JoVE neuroscience, Issue 40, neuroscience, brain, MEG, EEG, functional imaging Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase Institutions: Max Plank Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden. Here we report the generation of Tre recombinase through directed, molecular evolution. Tre recombinase recognizes a pre-defined target sequence within the LTR sequences of the HIV-1 provirus, resulting in the excision and eradication of the provirus from infected human cells. We started with Cre, a 38-kDa recombinase, that recognizes a 34-bp double-stranded DNA sequence known as loxP. Because Cre can effectively eliminate genomic sequences, we set out to tailor a recombinase that could remove the sequence between the 5'-LTR and 3'-LTR of an integrated HIV-1 provirus. As a first step we identified sequences within the LTR sites that were similar to loxP and tested for recombination activity. Initially Cre and mutagenized Cre libraries failed to recombine the chosen loxLTR sites of the HIV-1 provirus. As the start of any directed molecular evolution process requires at least residual activity, the original asymmetric loxLTR sequences were split into subsets and tested again for recombination activity. Acting as intermediates, recombination activity was shown with the subsets. Next, recombinase libraries were enriched through reiterative evolution cycles. Subsequently, enriched libraries were shuffled and recombined. The combination of different mutations proved synergistic and recombinases were created that were able to recombine loxLTR1 and loxLTR2. This was evidence that an evolutionary strategy through intermediates can be successful. After a total of 126 evolution cycles individual recombinases were functionally and structurally analyzed. The most active recombinase -- Tre -- had 19 amino acid changes as compared to Cre. Tre recombinase was able to excise the HIV-1 provirus from the genome HIV-1 infected HeLa cells (see "HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase", Hauber J., Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany). While still in its infancy, directed molecular evolution will allow the creation of custom enzymes that will serve as tools of "molecular surgery" and molecular medicine. Cell Biology, Issue 15, HIV-1, Tre recombinase, Site-specific recombination, molecular evolution Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase Institutions: Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg. HIV-1 integrates into the host chromosome of infected cells and persists as a provirus flanked by long terminal repeats. Current treatment strategies primarily target virus enzymes or virus-cell fusion, suppressing the viral life cycle without eradicating the infection. Since the integrated provirus is not targeted by these approaches, new resistant strains of HIV-1 may emerge. Here, we report that the engineered recombinase Tre (see Molecular evolution of the Tre recombinase , Buchholz, F., Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden) efficiently excises integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA from the genome of infected cells. We produced loxLTR containing viral pseudotypes and infected HeLa cells to examine whether Tre recombinase can excise the provirus from the genome of HIV-1 infected human cells. A virus particle-releasing cell line was cloned and transfected with a plasmid expressing Tre or with a parental control vector. Recombinase activity and virus production were monitored. All assays demonstrated the efficient deletion of the provirus from infected cells without visible cytotoxic effects. These results serve as proof of principle that it is possible to evolve a recombinase to specifically target an HIV-1 LTR and that this recombinase is capable of excising the HIV-1 provirus from the genome of HIV-1-infected human cells. Before an engineered recombinase could enter the therapeutic arena, however, significant obstacles need to be overcome. Among the most critical issues, that we face, are an efficient and safe delivery to targeted cells and the absence of side effects. Medicine, Issue 16, HIV, Cell Biology, Recombinase, provirus, HeLa Cells

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scroll to top Stuck on your essay? Get ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up Word Count: 603 Bilingual education is important in schools Why Because students gets to learn two different languages that is taught by their parents and teachers and they became more fluent speakers and writers into both languages for example Maori and English or Samoan and English Students first language can be taught at home because they were born with it For example I was brought up in a Samoan way and my first language is Samoan my second language is English but I learnt how to speak English when I was at school An important issue for bilingual education and how parents and educators support their bilingual kids in schools In this essay I will be talking critically about how important language is in schools I will argued that language is one of the most important Firstly majority of students take English as their second language and their home language becomes their first Teaching children a new language that is far different from their own language is a process but this may cause problems for example home language students might not be confident enough to write or read in their second language and they are confident to read and write in their own home language Amituanai-Toloa 2005 p2 states that Together these baselines provided detailed evidence about strengths and weaknesses in the students reading comprehension These were then mapped onto patterns of instruction in the classroom For example it showed that patterns of checking and detecting threats to meaning in paragraph comprehension and the size and knowledge of a students vocabulary were problematic rather than low decoding levels Therefore I believe that teaching both languages for example Samoan and English or Maori and English in classrooms will be a good idea It will help the students understand and learn how important English is in schools and also how important their home language is to them because it represents who they are and where they are fromAnother fact parents @Kibin is a lifesaver for my essay right now!! - Sandra Slivka, student @ UC Berkeley Wow, this is the best essay help I've ever received! - Camvu Pham, student @ U of M If I'd known about @Kibin in college, I would have gotten much more sleep - Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA

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A new kind of variable star — 36 of that type, in fact — has been found in a single star cluster. Astronomers don’t even have a name for the star type yet, but feel free to leave some suggestions in the comments! For now, however, astronomers are wondering what the implications are for our understanding of the stellar interiors. “The very existence of this new class of variable stars is a challenge to astrophysicists,” stated Sophie Saesen, an astronomer at Geneva Observatory who participated in the research. “Current theoretical models predict that their light is not supposed to vary periodically at all, so our current efforts are focused on finding out more about the behaviour of this strange new type of star.” The head-scratching began when astronomers used a European Southern Observatory telescope to gaze at the “Pearl Cluster” (NGC 3766), an open star cluster about 5,800 light years from Earth. Over seven years of observations with the Leonhard Euler Telescope (taking periodic measurements of brightness), astronomers spotted 36 stars with variable periods of between 2 and 20 hours. Variable stars have been known for centuries, and many of them are tracked by amateur organizations such as the American Association of Variable Observers. As best as astronomers can figure, the stars become brighter and dimmer due to changes on the inside — stellar vibrations or “quakes” studied under a field called asteroseismology. A special type of variable stars, called Cepheid variables, can provide accurate measurements of distance since they have an established ratio between luminosity and the period of their variability. Studying various types of variable stars has provided some insights. “Asteroseismology of ß Cep[hei] stars, for example, has opened the doors in the past decade to study their interior rotation and convective core,” the astronomers stated in a paper on the research. Despite the well-known nature of variable stars, few of them have been studied in open clusters such as NGC 3766. The reason is it takes a lot of telescope time to take a look at the star — sometimes, years. And time with telescopes is both expensive and precious, making it difficult to allocate the time required. “Stellar clusters are ideal environments to study stellar variability because some basic properties and the evolutionary status of individual star members can be derived from the properties of the cluster,” the astronomers stated. “It, however, requires extensive monitoring on an as-long-as-possible time base line. This requirement may explain why not many clusters have been studied for their variability content so far, compared to the number of known and characterized clusters.” These particular stars in NGC 3766, however, were puzzling. “The stars are somewhat hotter and brighter than the Sun, but otherwise apparently unremarkable,” ESO stated, yet they had variations of about 0.1% of each star’s normal brightness. It’s possible, but not proven yet, that perhaps the stars’ spin has something to do with the brightness. Some of the observed objects whip around at speeds so fast that some material might be punted away from the star and into space, the astronomers wrote in a press release. “In those conditions, the fast spin will have an important impact on their internal properties, but we are not able yet to adequately model their light variations,” stated Nami Mowlavi, another Geneva Observatory astronomer who led the paper. Also, astronomers haven’t named this class of stars yet. Do you have any ideas? For more information and to generate suggestions, you can read the paper here in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Then you can leave your thoughts in the comments. Source: European Southern Observatory

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Primary crusher is only for the breaking of large stones into pieces (this mean primary crusher is not for the aggregate size material.). Examples of primary crushers are jaw crusher hammer mill crusher and gyratory crusher. After receiving primary crusher crush the material and produce a new fresh reduce size of the source material. Looking for tertiary crushing? Find out information about tertiary crushing. The preliminary breaking down of runofmine ore and sometimes coal. The third stage in crushing, following primary and secondary crushing Explanation of tertiary crushing A gyratory crusher is one of the main types of primary crushers in a mine or ore processing plant. Gyratory crushers are designated in size either by the gape and mantle diameter or by the size of the receiving opening. Gyratory crushers can be used for primary or secondary crushing. Primary and secondary cone crushers Secondary and tertiary cone crushers Jaw crushers Crushing and handling plant DPU1000 Mills The company supplies cone crushers with crusher head base diameter of 1750, 2200 and 3000 mm and crushing chambers of two types: KSD – used for intermediate crushing, and KMD – designed for tertiary crushing. Impact crusher machines are available as stationary, track, or mobile units, and can be used in the primary, secondary, or tertiary position in the Producer''s line up. Impact crushers can be subject to high wear and operating costs and high production of fines. View Impactors Jan 23, 2017 · In most cases, mining operations may have more than one crusher depending on the desired outcome of the crushing process. The primary crusher handles course rocks while the secondary, tertiary and sometimes the quaternary works on finer gradations that can allow for effective extraction of minerals. Use of Rock Crushers in Gold Mining What Is the Difference Between Secondary & . The proper definition of tertiary is "of the third order, stage or level." This generally would mean secondary and primary sources or sampling carry more value From large primary jaws and gyratories to cone crushers for tertiary and quaternary finishing, ''s equipment is manufactured to meet your material reduction requirements. The crushers are built to perform with the lowest cost per ton, featuring a unique combination of crusher cavity design, crushing forces, reliability and safety. Apr 03, 2015 · Types of crushers. Crushers are classified into three types based upon the stage of crushing they accomplish. These are (i) primary crusher, (ii) secondary crusher, and (iii) tertiary crusher. The primary crusher receives material directly from run of mine (ROM) after blasting and produces the first reduction in size. Primary Secondary And Tertiary Crushers India. Primary Secondary And Tertiary Crushers India Leave a Comment. Stone Crusher Machine,Grinding Ball Mill,Stone Crusher. Crusher Conter. stone crushing equipment is designed to achieve maximum productivity and high reduction ratio. From large primary jaw crusher and impact. Crusher,cone crusher,mobile crusher shanghai sanme sanme provides cone crusher, impact crusher, jaw crusher, gyratory crusher, sand maker and mobile crushers, which are widely used for the primary, secondary and tertiary hardrock crushing for stoneprocessing line and sandmaking lineobile stone crusher machien mining machinery. Learn more Primary crushers are important for kicking off production and initial product sizing for further processing. They receive the material directly from the blasting, drilling or dredging process. Secondary and tertiary crushers are utilized for additional refinement of the material. For treating the ore, there are one primary crusher, one secondary crusher and one tertiary crusher, two mill crushers, one mill and two flotation circuits. southerncoppercorp Para el tratamiento del mineral, cuenta con una chancadora primaria, una chancadora secundaria, y una chancadora terciaria, dos chancadoras de molino, un molino, y Tertiary crushers are machines that take part after the primary phase "primary crushers" and secondary phase "secondary crushers". Beside the question of "what is tertiary crusher?", working principle of crusher should be explained too. It works with the principle of applying high speed impact effect to the material. The primary coal crushers may be of different types such as: (1) coal jaw, (2) coal hammer, and (3) ring granulator. Secondary coal crusher: Used when the coal coming from the supplier is large enough to be handled by a single crusher. The primary crusher converts the feed size to one that is acceptable to the secondary crusher. This helps the crusher to operate safely and boosts productivity. MEKA primary impact crushers are equipped with a hydraulic lifter, which allows the user to open the crusher''s superior body for easy maintenance and easy access to the rotor, blow bars and wear parts. Again the ore will come from a Primary crusher and be scalped. The coarse material will be crushed by the secondary crusher. The fines will be taken out of the circuit. Once the secondary has finished with the ore it will be reclassified by a second set of screens with the oversize going to the tertiary crusher. For product information and price, chat with sales agent. +8637164628852 +8637164628872. [email protected] . SERVICE ONLINE BÖHRINGER HSI Impact crushers, Trackmouted Crushers, primary, secondary,tertiary crushing of construction materials, demolition/recycling/quarry & mining appliions and feature extra thick heavy duty main frame, rotor & blow bars for longer life and utilisation. Multiple Models The company produces wide range of primary and secondary crushers with feed opening size from 500 to 1500 mm. Secondary crushers are used after primary crushers in fourstage crushing operation scheme. The high material reduction ratio results in more efficient use of intermediate and tertiary crushers. crusher. Tertiary crushing is usually performed using cone crushers or other types of impactor crushers. Oversize material from the top deck of the sizing screen is fed to the tertiary crusher. The tertiary crusher output, which is typically about 0.50 to 2.5 centimeters (3/16th to 1 inch), is returned to the sizing screen. May 20, 2016 · A gyratory crusher is one of the main types of primary crushers in a mine or ore processing plant. Gyratory crushers are designated in size either by the gape and mantle diameter or by the size of We are specialists in the stone crushing plants sector since 2003. We are proud from ourselves on delivering outstanding quality and efficiency for leading clients around the world. primary crusher secondary crusher and tertiary crusher. difference between primary crusher and secondary crushers difference between primary crusher and secondary . Get Price And Support Online Is Tertiary Crushing And Grinding mayukhportfolio. secondary coal crushing equipment. Secondary, Or Tertiary Crushing Machine Suppliers, . 4.2.2 Jaw Crusher Circuits. Primary jaw crushers typically operate in open circuit under dry conditions. Depending on the size reduction required, the primary jaw crushers are followed by secondary and tertiary crushing. The last crusher in the line of operation operates in a closed circuit. Tertiary Impactor Models Appliion CRUSHING of mediumhard rock Excellent product grading and production of chips or sand HAZtronic – HAZEMAG Automated Control System (optional) Reversible rotor for excellent efficiency and consistent quality Roll Crushers. Roll Crushers are designed to handle the primary, secondary and tertiary stage crushing of friable materials such as coal, salt, clay, bauxite, limestone and other minerals of similar characteristics in the mining, power generation and numerous other industries. Raw material of various sizes are brought to the primary crusher by reardump haul units, or carried by a wheel frontend loader. Primary crushing reduces excavated rock to a more manageable size. There are different types of primary secondary and tertiary crushers including jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, impact crushers, and autogenous crushers. SAES Tertiary Impact Crushers are used to produce 05 mm sand type material as Tertiary and Secondary crushers. SAES Tertiary Impact Crushers, with have low initial investment costs, have a low filler ratio and wear and a high obtaining ratio for sand owing to the special design of impact plates and high speed rotor. Secondary and Tertiary Crusher Wear Parts. We provide high quality wear parts and services for major OEM cone crushers. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. We provide wear parts and services for cone crushers made by a variety of different manufacturers. Bowls and mantles are available in numerous sizes — all made with our highimpact grades of manganese The primary impact crushers are used to process from 200 t/h up to 1900 t/h and feed sizes of up to 1830 mm (71") in the largest model. Primary impact crushers are generally used in nonabrasive appliions and where the production of fines is not a problem. Of all primary crushers, the impactor is the crusher that gives the best cubical product. PDK series impact crushers deliver unbeatable performances in primary, secondary and tertiary appliions. The crusher consists of two parts, body opening and adjustment systems operate easily with the hydraulic power unit thus provides an advantage for easy maintenance and minimum stopping for a constantly work. 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A couple of weeks ago I talked about my Guided Math Groups... today's post is a similar idea (just for a different subject). I think we can likely all agree that much like in math our students all have a wide range in writing abilities. Wouldn't it be nice to hone in on each student's trouble area and not have half the class being bored because they already know how to use periods in their writing? Before we begin though I must confess... I have never actually tried writing groups. Math groups: yes, Reading groups: of course, I've even done spelling groups... but I never got around to trying this in my classroom (yet). How I would set it up: I would start by giving my students a simple writing task at the beginning of the year. I would want to make sure they would have to write multiple paragraphs (because I would expect a lot not to know where to start a new paragraph). I think I would get them to write me a story. Whether I give them a story idea or not wouldn't really matter to me. Then, based on their writing samples I would start grouping them (I would be looking at everything in their writing other than their spelling). Based on what I remember about my students last year I think I would begin to set up my groups like this: Group 1 (my group that struggles the most) - Where to use capital letters Group 2 - Punctuation Group 3 - Paragraphs (and when we know to start a new one) Group 4 (my top group of writers) - Describing words How much time I devote to each topic would depend on how quickly the students in that group started showing me they were understanding. AND, I would know they had got it when they were using the new topic in their every day writing. Much like my Guided Math Groups I would give my ELA a 2 period block. This would mean I would get to see each group for about 15 minutes... my centers would be as follows (using Group 1 as an example and the rest would follow): Center 1 - work with teacher. I would go over the lesson for them that day Center 2 - independent work. I would give the students a worksheet or writing assignment to work on during this time. Eventually, I would want them to spend time writing a story... but the first couple of days would likely be worksheets on the topic. Center 3 - Spelling activity (I had a list of different spelling activities for them to do some were individual and some were with a partner... I would expect that there would be a lot of overlap with spelling and writing groups but your spelling partner doesn't necessarily have to have the same words as you). Center 4 - Spelling/writing/word game (I've seen giant boggle games on bulletin boards, Scrabble, Madlibs, etc). A couple times a week I think I would also make this a silent reading/read with a partner center too. |An example of a Boggle bulletin board| My group 4 would start at independent work and have their time with me at the end. What I like about this set up? This last year I devoted one period a day to spelling. 2 days a cycle it was for me to go over the words with them and then to give them their spelling test. The other 4 days were for them to be practicing their words. Incorporating it into their writing groups frees up an extra period for those 4 days. I wouldn't worry about needing those writing samples right away because the first week of school is all about getting to know each other and learning the new expectations for the year. After that, I would start telling them about T.U.S.C and using the writing group time to help them with all their T.U.S.C jobs. If we are doing Guided Math that day and not whole group instruction in math class they will get a chance to play 2 games in math class and another in Writing... that doesn't seem so bad. My students last year really enjoyed our Guided Math Groups and because the Writing Groups are the same idea (just a different subject) I would think that they would also really enjoy these periods. I can't wait to try them out in a classroom of my own one day soon! Have you tried Guided Writing Groups in your classroom? How did you set them up?

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One thing we can't escape as we age is "sarcopenia", the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and strength brought about by aging. After age thirty our muscles start to deteriorate. After age forty we lose, on average, eight percent of our muscle mass every decade, and this rate of deterioration accelerates after age sixty. Even the most active of people will feel the effects of sarcopenia and end up with less skeletal muscle mass, lower muscle strength and/or inhibited physical performance. But while sarcopenia has the potential to curtail quality of life and increase the risk of physical disability there are some things to keep in mind when considering it. 1) While the magnitude varies substantially across individuals, some degree of muscle mass loss impacts everyone as they get older. 2) Due to a lower starting muscle mass and energy intake, prevalence estimates are greater in women compared with men. 3) Sarcopenia is not only muscle mass loss, it is also strength loss, and the rate of its onset is not linear. It can occur in specific muscles as a consequence of inactivity after an injury or as a response to bed rest induced by disease, for example. The underlying causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial, interconnected and complex. A decline in physical activity, common among older people, is only one reason sarcopenia happens. Other contributing factors include poor nutrition, elevated oxidative stress, excessive protein breakdown coupled with decreased protein synthesis, hormonal changes, chronic illness and chronic inflammation. But even though the onset of sarcopenia is somewhat inevitable, other factors that contribute to it--like a decline in physical activity--are not. - - - As we age it is natural for our aerobic capacity to decline and for us to gradually lose muscle mass and strength. And it is true that this will negatively impact our health and, in later life, our ability to perform acts of daily living. But this decline does not have to result in us moving less. Think back to your youth. Do you move as much now as you did then? Most don't. Why is that? What would happen if we started paying attention to this fact and built a lifestyle that forces us to be more active on a daily basis? What would happen if we shifted our focus onto the things we can control and broke some of the barriers that prevent us becoming and staying more active? More importantly, why should we? Collectively--at the international and national level--the aging of the world's population is one of the most pressing issues. An increasing life expectancy coupled with a movement towards more sedentary lifestyles and poorer dietary patterns has implications for governments, their finances and the global markets they are a part of. Individually, efforts to roll back the onset of aging and all that it brings result in greater physical and mental health. That means more energy and more ability to do the things that you love, with the people you love, for a longer period of time. The obvious question at this point is how does one go about slowing down the process of aging and, in particular, prevent the onset of sarcopenia? The answer is threefold: increase protein consumption, increase baseline activity, and engage in resistance and high-intensity interval training. 1) PROTEIN CONSUMPTION One of the key elements in maintaining musculoskeletal health is sustaining long term adaptations to both resistance exercise and aerobic exercise. These adaptations are greatly supported by an adequate intake of dietary protein. Currently, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight, regardless of age and sex. However, these recommendations represent the minimum daily protein intake, not necessarily the optimal. And given the fact that older adults experience muscle mass decline as they age, the protein RDA is likely insufficient for healthy older adults looking to maintain skeletal muscle mass and function. In fact, a growing body of research indicates that protein intakes well above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance may help prevent age-related sarcopenia. According to these new studies, intakes in the range of at least 1.2 to 1.6 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight of high-quality protein is a more ideal target for achieving optimal health outcomes in aging adults. Higher protein diets also improve satiety and might contribute to weight management by helping to regulate appetite. (It is important to mention that these recommendations are not suitable for critically ill patients and those suffering from certain conditions, like kidney problems.) 2) BASELINE ACTIVITY Physical activity (any bodily movement that involves skeletal muscle contraction and increases energy expenditure) and exercise (physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive) have both been shown to slow the onset of many chronic diseases and mitigate the risks of aging. To promote this fact and encourage physical exercise throughout our life, the WHO and governments around the world issue guidelines and recommendations. Traditionally, these guidelines have emphasized aerobic exercise. Part of this might be due to the fact that there is greater volume of data and research available for aerobic exercise as opposed to resistance exercise. The other factor might be related to the misconception that resistance training is riskier, less safe and requires special equipment. Current recommendations for adults are: 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, in bouts of 10 min or more, at least 5 days per week. For additional health benefits, older adults should increase this to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity or at least 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week. Muscle-strengthening activities, involving major muscle groups, should be done on 2 or more days a week. The point of these recommendations is to, at the least, maintain a minimum level of activity throughout our lives. At best, we can strive to continually challenge ourselves as we age and increase our baseline of physical activity. That doesn't only mean engaging in a greater number of scheduled and structured gym sessions--exercise, in other words. It also means upping our physical activity. Taking the stairs instead of the elevator, cycling or walking when we could drive, and sitting on the floor when we could sit on the sofa. It all counts, after all. 3) RESISTANCE AND HIIT TRAINING As mentioned above, most guidelines tend to emphasis aerobic exercise. But since resistance training has been widely used to enhance and maintain muscle mass and strength in a variety of populations, many researchers argue that guidelines should give more prominence to advise about exactly how much and what type of resistance training is needed. The arguments of these researchers are supported by number of studies, all of which have shed additional light on the benefits of resistance training. Increased muscle mass, improved cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory fitness, more efficient regulation of blood sugar, protection against the insulin resistance associated with Type 2 diabetes, and greater bone mineral density are all effects correlated with regular resistance training. Despite these studies there seem to be some misconceptions regarding resistance training. Some think that is complicated and that it has to involve very heavy weights. That it is painful and only for the hardcore. As with any other type of exercise it has to be sufficiently challenging, and there should be some discomfort, but there is more than one approach. In a traditional weight training program, a trainee’s first task could be to find the heaviest amount of weight they can lift one time using a given exercise. This one-rep max could then be used as a guide to construct the rest of the program, whose main part consists of lifting 80 to 90 percent of that amount eight to ten times across sets, until fatigue sets in. While this approach can be effective for many, it can also be uncomfortable. Another approach (one of the many out there) could be to utilize the same exercises but at lighter weights for more repetitions. Regardless of the specific resistance training program followed, basic principles apply. Proper technique is crucial for injury prevention and longevity of training, so is regular assessment and adequate recovery. Difficulty should progressively increase too--via changes in repetitions, sets, weights, and tempo. If you're not confident and lacking experience, it may be a good idea to have someone walk you through the basics. Another form of exercise that is increasingly being incorporated into "official" guidelines, alongside resistance training, is high-intensity interval training, or HIIT. Aerobic exercise has been more commonly associated with cardiovascular fitness and oxidative capacity, whereas resistance exercise has been linked to skeletal muscle mass and strength. However, aerobic-based physical activity may be considered an important, and often underappreciated, intervention targeted at overcoming age-related muscle mass and strength loss. Activities like cycling have been shown to increase muscle volume and muscle power in adults and results often vary depending on variables like exercise intensity and training history and/or age. Specifically, studies have shown that HIIT has the capacity to stimulate increases in muscle mass comparable to some resistance-based exercise. Low-intensity aerobic exercise is performed at a constant workload. In contrast, HIIT consists of brief, intermittent bursts of vigorous activity followed by periods of lower intensity or rest. These bursts of activity are thought to be a key factor in stimulating muscle protein synthesis. One of the reasons why HIIT has not been more widely recommended for older adults is related to the common misconception that HIIT can be riskier for individuals with cardiac issues and other medical conditions. But evidence shows that older individuals are not at greater risk when performing HIIT compared to low-intensity aerobic exercises. - - - For aging populations, making dietary changes might be easier than making changes to physical activity and exercise levels, and when it comes to the latter there are some commonly cited barriers. For example: - Risk of injury. - Lack of access. - Not fitting in. - Low confidence. - Little time. - Lack of immediate results. However, all of these barriers can be overcome. - Risk of injury. It takes time for the body to adjust to new physical stimuli. If you start slow and train with patience, you'll lower the chances of injury. If you have existing conditions or specific worries, consult a physician. - Lack of access. Simple routines can be done almost anywhere. You don't need thousand-dollar equipment. Your own bodyweight and a few square meters of space can be enough. - Not fitting in. Gyms can be intimidating, as can clubs. If you can, take a friend with you, and if you can't, just take a look at the thousands of people jumping into new activities and discovering that the people that already do them are way more friendly and accommodating than they thought. - Low confidence. Feeling old and unattractive is a common barrier to increasing physical activity, especially for women. But becoming more active is not about looking good. It is about feeling healthier, stronger and more energetic. If you're a beginner, some time alone at home familiarizing yourself with common exercises can be good preparation for visiting a gym or leisure center. - Little time. We make time for what matters to us. If a person thinks their health and fitness is important, they'll find some time in their schedule. It doesn't have to be hours a day. Starting with ten minutes in the morning is better than nothing. - Lack of immediate results. With age comes a slowing down of adaptation. Visible results mostly come after several weeks of consistent effort, not days. My advice when starting something new? Give yourself a minimum period of time --6-10 weeks at least-- before you decide whether something is "working" or not. - - - Maintaining an active lifestyle is a priority for many recreational athletes like me. Yet when we reach “middle-age” many of us get curious and anxious about what’s coming. A quick search concerning the effects of aging turns up some scary results and leaves a person feeling very worried. But should we just accept that getting older means a steep decline in performance, a more fatigued body and higher risks of injury and illness? Not necessarily. We don’t have to be young in order to be active and engage in exercise. We have all seen the stories of the super-fit seniors that break age group records in swimming, running and many other sports. These stories make good headlines but we might feel that we are nowhere close to either their age or their physical shape, but what is great about these stories is that they highlight the fact that getting older doesn’t have to mean becoming sedentary. Even if you have neglected your health in recent years and are now middle-aged, it is not too late. Everyone can benefit from eating better and exercising more, regardless of age, and while increasing levels of protein, activity and exercise won’t stop aging, it will slow it, and make life a lot more enjoyable in the process.

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Language has changed over the centuries, and it is often difficult to speak like - and think like - our 17th century ancestors. Words like college, race, "Indian," meant different things, and concepts like gender or nationalism didn't even exist. As an example, a search for "gender" in Colonial America only yields 2 results, and only then relating to grammar rules. Most primary source databases will have "thematic" filters to get you started. Before keyword searching, start there. See what curated documents come up. From those documents, see what terminology is being used by contemporaries. Note, as an example, Colonial America's Thematic Section. Begin with basic searches and do not be too complicated. If you're interested in women who became pirates, try a Sabin search for simply Women AND pirates. Example below:

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A Guide to Contingency Approach in ManagementAug 2,18 Contingency Theory of Management The contingency theory of management is one of the most important topics that you will study in your management degree. Many times students are given assignments, research papers, and projects related to the contingency approach to management. This article will explain to you the whole concept briefly and will answer some common questions related to the contingency theory. What is the meaning of contingency theory? The word contingency means any event or circumstance that is likely to occur in the future but the occurrence of that event is not certain. With this, we can guess that the contingency theory is all about uncertainty. The contingency theory is a class of behavioural theories that help to predict organizational behaviour. The contingency management theory explains the uncertainties involved in leadership, management and decision making. With contingency thinking, one can gain useful insights into leadership practices. What is a contingency approach to management? The contingency approach to management suggests that there is no particular best way to manage. The management activities such as planning, controlling, leadership, or organization are completely dependent on the circumstances and the environment. If you need insights into these management activities, our MBA assignment help services can provide you with adequate explanations. According to the contingency approach, the managers generally pay attention to the current situations and then make strategies based on their knowledge and experience. This approach is quite advantageous for the organizations as it allows them to learn from specific circumstances and change their policies accordingly in the future if the same situation arises. The contingency approach to leadership means that the leaders themselves have to adjust their working styles and management strategies based on the needs of their co-workers and the organization. Who propounded the contingency theory of management? The contingency theory of management was proposed by an Austrian psychologist, Fred Edward Fiedler. In 1964, he published an article called “A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectivenessâ€. Features or Characteristics of Contingency Approach - The contingency approach focuses on the variable nature of businesses and organizations. The managers choose a Framework for finding solutions to a problem rather than sticking to a particular strategy for solving the problems. This allows an organization to work under differentiable environmental conditions and circumstances. - The contingency approach to management generally depends upon the complexity of a problem. It depicts that management is circumstantial. There are no Universal principles of management and there is no one best way to manage. Different situations can have different solutions. No one can pre-declare how things will fall into place. - It is also called the if-then approach to management. If this happens then we would take this action. The if section represents an independent variable or a particular problem or a situation. The then part represents the action to be taken accordingly or the dependent variable of the problem. - The contingency theory definition depends upon both the internal as well as external factors of an organization. For example, the size of the organization, the leadership approaches of different managers of an organization, the number of employees versus the number of managers in the organization, the customers perspective and the competition in the market. How does Contingency theory work? First, Fred Edward defines two kinds of leadership – Task Motivated leadership and Relationship Motivated leadership. Task motivated leaders are effective in situations that are most favourable or most unfavourable. The relationship motivated leaders are effective in situations that lie in-between these two extremes. Then, Fred Edward has used the LPC Scale or the Least Preferred Co-Worker scale to measure the leadership style that will be most suitable in a situation. The leaders who have low LCP are task motivated and those who have a higher LCP are relationship motivated leaders. Three Major Contingency Theories of Leadership There are four contingency theories of leadership. The very first is the theory presented by Fred Edward that we just discussed. Let us have a look at the other three. As the name suggests, this theory relates how leaders can help their subordinates to achieve their goals. This theory explains the kind of leadership in which the leaders clear out the obstacles being faced by the subordinates who are willing to achieve their goals. Situational Leadership Theory (Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory) As per this theory, leaders have four behaviours – Delegating, Selling, Telling and Participating. Then, this theory also considers the maturity levels of subordinates – incompetence, competence, willingness and unwillingness. This theory suggests how leaders can fit-in their leadership behaviours based on the maturity levels of the subordinates. Decision-Making Theory (Vroom-Yetton-Jago Decision-Making Model of Leadership) The contingency thinking in this theory suggests that the right decision making is dependent upon how a leader emerges and progresses. Three parameters shape a decision namely, the commitment of the group, quality and time restrictions. This theory describes five kinds of leaderships based on situation namely, Autocratic (A1), Autocratic (A2), Consultative (C1), Consultative (C2) and Collaborative (G2). What is an example of contingency theory? To understand the contingency approach to leadership let us consider the scenario of a newly appointed Clothing Store Manager of a brand like H&M which has a staff of around 50 people. What kind of leader should he be? Well, we must consider the following parameters for that: - Low trust factor – Since the manager is appointed, the staff won’t show much trust in them. The manager might not be able to build strong relationships with the staff right now as they are large in number. - High task structure – the operating process of the store is clear. The staff already knows how to welcome customers and organize or display clothes. - High position power – the manager has the authority to hire more people or to fire someone if required. So, as per the Fred Edward contingency theory, a relationship motivated leader will be effective in this case. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Contingency Approach to Management Contingency Approach to Management Advantages Because of the profitable features that this theory proposes it has been of great use to the managers. You can find the complete list of advantages and examples of the contingency approach from our management experts. Just avail our online assignment help service and they will provide you with the easiest explanations of this essay topic. Let us look at a few of the advantages here: - The approach is adaptive. This means that it allows organizations to stay flexible and transform their policies and strategies according to the changing environment. - The managers can consider the entire factors, analyze situations thoroughly and then make the appropriate decision. This means that they can consider every factor variables and circumstances that may affect their solutions in the present and the future as well. - Due to this approach the scope of leadership has widened. This approach gives importance to the managers understanding, knowledge, and leadership styles and lets them take different decisions depending upon the different situations. - The contingency approach allows an organization to choose different leaders as per their leadership styles in various contexts. The theory does not expect that all the leaders are efficient in dealing with all types of situations in an organization. Contingency Approach to Management Disadvantages - Despite the lucrative features and advantages that the contingency management theory has to offer to the organizations it is not completely liberated from criticism. There is no single optimal solution to a problem which means that managers can iterate as much as they want in search of solutions. This can sometimes lead to wastage of resources, time and money. - The contingency approach definition is quite straightforward that not all management situations can be dealt with in a specific manner. But when we apply the same in real-life scenarios things do get a little complex. It requires a thorough analysis and several factors need to be considered for every other problem that arises. Hence in case of stringent time limits managers may not be able to dig deeper into the situation and they might make superficial decisions. - It is not always feasible for the managers to consider every factor and determine all the variables involved in their decision-making process. There can be various constraints such as time, cost and resources due to which it can become difficult for the managers to gather all the information and analyze that information completely. - The contingency approach might be complex to implement as it is not fixed. It is situational. Hence, it all depended on how the leaders adjust themselves and their perspectives for the betterment of the company. The more time the leaders will spend with their subordinates and understand their issues and problems, the easier the decision-making process will be for them. The Importance of Contingency Theory The contingency theory definition offers a dynamic approach to leadership. With the help of such a theory, the management can decide the best way to lead the organization and make the right decisions. It considers the nature of the work of the organization and the approach of the workers. It gives no one path of management. Hence, highlighting the flexibility that is required in every leader. Do you think that the Contingency Theory of Management must be adopted by every organization? Start the discussion with our Management experts right now. GoAssignmentHelp’s Management Assignment Help Options For Students Struggling with an assignment on the Contingency Theory of Management? Choose GoAssignmentHelp’sassignment help services. We offer unique assignment solutions, great explanations and adequate examples. We know you want good grades but some management topics are big trouble. Our assignment writing help will amplify your level of understanding of typical management topics like the Contingency Theory. The assignment help is super-affordable. So take no time to connect with our assignment experts! Need Help with a contingency approach in management? The concept that management effectiveness is contingent on or relies upon the interplay between the framework and unique conditions of management actions is based on a contingency approach to management. We at GoAssignmentHelp, a leading assignment help services with the best and experienced assignment Writers based in Brisbane operating online in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Canberra, Adelaide, Darwin and across the major cities of Australia can help you with assignment writing services in essays, research papers, thesis, dissertation, homework.

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Urban and rural development policy will have to be differentiated to meet the challenges posed by climate change. Urban and rural development policy will have to be differentiated to meet the challenges posed by climate change. In the past, scientists have been emphasizing that land use policies in India need to be reconsidered. The kind of fury shown by the monsoon this time in many places including Kerala and Uttarakhand, it has forced the common man to think that it was just a raging fury of nature or a sign of the possibilities of catastrophe? Uttarakhand and Kerala are geographically located on two opposite sides of the land of India. If the rains create chaos in two states located so far apart, that too after half October has passed, then it will be forced to think whether such changes are taking place in the climate which will be beneficial for the general public in the coming time. Create an even more difficult situation? This apprehension has also started getting stronger because in terms of data, the amount of rain in the entire season cannot be called uncomfortable or unusual for the Indian peninsula. Scientists associated with climate studies say that according to the data, the rain is not getting much. Even so, it cannot be called unusual to have good or more rain in this season. But the increased humidity in the atmosphere sometimes creates a situation like excessive rain. To understand this fact, we have to understand that in the last one hundred and thirty years the average temperature of the earth has increased by about 1.3 degree Celsius. Due to this increase in temperature, when evaporation occurs from the water sources on the surface of the earth, the humidity in the atmosphere increases by nine to ten percent. This moisture stays in the air. When there is no rain for a long time, the air retains that moisture and when it starts raining, it releases all the accumulated moisture within a few moments. This is the reason why these days cloudburst-like situations are happening again and again. Many scientists associated with climate studies say that in fact, the heavy rain that we consider these days to be the result of cloudburst, in fact, that strong rain is due to the moisture accumulated in the air getting dissolved in the rain water. If the whole season’s rain falls in a few days, then the figures will show the total amount of rain as normal, but the people of those areas where there is heavy rain, they do not understand why this havoc of nature has wreaked havoc on them. Carbon emissions are at the root of the increase in humidity in the air due to the increase in Earth’s temperature. The whole world is now emphasizing on implementing positive plans to control carbon emissions. But controlling carbon emissions is not that easy either. From electricity consumption to transportation, man is releasing uncontrolled carbon in the lap of nature and this carbon emission is causing climate crisis around the world. Can one easily believe the fact that even when we listen to a song online, we still end up handing over unwanted carbon emissions to the environment. The file which is downloaded or taken directly from the Internet to your phone, then that file is saved in a server. Servers require electricity to cool and run, and uncontrolled electricity consumption is also responsible for the carbon emissions in the world, due to which scientists and environmentalists around the world are worried. In the recent rains that lashed Kerala and immediately thereafter Uttarakhand, incidents like landslides and floods left a large section of the population distraught. According to scientists, due to climate change, incidents like landslides and floods have increased rapidly in the last few years. Dr. Raxi Mathew, scientist at the Center for Climate Change Research, has also said at one place that urban and rural development policy will have to be differentiated to meet the challenges posed by climate change in the future. In the past, scientists have been emphasizing that land use policies in India need to be reconsidered. We have to adopt policies that can cope with the vagaries of climate change. In fact, if we assess the situation of floods in various cities of India in the last few years, then it will come to the fore that the water did not cause as much orgy while raining from the sky, as much as due to accumulation of water on the settlements or roads. Came to see The reason is clear. We have planned our development in such a way that even the traditional avenues of drainage of rain water are closed. This can be understood from the example of Kota city of South East Rajasthan. The city of Kota is situated in the lowest part of the Hadoti plateau, which was part of the famous Gondwana plateau at some point in the Hadoti plateau period. Naturally, the rainwater coming down rapidly in the upper part of the plateau. In view of this, in 1346 AD, Prince Dhirdeh of Bundi built thirteen ponds in different parts of this plateau in such a way that the water flowing towards the settlements could be saved in its expansion. But after independence, in the name of development, these ponds became victims of encroachment and markets and settlements kept on settling there. Due to this the flow of rain water was blocked, so the water started creating chaos in the settlements. This is what happened in the hilly areas. In Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, the deluge that has started being seen after the incidents of cloudburst, is also at the root of the encroachment and illegal construction on the mountains. In Kerala, incidents of buildings being built on the banks of rivers and submergence of coastal land are also happening because we have started blocking the way of natural sources. Scientists and environmentalists working on climate believe that natural disasters like Kerala or Uttarakhand can plague any part of the world, especially the countries of the Indian subcontinent where population density is very high and there is a need to encroach on land in an uncontrolled manner. The trend is common. Therefore, policy makers have to come up with such plans with alertness and foresight, due to which the flow of water is not blocked and the water collected during the rainy season can be easily drained. To avoid the emergencies arising due to climate change, we also have to control those situations which are the factors of unwanted climate change. Carbon emissions are chief among them. Being a participant in the Paris Agreement, India has to bring its carbon emissions down to zero anyway. It is worth mentioning that India ranks third in the world in terms of carbon emissions after China and America. It can be said that on the pretext of events in Kerala or Uttarakhand, nature has warned us that we should be sensitive to ecology and aware of climate change.

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We live in an age of skyrocketing health insurance costs and mounting public health epidemics. Many American bodies can no longer fit comfortably in airplane seats, pass a few hours without monitoring insulin levels, or run outside during allergy season. We are increasingly technologically advanced yet the simple question “what should we eat for dinner tonight?” continues to stump families across the country. Since the answer is so convoluted, many Americans unknowingly make poor dietary choices for themselves and their families, leading to unnecessary illness. Our nation spends 16% of its GDP on healthcare, more than any other nation in the world, yet our families struggle with increasingly dangerous ailments. According to the National Institute of Health, the U.S. has: - 5 times more children with ADD and ADHD then any country in the world. - one of the highest rates of cancer in the world. - a rank of 49 out of 52 developed countries for life expectancy. Humans are like basement plumbing pipes with legs. It's an odd image, but it illustrates a critical idea. A basement pipe can easily corrode if poorly treated. Unlike pipes, however, our bodies have highly evolved absorptive systems which allow us to channel air, food and water into necessary physiological building blocks. In other words, for us it's not just the pipe that corrodes, but our entire bodies. Once our digestive tract becomes worn or permeable, our reaction is systemic. This is why it's critical to monitor the food we eat, and its influence on our internal plumbing. What can you do to eat healthy today?

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Protein and Evolution Understanding this science allows us to make dietary choices that effectively send our bodies into repair and longevity mode. Last week, I discussed the new science regarding reduced protein consumption. This week, we’re going to look at the rationale behind it. Some 2 billion years ago, the first bacteria appeared on Earth. Their mission was to eat and reproduce. When there was lots of food available, they grew strong and multiplied. During times of starvation, nature turned off reproduction and all their resources went into repair and survival. These early bacteria needed a way to determine if there were abundant nutrients for reproduction or if they needed instead to conserve energy, using scarce food supplies to repair in preparation for a time when food would be more plentiful. This protein-sensing system is known as TOR (target of rapamycin), and it is shared today by all creatures from bacteria to whales to humans. Here’s the takeaway: Consuming too much animal protein stimulates the TOR pathway, which can cause out-of-control growth of cancer cells, which want to multiply quickly. Why would our bodies be controlled by a process that could end up killing us? Remember that nature selects for the longevity of the species, but not of the individual. It wants us to reproduce so that our species doesn’t become extinct—and if you happen to die on the way to survival of the species, nature shrugs. Your challenge is to work with your natural intelligence to continue to enjoy good health and live long past your reproductive years. Restrict your protein intake and quiet TOR, and your chances of living a long and healthy life improve immensely. For a species to survive, birth rates need to be higher than death rates—and this has to happen even when there are times of extreme hardship. But nature will not allow any animal to reproduce if there is danger of famine or starvation. That’s because carrying and nursing offspring, as mammals do, requires a lot of energy and takes a huge toll on the mother, who must feed herself as well as the young she is carrying. When we practice intermittent fasting (with adequate nutrition) our body focuses on repair and renewal. We literally trick the brain into thinking that there is danger of starvation and that its resources should go into growing a stronger and more resilient body. The Grow a New Body program works by calibrating the level of TOR in your system! During times of food scarcity, many creatures will go into a dormant state so they can wait out the long winter. We see this in bears that hibernate and in yeasts found in the skin of grapes. As winter approaches, a yeast cell will “sleep.” When food supplies become available again in the spring, TOR will sense an abundance of nutrients, and it will “wake up” again. Some bacteria can even withstand boiling and freezing temperatures, and endure many years of extreme weather, before the TOR system detects the right nutrient conditions for germination. And while most of the genes of the yeast on the skin of the grape go dormant, the TOR nutrient sensors remain alert, ready to rouse the organism when there are adequate nutrients in the environment. As I mentioned, humans have a TOR system, just as yeast do, and it’s called mTOR (“m” is for mammalian.) On the Grow a New Body program, you won’t be fasting for months, just hours, to get a similar result. Understanding the science behind mTOR allows us to make dietary choices that downregulate it (such as restricting protein) and effectively send our bodies into repair and longevity mode. This is fully explained in my forthcoming book, Grow a New Body, which also offers shamanic practices, alongside cutting-edge science, detox strategies, and power-plant foods that can switch on every cell’s ability to regenerate and repair. by Alberto Villoldo Sponsored Content from Four Winds Society

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Warning: The website is not able to handle more than 15 connections at a time. Please do not have groups larger than 15 submit content at one time. If you would like to help improve the site, please send an email to [email protected] with the number of connections, browser type and version, OS type and version, and the exact URL you were trying to access when the issue began. Spanish-American War: MN US History (Grade 9-12): - Reshaping the Nation and the Emergence of Modern America, 1877-1916 The student will understand the causes and consequences of American expansionism and the Spanish-American War. - Students will examine the causes of the Spanish-American war and analyze its effects on foreign policy, national identity, and the debate over the new role of America as a growing power in the Pacific and Latin America.

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The engine cylinders were in two rows of seven cylinders each, the bore and stroke were both 156 mm and a capacity of 41.8 litres. The engine generated between 1,600 and 2,000 h.p. The unit (including mounts) weighed around 1,250 kg and was about 1.27 m across, depending on model. The engine was developed from experience gained when BMW had been manufacturing similar Pratt and Whitney engines under license in the 1930s. An early attempt to make a larger version of these engines resulted in the 1,400hp BMW 139, but the cooling proved problematic and it was decided to start over. The 801 was slightly larger and heavier than the 139, but proved to be much more reliable. Early versions used a single-stage supercharger with limited capabilities, leading to less than stellar high-altitude performance. A number of solutions were attempted but few saw service. Later models of the basic engine included a system for injecting a water-methanol mixture into the supercharger output to cool the charge and thereby reduce backpressure. Known as MW50 (as in 50-50 methanol-water) the system was fitted to the majority of engines, but the injection systems themselves were rare until the end of the war. Other solutions included powerful turbocharger systems that were too expensive for general use, and a new two-stage supercharger that boosted the later model's emergency power settings to 2,100hp. Radial engines were uncommon in successful European fighter aircraft until the BMW 801 was used in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Originally the 190 mounted the engine behind a completely enclosed engine area, with a fan blowing air into the housing to provide cooling. This proved not to work well and later models left some of the nose area open behind a more traditional looking cowling. In fact this cowling was also fairly complex, included an armoured oil tank and radiator, as well as ducting to move cooling air from the center of the nose to the cylinder heads. Initially the engines had a tendency to overheat and also produced unpleasantly high temperatures in the cockpit, but this was solved via the addition of cooling vents that opened near the rear of the engine cowling. Later Fw 190s, the 'D' model from 1943 and later , tended to use the Junkers Jumo 213 inline, or in the 'Ta' designs of Kurt Tank liquid-cooled Daimler-Benz DB 603 variants. An additional feature on the BMW engine in the Fw 190 was the Kommandogeraet, a hydraulic-electric unit that automatically adjusted engine fuel flow, mixture and timing with propellor pitch in response to throttle demand and also engaged the supercharger. - 801A 1,600 h.p. - 801D 1,730 h.p. - 801S or TS 2,000 h.p. - 801F 2,400 h.p., development halted by the end of the war

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This course, taught by a former trial lawyer and Massachusetts Superior Court Justice (Ret.), will examine seventeen of the greatest trials across the globe in search of the truth, from Socrates to O.J. Simpson, Kyle Rittenhouse, Derek Chavin, and Ghislaine Maxwell. This journey will take us from ancient Athens to the village of Salem, Massachusetts, to Kenosha, Wisconsin, all examined from the perspective of witnesses, attorneys, judges, the public, and the lens of history. This course will promote and advance an understanding of the trial as a great force for social, economic, and political change throughout history by building and improving skills such as critical thinking, analysis, reasoning, team collaboration, persuasive argument, and advocacy; heightening your awareness of social and legal issues; and providing an educational process that fosters communication, cooperation, and respect for diversity. Throughout this course, you will discover how the most significant trials have changed the course of history, examine whether justice was accomplished through the trial, and discern the real social and political issues at play during these historic events. The course will feature daily short lectures, accompanied by robust discussion boards where you will respond to thought-provoking questions and engage each other thoughts and perspectives. • Promote and advance an understanding of the trial as a force for social, economic and political change throughout history; • Build and improve basic life skills such as critical thinking, analysis, reasoning, team collaboration, persuasive argument, advocacy, and public speaking; • Heighten the awareness of social and legal issues presented by famous trials; and • Provide an educational process that fosters communication, cooperation, and respect for students with diverse abilities, backgrounds, and interests. • Each trial serves as a springboard for a robust discussion of important social, political and legal issues. • Each trial displays examples of effective as well as ineffective trial tactics and trial advocacy. • Improve your public speaking and advocacy skills; • Discover how the greatest trials have changed the course of history; • Decide whether justice was accomplished through the trial; • Discern the behind-the-scenes social and political issues at play during the trial; • Understand how to present compelling arguments; and • Develop critical thinking skills. The material is rich, thought-provoking and touches on the cutting edge of issues that have, and in some cases, continue to roil society. It lends itself quite naturally to students who wish to major in political science or pre-law, or are simply intrigued with the great trials throughout history. Online sections of Pre-College courses are offered in one of the following modalities: Asynchronous, Mostly asynchronous, or Blended. Please review full information regarding the experience here.

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• Natural Resources • Hazardous Waste We have compiled one of our most comprehensive resources that clearly outlines our nation's Natural Resources, and what processes take place to turn them into the products we use. Then, we explore the Life Cycle of everyday products that we use from the manufacturing process to how the product is disposed of at its life's end. Finally we look at management of the waste that we all create including: landfill, incineration, hazardous waste, source reduction, recycling and composting initiatives. Contents include: Natural Resources, Product Life Cycles, Exploration Extraction Processing, and Waste Management. This Earth Science lesson provides a teacher and student section with reading passages, activities and answer key to create a well-rounded lesson plan.

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This is the the question we are ask to do The following systems of equations is easy to solve 2x+ y = 18 3x + 2y = 30 by graphing, by substitution, or elimination.The solution (6,6) is easily arrived at using a graphing calculator using matrix algebra to solve the matrix equation. A= 2 1 Ax=b so x=A^-1*b= 6,6 The literature contains numerous algorithms for solving ill conditioned systems.In order to illustrate the shortfalls of floating point arithmetic for this projects you will limited to algorithms implementing the gauss- jordan method. A.) Write a java program that uses an algorithm implementing the Gauss- jordan method to solve the system of linear equations given in the introduction.Your output must show the output of every calculation to no more than 7 decimal places.You must create and use a function that cuts off the result of each calculation at exactly seven decimal places and uses this cutoff value in any susbsequesnt calculation. B.) Use the following ten step procedure to solve the problem: 6)Top Down Design 10)a Java source code b) program output

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Molnby Hoard is a Viking Age deposit of 163 silver coins found in Molnby, Vallentuna Municipality in Sweden in October 2016. Most of the coins come from the area around Samarkand in Central Asia and date from the 10th century. The hoard is one of the largest Viking Age hoards to have been discovered in the province of Uppland. The deposit of silver coins was discovered by archaeologist Elin Säll in a Bronze Age grave field which was being examined as part of plans for construction of a train depot for the narrow gauge railway Roslagsbanan in the area. The archaeologists published its findings approximately one month after the discovery of the coins. After the coins were extracted from the ground, they were handed over to specialists for conservation, as they began to decay immediately when they came into contact with oxygen. After treatment they are meant to be displayed at the Royal Coin Cabinet in Stockholm. The silver deposit is one of the largest Viking Age hoards found in the province of Uppland. The hoard consists of 163 silver coins, of which 113 are clipped and 50 are untouched. Several of the coins have holes for strings made in them, so that they could be worn as jewelry; while the coins in their place of origin had a set monetary value, Scandinavia at the time lacked a monetary system and coins were coveted simply for the value of their metal and often converted into jewelry. The total weight of the hoard is 285 grams (10.1 oz). The coins carry inscriptions in Arabic and most of them were minted in the area around Samarkand, in what is today Uzbekistan and Iran. A few of the coins are imitations of Arabic coins made in present-day Russia somewhere along the river Volga. The youngest coin dates from CE 935 or 936; the hoard was probably buried in the middle of the 10th century. Archaeologists calculate that the value of the hoard was equivalent of the worth of approximately ten cows or one and a half horse. It indicates that the owner of the hoard may have been a reasonably prosperous farmer. Why the hoard was buried in a Bronze Age grave field is unclear. Older burial sites continued to be venerated long after their origins had been forgotten. They were also occasionally used as boundary markers for land owners. Traditionally it has been believed that Viking Age hoards were deposited in times of danger or war. In the case of the Molnby Hoard there are however no signs of violence in connection to the hoard. The silver deposit may also have been buried for use in the afterlife. Such burials of items are known from the Sagas of Icelanders. - "Silverskatt och snökaos" (in Swedish). Arkeologikonslut. Retrieved 11 February 2017. - "Silverskatt från vikingatiden funnen i Vallentuna". Stockholm County Council. Retrieved 11 February 2017. - Wilson, Anna. "Vikingarnas silverskatt hittades i Vallentuna". Mitt i Stockholm. Retrieved 11 February 2017.

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(PhysOrg.com) -- Arizona State Universitys Center for Meteorite Studies has acquired a significant new sample for its collection, a rare martian meteorite that fell in southern Morocco in July 2011. It is the first martian fall in around fifty years. Since the observed fall of the famed Ensisheim meteorite in 1492, there have been around 1,200 recovered meteorite falls. A fall is a meteorite that was witnessed by someone as it fell from the sky, whereas a find is a meteorite that was not observed to fall but was later found and collected. Only a handful of witnessed meteorite falls occur each year. The chance of finding a meteorite is exceedingly small. The chance of witnessing a meteorite fall and finding it is even smaller and the probability that the fall is a martian meteorite is smaller yet. Martian falls are extremely rare. Less than 0.5% of falls are martians, says Laurence Garvie, collection manager for the center. This new sample is probably one of our most prized pieces and without a doubt one of the most significant additions to our collection in several decades. Consisting of specimens from around 1,700 separate meteorite falls and finds, meteorites in the centers collection represent samples collected from every part of the world. Most meteorites found on Earth come from the asteroid belt, but some from the Moon and Mars exist as well. These rare samples constitute a small but important part of the centers collection. While a few new Martian meteorite finds are reported each year, there have been only four recovered martian falls prior to 2011. Fragments of the planet Mars landed in the village of Chassigny, France, in 1815. Another fell on Shergotty, India, in 1865, and a third landed at Nakhla, Egypt, in 1911. The fourth fell in Zagami, Nigeria, in 1962. The centers newly acquired sample, named Tissint, is a significant meteorite as it is the only the fifth known Mars meteorite fall. The center holds small research and display pieces of each of the known martian falls and also has six martian finds in its collection. There are a total of 61 known distinct Mars meteorites. To date, nearly 7 kilograms of stones have been collected from last summers martian meteorite fall in Morocco. The 349 gram sample the center received is one of the largest from the fall, and is by far the centers largest Martian meteorite. As far as I am aware, this stone is currently the largest one from this fall in any research collection at a museum or university in the US, says Meenakshi Mini Wadhwa, director of the center and a professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration in ASUs College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. This is an important meteorite for our collection from the research and education standpoint. We plan to study it in our laboratories here at ASU to understand how and when it was formed on the planet Mars. We also intend to let students and the public enjoy it by highlighting it in a special display when the center moves to the new Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building IV this spring, which will house the center's offices, meteorite preparation labs, a state-of-the-art collection storage vault and expanded gallery space for public viewing. With the main stone to be used on display, another smaller 21-gram sample will be used for research studies. Explore further: Meteorite plummets through Norwegian roof

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Threatened throughout its range by overcollection and habitat loss, it is a CITES protected animal. The Montagua Valley subspecies (H. h. charlesborgeti) is one of the rarest lizards in the world, with a wild population of less than 200 animals. The species was first described in 1829 by Arend Weigmann as Trachyderma horridum, however, he renamed it Heloderma horridum six months later. Its generic name Heloderma means "studded skin", from the Ancient Greek words hêlos (ηλος)—the head of a nail or stud—and derma (δερμα), meaning skin. Its specific name, Horrĭdum, is the Latin word meaning rough or rude. There are four subspecies of Beaded Lizard: Adult beaded lizards range from to inches in length. It is substantially larger than the Gila monster, which only reaches lengths of to . Although males are slightly larger than females, the animals are not sexually dimorphic. Both males and females are stocky with broad heads, although the males tend to be broader. The beaded lizard's scales are small, bead-like and non-overlapping. Except for the underside of the animal, the majority of its scales are underlaid with bony osteoderms. Their base color is black and marked with varying amounts of yellow spots or bands, with the exception of H. h. alvarezi, which tends to be all black in color. The beaded lizard also has a short tail which is used to store fat so the animal can survive during months of estivation. Unlike many other lizards, this tail does not autotomize and cannot grow back if broken. The beaded lizard has a forked black tongue which it uses to smell, with the help of a Jacobson's organ; it sticks its tongue out to gather scents and touches it to the opening of the organ when the tongue is retracted. The beaded lizard is found in the Pacific Drainages from Southern Sonora to Southwestern Guatemala and two Atlantic drainages, from Central Chiapas to Southeastern Guatemala. Their habitat is primarily tropical deciduous forest and thorn scrub forest, but are also found in pine-oak forest, with elevations from sea level to 1500 meters. In the wild, the animals are only active from April to mid-November, spending about an hour per day above the ground. The nominate subspecies H. h. horridum is found in Mexico, from Sonora to Oaxaca. The Rio Fuerte beaded lizard (H. h. exasperatum) is found from southern Sonora to northern Sinaloa. The Black beaded lizard ( H. h. alvarezi) is found in the northern Chiapas and the depression of the Río Lagartero in Huehuetenango to northwestern Guatemala. The ranges of these three subspecies overlap, making them sympatric. The Motagua Valley subspecies (H. h. charlesbogerti) is the only allopatric one, separated from the nearest population (H. h. alvarezi) by 250 km of unsuitable habitat. The Montagua Valley beaded lizard is the rarest and most endangered subspecies; it is found only in the dry valley of the Río Motagua in the north-east of Guatemala; it is believed less than 200 of these animals exist in the wild. While invertebrates are essentially immune to the effects of this venom, effects on vertebrates are more severe and varied. In mammals such as rats, major effects include a rapid reduction in carotid blood flow followed by a marked fall in blood pressure, respiratory irregularities, tachycardia and other cardiac anomalies, as well as hypothermia, edema, and internal hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, eyes, liver, and kidneys. In humans, the effects of bites are associated with excruciating pain that may extend well beyond the area bitten and persist up to 24 hours. Other common effects of bites on humans include local edema (swelling), weakness, sweating, and a rapid fall in blood pressure. Beaded Lizards are immune to the effects of their own venom. The compounds which have been studied in its saliva have pharmacological properties relating to diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and even HIV. This hormone was named exendin-3 and is marketed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals as the drug:Exenatide. One study done in 1996 revealed that it binds to cell receptors from breast cancer cells and may stop the growth of lung cancer cells. Young lizards are seldom seen. It is believed they spend much of their early life underground, emerging at two to three years of age after gaining considerable size. In more than 40 years, only one neonate lizard has ever been sighted in the wild in Guatemala. The beaded lizard is surrounded by myth and superstition in much of its native range. It is incorrectly believed, for example, that the lizard is more venomous than a rattlesnake, that it can cause lightning strikes with its tail, or make a pregnant woman miscarry by merely looking at it. As a result of this superstition, locals often kill the lizard on sight. The seldom seen lizard is also poached for resale through the illegal exotic animal trade. It does not reproduce well in captivity, and its scarcity means a high price for collectors. As a direct result, the Beaded Lizard is protected by Mexican law under the category A (Threatened), and it dwells within the range of several protected areas. In Guatemala it is protected by national legislation, and part of their range is also within protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Fewer than 200 individual animals remain in the unique dry forest habitat of the Montagua Valley and this subspecies of beaded lizard (H.h charlesborgeti) was facing extinction due to local extermination and loss of habitat for agricultural purposes. A conservation effort has been launched known as Project Heloderma in order to preserve the semi-arid habitat of the Motagua Valley by The Nature Conservancy and partners such as Zootropic, Fundacion Defensores de la Naturaleza, CONAP, the IRCF (International Reptile Conservation Foundation), Zoo Atlanta, and the San Diego Zoo. This effort has been successful in getting the Guatemalan government to list the beaded lizard under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) as an Appendix I animal, making it illegal to export the species.

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Q.1 Mark any fifteen of the following on the map supplied to you and give descriptive notes on them: (7) Fathrpur Sikri Avanti was one of the 16 Mahajanpadas and by the 6th century BC, it is mentioned in Buddhist literature as one of the four great powers along with Vatsa, Kosala and Magadha. Avanti was divided into two parts by the Vindhyas, the northern part had its capital at Ujjayini and the southern part had its centre at Mahishmati (or Maheshwar, on the north bank of the Narmada River). Ujjain lay on the main trade route between North India and Deccan going from Mathura via Ujjain to Mahismati. The Northern black polished ware found their way to the northern Deccan from the Gangetic plains through Ujjain. King Pradyota of Avanti was contemporary to Buddha. Avanti was defeated by Shishunaga, the king of Magadha and became part of the Magadha. During the reign of Mauryan King Bindusara, Prince Ashoka was the provincial governor of Ujjain. Asirgarh Fort in Khandesh, built by Asa Ahir of the Ahir dynasty, is situated in the Satpura Range near the city of Burhanpur, in Madhya Pradesh. Since the fortress commands a pass through the Satpuras connecting the valleys of the Narmada and Tapti rivers, one of the most important routes from northern India to the Deccan, it was known as the “key to the Deccan“. There is an ancient Shiva temple below the fort. Initially it was in the possession of Rajput kings but later was annexed by Alauddin Khalji. From 1370 to 1600 AD, it was governed by Faruukhi Kings. In 1601, Akbar invaded and captured it.This was a significant achievement of the Mughals, for Khandesh was used as a base for the future conquest of the Deccan. Marathas got it after Mughals. It is situated in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh on the bank of Krishna River. It was the capital of Satavahanas (2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE). After the decline of Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, later Pallava kings and Cholas ruled over the region. The region between Krishna and Godavari rivers was an important place for Buddhism with Amaravati being one of them. It has Buddhist Stupa and Mahachaityas, inspired by Mahasamghika sect of Buddhism, with marble and limestone sculptures. Buddhist Stupa was probably built during the reign of Ashoka. Its carved panels tell the story of Buddha. Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang visited Amaravati in 7th century and wrote a glorious account of the Stupa, Viharas and monasteries that existed. Ancient School of Arts: Amaravati art was as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the Gandhara style and the Mathura style. Amaravati art form evolved and flourished for nearly six centuries commencing from 200-100 BC. It was patronized first by the Satavahanas and later by the Ikshvakus. Some of the Buddhist sculptures of Amaravati have GrecoRoman influence that was the direct result of the close trade and diplomatic contacts between South India and the ancient Romans. Aihole is in Bijapur district of Karnataka. It was the first capital of western Chalukyas which was later moved to Badami. It is known for Chalukyan architecture, with many stone temples dating from 5th century CE. It lies to the east of Pattadakal, while Badami is to the west of both. Aihole has been described as one of the cradles of temple architecture and contains the earliest structural temples known in India. The Chalukyan architectural styles inherited largely from their neighbors to the north and south of their kingdom. Important temples at Aihole: Durga temple, Meguti temple, Jain temple, Rock-cut Jain Basadi, Huchimalli (gudi) temple. Ravana Phadi cave is one of the oldest rocks cut temples in Aihole. Jain cave temple is on the banks of Malaprabha River. A Buddhist Chaitya Cave temple is found which is partly rockcut structure. Galaganatha group temples are one of nearly thirty temples on the bank of the Malaprabha River. The main shrine of the Galaganatha temple is enshrining Shiva. A group of three temples is referred to as the Kontigudi group of temples. One of these is the Lad Khan temple which is the oldest temple at Aihole and has Shiva Lingam. The Aihole Prasasti in Meguti Temple at Aihole was composed by Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakesin II in 634 A.D. It is written in Sanskrit language and old Karnataka script and gives a dtailed account of Pulakesin II’s exploit against his neighbouring kingdoms like the Pallavas. It describes the victory of Pulakesin II against King Harshavardhana. Brahmagiri is an archaeological site located in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka. It is known for the large number of megalithic monuments. Neoliths found in this region were evidence of the occupation of this region by farming-herding communities in the pre-megalithic period. Excavation has revealed medieval stone temples, pottery, terracota beads and figurines, semiprecious stones and megalithic structures. Rock edicts of Emperor Ashoka here, denoted the southernmost extent of the Mauryan Empire. (6) Daulatabad (Deogiri) It is situated in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. Bhillama V who was one of the powerful Yadava rulers founded the city of Deogiri and shifted his capital here. Deogiri was a great centre of trade and commerce. During the rule of Rama Chandra Deva, Ala-ud-din Khilji invaded and captured Deogiri in A.D. 1296. However, Ramachandradeva was allowed to rule as a vassal. Later, Malik Kafur led two campaigns against Deogiri. Later the fort was annexed to the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq renamed Deogiri as Daulatabad and and shifted the capital from Delhi in A.D. 1328 for two years, before it was abandoned later. Fort of Daulatabad was impregnable hill fortress. Other buildings are Char Minar and Chini Mahal. (7) Fatehpur Sikri It is in Agra district of Uttar Pradesh. This city was built by Mughal Emperor Akbar which took about 11 years (1569-80). It was built on the outskirts of Akbarabad (name of Agra). Here Akbar built Diwan-i-Khas, Diwan-i-Aam, Panch Mahal, Mariam Palace, Jodha Bai Palace etc. There is also the Jami Masjid with Buland Darwaza (built after conquering Gujarat) and tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti. During Akbar’s time, it became a city of poets and musicians, historians, artists, craftmen. Ibadat Khana debate of theologians used to happen here during Akbar time where foundation of a new syncretistic faith, Din-e-Ilahi was laid by Akbar. The imperial complex of Fatehpur Sikri was abandoned in 1585, shortly after its completion, due to the exhaustion of the small, spring fed lake that supplied the city with water. It is situated in Andhra Pradesh near Hyderabad and was capital of Golconda Sultanate (1518–1687) founded by Qutab Shah of Qutab Shahi dynasty (rose to the prominence after the collapse of Bahmani Sultanate). It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590. It was annexed by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb 1687 AD. The Golkonda Fort was constructed by the king of Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal. The fort fell into ruin after it fell to Aurangazeb in 1687 AD. Many famed diamonds are believed to have been excavated from the mines of Golkonda including Koh-i-noor Diamond. Golkonda is also faous for the Mughal paintings. The city was founded by Rajendra Chola, the son and successor of Rajaraja Chola as the capital of the Cholas to commemorate his victory over the Pala Dynasty. The name means the town of the Chola who led great victorious march to river Ganges on Northern India. The city seems to have had two fortifications, one inner and the other outer. Rajendra Chola established the Gangaikondaan temple after his great victorious march to river Ganges on Northern India. The great temple of Siva at this place is next only to the Brihadisvara temple at Thanjavur in its monumental nature and surpasses it in sculptural quality. The architecture is in Dravida Style and is a portrayal of complex carvings on the hard granite stones. The creativity of sculptors is reflected in the figures of dancing Nataraja and Ardhanareshwara (the man-woman manifestation of Lord Shiva). Hampi is situated near Mysore in Karnataka. It is located within the ruins of the city of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. It houses the Virupaksha Temple, as well as several other monuments belonging to the old city. The ruins are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, listed as the Group of Monuments at Hampi. Hampi formed one of the core areas of the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1343 to 1565, when it was finally laid siege to by the Deccan Muslim confederacy. Hampi had strategic location, bounded by the Tungabhadra River on one side and surrounded by defensible hills on the other three sides. The extant monuments of Hampi can be divided into Religious, Civil & Military buildings. Most of monuments are of Vijaynagara period. Hampi has various notable Hindu temples. Among the most notable are: Hazara Rama Temple Complex: It was built by ing Krishnadev Raya. This ruined temple complex is well known for elaborate frescoes from the Hindu religion. It has carvings and inscriptions depicting the story of Ramayana. Vittala Temple Complex. The temple contains the images of foreigners like Persians selling horses. Virupaksha Temple: It predates the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is mainly Shiva temple. Important civil architecture is Elephant Stable used to house the eleven royal elephants in King Krishnadeva Raya’s army. The neighbouring building housed the elephant riders of the king. Jaunpur is situatd near Varanasi across the river Gomati in UP. It was founded in 14th century by the Sultan of Delhi Firuz Shah Tughlaq and named in memory of his cousin, Muhammad bin Tughluq, whose given name was Jauna Khan. When the Sultanate was in disarray, in 1393 Malik Sarwar declared independence. He and his adopted son Mubarak Shah founded what came to be known as the Sharqi dynasty (dynasty of the East). During the Sharqi period the Jaunpur Sultanate was a strong military power in Northern India, and on several occasions threatened the Delhi Sultanate. The Jaunpur Sultanate attained its greatest height under the Shams-ud-din Ibrahim Shah (ruled 1402-1440). To the east, his kingdom extended to Bihar, and to the west, to Kanauj. Under Sikandar Lodi, the Delhi Sultante was able to reconquer Jaunpur in 1493, bringing that sultanate to an end. The Jaunpur Sultanate was a major center of Urdu and Sufi knowledge and culture. Notable Sharqi monuments are Atala Masjid, Jama Masjid and the Lal Darwaza Masjid. The Jaunpur mosques display a unique architectural style, combining traditional Hindu and Muslim motifs with purely original elements. The Jaunpur Qila, a fortress from the Tughlaq era, remains in ruined form. It is located in Nepal along the Indian border. It is about 25 kilometres northwest of Lumbini, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is believed to be the birthplace of Gautama Buddha. The famous Rumindei inscription of Ashoka marks the site of the birth of Buddha at Lumbini. In ancient times Kapilavastu was the capital city of the Shakya kingdom. King Suddhodana and Queen Mayadevi lived at Kapilavastu gave birth to Siddartha who became Gautama Buddha. Chinese pilgrims Faxian and Xuanzang made pilgrimages to the site in 5th and 7th century respectively. Kapilvastu was also important trade centre in ancient time. (13) Kanauj (or Kanyakubja) Kanyakubja is modern Kannauj located on the banks of the river Ganga in Uttar Pradesh. It was the capital of the Maukharis and Harshavardhana. After the death of Harshavardhana in 7th century, Kannuaj remained a focal point for the struggle between the Palas, the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas. The Tripartite struggle to capture Kannauj continued between the 8th and 10th centuries. Till the arrival of the Muslims, Kannauj was the most prosperous and the largest cultural centre in Northern India. At the time of the invasion of Muhammad Ghaznavi, Kannauj was being ruled by Rajapala of Gurjara Pratihara dynasty. When Md. Ghori invaded India, it was being ruled by Raja Jai Chand who had enmity with Chauhan ruler Prithviraj. It was finally captured by Delhi Sultanate. In the battle of Kannauj, Sher shah had inflicted a defeat on Humayun. Kanchipuram is in Tamil Nadu. Kanchipuram had served as an Early Chola capital. Later it became the capital of the Pallava Kingdom between the 4th and 9th centuries and acquired fame as a centre of art and architecture and learning under their rule. It has a number of educational institutions called Ghatikas. It was also a centre of the religious and literary activity of the Vaishnavites and Saivites Bhakti saints, Alvars and Nayanars, who were patronized by the Pallava rulers. The city’s historical monuments include the Kailasanathar Temple (built by Pallava King Rajasimha in 8th century) and the Vaikuntha Perumal Temple. The archaeological excavations suggest that Kanchi was an important commercial centre during the Satavahana period. It is attested by the discovery of 15 Satavahana coins, pieces of Rouletted ware associated with the Romans, terracotta coin-mould, copper and iron objects etc. The city was a religious centre education for Jainism and Buddhism between the 1st and 5th centuries. The city is well known for its hand woven silk sarees. Lothal is situated in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat on the bank of river Bhogava. It is one of the most prominent sites of the ancient Indus valley civilization dating from 2400 BCE. Before the arrival of Harappan people (2400 BCE), Lothal was a small village. An indigenous micaceous Red Ware culture also existed, which is believed to be pre-Harappan.The indigenous people maintained a prosperous economy, attested by the discovery of copper objects, beads and semi-precious stones. Ceramic wares were of fine clay and smooth. A new technique of firing pottery under partly oxidising and reducing conditions was improved by them—designated black-and-red ware, to the micaceous Red Ware. Harappans were attracted to Lothal for its sheltered harbour, rich cotton and rice-growing environment and bead-making industry. The Lothal Harappan city was divided into a citadel and a lower town. The constructions were made of fire dried bricks, lime and sand mortar. The remains of the city give evidence to a sophisticated drainage system. Important findings in Lothal Harappan site are: a Dockyard, Persian Gulf Seals, Shell ornaments maker’s shop, Bead maker’s shop, Metal worker’s shop, Fire altars, terracotta figurine of house, a warehouse, a merchant house, impression of cloth on some of the sealing, twelve bathrooms in the citadel area. An ivory scale from Lothal has the smallest-known decimal divisions in Indus civilisation. Lothal’s dock—probably the world’s earliest known, connected the city to the course of the river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra. Lothal was a thriving trade centre in ancient times, with its trade of beads, gems and valuable ornaments reaching the far corners of West Asia. A coastal trade route had existed linking sites such as Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast. Later Harappan culture: The site continued to be inhabited, albeit by a much smaller population devoid of urban influences. While the trade and resources of the city were almost entirely gone, the people retained several Harappan ways in writing, pottery and utensils. (16) Paithan (or Pratishthana) It is located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra on Godavari River. It was the capital of the Satavahanas that ruled from 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD. It is mentioned in the famous 1st century AD Greek book, Periplus of Erythrian Sea and in Ashokan Rock Edict. Paithan was important emporium of trade and commerce with links connecting to other parts of India the world. Paithan was also the home of the great Maharashtrian saint Eknath. The town is famous today for its sarees — the Paithani silk saris. Panipat is in Haryana. The First Battle of Panipat was fought on 21 April 1526 between Ibrahim Lodhi, the Afghan Sultan of Delhi, and Babur, who later established Mughal rule in Northern Indian subcontinent. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also known as Hemu, a King of North India. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the Afghan invaders, Ahmad Shah Abdali. Panipat is also famous for Kabuli Bagh Mosque built by Babur. Ranthambore is situated in the old Jaipur state. Fort of Ranthambhor is one of the six forts included in the World Heritage Site inscription Hill Forts of Rajasthan. After the defeat of the Chauhan king Prithviraj Chauhan by Muhammad of Ghori in 1192, Ranthambore, led by Govinda Raja, son of Pritviraj, became the center of Chauhan resistance to the expanding Sultanate of Delhi. Govinda Raja was succeeded by his son Balhana.The Delhi Sultan Iltutmish captured Ranthambore in 1226, but the Chauhans recaptured it after his death in 1236. Ranthambhor was a Rajput stronghold before it was captured by Qutubuddin Aibak in 1192 AD. Iltutmish again seized the fort in 1226 AD. Later it became independent and Mughal Emperoro Akbar reconquered it. The fort is known for the glory and valor of Hammir dev of the Chauhan dynasty. Alauddin Khilji had attacked and conqured it killing Hammir Deo in 1301. The fortress was captured by the kingdom of Mewar under Rana Hamir Singh (1326–1364) and Rana Kumbha (1433–1468). The Mughal Emperor Akbar captured the fortress in 1559.The fortress passed to the Kachwaha Maharajas of Jaipur in the 17th century. (19) Rupar (or Ropar) It lies on the left bank of the river Sutlej in Rupnagar district of Punjab. It is a site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It lays on chief trade route to the north-west. The discovery of large number of coins (from punch marked coins of Gupta to various iron and copper objects) indicates that Ropar was centre of craft and commerce upto Gupta period. The remains of a smith’s workshop with a furnace and a heap of agate beads belonging to the NBPW period (6th century BCE) have been found. Samugarh was renamed as Fatehabad in Agra district. It is famous for the battle of Samugarh (May 29, 1658) which was a decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession between the sons of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after the emperor’s serious illness in September 1657. The battle of Samugarh was fought between his sons Dara Shikoh (the eldest son and heir apparent) and his two younger brothers Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh (third and fourth sons of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan) resulting in defeat of Dara Shikoh. Mumbai in Maharashtra lie on Salsette Island. Salsette was ruled by a succession of Hindu kingdoms, the last of which were the Silharas. In 1343, the islands were annexed by the Muslim Sultanate of Gujarat. In 1534, the Portuguese took the islands from Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. In1739 the island was captured by the Marathas. The British occupied Salsette in 1774, which was formally ceded to the East India Company under the Treaty of Salbai, 1782. It is identified with the modern Tamluk near the mouth of the Ganges in Midnapur district of West Bengal. It was an important seaport and the emporium of trade in eastern India. It was connected to Taxila, rajagriha, Shwavasti, Pataliputra, Varanasi, Kaushambi, Champa by land on one hand and with south-east Asia by sea on the other. Tamralipti was the exit point of the Mauryan trade route for the south and south-east. Here, antiquities of Chalcolithic period have been found. It became important during NBPW phase. Discovery of Rouletted ware and red polished ware of Roman type indicates the trade contact with Roman world during first and second century AD. Urban character is proved by discovery of teracotta figurines, coins, neads or semiprecious stines etc. (23) Takshashila (or Taxila) Taxila is situated in Rawalpindi district in Pakistan. Ancient Taxila was situated at the pivotal junction of 3 major trade routes: first from West Asia, the second from northern India and the third from Cntral Asia. When ancient trade routes connecting these regions ceased to be important, the city sank into insignificance. It developed as an important political, commercial and cultural centre during 500 BC – 500 AD. Taxila was an important centre of artisanal production. This is attested by discovery of tools used by carpenters and metal workers. Taxila was an important centre of education. Taxila University is considered to be amongst the earliest universities in the world. Others do not consider it a university in the modern sense, in that the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in Taxila, in contrast to the later Nalanda University in eastern India. Charaka, Chanakya, Jivaka, Panini etc are related to Taxila University. In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great received submission of ruler of Taxila, Ambhi. Greek historians accompanying Alexander described Taxila as wealthy, prosperous, and well governed. Taxila is mentioned as Taxiala in Ptolemy’s Geography. During 321–317 BCE – Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire, makes himself master of northern and north-western India, including Taxila. Chandragupta Maurya’s advisor Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) was a teacher at Takshasila. Under Chandragupta, Taxila became a provincial capital of Mauryas. During the reign of Chandragupta’s grandson Ashoka, Taksasila became a great Buddhist centre of learning. Ashoka encouraged trade by building roads, most notably a highway linking his capital Pataliputra with Taxila. In 2nd century BCE, after Maurya rule, Taxila was annexed by the Indo-Greek kingdom of Bactria. Indo-Greeks build new capital, Sirkap, on the opposite bank of the river from Taksasila. In 20 BCE, Gondophares, founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, conquers Taksasila and makes it his capital. Then it came under Kushanas. Buddhist Jataka literature mentions it as the capital of the kingdom of Gandhara and as a great centre of learning. The Chinese pilgrims Fa Hian (5th century) and Hieun Tsang (7th century) visited Taxila. The city appears to have already overrun by the Huns during Huen Tsang and been in ruins by his time. Taxila, as the capital of Gandhara satrapy, was under Achaemenian Rule (Under Darius) for more than a century. It is situated near Mysore in Karnataka acoss the river Krishna. It is famous for the Battle of Talikota (26 January 1565), which was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Confederacy of the Deccan sultanates, resulted in a rout of Vijayanagara, and ended the great Vijayanagara Empire in South India. It is situated in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat coast and has several names like Deo Pattan, Prabhas Pattan, Verwal Pattan or Pattan Somnath. In 8th century, it was under Chavada Rajputs. Later on it came under several rulers including Marathas and the Nawab of Junagarh. Somnath temple is considered as one of the 12 Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is an important pilgrimage and tourist spot. Somnath temple was looted by several times by rulers like Muhammad Ghazni, Muhammad Ghori, Alauddin Khilji, Muzaffar shah of Gujarat Sultanate, Mahmud Begada and Aurangzeb. Also, it was rebuilt several times by rulers like Paramara King Bhoja of Mawa, Solanki King Bhimdev of Anhilwara, Kumarpala, Mahipala Deva (a Chudasama king of Saurashtra), Peshwa of Pune, Bhonsle of Kolhapur Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore etc. Kalinjar is a fortress-city in the Bundelkhand region located in Banda District of Uttar Pradesh, near the temple-city of Khajuraho. The fortress is strategically located on an isolated rocky hill at the end the Vindhya Range. The fortress contains several temples. It served several of Bundelkhand’s ruling dynasties, including the Chandela dynasty of Rajputs in the 10th century, and the Solankis of Rewa. The Chandela Rajputs after their defeat at the hands of Prithviraj in 1182 moved their capital from Mahoba to Kalinjar. It was here that Sher Shah Suri fought his last battle. Sher Shah, although captured the fort, was killed by a bomb splinter. In 1812 AD, it came under the possession of the English. Mandu was a famous hill fort in the old Dhar state of central India. When Timur captured Delhi in 1401, the Afghan Dilawar Khan, governor of Malwa, set up his own kingdom and Ghuri dynasty was established and the golden age of Mandu began. Under his son Hoshang Shah, It became the capital of Malwa. Several monuments like Hindola Mahal were built during his reign. Hoshang Shah’s Tomb made in marble is refined example of Afghan architecture. Jami Masjid was also built. Muhammad Khalji established the Khilji dynasty. He built the Jahaz Mahal for his Harem. In 1526, Mahmud who was the 6th Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who conquered Mandu in 1531. I 1534, Mandu came under Humayun’s rule who relaxed here for a brief period. Later he lost it to Khalji rulers. Baz Bahadur was famour ruler due to his love for Rani Rupamati and his singing art. He was defeated by Akbar and joined his court. Mandu has architectures like Rani Rupmati Pavilion and Baz Bahadur’s Palace. In 1625, Khurram in rebellion against his father Shahjahan took refuge in Mandu. The fort of this place contains many mosques, palaces, tombs and dwelling places which are fine specimens of Afghan architecture. Warangal is locted in Telangana. It was the capital of the Kakatiya dynasty from the 12th to the 14th centuries. The Kakatiyas left many monuments, including an impressive fortress, four massive stone gateways, the Swayambhu temple dedicated to Shiva, and the Ramappa temple situated near Ramappa Lake. The cultural and administrative distinction of the Kakatiyas was mentioned by the famous traveller Marco Polo. Later, it cae under Delhi Sultanate and then the Nayakas captured Warangal from Delhi sultanate and ruled for fifty years. Later it became the part of Mughal Empire when Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687. It is situated in West Bengal. In 1704, Murshid Quli Khan, the Diwan of Bengal under Aurangzeb transferred the capital of Bengal from Dacca, and renamed the city Murshidabad after his own name. In 1716, he attained the title of Nawab of the Subah (province) of Bengal, and Murshidabad became his capital. In 1742, Marathas under the Bhonsle of Berar plundered Murshidabad and got booty. In 1513, the Portuguese traveller Duarte Barbosa described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many ships from Malabar and various parts of the world. It was a prosperous city with a lot of trading activities. In 1512 and 1530, Surat was ravaged by the Portuguese. When the harbour in Cambay began to silt up toward the end of fifteenth century, Surat eclipsed Cambay as the major port of western India. At the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese were undisputed masters of the Surat sea trade. On the banks of the Tapti River, there is still a picturesque fortress that was built in 1540. In 1612, the English East India Company established the first factory here. The Dutch also established their factory. During Aurangzeb rule, Surat was plundered tqice by Maratha King Shivaji. The prosperity of Surat received a blow when Bombay was ceded to the English as part of the dowry for Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza’s wedding to Charles II of England in 1662. Shortly afterwards, in 1668, the East India Company established a factory in Bombay and Surat began its decline.

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TOKYO An 85 million-year-old dinosaur skull has been found in southwestern Japan, one of the oldest discoveries of its kind in the country, the Kyodo news agency said on Saturday. The fossilized skull, belonging to a herbivore called hadrosaurid, was unearthed on a mountain in the town of Mifune in Kumamoto prefecture, Kyodo said, quoting an official of the Mifune Dinosaur Museum. The fossil was found in February 2004 by an amateur expert, but only identified as the skull of a hadrosaurid after a delicate cleaning process. Kyodo said it was the first discovery of a hadrosaurid skull in Japan, although other body parts have been found in Hokkaido and Fukushima and Hyogo prefectures in northern Japan. Hadrosaurids, which were seven to eight meters tall, are also known as "duck-billed dinosaurs" because of their heads' resemblance to ducks, with a wide and flat bill similar to that of a platypus, Kyodo said.

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What does it mean if someone doesn’t show emotion? having or showing little or no emotion: apathetic behavior. not interested or concerned; indifferent or unresponsive: an apathetic audience. What do you call a person who doesn’t show emotion? Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by the subclinical inability to identify and describe emotions experienced by one’s self. The core characteristic of alexithymia is marked dysfunction in emotional awareness, social attachment, and interpersonal relation. Can a person have no emotions? Alexithymia is not a condition in its own right, but rather an inability to identify and describe emotions. People with alexithymia have difficulties recognizing and communicating their own emotions, and they also struggle to recognize and respond to emotions in others. Is it normal to have no emotions? Feeling emotionally numb, or a general lack of emotion, can be a symptom of several different medical conditions or a side effect of some medications. It can cause a sense of isolation or emotional disconnect from the rest of the world. The numbness can be unbearable for many people who experience it. A loner is a person who does not seek out, or may actively avoid, interaction with other people. … More than one type of loner exists, and those who meet the criteria for being called loners often actually enjoy social interactions with people but display a degree of introversion which leads them to seek out time alone. What is emotional apathy? Apathy can be a symptom of mental health problems, Parkinson’s disease, or Alzheimer’s disease. It often lasts a long time. You may lack the desire to do anything that involves thinking or your emotions. The term comes from the Greek word “pathos,” which means passion or emotion. Apathy is a lack of those feelings. How can I feel my emotions again? How to Get in Touch with Your Emotions - How to Get in Touch With Your Feelings. … - Name the emotions you experience. … - Learn to identify your feelings correctly. … - Track a particular emotion throughout the day. … - Push through and seek support when it seems difficult. … - Express emotions in healthy ways. … - Pay attention to your body. Why can’t I put my emotions into words? Alexithymia is when an individual has difficulty identifying, describing, and expressing emotions. This term was coined by Peter Sifneos in 1972, and it comes from the roots of Greek words that literally mean, “lack of words for emotion.” Why do I not cry? There are many reasons why you might struggle to shed a tear or two. It might be because of a physical ailment but, more often than not, an inability to cry says a lot about our emotional state, our beliefs and prejudices about crying, or our past experiences and trauma.

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America was a continent, undivided by political borders containing a great variety of different climates and cultures. In the north there were very harsh climates, reaching subzero temperatures. Into North America were a great variety of forests and deserts. Into Central America there were rain-forests and the Amazon basin. Also in America were great mountain ranges, the Appalachians, Rockies and Andes. After Asians crossed the Bering Strait, they divided into groups settling into different areas of North and South America. Some were primarily desert natives, while others settled in the cold areas. Many were nomads, following herds of buffalo across the plains. The Incas settled into the Andes. Some dwelled in canyons. Within the Native American community divisions occurred often and by the time that Europeans arrived, there were thousands of different tribes. What they all had in common, however, was a great respect of the nature that surrounded them. From those canyons, forests, deserts, plains, mountains and rivers had grown a strong culture. These Native Americans had been around thousands of years living off the land and working with one another. Nature was the primary giver and taker of this civilization, and they put their faith in it. For those that survived, it never let them down, and so they worshiped it. As time went on, the cultures became more distant and varied. Partnerships and alliances came and went. There were always enemies and conflicts and always plenty of things to fight over. America remained beautiful and clean for as long as the Native Americans were left alone by the imperialistic Europeans of which they knew nothing. This blissful existence would come to an end in 1492.

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New Mexico: Land of Enchantment Geography and Industry New Mexico straddles the Continental Divide in the western part of the state. Eastern New Mexico is covered by dry plains that get very little water. The Rio Grande River runs south from its source in Colorado through the state, and forms neighboring Texas's long border with Mexico. The mountain ranges that form spurs of the Rockies include the Sangre de Cristos, which rise to heights of nearly 14,000 feet in places. Because water is so scarce in New Mexico, there is little fertile land. The land that is available is used mostly for grazing. Cattle and sheep raising are still major industries in New Mexico. There are very few fruits and vegetables grown in New Mexico aside from hay, onions, potatoes, and grapes grown in the Rio Grande Valley. These grapes are used to make wine. In fact, New Mexico was the first place in the United States where vineyards were planted and grown, going back to 1610! Parts of New Mexico are made up of limestone bluffs that are the remains of an ancient undersea reef. These bluffs have been eroded by wind and rain, and have been sculpted into gorgeous and strangely shaped mesas. Underground, the limestone in this region has been eroded by groundwater to form huge limestone caves, complete with stalactites and stalagmites! Like other states with the Rocky Mountains running through them, New Mexico is rich in minerals. These include ore like copper, manganese, silver, tin, and uranium. Turquoise is found in the state in large quantities. There is a lot of natural gas in New Mexico, but not much petroleum or coal. One out of every four people who hold a job in New Mexico works for the U.S. government. There are many military bases in the state, and some national observatories (places where scientists use telescopes to study the stars). Los Alamos, where the first atomic bombs were designed and built, is still a working government laboratory. New Mexico gets millions of tourists every year. Aztec Ruins National Monument (which marks Pueblo ruins, not Aztec ones, despite the name!) and Carlsbad Caverns National Park are just a couple of the most popular places for tourists to go in the state. In the north, the very old city of Taos is the site of a number of art festivals that also draw lots of visitors every year. ALL ABOUT New Mexico CAPITAL: Santa Fe LARGEST CITY: Albuquerque POPULATION: 1,819,046 (2000 Census) STATE BIRD: Roadrunner STATE TREE: Pinon STATE FLOWER: Yucca STATE MOTTO: “Crescit Eundo (It Grows as It Goes)” STATEHOOD: January 6, 1912 POSTAL ABBREVIATION: NM WORDS TO KNOW What's the difference between stalactites and stalagmites, the rock deposits that look like icicles in underground caves? A stalactite hangs from the ceiling, and is formed by limestone deposits left behind by groundwater dripping from the ceiling toward the floor. Some of the limestone gets left behind on the floor where the water drips, and builds up into formations called stalagmites. As was the case with most of the states in the Southwest, the Spanish were the first Europeans to visit New Mexico. Before they came to New Mexico during the 1500s, the land was occupied by a flourishing Pueblo civilization that had been in place farming the river bottoms of the Rio Grande and other rivers such as the Pecos. The first Spaniards to visit the region were the conquistadors who followed Captain General Francisco Vasquez de Coronado north from Mexico in 1540. Coronado was looking for the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola, which were supposedly so full of gold that the natives paved their streets with it. Although he rode all the way into what is now western Kansas, all Coronado found were Pueblo farmers and plains tribes. He did, however, leave a lasting impression on the Native Americans of New Mexico. Coronado and his men were needlessly cruel to the tribes they encountered. As a result, over and over again during the following two centuries, the Pueblos and the Apaches (who lived in western New Mexico and what is now Arizona) fought very hard against the Spanish as they tried to establish a colony and a mission system. The Carlsbad Cavern system contains over eighty different caves, including Lechuguilla Cave, which is the deepest cave in the United States! It was discovered in 1986, and has been measured down to a depth of nearly 1,567 feet (That is deeper than a 110-story sky-scraper!). It has not been completely explored yet, so it might be even deeper! In 1609 a colonial government was established at Taos, which is one of the oldest continuously inhabited European-built cities in North America. By 1680, the Spanish colonial government had again so angered the local Native Americans that the tribes once again went to war. This time, things were different; the Spanish lost, and they had to flee from New Mexico. The Pueblos and Apaches were able to keep the Spanish out of New Mexico for over twelve years! Just over a century later, Mexico won its independence from Spain. That year New Mexico (which included what is now Arizona) became a Mexican province. The Mexicans were interested in trade with their neighbors to the north, and encouraged American traders to come to Mexico to do business. By 1822 (a year after Mexico became independent), American traders had established what we now call the Santa Fe Trail, which ran from what is now Kansas down to Santa Fe in New Mexico. In 1846 Mexico and the United States went to war over Mexico's northern provinces. Mexico lost, and part of the result was that New Mexico became an American territory. New Mexico became a state in 1912, just ahead of Arizona, which had made up the other half of New Mexico territory when it first joined the United States! WORDS TO KNOW The word “pueblo” has a couple of different meanings. It comes from the type of adobe (mud brick) buildings built by several different cultures in the Southwest. It has also come to stand as a collective name for the cultures (the Anasazi, the Zuni, the Hopi, and so on) who built with it. Adobe is still used as a building material to this day in the region!

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Bringing statues to life: Oliver Cromwell English general and statesman. One of the signatories of Charles I’s death warrant, he served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (Wales was at that time part of England). He was buried in Westminster Abbey, but when the Royalists returned Charles II to power in 1660 they had Cromwell’s corpse dug up, hung in chains and beheaded. You can see how this image was created here.

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From the Editors at Merriam-Webster Mapping Out the Naming of 'America' Columbus didn't name it, but his name was used at one time. 6 Filthy Americanisms that Aren't... And one that is 'Humble Pie', 'Sass', and 7 More Words... Times—and the language—were different back then Cite this Entry “America.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/America. Accessed 23 Sep. 2021. More from Merriam-Webster on America Nglish: Translation of America for Spanish Speakers Britannica English: Translation of America for Arabic Speakers See Definitions and Examples » Get Word of the Day daily email! Farm Idioms Quiz Test your visual vocabulary with our 10-question challenge! Spell words. Make bears. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Top 10 Latin Phrases Why does this season have two different names? From the week ending 9/17/2021 One for each day of the week A simple trick to keep them separate How 'literally' can mean "figuratively" How to use a word that (literally) drives some pe... The awkward case of 'his or her' A tricky quiz about soundalike words How many animals can you identify? Test your visual vocabulary with our 10-question ...

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Chapter 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Section 1 Mendelian Inheritance of Human Traits Pedigree • A pedigree is a • <> graphic representation of genetic inheritance. • Symbols are used to show the trait being studied and family relationships Answer the following about the above pedigree • a. What is the sex of I 1? ___________________ • b. How many children does IV 2 have? ___________ • c. How many children of IV 12 have cancer? ____________ • d. List all of the males who have polyps (carriers) __________ Dominant Autosomal Heredity • Follow Rule of Dominance • Tongue curling • Free earlobes • Huntington’s disease Huntington’s Disease • Lethal genetic disorder caused by rare autosomal dominant allele • Nervous system disintegrates causing loss of control of limbs and mental deterioration. Huntington’s disease • Since onset occurs between ages 30 and 50, this defect can be transmitted to new generations before the parent knows that he is a carrier. Huntington’s • Genetic testing can determine if a person is a carrier. • Carriers will get disease because allele is dominant. www.about-dementia.com/huntingtons/hd-causes.php Recessive Autosomal Heredity • Genetic disorders caused by recessive alleles. • Most genetic disorders are caused by this type of allele. • Cystic fibrosis, sickle -cell anemia, Tay - Sachs disease, Phenylketonuria (PKU). Cystic Fibrosis • Most common lethal genetic disorder in white Americans. • Characterized by thick mucus in lungs and digestive tract. • Food is not digested properly • Breathing is difficult - frequent lung infections Tay- Sachs • Absence of enzyme that breaks down a lipid that is produced and stored in the central nervous system. Lipid builds up in brain membranes • Common in Eastern European Jews and Pennsylvania Dutch. Symptoms of Tay-Sachs Disease • Blindness • Progressive loss of movement • Mental deterioration • Death by age 5. • See pg 312 for pedigree Phenylketonuria (PKU) • Most common in people of Norwegian and Swedish descent. • Caused by absence of enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine (amino acids). Symptoms of PKU • New born appears normal. • Once baby starts drinking milk, which is high in phenylalanine, damage occurs Symptoms • Build up in phenylalanine causes severe central nervous system damage resulting in mental retardation. Treatment of PKU • All newborns are tested for PKU. • Changes in diet can prevent damage. New Problems With PKU • If a homozygous recessive female becomes pregnant, high levels of phenylalanine in her blood can damage baby. Pages to are hidden for "Human Heredity"Please download to view full document

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Understanding the Basics of Cybersecurity: Protecting Your Digital Life In today’s highly digital world, where almost everything is connected to the internet, it is crucial to prioritize cybersecurity. With cyber threats becoming more sophisticated and prevalent, it is essential to understand the basics of cybersecurity to protect your digital life. In this blog post, we will delve into some key concepts and tips to help you stay safe online. What is Cybersecurity? Cybersecurity refers to the practice of defending computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, and networks from digital attacks, theft, and damage. Its primary goal is to protect your data, privacy, and digital assets from cybercriminals. Cybersecurity encompasses various measures, technologies, and best practices to counter threats and prevent unauthorized access. Types of Cyber Attacks To effectively protect yourself online, it is vital to be aware of the different types of cyber attacks that can compromise your digital security. Some common types include: 1. Phishing: Phishing attacks involve hackers posing as legitimate entities to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card details, and social security numbers. 2. Malware: Malware refers to malicious software such as viruses, worms, and ransomware that can infiltrate your system and cause damage or steal valuable data. 3. Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks: DoS attacks aim to overwhelm a network or website with excessive traffic, rendering it unavailable to its intended users. 4. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: In these attacks, hackers intercept communication between two parties without their knowledge, allowing them to eavesdrop, modify, or steal information. Tips for Protecting Your Digital Life Now that we understand the concept of cybersecurity and some common types of cyber attacks, let’s explore practical tips to safeguard your digital life: 1. Use Strong Passwords: Take the time to create unique passwords for each online account. Use a combination of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. Avoid using common words or easily guessable information like your birthdate or pet’s name. 2. Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide additional verification, such as a fingerprint scan or a code sent to their mobile device, to log in to accounts. 3. Keep Software Updated: Regularly update your operating system, antivirus software, web browsers, and other applications. Updates often include important security patches that address vulnerabilities that cybercriminals may exploit. 4. Be Cautious of Suspicious Emails and Links: Think twice before clicking on any suspicious links or downloading attachments from unknown senders. Cybercriminals often use phishing techniques to trick users into divulging sensitive information. 5. Use Secure Wi-Fi Networks: Avoid connecting to public Wi-Fi networks, as they are often unsecured and can expose your data to potential threats. If you must use public Wi-Fi, use a virtual private network (VPN) to encrypt your traffic and protect your information. 6. Backup Your Data Regularly: Create regular backups of your important files and store them securely. In the event of a cyber attack or system failure, you can easily restore your data and minimize potential losses. 7. Educate Yourself: Stay informed about the latest cybersecurity trends, threats, and best practices. Regularly read reputable blogs, news articles, or attend webinars to enhance your knowledge and stay one step ahead of cybercriminals. As our lives continue to become increasingly interconnected through technology, it is vital to prioritize cybersecurity and take steps to protect our digital lives. By understanding the basics of cybersecurity and implementing best practices such as using strong passwords, enabling multi-factor authentication, and staying cautious online, we can significantly reduce the risk of falling victim to cyber threats. Let’s empower ourselves with knowledge and take the necessary steps to ensure our digital security.

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|Don Juan de Oñate| Under the authority of King Philip II of Spain, Juan de Oñate traveled north from Mexico City in 1598 and established the territory of Santa Fé de Nuevo México as a province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Don Juan seems to have fallen afoul of the powers that were, and it was left to others to complete the settlement or conquest (depending upon your viewpoint) of the land. In my mystery novel, The Zozobra Incident, the first of a series starring Licensed Private Investigator Burleigh. J. Vinson (or BJ, as he is thankfully known), we get a glimpse of the contemporary City of Santa Fe. In fact, during the Burning of Zozobra, we are exposed to a tiny bit of its history when BJ explains the ritual to a companion. His explanation centered on the province’s problems with a character named Po’Pay (also spelled Popé) and his rebellion. |Don Juan de Peralta| According to the New Mexico Blue Book (2001-2002), the town was laid out according to a certain set of rules. For example, towns must have a central plaza measuring 100 varas long and 75 varas wide. A vara is 33.99 inches. Streets (each 10 varas in width) ran at right angles for a distance of one league (about three miles) in each of the four cardinal directions. Tradition dictated the church entrance was from the east and faced the plaza. Things went swimmingly for the Spaniards (if not so much for the indigenous peoples). The Franciscans aggressively pursued the conversion of Indians to Christianity, forbidding sacred dances and seizing masks, prayer sticks and effigies. Po’Pay, a shrewd Tewa religious and political leader from San Juan Pueblo (it was Ohkay Owingeh to the natives) and forty-six other Pueblo leaders were arrested and accused of sorcery. Four were sentenced to hang (three did, and the fourth committed suicide) while the others were beaten and sentenced to prison. When Pueblo pressure forced the release of the imprisoned leaders, Po’Pay plotted his revenge. Many of the Pueblos, which did not have a tradition of cooperation, united under his leadership for a rebellion against Spanish rule. Knotted cords were sent to each village with instructions to untie one knot each day. The uprising was to begin on the day the last knot was untied. Security surrounding the planned revolution must have been pretty good. Po’Pay had to move up the date of his attack by only one day when two messengers were caught with knotted cords. He struck on August 10, 1680. Most of the Spaniards in the territory, estimated at about 3,000, retreated to Santa Fe where they remained under siege until August 21. On that day, Po’Pay allowed all of them to pass unharmed down the Camino Real (the Royal Road) to present day El Paso, Texas. During the revolt, 21 one of the 40 Franciscan friars in the territory were killed together with around 380 men, women, and children. Some accounts put the death toll at 22 out of a total of 33 friars (which tells us something about the underlying problem). The newly purged territory blossomed with peace and prosperity once the foreigners were thrown out, right? Well, maybe not. The Indian villages were spread over hundreds of miles and spoke eight different languages. History is a bit murky after the expulsion. Some claim Po’Pay attempted to set himself up as king and tyrant. Others say he retired from a leadership role after the revolt. Historic rivalries among the various Pueblos soon resurfaced when the need for cooperation against the invaders was no longer pressing. At any rate, Po’Pay died in obscurity somewhere around 1688. |Don Diego de Vargas|

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March Focus: Water Storage Clean water is essential for life, both for hydration and to prevent the spread of disease. Healthcare providers who assisted with disaster efforts in Puerto Rico treated multiple conditions related to contaminated water, including vomiting, diarrhea, pink eye and leptospirosis. Clean water storage is a top priority in disaster preparedness. This month GCA will assist members in learning about water storage preparation. Each person in a household requires one gallon of water per day for drinking and sanitation. FEMA recommends storing enough water for each member of a household for two weeks. While specialized barrels to store large amounts of water and tools to maintain water purity are available, it is not the only method in which you can store water. Water can be stored in screw-top plastic bottles, such as a two-liter soda bottle, which are less likely to break or leak. Look for the triangular recycling symbol with a number “1”, as those are the best for water storage. Plastic milk and juice containers are not recommended, as they are difficult to sanitize, and their plastic can become fragile and brittle over time. To sanitize a two-liter soda bottle, rinse it out with one teaspoon on non-chlorine bleach and one quart of water. Then fill the bottle with clean water and screw the lid on tightly. Label the bottle “drinking water”, put a date on it and store it in a cool, dark place. Empty, sanitize, and refill the bottle every six months to ensure the water remains clean. Bottled water may also be purchased and used for storage. While the FDA does not require expiration dates to be printed on bottled water, it is recommended it be consumed within a two-year period. Once the bottled water has been opened, there is the potential for bacteria and algae to develop. Using water of questionable purity: It may be necessary to use water of questionable purity. This includes rainwater, water from streams, rivers, creeks, ponds, lakes, and potentially flood water. These sources of water can contain various contaminates that could cause illness. Before using water from these sources, it will be necessary to sanitize this water. The first step in sanitizing water will be to filter out as many solids as possible. This can be done using coffee filters, several layers of paper towels, or a clean cloth. Portable water filters can also be used. If purchasing a portable water filter, choose one with a filter pore size small enough to remove both bacteria and parasites. Most portable water filters do not remove viruses. Carefully read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the water filter intended to be used. Sanitizing water by boiling: After filtering the water, bring water to a rolling boil for one minute and allow it to cool naturally. Boiling water is the surest method to kill many disease-causing organisms, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Sanitizing water by using bleach: For each gallon of filtered water, add eight drops of unscented chlorine bleach and allow it to stand for 30 minutes. If the faint scent of bleach is present after 30 minutes, the water is good to use. If bleach is not detected, add eight more drops of bleach and let it stand for another 15-30 minutes. If a faint scent of bleach is still not detected, the water cannot be used for drinking. . Boiling water and using bleach will kill most viruses and bacteria but it will not remove metals, salts or chemicals, so the water may still have a funny taste. The taste may be improved by pouring it from one container to another and allowing it to stand for a few hours or by adding a pinch of salt for each quart of water. Plan for how to boil water if there were no power. Hidden sources of water in your home: Turning off the main water valve does two things: It prevents contaminated water from entering the lines in a home, and it keeps gravity from draining water out of the home’s lines if there is a break in an outside pipe. To turn off the water, locate the main shut-off valve and turn the knob or handle clockwise until it is completely closed. A wrench may be needed to do this. Some older homes may also have a shut-off inside, located in the basement or garage. Water heaters can provide several gallons of drinking water obtained by following these steps: - Determine whether it is an electric or gas-powered water heater. This will determine how to turn off the source that makes the water hot. If it is electric, turn off the circuit breaker for the water heater. If it is gas, close the gas valve. - Turn off the water intake valve. - Attach a short hose to the valve at the bottom of the tank to assist with draining. A threefoot length garden hose or washing machine supple hose can be used. - Turn on a hot water faucet in the house to let air into the system. - Drain water from the hot water heater. Hearing a sucking sound in the pipes is likely to occur. Sediment will also likely be in the water that is drained. Use the methods described earlier to clear the water of sediments after allowing them to settle to the bottom of the water. - Refill the tank before turning the electricity or gas back on. REMEMBER, a professional MUST turn the gas back on after it has been turned it off for safety reasons. Tip: Be sure you protect this water source by securing your water heater to the wall studs. Learn how at: Water standing in the pipes of a house is also available for use. To collect this water, turn on a faucet at the highest level of the home to allow air in the lines. A small amount of water will trickle out. Water can then be collected from a faucet at the lowest level of the home. Water can also be obtained by melting ice cubes, from canned fruit and vegetable liquids, and from toilet tanks, if toilet cleansers have not been placed in them. Unsafe Water Sources: - Radiators & Toilet bowls - Hot water boilers (part of a home heating and not drinking water system) - Water beds (fungicides in the water and chemicals in the vinyl case make it unsafe) - Swimming pools or spas (due to the chemicals added) - Any water that has an unusual odor or color, or that you know, or suspect might be contaminated with fuel or toxic chemicals. Water contaminated with fuel or toxic chemicals CANNOT be made safe for drinking by boiling or disinfection. January: Make your Plan The task for the month of January is to create your emergency action plan. What is the importance of having a plan? The fact that developing and practicing an emergency action plan can save countless lives throughout the community during an emergency or disaster. STAY INFORMED: The first step in developing your emergency action plan is to become aware of what potential emergency or disasters can occur in your area, such as earthquakes, power outages, train derailments and volcanoes. One way to stay informed is to sign up for Mason County Alerts. This is a free service which sends notifications about emergencies occurring in your area and other important community news. Alerts include information on severe weather, flooding, unexpected road closures, missing persons and evacuations of buildings or neighborhoods. You can receive these alerts in the manner most convenient for you, whether that be at your home, business, via text messages or email, or all of the above. This tool will help keep you informed with vetted and reliable information in addition to any information you hear on the radio, television or social media. Sign up for Mason County Alerts with this link – it only takes a minute: FOCUS ON FAMILY: The second step in developing your emergency action plan is to determine the specific needs of those in your household. This will enable you to prepare and accommodate for any special needs that are required. These needs may include having enough diapers and formula available for infants, or having food, leashes, kennels for pets, and any necessary accommodations for disabled family members or those who require specific medications or medical care. DEVELOP YOUR PLAN: Now that you have collected this information, you are ready to develop your emergency action plan. Review the layout of your house and determine two ways to exit each room in the event of an emergency. You will also need to pick two meeting locations outside of your home. The first location should be close to your house, such as by the mailbox or the large tree across the street. The second location should be outside of your neighborhood in case it is not safe to be near your home. We have put an emergency plan template on the GCA website to make this easier for you. Download the template and get started! Emergency Plan Template So far, no money has been spent on your “Prepare in a Year” plan. Be sure to develop and practice your plan with each member of your household. Knowledge and practice help muscle memory engage during an emergency or disaster when denial, panic or paralysis can set in. You can download the "Prepare in a Year" document from this link: Download the Brochure In February, the focus will be on "Designating an out-of-area contact". Disaster Preparedness: Our CERT Training Recap Eighteen local residents participated in a 20-hour Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) disaster preparedness training sponsored by Mason County Department of Emergency Management. The training was held at the Horton Community Center across two weekends: October 26 & 27 and November 2 & 3rd. Through classroom sessions and “hands-on” exercises, CERT members are trained to assist those in their neighborhood and/or workplace following a disaster, at a time when professional emergency responders may not be immediately available. The participants learned CERT organization and psychology, disaster preparedness, light search and rescue techniques, fire safety and how to provide basic medical assistance. Upon completion of the CERT Program, members have the option of being assigned to teams based on their residential or workplace locations. “If an emergency occurs, we need to be prepared to take care of our families and neighbors before the real first responders can get here – which may take a very long time,” said participant and Grapeview resident Mike Blaisdell. “This training is a great way to help people feel more comfortable and helps them know what to do to keep their families safe and prepared,” he said. The CERT course will benefit any citizen who takes it. The training will better prepare you to respond to and cope with the aftermath of a disaster. Additionally, if our community wants to supplement its response capability after a disaster, residents can be recruited and trained as neighborhood teams that, in essence, will be auxiliary responders. These groups can provide immediate assistance to victims in their area, organize spontaneous volunteers who have not had the training, and collect disaster intelligence that will assist professional responders with prioritization and allocation of resources following a disaster. If you are interested in participating in a CERT course, please email Leslie Blaisdell at [email protected]. We’d like to set up another local session in 2019! "CERT is about readiness, people helping people, rescuer safety and doing the greatest good for the greatest number. It is a realistic approach to disaster situations where the actions of average citizens can make a positive difference. Regardless of personal limitations, there is a role for everyone in CERT". In the event of a major emergency or disaster, many of the resources normally available to those of us who live and work in Western Washington State may become inaccessible and unavailable. Public services may be interrupted; communications, utilities, and commodity delivery systems (food, water, and medicines) could be disrupted. Most importantly, if a major disaster occurs, the fire department, paramedics, and police…WILL NOT COME! They will be deployed FIRST to major incidents such as collapsed buildings. That is why you constantly hear that "You MUST be prepared to take care of yourself." What is CERT? The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program is an all-risk, all-hazard training. This valuable course is designed to help you protect yourself, your family, your neighbors and your neighborhood in an emergency. If a major earthquake (or any disaster) hits, do you … - have enough supplies for a minimum of 72 hours up to an entire month for all family members, including pets? - know how to turn off the gas? - know how to safely turn off the power? - know how to apply first aid? - have enough water for your family and your pets? - have provisions for living outside your home for a length of time if the structure is compromised? Being aware of the hazards in our area will help you understand the importance of everyone being able to provide for their own personal needs for at least seventy-two hours and possibly much longer. CERT classes teach community volunteers important and valuable emergency response skills and actions that will help safeguard and protect themselves, family members, neighbors and coworkers. When you are trained, you are far more equipped to deal with your circumstances without needing aid from outside sources. CERT members are trained in basic disaster response skills such as fire safety, light search and rescue, team organization and disaster medical operations. You will learn how to prepare for emergencies; what supplies you should NOW have in your house, how much food, how much water but most importantly, how to protect your family in an emergency! CERT Participants Learn How To: - Identify and anticipate hazards - Extinguish small fires - Recognize and treat life-threatening conditions - Triage patient care activities - Conduct light search and rescue - Help reduce survivor and team stress - Organize emergency response volunteers - Identify and respond to threats of terrorism - Assist first-responders by recording and reporting situation information - Preparing disaster supply kits

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Protein Structure: Unusual Covalent Bonds Published Online: 15 FEB 2013 Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved. How to Cite Lecomte, J. T. and Falzone, C. J. 2013. Protein Structure: Unusual Covalent Bonds. eLS. . - Published Online: 15 FEB 2013 Proteins are linear polypeptides made out of a small set of amino acids. The chemical diversity of the building blocks is limited, but a protein's covalent structure can be amended in vivo so that unusual linkages are introduced and new functionalities are conveyed. These covalent modifications may occur during translation or after the protein is fully synthesised; they may be spontaneous or enzymatic and transient or long lived. They are generally consequential to cellular function and integrity of the organism. The broad array of modification includes common and frequent substitutions such as phosphorylation and rarer alterations such as formylglycine formation. A survey of long-lived modifications is presented from a physicochemical perspective with attention to biological relevance. Covalent bonds other than found in the standard set of amino acids expand the chemical properties of proteins. Unusual bonds are found in protein-derived prosthetic groups. Unusual covalent bonds play functional roles. Some unusual covalent bonds are irreversibly formed and are markers of aging. Many unusual bonds are reversibly formed and participate in regulatory mechanisms. Unusual bonds are often difficult to detect and identify, especially in vivo. Technological advances have improved the ability to detect modifications in entire proteomes. - protein chemistry; - post-translational modification; - cotranslational modification; - prosthetic groups

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Edith Eger In her book, The Gift: 12 Lessons to Save Your Life, discusses the “the imprisonment of avoidance” – the refusal to express challenging emotions. She maintains that avoiding feelings through suppression leads to depression – the opposite involves release through expression. We can supress our feelings for many reasons, e.g. to avoid the pain and hurt of recollection or to protect others from seeing us as vulnerable and suffering. If we are suffering from past hurts or trauma we can try to shield loved ones from the discomfort that comes with the expression of strong feelings. In the process, we are not being honest and we are also depriving them of the opportunity to express empathy and love. We can also unconsciously train our children to avoid the expression of feelings when they are hurt or upset. We can try to diminish their feelings out of our own discomfort or sense of sadness. We might say, “Don’t cry, there will be other opportunities to go to parties”, “You’ll forget about this tomorrow”, “Look how many friends you do have who let you play”, or “Let’s get some ice cream and make the pain go away!” (we can try to substitute something pleasurable to avoid the expression of pain and hurt, thus setting in place habituated avoidance behaviour). Edith suggests that sometimes we suppress our feelings by trying to convince ourselves that we are happy and joyful when this is patently not true. We might even resort to affirmations to hide our true feelings. This form of subterfuge only acerbates our feelings because it denies our reality – the depth and breadth of our true feelings. Edith encourages us “to feel so you can heal” because “you can’t heal what you don’t feel”. Sometimes our underlying feelings can be mired in resentment and can be unearthed through a guided reflection. There is a real cost to ourselves in avoidance. Despite our very best efforts, emotions are embodied – they manifest in our bodies as physical tension/pain and/or result in emotional or physical illness. By not living our truth or accepting the reality of how we are feeling, we undermine our own integrity and personal integration. Edith provides a detailed and graphic example of the impact of unexpressed feelings on a women who experienced incomprehensible violence by a family member. Her life was lived in fear and loneliness because she never owned up to her feelings of rage, anger and deep fear of the perpetrator. There may be times in conversation with a friend that we withhold a true expression of our feelings about some matter relevant to our relationship with them. Edith suggests that we can revisit the conversation mentally, work out what we should have said and then approach the relevant person at a suitable time and in a neutral place to express our real feelings. We could even start by practising with restaurant waitresses and expressing our honest feelings about a meal (rather than hiding our true feelings because we do not want to hurt or embarrass them). Facing up to our feelings and naming them provides a real release. Edith suggests that we can practise this by stopping ourselves at any time during the day and naming our emotion, whether positive or challenging, in the present moment. This is not only a form of mindfulness practice but is also a way to increase self-awareness and develop honesty about our feelings both to ourselves and others. Edith explains that sometimes this challenge to express rather than supress feelings appears overwhelming. She writes about her inability to face the Auschwitz Museum for fear of the pain of recollection of her parent’s murder and her own torture and starvation as a prisoner in the concentration camp. It took her a lot of courage after 10 years to visit the Museum and she describes in detail what she felt when confronted with images of emaciated people, the cattle trains and arrival platform. She found herself cringing and curled herself up into a tight ball in a dark corner of the Museum – overwhelmed by grief, pain, anguish and anger. However, revisiting the trauma and owning the depth of her feelings provided a new level of release to enable her to be even more productive and helpful in her ongoing work as a trauma consultant – she had finally gained release from the imprisonment of avoidance. Edith’s own life experience, which she shares so freely in her books, bears out how difficult it is to free ourselves from the imprisonment of avoidance. It may take many years of progressive inner work, and trying out various ways of overcoming our entrapment, to achieve some degree of freedom and realise ease and joy. However, suppression leads to ongoing suffering and depression. As we grow in mindfulness, we become increasingly self-aware of the different ways we avoid expressing our true emotions, develop the courage to own up to these emotions and achieve the resilience required to break free of the imprisonment of avoidance. _________________________________ Image source: Pixabay By Ron Passfield – Copyright (Creative Commons license, Attribution–Non Commercial–No Derivatives) Disclosure: If you purchase a product through this site, I may earn a commission which will help to pay for the site, the associated Meetup group, and the resources to support the blog.

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Laplace transforms is the tool controls engineers use to avoid dealing ith differential equations directly. Derivatives become a simple multiplication by s and integration is division by s. All of the messy tricks and manipulations required by differential equations is replaced with algebra. Each linear time invariant component in a system can be turned into a transfer function in the Laplace domain. Once in the Laplace domain SISO system components can be multiplied, divided, summed, and subtracted using algebra. MIMO components can be manipulated using linear algebra. Once a single transfer function for the system has been created the system response to an input can be easily determined. The Laplace domain system response can then be converted to time domain response by using the Inverse Laplace Transform and partial fractions. 2 Definition of the Laplace Transform - denotes the Laplace transform, - is the Laplace Transform, - is the time function, and - is complex variable The Laplace Transform is a linear operator which transforms with a real argument t to a function with a complex argument s. 3 Region of Convergence The Laplace transform typically exists for all complex numbers such that , where is a real constant which depends on the growth behavior of . The subset of values of for which the Laplace transform exists is called the region of convergence (ROC) or the domain of convergence. 4 Final Value Theorem If all poles of lie in the left-half plane then, Note if has poles on the imaginary axis or in the right-half s plane, does not exist. In other words, if is stable then the Final Value Theorem can be used to calculate the steady state error of the system . - ISBN 0 340 63183 X, Engineering Vibration Analysis with Application to Control Systems - ISBN 1-56347-261-9, Space Vehicle Dynamics and Control 6 See Also If everything is included in 1 article then it gets very long. With all the TeX equations being converted to pngs the article gets too big for some browsers to edit. So the original article has been broken up into multiple articles.

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Last Updated on June 17, 2022 by ellen Do you know how to teach your child compassion for others? We all want our children to be compassionate and caring towards other people, but how do we encourage that trait? Posts may be sponsored. This post contains affiliate links, which means I will make a commission at no extra cost to you should you click through and make a purchase. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. How to Teach Your Child Compassion for Others Children at a very young age are very “me-centered” because they haven’t yet learned to imagine how other people are feeling in different situations. This is a skill that takes some time to develop and generally happens somewhere between age three and five depending on the child. Once your child begins to understand that they are a separate individual, they can start to understand that other people have feelings and what those feelings are. From that point, your child can look at a situation and try to imagine the feelings they would have if they experienced that situation. You can encourage this process by modeling compassion for others for them to see. As I said, the easiest way to teach your child compassion is to allow them to see you being compassionate. If they see a brother or sister fall down, mention to them that Suzie is feeling sad and ask if a hug would help them feel better. Caring for a family pet will help them learn compassion. You can encourage them to play gently with the family pet an explain that rough play makes them scared. Another way to encourage compassion is by reading them stories that help them explore their feelings like The Legend of the Easter Robin: An Easter Story of Compassion and Faith written by Dandi Daley MacKall. About The Legend of the Easter Robin: An Easter Story of Compassion and Faith: In the center of the nest lay one perfect egg, the color of a spring sky. The father robin sat on a branch nearby, guarding his family. Tressa spotted raccoon tracks below and a blue jay eyeing the nest. “Gran, how are we going to keep the egg safe?” “We’ll have to leave that one to the Creator,” Gran said. Robins have built a nest on the window ledge at Grandmother’s house! Tressa is thrilled―and concerned. What will happen to the sky-blue egg laid by the mother robin? As more eggs appear, Tressa witnesses the daily drama of the robins’ nest and learns how God cares for all creatures. Besides watching the birds, there are Easter eggs to color. And there is a very special story to hear―a tale of long ago about one small bird with a very big heart. How did the robin get its red breast? Tressa is about to find out as Gran tells her the story of the Easter robin. Brought to life with colorful, tender illustrations, The Legend of the Easter Robin will captivate and teach your child about compassion and faith. The Legend of the Easter Robin is a beautiful hard cover book that will not only help your child understand compassion but will also introduce her to having faith in God. Tressa worries about the eggs that have just been laid outside her Grandmother’s window. She learns about how the Robin got his red breast and what his song means when we hear it in early Spring and why God cares for each of us. Check out this kids grief journal. And, learn more about kids books about anger. Ellen is a busy mom of a 24-year-old son and 29-year-old daughter. She is Grandma to one adorable baby girl. She owns six blogs and is addicted to social media. In what little spare time she has, she loves to read, watch movies, and play games. If you’d like to work together, email [email protected] to chat. 37 thoughts on “How to Teach Your Child Compassion for Others” This looks like a cute book that my niece would like! What a beautiful book. This would be such a sweet gift for my little grand-daughter. I would love to win this for my niece who is just starting to enjoy books. This looks like a lovely book. I do think that Teaching Your Child Compassion is extremely important and I did a good job with my children. I would love to give this book for a gift. My kids – they would love it! I’d like to win because we have five young kiddos who would love this book. This looks like a wonderful book for my niece! She would love it! Great gift for my nephew I would love to put this book in my granddaughter’s Easter basket! 🙂 I want to win because it looks like an adorable book that I’d like to share with my daughters. I think my kids would love it. It never hurts to give them good books to read. I would like to win because this looks like a really nice Easter book to read. Me and my daughter love to read a book at bedtime and would love to add this book to our book collection. I think my kids would like this story! What a cute book for Easter, I want to read it to my grandson. I’d like to win this because it looks like a charming book. My daughter would love this book! I would like to win this because it seems cute! It looks like such a sweet book! It would be nice to win. As a single Mom of 3 kids, I great encourage reading and love trying new books! I would love to win this beautiful book, so I can read it for my son Thank You for the chance My nephew is a big reader and he would love this book! I would love to read with my grandkids Would love to put this in my daughters basket I would like to give this to my son. I would love to win this for my little girl since it sounds like such a sweet story! I would like to win this book for my kids. It looks like a cute book to read to a grandchild. I’d love to win this for my 4 year old niece. Mostly because, even as a 4 year old, faith is an important part of her life, but secondly because her aunts name is Robin! 🙂 I’d like to win because I think my kids would enjoy this book! I would like to win this cute book for my niece so I could put it in her Easter basket Every year, we add a new title to our Easter library, and this would be perfect. Our school has been working on compassion and kindness, and I think my daughter would enjoy this book. After my family reads it, the book will be donated to our local library. I think this would be a perfect Easter gift for my grandson I would love to win this because my niece has been really into reading recently and I think she would really enjoy this book. I would love this for my kids. This book would be great to read to my son to teach him about caring and compassion.

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Video answer: Math words- harmonic mean Top best answers to the question «What does harmonic mean in science» A harmonic is a signal or wave whose frequency is an integral (whole-number) multiple of the frequency of some reference signal or wave. The term can also refer to the ratio of the frequency of such a signal or wave to the frequency of the reference signal or wave. Video answer: Simple harmonic motion and initial conditions

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30 November 1998 b. In the ladder diagram, the designer will: (1) Show a section of the diagram for the HVAC control panel logic. (2) Show a section of the diagram for each starter control circuit and interlock circuit for HVAC (3) Label control devices and relays with their unique identifiers. (4) Label magnetic starter coils. (5) If multiple control devices of the same type (such as low temperature protection thermostats or smoke detectors) are required, assign a unique identifier for each and show its contact. (6) Show separate relays to control ac and dc circuits. (7) Number the ladder diagram lines according to their control power source. (8) Show a switch, located in the HVAC control panel, to override the clock (or EMCS) and to be used to place the control system in continuous occupied mode (auto/auto override). (9) Show a switch, located in the HVAC control panel, that can be used to shut down HVAC equipment and interlocked equipment (off/enable). c. The HVAC control panel section of the ladder diagram will be in accordance with the following (1) Line numbers will start with 0 for the clock circuit and continue as required. (2) Control system switches and contacts will be shown on the left of the diagram. (3) Relay coils will be shown in the center of the diagram, centered below the clock circuit. (4) Pilot lights will be shown on the right of the diagram. (5) Contacts available to EMCS will be shown outside the ladder and to the right of the diagram. d. Each section of the HVAC equipment starter control circuits and interlock circuits will be in accordance with the following format: (1) The line numbers of the first section will begin with 100, the second section with 200, and subsequent sections with appropriate higher numbers in increments of one hundred. (2) Magnetic starter circuits will show one phase powering a control circuit transformer, switches, fuse, and overload relays. (3) The panel ladder diagram will have a jumper shown for connection to EMCS of an economizer enable and disable function. The panel ladder diagram will show terminal points for remote system shutdown and remote safety override control of HVAC system fans. (4) Starter ladder diagrams will have an off-enable switch to allow HVAC system motors to be stopped from the HVAC control panel. 12. THE TYPICAL EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE. a. An equipment schedule is required to show the control system parameters not shown on the schematic and the ladder diagram. Not all HVAC control devices shown on the schematic and the ladder diagram are included in the equipment schedule because it is not necessary to show parameters for them. Control devices that are excluded from the schematic are relays, IPs, loop drivers, and signal selectors. A typical equipment schedule is shown in figure 3-17. Figure 3-17. Typical equipment schedule.

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The area of a rectangular floor is described by the equation w(w-9)=252 where w is the width of the floor in meters. What is the width o the floor? Multiply everything inside the brackets by Subtract 252 from both sides Factors of 252 that have a difference of 9 are 12 and 21 We need -9 so the larger if the two is negative.

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Oct 15, 2012 Nanodiamond coating for a better Petri dish Researchers in Germany have made a Petri dish coated with nanocrystalline diamond. The new type of dish appears to be ideal for in vitro experiments and more biocompatible than traditional Petri dishes that are made of polystyrene. The Petri dish has been around for more than a century and is a fundamental piece of equipment for biology experiments. The first Petri dishes were made of glass but are now more likely to be made of transparent polystyrene. These dishes, which have existed for more than 50 years and which have remained largely unchanged during this time, are supposed to be biodurable – that is, unaffected by biological cultures and solutions. However, Andrei Sommer and colleagues of the University of Ulm have now found that this is not true on the nanoscale. The researchers came to their conclusion by employing a nanoindenter – a device that measures hardness variations on the surface of a material. They found that the surface at the bottom of the polystyrene dish becomes significantly softer when in contact with an aqueous solution. This leads to the production of a nanoscopic layer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can weaken biological cells, says Sommer. “ROS are reactive intermediates derived from oxygen and can be molecules (such as hydrogen peroxide, for example), radicals or ions. ROS can oxidize lipids and inactivate enzymes, resulting in cell damage.” A Petri dish made of quartz glass coated with a layer of transparent, biocompatible nanodiamond would overcome this problem because it does not encourage the formation of a nanoscopic layer of ROS, he adds. Implications for in vitro fertilization Most in vitro fertilization (IVF) is performed in polystyrene Petri dishes, so cell damage during such a procedure would be very serious indeed, continues Sommer. ROS is thought to play an important role during IVF in which egg and sperm cells are “incubated” in a Petri dish. ROS damage may be even more significant during a particular process known as intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, in which egg cells are stripped of their cumulus cells – a ROS-protective cell layer – before a sperm cell is injected into them. Scientists believe that ROS during IVF come from cell metabolism itself, from breakdown products when cells die and the microenvironment in which the cells are placed. Preliminary tests using mouse embryonic carcinoma and primary cells show that diamond-coated dishes could be ideal platforms for in vitro experiments. However, there is one important drawback in that quartz glass Petri dishes coated with nanodiamond are expensive to make. “Our new results expose the shortcomings of traditional polystyrene Petri dishes and so might serve as a model to eventually inspire a cheaper and more disposable solution based on plastic,” Sommer told nanotechweb.org. “For the moment, and to cut costs, we recommend coating existing polystyrene dishes with a suitable nanolayer to seal the plastic, thereby preventing it from softening. The result could be a hybrid material Petri dish with unrivalled biocompatibility.” Richard Rawlins of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, who was not involved in this work, agrees. “The negative impact of ROS on human in vitro fertilization procedures has been known for many years,” he explained. “To counteract this problem, the culture medium used in IVF typically contains ROS scavengers to negate ROS impact. Sommer and colleagues’ discovery, which highlights that ROS are still active at the nanoscale, is important. Coating either plasticware or glassware to prevent ROS formation may significantly improve the viability and quality of embryos produced in vitro, and may even benefit other procedures in medicine, such as in vitro production of stem cell lines.” The work is detailed in the Journal of Bionic Engineering. About the author Belle Dumé is contributing editor at nanotechweb.org.

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Young farmer growing crops without soil Motivated by the soaring prices of ground provisions, university student Shandae Bascoe decided to do farming, but not in a traditional way. He grows his crops, mostly vegetables, using a modern-day farming technique called soilless aeroponics, which Bascoe has been enjoying for the past year. Soilless aeroponics is the process of growing plants, suspended in the air, by supplying a nutrient solution in a mist to the roots of the plants. This is different from hydroponics in which the crops are submerged in water. Growing up in Linstead, St Catherine, Bascoe was actively involved in agriculture with his father Norris, as they cultivated food for the home. However, while in his second year at the University of the West Indies, Mona, in 2018, he discovered alternative farming techniques and made a conscious decision to design his own farm. At his home, three towers filled with 75 hanging plants are fed via a fish tank filled with 18 tilapia that is processed through a hydroponic system of water crest plants, which pumps that water to the towers. "A system like this, it is very high in drought tolerance. So, it is very efficient in the way it uses its water, as it uses two drums of water per month to grow all of those crops (pointing to the towers). The way that these are harvested, allows for the plants to regrow and these are here almost a year, since last year September. It uses very little water, as opposed to conventional farming and using the technology, you can stabilise your production and provide consistent quality at a consistent pace," Bascoe explained. The process starts with seeds being planted in cups filled with coconut husks that take up to two weeks to germinate. Through this soilless approach, he stressed that there are no chemicals like pesticides associated with his farm and there are no insects, weeds or fungi. The crop turnaround time is only three months. Having a solid knowledge of chemistry and biology, the 25-year-old uses it to his advantage to ensure his plants receive the optimum level of nutrients. "Even though it looks outlandish and unorthodox, this is actually one of the cleanest ways to produce vegetables. With this system you don't have to worry about too much water, as the system is naturally irrigated from the moment it leaves the sprinkler nozzles," he assured. But he admits that he worries about electricity, as his plants are watered by a time-censored pump and so he intends to make his farm solar powered. The Linstead Primary School graduate told THE WEEKEND STAR that he enjoys his technological approach to farming, as it eliminates time spent tilling the soil or clearing away land. "Using a vertical model, it takes up only two square feet. It allows you to plant at a denser capacity than conventional farming. You can increase your profit margins and allow you to grow a lot more. It allows me to grow very clean vegetables, very natural. Using this very organic way of growing, it helps to provide a lot of vegetables and we can feed ourselves," he said. He urges more Jamaicans to invest in alternative methods of farming, as droughts and floods drive up the costs of produce and vegetables. He hints that in the event of a hurricane, the farm can be moved to a dry space indoors and sprayed with water once a day. Before starting his farm, Bascoe completed an internship at Chamber's Hydroponics Farm in Manchester that equipped him with the necessary skills. Now completing a course in aquaponics training with INMED Caribbean, the Charlemont High School alumnus shares that his desire is to educate others about the joys that modern-day farming techniques bring. "People think you have to put your hand in the dirt and you have to go out and stand in the sun all day. But a system like this, you don't have to deal with any of that. I am here and I am going to start planting seedlings in a minute and I don't need any protection, other than a pair of gloves, if that. It is very clean, it is easy and intuitive to work with because all you do is plant, place it in their grow sites and you're finished," he said. The farmer hopes to expand his project to accommodate 30 towers with crops such as cilantro, broccoli, kale and cannabis. He also has intentions to build a greenhouse, using LED technology, to shorten the time a plant needs to reach maturity.

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INTRODUCTION The pelvis is a basin like structure which connects the spine to lower limbs. It is an important part of the skeletal system. It transmits the weight of the trunk to the legs. It takes the weight of the sitting body. It allows movements of walking and running. It protects the pelvic organs. In addition the female pelvis is adapted for childbearing with an increased width and rounded brim Muscles of the pelvis--attaching the. legs for upright living. The floor of the pelvis. Why is the pelvis hard--#1 upright Pelvic tilt or how we got to be upright Compare with quadruped (cat for instance) Bowl concept pelvis spills forward Hernia beer belly In human minor pelvis is behind (posterior) to guts and abdominal cavity Human pelvis. Muscles of the pelvis--attaching legs for upright posture. Iliopsoas (from abdomen) Gluteus maximus (smaller in cat) Gluteus minimus (bigger in cat) Lateral rotators (not important in cat) 10 Muscle tables--example 11 Female Male. Cavity is broad, shallow ; Pelvic inlet oval outlet round ; Bones are lighter, thinner ; Pubic angle large . THE PELVIS Presented By: Saadiya Naeemi 3 -DPT Batch-I 4. THE PELVIS: It is the lower part of the trunk between the abdomen and the lower limb. THE BONES: 1. Innominate Bones ( Illium, Ischium & Pubis) 2. Sacrum. 3. Coccyx 4 5. Fig. The Bones Of Pelvis. 1. Innominate Bones: Forms the Lateral and Anterior wall. 2 • LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE - Principal support of the pelvic floor - Provides muscular support for the pelvic organs and reinforces the urethral and rectal sphincters - Arises in a line from the posterior aspect of the superior ramus of pubis to the ischial spine. MUSLCES OF THE PELVIS Anatomy of the Pelvis Amel Ibrahim MBBS BSc www.iwanttobeasurgeon.blogspot.com www.iwanttobeasurgeon.com [email protected] Q3) On sphincters of the anus A - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 3be2b4-ZTM3 Muscles of Pelvic Wall: Piriform muscle and Obturator internus muscle. Anteroinferior pelvic wall is formed primarily by the bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis. It participates in bearing the weight of the urinary bladder. Lateral pelvic wall is formed by the right and left hip bones -includes an obturator foramen caused by. Before doing that, it is important to first place muscles of the pelvis into their three major categories. They are: Muscles that attach from the pelvis to the trunk and cross the lumbosacral joint; Muscles that attach from the pelvis to the thigh/leg and cross the hip joint; Pelvic floor muscles that are located wholly within the pelvis The pelvis is a musculoskeletal structure that is made up of hip and sacrococcygeal bones, along with several muscular layers. It is further divided into the greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis. The false pelvis is the wide-area just above the inlet between the ala of the ilia whil Female pelvis ppt 1. Presented by, Mrs.Amita Shilpa Gottlieb 2. The female pelvis because of its characteristics, aids in child birth. The bony pelvis in normal standing posture transmits the body weight of head, trunk and the upper extremities to the lower extremities. In female it is adapted for child bearing Pelvis Perineum. Description: Collectively they run from the body of the pubis, the tendinous arch of the obturator fascia and the ischial spine TO the perineal body, the coccyx, - PowerPoint PPT presentation. Number of Views: 424. Avg rating:3.0/5.0. Slides: 75 Skeleton Joints Pelvis or limb girdle Hip/Hip Muscles Lumber and sacral plexus getting spinal nerves out onto limb Muscles anterior and | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to vie Anatomy Of Pelvis PPT. Presentation Summary : Formed by obturator internus fascia Runs on the lateral wall of ischiorectal fossa Femoral canal: Contains lymphatic vessels and cloquet's lymph node Anterior. Source : https://iwanttobeasurgeon.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/anatomy-of-pelvis.ppt Hip And Pelvis Anatomy Sports Medicine I Anatomy Arrangement Of Bones, PPT. Presentation Summary : Hip and Pelvis Anatomy Sports Medicine I Anatomy Arrangement of bones, ligaments, muscles, and tendon Axial Muscles of the body Course objectives: Name and be able to identify specific axial muscles in the body. Serratus anterior, Trapezius, Rhomboids, and Latissimus dorsi. Buttocks and pelvis: Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, Psoas major, Iliacus A part from overview of the regional anatomy demonstrating the muscles of pelvic walls and floor as a part from overview of the pelvis The pelvic floor muscles are the layer that supports the pelvic organs and spans the bottom of the pelvis. If you're curious to know more, check out the full.. Johns Hopkins Medicine, based in Baltimore, Marylan Identify the appendicular muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limb; walking would expend more energy if the heads of the femurs were not secured in the acetabula of the pelvis. The body's center of gravity is in the area of the pelvis. If the center of gravity were not to remain fixed, standing up would be difficult as well neutral pelvis versus being tilted forward or backwards allows for proper muscle function. While performing this program, please be aware of good body position, number of repetitions and resistance. Maintaining a controlled, neutral pelvis throughout each exercise is required. Start with small ranges and lower repetitions until you feel. It is important to properly assess a client's posture and determine if the pelvis rests in neutral, anterior or posterior tilt. When considering the muscles involved and their attachments, an individual who exhibits an anterior pelvic tilt at rest or is exaggerated during a squat assessment will also generally have short lumbar extensors, long lumbar flexors, short hip flexors and long hip. Muscle spasms in the pelvis generally reflect themselves in the trunk, thigh, or both. Shortening of most major muscles acting on the pelvis has a restrictive influence upon the mobility of the femur and an effect upon an individual's stance. When evaluating relative muscle function,. Pages in category Pelvis - Muscles The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total The main movements in the SIJ are forward rotation of the sacrum relative to the iliac bones (nutation) and backward rotation of the sacrum relative to the ilia (counternutation) (Figure 2.2.2).It was shown that even at advanced age (>72 years) the combined movement of nutation and counternutation can amount to 4°; normally movements are less than 2° (Vleeming et al. 1992a) http://www.medilaw.tv Lumbar Spine Pelvis Muscles Pelvic Floor physical therapy 3D animations. Shows the location and action of the pelvic floor muscles. 1 Motions of the Joints of the Pelvis. This blog post article is an overview of the motions of the joints of the pelvis: the paired left and right sacroiliac joints and the symphysis pubis joint. For more complete coverage of the structure and function of the low back and pelvis, Kinesiology - The Skeletal System and Muscle Function, 3 rd ed. (2017, Elsevier) should be consulted The perineum is an anatomical region in the pelvis. It is located between the thighs, and represents the most inferior part of the pelvic outlet. The perineum is separated from the pelvic cavity superiorly by the pelvic floor.. This region contains structures that support the urogenital and gastrointestinal systems - and it therefore plays an important role in functions as such micturition. Ppt Let S Look At Some Muscle Anatomy In The Pelvis On Ct Scans Powerpoint Presentation Id 4521728 from image2.slideserve.com Pelvic examinations are common in clinical cases of obstetrics and gynecology the bony pelvis can be divided and viewed into 2 parts: ƒ organs and structures of the female pelvis View and Download PowerPoint Presentations on Muscles Of Foot PPT. Find PowerPoint Presentations and Slides using the power of XPowerPoint.com, find free presentations research about Muscles Of Foot PPT posture class.ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online The human pelvis is narrower and smaller than that of our closest living relatives, the apes. These changes in the pelvis enable bipedal locomotion, or upright walking. This narrowing of the pelvis has also affected the way humans give birth, as a narrow pelvis makes it more difficult for an infant to move through the birth canal The purpose of this study was to compare static stretch (SS) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) hamstring stretching techniques while maintaining the pelvis in two testing positions: anterior pelvic tilt (APT) or posterior pelvic tilt (PPT). Two groups of 10 subjects were randomly assigned to either an APT or PPT position . Lying exposed between the protective bones of the superiorly located ribs and the inferiorly located pelvic girdle, the muscles of this region play a critical role in protecting the delicate vital organs within the abdominal cavity The muscle proceeds downward across the brim of the lesser pelvis, and diminishing gradually in size, passes beneath the inguinal ligament and in front of the capsule of the hip-joint and ends in a tendon; the tendon receives nearly the whole of the fibers of the Iliacus and is inserted into the lesser trochanter of the femur Piriformis muscle. Covers most of the posterior wall of the pelvis. The piriformis muscle exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur and performs external hip rotation. The sacral plexus of nerves is medial to the piriformis muscle. + + The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs The muscles of the thigh can be subdivided into adductors (medial group), extensors (anterior group), and flexors (posterior group) Features of muscle invasion at MRI include intermediate T2 SI within the muscle, muscle enlargement and enhancement, or discrete enhancing tumor nodules within the muscle. Similarly, bone involvement needs to be defined to plan for involvement of an orthopedic surgeon during resection The pelvic girdle (hip girdle) is formed by a single bone, the hip bone or coxal bone (coxal = hip), which serves as the attachment point for each lower limb. Each hip bone, in turn, is firmly joined to the axial skeleton via its attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column. The right and left hip bones also converge anteriorly to attach to each other The superficial muscles gluteus maximus (1) and gluteus medius (2) are excised, to uncover the deep sacrospinosus (3) and sacrotuberalis (4) ligaments and the deep gluteal muscles. (Reproduced from with A. Neumann, Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System - Foundations for Rehabilitation, 2nd edition, Chapter 12 Hip, p. 496, Elsevier (2010), with permission) Start studying 1103 - Pelvis & Thigh Muscles Pt. 2. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools Because of the anterior tilt of the pelvis, the lesser pelvis is also angled, giving it an anterosuperior (pelvic inlet) to posteroinferior (pelvic outlet) orientation. Figure 8.15 Male and Female Pelvis The female pelvis is adapted for childbirth and is broader, with a larger subpubic angle, a rounder pelvic brim, and a wider and more shallow lesser pelvic cavity than the male pelvis The deep gluteal muscles are a set of smaller muscles, located underneath the gluteus minimus. The general action of these muscles is to laterally rotate the lower limb. They also stabilise the hip joint by 'pulling' the femoral head into the acetabulum of the pelvis. Piriformis. The piriformis muscle is a key landmark in the gluteal region Anatomy PPTs by Elizabeth James Anatomy PPTs shared by Bani Issa SearchPPTs.com Somalidoc.com Anatomy Sectional Human Anatomy Digestive System Mr. Jeffrey Roemisch - Anatomy Notes and PPTs Surgsoc ppts Anatomy ppts from FilesTube Basic Human Anatomy Anatomy PPTs Lecture presentation #1 (Cells & Tissue) Lecture Presentation #2 (Bones & Joints) Lecture Presentation #3 (Thorax) Lecture. 2. Muscle Splinting. Tight muscles of the low back and pelvis may be present not only if the muscles themselves are irritated and overused but also if any other tissues of the region become irritated or injured. This is especially true of the tissues of the sacroiliac joints and the facet joint capsules and ligaments of the lumbar spine Can you pick the origin, insertion and action of the following muscles of the back, thoracic and abdominal body wall? by jenniferstai13 Plays Quiz not verified by Sporcle . Rate 5 stars Rate 4 stars Rate 3 stars Rate 2 stars Rate 1 star . Forced Order Popular Quizzes. The pelvis is made up of the sacrum and two ilium bones, with an array of supportive ligaments and muscles forcing it closed. An array of issues can manifest themselves causing pain or dysfunction of the pelvis. Sports, trauma, pregnancy and a sedentary lifestyle are all contributors to this .ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online Core Muscle Strengthening. In the Athlete. Robert Donatelli PhD PT OCS National Director Sports Rehab Physiotherapy Associates Richardson et al. Therapeutic Ex. For Spinal Segmental Stabilization in Low Back Pain Churchill Livingstone Dynamic Rotational Movements and Forces Core Muscles initiate and attenuate forces generated by the rotational movements of athletic performance Core Muscles of. View Notes - Muscles_leg_2016 #3.ppt from BIOLOGY 15027 at Los Angeles Valley College. MUSCLES OF THE LEGS Superficial Muscles of the Body - Anterior View Figure 11.7a Superficial Muscles of th An important group of muscles in the pelvis is the pelvic floor. The pelvic floor muscles provide foundational support for the intestines and bladder. They also help the anus function Muscles of the Pelvis: Levator Ani Muscle Both levator ani are the wide curved, thin sheets of muscles. They slope from the side wall of the pelvis toward the median plane in the place where they fuse with every other to create the gutter-like floor of the true pelvis, and divides it from the ischiorectal fossae The tendons of these muscles form the popliteal fossa, the diamond-shaped space at the back of the knee. Muscles That Move the Feet and Toes. Similar to the thigh muscles, the muscles of the leg are divided by deep fascia into compartments, although the leg has three: anterior, lateral, and posterior (Figure 11.32 and Figure 11.33) Muscles of the pelvis. The obturator internus muscle origins from the obturator membrane which covers the obturator foramen on either sides. This muscle and its fascia, along with the hip bones, form the lateral walls of the pelvis. The piriformis muscle origins from the anterior aspect of the middle three segments of the sacrum on either sides The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus muscle, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis.The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects The Muscles in the Human Body PPT comes with the ability to change and customize whatever you would like. The entire muscular system is shown, and each muscle group is separated by dark, clean lines that make it simple for students to discern which group is which A pelvic fracture is a disruption of the bony structures of the Pelvis. An anatomic ring is formed by the fused bones of the ilium, ischium and pubis attached to the sacrum. A pelvic fracture can occur by low-energy mechanism or by high-energy impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable. Sagittal slice of the female pelvis showing anatomical structures as genital organs, urinary system, muscles, arteries, veins, nerves and pelvic measurements. The user is able to choose between one of the three planes available (axial, coronal or sagittal) through the vertical menu on the left, which also provides cross-references The upper part of the gluteus maximus muscle, and the gluteus medius muscle beneath, run from their anchor points on the pelvis and sacrum, around to the side of the hip (lateral hip region). The piriformis muscle also sits under the gluteus maximus in the upper buttock, having strong connections into the bones and ligaments of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) at the back of the pelvis (Figure 2.11 . The quadratus lumborum sits deep in the back waist, attaching to the top of the pelvis and traveling up to the last rib and the sides of the lumbar vertebrae. When the quadratus lumborum contracts, it pulls the pelvis and rib cage on the same side closer together The axial (horizontal) image of the female pelvis shows the ovaries, uterus, ligament, uterine tubes, vaginal cavity, and other internal organs. The sagittal (longitudinal) image of the female pelvis shows anatomical structures. These structures include the urinary system, genital organs, muscles, veins, nerves, arteries, and pelvic measurements Pelvis is divided into : False pelvis above the pelvic inlet related to the abdomen. True pelvis below the pelvic inlet contains the pelvic viscera. The cavity of the true pelvis lies between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet. Pelvic outlet closed anteriorly by the urogenital diaphragm and posteriorly by the levator ani muscle The shape of the human female pelvis is thought to reflect an evolutionary trade-off between two competing demands: a pelvis wide enough to permit the birth of large-brained infants, and narrow enough for efficient bipedal locomotion. This trade-off, known as the obstetrical dilemma, is invoked to explain the relative difficulty of human childbirth and differences in locomotor performance. Movements should be done easily and slowly at first. It is also important for skill development to have a constant baseline tension during muscle training. Next, I can offer you simple sets of exercises for training the muscles of the pelvis and body, which I myself have been doing for a month. This helps me to greatly improve potency and fight HF The pelvis is easy to access during physical examination, so it can tell you a lot if you understand its anatomy. The pelvic girdle is innervated by nerves that come from the sacral plexus, coccygeal plexus, and pelvic autonomic nerves. The sacral plexus The 4th and 5th lumbar spinal nerves form the lumbosacral trunk. The [ Learn muscles of the pelvis with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 500 different sets of muscles of the pelvis flashcards on Quizlet Apr 15, 2015 - This page contains Chapter 6 of the text Motion Palpation by R. C. Schafer, DC, PhD, FICC UPDATED 5-13-2018 http://www.chiro.org/ACAPress/The_Pelvis.htm View Chapter_19_Hip_and_Pelvis_ppt.pdf from AA 1Chapter 19 Hip, Pelvis, and Thigh Injuries Objective • Describe the basic anatomy of the hip. • Explain common, hip, pelvis, and thigh injurie The retroperitoneum is the part of the abdominal cavity that lies between the posterior parietal peritoneum (anteriorly) and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). It is divided into three spaces by the perirenal fascia and is best visualized using CT or MRI. It is C-shaped on axial cross-section with convexity projecting anteriorly in the mid-line.. Start studying Muscles of the Pelvis and Back. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools Exercises to train the muscles of the pelvis and body: 2. Workout of the buttocks. Routine. Buttock training is very important for HF healing. What I noticed in people here and on discord server is that **those with PPT have more of urinary symptoms **(weak stream, frequency, emptying). Pelvic tilt is the orientation of the pelvis in respect to the thighbones and the rest of the body. The pelvis can tilt towards the front, back, or either side of the body. Anterior pelvic tilt and posterior pelvic tilt are very common abnormalities in regard to the orientation of the pelvis Since these muscles attach to the pelvis and lower back you can expect other pelvic region muscles to tense up. These muscles include but are not limited to the psoas major, rectus femoris, and quadratus lumborum. These muscles affect the lower back region and contribute to either good or poor posture Browse 1,317 pelvis muscles stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. human anatomy - outline icon set - pelvis muscles stock illustrations. human hip musculature, computer artwork. - pelvis muscles stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Hitta perfekta Pelvis Muscle bilder och redaktionellt nyhetsbildmaterial hos Getty Images. Välj mellan premium Pelvis Muscle av högsta kvalitet Hitta de perfekta Pelvis Muscles bildbanksillustrationerna och det bästa tecknade materialet hos Getty Images. Välj bland premium Pelvis Muscles-bilder av högsta kvalitet The muscles that tilt the pelvis back and down: The gluteus maximus: a large muscle forming the bulk of the buttocks that flows from the back of the pelvis to insert on the side of the thigh bone (femur). Part of this muscle also attaches to the iliotibial band, a sheet-like tendon that attaches to the knee Mar 12, 2019 - Pelvic Girdle Femur Key Points: • The muscles of the pelvis form a bowl that provides structure and support for the pelvic organs. • Two muscles form the pelvic walls: Obturator internus and piriformis. Obturator internus: • Originates on the Its branches supply the anal sphincter, the muscles of the urogenital diaphragm, and the external genitals. Lastly we'll look at the autonomic nerves of the pelvic region. The autonomic nerves in the pelvis that belong to the sympathetic nervous system are the tail end of the sympathetic trunk, and the so-called hypogastric nerve

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An understanding of neonatal circulatory pathology is intrinsically linked to an understanding of circulatory adaptation to extrauterine life (see Chapter 43). In the fetal circulation, better oxygenated blood is returned from the placenta to the fetus via the umbilical vein. This blood is streamed by the ductus venosus across the right atrium, through the foramen ovale, and into the left atrium, facilitating delivery of the best oxygenated fetal blood to the brain and upper body. Blood returning via the vena cavae is streamed through the right side of the heart and into the descending aorta via the ductus arteriosus. This blood preferentially streams through the ductus because of arteriolar constriction and the high vascular resistance in the fetal lungs. The right-to-left ductal blood flow supplies the lower part of the body and also returns blood to the placenta via the umbilical arteries, which arise from the iliac arteries. At birth, this blood flow pattern changes quickly. The lungs expand with the first breaths, the pulmonary arterioles dilate, right heart pressures fall, and blood pours into the pulmonary circulation to collect oxygen. The removal of the low-resistance placenta from the systemic circulation increases resistance and pressure on the left side of the circulation, while the pulmonary blood flow increases the left heart preload. The result is a dramatic increase in the workload of the left heart. The muscle in the wall of the ductus arteriosus constricts in response to rising oxygen levels, closing functionally within the first 24 hours after birth and structurally after several days to become a fibrous band. During the last trimester, much of the fetal cardiopulmonary development is in preparation for the changes that have to occur at birth. Babies born prematurely have exquisite circulatory vulnerability during this period of the transitional circulation. More mature babies are also vulnerable if born in a compromised condition or if they become unwell shortly after birth. Poor color, increased heart rate, prolonged capillary refill, and low urinary output suggest circulatory compromise. Blood measurements such as low pH and rising lactate can supplement the clinical assessments. These indicators are useful in identifying the baby with severe circulatory compromise, but they have limited accuracy for babies with lesser degrees of compromise.2 Blood pressure can be accurately measured and continuously monitored if there is intra-arterial vascular access. Because blood pressure is relatively easy to monitor, it has traditionally been the primary indicator of neonatal circulatory status, and much conventional circulatory support has focused on increasing the low blood pressure.3 Strong data exists for the importance of a normal blood pressure range4 (Fig. 56-1), but controversy arises over what constitutes an adequate blood pressure that is, the blood pressure below which organ injury can result.5 Further, an emerging body of evidence questions the accuracy of blood pressure as a gold standard for circulatory well-being.6-8 There ...

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November's supermoon — the name given to a full moon that occurs when the satellite is at its closest point to Earth during the lunar orbit — will be the biggest supermoon in about 70 years. Algonquin Native American tribes as well as American colonists called the November full moon the Beaver Moon because "this was the time to set beaver traps before the swamps froze, to ensure a supply of warm winter furs," according to the Old Farmer's Almanac. The Slooh Community Observatory will offer a live broadcast for November's full moon on Nov. 13 at 8 p.m. EST (0100 GMT on Nov. 14). You can also watch the supermoon live on Space.com, courtesy of Slooh. [Supermoon November 2016: When, Where & How to See It] An alternative name for November's full moon is the Frost Moon, which was also coined by Native Americans, according to the Almanac. November's supermoon will be the largest since 1948, and the full moon will not come this close to Earth again until Nov. 25, 2034, according to NASA. This month is the second in a series of three consecutive supermoons happening late in 2016, with the first taking place in October, and the last in December. Full moons occur when the moon is on the side of the Earth opposite to the sun, and the three celestial bodies all line up. (Sometimes they perfectly line up, causing a lunar eclipse.) The moon's orbit around the Earth is not a perfect circle, so during each orbit, the moon reaches a minimum distance from the planet (this point is called perigee) and a maximum distance (apogee). When the moon is full, and is also at perigee, it's called a supermoon. The supermoon can look 14 percent larger than it does during apogee, and up to 30 percent brighter, NASA officials have said. The Slooh Community Observatory is hosting a live broadcast of the November supermoon, starting Nov. 13 at 7 p.m. EST (1200 a.m. GMT Nov. 14). You can watch the live stream here on Space.com, courtesy of Slooh.

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The United Nations has recently adopted "Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. Comprising a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 associated targets, the 2030 Agenda builds on the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 17 ambitious, universal and transformative Goals are interlinked and capture the three pillars of sustainable development -economic, social and environmental. The aim is to achieve full implementation of the UN agenda for sustainable development by 2030, integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs. In order to reach these ambitious goals, progress needs to be made in the areas of reduction of poverty and inequality; economic growth and job creation; sustainable use of resources and restoration of ecosystems. The progress towards SDG targets could be monitored by a number of measurable indicators. Some of these indicators have the potential of being monitored using remote sensing (RS), in particular land monitoring. For example, indicators 11.3.1: “Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate” or 15.1.1 “Forest area as a proportion of total land area” could be assessed using remote sensing derived products such as land cover maps and land cover change maps, and additional data (e.g. UN statistical data). The aim of this MSc thesis research is to demonstrate remote sensing based SDG indicator monitoring. The potential for different remote sensing products to provide data for the SDG indicators can be investigated, and the research can also include the assessments of trends of different indicators in the past for different countries and highlight the potentials of reaching the target by 2030. Furthermore, trade-offs between different SDGs can be investigated, for example increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring sustainable food production vs. ensuring the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of forests. If you are interested, you can contact us for further details. Theme(s): Sensing & measuring, Integrated Land Monitoring

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Blood pressure (BP) is a measure of the force that the circulating blood exerts on the walls of the main arteries. The pressure wave transmitted along the arteries with each heartbeat is easily felt as the pulse—the highest (systolic) pressure is created by the heart contracting and the lowest (diastolic) pressure is measured as the heart fills. BP serves as a biomarker for the disease hypertension. Hypertension or High blood pressure (HBP) has been identified as the leading global risk for mortality worldwide, and is ranked third as a cause of disability-adjusted life-years and responsible for 13% of deaths globally. Hypertension affects approximately 20% of adults worldwide and is a major, but modifiable, contributory factor to cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Citation: Bukania ZN, Mwangi M, Kaduka LU, Kimiywe J, van der Haar F (2015) Difference in Blood Pressure between Arms of Normotensive Female Farmers in the Semi-arid Midlands of Kenya. Epidemiology (sunnyvale) S1:002.

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About 8 billion years ago, the earth was a hot ball. Gradually, releasing heat into space, it cools, and a hard crust forms on its surface, which has been continuously melted by millions of active volcanoes. Earth formed as a planet about 4 billion years ago. Erupted by millions of volcanoes, the lava solidified on the surface, forming primary mountains and plateaus, continents and oceanic depressions. The atmosphere cooled, as did the Earth itself, and heavy rains fell as a result. On the surface of the hot earth, they instantly turned into steam. Solid clouds surrounded the Earth, blocking the passage of sunlight that warmed the surface. The solid crust cools to form the earth, and the ocean basins fill with water. We do not know how the Earth was distributed then, but in any case there was nothing similar to the modern continents in shape or location. The atmosphere was sparse and consisted of swirls of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and methane. There may have been no oxygen at all. This mixture did not retain much of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation and reached The earth’s surface at an intensity that would be fatal to modern life forms. From time to time, monstrous thunderstorms broke out, spilling lightning over land and sea. As a result of the interaction of a mixture of atmospheric gases with water vapor, electric discharges and ultraviolet rays, complex molecules appeared, including sugars, nucleic acids and amino acids, that is, the building blocks of proteins. Millions of years passed, the concentration of these substances increased markedly, and the molecules began to interact, forming more and more complex substances. It is possible that some components could have been delivered from space by meteorites. Over time, among a huge variety of chemical compounds, there was one that became crucial for the further development of life. Bacteria appeared. This happened at the end of the Archean epoch, the epoch of the most ancient life. Initially, the bacteria fed on a variety of carbon compounds that accumulated in the pristine seas for millions of years. But the more bacteria there were, the more quickly these reserves were depleted. It is obvious that the bacteria needed to find a different source of food. Unable to find ready-made food in the environment, the bacteria began to produce it in their own cells, using the energy of sunlight. So the process of photosynthesis was formed. For its flow, in particular, hydrogen is needed – a gas that was released in large quantities during volcanic eruptions. As time went on, new forms of life emerged that could extract hydrogen from water. Their appearance had a decisive influence on the further development of life: by when hydrogen is absorbed into the atmosphere, the second element of water, oxygen, is released. The organisms that performed this operation were somewhat more complex in structure than bacteria. This is how the simplest plants – blue-green algae-appeared. This name is explained by the fact that they looked like close relatives of green algae growing in ponds and swamps. The chlorophyll contained in them allowed blue-green algae to use water in the process of photosynthesis. The remains of blue-green algae were found in the oldest deposits of the earth’s crust. The appearance of blue-green algae was the most important moment in the history of life on earth. The oxygen they released accumulated for hundreds of millions of years, creating The earth’s modern atmosphere, of which it makes up a significant part. The life of all living things depends on oxygen, since it is necessary for breathing. In addition, atmospheric oxygen forms a barrier, a layer of ozone that absorbs almost all of the ultraviolet part of solar radiation. The next Archean era, the Proterozoic era, lasted 2 billion years. Its name means “era of primary life”. In the Proterozoic era, single-celled organisms were formed-the simplest. The cells formed colonies as they grouped. From colonial single-celled organisms, whose cells began to perform various functions, the first multicellular organisms occurred. Some of them moved to a sedentary lifestyle and turned into sponge-like organisms. Others began to crawl, moving with the help of cilia. From them came the flatworms. Still others preserved a floating lifestyle, acquired a mouth, and gave rise to coelenterates. Life was concentrated in the seas, and the land remained lifeless. Along the banks of reservoirs, soil-forming processes began as a result of the activity of bacteria and microscopic algae. The next era in the development of the earth – the Paleozoic (era of ancient life) – began 600 million years ago. During the Paleozoic era, the organic world conquered the land. Among the animals were the first vertebrates among the plants and spore-bearing conifers. Marine fauna has developed significantly. The first mollusks, corals, and brush-finned fish appeared. With the help of brush-like fins, the brush-finned fish were able to crawl. Their swim bladder was enriched with blood vessels and served as lungs. Thus, brush-finned fish could breathe air and crawl from lagoon to lagoon in search of food. Brush-finned fish were the ancestors of all land vertebrates. The ancestors of modern sharks appeared in the oceans, and crustaceans, Scorpions, and insects of various sizes appeared in lakes. So the size of the wings of the ancient dragonflies – meganeura – reached one meter. The first reptiles appeared. The most characteristic representative of the first reptiles – edaphosaurus. It looked like a huge lizard. Edaphosaurus was a herbivorous lizard and lived near swamps. There were real predators-pelicosaurs. Among predatory reptiles, forms similar to modern wolves, hyenas, and Martens are developing. The next era of Earth’s development is the Mesozoic. This is the “middle life era”. In the Mesozoic era, the modern outlines of continents and oceans, modern marine fauna and flora were gradually formed. The first primitive bony fish appear. Powerful fins, well-developed dental apparatus, perfect shape, strong and light skeleton-all this contributed to the rapid spread of bony fish in the seas of our planet. Amphibians were represented by stegocephals – sedentary animals with a small body, small limbs and a large head. They lay in the water waiting for their prey, and when the prey approached, they grabbed it. Other amphibians went on land to hunt insects. These are mastodons. These animals, whose skulls reached one meter in length, in appearance resembled huge frogs. Reptiles during this period are characterized by a significant variety – these are thecodonts, crocodiles, and dinosaurs. The largest of the dinosaurs was Brachiosaurus, which reached a length of 26 meters and weighed about 50 tons. It had columnar legs, a small head, and a thick, long neck. Brachiosaurs lived on the shores of lakes and fed on aquatic vegetation. Every day, the Brachiosaurus needed at least half a ton of green mass. For the first time there are flying lizards-pterodactyls. The seas are home to Dolphin-like reptiles-ichthyosaurs. By the end of the Mesozoic era, sharks gradually acquire a modern appearance. Crocodiles and turtles inhabit freshwater pools. On the territory of modern Europe, there are large lizards with long spines on their backs and huge pythons. The most terrible predatory lizard was the Tyrannosaurus. It reached a length of 14 meters. It had a huge head (more than a meter in length) and large sharp teeth. The Tyrannosaurus moved on powerful hind legs, leaning on a thick tail. The step of the Tyrannosaurus was 4 meters. The Cenozoic era-the” era of new life ” following the Mesozoic, began about 67 million years ago and continues into our time. In this era, the modern terrain, climate, atmosphere, animal and plant life, and man were formed.

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Few characters in Black Hills history were ever as flamboyant, or as poetic, as John Wallace “Jack” Crawford. Crawford was born in Donegal County, Ireland, in 1847. His parents brought the family to the United States from Northern Ireland when Jack was 14, and settled in the Pennsylvania coal-mining region at Minersville. Jack’s mother, Susan Wallace Crawford, was a descendent of Sir William Wallace, the famous Scottish hero who waged war to gain Scotland’s freedom in the early 14th century. Susan’s influence and his Celtic heritage played a large part in Jack’s upbringing, and in his later life. Jack began to support his family by working in the mines when his father enlisted in the Union Army in 1861. By some accounts it was a blessing that the elder Crawford went off to war, as he was a hopeless alcoholic. As the war escalated, Jack enlisted in the Pennsylvania Regulars and headed south to fight. He was twice wounded in heavy fighting during the last days of the War, and spent a great deal of time convalescing in a hospital. It was while he was a patient that a Sister of Charity taught the young soldier to read and write. Upon returning from the war, Jack continued to support the family. Crawford married Maria Stokes in 1869, and the union was blessed with four children (Eva, Harry, May (died in 1886), and Elizabeth Esther (also called May)). He took pride in family, and often related the story of his promise to his mother–made two years after returning from the war. As she was dying, worn out from struggling with family problems caused by her husband’s alcohol addiction, Susan Crawford received a deathbed vow from her son that he would never drink liquor. Captain Jack not only kept the promise, he professed it to all that would, and would not, listen. He lived the sober life, and it became one of his trademarks in his adopted home–the American West–during the following decades.

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The idea of this activity to is to learn to care for one’s own glasses. Many of our children wear glasses and should be learning to care for them. I created this work for my classroom for our practical life area. I found most of the materials at my local Goodwill store. I felt that caring for our glasses was truly a useful and important skill for my kids and they have really enjoyed doing the work. I try to set all my work up so that the kids work from left to right (literacy skill!!) and my focus is always on the process, not the product. I think those things are important to consider and remember when working with a child. After the students have had practice with this activity, have them clean their own glasses.

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Free aztecs papers, essays, and research papers according to aztec legend, the tribe originated from aztlan, somewhere in the north of modern mexico. Abstract: the aztec civilization during its peak was the strongest civilization in the western hemisphere when the spaniards first set foot in the aztec capital. Worldview essay bibl 104 week 7 read this essay on bible 104 worldview essay aztec company sells its product for $160 per unit its actual and. This essay assignment is based on the alberta grade 8 social studies curriculum it asks students to answer the question which three elements of aztec worldview. View and download hernan cortes essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your hernan cortes essay. Sacrifice essay sacrifice dolls - 1356 words sacrifice essay the aztec - 816 words biblical worldview - 1811 words. Worldview analysis mormonism bennie we can find the ruins of the ancient aztec’s but can’t find any sign of the no plagiarism essay. Exploring worldviewsworldview summarize the definition in your own words below: elements of a worldview the collection of. Research proposal social science sample sandwich book report pdf critically evaluate social identity theory essays cv resume ancient aztec facts. Spanish/aztecs worldviews in conflict what were the key elements of the aztec worldview prior to contact with the spanish five paragraph essay. Personal worldview essay - commit your task to us and we will do our best for you #1 affordable and trustworthy academic writing service 100% non-plagiarism. Professional essay writing help available 24/7 original papers, fast turnaround and reasonable prices call us at 1-844-628-7555. How the aztec and spanish worldviews collided the worldview that had the most conflict between aztec society and spanish society is culture. How were the spanish and aztec worldviews in in what ways is spanish and aztec worldview similar can there be more than 5 paragraphs in an essay. What was ancient aztec art like what types of themes did the artists enjoy working on let's take a look at the art of the aztecs. Tlaloc - learn about this god of rain, fertility, and lightening how could the ancient aztecs appease this god. (results page 8) view and download worldview essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your worldview essay. When you think of the aztec, essays aztec, human sacrifice aztec, human sacrifice a strong sense of indebtedness was connected with this worldview indeed. What was the main effect of aztec worldview categories uncategorized thesis paper,essay, dissertation or other products of the company without proper reference. The aztec religion is the mesoamerican aztec cosmology divides the world into thirteen this worldview is best described in the myth of the five. Free essay: worldview analysis mormonism bennie w baker apol 500 september 30, 2012 table of contents introduction 2 summary 2 critique 3. Abstract thesis master the aztecs homework help do my c what was the main effect of aztec worldview and find homework help for buy essay online - best in. The spanish victory over the aztec empire was a victory against all numerical odds there were many factors that contributed to the remarkable. Aztec dbq essay paper will highlight the common building methods and purposes of the aztecs and how those structures represented the aztec worldview. Aeon is a registered charity committed to the spread of knowledge and a cosmopolitan worldview syndicate this essay aztec, 1524-1600. Spanish worldview powerpoint worldviews in conflict ppt cracking-the-codex ppt aztec codex assignment codex topics grade 8 aztec essay aztec. Aztec civilization was built around corn cultivation comments: aztecs vs mayans anonymous comments (3) may 21, 2014, 3:37pm this helped me alot.

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BACK TO THE BEGINNING: THE LEFT HAND DITCH SYSTEM by Suzanne Webel I've heard the oldtimers' stories about water over and over again, but only recently have I begun to understand their significance. I know it will take a lifetime of listening and learning to really appreciate the magnitude of what the early settlers accomplished. The Left Hand Ditch got its start in a pretty colorful way. In 1860, farmers of the Left Hand Area filed to protect their ditch rights, which they incorporated into the Left Hand Ditch Company a few years later. The time from 1860 to 1867 was an exceptionally dry period, and the ditches sometimes went dry. At one point a handful of local farmers went up into the mountains to determine the problem. They found both the Left Hand and "Jim" (James) Creeks to be dry, but there appeared to be plenty of water in Isabelle and Brainard Lakes, which drained northward into the St. Vrain Creek. So they started speculating about how to divert water southward into the Left Hand watershed to help their farms below. Several historical reports refer to an "Indian Jack" who showed them where they could get some water out of the St. Vrain Creek by digging a short ditch over a small ridge just west of what is now the Peak-to-Peak Highway north of Ward (1). A group of settlers including James and Samuel Arbuthnot, Jerome Gould, and N.M. Henry, went back up with a team of horses, plowed the ditch and built a berm, and filed water rights on it. Reports also refer to the group having filed mining claims in the area around Jamestown and using some of the diverted water to sluice gold from the stream gravel. Of course, the farmers in the neighboring St. Vrain Valley woke up the next day and wondered what had happened to their water. George Coffin, whose family had held a junior right to divert water from the St. Vrain Creek east of Longmont since 1861, watched his corn shrivel in the summer heat. In a rage, he and several of his neighbors went upstream until they came to the new diversion and blew it up. The Left Hand people rebuilt it immediately and "sat on it with a rifle this time" (2). After several of these encounters, in which gunplay seemed imminent, litigation was suggested as a better means of settling the argument. The state supreme court, in a ruling which became the basis for all water rights in the western states, found in favor of the Left Hand Ditch company. Even though the water they diverted came from another watershed entirely, it had been unappropriated and did not harm senior water rights in the basin it had come from (remember the Big Thompson project- it diverts water here all the way from the Western Slope!). This landmark decision, known as "Coffin vs. Left Hand," enabled the irrigation of approximately 20,000 acres of valley land around Table Mountain, whereas only about 200 acres would have been irrigable from the creek originally. To this day, decisions can be made by the Left Hand Ditch Company whether to spill water north into the St. Vrain Valley or south into the Left Hand Valley. The Left Hand Ditch system today owns five reservoirs: Isabelle, Left Hand Park Reservoir, Gold Lake in the mountains, Allens Lake located west of Foothills Highway at Lake of the Pines, and Left Hand Valley Reservoir located east of Foothills at Neva Road. In addition to the main Left Hand Ditch, there are thirteen subsidiary ditches in the Table Mountain area: Lake, Tollgate, Haldi, Crocker, Table Mountain, Bader, Johnson, Star, Hinman, Holland, Budd and Hornbaker, Williamson, and Busch (3). In 1995, which was a very wet year, some 40,000 acre feet of water went through the recording device but only about 14,000 were used; in a more typical year, the average amount of water used by the system is between 20,000 and 22,000 acre feet (1). The Left Hand Ditch Company system is unusual among county irrigation companies because it has never been under the jurisdiction of the State Water Commission. Also its system is unique in that the shareholders are allowed equal priority for water use; each shareholder is guaranteed equal access to the water flowing in the ditch (2). The Ditch Company is run by a Board of Directors and makes an annual report to shareholders in February. As I struggle with making my miniscule portion of the Left Hand Ditch system go where I want it to, I reflect humbly on the pioneers and the immensity of the challenges they faced. Through their hard work and occasional flashes of brilliance, they laid a solid foundation from which we all still benefit daily. (1) Ochs, S. Alice, 1996. Water: Basis for Success... Left Hand Ditch Company History, the First 130 Years. (2) Dyni, Anne, 1989. Pioneer Voices of the Boulder Valley... An Oral History. (3) Dayhoff, Judy Gould, 1999. Left Hand Ditch Company. Footnote: The former Coffin farm is the keystone of what is now the City of Longmont's new showplace, Sandstone Ranch Park.

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Throughout human history, sports have fulfilled a fundamental human need. They offer influential representations of communities and individuals. They also help individuals to develop life skills. Sports can also contribute to the formation of national identity. Sports were initially developed to provide a competitive physical challenge. They evolved into organized games that replaced traditional pastimes. These new games were invented according to specifications. As the 20th century dawned, sports underwent social and spatial diffusion. The emergence of cosmopolitan cultures and a global economy changed the nature of sports. Nations were grouped into core and peripheral blocs based on politics, culture, and economics. Sports were a popular way for outsider groups to construct a national identity. For example, the 19th century Slavic gymnastics movement, the Sokol, was a prominent example. The gymnastic clubs were also involved in the struggle for independence from Austria. Athletes trained systematically to maximize physical capacity. The sport was often a social activity for young people. They socialized with other athletes and learned desirable behaviors. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, state-sponsored elite sports in eastern Europe were severely diminished. Western European nations began to emulate their eastern European athletic rivals. These nations began building large training centres for elite athletes and subsidized them. The advent of modern sports began in the late seventeenth century in England. The concept of a sports record was first developed in England. Sports have become increasingly marketed as signs of distinction, prestige, and power. They have also contributed to the development of liberal nationalist political struggles.

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Diarrhea is not a digestive illness in itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying illness. It usually involves the sudden and frequent passing of watery stools. Diarrhea can cause a significant loss of fluids and electrolytes (eg sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium), sometimes associated with dehydration. It may be accompanied by abdominal and perianal pain, gas, cramps, incontinence, weakness, nausea, vomiting and fever. Diarrhea can be acute or chronic, depending on how long it lasts. Acute diarrhea lasts less than a week and its most common causes include viral, parasitic or bacterial infections (eg gastroenteritis) and food poisoning. Chronic diarrhea lasts more than four weeks and its most common causes include irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease. There are four classes of diarrhea, depending on their cause: Osmotic diarrhea results from the consumption of substances that are poorly or not absorbable. When these substances are present in excess in the intestine, they retain water, which leads to the evacuation of watery stools. Some causes of osmotic diarrhea include carbohydrate malabsorption (e.g. lactose intolerance), excessive consumption of poorly absorbable carbohydrates (e.g. fructose), magnesium (e.g. laxatives, antacids), and laxatives containing the elements. poorly absorbable (eg: phosphate). Finally, osmotic diarrhea ceases with fasting or avoiding the offending substance (s). Secretory diarrhea is characterized by the excessive secretion of water and electrolytes from the intestine. The causes of secretory diarrhea include bacterial agents (e.g .:E. coli), bile acid malabsorption (eg: in case of intestinal resection), malabsorption of long chain fatty acids (eg: steatorrhea), certain laxatives (eg: castor oil), a hormonal disorder and chronic alcohol ingestion. This class of diarrhea continues despite fasting. Exudative / inflammatory diarrhea Leaky or inflammatory diarrhea is secondary to various factors that can affect the intestinal lining, such as Crohn's disease, viral infections, parasites, or radiation therapy. The secretion of plasma, serum proteins, mucus and blood from the intestine increases the bulk and fluid content of the stool, causing diarrhea. Diarrhea due to accelerated transit Diarrhea caused by accelerated transit results from the reduction in contact time between digesting food and the absorption surface of the intestine. Decreasing the contact time reduces the amount of fluids absorbed from the intestine, leading to diarrhea. Accelerated gastric emptying can be caused by a number of factors, such as irritable bowel syndrome, resection of part of the intestine, and certain medications. The nutritional treatment of diarrhea in adults aims to correct water loss and restore electrolyte balance, to find and eliminate, if possible, the cause of diarrhea, to prevent recurrence and to prevent and correct nutritional disorders and weight loss in chronic diarrhea. In general, the correction of hydration and the reestablishment of electrolyte balance is done using a rehydration solution, whose composition (water, carbohydrates, electrolytes) and the route of administration (e.g .: oral or intravenous) depend on the individual's state of hydration (eg: mildly versus severely dehydrated). Then, the dietary recommendations depend on the type of diarrhea (acute or chronic), its classification (eg: osmotic, secretory, inflammatory) and the underlying disease at its origin (eg: Crohn's disease, L's syndrome. irritable bowel, celiac disease, etc.). For example, for acute diarrhea occurring as part of gastroenteritis, dietary recommendations may include: - Start with a fiber-restricted diet and gradually progress to a normal diet - Eat several small meals a day - Pay attention to lactose consumption (secondary lactase deficiency is possible) - Observe a diet without excess of concentrated sugars (e.g. polyols, fructose, sucrose) - Consume probiotics, especially if gastroenteritis is caused by bacteria, such as hard, or following antibiotic treatment. Finally, it is possible that the frequency of bowel movements continues to increase during treatment and it may take a few days before the stools return to their normal appearance. For chronic diarrhea, dietary recommendations are more extensive depending on the underlying disease (eg irritable bowel syndrome or celiac disease). Finally, in order to obtain recommendations tailored to your specific needs, do not hesitate to consult a healthcare professional who will be able to individualize his treatment to your particular case. - Bouthillier, Lise. January 2019. Diseases of the digestive tract. NUT 2047 Clinical nutrition 2. Montreal: University of Montreal.al. -https://www.merckmanuals.com/fr-ca/professional/troubles-gastro-intestinaux/sympt%C3%B4mes-des-troubles-gastro-intestinaux/diarrh%C3%A9equery=Diarrh%C3%A9e%20chez% 20l% E2% 80% 99 adulte - https://www.merckmanuals.com/fr-ca/accueil/troubles-digestifs/sympt%C3%B4mes-des-troubles-digestifs/diarrh%C3%A9e-chez-l-adultequery=Diarrh%C3%A9e ##

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Stormsaver’s Lisa Farnsworth explains how rainwater harvesting systems can help self-builders save water and reduce household running costs For those choosing to self-build, rainwater harvesting systems are becoming a popular solution to be kinder to the planet and reduce household water bills. While historically, solar and wind power solutions have been prominent, the water shortages are now taking centre stage in the UK. It is becoming apparent that despite having had short periods of heavy rainfall, we have to plan to reduce the strain on the mains water supply for the long-term future. UK policies need changing to include rainwater harvesting systems in new builds which would see our country following in the footsteps of other countries such as Germany, Australia and India, where rainwater harvesting is commonplace and often mandatory. Already, the Welsh Government and Greater London Authority are taking steps towards this. Rainwater harvesting systems are becoming a popular solution to water shortages and greener environmental policies. Recycling rainwater is a proven method of reducing water bills in an eco-friendly way that promotes sustainability, and reduces the strain on reservoirs and other water sources. It is more important than ever to capture and reuse rainwater where possible. With hosepipe bans and inconsistent weather, water shortages are becoming daily news. Recent heavy rainfall will not have any immediate or long-term impact on our water shortage issues however, and collecting this locally is a common sense solution. It is imperative that we work together to utilise alternative sources of water that will help to preserve our planet. We can no longer take our water supply for granted. How they work Rainwater harvesting systems can be used by practically every household. A storage tank is installed (usually underground) and a multi-stage filtration system is used to clean rainwater for toilet flushing, irrigation, laundry and vehicle washing. Mains water consumption for domestic properties is reduced by up to 50 per cent. Installing such a system is also not as expensive as people often think; a basic residential system starts from around £2,000 and commercial systems can see a payback of less than five years. Rainwater harvesting works by collecting rain from roofs and filtering out leaves and debris before storing the water in the main storage tank. The water is then pumped into the property to be used for non-potable applications such as flushing WCs and toilets or supplying soft water to washing machines and external taps. There is also an overflow system so in heavy rainfall the excess water can be discharged into main drains. Systems come with a small control unit which is simple to install in a utility room or garage so you can easily switch to mains water when required and vice versa. Specific systems themselves can be even more eco-friendly – traditionally a rainwater harvesting system uses a 900 W pump but there are systems available that use a 90 W pump, drastically reducing energy use and in turn, carbon emissions. Harvesting planning benefits When obtaining planning permission for developments and self-builds, the inclusion of eco-friendly elements can help influence planning officers at local councils. Rainwater harvesting systems are often viewed favourably when decision makers are considering the effect of a new property, as they reduce the impact on local resources. Systems working in harmony with day-to-day living For most people, installing a rainwater harvesting system will completely transform the way they use water without them noticing any difference from using mains water. In an environment where consumers are worried about escalating utility bills as the cost of living increases, rainwater harvesting offers an effective solution. The investment in a system also future proofs the property against further increased expenditure – if utility costs continue to rise, homeowners need not worry as they have their own sustainable resource. The collected rainwater itself also offers financial advantages to homeowners. Rainwater is softer and kinder to washing machines and clothes than mains water. This in turn will allow a reduction in limescale damage, meaning the washing machine will have a longer life – another added bonus. Another benefit of the water being less harsh on clothing is that it reduces the need for fabric softener, which again means money saving for homeowners and even, in the long-term, less lorry miles for detergent producers – another reduced environmental impact. Although these may seem like small or somewhat insignificant details, savings will add up over time. For those choosing to self-build, installing a rainwater harvesting system can prove an integral part of constructing a low cost and sustainable property. In times of water shortages and drought it is important that everybody plays their role in conserving water as our water supply can no longer be taken for granted. There are proven products on the market that are proven sustainable solutions and should be considered in all self-build projects. Lisa Farnsworth is managing director at Stormsaver

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This article was originally published on March 19, 2018, on the Keshet Blog at MyJewishLearning.com. The full article can be found on their website here. Q: We are taught to ask questions at the Passover seder. We are not instructed to give answers because answers aren’t the essential part of the seder experience. It’s the asking of questions that is most important. The four children ask a variety of questions that represent their identities and relationship with supposed societal norms. The second Q in LGBTQQIAA stands for questioning, when someone questions their sexual orientation, gender identity, or isn’t sure how to label themselves. The four children represent the wide spectrum of gender identity and understands that we do not live in a binary gender system. The Haggadah refers to four children: the chacham, the rasha, the tam, and the She’Ano Yode’a Lishol, often referred to as the Wise One, the Wicked One, the Simple One, and the One who Doesn’t Know How to Ask. However, these labels couldn’t be further from the truth. These labels represent that which is expected of them, or the societal stereotypes put on them. If we look at the four children as a way to gain insight and come to understand the fluidity of gender, these labels are placed on these children by a binary gender normative society. These labels don’t reflect truly who these children are. Rather, they reflect how society has forced them to conform for too long. What does the Chacham ask? “What are the testimonials, statues, and laws God commanded you?” You should tell this child about the laws of Passover, that one may not eat dessert after eating the Passover offering. The supposed ‘Wise One’ is hardly smart. This child simply accepts societal norms. The Wise One was taught not to question, but rather only to do what was told. The Wise One fits into a set system and falls into the stereotypes of this system. The Wise One is certainly cisgender — someone whose identity conforms with the gender associated with their biological sex – but also is only able to see and understand a gender binary system. This child isn’t wise at all; wisdom is misconstrued here as “conventional wisdom.” This child is not interested in pushing societal norms. Unfortunately, it’s these supposed “wise” children that are responsible for promoting transphobia. They are the ones who should be labeled “wicked.” What does the Rasha say? “What does this mean to you?” To you and not to the child. Since this child chooses to be excluded from the community, this child has denied a basic principle of Judaism. You should blunt the child’s teeth and say: “It is for the sake of this that God did for me when I left Egypt. For me and not for you. If you were there, you would not have been redeemed.” Wicked is not a fair definition of this child. We tend to think of those who are inexplicably evil as wicked: murderers, terrorists, dictators, etc. There is nothing that this child does that is evil. Yet our tradition uses this label because the child questions societal norms. The supposed ‘Wicked One’ does so in hopes of finding purpose. This child doesn’t settle for societal parameters or stereotypes. Instead, this child challenges norms, to find meaning to accept one’s true self. This child is far from wicked. Maybe that is how Judaism traditionally referred to this child. But, this child is simply transgender or gender non-binary — someone whose gender expression or gender identity differs from the sex one was assigned at birth, someone whose identity is different from the stereotypes of society. This child though doesn’t deserve to be labeled or discriminated. This child must be loved, just like every other child. What does the tam say? “What’s this?” You should say to the child, “With a strong hand God took me out of Egypt, from the house of servitude.” The supposed ‘Simple One’ has been taught something their whole lives and only now has been exposed to something else. The Simple One never knew about the diversity of the gender spectrum. It is our job to offer a simple explanation to a simple question; to educate the Simple One by teaching our children about the gender spectrum. A study from the Medical University of Vienna reveals that there is a neurological distinction between gender identity and biological sex. This scientific study is the basis of what we should teach our children – that we don’t live in a binary gender system, that gender is fluid. And the She’Ano Yode’a Lishol, you begin, as the Torah says, “And you should tell your child on that day, saying ‘It is because of what God did for me when I went out of Egypt.’” The child who is silent is not silent out of ignorance. This child is silent out of fear. This child grew up in a society that taught that one cannot challenge the binary gender system, that one’s gender identity must be related to their biological sex. However, silence is scary. A study by the Williams Institute reveals that 41% of transgender youth have attempted suicide, compared to 4.6% of the overall population of this country. But a study out of the University of Washington suggests that transgender youth that are supported and loved by their families, teachers, friends, and clergy are no more anxious or depressed than any other child their age. This study reveals that love and acceptance saves lives. This child is silent because this child remains in the closet. The child is closeted because of fear of exclusion or rejection by community. We must respond to this child’s silence by simply showing this child love and support, and honoring who they are, made in God’s image. At our seder tables, on a holiday that celebrates freedom, we still declare: This year we are still slaves. Next year, may we be free people. This year, despite progress that we as a society and as a Jewish community have made, transphobia, homophobia, hate, and bigotry still exist. May we continue to build inclusive communities so that next year, we can celebrate the uniqueness of all of us. Action item at the Seder: Go around the table and ask each person what their preferred gender pronouns are. To ensure that all around the Seder table feel welcome, make sure that you refer to them in a way that corresponds to their gender identity.

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Mathematics Grade 5 Strand: GEOMETRY (5.G) Graph points on the coordinate plane to solve real-world and mathematical problems in quadrant one (Standards 5.G.1–2) . Classify two-dimensional figures into categories based on their properties. (Standards 5.G.3–4) Represent real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane, and interpret coordinate values of points in the context of the situation. Cartesian Coordinate System This lesson is designed to help students understand the Cartesian plane, specifically how to plot points, read coordinates and find the ratio of the rise over run for slope. Geometry - Fifth Grade Core Guide The Utah State Board of Education (USBE) and educators around the state of Utah developed these guides for Fifth Grade Mathematics - Geometry (5.G) Grade 5 Mathematics Module 6: Problem Solving with the Coordinate Plane (EngageNY) In this 40-day module, students develop a coordinate system for the first quadrant of the coordinate plane and use it to solve problems. Students use the familiar number line as an introduction to the idea of a coordinate, and they construct two perpendicular number lines to create a coordinate system on the plane. Students see that just as points on the line can be located by their distance from 0, the planes coordinate system can be used to locate and plot points using two coordinates. They then use the coordinate system to explore relationships between points, ordered pairs, patterns, lines and, more abstractly, the rules that generate them. This study culminates in an exploration of the coordinate plane in real world applications. Graphing Points on a Coordinate Plane: Harry's Feet Compete This Cyberchase video follows Harry as he decides to get fit and establish a workout program. He charts his progress on a graph. The classroom activity consists of a ball-balancing game in which students graph their attempts. NOTE: You have to create a Free PBS Account to view this web page, but it is easy to do and worth the effort. Hoop Dream: Use a Diagram to Solve Real-World Math Problems Students learn about creating diagrams and plotting points on a plane by watching these short videos about kids playing a game involving making baskets. They then play a game where they plot points on a plane. NOTE: You have to create a Free PBS Account to view this web page, but it is easy to do and worth the effort. Horizontal and Vertical Distances on the Cartesian Graph In this activity students place marine animals on a Cartesian graph and then determine the horizontal and vertical distance between them. The classroom activity builds on the student's understanding of distances between points on a Cartesian graph. NOTE: You have to create a Free PBS Account to view this web page, but it is easy to do and worth the effort. IXL Game: Graph points on a coordinate plane This game is designed to help fifth graders learn to graph points on a coordinate plane. This is just one of many online games that supports the Utah Math core. Note: The IXL site requires subscription for unlimited use. Locating Points on the Cartesian Graph In this activity students use logic and clues to plot the location of marine animals on a Cartesian graph. NOTE: You have to create a Free PBS Account to view this web page, but it is easy to do and worth the effort. In this applet students move a robot through a mine field by using coordinates on the Cartesian Plane in order to remove the land mines. Meerkat Coordinate Plane Task The purpose of this task is for students to answer questions about a problem situation by drawing and interpreting the meaning of points that are in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane. Simple Maze Game By specifying coordinates on a Cartesian plane, students will practice point plotting skills in this game where they move a robot through a mine field. The applet in this lesson plan allows the student to plot ordered pairs and understand functions. http://www.uen.org - in partnership with Utah State Board of Education (USBE) and Utah System of Higher Education (USHE). Send questions or comments to USBE Specialist - and see the Mathematics - Elementary website. For general questions about Utah's Core Standards contact the Director - Jennifer Throndsen . These materials have been produced by and for the teachers of the State of Utah. Copies of these materials may be freely reproduced for teacher and classroom use. When distributing these materials, credit should be given to Utah State Board of Education. These materials may not be published, in whole or part, or in any other format, without the written permission of the Utah State Board of Education, 250 East 500 South, PO Box 144200, Salt Lake City, Utah

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Top 03 Foods with Vitamin A and Their Benefits Vitamin A can be referred as a group of compounds seen in both plant and animal foods. It comes in two forms: provitamin A carotenoids and preformed vitamin A. Preformed vitamin A is the active form of the vitamin, which can be readily used by the body. It is soluble in fat and located in animal foods, such as eggs and liver, and contains retinoid compounds such as retinoid acid, retinol, and retinal. Vitamin A helps to lower the occurrence and intensity of infectious diseases. Over the past, several decades of research studies have demonstrated the benefits of vitamin A on diseases. The correlation between diseases and Vitamin deficiency was first established in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians applied extracts from liver to the eyes of persons affected by night blindness due to poor nutrition. It was suggested in 1892 that dieting may impact on susceptibility to diseases. This was based on an observation that children suffering from whooping cough or measles also developed blindness caused by a deficiency in vitamin A. Further studies revealed that supplements containing carrots could lower the figures and intensity of respiratory diseases. More studies in recent times have revealed that deficiency of vitamin A causes increased incidence of respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, HIV, etc. Studies also revealed that a high dosage of vitamin A supplements in kids infected with measles heightened the number of immune cells known as circulating T cells. It was also revealed that vitamin A supplements could lower respiratory infections in infants. Vitamin A can be gotten from the following sources: - Sweet potato Other Foods with Vitamin A sources include: - Dark green, leafy vegetables - Winter squash - Red bell peppers Vitamin A is soluble in fat; it is good for healthy sight, bones, skin, and other tissues in the body. It sometimes helps to fight cell damage and functions as an antioxidant. Scientists have done studies concerning the effect of dietary vitamin A on the health of humans for the past several decades. It has been established that vitamin A is a vital nutrient responsible for a lot of important functions in the body. These include: - Lowers the risk of some cancers. - Protection of the eyes from age-related decline and night blindness. - Reducing the risk of skin problems like acne and eczema. - Providing for a stronger immune system. - Promoting healthy growth and reproduction. - Providing support for bone health and good healthy life. Vitamin A has wide-reaching immune functions: - Regulation of immune response - It regulates and promotes both the adaptive and innate immune systems and the development of immune responses of a healthy nature. - Vitamin A plays a major role in regulating different white blood cells (monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells,) It also influences the immune cells to generate cytokines. Sources of Dietary Vitamin A: - Pastured animal liver - From animals (preformed vitamin A) - Cod liver oil - Pastured poultry giblets - Grass-fed cream and cheese - Grass-fed ghee and butter - Sockeye salmon - Pastured egg yolks - From plants

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You already know that referencing is important – it not only gives credit to the original creator of a work you have used but also helps to highlight your skills as a researcher; showing that you have read around your topic, found relevant information, applied it to your arguments and used it to develop your own ideas. However, when it comes to referencing, all of those punctuation rules, different styles and the vast array of document formats can seem overwhelming. Happily, we’ve got a great resource to help you work out your references in three easy steps! Cite Them Right: ‘Cite Them Right’ is a fantastic referencing guide that provides clear instructions and examples for how to reference a wide range of documents including books, journals, websites and audio-visual materials. Available as both a physical textbook and an online tool, ‘Cite Them Right’ helps you to format your references correctly using Harvard, American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA), Modern Languages Association (MLA), Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA), Vancouver or Chicago referencing styles. (Remember to always use the referencing style recommended by your school.) Three steps to an accurate reference: - Search for the type of document you want to reference on Cite Them Right online using the search box at the top right of the screen or by browsing the drop down menus at the top of the page. - Select the referencing style you need from the drop down menu at the top of the page. This defaults to Harvard (author-date). - Follow the example references given, copying the format to create your own reference in the ‘You Try’ box. Why not have a go and create a reference for this blog post! If you need some more advice on how to reference, take a look at our video from the Library’s Managing Information guide:

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The American Independent Party is a paleoconservative U.S. political party that was founded in 1967 in California by Elieen and Bill Shearer, in part to support the presidential campaign of George C. Wallace. Paleoconservatism is typically characterized as a right-wing political philosophy with anti-imperialist and anti-communist tendencies and an emphasis on Christian and western European identity. The Shearers believed that a new political party was needed because the leaders of the mainstream Democratic and Republican parties had disregarded the vision of the founding fathers' by contributing to a large and powerful federal government, levying excessive taxes, and engaging in diplomatic policy that did not protect the country's interests. The American Independent Party is represented by a blue eagle clutching a banner with the party name in its talons superimposed over a compass rose. The political platform of the party emphasizes the importance of the Christian faith and the desire for a small and less powerful federal government. Party members believe God to be the ultimate authority, that He granted man the inalienable rights described in the Declaration of Independence, and also that He imposed a series of duties on mankind. Gay marriage, abortion rights, liberalism are rejected, while limited federal government and taxation, gun rights, and strict border control are promoted. The party asserts that all politicians and all governments should embrace the Christian faith because they are servants of God who work for the good of the citizenry. George C. Wallace was nominated as the American Independent Party's presidential candidate with Curtis E LeMay for vice president in 1968. Wallace was the governor of Alabama known for his populist and pro-segregation political stance. The party was able to achieve ballot status in California after a lengthy and intense registration drive and a series of rallies held by Wallace throughout the state. The ticket won approximately 7% of the vote in California and around 13% nationwide in 1968. Wallace was the party's presidential nominee in 1972 as well, but an assassination attempt left him paralyzed, and he played no further role in the party. The American Independent Party has fractured into different but related parties since its founding in the late 1960s. The initial split occurred in 1976, when the more moderate American Party broke off, and it has generally attracted the support of northern conservatives. Party founder Bill Shearer joined with the Populist Party in the early 1980s,and later the Constitution Party, which he chaired from 1996 to 1999. The party suffered a major schism over U.S. foreign policy and the influence of the Constitution Party during the 2008 presidential campaign with one faction supporting chairman Jim King and the other chairman Ed Noonan. Noonan's supporters left to form America's Independent Party.

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This preview shows page 1. Sign up to view the full content. Unformatted text preview: is to consider the demand curve that each firm faces. When we analyzed profit maximization by competitive firms in Chapter 14, we drew the market price as a horizontal line. Because a competitive firm can sell as much or as little as it wants at this price, the competitive firm faces a horizontal demand curve, as in panel (a) of Figure 15-2. In effect, because the competitive firm sells a product with many Quantity of Output Demand (a) A Competitive Firms Demand Curve (b) A Monopolists Demand Curve Price Quantity of Output Price Demand Figure 15-2 D EMAND C URVES FOR C OMPETITIVE AND M ONOPOLY F IRMS . Because competitive firms are price takers, they in effect face horizontal demand curves, as in panel (a). Because a monopoly firm is the sole producer in its market, it faces the downward-sloping market demand curve, as in panel (b). As a result, the monopoly has to accept a lower price if it wants to sell more output.... View Full Document - Spring '10

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Litigation and Appeals Created by FindLaw's team of legal writers and editors | Last reviewed February 22, 2023 Litigation is the act of bringing a case to court to settle a dispute. The term describes the actual legal process where parties argue their case against each other in our court system. Parties in a case involved are called litigants. Each party assembles its argument supported by findings and facts. Litigants, usually called plaintiff and defendant, utilize the discovery process and other court procedures to build their case before trying it in front of a judge or jury.More You Don’t Have To Solve This on Your Own – Get a Lawyer’s Help Meeting with a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to best protect your rights. Visit our attorney directory to find a lawyer near you who can help.

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Charlie Chaplin was one of the most iconic figures in early cinema. His character “The Tramp” captivated audiences with his charming haplessness and comedic antics. But what exactly made Chaplin so beloved worldwide? Here’s an in-depth look at why Chaplin struck a chord with people across countries and generations. His Comedic Brilliance and Universality Chaplin had an extraordinary talent for physical comedy and comic timing. His Tramp character embodied the classic underdog – downtrodden and destitute, yet maintaining an optimism and playful spirit. Chaplin conveyed this through masterful body language and facial expressions. Even without dialogue, he could make audiences laugh and empathize deeply. Crucially, Chaplin’s comedy transcended language and cultural barriers. Slapstick routines involving everyday objects like hats or canes translated seamlessly across countries. The Tramp’s struggles with poverty, police, and authority figures paralleled those faced by working-class audiences worldwide. This universality made Chaplin beloved by diverse viewers. Key Examples of His Comedic Genius - The iconic eating shoe scene in The Gold Rush, demonstrating Chaplin’s ability to generate humor from mundane objects - His satirical take on industrialization in Modern Times, using clever gags involving machinery and automation - The brilliant mirror pantomime scene in The Floorwalker, showcasing Chaplin’s talent for physical humor and imitation Chaplin’s comedy balanced playfulness, social commentary, and sheer virtuosic technique – a potent combination that resonated globally. His Humanism and Pathos While uproariously funny, Chaplin’s films also contained great heart and poignancy. The Tramp character maintained his optimism and dignity despite frequent indignities and setbacks. This generated a strong sense of sympathy from audiences. Chaplin excelled at emotive performances that punctured his comic antics. Moments of tragedy, romance, or kindness revealed the humanity beneath the Tramp’s hapless exterior. And Chaplin harnessed the medium of film itself to generate pathos, with techniques like close-ups capturing telling facial expressions. This depth of character and compassion evoked strong audience emotional investment in the Tramp’s journey. Chaplin moved viewers not just to laughter, but to tears – creating an exceptionally resonant cinematic experience. Scenes Highlighting Chaplin’s Pathos - The ending of City Lights, when a formerly blind flower girl recognizes the Tramp’s voice - The sequence in The Kid when authorities try separating the Tramp from an orphaned boy he adopted - Moments in The Circus showcasing the Tramp’s loneliness and unrequited love for a circus performer Chaplin’s ability to stir such poignancy left an indelible impact on viewers. His Immense Cultural Influence At the height of his popularity, Chaplin was arguably the most recognizable person in the world. His character, attire, and mustached image were instantly familiar across societies. This enormous fame stemmed from both his sheer comedic virtuosity and how he resonated with working-class experiences worldwide. Chaplin influenced everything from fashion to political movements. He introduced elements of pathos and social commentary to film comedy, paving the way for later auteurs. Entire comedic subgenres can trace their roots to Chaplin’s work. He proved that slapstick could be deeply humane and insightful, with effects still felt in modern comedy. Beyond cinema, Chaplin inspired visual artists like Pablo Picasso. His Figure brings iconic images of the Tramp into abstracted cubist renderings. Meanwhile, Chaplin’s music compositions for his films proved sophisticated and enduringly popular. Clearly, his impact stretched across mediums and cultures. Examples of His Cultural Reach - The bowler hat and cane from his Tramp costume became ubiquitous globally - He was admired by public figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Winston Churchill - Silent comedians from Buster Keaton to Mr. Bean acknowledge inspiration from Chaplin - German philosopher Walter Benjamin wrote extensively about Chaplin’s cinematic technique This enormous cultural footprint cemented Chaplin as an early icon of 20th century pop art with few equals. His Vision and Filmmaking Artistry While best known as a performer, Chaplin was very much an auteur with a bold creative vision. He wrote, directed, produced, and composed music for most of his films – retaining an unprecedented level of control over his work. Technically, Chaplin was a true innovator who pioneered many filmmaking methods. For instance, he devised unique systems for lighting his sets to achieve desired atmospheric effects. He also redefined filming and editing comic stunts to heighten slapstick humor. Chaplin constantly refined his cinematic style, adopting more narratively complex and socially conscious themes over time. Films like The Great Dictator took on relevant political issues, established Chaplin as a significant artist beyond just comedy. He demonstrated that slapstick films could be visually sophisticated and layered with meaning. Examples of His Pioneering Techniques - Low-key lighting in Easy Street to generate a sinister mood and atmosphere - Fast cutting on action scenes in The Adventurer to increase comic timing and surprise - Powerful close-ups in The Kid to drive emotional moments - Seamless combination of comedy, drama, and social issues in Modern Times Chaplin’s uniquely holistic filmmaking talents placed him among the early masters of the medium. His Underdog Persona On a personal level, Chaplin’s own underdog story and persona resonated with the public. Born into poverty in London, he overcame destitution and hardship as a child performer to become a global sensation. This narrative aligns with the optimistic spirit and scrappiness of his Tramp character. Chaplin drew from memories of his difficult youth in shaping the Tramp’s mannerisms and worldview. He movingly portrayed the dignity of the destitute and downtrodden because he genuinely knew and related to their struggles. This lent the Tramp an authenticity that humanized him for viewers worldwide, whatever their background. Finally, Chaplin maintained a humble, unpretentious public image despite his massive success. This further endeared him as an underdog made good – a relatable symbol of perseverance over adversity through humor. Key Facts About His Underdog Origins - Born in 1889 to struggling music hall entertainers in south London - Sent to a workhouse as a child when his mother was institutionalized - First performed publicly at age 5; joined performance troupe at 10 - Discovered aged 19 by film executive Mack Sennett, launching his movie career Chaplin never forgot his humble roots, keeping the underdog spirit at the core of his work. Conclusion: An Unrivaled Legacy Charlie Chaplin’s unique blend of comedic genius, humanism, and all-around filmmaking artistry made him wildly popular both during his lifetime and for decades after. He single-handedly elevated the slapstick genre into a new form of comedic storytelling that could entertain, move, and resonate meaningfully with global audiences. Chaplin also demonstrated how comedy could be leveraged for social commentary and to reflect contemporary issues in a lighthearted yet insightful manner. His tireless creativity and innovation as an early film pioneer inspired generations and shaped the medium’s development. While many remember him as the definitive Tramp character, Chaplin was much more – a true auteur, cultural icon, and master of emotive cinematic storytelling. His rags-to-riches underdog narrative only further fueled his mythic status. For all these reasons, Chaplin remains beloved worldwide as a monumental figure in cinema history. Frequently Asked Questions Who was Charlie Chaplin? Charlie Chaplin was an English comedic actor who rose to global fame in the silent film era. He created the iconic character of “The Tramp” and starred in over 80 shorts and features. Chaplin is considered a founding pioneer of the film industry. Why was The Tramp so beloved? The Tramp combined hilarious physical comedy with emotional depth and humanity. His optimism despite poverty resonated with working-class audiences. The universal language of slapstick and Chaplin’s pathos made the character beloved worldwide. What made Chaplin such a great filmmaker? Chaplin’s technical innovations advanced film comedy and dramatic storytelling. He controlled all aspects of his films, pioneering new techniques from lighting to stunt work. His holistic vision and style created comedic masterpieces. How did Chaplin influence culture beyond cinema? Chaplin’s iconic image inspired artists worldwide. Elements of his Tramp costume became pop culture symbols. He also demonstrated film’s potential for social commentary, paving the way for later artist-directors. Why did Chaplin’s own backstory appeal to the public? Chaplin’s rise from destitute childhood to stardom mirrored the Tramp’s narrative. His humble origins and underdog persona made him relatable, despite his massive success.

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- The regression equation is the line that best fits a set of data as determined by having the least squared error. The slope shows the amount of change in Y for a one-unit increase in X. - After conducting a hypothesis test and the slope of the regression equation is nonzero, you can then conclude that your predictor variable, X, causes Y. The question aims to find the correct statements about regression with one predictor variable, which is also commonly referred to as Simple Regression. Simple Regression is a statistical tool used to determine the relationship between one dependent and one independent variable based on the given observations. The linear regression model can be expressed as the following equation: A simple regression model particularly refers to the modeling between only one dependent and independent variable given in the dataset. If there is more than one independent variable involved, it becomes the Multiple Linear Regression Model. Multiple linear regression is a method for predicting values that are dependent on more than one independent variable. Let’s analyze all the statements individually in order to determine the correct option. Option 1 is correct because in linear regression, the given dataset is modeled using a regression equation. This gives the average line where the majority of data value lies that is stated in the option as the line that best fits a set of data. The most important feature of any equation is the slope, which tells how much $Y$ changes for every unit change in $X$ (or vice versa). It can be found by dividing both variables. It gives the rate of change of $Y$ per unit $X$, and that means choice 2 is also correct. Option 3 is incorrect as the relationship between dependent and independent variables does not indicate that $X$ causes $Y$. Therefore, the correct options are 1 and 2. From the given options, options 1 and 2 are true about regression as the statement of option 1 defines the simple regression whereas option 2 also gives the right information about slope that is given as change in $Y$ with respect to $X$. Which of the following is true about regression with one predictor variable (often called “simple regression”)? - The Residual Variance/ Error Variance is the square of the Standard Error of the Estimate. - The intercept in the regression equation \[ Y = a + bX\] is the value of $Y$ when $X$ is zero. - After conducting a hypothesis test, the slope of the regression equation is nonzero. You can conclude that your predictor variable, $X$, causes $Y$. In this question, options 1 and 2 are correct whereas option 3 is incorrect. Option 1 states the formula for calculating the Standard Error of Estimate. Therefore, it is correct. If the value of $X$ is zero in the linear regression equation, then the intercept becomes equal to the value of $Y$, which has been stated in option 2 therefore it is also correct.

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We can then use radioactive age dating in order to date the ages of the surfaces carbon is unreactive with a number of common lab substances:. Relative vs absolute dating dating is a technique used on the other hand is capable of telling the exact age of an item using carbon dating and many other. Uses of half life carbon dating the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere has not changed in thousands of years even though it decays into nitrogen,. Dating technology roy where the precise dating provided by the growth rings is of vital importance, radiocarbon dating is based on the element carbon,. What was the importance of recent carbon dating evidence and the discovery of the kennewick man in 1996. For radiocarbon dating to be possible, this is taken up by plants through photosynthesis because the carbon present in a plant comes from the atmosphere in. Introduction to archaeology: glossary absolute dating ams - accelerator mass spectrometry is an absolute dating technique that measures the amount of carbon. Scientists (yes, there are compost scientists) have found that it's best to maintain a carbon/nitrogen ratio between 25-30 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen. With carbon dating the type of sample and the placement of it within the site are very important help cyark preserve more sites by making a small donation. Carbon cycle research at the earth carbon cycle science but also fosters international cooperation and collaboration on an issue that is of global importance. How radiometric dating works in general : the importance of this is underlined by the fact that these same fudge factors are used to estimate carbon 14 dating . There are many different carbon uses in everyday life and this element has been used by man since time immemorial carbon dating: this is a method. Carbon dating uses the amount of carbon-14 in a sample to measure its age. Radiometric dating radiocarbon dating carbon is a very special element in combination with hydrogen it forms a component of all organic compounds and is. Tree ring dating (dendrochronology) has been used in an attempt to extend the calibration of carbon-14 dating earlier than historical records allow the oldest living trees, such as the bristlecone pines (pinus longaeva) of the white mountains of eastern california, were dated in 1957 by counting. Although scientists have only known about radiation since the to determine the ages of fossils and other objects through a process called carbon dating. Radiocarbon dating is a method that provides objective age estimates for carbon-based materials that originated from living organisms an age could be estimated by measuring the amount of carbon-14 present in the sample and comparing this against an internationally used reference standard. His radiocarbon dating technique is the most important development in absolute dating in archaeology and remains the main tool carbon has 3 isotopic forms. Carbon dating undercuts evolution's long ages they illustrate the crucial importance of arizona: an application and test of the isochron dating. (physorg) —the first comprehensive overview of the world's largest terrestrial pool of carbon highlights the importance of soil carbon conservation in mitigating global climate. Ever wondered how scientists know the age of old bones in an ancient site or how old a scrap of linen is the technique used is called carbon. Discover how archaeologists have been able to use carbon dating to pinpoint the time when sites were in use the story of carbon dating. Importance of dating in archaeology - find single woman in the us with online dating looking for sympathy in all the wrong places carbon dating in archaeology. Carbon dating in archaeology radiocarbon dating and archaeologythe why is carbon dating important sample-context relationship must be established carbon dating in archaeology prior to carbon datingthe radiocarbon radiocarbon dating archaeology definition dating process starts with. In this context, dating ancient skeletons is of key importance for obtaining reliable and accurate results, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment,. Carbon dating is a variety of radioactive dating which is applicable only to matter which was once living and presumed to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere, taking in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis cosmic ray protons blast nuclei in the upper atmosphere, producing neutrons which. In carbon carbon-14, which is radioactive, is the isotope used in radiocarbon dating and radiolabeling read more in radioactive isotopemedically important radioactive isotope is carbon-14, which is used in a breath test to detect the ulcer-causing bacteria heliobacter pylori. Anything that was once alive or that was produced by a living thing can be dated by using the radiocarbon method of dating this method, which received widespread attention in connection with the dead sea scrolls, relies on the fact that all living things take in carbon, some of which is very slightly radioactive. Dating a fossil - carbon dating compares the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 atoms in an organism learn about carbon dating and find out what the carbon-14 half-life is. People who ask about carbon-14 (14 c) dating usually want to know about the radiometric dating methods that are claimed to give millions and billions of years—carbon dating can only give thousands of years people wonder how millions of years could be squeezed into the biblical account of.

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|August 02, 2018| Bitcoin May Accelerate Greenhouse Gas Problem |The world's greenhouse gas problem is caused by huge manufacturing plants that belch pollution into the air, too many gasoline-powered cars and agricultural activity, among other things. If regulations can throttle these activities, the rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere might stabilize, or even drop.| There is a new culprit in the greenhouse gas wars. Bitcoin and other blockchain activities use enough energy that they are a threat to lowering energy consumption. According to a research paper titled "Decarbonizing Bitcoin: Law and policy choices for reducing the energy consumption of Blockchain technologies and digital currencies": The vast transactional, trust and security advantages of Bitcoin are dwarfed by the intentionally resource-intensive design in its transaction verification process which now threatens the climate we depend upon for survival. Indeed Bitcoin mining and transactions are an application of Blockchain technology employing an inefficient use of scarce energy resources for a financial activity at a point in human development where world governments are scrambling to reduce energy consumption through their Paris Agreement climate change commitments and beyond to mitigate future climate change implications. Reference to the Paris Agreement, a critical alliance of countries around the world to cut air pollution problems, is a trump card to make the bitcoin problem seem as serious as possible. Environmentalists can hope the value of bitcoin will collapse, which would make its contribution irrelevant. However, blockchain has become an important technology utilized across several industries, and it is growing. Its effects are not going away. The effects of bitcoin also will not go away anytime soon. Bankers and economists have said the cryptocurrency is unstable in price and useless in most real-world transactions, which currently require some form of traditional currency. However, the primary use of bitcoin today is speculation, which drives its price up and down rapidly. In essence, it is a good way to make, or lose, money. Speculators don't care about the environment.

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Teaching engineering in the primary classroom TY005 / A18 Engineering shapes and maintains the world we live in. With technology evolving at such an astounding pace, we have a responsibility to introduce children to engineering experiences at an early age to help inspire our engineers of the future. This primary course is aimed at teachers and members of leadership who would like to learn how to incorporate engineering thinking skills into the curriculum. Over two days, we will give engineering a real relevance for the primary classroom by looking at the skills that engineers use to do their jobs and how you can apply these in your day to day lessons. We will look at different engineering sectors and demonstrate, with practical ideas, how engineering can be used to enhance science, maths, IT and literacy. Each session will offer examples of engineering contexts which can help children make connections between the classroom subject matter and the real-world, thereby providing opportunities for them to develop mastery in those areas by applying their knowledge to hands-on tasks. This is a residential course, fees include meals and accommodation for the duration of the course. You will be able to: - understand the thinking behind engineering habits of mind and how to develop a whole school approach to these thinking skills - gain knowledge of technology, engineering and the engineering design process - have the confidence to use engineering as a context for lessons - have a ready-made collection of activities and resources to try |Teaching engineering in the primary classroom - Day 1||22 May 2019 11:00-19:00| |Teaching engineering in the primary classroom - Day 2||23 May 2019 09:00-16:00| |State-funded school or college||Activity fee£640.00 +VAT||Standard bursary available*£540.00||Bursary typeENTHUSE bursary| * Your school or college will receive the bursary on successful completion of the CPD and impact toolkit. Find out more. |Fee-paying school or college (independent)||Activity fee£640.00 +VAT| Participants from outside the UK will be charged the course fee and an additional £120 per day plus VAT. Interested In this course? Sign up to receive our emails to hear about the latest CPD available

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One of the most remarkable properties of xanthan gum is its ability to produce a large increase in the viscosity of a liquid by adding a very small quantity of gum, on the order of one percent. In most foods, it is %, and can be used in lower concentrations. The viscosity of xanthan gum solutions decreases with higher shear rates; this is called pseudoplasticity. This means that a product subjected to shear, whether from mixing, shaking or even chewing, will thin out, but once the shear forces are removed, the food will thicken back up. A practical use would be in salad dressing: the xanthan gum makes it thick enough at rest in the bottle to keep the mixture fairly homogeneous, but the shear forces generated by shaking and pouring thins it, so it can be easily poured. When it exits the bottle, the shear forces are removed and it thickens back up, so it clings to the salad. Unlike other gums, it is very stable under a wide range of temperatures and pH. In foods, xanthan gum is most often found in salad dressings and sauces. It helps to prevent oil separation by stabilizing the emulsion, although it is not an emulsifier. Xanthan gum also helps suspend solid particles, such as spices. Also used in frozen foods and beverages, xanthan gum helps create the pleasant texture in many ice creams, along with guar gum and locust bean gum. It has some skin hydrating properties

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Nonepileptic seizures are episodes that resemble seizures but are not epileptic. The importance of EEG in the diagnosis of NES is that misread (overread) EEGs are an important contributor to the misdiagnosis of epilepsy. About 20% to 30% of patients with refractory "seizures" seen at epilepsy centers have been misdiagnosed, and the vast majority have psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Many such patients have had previous EEGs interpreted as epileptiform. These misdiagnoses based on EEG are easily perpetuated, complicate management, and adversely affect outcome. The reasons for the overinterpretation of EEGs include the common misconception that phase reversals indicate abnormalities and not applying strict criteria to make sharp transients epileptiform. The diagnosis of PNES typically begins with a clinical suspicion and then is confirmed with EEG-video monitoring. However, ictal EEG may be negative in some partial seizures and may be uninterpretable because of artifacts. Movements can generate rhythmic artifacts that mimic an electrographic seizure. Analysis of the ictal semiology (i.e., video) is at least as important as the ictal EEG. Provocative techniques, activation procedures, or "inductions" can also be useful for the diagnosis of PNES.

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For women who are at high risk of developing pre-eclampsia, a potentially dangerous condition in which pregnant women's blood pressure spikes and their babies need to be delivered immediately, a low dose of aspirin during pregnancy might be a wise preventative measure, according to a new recommendation by a federal government task force. More from The New York Times: The United States Preventive Services Task Force’s draft recommendation follows a growing scientific consensus that low doses may be beneficial to some high-risk women and their offspring. Low-dose aspirin reduced the risk of pre-eclampsia by 24 percent in clinical trials, according to a systematic review underpinning the new recommendation, which was published in Annals of Internal Medicine. Low-dose aspirin also reduced the risk of premature birth by 14 percent and of intrauterine growth restriction — a condition in which the fetus doesn’t grow as fast as expected — by 20 percent. “For every four women who would have gotten pre-eclampsia, one case is prevented,” said Dr. Ira M. Bernstein, the chair of department of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at the University of Vermont. “The ability to prevent a quarter of disease is substantial.” Pre-eclampsia is a condition usually occurring in the second half of pregnancy and characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, liver disease and blood-clotting abnormalities. It is a leading complication for expectant mothers and their infants, affecting roughly 4 percent of pregnancies nationwide. The only “cure” is delivery. When a pregnant women develops pre-eclampsia in the second trimester, her infant often must be delivered prematurely to avoid severe maternal complications, like stroke. The task force recommended that women at high risk for pre-eclampsia take 81 milligrams of low-dose aspirin daily after 12 weeks of gestation. High-risk women include those who have had pre-eclampsia in a prior pregnancy, especially those who have had to deliver preterm; women carrying multiple fetuses; and women who had diabetes or high blood pressure at conception. But the task force also advised that expectant women with multiple moderate-risk factors “may also benefit from low-dose aspirin.” These risks include obesity, a family history of pre-eclampsia, women older than 35, and African-American women. Image: Pregnant woman taking pill, via Shutterstock

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Anise swallowtails (Papilio zelicaon) live throughout the western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast. More specifically, they inhabit much of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, and California, as well as the western portions of North Dakota and South Dakota. Anise swallowtail live as far south as Baja California in Mexico and as far north as British Columbia and Saskatchewan in Canada. They have also been recorded in northern Alberta. In California, large populations exist in Suisan Marsh in Solano, Rancho Cordova in Sacramento, Forest Hill and Donner Pass in Placer, and the city of Davis. (Glassberg, 2001; Layberry, et al., 1998; Shapiro and Forister, 2003; Sims, 1976) Anise swallowtails have been found from the Pacific seashore and coastal freshwater marshes to high mountains. They live in habitats that range in elevation from 86 m below sea level to 4,400 m above sea level. Anise swallowtails are often found in undisturbed mountainous areas or lowland areas with open canopies. Male anise swallowtails are commonly found on hilltops and other high altitude resting places such as cliffs or mountain edges, or on high points of foliage in their environment. Males select these areas as part of their mating rituals. In recent years, anise swallowtails adults and caterpillars have been found in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) orchards in California. (Glassberg, 2001; Layberry, et al., 1998; Sims, 1976; Sims, 1983) Anise swallowtail caterpillars are large and smooth. Their first instar is often black with white stripes or white spots. As they molt and reach later instars they change colors until, at the fifth instar, they are green with black and yellow stripes. Anise swallowtail caterpillars have orange Y-shaped glands located just behind their heads. Adult anise swallowtails have wingspans between 52 and 80 mm. They have six legs and are covered by sensory hairs, called setae, all over the body, including their antennae. Anise swallowtails have a short black "tail" that extends from the posterior margin of each of their hindwings, giving them the appearance of having a forked tail like that of a swallow (family Hirundinidae). Anise swallowtails are predominantly yellow. They have broad yellow bands on their hindwings and forewings that extend to the base of their wings. They have bright blue spotting on the posterior portion of their hindwings along with posteromedial orange eyespots with centered black pupils. Anise swallowtails have black abdomens with lateral yellow stripes. Males and females resemble each other in size and coloration. (Debinski and Pritchard, 2002; Layberry, et al., 1998; Putnam and Putnam, 1997) Anise swallowtails develop through complete metamorphosis. Reproductive females lay their eggs on vegetation, or in other places with favorable conditions for egg development. Caterpillars, their larval stage, hatch from eggs and go through 5 sub-stages known as instars. During each instar, caterpillars grow larger and molt to reach their next instar. As they develop through their 5 instars, caterpillars change in coloration from black and white to green with black and orange or yellow. Once caterpillars reach their final instar, they defecate everything in their system and then begin the next stage of metamorphosis, forming a chrysalis. Chrysalises are green at first, but slowly turn brown as butterflies develop within. Adult butterflies emerge from their chrysalises and look for mates to begin a new breeding cycle. Anise swallowtails develop from eggs to adults in 30 to 60 days. On average, males develop 1 to 2 days faster than females. Adult anise swallowtails typically live 2 to 14 days. Females generally live longer than males, though there is currently no scientific explanation supported by research. (Sims, 1976) Anise swallowtails mate multiple times, sometimes only hours apart, and with multiple partners. Females who mate with low quality males are more likely to mate multiple times compared to females who mate with high quality males. Additionally, females that mated with low quality males tend to lay fewer eggs than females that mated with high quality males. During a successful mating event, males deposit a packet of sperm, called a spermatophore, in their mate. Females can carry more than one spermatophore at a time, each from a separate mating event. Internal fertilization can occur in females up to several hours after males deliver their spermatophore. Reproductive timing for anise swallowtails is not seasonal; they breed continuously through the duration of their adult life. (Sims, 1976) Anise swallowtails exhibit a mating behavior known as "hill topping". Males perch on hill tops, montane cliffs, or high foliage so that females can easily find them. Females instinctively fly to these areas to search for mates. The first reproductive cycle for males and females typically occurs near the place where they emerge from their chrysalises. Male anise swallowtails can be aggressive during breeding season, defending specific territories and attacking other males while searching for potential mates. (Sims, 1976) Female anise swallowtails lay their eggs in safe locations, often on plants where newly hatched larvae have access to a food source. Females exhibit no further parental investment beyond oviposition. Males exhibit no parental investment beyond the act of mating. (Sims, 1976; Wehling and Thompson, 1997) Anise swallowtails have a relatively short lifespan. In total, anise swallowtails live for approximately 10 weeks in the wild. After hatching from eggs, anise swallowtails spend approximately 4 weeks as caterpillars and 4 weeks as chrysalises before becoming fully-developed adults. Adult anise swallowtails live around 2 to 14 days, although the maximum recorded lifespan of an adult was 30 days. There are no known reports of lifespans for anise swallowtails in captivity. (Sims, 1976) Adult anise swallowtails are active only during the day, whereas caterpillars are active intermittently during both day and night. Aside from breeding behaviors, anise swallowtails are solitary. For mating purposes, male anise swallowtails exhibit a behavior called "hill topping", where they perch on hill tops, mountain cliffs, or tall foliage to display themselves to females. In cases where multiple males attempt to use the same high point for their display, they engage in aggressive dances to claim the territory. When a female selects a male as a mate, the two may not copulate immediately. When this occurs, males guard females by flying aggressively at incoming males. In some cases, anise swallowtails overwinter in their pupal phase. Studies have shown that some overwintering pupae display super cooling points at -20 °C and can tolerate short periods at temperatures as low as -30 °C. However, pupae are vulnerable to cold snaps below these temperatures, and other life phases are not as tolerant of cold conditions. Therefore, anise swallowtails are limited to certain environments due to their temperature tolerance. Some researchers have predicted that mortality rates of anise swallowtails may increase as global climate change increases the chance of cold snaps in spring throughout parts of their range. Female anise swallowtails occasionally lay their eggs on bishop's weed (Aegopodium podagraria), an invasive plant species which has been found to be fatally toxic to anise swallowtail larvae. Scientists have concluded that anise swallowtail populations will be negatively impacted by this association. It is possible that anise swallowtails will either adapt to tolerate the chemistry of bishop's weed or learn to avoid the plant completely. The formal collective name for a group of anise swallowtails is a kaleidoscope, though it may also be referred to as a swarm or a rabble. A group of caterpillars is called an army. (Thacker, 2004; Williams, et al., 2014) The home range of anise swallowtails must contain certain food sources and landscape features. They feed on host plants in the family Apiaceae. The most common and most abundant food source for anise swallowtails is sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Anise swallowtails also typically have home ranges in areas with hilltops, cliffs, or tall foliage, which are important features for male mating displays. One study reported 12 populations of anise swallowtails spanning over 1,200 km. Not much is knows about the size of territories that anise swallowtails defend, although males aggressively defend areas involved in mating displays. (Garth, 1986; Sims, 1976; Thacker, 2004; Wehling and Thompson, 1997) There is limited information regarding communication and perception in anise swallowtails specifically. However, other species of butterflies have various ways of communicating and perceiving their environment. Butterflies use vision as a way to communicate. They are able to distinguish color patterns to recognize their own species. Certain physical movements can be used during courtship rituals or to communicate aggression between males over territory. Butterflies also use chemical signals to communicate. Male and female butterflies both produce pheromones. They use chemoreceptors on their legs, feet, antennae, and palps to "smell" the pheromones that conspecifics produce. Pheromones are the most common form of communication that butterflies use to find suitable mates. (Davies and Butler, 2008) Anise swallowtail adults are nectarivores and caterpillars are folivores, feeding on plants in the carrot family (Apiaceae). Anise swallowtails most commonly use sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) as a host plant. Other food sources include native plants such as water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica). In recent years, research has shown that anise swallowtail adults also feed on bishop's weed (Ammi majus), though it is toxic to caterpillars. Anise swallowtails also use sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) as a host plant, a behavior first reported in 1981. Sweet orange was introduced to North America as a fruit crop and is the only known plant species outside of the carrot family that anise swallowtails use as hosts. Sweet orange produces chemical compounds similar to those present in members of the carrot family. Anise swallowtail caterpillars instinctively eat plants that produce such compounds, so this is likely the reason that they are attracted to sweet orange. (Berenbaum, 1990; Herman, 1981; Thacker, 2004) There is limited information regarding specific predators of anise swallowtails. Butterfly species often defend themselves by producing chemicals that make them unpalatable or toxic to potential predators. Many butterfly species, including anise swallowtails, have bright, aposematic coloration to warn predators of their toxicity. Other butterfly species that are non-toxic still have bright coloration to mimic the coloration of truly toxic species. Anise swallowtail caterpillars often hide in dense foliage to avoid predation, and later instars display aposematic coloration. Adults can fly to escape predators and they have coloration and physical structures on their hindwings that resemble eyespots and antennae, respectively. These features can deter predators from attacking or otherwise confuse predators into attacking non-vital parts of their bodies. Specific predators of butterfly eggs include lady beetles (family Coccinellidae), green lacewings (family Chrysopidae), and mites (class Arachnida). Species that prey on caterpillars include ants (family Formicidae), lizards (order Squamata), and parasitic flies (family Tachinidae). Shrews (order Soricidae) and mice (order Rodentia) are known to prey on chrysalises, and frogs and toads (order Anura), spiders (order Araneae), and praying mantises (order Mantodea) prey on adult butterflies. Wasps (order Hymenoptera) and insect-eating birds (class Aves) prey on both caterpillars and adults. (Carrell, 2012; Glassberg, 2001; Layberry, et al., 1998) There is limited information on the ecosystem roles specific to anise swallowtails. In general, butterfly species feed on nectar from flowers. As they move between flowers of the same plant species, they transfer pollen between individuals and thus play a role in plant reproduction. It is likely that anise swallowtails play a role in pollinating the plants on which they feed. In contrast, caterpillars of many butterfly species can defoliate plants if their populations are large enough. Without leaves to conduct photosynthesis, affected plants may struggle to survive. In recent years, sweet orange orchards in California have been over populated by anise swallowtail caterpillars. In efforts to reduce population outbreaks, farmers and land managers have introduced parasitoid wasps in the genus Hyposoter to sweet orange plantations. These wasps lay their eggs in caterpillar larvae, so their presence acts as a natural population control for anise swallowtail outbreaks. In addition to their roles as pollinators and herbivores, anise swallowtails serve an ecosystem role as prey for various arthropod and vertebrate species. (Carrell, 2012) There is limited information on the economic importance of anise swallowtails specifically. Many butterfly species are a source of ecotourism, with butterfly enthusiasts traveling long distances to view new species. Furthermore, butterfly gardens are a popular attraction in many cities, and it is possible that some butterfly gardens include anise swallowtails. (Carrell, 2012) Anise swallowtails have become a pest species at sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plantations in California, with caterpillars consuming the leaves and reducing the productivity of crop plants. Land managers have begun using parasitoid wasps in the genus Hyposoter as a method of biocontrol. Furthermore, farmers have begun planting sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) in rows throughout sweet orange orchards. Since this is the main host plant for anise swallowtails, it acts as a "crop trap" that reduces herbivory on sweet orange trees. (Herman, 1981; Morse, et al., 2014) Anise swallowtails have not yet been evaluated on the IUCN Red List. They are not listed on any other national or international conservation list, and populations are considered stable throughout their range. There are no recovery plans currently in place for anise swallowtails. (Collins and Morris, 1985) Megan Hodge (author), Radford University, Karen Powers (editor), Radford University, April Tingle (editor), Radford University, Emily Clark (editor), Radford University, Cari Mcgregor (editor), Radford University, Jacob Vaught (editor), Radford University. living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico. uses sound to communicate having coloration that serves a protective function for the animal, usually used to refer to animals with colors that warn predators of their toxicity. For example: animals with bright red or yellow coloration are often toxic or distasteful. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate in deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. Vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. Deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. In dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. This is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. In dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. Salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots. humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature fertilization takes place outside the female's body union of egg and spermatozoan an animal that mainly eats leaves. forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes). marshes are wetland areas often dominated by grasses and reeds. A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis. having the capacity to move from one place to another. This terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra-like vegetation. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. an animal that mainly eats nectar from flowers active during the night reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females. rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal. remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species; forms social groups. living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns. uses touch to communicate defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity. uses sight to communicate breeding takes place throughout the year Argue, C. 2011. The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 1: North of Florida and Mexico. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media. Berenbaum, M. 1990. Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annual Reviews of Entomology, 35: 319-343. Carrell, E. 2012. Butterflies are Forever. Bloomington, IN: Booktango. Collins, M., M. Morris. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Oxford, UK: Information Press. Davies, H., C. Butler. 2008. Do Butterflies Bite? : Fascinating Answers to Questions about Butterflies and Moths. New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Rutgers University Press. Debinski, D., J. Pritchard. 2002. A Field Guide to Butterflies of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Lanham, MD: Rinehart Publishers. Garth, J. 1986. California Butterflies. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Glassberg, J. 2001. Butterflies Through Binoculars. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Herman, R. 1981. New Scientist. New York, NY: Reed Business Information. Layberry, R., P. Hall, D. Lafontaine. 1998. The Butterflies of Canada. Canada: University of Toronto Press. Morse, J., E. Crafton-Cardwell, N. O'Connell, P. Phillips, C. Kallser, D. Haviland. 2014. "California Orangedog" (On-line). Accessed March 26, 2015 at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r107302311.html#REFERENCE. Putnam, P., M. Putnam. 1997. North Americas Favorite Butterflies: A Pictorial Guide. Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press. Rose, M. 1998. Darwin's Spectre: Evolutionary Biology Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Shapiro, A., M. Forister. 2003. Wing pattern variation in the anise swallowtail, Papilio zelicaon (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Annals of the Entomologist Society of America, 96/1: 73-80. Sims, S. 1976. Aspects of mating frequency and reproductive maturity in Papilio zelicaon. American Midland Naturalist, 102/1: 36-50. Sims, S. 1983. The genetic and environmental basis of pupal colour dimorphism in Papilio zelicaon (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Heredity, 50/2: 159-168. Sims, S. 1980. Diapause dynamics and host plant suitability of Papilio zelicaon (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). American Midland Naturalist, 103/2: 375-384. Thacker, P. 2004. California butterflies: At home with aliens. Bioscience, 54/3: 182-187. Wehling, W., J. Thompson. 1997. Evolutionary conservation of oviposition preference in a widespread polyphagous insect herbivore, Papilio zelicaon. Oecologia, 111/2: 209-215. Williams, C., A. Nicolai, L. Ferguson, M. Bernards, J. Hellman, B. Sinclair. 2014. Cold hardiness and deacclimation of overwintering Papilio zelicaon pupae. Comparative Biochemisry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 178: 51-58.

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Economy and Business in Gabon Rich mineral resources and timber resources have made Gabon one of the most prosperous countries in Africa, with one of the highest gross national income per capita in sub-Saharan Africa. Revenues are primarily due to the export of petroleum and timber, which remains the mainstay of the country’s economy. Gabon also has a low population. In 2004, crude oil exports accounted for about 40 per cent of GDP. Large parts of the country are covered by rainforest and are therefore not very suitable for agriculture. Lack of infrastructure makes much of the country difficult to access, and is a reason why only a limited extent of mineral resources are utilized. Gabon is rich in minerals, including petroleum; including manganese and uranium. At the same time, unavailability is a protection for the rainforest, which is also under severe pressure in Gabon, both by legal and illegal harvesting. The strong dependence on petroleum exports has made the Gabonese economy partly dependent on the price fluctuations in the international markets, while the recovery has also varied. Following an upswing in oil production and export revenues in the 1970s, government spending and public investment, also financed by foreign loans, increased Gabon’s substantial debt burden – and further contributed to the country’s financial vulnerability. From the mid-1980s Gabon has therefore implemented several so-called structural adjustment programs. Following the 1994 devaluation of the multinational CFA franc, which is directly linked to the French franc, a further economic recovery program was implemented. From the 1990s a number of state and semi-state companies have been privatized, including power companies and railways. High export earnings and high average GDP despite; wealth is unevenly distributed and many live below the poverty line. Agriculture and fishing An estimated two percent of Gabon’s land area is cultivated, and agriculture is dominated by small self-storage farms, which include, among other things, flour bananas, cassava, taro and maize. Products for sale are especially palm oil, rubber, sugar, cocoa and coffee. Gabon is not self-sufficient in food, and about half of the food needs must be imported. Increasing migration to cities and towns has hampered attempts to increase food production, while at the same time hampering agriculture by inadequate infrastructure, and thus transport opportunities from the production areas to the markets. Part of agriculture consists of plantations, including palm oil, coffee, cocoa and sugar. These products and rubber are exported, but to a modest extent. The crops of coffee and cocoa dropped significantly from the late 1980s. Animal husbandry has traditionally been near impossible in Gabon due to the tsetse fly. Forestry is an important part of Gabon’s business, and okoumte timber used for the production of plywood forms a large part of the country’s exports. From the port city of Port Gentil, where timber is ready for shipping. Until the exploitation of Gabon’s mineral resources increased in the late 1950s, forestry was the country’s most important export industry. The tropical forest covers about 85 percent of Gabon’s land area, and the country is Africa’s fourth largest timber producer. Large parts of the country’s forest resources are still not utilized, while significant areas have been protected, and international pressure is being exercised to protect the remaining rainforest. Another limitation lies in the lack of infrastructure. The dense web of rivers is used to float the timber to the ports of the coast. A new railway, Transgabon, opened in 1986 a new area for timber operations. Gabon is the world’s largest producer of okoumé, a type of wood used especially in the production of plywood. Around 70 per cent of forestry exports consist of okoumé. The timber operation is highly mechanized, and is essentially run by European companies. Only a small proportion of the timber is processed in Gabon, and it is the authorities’ ambition to increase the proportion of processed timber. The waters off Gabon are rich in fish and are milder than many other coastal regions in West Africa. The local fishing industry is small, with substantial craft fishing, and no processing. Plans have been made to build a processing plant in Port Gentil – as part of strengthening other parts of the economy as petroleum recovery declines. It is estimated that approximately 300,000 tonnes of fish and shellfish can be harvested annually, while catches at 2004 were only around 40,000 tonnes, while Gabon imports approximately 7,000 tonnes annually. The majority of the catch is taken by vessels from the EU. Gabon signed a 1998 agreement with the EU on fishing within the country’s 200-mile zone, extended in 2003. Mining and industry The extraction of minerals has changed Gabon’s economy since the 1950s, laying the foundations for the country’s relatively high wealth. Today, petroleum is the most important mineral resource, accounting for about 40 per cent of GDP and up to 80 per cent of export value (2004). Gabon has the third largest oil reserves in sub-Saharan Africa (about 2.5 billion barrels per 2004). Production started near Port-Gentil in 1956 with strong growth from the late 1960s. Since then, several fields have been put into operation at the mouth of Ogooué and off the coast. One of the largest fields, land-based Rabi-Kounga, was commissioned in 1989. Reduced production in this field, among other things, led to increased exploration activity at the turn of the century and the opening of several new fields, both offshore and onshore. Production and revenues have varied greatly, and reached a peak of 371,000 barrels per day in 1997, after which it dropped to around 290,000 barrels in 2003. With known reserves and recovery rates as in 2004, the country’s deposits will end in 2012. However, it is believed that new ones will be made discoveries, including in the disputed border areas with Equatorial Guinea (Corisco Bay). In 2004, the two countries agreed to jointly explore deposits there. Gabon left OPEC in 1996, partly because the country considered that its quotas were too low. Over half of Gabon’s petroleum exports go to the United States, while French interests have been strong in exploration and recovery. In 2004, Gabon signed an agreement with China on Chinese assistance in the further development of the oil industry against guaranteed deliveries from Gabon. Gabon has one oil refinery in Port Gentil, and plans to build one more. Gabon is one of the world’s largest manganese producers, and the deposits at Moanda, in the southeastern part of the country, are about 45 million tonnes. Gabon’s manganese deposits make up about ¼ of the world’s known reserves. The mining operation started in 1962, and the ore was previously shipped via the port city of Pointe-Noire in Congo. A new plant for shipping manganese ore was completed in 1988 at Owendo near Libreville, which is the end point for the Transgabon railway. In 1990, Gabon became the world’s largest exporter of manganese ore (ahead of South Africa). Gabon was also a major producer of uranium for several years. The deposits are located at Mounana, where the extraction began in 1958. Production declined over the 1980s, until it ceased in 1999. Large iron ore reserves have also been identified, including about 850 million tonnes in the Belinga district in the northeast. Low prices on the world market have made little use of these resources. The country has proven resources also from a number of other minerals, including lead, zinc and phosphate; some gold and marble are mined. Chinese interests have been licensed to extract iron ore deposits in the north of the country. From the Albert Schweitzer Center in Lambaréné by the river Ogooué. The country’s communications network is little developed, and the rivers are important transport routes where they are navigable. Gabon’s industry, beyond the petroleum sector, is small, mostly with the production of some consumer goods, as well as some processing of oil and timber. Gabon has large hydropower resources, which in 2016 accounted for 41 percent of the electrical energy produced. Fossil energy sources, mainly natural gas, accounted for 58 per cent. Thanks to petroleum exports, Gabon has a significant surplus in its foreign trade, albeit strongly fluctuating, depending on the price of crude oil on the world market. In the early 2000s, crude oil and oil products accounted for nearly 80 percent of export revenues; other important export goods are manganese and timber. The United States and France are the most important export markets, while China is becoming an increasingly important market than before after a fixed oil supply agreement was signed. Imports include machinery, transport equipment and food products, with France and the United States as the main supplier countries. Despite the surplus in foreign trade, Gabon has taken up large loans in France and other EU countries, including to finance the construction of the Transgabon railway, and foreign debt has become a serious burden on the country’s economy. Transport and Communications Gabon’s economic development has been hampered by difficult communication conditions. The country’s densely wooded and hilly terrain, the sparse settlement and the economic dependence on timber that could flow down to the coast have not encouraged road and rail development. The road network is of a low standard and cannot be used for heavy transport. In the 1990s, a major program was started to improve the road network, which, however, is still considered inadequate. Large parts of the road network are useless during the rainy season. The new Transgabon railway was built from 1974 from the port city of Owendo near Libreville and inland. The route to Booué (338 kilometers) was completed in 1983 and the connection to Masuku (formerly Franceville) was opened in 1989. A line connecting Booué to the iron ore fields in Belinga in the north (235 kilometers) was shattered due to lack of funding. The railway is one of the largest public investments in Gabon, and has opened previously almost inaccessible parts of the country. Aviation plays a major role in domestic transport; International airports can be found at Libreville, Port-Gentil and Masuku. Air Gabon, established in 1977, is responsible for both domestic and international traffic. The main port cities are Port-Gentil, which mainly handles the export of oil and petroleum products, and Owendo 15 kilometers from Libreville. A new plant for the export of ore, with a capacity of two million tonnes of manganese a year, was completed here in 1988. Owendo will also be the port of export for the iron ore from Belinga, when the ore mining must commence.

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This article is from the Puzzles FAQ, by Chris Cole [email protected] and Matthew Daly [email protected] with numerous contributions by others. You have two bars of iron. One is magnetized along its length, the other is not. Without using any other instrument (thread, filings, other magnets, etc.), find out which is which. Take the two bars, and put them together like a T, so that one bisects the ___________________ bar A ---> |___________________| | | | | | | | | bar B ------------> | | | | | | |_|

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This is DAVE or the Damping and Vibrations Experiment that’s about to make its big debut in outer space. Students and staff at cal poly have been working on this special cube satellite for over 10 years. "It hasn’t been tested in space before and the problem is, if it hasn’t been tested in space, nobody wants to include it on a large spacecraft because it’s high risk. So what we’re going to do with DAVE is we’re going to test the dampening technology on a low risk spacecraft, in a one use cubesat. The data we get back from the test will hopefully be able to justify further exploration of this dampening technology for adoption on a spacecraft," explained Cal Poly professor, Dr. John Bellardo. DAVE will be attached to the final launch of the Delta II rocket, flying out of Vandenberg Air Force Base on Saturday. Once in space, the team at Cal Poly will be able to learn more about particle dampers, which could potentially reduce equipment bouncing around while in orbit. "So it’s similar to the brakes on your car – they damper your car, they slow you down. In space you have the same thing. There’s energy – it’s not driving down the road, but there’s still energy. There’s certain types of energy and there’s certain times you need to take them out; the dampener does just that," Ballardo said. Students who have worked on this project say they’re excited to finally see the DAVE CubeSat sent to outer space. "I spent almost an entire summer of just nonstop work two years ago on this and finally seeing it go will just be really amazing," Cal Poly student, Christopher Gerdom said.

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Setting up crops for the best possible start Weeds cause problems, whatever the cropping situation. Failure to adequately control them may result in lost yield, reduced quality and harvesting issues. It is important to plan your herbicide strategy carefully. Consider using cultural control methods such as delayed drilling, crop rotation and ploughing to reduce the reliance on chemicals. Herbicide resistance is an increasing problem, so consider adopting cultural controls within your programme. The use of pre-emergence herbicides can form a part of an integrated strategy to deal with resistant weeds and sets up the crop for the best possible start. Fodder beet herbicides Beet crops are sensitive to weed competition in the early stages of development. Weeds that emerge within eight weeks of crop emergence, and those that grow above the crop and shade it, cause large yield reductions, in part due to harbouring pests and viruses. Overseas work from the British Beet Research Organisation (BBRO) has demonstrated in sugar beet, one tall weed, such as fathen, in each one metre² area can reduce the beet’s yield by 10 percent.¹ Whilst this research was carried out in sugar beet, there is no reason to suggest it is not applicable to fodder beet. A good, evenly established crop will assist with weed control with a beet canopy contributing to suppression. It is imperative to control the most competitive weeds including wireweed, cornbind, fathen and volunteer potatoes, early in the spray programme. Grass weeds need to be considered and removed separately from broadleaf weeds. Uncontrolled grass weeds, like couch, can become a problem in subsequent pastures following winter crops. Remember to always use a decent spraying oil with your grass herbicide. The best approach is to kill weeds slowly whilst allowing the beet plants to flourish. As with fodder beet, it is essential to provide brassica crops with as weed-free an environment as possible. To do so, pay attention to the previous crop or pasture spray-out, seedbed preparation, seed rate, weed control and early nutrition given. Consider too, the frequency of pest monitoring as slugs can severely damage a crop in the right conditions. It is vital to apply a pre-emergence herbicide, if ground conditions allow, as weed competition can be intense in spring. The brassica crop may need a follow-up application of a post-emergence herbicide, so continue monitoring the crop in the weeks that follow. Remember to remove grass weeds; if they seed, they will become a problem for future crops. All weeds are better controlled early, giving your crop the greatest chance of achieving its potential. To plan an effective integrated strategy for managing weed pressure in fodder beet and brassicas crops, contact your local PGG Wrightson Technical Field Representative.

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June 17, 2022 – In a surprising discovery that flies against conventional medicine, researchers at McGill University report that treatment of pain with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen or aspirin, can promote pain in the long run. The document published in Science Translational Medicinesuggests this inflammation, a normal part of recovery from injury, helps resolve acute pain and prevents it from becoming chronic. Blocking this inflammation can interfere with this process, leading to more difficult to treat pain. “What we’ve been doing for decades not only looks wrong, it’s 180 degrees wrong,” said senior research author Jeffrey Mogil, Ph.D., a professor in the McGill Department of Psychology. “You don’t have to block inflammation. You need to let the inflammation happen. This is what stops it chronic pain. ” Inflammation: a painkiller by nature Wanting to understand why the pain disappears for some but lingers (and continues) for others, the researchers looked at the mechanisms of pain in both humans and mice. They found that a type of white blood cell known as neutrophil appears to play a key role. “In analyzing the genes of people suffering from backache“We’ve seen active changes in genes over time in people whose pain is gone,” he said. Luda Diatchenko, Doctor, Professor at McGill School of Medicine and Canadian Research Department of Human Pain Genetics. “Changes in blood cells and their activity seemed to be the most important factor, especially in cells called neutrophils.” To test this relationship, the researchers blocked neutrophils in mice and found that the pain lasted 2 to 10 times longer than normal. Anti-inflammatory drugs, while providing short-term relief, have the same effect of prolonging pain – although injecting neutrophils into mice seems to prevent this. The findings are supported by a separate analysis of 500,000 people in the UK, which shows that those who take anti-inflammatory drugs to treat their pain are more likely to have pain 2 to 10 years later. “Inflammation occurs for some reason,” says Mogil, “and it seems dangerous to interfere with it.” Rethinking how we treat pain Neutrophils arrive early during inflammation, at the beginning of the injury – just when many of us reach for pain medications. This study suggests that it may be better swimming to block inflammation instead of letting neutrophils “do their thing”. Taking an analgesic that relieves pain without blocking neutrophils, e.g. acetaminophenmay be better than taking an anti-inflammatory drug or steroidssays Mogil. And yet, while the findings are convincing, clinical trials are needed to directly compare anti-inflammatory drugs with other painkillers, the researchers said. This study could also lay the groundwork for developing new drugs for patients with chronic pain, Mogil said. “Our data clearly show that neutrophils act like analgesics themselves, which is potentially beneficial for the development of analgesics,” says Mogil. “And of course, we need new analgesics.”

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During the Medieval period between the 5th and 15th century army units would wear different types of Medieval Armor depending on their role, but mostly the armor consisted of Mail or Chain mail and much later Full plate. Interlocking iron rings which would have been welded shut made up parts of the early stage medieval armor. Gradually small plates or discs of iron were added into the armor design in order to protect vulnerable areas of the soldier wearing it. Medieval Armour continued to advance and became more and more sophisticated which led to the introduction of hardened leather which was either welded together or sewn with strong iron pieces. Armour upgrades reached full plate near the end of the medieval period as techniques improved armor smiths started using a lot of different materials to make the armor in order to make it impenetrable but much lighter, materials such as bones and hard leather were used increasingly during this period. Medieval chain mail offered Medieval soldiers Knights excellent protection that was more flexible and much cheaper than medieval plate armour. Most medieval chainmail was made using the 4 to 1 links method. Read more about the Chainmail Armor >> The hauberk was usually constructed with a huge quantity of metal rings that were intertwined together into a shirt-like fashion. The intertwining of the hoops also gave the hauberk its flexibility. Read more about the Hauberk >> The Holy Roman Empire was a very advanced military society that had a thriving armour production industry, Holy Roman Soldiers wore Gothic and Maximilian plate armour Read more about the Holy Roman Armour >> Lamellar Armour is a very distinctive armour that was worn in medieval times, it look similar to scale armour but had a different construction and had many advantages Read more about the Lamellar Armour >> Plate armour was introduced to counter the increasingly advanced weaponry of the medieval period, plate armour was added to chain mail and then full plate armour was worn by medieval knights later in the medieval period. Read more about the Plate Armour >> Scale Armour dates back to ancient times and was a very effective type of armour, Scale armour was also sometimes worn in medieval times by medieval soldiers such as the Mamluks Read more about the Scale Armour >> King Henry VIII was well known for wearing different types of elaborate armour such as Alamin Rivet, Greenwich or Maximilian armour that was imported or made in England Read more about the Tudor Armour >> Mail and Chain-Mail Armour The most practical form of medieval armor used in the early medieval ages was the mail and chain-mail armor. The mail armor consisted of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. When mail armour first appeared it was expensive to make and very time consuming and usually after a battle the dead soldiers had their bodies looted only for their mail armor. This type of armor was flexible but expensive to make, although it was commonly used throughout most of the medieval times and still finds uses today in the 21st century. During the start of the medieval period soldiers usually did not have much head protection as they usually only wore a Mail Coif and a Hauberk. The Coif and the Hauberk were made from this chain-mail and the interlocking loops of metal were woven into some type of suitable fabric. That is why Blacksmiths developed new and improved ways of making armor as new technologies emerged for making armour such as iron smelting. This allowed Blacksmiths to make more flexible armor designs as the metals could be forged into new complete shapes which led to the first forms of medieval splint armor appearing. This particular type of medieval armor had a major function to protect the limbs of its wearer and consisted of strips of metal which were attached to a fabric or leather backing or covering. These strips were arranged longitudinally and were pierced in order to be easily sewn on to the material. Splint armor was usually made into greaves and vambraces and rarely appeared as a full set of armor. Splint armor was used throughout the middle ages until the later transitional armor period where it was later used only for cuisses (thighs) and the rerebrace (upper arms) armor. Medieval Armor from the 14th Century At around the 14th century chain mail armour became ineffective against more advanced weapons of those times and plate was developed, but mail was still used by some lighter combat soldiers and on cavalry horses. In the later stages of medieval times, experiments were made with different types of armour and it became more complexed. Full upgraded mail armour started making an appearance and in particular chest armor, favored by archers, called the Brigandine was added into the armory of almost all soldiers. Types of Medieval Armor Gorget – would protect the neck Cuirass – protected the breast area Plackart – designed to add more armor to the front Faulds – protected the waist and hips Cowter – protected elbows Spaulders and Pauldrons – protected shoulders and everything in that area Vambraces – used to protect the arms Gauntlets – protected the hands Poleyn – protected knees – later attached to the Chausses and Tasset to protect the upper leg area Greaves – protected the lower area of the leg Cuisse – protected the sides of the legs Sabaton – covered the foot. Parts which did not have plate protecting them were usually covered by mail called Gousset and an additional padded cloth called Doublet or Double doublet was worn under a harness. Full Plate Medieval Armor It is believed that the first forms of plate armor were developed in the Middle East which were then adopted by other countries in the medieval world. In the very late stages of the medieval times armor became very complexed and it was designed to protect every part of the body. Items that were introduced and made the most impact were full plate armor and helmets in different shapes and sizes – a Brigandine was introduced to add leather armor before the iron and plate was put on it. During the 14th century new forms of weapons were being developed, like the high powered crossbow which was able to penetrate early chain-mail armor and inflict damage upon multiple enemies and that is why the armor smiths had a difficult job to create a better type of armor. The main period of armor transition began when the first plates of armor were created. Medieval Armour had come a long way to its almost perfect form of plated mail which was sometimes also called plated chain-mail, splinted mail or even splinted chain-mail. This form of armor consisted of mail armor which was embedded with plates. The plates of Armour have different variations depending on the country they are used in and usually bore the mark of the country which the soldiers fought. The first plate armours were used for body protection and composed of relatively large plates worn along with laminar pauldrons (a skirt which was made of very long horizontal plates and re enforced by a large round mirror plate). The later forms were created by plates of iron and steel and encased the wearer completely. Medieval Armor after the Medieval ages The full plate suit of armor started to decline as weapons advanced and inventions such as rifles and gunpowder started to be invented. Medieval armour became used only for decorative purposes for jousting and sometimes fashion for Kings. Learn More about Medieval Armor with the Great Resources!

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How to use Intersections in a sentence Then circles having the intersections of tangents to this circle and the line of centres for centres, and the lengths of the tangents as radii, are members of the coaxal system. In this way he established the famous theorem that the intersections of the three pairs of opposite sides of a hexagon inscribed in a conic are collinear. Corners of signs and intersections of lines were first fixed by minute tube-drill holes, into which the hand tool butted, so that it should not slip over the outer surface. John Wallis utilized the intersections of this curve with a right line to solve cubic equations, and Edmund Halley solved sextic equations with the aid of a circle. Now suppose that a body receives first a positive rotation a about OA, and secondly a positive rotation e3 about OB; and let A, B be the intersections of these axes with a sphere described about 0 as centre.Advertisement If the object point be infinitely distant, all rays received by the first member of the system are parallel, and their intersections, after traversing the system, vary according to their " perpendicular height of incidence," i.e. Ancient, but now extinct, volcanic upheavals are pretty common at the intersections of the main range with the transverse ranges; of these the most noteworthy are Elbruz and Kasbek. Gergonne had shown that when a number of the intersections of two curves of the (p+q)th degree lie on a curve of the pth degree the rest lie on a curve of the qth degree. The intersections of two curves are obtained by combining their equations; viz. But the resultant equation may have all or any of its roots imaginary, and it is thus not always that there are m real intersections.Advertisement The notion of imaginary intersections, thus presenting itself, through algebra, in geometry, must be accepted in geometry - and it in fact plays an all-important part in modern geometry. We have, in the case just referred to, to take account of a point at infinity on the line y=0; the two intersections are the point (x=110, y=0), and the point at infinity on the line y= 0. The construction in fact is, join the two points in which the third circle meets the first arc, and join also the two points in which the third circle meets the second arc, and from the point of intersection of the two joining lines, let fall a perpendicular on the line joining the centre of the two circles; this perpendicular (considered as an indefinite line) is what Gaultier terms the " radical axis of the two circles "; it is a line determined by a real construction and itself always real; and by what precedes it is the line joining two (real or imaginary, as the case may be) intersections of the given circles. The intersections which lie on the radical axis are two out of the four intersections of the two circles. The points of contact are found as the intersections of the curve u= o by a curve depending on the position of the arbitrary point, and called the " first polar " of this point; the order of the first polar is = m - r, and the number of intersections is thus =m(m - I).Advertisement But it can be shown, analytically or geometrically, that if the given curve has a node, the first polar passes through this node, which therefore counts as two intersections, and that if the curve has a cusp, the first polar passes through the cusp, touching the curve there, and hence the cusp counts as three intersections. But, as is evident, the node or cusp is not a point of contact of a proper tangent from the arbitrary point; we have, therefore, for a node a diminution and for a cusp a diminution 3, in the number of the intersections; and thus, for a curve with 6 nodes and K cusps, there is a diminution 26+3K, and the value of n is n= m (m - I)-26-3K. Secondly, as to the inflections, the process is a similar one; it can be shown that the inflections are the intersections of the curve by a derivative curve called (after Ludwig Otto Hesse who first considered it) the Hessian, defined geometrically as the locus of a point such that its conic polar (§ 8 below) in regard to the curve breaks up into a pair of lines, and which has an equation H = o, where H is the determinant formed with the second differential coefficients of u in regard to the variables (x, y, z); H= o is thus a curve of the order 3 (m - 2), and the number of inflections is =3m(m-2). But if the given curve has a node, then not only the Hessian passes through the node, but it has there a node the two branches at which touch respectively the two branches of the curve; and the node thus counts as six intersections; so if the curve has a cusp, then the Hessian not only passes through the cusp, but it has there a cusp through which it again passes, that is, there is a cuspidal branch touching the cuspidal branch of the curve, and besides a simple branch passing through the cusp, and hence the cusp counts as eight intersections. The node or cusp is not an inflection, and we have thus for a node a diminution 6, and for a cusp a diminution 8, in the number of the intersections; hence for a curve with 6 nodes and cusps, the diminution is = 66+8K, and the number of inflections is c= 3m(m - 2) - 66 - 8K.Advertisement Thirdly, for the double tangents; the points of contact of these are obtained as the intersections of the curve by a curve II = o, which has not as yet been geometrically defined, but which is found analytically to be of the order (m-2) (m 2 -9); the number of intersections is thus = m(rn - 2) (m 2 - 9); but if the given curve has a node then there is a diminution =4(m2 - m-6), and if it has a cusp then there is a diminution =6(m2 - m-6), where, however, it is to be noticed that the factor (m2 - m-6) is in the case of a curve having only a node or only a cusp the number of the tangents which can be drawn from the node or cusp to the curve, and is used as denoting the number of these tangents, and ceases to be the correct expression if the number of nodes and cusps is greater than unity. A quartic curve has 28 double tangents, their points of contact determined as the intersections of the curve by a curve II = o of the order 14, the equation of which in a very elegant form was first obtained by Hesse (1849). To develop the theory, consider the curve corresponding to any particular value of the parameter; this has with the consecutive curve (or curve belonging to the consecutive value of the parameter) a certain number of intersections and of common tangents, which may be considered as the tangents at the intersections; and the so-called envelope is the curve which is at the same time generated by the points of intersection and enveloped by the common tangents; we have thus a dual generation. For real figures we have the general theorem that imaginary intersections, &c., present themselves in conjugate pairs; hence, in particular, that a curve of an even order is met by a line in an even number (which may be = o) of points; a curve of an odd order in an odd number of points, hence in one point at least; it will be seen further on that the theorem may be generalized in a remarkable manner. Again, when there is in question only one pair of points or lines, these, if coincident, must be real; thus, b line meets a cubic curve in three points, one of them real, and other two real or imaginary; but if two of the intersections coincide they must be real, and we have a line cutting a cubic in one real point and touching it in another real point.Advertisement It may be remarked that this is a limit separating the two cases where the intersections are all real, and where they are one real, two imaginary. First, if the three intersections by the line infinity are all distinct, we have the hyperbolas; if the points are real, the redundant hyperbolas, with three hyperbolic branches; but if only one of them is real, the defective hyperbolas, with one hyperbolic branch. There are in some cases points termed centres, or singular or multiple foci (the nomenclature is unsettled), which are the intersections of improper tangents from the two circular points respectively; thus, in the circular cubic, the tangents to the curve at the two circular points respectively (or two imaginary asymptotes of the curve) meet in a centre. A line became continuous, returning into itself by way of infinity; two parallel lines intersect in a point at infinity; all circles pass through two fixed points at infinity (the circular points); two spheres intersect in a fixed circle at infinity; an asymptote became a tangent at infinity; the foci of a conic became the intersections of the tangents from the circular points at infinity; the centre of a conic the pole of the line at infinity, &c. In analytical geometry the line at infinity plays an important part in trilinear co-ordinates. The intersections of the lines drawn from corresponding points are points on the ellipse. The great dodecahedron is determined by the intersections of the twelve planes which intersect the Platonic icosahedron in five of its edges; or each face has the same boundaries as the basal sides of five covertical faces of the icosahedron. The intersections of the diagonal streets left a number of small, triangular parks, which, as well as the larger ones, are well shaded. The only allowable spinning states are at their intersections. A police escort led the cavalcade through the heart of the city, with no hold ups for lights or intersections. Both organizations were set up to explore intersections between artistic disciplines. This paper takes a cultural studies approach to investigate the intersections of history, technology, food, and national identity. The police had mobilized a much larger force and were coming toward us from multiple intersections. Widely scattered massive sulfide intersections, however, demonstrate considerable exploration potential. To keep the traffic running on the highway in peak time a ramp metering system is operating on 3 highway intersections. Thinking Classics Essays on classical subjects; film reviews course on Greek scansion and metrics; commentary on intersections of antiquity and modernity. At wall intersections, you'll have to cut the paper, match the design and continue to the adjacent wall. Install metal flashing in roof valleys and intersections for extra protection, and secure it in place with galvanized nails. People who live in apartments or near busy intersections may experience constant external noise. At strategic locations throughout the park - near restrooms, along the Main Midway, and at prominent intersections - guests will find "you are here" maps they can use to orient themselves. At each of the intersections is a colored marble, and you can swap adjacent marbles (connected by the spun threads) in order to make sets of three (or more) of the same color. Villages are different, as they are built on 3-hex intersections. This ensures that three intersections near a village are empty throughout the game. Many youth groups set up near major intersections on weekend mornings offering doughnuts for sale to passersby. Other driving skills you'll learn in driving classes include how to handle 4-way intersections, how to drive through rotary circles, and how to get on and off the interstate. The driving test involves a series of driving situations, many of which include some fairly complicated and busy intersections. Damian located the enemy ahead of them, shooting intersections clear as they reached them. He started the car again and drove through a series of tunnels and intersections, a virtual underground street grid, before arriving at a large garage filled with gleaming cars. The robed man led her into the fortress and wound his way through bright intersections, down stairs, and into a more opulent part of the building. They crossed more intersections, descended to the level below, and stopped outside of double doors. Several more warriors stood at intersections like gargoyles, moving only to point in the direction she needed to go. Accompanied by two guards, she mounted her favorite bay horse and pounded through familiar roads and intersections to the southern wall., The chill of the ocean crept into its walls. The image of the star is set updn the intersections of the lines of the central cross, and the positions of the reseau-lines are read off by estimation to - of a division on the glass scale. These intersections determine the centres of the semicircles CC which form the ends of the respective knuckles. Cubic equations were solved geometrically by determining the intersections of conic sections. In these instruments the lines are ruled upon a spherical surface of speculum metal, and mark the intersections of the surface by a system of parallel and equidistant planes, o; of which the middle member passes through the centre of the sphere. The locus of these intersections is the quadratrix. Archytas of Tarentum (c. 430 B.C.) solved the problems by means of sections of a half cylinder; according to Eutocius, Menaechmus solved them by means of the intersections of conic sections; and Eudoxus also gave a solution. This result is modified if the action of the load near the section is distributed to the bracing intersections by rail and cross girders. But if the load is distributed to the bracing intersections by rail and cross girders, then the shear at C' will be greatest when the load extends to N, and will have the values wXADN and -wXNEB. The first pair of intersections may be either real or imaginary; we proceed to discuss the second pair. A further deduction from the principle of continuity follows by considering the intersections of concentric circles. Cramer, that, when a certain number of the intersections of two algebraical curves are given, the rest are thereby determined.

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Conversation is interactive oral communication between two or more people. The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. Conversation covers a lot of territories, and can include any unscripted communication between two or more people. We start learning turn-taking rules as small children, and over time, we absorb shared expectations of social conversations (chit chat, hanging out), everyday conversations (discussions, becoming acquainted), and important conversations (confessions, confrontations). Why Do Children Need To Have Good Conversational Skills? The ability to communicate effectively is a very important skill in our socially dynamic world. The better we are at it, the better our quality of life will be. As a child develops, it is important we nurture their communication skills so they are capable of expressing themselves, clearly and confidently, in all aspects and areas of their life. A child who is good at communicating verbally will find it easier to produce written communications, and thus will likely perform better in school. Likewise, a child who is good at communicating verbally will interpret what they read more accurately, helping them in all areas of academics. Looking to their future, being able to communicate with employers, co-workers, relationship partners, community workers, etc. is crucial. Good communication skills are listed amongst the most desirable skills for success in life and can sometimes be the deciding factor on whether or not someone gets a job, makes or keeps a friend/relationship, or gets what they need from community workers. Being able to express your wants and needs, and engage socially with others, is a very important skill to have from childhood, all the way through life. Like any skill, communication skills can be developed and refined with practice, but by helping develop good communication skills in a child from their youth, you are equipping them straight away with the skills to build a successful future. What Happens If Children Do Not Have Good Conversational Skills? Language is the vehicle for learning. It is the means by which teachers teach and children learn. Imagine trying to learn and understand new information without the ability to listen, understand and talk. Children with speech and language needs are at high risk of difficulties with reading, writing, and spelling. If children can’t say words, they will be more likely to have difficulties in ‘sounding out’ words for reading and spelling, or writing them down. If children can’t understand the words they hear, they will struggle to understand what they have read. Children with communication difficulties are more likely to have behavior difficulties. Many children with identified behavior needs have previously unidentified speech, language and communication needs. Imagine the frustration of not getting your message across. Friendships are incredibly important for children. Making and keeping friends is difficult if you have poor communication skills. Children often choose friends who are good at communicating, so children with difficulties are doubly disadvantaged Self-esteem and confidence are affected. Children with communication needs often see themselves as less able and less popular than their friends. Young people identify good communication skills as important for feeling confident. Strategies/ Tips For Improving Conversational Skills Make It Real and Relevant Just like you enjoy talking about things that interest you, so does your child, so engage her in conversation topics that relate to her daily activities. For example, see playtime as an opportunity for discussion. Ask your student about what her dolls are doing if she’s role-playing with them on the floor, or ask her how she could build the highest tower possible with her set of blocks. You also could ask your students about a movie, video game, or TV show they saw. Encourage Listening Skills Engaging in meaningful conversation is as much about listening as it is about talking. Encourage your students to listen and pay attention by reading with them and asking them about details of the story. For example, after reading that a character in your students” book hid under the bed, check that your students were listening by saying: “Where did the boy hide?” When your students ask you a question and you provide an answer, occasionally check for listening and comprehension. Ask “What did you hear me say?” Talk About Non-Verbal Cues When it comes to understanding a conversation, nonverbal cues are important for getting what someone’s trying to say. Help your students understand facial expressions by asking about them. For example, if you’re reading a picture book, point to one of the characters and ask, “How do you think she feels right now? Why do you think she feels that way?” To help your students understand jokes, ask them what it means when someone says something that sounds serious while wearing a big smile. Use Lots of Questions Questions keep conversations going, so ask your students lots of them and encourage your students to ask questions. Favor open-ended questions, instead of questions with yes or no answers. You’ll get a more detailed response from a child. Get your students to ask each other question too. Make suggestions if a child struggles with initiating the conversation: “Why don’t you go ask that other little boy what game he’s playing in the sandbox? If you want to play too, you could always ask to join in.” Be Familiar With Developmental Milestones While most children develop conversation skills on their own when teachers offer opportunities, others may need extra help or explicit teaching to learn communication skills. How Good Conversational Skills Help Friendships Communication skills are the key to developing (and keeping) friendships and to building a strong social support network. They also help you take care of your own needs while being respectful of the needs of others. People aren’t born with good communication skills; like any other skill, they are learned through trial and error and repeated practice. Helping your students develop stronger conversational skills will help them significantly improve their social relationships with their peers. Thanks So Much and Happy Teaching! Cindy ~Socially Skilled Kids

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School of Engineering Science Simulation and optimisation can be used to develop sustainable and efficient robotic solutions that suit each unique situation in a production line, for example. There is great deal to be done to make production more efficient, flexible and optimal, and getting it right from the start can save both time and money. The next industrial revolution, Industry 5.0, is fast approaching and will place even greater demands on tailored products, agility and flexibility. In order to survive and remain competitive, all manufacturing companies need to be at the forefront of robotics and automation. The WISER courses are suitable for businesses with any type of production that will be acquiring new production equipment, or that find themselves in a situation where existing equipment or production needs to be streamlined and redesigned. In such cases, it is appropriate to use virtual tools to simulate production in virtual originals, and to analyse and optimise the solutions. One of the biggest challenges is complexity. Finding the optimum solution can be difficult, for example when it comes to which type of robot to implement, which elements of the production process are best suited to automation, when and how to automate, where to place the robot and how to divide up the work between humans and robots. The robot also needs to be seen in a broader context. Although it is flexible in itself, it must also be able to handle different production flows and new products. The courses within the Robotics domain are mainly aimed at production developers and production engineers. They provide support for finding the best solutions and getting it right from the start. This saves time and money, and is important in terms of both safety and sustainability.

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Japanese joinery is a traditional carpentry technique that involves the use of small wooden joints to connect pieces of wood. The result is a strong, durable piece of furniture or construction that can last for generations. Here are 10 things you need to know about Japanese joinery: 1. Japanese joinery dates back thousands of years Japanese joinery dates back thousands of years, and it is considered to be one of the oldest woodworking techniques in the world. The first recorded use of Japanese joinery dates back to the 8th century CE, and it is believed that the technique was developed even earlier. 2. Japanese joinery is known for its strength and durability Japanese joinery is renowned for its strength and durability, as well as its aesthetic appeal. Unlike Western carpentry, which relies heavily on nails and screws, Japanese joinery uses small wooden joints to connect pieces of wood. This results in a much stronger construction that can last for generations. 3. Japanese joinery requires precise measurements Precise measurements are essential in Japanese joinery, as even the slightest error can result in a joint that is too weak or doesn’t fit properly. As such, Japanese carpenters often use traditional measuring tools, such as a sliding bevel or a Kanna ( Japanese hand plane), to ensure accuracy. 4. Japanese joinery is traditionally done by hand In the past, all Japanese joinery was done by hand, without the use of any power tools. This meant that each joint had to be painstakingly carved by hand, which made the process very time-consuming. However, with the advent of modern tools, such as electric saws and routers, Japanese carpenters are now able to create joints much more quickly. 5. Japanese joinery often uses interlocking joints One of the most distinctive features of Japanese joinery is the use of interlocking joints. These types of joints allow two pieces of wood to be connected without the use of nails or screws, and they are incredibly strong. In fact, some Japanese joints are so strong that they can support the weight of a person. 6. Japanese joinery is used in a variety of applications Japanese joinery is not just limited to furniture making – it can also be used in the construction of buildings, boats, and even bridges. In recent years, Japanese architects have begun to experiment with using traditional joinery techniques in contemporary designs, resulting in some truly unique structures. 7. There are many different types of Japanese joints There are hundreds of different types of Japanese joints, each with its own specific purpose. Some of the most common types of joints include the mortise and tenon, the dovetailed joint, and the finger joint. 8. Japanese joinery requires special tools Due to the precision required, Japanese joinery often uses specialized tools that are not typically used in Western carpentry. For example, a Kanna (Japanese hand plane) is often used to create precise cuts, and a chisel is sometimes used to create interlocking joints. 9. Japanese joinery is very labor-intensive As each joint must be carefully crafted by hand, Japanese joinery is a very labor-intensive process. It can often take days or even weeks to complete a single piece of furniture. As such, Japanese-made furniture is often quite expensive. it is important to note that the high cost is often due to the quality of the construction, and not simply the labor involved. 10. Japanese joinery is an art form Japanese joinery is a traditional craft that is slowly dying out. With the advent of modern tools and methods, fewer and fewer people are learning the skills required to create joints by hand. As such, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find someone who knows how to do Japanese joinery. Due to its intricate designs and precise measurements, Japanese joinery can be considered an art form. In fact, there are even schools dedicated to teaching this ancient craft. If you’re interested in learning more about Japanese joinery, consider taking a class or two. Japanese joinery is a precise and delicate art that takes years of practice to perfect. However, the end result is a level of craftsmanship and beauty that is unmatched in the world. By understanding some basic concepts about Japanese joinery, you can appreciate this unique form of woodworking even more. We hope you’ve enjoyed learning about Japanese joinery and that it has inspired you to appreciate the artistry and skill involved in creating these beautiful pieces of furniture.

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A cumulative exam is a type of assessment that tests a student’s knowledge of all the material covered throughout a course, rather than focusing on a single topic or unit. This type of exam is often given at the end of a semester or academic year, and it is designed to measure a student’s overall understanding of the subject matter. The cumulative exam meaning therefore stands for assessing a students’ understanding of all the topics/subjects they have learned during an academic year. Cumulative exams can take many different forms, including written exams, oral exams, or a combination of both. They may also include a variety of question types, such as multiple-choice, short answer, essay questions, and problem-solving exercises. Before appearing for this examination, students should understand cumulative exam meaning. The purpose of a cumulative exam is to assess a student’s mastery of the course material in its entirety, rather than simply testing their ability to recall information from a specific unit or chapter. By testing a student’s knowledge of all the material covered, cumulative exams provide a more comprehensive evaluation of a student’s learning and understanding. Preparing for a cumulative exam requires careful planning and review of all course material covered throughout the semester or academic year. Students should review notes, textbooks, and other course materials regularly throughout the course to ensure they have a solid understanding of the material. Cumulative exams can be challenging, but they provide an excellent opportunity for students to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of a subject. By preparing thoroughly and taking the time to review all course material, students can approach a cumulative exam with confidence and achieve the best possible results. Before their exam preparation, they must understand cumulative exam meaning and how it can affect their academic career. With the help of its school LMS, Teachmint can help students get a better learning experience. Also, the school ERP system reduces the workload of admins.

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4.2 Ideas Help Start a Revolution Terms in this set (12) second continental congress They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and allowed for the printing of paper money The official army of the colonies, created by the Second Continental Congress and led by George Washington Battle of Bunker Hill First major battle of the Revolution. Neither side showed they would be easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition; "misnamed" because it actually started at Breed's Hill olive branch petition final peace offer sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George (iii) the third, but he denies it. 50-page pamphlet, where Thomas Paine attacks King George (iii) the third and writes about how we are entitled to certain inalienable, god-given rights. He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. Declaration of Independence The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. "Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness" Jefferson describes the "natural rights" of every individual as consisting of these 3 things.... the supporters of independence American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence Lexington & Concord Where we hear the "shot heard 'round the world" YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE... 4.2 Declaring Independence Second Continental Congress American Journey Chapter 5 Section 4 Moving toward Independence 6-4 Declaring Independence OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR Chapter 15: Immigration and Urbanization The Colonies Come of Age The War of Independence American Colonies Emerge THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH... America Claims An Empire (18/1 - 18/2) Presidential Cabinet Departments

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table of contents If you have any medical questions or concerns, please talk to your healthcare provider. The articles on Health Guide are underpinned by peer-reviewed research and information drawn from medical societies and governmental agencies. However, they are not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Multitasking while eating has become the new normal. Watching TV, scrolling through social media, or working at your desk are all common ways to pass the time during a meal. But this often leads to less satisfaction with meals, less awareness of your food, and often, overeating. Mindful eating is a technique to help you slow down, increase your awareness of your food, and promote healthy eating behaviors, while building a healthy relationship with food. This article covers what mindful eating is, its benefits, and how you can start practicing today. What is mindful eating? Mindful eating is a type of mindfulness exercise. A mindfulness practice is a form of meditation to help you increase awareness of your thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations in the present moment. Research shows a mindfulness meditation practice may help improve depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and other mental health conditions (Behan, 2020). Mindfulness: what it is, types, benefits The purpose of mindful eating is to slow down during mealtime to pay full attention to your food. You can use mindful eating to gain control over eating habits and reduce mindless snacking by replacing automatic actions with more conscious choices. Mindful eating is a technique commonly used by intuitive eating dietitians and others to help people learn their hunger and fullness cues. Benefits of mindful eating Here are 7 benefits of practicing mindful eating: 1. Increased awareness of hunger and fullness When you eat without distractions by following the mindful eating steps, you learn how your hunger and fullness cues feel. It can take time for the stomach to register that you’re full, so slowing down allows time for your body to tell you when you’ve had enough. Instead of hurrying through all of the food on your plate, you will start to learn how much of that food you really want to eat vs. emotional eating or just eating what’s on your plate because it’s there. Hunger may feel like increased irritability, fatigue, and a grumbling stomach. Fullness cues may feel like less enjoyment of the food, a comfortably full stomach with some pressure in the area, and loss of hunger. 2. Weight loss Mindful eating helps you stop eating when full, intentionally change your food choices, and decrease mindless eating. Since mindful eating helps reduce overeating, this may result in weight loss and help regulate body weight (Mantzios, 2015). One study suggests a mindful eating practice assists with weight loss and maintaining a healthy weight even without calorie counting (Robinson, 2013). 7 best diets for weight loss: what works? 3. Stress reduction Cortisol is sometimes called the stress hormone, and it’s involved in the body’s “flight-or-fight” response. When feelings of stress are high, cortisol levels are often high as well. Research suggests mindfulness-based exercises, including mindful eating, help reduce cortisol levels (Sanada, 2016). 4. Better digestion Digestive conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are affected by stress levels. Research suggests that mindful eating may help improve digestion by lowering stress levels, reducing overeating, and slowing down meals (Cherpak, 2019). 5. Reduced overeating and binge eating Mindful eating provides a framework to help people pause their eating and check in with themselves. This pause helps break the cycle of overeating and binge eating by helping people slow down. Research shows mindful eating reduces binge eating and emotional eating (Katterman, 2014). This could be related to the positive effects mindfulness-based practices have on reducing anxiety and depression (Behan, 2020). 6. Increased satisfaction with food When you’re distracted while eating, you’re more likely to eat more food than while eating mindfully (Robinson, 2013). Research suggests mindful eating practices increase your awareness of your satisfaction cues (Cherpak, 2019). Over time, this could help reduce overeating while feeling fully satisfied after a meal, making it easier to maintain a balanced diet. 7. Healthier food choices When you’re more aware of how food makes you feel, you may choose more nutritious foods. You can also increase your self-compassion to reduce emotional eating and focus more on foods that help you feel more energized. So instead of feeling overly full, bloated, and sluggish after meals, you may make food choices that help you feel better. How to practice mindful eating It takes time to learn mindfulness techniques, so try not to feel too frustrated if it’s challenging at first. When you’re used to a hectic pace, especially at mealtimes, slowing down feels difficult. If you’re having trouble slowing down for meals, first start with a short deep breathing exercise. Take a few slow, deep breaths from your diaphragm (the muscle at the bottom of your ribs) before your meal begins. During your meal, use these tips for practicing mindful eating: - Turn off all devices and notifications. - Spend at least 20 minutes eating (you can set a timer for this if you need a reminder). - Start with a small portion on your plate, so you don’t feel obligated to finish it all. - Take small bites, and try consciously savoring each bite. Chew slowly and appreciate your food. - Most importantly, check in with your senses by noticing what you see (the food’s colors, texture, appeal), smell, feel (the food’s texture and temperature in your mouth), the taste of the food, and the sound each bite makes in your ears. Notice also the sensations of your jaw and tongue moving as you chew and, ultimately, swallow it down your esophagus and into your stomach. - At the beginning, middle, and end of your meal, assess your hunger and satisfaction with your meals. Checking in with your physical hunger and satiety cues helps you start to learn your body’s signals. 12 benefits of mindfulness for mental and physical health Mindful eating tips Try these other tips to help you eat more mindfully: - When you first start mindful eating, try eating alone and in silence. This can help you be completely free of distractions to make it easier to start this practice. Don’t worry if you can’t be entirely free of outside distractions or if it’s difficult to sit in silence. Just do what you can to be more mindful while eating. - Phones provide many distractions, from phone calls to social media to games. Keep your phone out of sight with all sounds turned off to avoid these distractions during your meal. - Take notes or journal about what you do or don’t like about the foods you’re eating or the experience of eating them. You can also write down what you notice about your hunger, fullness, and satisfaction with meals to track what you notice over time. - Be sure to stop all other activities during meals—that means no working, writing, reading, or anything else during mealtime. It may take time to get the hang of a mindful eating practice. Be patient and compassionate while you learn this new skill and change old eating behaviors. Over time, mindful eating may help to reduce overeating or binge eating and increase well-being. If you’re struggling with these techniques, some people find it helpful to meet with a dietitian or nutritionist or use a mindful eating program. - Behan C. (2020). The benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices during times of crisis such as COVID-19. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(4), 256–258. doi: 10.1017/ipm.2020.38. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32406348/ - Cherpak CE. (2019). Mindful mating: a review of how the stress-digestion-mindfulness triad may modulate and improve gastrointestinal and digestive function. Integrative Medicine, 18(4), 48–53. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7219460/ - Katterman SN, Kleinman BM, Hood MM, Nackers LM, & Corsica JA. (2014). Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss: a systematic review. Eating Behaviors, 15(2), 197–204. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.01.005. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24854804/ - Mantzios M, & Wilson JC. (2015). Mindfulness, eating behaviours, and obesity: a review and reflection on current findings. Current Obesity Reports, 4(1), 141–146. doi: 10.1007/s13679-014-0131-x. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26627097/ - Robinson E, Aveyard P, Daley A, Jolly K, Lewis A, Lycett D, et al. (2013). Eating attentively: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of food intake memory and awareness on eating. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(4), 728–742. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.045245. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607652/ - Sanada K, Montero-Marin J, Alda Díez M, Salas-Valero M, Pérez-Yus MC, Morillo H, et al. (2016). Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on salivary cortisol in healthy adults: a meta-analytical review. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 471. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00471. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5069287/

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Yolanda Hanna April 11, 2021 Worksheets Creative Expression – Color is a vital part of creative expression, and while it is important that your child learn that the sky is blue and grass is green, it is also important that they be allowed to experiment with color. Mixing paints and having free rein to color a picture any way they want to, allows children to express themselves creatively, so don’t always insist that they use color accurately. There are several ways of writing worksheets. Cursive writing worksheets and specialized kindergarten group worksheets are very common amongst the small children. The children get expertise by practicing over with these worksheets and learn the control of hand muscles for writing and follow the pattern of writing, which is helpful for them for their whole life. There are various patterns of the different letter strokes present in these worksheets. The tracing of these patters make the kids to slowly learn the structuring of letter. Letter Recognition – As your child learns sounds, they will also learn to recognize the letters of the alphabet. A great way to teach this is with a printable worksheet that shows the letter, a picture, and the ’name’ of the letter – like Annie Apple! The common worksheets used in schools are for writing letters and numbers, and connect the dots activities. These are used to teach the students under kindergarten. The letter writing involves alphabets and words. These worksheets illustrate the different strokes that must be used to create a certain letter or number. Aside from this, such worksheets can also illustrate how to draw shapes, and distinguish them from one another. These writing worksheets have traceable patterns of the different strokes of writing letters. By tracing these patterns, kids slowly learn how a letter is structured. When you are a parent, and you want to teach your kids ahead of time just before he would go to school, you can use the free online worksheets. Read, read and read some more – You don’t need worksheets for this one either, but you may want to join the local library rather than spend a fortune on books that your child outgrows as quickly as they outgrow their clothes! The more you read to your child, with your child and in front of your child, the quicker they will learn to read, and learn how to enjoy it too. Tag Cloudalgebraic expressions worksheets 7th grade with answers math games for preschoolers in the classroom kumon charges 11 tutors free math rubrics math practice book grade 4 school worksheets for 1st graders mathematics grade 9 term 4 mph math problems free printable graph paper black lines math in psychology math times tables worksheets korean math test pearson mathematics 8 answers grade 8 math worksheets free printable step by step calculator christmas handouts step by step math help free other math games estimation math

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Legal-Rational Authority Weber considered traditional authority as impeding capitalist economic growth. Capitalism is based on forms of organization that require careful calculation rather than habit. As capitalism developed, traditional authority gave way to legal-rational authority. Legal rational authority or power is based on a belief in the lawfulness of enacted rules (laws) the the legitimate right of leaders to exercise authority under such rules. People believe in laws rather than in tradition. Leaders are legitimate as long as they obey the laws Laws are enacted through formal bureaucratic procedure. The authority of the President of the United States rests in liberal-rational authority. Weber argues that this type of authority is most compatible with modern capitalism and socialism (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 248:1997). Example: The authority of the President of the United States is based on legal-rational authority. State and Government This is the end of the preview. Sign up access the rest of the document.

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Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a method for PCR-based DNA analysis. When it comes to qPCR, you can utilize fluorescent probes or intercalating dye for target identification. This time, we will discuss probe-based qPCR. Discover more below: How does QPCR work? Probe-based qPCR is a PCR technique that produces exact and focused findings using fluorescently labeled sequence-specific DNA oligonucleotides, or “probes.” Although building QPCR probes before utilizing them makes the experiment potentially more time- and money-consuming than employing a dye-based qPCR alternative, it also enables multiplexing to recover the lost time. You need probes with a fluorescent reporter dye on one end and a quenching element on the other to start using probe-based qPCR. The quenching feature stops fluorescence by absorbing the light emitted by the fluorescent reporter dye on the other end of the probe. The probe should be placed between the primers in the middle of the sequence. In the course of PCR, the probe finds and binds to the complementary target that is downstream of the primer. Taq DNA polymerase cleaves the probe and detaches the fluorescent reporter dye and quencher. This enables the release of the fluorescent signal, which the qPCR apparatus will gauge and utilize to calculate the quantity of DNA in the sample. Gene Expression and qPCR One of the critical advantages of qPCR is its capacity to assess gene expression, which we will look at below: Gene expression is crucial in the production of proteins, also known as mRNA synthesis. Molecular biologists are actively researching gene expression, which helps them better comprehend various biological processes and disorders. The researcher first makes complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of the RNA in their sample using reverse transcriptase before using those cDNA copies in qPCR. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction is the name of this procedure. The results include details on how much mRNA was present in the initial, unreversed-transcribed sample, which is otherwise challenging to measure. The primers and dyes used during a qPCR run significantly impact the type of data produced. Since qPCR dyes are frequently nonspecific and combine numerous readings from different genes if many primers are used in the same mix, a single qPCR typically captures data on a single gene. However, it is possible to “multiplex” qPCR to measure multiple DNA targets when using fluorescent DNA probes rather than dyes, provided that the matching probe fluoresces at a separate frequency for each target. Why use probe-based QPCR? - First, you can be confident the signal is coming from the desired target because a signal can only be produced if the primers and probe bind to the right sequence. This is possible, provided the probes and primers are well-designed and don’t bind inadvertently to unrelated objects. - In addition to having higher specificity (than dye-based qPCR), probe-based qPCR also saves time by eliminating the requirement to determine whether you are looking at the right target amplification or not while analyzing the qPCR findings after the reaction has ended. - Lastly, QPCR based on probes can be multiplexed. It means that utilizing variously labeled probes that carry several reporter dyes makes detecting many sequences in a single reaction possible.

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