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The opinions expressed by columnists are their own and do not represent our advertisers Monday, July 04, 2016 When the Revolutionary War came to Norfolk The Revolutionary War comes to Norfolk Fall of 1775 Virginia is under the control of the Colonial Governor Lord Dunmore, who was using Norfolk as his land base of operations in the region. The population of Norfolk, once the largest borough in the province, has been greatly reduced. Patriots are leaving to join the militia and their families are scattering to nearby counties for safety. Norfolk’s printing press seized John Holt, a printer and editor of a local newspaper, uses his publication to urge the remaining citizens of Norfolk to fight for their liberties and to put up a struggle against Lord Dunmore. In late September 1775, Dunmore sends his troops to Norfolk and seizes Holt’s printing press. In response to the citizens who protest the act, Dunmore states, “I could not have done the people a greater service than by depriving them of the means of having their minds poisoned and of exciting in them the spirit of rebellion and sedition.” British routed at battle of Great bridge December 9, 1775 The British engage in battle against the patriots, attempting to gain control of the village of Great Bridge in Norfolk County. When they lose to the Americans, the Brits retreat to their ships anchored in the Norfolk harbor. Hundreds of Tory sympathizers from Norfolk and the adjoining areas also take shelter aboard the ships. The borough of Norfolk is now under the control of Virginia forces.

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Care at CNSO – Understanding Sciatica he sciatic nerve is a large cable of nerves formed by smaller nerve roots that merge together after exiting the lumbar spine (lower back). Within the sciatic nerve, electrical information travels back and forth between your spinal cord and your legs, allowing your brain to control leg muscles, and to receive sensory information from the joints, tissues, and skin of the legs. The term “sciatica” refers to unpleasant sensations in the leg caused by pinching of one of the nerve roots in the lumbar spine (lower back) that make up the sciatic nerve. These sensations, such as numbness, tingling, or pain, are typically felt along the back and sides of the leg, often including the feet, along the pathway of the sciatic nerve. In severe cases, sciatica can be more than just pain, and can include weakness of muscles in the leg. The most common cause of sciatica is wear and tear (arthritis) of the joints and ligaments in the lumbar spine. As these arthritic joints become misshapen, or lose their alignment, they can cause pressure on nearby nerves traveling within the spinal column, that make up the sciatic nerve. Approximately 2-5% of the general population will experience sciatica at some point. However, certain individuals are at higher risk. Risk factors include advanced arthritis in the spine, family history, tobacco use, frequent trauma (collision sports), heavy labor, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. Most cases of sciatica are not severe, and are self-limited. Symptoms will usually resolve by 6 to 8 weeks. Unfortunately, patients who have experienced sciatica once are likely to experience symptoms again unless certain preventive measures are taken. Usually, this means eliminating risk factors such as obesity and tobacco use, engaging in routine and frequent core exercises, and observing proper postural techniques at all times. When treatment is required, it is crucially important to seek the help of experienced, qualified spine specialists who prioritize conservative care over surgical intervention. These specialists must understand the complexities of diagnosing sciatica, especially because very few of a patient’s sciatica complaints can be measured. Leg pain can have a great many causes, such as hip or knee arthritis, or muscle injuries that have nothing to do with the spine. To further complicate matters, sciatica can never be diagnosed by Xray or MRI alone, because most adults, after the age of 35, have abnormal findings on MRI that are incidental, and do not cause symptoms (beware of doctors who provide remote MRI reviews). A spine specialist evaluating your sciatica must be willing to spend a great deal of time listening to you in order to gather clues about where your pain is coming from. He or she must also ask a lot of questions: Where is the pain located and where does it travel? What type of pain is it? What brings on the pain? What positions make you feel better? Finally, he or she must conduct a detailed physical and neurological examination that differentially focuses on the possible pain generators. It is only then that the spine specialist can determine whether your leg pain represents sciatica, from a pinched nerve in the spine, or from another source. This is an important point to make. The primary reason that spine patients become dissatisfied by treatment results is not the quality of treatment, but rather the accuracy of the initial diagnosis. For instance, a patient may undergo well-executed discectomy surgery for a herniated disc, but still have the same leg pain postoperatively. Why? It is not because the surgery went badly. Rather, it is because the disc herniation seen on MRI was an incidental finding (remember, most adults have painless abnormalities on MRI), and was not responsible for their leg pain. An inflamed sacroiliac joint caused the leg pain instead, for instance, or piriformis muscle in spasm, or even a bone spur in the hip. In any event, the patient could have avoided unnecessary spine surgery if enough time had been taken to establish an accurate diagnosis prior to treatment. This initial step should never be rushed. Once an accurate diagnosis has been made, appropriate treatment can be started. Up to 95% of sciatica patients will return to normal activity without surgery. The body has a remarkable capacity for healing, and the role of your spine specialist is to guide you through this process quickly, and prevent future recurrences of symptoms. For the rare patients who do need injections or surgery to regain normal function, the spine specialists must have a broad range of skills, from minimally invasive techniques to more extensive procedures, and a proven record of technical mastery, to assure optimal results. You owe it to yourself to get treated by the best spine specialists in the field. It is a common symptom, as nearly 3 million Americans suffer each year from sciatic nerve pain. NJ’s Only Comprehensive, Multidisciplinary Facility to Alleviate Sciatica The dedicated surgical and non-surgical team at Centers for Neurosurgery, Spine, and Orthopedics (CNSO) understands how neck, back, and sciatica problems can impact daily life. By working with leading board-certified neurosurgeons, orthopedic spine surgeons, interventional pain management physicians, physiatrists, rehabilitation specialists, and certified physical therapists, patients will receive comprehensive and coordinated care, so they can resume a healthy, less painful lifestyle free from disability. CNSO offers multiple convenient locations spanning across northern New Jersey, including Bergen, Passaic, Essex, Morris, and Hudson counties. Northern NJ patients can learn more about effectively treating sciatica pain by contacting the doctors at CNSO today.

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The characteristics of wind profiles in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer and their dependence on the geostrophic wind speed Ug, Coriolis parameter f, and surface roughness length z0 are examined utilizing large-eddy simulations. These simulations produce a constant momentum flux layer and a log-law layer above the surface characterized by a logarithmic increase of wind speed with height. The von Kármán constant derived from the mean wind profile is around 0.4 over a wide range of control parameters. The depths of the simulated boundary layer, constant-flux layer, and surface log-law layer tend to increase with the wind speed and decrease with an increasing Coriolis parameter. Immediately above the surface log-law layer, a second log-law layer has been identified from these simulations. The depth of this upper log-law layer is comparable to its counterpart in the surface layer, and the wind speed can be scaled as , as opposed to just in the surface log-law layer, implying that in addition to surface processes, the upper log-law layer is also influenced by Earth’s rotation and large-scale conditions. Here is the friction velocity at the surface, and h is the boundary layer depth. An analytical model is proposed to assist in the interpretation of the log laws in a typical Ekman boundary layer. The physics and implications of the upper log-law layer are discussed. In a neutral atmospheric Ekman boundary layer, there exists a log-law layer above the surface in which the mean horizontal wind speed increases logarithmically with the vertical distance from the surface, namely, where U is the mean horizontal wind component in the surface stress direction (or wind speed), z is the vertical distance from the surface, z0 is the surface roughness length, is the surface friction velocity, is the surface stress, is the air density, and is the von Kármán constant. The so-called log law or law of the wall for pipe flow and channel flow was first proposed by Prandtl (1925) based on the mixing-length concept, later by von Kármán (1930) through similarity theory, by Millikan (1938) through asymptotic matching, by Buschmann and Gad-el Hak (2007) based on dimensional analysis, and by George and Castillo (1997) through asymptotic analysis of high–Reynolds number flows. In a seminal paper, Monin and Obukhov (1954) generalized the mixing-length theory and log law for a neutral surface layer to stable and convective conditions by hypothesizing that mean profiles of wind speed, temperature, and other scalars in the surface layer, when properly normalized, are universal functions of the dimensionless height (i.e., z normalized by the Obukhov length, a stability-based length scale). This theory, later known as Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, is generally supported by field observations over a homogeneous land surface (e.g., Businger et al. 1971) and is widely recognized as a cornerstone of modern micrometeorology (e.g., Foken 2006). For a steady atmospheric Ekman boundary layer (EBL), the equations of motion can be written as (e.g., Tennekes 1973), where U and V are the mean horizontal wind components, Ug and Vg are the corresponding geostrophic wind components, f is the Coriolis parameter, represent the turbulent wind components, and (, ) denote the vertical fluxes of the horizontal momentum components. The only external nondimensional parameter for this system is the surface Rossby number , where is the geostrophic wind speed. According to Blackadar and Tennekes (1968) and Tennekes (1973), in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), , and the system [(2) and (3)] admits two self-similar solutions (often referred to as Rossby similarity). Near the surface , and to the first order of approximation, one obtains and in the outer layer, where , the wind profile can be asymptotically written as where Fs and (Fx, Fy) denote well-behaved universal functions of the nondimensional altitude z/z0 and , respectively. Solution (4) suggests that the momentum flux is asymptotically constant in the surface layer (Blackadar and Tennekes 1968; Wyngaard 2010), which is also referred to as the constant-flux (CFLX) layer (Fig. 1). Tennekes (1973) suggests that the log law is valid in both the surface (i.e., constant flux) layer and beyond. The log-law layer is also referred to as a matching layer, overlap layer, or inertial sublayer (Blackadar and Tennekes 1968). However, their analysis cannot provide an upper limit for the vertical extent of the constant-flux layer or the log-law layer. Nevertheless, both the constant-flux and log-law layers in the atmospheric EBL have been documented by numerous field observations. The observed log-law layers in a neutral atmosphere range from dozens of meters to more than a 100 m. For example, observations of wind speed over homogenous surfaces under small–Richardson number (i.e., nearly neutral) conditions by Carl et al. (1973; 150-m tower) found no significant deviations from logarithmic profiles up to 150 m. Similarly, Horiguchi et al. (2012; 213-m tower) found that under neutral conditions and with an average wind speed of 12.2 m s−1 aloft, the observed wind speed increases with height logarithmically up to 150 m above the ground. Over the past three decades, the log-law layer has been reproduced numerically using direct numerical simulation (DNS) or large-eddy simulation (LES) codes. In DNS studies, the Reynolds number (Re) is usually substantially smaller than that for a typical atmospheric boundary layer flow (Re ~ 105–1010) as a result of the limitation in computing power [e.g., Re is equal to 1000 in Coleman (1999) and 5200 in Lee and Moser (2015)]. LES codes have problems resolving processes near the ground surface, where the scale of dominant eddies, comparable to the vertical distance from the surface, becomes too small to be well resolved. The LES-simulated mean winds tend to deviate from the well-established log-law profile near the surface as a result of the imperfection of subgrid-scale (SGS) models, a problem known as “overshoot” or “mismatch” (Mason and Thomson 1992). This was especially a problem historically, when the LES model resolutions were much coarser. For example, Cai and Steyn (1996) find that their simulated von Kármán constant is dependent on the “Smagorinsky-Model Reynolds number,” which is a function of the model grid spacings, instead of a universal constant. With horizontal grid spacings between 20 and 60 m, the largest they obtained is 0.35, which is substantially smaller than the widely accepted value of 0.4. In the past 25 years, this issue has been addressed by several studies using different SGS models (e.g., Sullivan et al. 1994; Wyngaard et al. 1998; Chow et al. 2005; Brasseur and Wei 2010; Stoll and Porté-Agel 2006; Kawai and Larsson 2012). Solutions (5) and (6), also known as the velocity defect law, are valid for the outer Ekman layer. The vertical variation of the horizontal winds in an Ekman layer can also be obtained by analytically or numerically solving (2) and (3) with additional assumptions about the momentum fluxes. For example, in K theory, the momentum fluxes are assumed to be proportional to the vertical gradient of the mean wind components, that is, , where the eddy viscosity Km is constant with height or is an analytical function of z (Holton 1992). In addition, the characteristics of an EBL have been examined in a laboratory (e.g., Howroyd and Slawson 1975) and numerically using LES or DNS codes (Coleman et al. 1990; Zikanov et al. 2003). Overall, the outer EBL receives much less attention than the surface layer. This is largely due to the great importance of the surface layer, which governs the air–land, air–sea, or air–ice interaction processes, and is most relevant to our daily life. Practically, there are much fewer traditional observations of the outer EBL, which is beyond the range of most meteorological towers. Also, unlike the surface layer, which is predominantly influenced by surface processes, there is additional complexity in an outer layer associated with the impact from surface processes, Earth’s rotation, and boundary layer (BL) top entrainment. The objective of this study is to advance our understanding of the vertical wind variation in a neutral Ekman boundary layer, including both the surface layer and the outer EBL, using LESs. Particularly, the existence and implications of an elevated log-law layer, located above the surface layer (Fig. 1), are investigated. Besides the scientific merit, there are emerging demands for better understanding of the EBL winds beyond the surface layer. One such example is modern offshore wind turbines, which have hub heights and rotor diameters exceeding 100 m. Therefore, an accurate prediction of winds well above the surface layer is crucial for the wind turbine output power assessment (Jiang et al. 2008). The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The LES code and model configuration are described in section 2. The results from the LESs are presented in section 3. Section 4 contains a derivation of an analytical model that predicts both the lower and upper log-law layers. The results and discoveries are summarized in section 5. 2. Model configuration In the large-eddy simulation code used in this study, the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations (e.g., Moeng 1984; Sullivan et al. 2014) are integrated forward using a third-order Runge–Kutta scheme. The equations are discretized with a pseudospectral method in the horizontal coordinates (i.e., x and y) and a second-order finite-difference scheme in the vertical coordinate (i.e., z), with an SGS model outlined by Moeng and Wyngaard (1988). A further description of the numerical details of this model can be found in Sullivan et al. (2014). For the simulations presented in this study, there are 256 × 256 grid points in the horizontal directions with periodic boundary conditions applied along the lateral boundaries and 160 grid points in the vertical direction. The horizontal grid spacing varies between 2 and 16 m in group A simulations and is 4 m in the rest. The model top is located at 1950 m, where a radiation boundary condition is applied (Klemp and Durran 1983). The minimal grid spacing is at the first model level, and the vertical grid spacing increases gradually with altitude following , where i is the vertical model level index and is a constant stretching factor. The model is initialized with a unidirectional vertically uniform wind , where the geostrophic wind speed Ug is 5 or 10 m s−1. The free atmosphere is in geostrophic balance with a constant Coriolis parameter f = 10−4 or 2 × 10−4 s−1. The atmosphere is neutrally stratified (i.e., ) throughout the domain, and there is no sensible heat flux at the surface. The use of a neutral atmosphere has the advantage of avoiding additional complexity associated with the negative buoyancy flux in the upper portion of the BL, which introduces additional control parameters. This simplification allows us to minimize the number of control parameters to three (i.e., surface roughness length, geostrophic wind speed, and the Coriolis parameter) and to focus on the characteristics of a rotational shear boundary layer. Additional simulations have been carried out to test the sensitivity of the characteristics of the simulated EBL to the domain size with 512 × 512 horizontal grid points (i.e., 2.048 × 2.048 km2) and a deeper domain (i.e., 3 km with the number of vertical model levels increased to 256). We find that the turbulence statistics and the simulated mean profiles exhibit little sensitivity to the domain size changes (not shown). The surface stress is computed by applying the similarity theory to the first model level with a specified surface roughness length z0 which varies from simulation to simulation. The model time step is limited by the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition, and the CFL number is calculated from the ratio between the horizontal (vertical) grid spacing and the maximum horizontal (vertical) wind speed. The proper time step can be calculated for a given maximum CFL number, which is set to be 0.3 for this study, that is, , where and denote the horizontal and vertical grid spacings, respectively. The resulting time step varies with the model grid spacings and wind speed. For each simulation the model is integrated to t = 12 h, corresponding to the nondimensional time and 8.64 for f = 10−4 and 2 × 10−4 s−1, respectively. Inspection of the temporal evolution of domain-averaged variables such as the surface stress, boundary layer height, and vertically integrated turbulence kinetic energy (not shown) indicates that variations in these domain-averaged variables with time become very slow by 12 h, much slower than those in the first 4 h (Fig. 2), suggesting that a quasi-equilibrium Ekman boundary layer has been established. It is noteworthy that, strictly speaking, the BL is not in equilibrium, as the horizontal winds in the BL still rotate slowly associated with inertial oscillations [e.g., Fig. 3 in Andren et al. (1994)], the damping of which may take multiple inertial periods (inertial period ~17.5 h, for f = 10−4 s−1). On the other hand, for ft > 2, neither the surface stress nor the BL height exhibits any noticeable oscillation (Fig. 2), suggesting that the impact of inertial oscillations on the BL height, surface-layer characteristics, and the vertically integrated BL turbulence kinetic energy (not shown) is negligible. Unless otherwise noted, the mean profiles presented in this study are averaged horizontally across the model domain and over the last hour (i.e., between 11 and 12 h). Four groups of simulations have been carried out to explore the characteristics of the Ekman boundary layer over a range of control parameters (i.e., Ug, f, and z0). The geostrophic wind is oriented along the x direction (i.e., G = Ug and Vg =0). The model configuration and the control parameters are listed in Tables 1–4, and the results are summarized in sections 3a–c. a. Sensitivity of simulated Ekman boundary layer to the model resolution A number of simulations have been performed to examine the sensitivity of the simulated EBL to the model horizontal and vertical grid spacings as well as the domain size. The results from a group of five simulations (i.e., group A) are presented here with an emphasis on the model skill in reproducing the well-established logarithmic wind profiles (i.e., log law) in the surface layer, and the simulated von Kármán constant. The control parameters for group A simulations are Ug = 5 m s−1, f = 10−4 s−1, and z0 = 2 × 10−4 m. The model grid spacings vary from simulation to simulation (Table 1). Some parameters derived from the group A simulations are listed in Table 1, and the results are summarized in Figs. 3–5. It is evident that these simulations capture the salient features of a typical Ekman BL, such as Ekman spirals (i.e., the clockwise rotation of the wind direction with height), strong vertical shear in the surface layer, and a supergeostrophic jet in the upper portion of the boundary layer (Fig. 3). The supergeostrophic jet becomes consistently lower and stronger with the decrease of the horizontal grid spacing . The resolved turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is characterized by a maximum in the surface layer and a rapid decrease with height aloft (Fig. 3c). In general the TKE maximum becomes systematically larger and exhibits faster decay with height in the simulation with a finer horizontal grid spacing. We define the top of the EBL as the level where the TKE reduces to 5% of its maximum near the surface. The derived BL depth decreases substantially as the horizontal grid spacing decreases from 16 (i.e., A1) to 4 m (i.e., A4). The decrease of the BL depth is much less pronounced from A4 to A5 (i.e., decreases from 4 to 2 m), implying that the simulated BL depth tends to converge as the model horizontal grid spacing consistently decreases. The mean wind speed and momentum flux profiles are shown in Fig. 4 with the vertical distance from the surface z in a logarithmic scale. Between approximately 20 and 80 m, the wind speed increases nearly linearly with log(z) (Fig. 4a, the segment indicated by the bold line), suggesting the existence of a log-law layer below 80 m. The total x momentum fluxes (i.e., sum of the resolved and SGS fluxes) normalized by their corresponding surface stresses are shown in Fig. 4b with the normalized SGS fluxes (dashed curves) included for comparison. The total flux profiles exhibit little discrepancy between simulations. Regardless of the model grid spacings, there appears to be a nearly constant-flux layer in all the simulations. If one defines the depth of the constant-flux layer Zcflx as the depth over which the total momentum flux variation is less than 10% (Glickman 2000), then we have Zcflx = 26 ± 2 m for the simulations in group A, which is relatively insensitive to the model grid spacing. As expected the parameterized (i.e., SGS) flux dominates near the surface and decreases sharply with the vertical distance from the surface. As the model horizontal grid spacing decreases from 16 to 4 m, the SGS fraction of the momentum flux decreases substantially (e.g., near the bottom, the SGS contribution decreases from 85% for A1 to 45% for A5), implying that a larger percentage of turbulence is resolved around the first model level. The fraction of the SGS flux decreases faster with the vertical distance from the surface in simulations with finer horizontal grid spacings. We define an SGS buffer layer as the layer where the SGS flux accounts for 10% or more in the total flux (Cai and Steyn 1996), above which energy-containing eddies are considered to be properly resolved. The depth of the SGS buffer layer Zb estimated from the group A simulations is listed in Table 1. As expected the SGS buffer layer consistently becomes thinner as the horizontal resolution increases and is relatively insensitive to the variation in vertical grid spacings (comparing A2 and A3). Near the surface the characteristic size of the energetic eddies scales with the vertical distance from the surface z (Prandtl 1925). According to the Nyquist theorem, the model grid spacing should be at least less than half the characteristic length to be resolved, that is, . More generally, we can write , and the constant coefficient is likely dependent on the SGS model. For example, is used in Senocak et al. (2007). For this group of simulations, the SGS buffer layer depth is approximately proportional to the horizontal grid spacing with . We are more interested in the mean profiles above the SGS buffer layer, where the turbulence is explicitly resolved by the LES code. Specifically, we seek answers to the following questions: 1) Is this LES code capable of producing a log-law layer above the SGS buffer layer? 2) If it is, can the logarithmic profile be used to retrieve the surface friction velocity or von Kármán constant? 3) Is the surface roughness length retrieved from the log-law fitting (i.e., z10, referred to as the effective surface roughness length) consistent with the specified value? Inspection of the mean wind profiles indicates that there exists a well-defined logarithmic layer approximately between Zb, the top of the SGS buffer layer, and ~80 m above the surface (i.e., the top of the lower log-law layer, denoted as ZLL). It is noteworthy that the log-law layer is substantially deeper than the constant-flux layer, which is consistent with the scaling argument in Blackadar and Tennekes (1968) and Tennekes (1973). Next, we perform the linear regression between the wind speed and ln(z) using the data points at each model level between Zb and ZLL for every simulation in group A. While the SGS buffer layer top Zb can be conveniently determined from the momentum flux profiles, the choice of ZLL is less straightforward without the benefit of any guidance from existing studies. Here ZLL is estimated using a trial-and-error approach, based on the assumption that the wind speed at the model levels within the log-law layer is better linearly correlated with smaller standard deviations. Specifically, we start with a first-guess ZLL based on visual inspection of the semilogarithmic wind profile and perform linear regression for the segment between Zb and ZLL. We increase the upper limit for the regression range (i.e., ZLL) gradually until the t value for the slope from the linear regression falls under the threshold value of 100. The obtained ZLL is rounded to the nearest 10 m. It is worth noting that the threshold t value used in this study is rather large and that the coefficient of determination (i.e., square of the correlation coefficient) for the linear regression is larger than 0.99 (i.e., the linear regression accounts for more than 99% of the variances). The wind speed in the log-law layer can be written as , where the slope of the best-fit line and the intercept with W = 0 correspond to and , respectively. Here and denote the von Kármán constant and effective surface roughness length derived from the linear fitting, respectively. The wind speed W is used as an approximation of the wind component along the surface stress direction, as the change in the wind direction in the surface layer is usually negligible. The two parameters, and , obtained from the linear regression are listed in Table 1 for the simulations in group A. For A1, the simulated von Kármán constant is noticeably smaller than 0.4, and the effective surface roughness length is larger than the specified one. As the model resolution increases, converges toward 0.4 and decreases correspondingly toward z0, the specified surface roughness length. For A5, the simulation with the finest grid spacing, we have and . Also included in Table 1 is the percentage difference between the 10-m wind speed from the LES run and its counterpart derived from log law using , , and z0. It is evident that the 10-m wind speed predicted by the log law is stronger than that derived from the corresponding LES. The difference is less than 10%, and it consistently decreases with the increase in the model resolution (Table 1). The existence of the SGS buffer and log-law layers is also evident in Fig. 5, which shows the wind speed normalized by the corresponding log-law prediction, that is, as a function of the vertical distance z. Here is computed using the surface friction velocity and the derived surface roughness length. Near the surface (i.e., in the SGS buffer layer), the simulated wind speed is weaker than the log-law prediction with the largest discrepancy occurring at the surface. The log-law layer manifests itself as the layer between Zb and ~80 m, where the normalized wind speed is nearly constant (Fig. 5). In summary, the group A simulations produce all the salient features of a typical Ekman boundary layer, including an Ekman wind spiral, a constant-flux layer, and a well-defined log-law layer located above the SGS buffer layer. In the SGS buffer layer, the energetic eddies are underresolved by the LES code and, consequently, the wind speed deviates from the log law. The depth of the SGS buffer layer decreases linearly with the decreasing horizontal grid spacing, approximately as . With the increase of the model resolution, the simulated von Kármán constant converges toward 0.4, while the derived surface roughness length tends toward its specified value. These simulations show that the LES code has difficulty in correctly simulating the vertical gradient of the horizontal winds in the SGS buffer layer, a notorious problem that has been discussed in previous studies. They also demonstrate that when the model grid spacing is fine enough, even though there exists a thin SGS buffer layer where the simulated wind profile deviates from the log law, the LES code is capable of producing a well-defined log-law layer above the buffer layer with the von Kármán constant derived from the best-fit line close to 0.4 and a surface roughness length comparable to the specified one. In other words, these simulations suggest that as the SGS buffer layer becomes thinner, the impact of the wind speed errors in the SGS buffer layer on the interior wind profile becomes consistently smaller. Specifically, the model grid spacing and appear to be adequate for our study of the neutral Ekman layer. This pair of spacings yields an SGS buffer layer less than 10 m and a von Kármán constant close to 0.4, while the computational cost is acceptable. b. The lower log-law layer and surface layer Three additional groups of simulations (i.e., B, C, and D) have been carried out with the model configuration identical to that in A4 (i.e., , , and the vertical stretching factor ) but different control parameters (i.e., geostrophic wind speed Ug, Coriolis parameter f, or surface roughness length z0). The objectives of these simulations are threefold. First, we intend to further evaluate the skill of the LES code in reproducing the log-law wind profile in the surface layer over a broader parameter space. Second, we intend to explore the characteristics of the EBL and their dependence on the three external control parameters. Furthermore, we are interested in characterizing the wind profile beyond the surface log-law layer, and the last objective is addressed in section 3c. Group B includes four simulations with Ug = 5 m s−1, f = 10−4 s−1, and z0 = 2 × 10−4, 2 × 10−3, 2 × 10−2, and 0.1 m, respectively; and the results are summarized in Figs. 6 and 7 and Table 2. As expected, over a rougher surface the wind speed near the surface is slower, resulting in stronger vertical wind shear and therefore more intense turbulence (Figs. 6a–c). In accordance with stronger turbulence over a rougher surface, the BL becomes deeper and the supergeostrophic wind maximum becomes progressively stronger. The depth of an Ekman boundary layer h is often scaled as u*/f (Stull 1988) or is written as , where the proportionality coefficient C1 suggested by previous studies ranges between 0.15 and 0.4 (Rossby and Montgomery 1935; Zilitinkevich 1972; Howroyd and Slawson 1975; Panofsky and Dutton 1984). It is worth noting that the BL depth may vary with the BL top definition as well. In this study we define the BL top as the level where the TKE reduces to 5% of its maximum value. Similarly, the BL top can be defined based on potential temperature, wind speed, or momentum flux profiles. The C1 values derived from group B simulations decrease from 0.36 for B1 (i.e., z0 = 2 × 10−4 m) to 0.30 for B4 (z0 = 0.1 m), which is a moderate (~12%) decrease, while z0 increases by nearly three orders of magnitude. The normalized SGS momentum flux profiles appear to be rather insensitive to the surface roughness. The SGS buffer layer depth is less than 10 m and shows little change from simulation to simulation. In the meantime, the constant-flux layer depth increases substantially (Table 2). The wind profiles between Zb and approximately ZLL = 80 m are virtually linear in the log-linear plots of the wind speed for all the simulations (Fig. 7), indicative of the existence of a logarithmic layer in the simulated wind profiles. For each simulation, a pair of z10 and have been derived from the linear regression using data points between Zb and ZLL, where is used here, which corresponds to the model level immediately above the actual SGS buffer layer. The estimated upper limit of the log-law layer (i.e., ZLL) using the same trial and error method is around 80 m and tends to increase slowly with the surface roughness length. For simplicity, linear regressions of the wind profiles between Zb = 12 m and ZLL = 80 m are performed for the simulations in group B (Fig. 7). The corresponding and z10 values derived from the linear regression are listed in Table 2. A few aspects of the results in Table 2 are worth mentioning. First, the simulated von Kármán constant is equal to 0.4, accurate to the second decimal place for all the simulations. Second, the corresponding surface roughness length z10 is close to the specified z0. The difference becomes larger for z0 = 0.1 m, which is likely due to the relatively small ratio between the first model level and the roughness length [i.e., Δz1/z0 = 10; Δz1/z0 > 50 recommended by Basu and Lacser (2017)]. Furthermore, while the logarithmic (or log-law) layer is substantially deeper than the constant-flux layer, it is relatively insensitive to the increase in the surface roughness length. Group C includes four simulations (i.e., C1–C4) identical to the simulations B1–B4 except that the geostrophic wind speed is doubled (i.e., Ug = 10 m s−1). The SGS buffer layer depths are comparable to those derived from group B, suggesting that Zb is relatively insensitive to the surface roughness length and the geostrophic wind speed. Well-defined log-law layers (Fig. 8a) and constant-flux layers (Fig. 8b) are evident in these simulations. In general, the BL is substantially deeper with much stronger turbulence (Fig. 8c) in these simulations than in their counterpart in group B. The von Kármán constant obtained from the linear fitting of the wind speed profiles is close to 0.4 as in group B simulations. On the other hand, several discrepancies between groups B and C are worth noting. First, while the BL is deeper in group C, the BL depth proportionality coefficient C1 values are consistently smaller than their counterparts with a slower geostrophic wind speed (Table 3). The average value of C1 is 0.25 for group C (i.e., compared to 0.33 in group B) and tends to decrease with increasing surface roughness length. Second, the constant-flux layers are substantially deeper than those in group B but less than doubling. The log-law layer depths for group C are around 110 m, which is about 40% deeper than in group B (Fig. 9). Simulations in group D are identical to those in group B except that the Coriolis parameter is doubled. The use of f = 2 × 10−4 s−1, which is sizably larger than the Coriolis parameter at the North Pole (~1.45 × 10−4 s−1), is meant to explore the dependence of the EBL characteristics on f over a broader range. Again, the SGS buffer layer depth is relatively insensitive to the Coriolis parameter (Figs. 10 and 11; Table 4), and the surface friction velocity is comparable with its counterpart in group B. The increase in the Coriolis parameter leads to a shallower BL with a reduced supergeostrophic wind maximum in the upper BL (Fig. 10a). The proportionality coefficient of the boundary layer depth C1 is around 0.43, which is substantially larger than those derived from groups B and C. In addition, the constant-flux layer becomes significantly shallower than its counterpart in group B (Fig. 10b) with the TKE maximum in the surface layer comparable to its counterpart in group B (Fig. 10c). A log-law layer is evident in each of the four simulations roughly between Zb ~ 12 m and ZLL ~ 50 m (Fig. 11), implying that the log-law layer depth is thinner than that in group B. In summary, over the range of parameters examined, the LES code is able to produce a well-defined surface log-law layer in the mean wind profile. The characteristics of the log-law layer vary with all three control parameters. The derived von Kármán constant is approximately 0.4 and exhibits little variation from simulation to simulation. The depths of the BL and constant flux layer vary with the surface roughness length, geostrophic wind speed, and Coriolis parameter. In Fig. 12, the simulated BL and constant-flux layer depths are plotted versus the characteristic vertical scale . While the BL depths for all three groups appear to consistently increase with , the proportional coefficient clearly tends to decrease with the increase in . Particularly, the proportional coefficient (i.e., C1) changes from around 0.2 for the simulations with stronger wind speed (i.e., group C) to nearly 0.5 for the simulations with weaker wind speed and a larger Coriolis parameter (i.e., group D). On the other hand, the constant-flux layer depth Zcflx appears to linearly increase with and the linear regression yields In general, the log-law layer becomes deeper under a stronger geostrophic wind speed and shallower over a higher latitude area. Higher towers observed deep log-law layers up to 150 m under neutral atmospheric conditions (Thuillier and Lappe1964; Carl et al. 1973) and the documented deep log-law layers usually occurred with moderately strong winds, in qualitative agreement with our simulations. c. The upper log-law layer Compared to the surface layer, the wind profile in the outer Ekman BL (referred to the portion above the surface log-law layer here) receives much less attention. A careful diagnosis of the wind profiles from our LESs suggests that there exists a second logarithmic layer, located between the top of the lower log-law layer and the midboundary layer [referred to as the upper log-law layer (ULLL)]. The segment of the wind profiles corresponding to the upper log-law layers for groups B–D is shown in Fig. 13 along with the linear regression lines. The bottom of the layer is chosen to be the level above the top of the lower log-law layer, and the top of the ULLL is derived using the same trial and error approach as for obtaining ZLL. The depth of the upper log-law layer tends to increase with geostrophic wind speed and decrease with the Coriolis parameter. Similar to the lower log-law layer, the wind speed for the upper log-law layer can be written as and, accordingly, the characteristic velocity u2* and the length scale z20 can be derived from the linear regression of the mean wind speed over the ULLL segment. The “slope” ratio between the upper and lower log-law layers and z20 are listed in Tables 1–4. The ULLL has the following characteristics. First, the ULLL is found in all the simulations, with its depth comparable to that of the corresponding lower log-law layer. Second, the value obtained from linear regression is between 0.95 and 1.7 and varies with all three external parameters. Specifically, appears to be larger over a rougher surface and under stronger geostrophic winds and smaller for a larger Coriolis parameter. For both groups B and C, β is greater than unity and is close to or less than unity in group D with the Coriolis parameter doubled. Third, while the ULLL is located almost immediately above the top of the lower log-law layer, presumably there is a thin “buffer” layer between the two (Fig. 1). The wind speed should be a smooth function of the vertical distance (Tennekes 1973). If the two layers are connected, then the slope of the two log-law layers should be the same, which requires = 1 (generally untrue). Further inspection suggests that the variation of is largely governed by a nondimensional friction velocity , where h is the BL depth. The β values derived from the three groups of simulations are plotted versus in Fig. 14, which shows that the data points from the three groups of simulations tend to collapse onto a single curve. We further assume that and that the least squares fitting using the 12 data points from the simulations from groups B–D yields (red curve in Fig. 14). Accordingly, the wind profile in the upper log-law layer can be written as where the is a constant. A few aspects of (8) are worth mentioning. First, (8) suggests that the wind speed in the upper log-law layer is scaled as instead of just u*, implying that, as expected, in addition to the surface stress, the wind speed in the outer Ekman layer is also influenced by Earth’s rotation and the boundary layer depth. Second, assuming the depth of an Ekman BL is given by , where C1 is a constant, (8) reduces to , where the new constant . Physically, this implies that the assumption that the proportionality coefficient C1 is a constant is equivalent to assuming that the wind speed in the outer layer is also scaled as . Finally, the intercept constant z20 in (8) appears to vary with all three parameters, being more sensitive to z0 and f and less so to Ug. If we assume that the lower and upper log-law layers are nearly adjacent to each other and that the wind speed at the top of the lower log-law layer is approximately equal to that at the bottom of the upper log-law layer, then we have Equation (9) provides a crude estimation of z20 and suggests that z20 is dependent on the surface parameters (i.e., z0 and u*), the Coriolis parameter, and the BL depth. The z20 values derived from the three groups of simulations (Tables 2–4) are qualitatively consistent with (9). 4. An analytical EBL model Unlike the lower log-law layer, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the upper log-law layer has not been discussed in the literature and is not predicted by any existing theory. Here we attempt to shed some light on the vertical variation of the wind speed in the outer layer by formulating a simple analytical solution for an assumed eddy diffusivity profile. We start from the K-theory assumption, that is, where denotes the horizontal wind speed. Equation (12) can be written as Here represents the total stress, is defined by , and is defined by to denote the wind and stress direction angles (from the x direction), respectively. Diagnosis of the LESs suggests that the difference in the wind and shear stress directions is relatively small in the lower half of the boundary layer. Hence, we assume that the shear stress is oriented approximately along the wind direction and, consequently, the left-hand side of (13) becomes the total stress. Based on the momentum flux profiles from the LESs, the magnitude of the left-hand side linearly decreases with the altitude in the outer layer, and therefore can be approximated by , where h represents the BL depth. We further assume that the eddy diffusivity profile can be approximated by , where is a turbulence-related nondimensional parameter, which varies slowly with the vertical distance z. Substituting the analytical stress and Km expressions into (13), we have If the variation of over a vertical distance between any two levels, z1 and z2, is negligible, the wind speed between z1 and z2 can be written as where is the wind speed at the lower reference level z1. In the surface layer, we let , , and , and (15) reduces to which is almost identical to the well-known log law for the surface layer, except that here W is the wind speed instead of the wind component along the surface stress direction. This seemingly subtle difference is quite important. The classical theory for the log law assumes that the wind turning across the log-law layer is negligible and that the winds and the shear stress in the log-law layer are oriented along the surface stress direction. The new log law [(16)] allows for a substantial wind turning with altitude as long as the shear stress is approximately oriented along the wind direction at each level throughout the log-law layer. It is also worth noting that the assumed shear stress profile , is consistent with the traditional constant-flux layer assumption. The depth of a surface (or constant-flux) layer is around 10% of the BL depth (Glickman 2000), within which the variation of the shear stress is less than 10%. In addition, in the surface layer, where z/h ≪ 1, the assumed Km reduces to , which is identical to the mixing-length theory assumption (i.e., ) for . Similarly, for the upper log-law layer, we rewrite (15) as for the upper log-law layer. This simple analytical model suggests that the difference in the wind speed scaling for the lower and upper log-law layers is due to the difference in the characteristics of the dominant eddies in the two layers, which leads to the difference in λ, or the eddy diffusivity profile. In summary, this simple EBL solution is consistent with the classical mixing-length theory and the log law in the surface layer. It also predicts possible additional log-law layers in the outer layer. However, these solutions are based on strong assumptions about the momentum flux and eddy diffusivity profiles and do not provide any guidance on the adequate vertical distance ranges in which λ can be treated as a constant, which is the necessary condition for (17) to be valid. 5. Concluding remarks The characteristics of wind profiles in an atmospheric Ekman boundary layer have been revisited based on four groups of LESs. The sensitivity of the simulated wind profiles, especially the characteristics of the classical log-law layer, to the model resolution and domain size are examined utilizing a group of simulations. As the model resolution increases, the SGS buffer layer, the layer where the energetic eddies are underresolved, shrinks. While there is a noticeable deviation from the log law inside the SGS buffer layer in the simulated wind profile, a well-defined log-law layer is evident above the SGS buffer layer. In accordance with the increase in the model resolution, the von Kármán constant derived from the log-law wind profile consistently tends to 0.4, and the effective surface roughness length also converges toward the specified roughness length. This trend is reassuring, as it implies that the impact of the deviation of the wind speed from the log law in the underresolved buffer layer on the interior solution is minimal as long as the model resolution is adequately high. Three additional groups of simulations have been diagnosed to explore the sensitivity of the wind profiles to three external governing parameters, namely, Ug, f, and z0. A constant-flux layer is evident in each simulation with the depth increasing linearly with over the parameters examined. The simulated BL depth, defined based on the TKE profile, tends to increase with as well, though the proportional coefficient varies with the control parameters instead of being a constant. These simulations also robustly produce wind speed profiles characterized by two separate log-law layers, the canonical log-law layer above the surface and a second log-law layer located between the lower log-law layer and midboundary layer (Fig. 1). The lower log-law layer is typically deeper than the corresponding constant-flux layer, which is consistent with the prediction by Tennekes (1973) based on a scaling argument. The log-law layer tends to become deeper with stronger geostrophic winds and shallower for a larger Coriolis parameter. In addition to the well-known lower log-law layer, a well-defined elevated log-law layer has been identified from all the simulations with a depth comparable to the lower log-law layer. An analytical model is examined based on the assumed momentum flux and eddy diffusivity profiles. This model predicts the lower log-law layer above the surface as well as the possibility of log-law layers aloft. Several aspects of this upper log-law layer are worth noting. First, the wind speed in the two log-law layers appears to have different scaling; the lower layer is scaled with and the ULLL is scaled with . Physically, this implies that the dominant influence on the lower log-law layer comes from the surface, and other processes, such as the Coriolis effect, are secondary and negligible. The ULLL is influenced by the surface stress and large-scale processes, such as the BL depth and the Coriolis parameter. In the literature there is little discussion of the wind speed scaling for the outer Ekman layer. It has been speculated in Blackadar and Tennekes (1968) that might be a better scaling for the wind speed in the ULLL than u*, where K is any constant. This scaling may have overemphasized the importance of the surface parameters (i.e., and ) and is inadequate for the parameter space examined in this study. Second, the slope ratio between the upper and lower log-law layers, , is typically larger than unity and varies with the geostrophic wind speed, Coriolis parameter, and the BL depth. Under certain conditions—for example, over a higher latitude area—this factor may approach unity, and the two log-law layers may virtually merge into one deep log-law layer. Third, the upper log-law layer is located almost immediately above the lower log-law layer; however, they are not connected. If the two layers are connected, then both the wind speed and the vertical gradients of the wind speed in the two layers should be equal to each other at the matching (i.e., connecting) level and accordingly β must be unity, which, in general, it is not. Furthermore, the role of the EBL depth plays in the scaling of the outer layer wind speed suggests the importance of the BL depth as an independent parameter for the outer BL, especially in a real atmosphere, where multiple processes are involved in determining the BL depth. The existence of an upper log-law layer in an Ekman boundary layer has a number of implications. First, if confirmed, the upper log law can be very useful for validating turbulence parameterizations in numerical weather prediction models. Second, from the observational perspective, the upper log-law layer is likely beyond the reach of traditional meteorological towers. However, the wind profile in the outer BL can be observed by remote sensing technologies, such as Doppler lidars and wind profilers as well as instrumented tethered balloons. The findings from this study encourage further investigation of wind profiles beyond the surface layer, especially under nearly neutral conditions. Furthermore, this study hints at the possibility of extending the current similarity theory valid for the surface layer to the midboundary layer. This research is supported by the chief of naval research through the NRL Base Program, PE 0601153N. Computational resources were supported by a grant of HPC time from the Department of Defense Major Shared Resource Centers.

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a. This variation is often called by the German name Ablaut. It has left considerable traces in the forms of Latin words, appearing sometimes as a difference of quantity in the same vowel (as, u, ú; e, é), sometimes as a difference in the vowel itself (as, e, o; i, ae):[In Greek, however, it is more extensively preserved.] - 18. Both Latin and English have gone through a series of phonetic changes, different in the two languages, but following definite laws in each. Hence both preserve traces of the older speech in some features of the vowel system, and both show certain correspondences in consonants in words which each language has inherited from the old common stock. Only a few of these correspondences can be mentioned here.

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(First saw this via Social Physicist, have seen it several places since) (First saw this via Social Physicist, have seen it several places since) Tobacco plants could help wean the world from fossil fuels, according to scientists from the University of California, Berkeley. In a paper in the journal ACS Nano Letters, Matt Francis and his colleagues used genetically engineered bacteria to produce the building blocks for artificial photovoltaic and photochemical cells. The technique could be more environmentally friendly than traditional methods of making solar cells and could lead to cheap, temporary and biodegradable solar cells. “Over billions of years, evolution has established exactly the right distances between chromophore to allow them to collect and use light from the sun with unparalleled efficiency,” said Francis. “We are trying to mimic these finely tuned systems using the tobacco mosaic virus.” Discovery: Tobacco Plants Tapped to Grow Solar Cells (via John Robb) It’s the ultimate form of solar power: eat a plant, become photosynthetic. Now researchers have found how one animal does just that. Elysia chlorotica is a lurid green sea slug, with a gelatinous leaf-shaped body, that lives along the Atlantic seaboard of the US. What sets it apart from most other sea slugs is its ability to run on solar power. Mary Rumpho of the University of Maine, is an expert on E. chlorotica and has now discovered how the sea slug gets this ability: it photosynthesises with genes “stolen” from the algae it eats. New Scientist: Solar-powered sea slug harnesses stolen plant genes (via WTF Nature) Above: Kassiane giving the The American Sign Language sign for “autism.” The sign, which evokes the notion of “closed off,” raises issues in the neurodiversity community. Kassiane, who prefers I don’t run her last name, is a neurodiversity advocate based in Portland, OR. She was born autistic & epileptic and has spoken at neurodiversity conferences around the world. She spoke to me via instant messenger. You can read her blog here. Klint Finley: Could you give us a brief overview of what “neurodiversity” means, or at least what it means to you? Kassiane: Neurodiversity, the word, simply means the whole variety of different brain wirings people have…from the different kinds of normal to the different kinds of not so normal. Then there’s Neurodiversity, the movement which is the shocking idea that people with non standard wiring are human and deserve to be treated as such without being “fixed” first. What conditions may be included in the movement? Autistic/Asperger people tend to make up the base of the movement, because we latch onto things so well, but we’re really inclusive…ADHD, learning disabilities, mental health issues, cognitive conditions like Down Syndrome, epilepsy, migraines, neurotypical allies, Not Diagnosed Just Weird…we’re accepting of pretty much everyone. Is there a point at which a line is drawn between “neurodiverse” and disabled? The 2 aren’t mutually exclusive. You can be different and disabled, but being disabled doesn’t keep you from being a human worthy of respect. How did you get involved in the neurodiversity movement? I was born autistic & epileptic, & being told I’m broken hasn’t ever gone over well with me. When I was 16 or 17 I read autistics.org and saw there are other people who feel the same way, and it was like “Hot damn! community! whee!” and it just snowballed from there. Are you involved in any particular organizations? I’m involved with ASAN-Autistic Self Advocacy Network, & have done several conferences for Autism National Committee. Can you tell us about some of the activism you’ve been involved with? Way back in the day at a big conference we petitioned to get a very abusive school kicked out of the exhibit hall of said large conference. Since the school in question doesnt believe in human rights it was big gesture, small step–we’ve been working to have them closed down for years. ASAN has recently taken to picketing events that seek to eradicate autistic & other neurodivergent people, to show the public that eradication isn’t the only viewpoint. We’ve also done a lot of writing to congress and other important people. I was also involved in the petitioning to have a teacher in Florida who voted a kid out of her classroom delicensed, though that’s all still pending. Can you be more specific than “events that seek to eradicate autistic & other neurodivergent people”? What particular organizations do you think are problematic? Oh, Autism Speaks. They totally need to climb a rope and let go. As do Defeat Autism Now!, TACA, and and Generation Rescue. In what way do they seek to eradicate autistic people? Prenatal testing to prevent us from being born, specifically. And then there’s the wackaloons who think it’s ok to kill us, who are always fun. Who are the Wackaloons? It’s a generic term that here means “person so far disconnected from realityland that I’m not sure how to deal with them” there are wackaloons in all those groups. They pop out of the woodwork when a kid is killed, or an adult, which happens far too often. Gotcha. And so some wackaloons think it’s ok to kill autistic people who have already been born? What, as some sort of euthanasia? How common is that? Well, this website is incomplete. And with every one of those in my memory, there were people defending the murderers. Not to mention the one I followed most closely in 2006 or so, where the whole town and even the newspaper were supportive of the killer. Should neurodiversity be important to “neurotypicals”? I assume that a cookie cutter world is boring to you. And many people won’t be neurotypical forever. Besides that whole “civil rights” thing, which majorities aren’t always so awesome at. By “many people won’t be neurotypical forever” are you referring to cognitive decline people experience with age? Cognitive decline, head injuries, infections that affect the brain, neurological diseases, stroke…brains are fragile Do you think the criminal justice system should treat people with an autism spectrum diagnoses differently than a “neurotypical” person? It depends on the person, & on what they did. Like, if I go knock over the 7/11, I’m fully capable of knowing that’s wrong and of not doing it. But if someone has an irresistable compulsion to, say, go stare at fountains and gets arrested for tresspassing for staring at a fountain, their neurology may need to be taken into account. Autism surely isn’t a get-out-of-jail-free card. What do you think about use of the “r-word”? Uhm. I hate it with the passion of 100,000,000 firey suns and have nearly gotten the shit kicked out of me on the bus for expressing this loathing. To be honest I hadn’t really thought about it much before I read you ranting about it on Twitter a while back. But on further examination it’s weird how many people (myself included, unfortunately) would use the word without giving it a second thought, but would never defend the use of racial slurs. Exactly! or they get all offended about homophobic slurs, but they throw around the r-word like a tennis ball. seriously? It’s not ok. It’s only remained ok because the people who it’s actually slamming are often unable to tell the ones using it to shove it. It’s all about the power dynamics, & lack of creativity in insults. What about using the suffix “tard” to create new slurs for specific groups (itards for Apple users, Paultards for Ron Paul supporters, etc.)? That’s not any better. It’s not even creative. And it still comes from a place that says it’s ok to slam people who are cognitively disabled, and from a place that says “these people hold irrational to me beliefs because they’re cognitively impaired” A year or two ago I read an article musing on the possibilities of creating pills that could temporarily “cure” or even *cause* autism. The basic idea is that someone born with autism could take a pill to become neurotypical at a party, or a neurotypical person could take a pill to become autistic temporarily to accomplish some particular task. Scientific feasibility aside, what do you think about such a possibility. It’d be confusing in the extreme. I couldn’t function in an NT brain, any more than you could function in my autistic brain. I’m USED to hearing and seeing and taking in everything and focusing on the details. Take that all away & for the duration of the dose, I’d be lost. Give an NT autistic-like thought processes and perception, & they couldnt use the pattern recognition or hyperfocus or whatever…they’d be too busy looking for better earplugs and sunglasses because the lights are loud and flickering. Scientific feasability aside, there’s no way anyone would actually use it. You can dual boot a computer. You can’t dual boot a brain. The Autism Rights Movement article in New York Magazine. Autistic Self-Advocacy Network Years ago, I had an idea for a futuristic pair of goggles that visually transformed homeless people into lovable animated cartoon characters. Instead of being confronted by the conscience-pricking sight of an abandoned heroin addict shivering themselves to sleep in a shop doorway, the rich city-dweller wearing the goggles would see Daffy Duck snoozing dreamily in a hammock. London would be transformed into something out of Who Framed Roger Rabbit. What’s more, the goggles could be adapted to suit whichever level of poverty you wanted to ignore: by simply twisting a dial, you could replace not just the homeless but anyone who receives benefits, or wears cheap clothes, or has a regional accent, or watches ITV, and so on, right up the scale until it had obliterated all but the most grandiose royals. At the time this seemed like a sick, far-off fantasy. By 2013, it’ll be just another customisable application you can download to your iBlinkers for 49p, alongside one that turns your friends into supermodels and your enemies into dormice. Futurismic: Re-skinning the city – the dark side of augmented reality In the days before the new Apple tablet was announced the anti-DRM group Defective by Design dubbed Apple’s announcement event the “Come see our latest restriction” event. Since then, there’s been a lot of chatter about the various limitations of the device – DRM, or otherwise. I think some of these limitations could be important for the future of computing and media. Limitations could be a feature – keeping people focused on reading. Perhaps we shouldn’t be thinking of this as a laptop or netbook alternative at all, but as an text reader and video player. Having a limited multitasking abilities and a lack of Flash might be a means to limit our level of distraction from e-mail and instant messaging. Stan Schroeder wrote for Mashable: Then, there’s multi-tasking. Nearly everyone I’ve talked to thinks this is a huge deal-breaker, but I think it makes sense. Although Steve Jobs was trying hard to prove to us that the iPad is a computer, it isn’t. Just like the iPod and the iPhone, its main purpose is to give the users an easy way to consume certain types of digital content. After music (iPod) and mobile applications (iPhone) comes iPad with video, photos, e-books, e-magazines, games. Apple doesn’t really want you to do complex photo editing on the iPad; you’ve got your Mac or PC for that. Apple wants you to touch a button, and start consuming content (preferably paying a couple of dollars for it). Finally, the camera. Yes, it would be nice to have video chat. But once again, Apple wants you to do that on a Mac. If you want to snap photos, you should do it on the iPhone — you’re carrying it with you all the time, anyway. Once again, it becomes clear that Apple doesn’t want to sell devices that can do everything; they want to find the best form factor to consume some types of digital content, and then focus on them. If you look at it, you can do pretty much everything on your personal computer; by that philosophy, you don’t need anything else besides a laptop. And yet, you’ve now got smartphones and e-readers selling very well. Could it be that one powerful device is not as good as several less powerful, but more focused ones? If that’s the case, and the iPad is just another consumer device and a paradigm, then it’s no big deal. But if they’re letting users instal everything from the iPhone app store, then are they really designing useful limitations to keep the device focused? You can install apps that do just about anything, not just consume media. And the keyboard extension explicitly allows two-way media interaction. Ultimately the lack of Flash or multitasking or a web cam seem trivial to me. They’re just features that may or may not be able to make or break the latest in consumer technology. And that’s just not important. But there’s a scarier possibility – that Apple is slowing easing its customers into an app-store centric world, where every app that runs on their platform on a “legitimate” (non-“jailbroken”) device has to pass their gates. It may sound conspiratorial, but I worry that Apple is trying to migrate their closed device paradigm from the mobile world (where that sort of thing is already pretty common) to the desktop world (where that’s unheard of). It’s strange that years after Trusted Computing became an information liberty concern, it’s been Apple, not Microsoft, leading the way to a more restrictive computing environment. Peter Kirn at Create Digital Music has an extensive post considering the potential problems of the “closed Apple” world: Apple already has a dangerously dominant position in the consumption of music and mobile software, and their iTunes-device link ensures that content goes through their store, their conduit, and ultimately their control. This means that developers are limited in what they can create for the device when it comes to media – a streaming Last.fm app is okay, but an independent music store (like Amazon MP3 on Android) is not. Now, you can add to that Apple dominating book distribution. At a time when we have an opportunity to promote independent e-book publishing, the iPad is accompanied by launch deals from major traditional publishers. What does that mean for independent writers and content? […] Apple threatens to split computing into two markets, one for “traditional,” “real” computers, and another for passive consumption devices that try to play games without physical controls and let you read books, watch movies, play music, and run apps so long as you’re willing to go through the conduit of a single company. And, of course, this wouldn’t be worth my breath if not for my real concern: what if Apple actually succeeds? What if competitors follow this broken path, or fail to offer strong alternatives? The iPad today is a heck of a lot slicker than alternatives. It’s bad news for Linux, Windows, and Android, none of which have really workable competitors yet. It’s especially bad for Linux, in fact, which had a real chance to make its mark on mobile devices. Timothy Blee makes the case that restricted computing will lose out in the market. I’m not so optimistic. On not-so-dark note, I was disappointed at how uninnovative the iPad is. It’s just a big iPod touch, or a really crippled tablet pc. It seems like it could be an interesting musical insturment (a nice platform for RJDJ, for instance) It doesn’t seem like as much of a game changer as something like this: It’s unusual for Microsoft to out innovate Apple (or rather, to beat them to stealing good ideas), but their Courier seems to do just that. Of course, it’s vaporware right now, and could continue to be so, just like its abandoned predecessor the OLPC2: Neurons have been created directly from skin cells for the first time, in a remarkable study that suggests that our biological makeup is far more versatile than previously thought. If confirmed, the discovery that one tissue type can be genetically reprogrammed to become another, could revolutionise treatments for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s, opening up the possibility of turning a patient’s own skin cells into the neurons that they need. […] The work has been hailed as a huge conceptual leap forward in fundamental biology. “The possibility that cells could be directly reprogrammed is something that people had thought about, but to see it in black and white is still slightly shocking,” said Professor Jack Price, a neurobiologist at King’s College London. “This suggests that there are no great rules — you can reprogramme anything into anything else.” Times Online: Neuron breakthrough offers hope on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Geologist Juan Manuel García-Ruiz calls it “the Sistine Chapel of crystals,” but Superman could call it home. A sort of south-of-the-border Fortress of Solitude, Mexico’s Cueva de los Cristales (Cave of Crystals) contains some of the world’s largest known natural crystals—translucent beams of gypsum as long as 36 feet (11 meters). […] Modern-day mining operations exposed the natural wonder by pumping water out of the 30-by-90-foot (10-by-30-meter) cave, which was found in 2000 near the town of Delicias (Chihuahua state map). Now García-Ruiz is advising the mining company to preserve the caves. National Geographic: Giant Crystal Cave Comes to Light (via, indirectly, Angadc) This advice is geared towards journalists, but could be applied all bloggers. It sound “biz speaky,” but I think this guy is correct. This sort of thinking could probably be applied elsewhere as well: Look first toward creating evergreen assets that readers will continue searching for years in the future. These pieces should be written with search engine optimization in mind, and be stored at unique, easy-to-link URLs that are prominently featured in your site’s navigation. In 1995, I wrote a short series of one-page tutorials on statistics that continue to be read by a couple thousand people each day. Those assets helped subsidize the next websites that I started, by paying their hosting fees and for some start-up equipment (laptops, cameras, etc.) I’d recommend that any journalist looking to establish himself or herself online start by identifying evergreen assets that he or she could create: how-to articles; sharp, concise explainers of complicated issues, smart guides to popular destinations, etc. Take what you know from your favorite beat and dive in. Don’t fall into the trap of looking for popular search engine bait. How many people in two years will be looking for the Conan O’Brien/Jay Leno posts that so many folks wrote last week? The most valuable assets have enduring value. Online Journalism Review: Build a better journalism career by shifting your focus from writing stories to creating assets I found this via Jay Rosen, who notes that when he writes his longer PressThink articles he tries to make them enduring assets and cites this as a specific example. I might cite my biopunk article as an example of an asset. (Photo by Repórter do Futuro / CC BY 2.0) Update: Check out this PDF guide to creating “flagship content” – I like the term “flagship content” better than “asset.” Twitter, the internet social network, is developing technology it hopes will prevent the Chinese and Iranian governments being able to censor its users. […] Mr Williams, speaking at the World Economic Forum, said he admired Google for its decision last month to confront China over censorship and cyberattacks on its service, but said Twitter was too small to take a similar stand. “We are partially blocked in China and other places and we were in Iran as well,” he said. “The most productive way to fight that is not by trying to engage China and other governments whose very being is against what we are about. I am hopeful there are technological ways around these barriers.” Mr Williams said Twitter had an advantage in evading government censors through operating as a network of internet and mobile applications, rather than as a single website. “Twitter is a network that is accessed in thousands of ways.” Financial Times: Twitter works on technology to evade censors in China and Iran © 2023 Technoccult Theme by Anders Norén — Up ↑

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The role involves measuring and mapping the world's underwater surfaces and studying the morphology (construction) of the seabed. The information is used in: - the production of charts and related information for navigation; - locating offshore resources (oil, gas, aggregates); - planning dock installations. Hydrographic surveyors are expected to work in a wide range of differing situations and applications, from inland waters and rivers, to ports and oceans. The work may be onshore or offshore, depending on the specialist area. The role also demands an understanding of and consideration for environmental issues.

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The Erasmus+ project GRIT aims to prevent early school leaving (ESL) for students at risk by implementing the Growth Mindset approach within secondary education. The cultivation of a growth mindset is a popular and powerful idea in the contemporary educational landscape. This project builds on Carol Dweck’s work on mindsets. According to Dweck (2006, 2012) there are two types of mindset: a growth mindset and a fixed mindset. A fixed mindset is linked to the belief that one’s abilities, intelligence and talents are immutable, that they are inborn traits, underlining the idea that they can’t be changed. Students may, for instance, believe that they have good grades in mathematics just because they are good at it. Students with a fixed mindset tend to avoid situations in which they may fail or struggle because these experiences undermine their idea of intelligence. In contrast, a growth mindset refers to the belief that one’s basic qualities and one’s intellectual abilities can be cultivated. There is a belief in the idea of ‘growth’; individuals with a growth mindset are convinced that they can develop and stretch themselves. Students may, for example, think that they have good grades because they work hard, ask for extra help, persevere, etc. Students with a growth mindset tend to see challenges as a way to develop themselves and look for challenging learning experiences that enable this. Those students turn failure into a ‘not yet’ approach, meaning that they acknowledge their potential for growth in the foreseeable future (Dweck, 2006). Recent research has shown that growth mindsets especially benefit students with low socio-economic status or who are academically at risk and can therefore narrow achievement gaps (e.g. Paunesku et al., 2015; Sisk, Burgoyne, Sun, Butler, & Macnamara, 2018). The GRIT-project aims at designing: - A toolkit for teachers and students in secondary education to practice a growth mindset in order to develop the students’ growth; - A guideline for teachers to increase students’ resilience based on testing the toolkit; - A handson training for teams of educators to learn this innovative pedagogical approach to enrich their professional practice; - A guideline to train teams of educational professionals in how to implement the ‘growth mindset approach’; - An ebook for different stakeholders involved in the prevention of early school leaving. Project website: (beschikbaar in februari) - Output 1: toolkit - Output 2: guideline of the toolkit - Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: the new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine. - Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindset: How can you fulfil your potential. London: Constable and Robinson, Ltd. - Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., Romero, C., Smith, E. N., Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2015). Mind-set interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26, 784-793. - Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. Psychological Science, 29(4), 549-571. +32 3 502 28 74 - Lien Fret & Kendra Geeraerts, KdG University of applied sciences (Belgium) - Bénédicte Halba, Iriv Conseil (France) - Agnieszka Borek, Magdalena Swat & Bartlomiej Walczak, University of Warsaw (Poland) - Joana Alexandre, University Institute of Lisbon (Portugal)

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Definition of 'dander' small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some people a feeling of anger and animosity; "having one's hackles or dander up" Get this dictionary without ads as part of the e-Tutor Virtual Learning Program

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Bringing learning to light: innovative instructional strategies for teaching infection control to nursing students. Infection control practices are at the forefront of education and compliance monitoring. A university-funded grant allowed faculty and instructional designers to create an experience that increased student awareness, application, and appreciation of infection-control concepts. Computer-based instruction modules are used to provide content, and students participate in a simulation that allows them to apply their newly learned skills in a realistic, immersive environment with a biosphere used to visually depict infectious spread. Student feedback suggests the usefulness of this methodology as a teaching strategy that reinforces evidence-based practice, critical thinking, and clinical judgments. Experiential Learning--Infection Control--Hand Hygiene More patients die from infections acquired while hospitalized than die from AIDS, breast cancer, or motor vehicle crashes (Arrowsight Medical, 2014). One out of every 20 hospitalized patients will contract a health-care-associated infection (HAI) (Klevens et al., 2007), incurred while the patient undergoes treatment in a health care setting (Horan, Andrus, & Dudeck, 2008). Emphasis on the reduction of HAIs is a major objective of the Joint Commission's Center for Transforming Healthcare (2012). Hand hygiene (HH) is the single most effective infection control practice, but multiple studies confirm that it is the most overlooked and poorly executed infection control intervention (Son et al., 2011). In a review of HH compliance studies, Erasmus et al. (2010) found a median compliance rate of 40 percent. The effective teaching of infection control techniques is challenging, as there is little feedback to show outcomes. This article reports on a learning experience designed with the expectation that simulation of infectious disease spread would reinforce the need for the use of proper precautions for all patients. This approach to learning incorporates Kolb's experiential learning theory (1984) and is expected to leave a more lasting impact than traditional approaches to learning. Kolb describes a four-staged process by which the learner grasps information and transforms it so that it is meaningful to that individual. The four stages, Concrete Experience, Abstract Conceptualization, Reflective Observation, and Active Experimentation, are listed sequentially, but the learning cycle can be entered at any stage as learning occurs in the fullness of the cycle. The project began when nurse faculty members were awarded a competitive grant from the university's Center for Learning and Teaching. This project introduces learners to abstract concepts and principles of infection control through computer-based learning modules. Abstract theories and concepts acquired by students include discussion of infection control principles and rationales for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The learner actively experiences the learned skill or situation in a concrete or tangible form, for example, by donning sterile gloves or PPE. Transformation of information occurs through reflective observation, that is, organizing and processing, as well as application in a real-world or simulated setting. The team developed a series of computer-based instruction (CBI) modules that provide content as well as visual and aural events demonstrating infection control principles. The modules are uploaded to the school of nursing's Virtual Hospital. The lessons consist of a foundational module and interactive skills-based HH and PPE modules. The faculty also developed an infection control simulation for students to complete in the clinical lab that allows for the transformation of information. The simulation is followed by faculty-led debriefing sessions for reflective observation. The use of this innovative delivery strategy has resulted in a pedagogy that shifts the instructional delivery from a teacher-centered approach focused on visual and auditory modalities, to a learner-centered, scenario-based simulation that adds a kinesthetic and tactile modality. THE COURSE CONTENT To successfully complete the HH CBI module, learners are directed to complete a hand washing exercise that simulates the actions taken at a hand washing station typically found in the health care setting. Following the steps learned via an aural and visual modality in the CBI, the students apply the proper hand washing steps by participating in an interactive, Adobe Flash-based practical application. The application, embedded in the CBI, animates the learner's actions. In each step, the learner is required to determine the proper sequence while interacting with the virtual hand washing station. If the learner chooses incorrectly, there are aural and visual prompts to try again. When the learner chooses correctly, the step is written on a virtual clipboard to reinforce the correct choice, and the selected actions are animated to simulate the aural and visual feedback found in the actual environment. The CBI then requires the learner to click and move the mouse to simulate hand rubbing for a minimum of 15 seconds as the clock tracks the elapsed time. The motion of the learner's hand interacting with the mouse closely replicates the physical motion of hand washing, serving as a bridge between a cognitive understanding of the proper hand washing steps and the tactile motor skills required in the clinical environment. Once learners successfully complete the HH CBIs, they participate in a simulation that allows them to apply their newly learned skills in a realistic, immersive environment. Each lab station contains a mid-or high-level performance simulator headboard with equipment typically found in an inpatient setting. The station also includes a laptop. Students are expected to demonstrate appropriate HH concepts, the use of PPE, and sterile technique. The patient care simulation includes the use of a biosphere to visually depict infectious spread. The powder is invisible to the naked eye, is easily transferable, and fluoresces under ultraviolet light (UVL). The biosphere, developed for research and educational use for our team after we encountered difficulty cleaning the manikins during pilot testing, is nontoxic and used in everyday household products, for example chewing gum and makeup. Unlike less expensive, commercially available products, this product can be wiped off porous surfaces (e.g., a manikin), and nonporous lab and equipment surfaces by using water and a paper towel. Prior to the lab session, faculty use makeup brushes to plant the biosphere in the wounds of the manikins. The lab activity requires students to change a surgical or wound dressing for a patient using contact precautions for patients with infectious wounds but not for patients with clean surgical wounds. If students do not apply the infection control/HH knowledge and skills presented in the CBI correctly, the substance spreads as they care for the patient. At the end of the each lab session, faculty turn off the lights and use hand-held UV lights to demonstrate the spread of the simulated infectious disease. The students are able to visualize the spread of the disease within and between the different lab stations, on PPE, computers, classroom desks, and themselves. DEBRIEFING AND STUDENT EVALUATIONS During debriefing, students have reflected upon the ease with which they unknowingly transmitted the SID, not only throughout the lab, but also on their hands and faces and their personal belongings, mainly their cellphones and computers. Several students have expressed concern that they would have the potential to contaminate their own children, through physical contact or through their cellphones, for example. When such comments are made, faculty steer students to also consider the ramifications in the hospital setting. When the conversation focus shifts, the need for vigilance in the health care setting is reinforced. This practical application, followed by the debriefing, completes the final step in the pedagogical design. After the debriefing session, faculty encourage the students to provide feedback about the new instructional method and application of technology and simulation. In an initial evaluation, 61 of 79 students (77 percent) completed a three-item questionnaire rating their experiences with the CBI and with the UVL practical application. The feedback provided overwhelmingly positive comments about the impact of this project. Using a five-point Likert scale, students rated the effectiveness of the CBI modules as a teaching method that prepared them for the lab experience with an average score of 4.53 (range 3 to 5). The students rated the UVL lab exercise as being designed for their specific level of knowledge with an average score of 4.48 (range 4 to 5). Students responded to open-ended questions describing the experience of using UVL to detect the simulated spread of infectious disease. Their responses provided insightful feedback, such as: "I feel so dirty; can I wash my hands?" "This is one of the best ways of learning; this picture was worth more than a thousand words!" Comments included "wow!" "scary!" and "enlightening!" There were no negative comments about the CBIs or the patient care simulation, but two students felt that the 90 minutes of CBI preparation took longer than they would have otherwise spent preparing for class. The project combined the use of an aural/visual modality in order to stimulate cognitive knowledge of the infection control practices, progressed to an aural/visual/tactile modality during the CBI simulations, and completed the transition with a kinesthetic, practical application in the lab followed by debriefing. This approach represents a pedagogical shift from passive to active learning, acknowledges the Joint Commission's Center for Transforming Healthcare goal of reducing HAIs, and responds to the call by Benner, Sutphen, Leonard and Day (2010) to transform teaching techniques. Transformation is accomplished by focusing on essential knowledge and skills, incorporating technology, and integrating didactic content with lab and clinical experiences. Student feedback suggests the usefulness of this methodology as a teaching strategy that reinforces evidence-based practice, critical thinking, and clinical judgments. Arrowsight Medical. (2014). Patient safety: Current statistics. Retrieved from www. patientsafetyfocus.com/patient-safety-current-st.html Benner, P., Sutphen, M., Leonard, V., & Day, L. (2010). Educating nurses: A call for radical transformation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Erasmus, V., Daha, T., Brug, H., Richardus, J., Behrendt, M., Vos, M., ... van Beeck, E. (2010). Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 310), 283-294. Horan, T. C., Andrus, M., & Dudeck, M. A. (2008). CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. American Journal of Infection Control, 360), 309-332. Joint Commission. (2012). Joint Commission Center for Transforming Healthcare. Retrieved from www.centerfortransforminghealthcare.org Klevens, R. M., Edwards, J. R., Richards, C. L., Horan, T. C., Gaynes, R. R, Pollock, D. A.,.. . Cardo, D. M. (2007). Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals in 2002. Public Health Reports, 122(2), 160-166. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Son, C., Chuck, T., Childers, T., Usiak, S., Dowling, M., Andiel, C., ... Sepkowitz, K. (2011) . Practically speaking: Rethinking hand hygiene improvement in health care settings. American Journal of Infection Control, 39, 716-724. Lynn L. Wiles, PhD, MSN, RN, CEN, is assistant professor and director of technology and simulation, Old Dominion University School of Nursing, Norfolk, Virginia. Donna Rose, MSN, RN, is senior lecturer, Old Dominion University School of Nursing. Kimberly Curry-Lourenco, PhD, RN, a senior lecturer at Old Dominion University School of Nursing when this project was completed, is coordinator of instruction and technology, Tidewater Community College, Portsmouth, Virginia. Dave Swift, MS, now retired, was an instructional designer, Old Dominion University Center for Learning and Teaching. For more information, write to Dr. Wiles, [email protected].

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Many school systems provide special education services based on children's Learning disabilities. For children with mathematical disorders, which are included in the definition of learning disability, mathematical learning difficulties, children are referred for assessment. As soon as they are classified as learning disabilities (LD), only a few children receive a sound assessment and remedy of their numeracy difficulties. Relative neglect leads parents and teachers to believe that arithmetic learning problems are not common and not serious. But evidence from learning disabled adults debunks the societal myth that it's OK to be lazy in math. Approximately 6% of school-age children with significant math deficits are students who are classified as having learning difficulties due to numeracy difficulties and not due to pervasive reading problems. This does not mean that reading disabilities are always associated with an arithmetic learning problem. It means that mathematical deficits can be widespread and need appropriate attention and concern. In today's world, mathematical knowledge and thinking skills are no less important than reading skills. For students with reading difficulties, there are math difficulties, which can range from easy to difficult. After years of schooling, the impact of mathematics failure, along with math illiteracy in later adulthood, can be a hindrance in everyday life and job possibilities. There is no evidence that all children have different disabilities in maths. The research attempts to classify these types of disabilities in mathematics are validated and generally accepted, but caution is needed when describing different degrees of mathematical disability. It seems obvious that students experience not only different intensities of mathematical dilemmas of different kinds but also different classrooms, which must emphasize adaptation and different methods. Many students with learning disabilities have persistent difficulties in memorizing basic figures, facts, and four operations with enough understanding, despite the great efforts made to do so. Although they know 5, 7, 12, 4x6, and 24, they still count fingers, pencil marks, doodling circles for years and seem incapable of developing efficient memory strategies on their own. In such cases, some present their remarkable difficulties in learning math, and it is vital not to prevent them from knowing their facts. You may use pocket-sized facts and graphs to continue with complex calculations, applications, and problem-solving. The addition and multiplication charts should be used for subtraction and division. Students should prove speed and reliability to know the number of facts before being removed from the personal horoscope. For the use of basic fact references, a portable fact reference diagram on the back of a pocket format for older students is preferable to an electronic calculator. A complete set of answers is valuable, and finding the same answer in the same place and time can help in remembering. Use cardboard cutouts in a reverse L shape for children who are having trouble obtaining solutions at vertical or horizontal crossings. Blackened facts can be mastered, but over-reliance on graphs is discouraged, and motivation to learn increases. Students with learning difficulties are unable to master basic facts and figures. They have an excellent understanding of mathematical concepts but are contradictory in their arithmetic. They are unreliable when it comes to paying attention to operational signs, borrowing, and performing complex operations. Pupils with difficulties may be tutors in mathematics in primary school years when calculation accuracy is less stressed, and later in higher grades, where their conceptual skills are in demand. If these pupils are not accepted into upper secondary maths classes, they will continue to exhibit reckless mistakes and inconsistent numeracy skills, and they will be denied access to the higher maths skills they are capable of. Mathematics is more than the question of whether the right answers are reliable and can be calculated accurately, and it is important to access the wide range of mathematical skills and not to judge intelligence and understanding by observing weak or low abilities. Joint partnerships with students can develop self-monitoring systems with sophisticated payment while providing full and enriched scope for math teaching. Many young children with difficulties in elementary mathematics are brought to school with a strong foundation of informal mathematical understanding. But, they find it difficult to combine this informal knowledge with the formal procedures, language, and symbolic notation systems of school mathematics. In fact, it is a complex feat to depict a new world in mathematical symbols, to know the world of magnitudes and actions, and at the same time to learn the special language we use to speak about arithmetic. The collision between their informal skills and those of school mathematics is as coherent and rhythmic as a child's experience of writing music is different from that of a child. To make the connections strong and solid, students must have a lot of practice with a variety of concrete types. Concrete materials can be moved, held together, grouped, and separated and make them a more vivid teaching tool than pictorial representations. When images and semi-abstract symbols are introduced, they confuse the delicate connections that arise between the existing concepts of the new language of mathematics and the formal world of written numerical problems. Teachers exacerbate the difficulty in this phase of learning by asking students to match images and groups of numbers with sentences before they have enough experience to relate the variety of physical representations and the different ways in which we string mathematical symbols together and the different ways in which we call them words. There is research showing that students who use concrete materials develop more precise and comprehensive mental representations and show more motivation, tasks, and behavior to understand and apply mathematical ideas in life situations. Structured concrete resources, on the other hand, are beneficial in the conceptual development phase of mathematical themes at all grade levels. Structured concrete materials can be used to develop concepts that explain early number relationships, place-value calculations, fractions, decimals, measures, geometry, money, percentages, number bases, history problems, probabilities, statistics, algebra, etc. Different types of concrete materials are suitable for different educational purposes (see Annex A for a selected list of material dealers). Students have particular difficulty in arranging mathematical symbols in conventional vertical, horizontal, and multi-level algorithms, and need a great deal of experience to translate from one form to another. Workbooks with ditto pages loaded with problem-solving can help students retain their uncertainty with the norms of written mathematical notation. In these workbooks, students learn to act as problem solvers and demonstrators of mathematical ideas. The materials are not taught by themselves, but they work through teacher guidance, student interaction, and repeated demonstrations and explanations by teacher and student. It can be helpful to structure pages with boxes of different shapes. For example, a teacher could specify the answer to an addition problem in a double box next to which it can be translated into two related subtraction problems. The teacher can dictate to the students the problem solutions that they should translate from the picture form (vertical notation) into the horizontal notation. In pairs, the students give the answers to the problem on individual maps, and they alternate their demonstrations and examples of evidence with bundles of materials or sticks to solve the problem. You then work in pairs to translate the answers in two different ways: read the answers in 20 / 56 (1.120) and then read twenty times fifty-six (corresponding to one thousand one hundred twenty), and then multiply that number by one thousand, one hundred twenty. These proposals are designed to free young people from the shackles of thinking that maths is all about getting the right answer. They also help to create an attitude of mind that combines understanding with symbolic representations linked to appropriate language variations. For LD students who are handicapped due to terminology confusion, difficulties in following verbal explanations, or weak verbal skills in the linguistic aspect of mathematics, every step of a complex calculation (e.g. Instead of adding "A" and "Z" to the solutions, the goal is to find the "bad eggs.". Teachers can help by slowing the pace of their transmission, maintaining the normal timing of phrases, and providing information in individual segments. Questioning, delivering instructions, explaining theories, and providing explanations all need slower amounts of spoken information. The time in mathematics should be filled with explanations from teachers, rather than with silent written exercises. This is especially important when asking students to verbalize their actions. Letting students play with the teacher is not only fun but also necessary to learn the complexity of language and mathematics. Children with language deficits respond to math problems on the page by signaling that meaningful sentences need to be read for comprehension. Students with language confusion must provide specific material to explain what they are doing, regardless of age or level of math, not in the first grade. Understanding children tend to be better when they need to explain, elaborate, and defend their position than when others are burdened with doing so, which is an extra impetus for those who need to connect and integrate their knowledge in a critical way. It's because they avoid verbalizing. Young and older students need to develop a habit of reading what is being said about the problem rather than calculating it. By engaging in these simple steps of self-verbalization, they can pay more attention to their attentive slip-ups and reckless mistakes. Listen to me and ask if anything makes sense. Students with limited conceptual understanding and significant motor impairment are thought to have right hemisphere dysfunction. In a small number of LD students, disorders in visual, spatial, and motor organization lead to poor understanding of concepts, poor numerical sense, specific visual difficulties, uncontrolled handwriting, and confused arrangement of numbers and characters on one page. Adolescents with language impairments undertake repeated teacher modeling, patient remembering, and a lot of practice with stitch cards and visual reminders. This small subgroup requires a strong emphasis on a precise and clear verbal description. In fact, they need to be corrected in the areas of image interpretation (e.g. Diagrams, graphs), reading, and non-verbal social cues. They seem to enjoy replacing verbal constructions with the intuitive, spatial, and relational understanding that they lack. Illustrative examples and diagrammatic explanations can confuse them, and they should not be used when trying to teach or clarify concepts. To develop an understanding of mathematical concepts, it is useful to use concrete teaching materials (e.g. Stars, Cuisenaire bars) and conscientious attention to developing stable verbal reproductions of quantity (5), relation (5 less than 7), and action (5 + 2 = 7 ). For example, students should learn to recognize a triangle by holding a triangular block and saying to themselves, "This is a triangle with three sides. Understanding visual connections and organization can be difficult for some students, so it is important to anchor verbal constructions through repeated experience with structured materials that feel seen and moved when spoken about.

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A key factor in Oklahoma’s ability to detect, monitor and control antimicrobial resistance is its public health laboratory capacity. Across the nation, increasing cases of antimicrobial resistance are currently swamping the ability of each state's public health laboratory to keep pace. There has been limited funding in the past for antibiotic resistance education programs and surveillance, and even this limited funding is on the decrease. Approximately only half of state public health labs can provide some basic resistance testing. Like many states, Oklahoma lacks the targeted technical ability to detect and characterize emerging resistance patterns promptly in a range of pathogens. Therefore, such resistant organisms continue to spread unrecognized and unimpeded throughout the state. 1 Dr. Fred Tenover, quoted in “The Bacteria Fight Back” Science, July 18, 2008. 2 R. Monina Klevens et al. “Invasive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States,” JAMA, October 17, 2007: 1763-1771.3 Elixhauser, A. and Steiner, C. Infections with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in U.S. Hospitals, 1993–2005. HCUP Statistical Brief #35. July 2007. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.4 2006 Annual Summary of Infectious Disease, Oklahoma Department of Health.5 CDC MMWR “Guidance for Control of Infections with Carbapenem-Resistant or Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Acute Care Facilities” March 20, 2009 / Vol. 58 / No. 106 K. F. Anderson, et al.; Evaluation of Methods To Identify the Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae; Journal of Clinical Microbiology, August 2007, p. 2723-2725, Vol. 45, No. 87 Public Health Fact Sheet on Pneumococcal Disease, Oklahoma Department of Health, October 2005.8 CDC Wonder Death Certificate Data, cited in a July 28, 2008 communication to Senator Sherrod Brown9 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases (SID), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, http://www.hcupnet.ahrq.gov/, cited in a July 28, 2008 communication from CDC to Senator Sherrod Brown Oklahoma AR Fact sheet 1300 Wilson Boulevard Suite 300 Arlington, VA 22209 | Phone: (703) 299-0200 | Fax: (703) 299-0204 | HIVMA | Contact Us © Copyright IDSA 2014 Infectious Diseases Society of America

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Give us Feedback! Set the category for this topic Arts & Culture Biology & Nature Business & Companies Food & Drink Geography & Travel Health & Medicine History & Events Religion & Philosophy Society & Politics Technology & Computing Transportation & Vehicles Phase I environmental site assessment - Created 2012-03-03 In the United States, an environmental site assessment is a report prepared for a real estate holding that identifies potential or existing environmental contamination . The analysis, often called an , typically addresses both the underlying land as well as physical improvements to the property. A proportion of contaminated sites are " s. " In severe cases, brownfield sites may be added to the National Priorities List where they will be subject to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's The actual sampling of soil, air, groundwater and/or building materials is typically not conducted during a Phase I ESA. The Phase I ESA is generally considered the first step in the process of environmental . Standards for performing a Phase I site assessment have been promulgated by the US EPA and are based in part on in Standard E1527-05. If a site is considered contaminated, a Phase II environmental site assessment may be conducted, ASTM test E1903, a more detailed investigation involving chemical analysis for hazardous substances and/or petroleum hydrocarbons. from Wikipedia (last updated: 06 December), licensed under What do you know about this topic? Please make sure to only add personal information and experiences about this topic that complements the article above. Comments or opinions should be posted at the bottom of the page by clicking . Thanks alot for contributing! ...or create an Experience Page Currently no applications. Add an application using the contribute box to the right. Let People Vote Ask a Question EPA Standards and Practices for All Appropriate Inquiries -Final Rule ASTM official site Certified Hazardous Materials Manager Add new image Add image by copy and paste a link: Add external link Links to external pages Add related topic Links to related topics Copyright 2011 © Empedia.com BETA Forgot your password?

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Social media has literally altered the way we live and interact with our friends and communities. Nowadays children are busy using their phones, instead of enjoying their company. Sadly for them, they are missing all the fun and the memories they could make in this beautiful period of their childhood. Excessive usage of these sites became enormously common, especially among youngsters. It has detrimental effects on both individuals and society including physical, mental, and social health. The upsurging of this phenomenon is an alarming bell for many families. Social Platforms such as Facebook and Instagram are playing such roles in forming the lives of our children today. Nearly all people have active accounts on these websites, making their users more glued and addicted; controlling their thoughts and emotions. Their negative impacts have mostly been observed in teenagers, who are the weakened ones among other age groups. To illustrate, studies showed that more than 3 billion internet users and 2 billion social media users with 1.6 billion active mobile social accounts. In today's life, young people lack health and tend to be obese due to their reliance on their mobile phones doing their activities instead of exercising and working out. This addiction threatens their quality of life of them. Concerning their effect on mental health, using this hypothecal network causes depression, increases self-isolation, and lowers self-esteem. In addition, users can develop an inferiority complex when their friends get more comments and likes. In particular, an investigational survey found that 55% of youths who were considered to be higher online users, were less involved in their real life. The sheer size of social networks makes it difficult to monitor and moderate all of their content. Internet users - especially naive ones - who share personal photos, expose themselves and their information to be exploited by hackers, and cause some serious security issues. For example, thousands of fake identities and profiles are widespread through these online platforms. Undoubtedly, the educational system is the one that is negatively affected by the misusage of these sites among students. The student is currently suffering from self-distraction and hardness in absorbing the lessons. Learners are currently trying to imitate famous bloggers and influencers. To illustrate, most young learners follow famous footballers, singers, and bloggers rather than follow teachers, professors, and scientists. Making social media as beneficial as possible can be and this role puts a huge responsibility on individuals and society. Some of the corrective actions that should be taken in this approach are: Firstly, According to the quote, “The first step in solving any problem is recognizing there is one (Zig Ziglar 6), so admitting is the first milestone for the solution. Therefore, some simple settings a person can adjust to tell themselves about how long they have been online. It can be like a Facebook alert popup feature notifying users who have been online for two hours and beyond. Since I believe banning these sites is not the point because they are useful; limiting them will be more efficient. Secondly, encouraging teens to have hobbies and do sports. These social activities showed how they are advantageous to the person’s relationship and personality. Besides, their health benefits, having face-to-face interaction with real mates, boosts one’s self-confidence and builds priceless memorable experiences. As an example, children in the past used to play soccer with each other, unlike today, they rather sit at home to play online video games. Thirdly, marketing those ideas through promotion campaigns, media, and paper advertisements is crucial to raise awareness for the audience. Such as informing youngsters - about how is advantageous to do sport for their safety, and health - could have positive feedback on their behavior. Finally, cities around the world should be built in a way to promote this healthy culture in their population. Therefore governments should replan and move forward to establish separate cycles and walking lanes. Despite the advantages of using social platforms, their drawbacks are indeed too obvious to ignore, overshadowing their benefits. The world should strive to take huge steps to solve this global issue - by promoting health and awareness through using technology and the media to further protect our children from this cultural and habitual invasion. Share This Post On Leave a comment You need to login to leave a comment. Log-in

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What did the Indians use from the buffalo? Natives & Whites The Indians used almost every piece of the buffalo in one way or another. “It gave its life so Indians could live. The buffalo’s generosity provided Indians with food and shelter. Indian people modeled the buffalo’s generosity, and it became fundamental to the economy of the American Indian.” Richard B. Williams ~Oglala Lakota BONES – Knives-Awls-Quirts-Tableware-Tools-Shovel – Scrapers-Pipes-Saddle Tree- Fleshing Tool- Paint Brush-Splints- Arrowheads- War Clubs- Game Dice- Toys- Tools- Shields- Fertilizer-Sleds-Saddle Tree-Scrapers-Jewelry Tha’kahint’na, saw – fiddle men under Kiowa Apache ) . Thak -a -i-nin ‘: – Hayden, Ethnog, and Philol. Mo. Val . , 326 , 1862 ( people who play on bone instruments,’ that is, a pair of buffalo ribs, one notched, over which the other is rubbed: Arapaho name). RAWHIDE – Containers-Shields-Buckets-Moccasins-Drums-Splints-Mortar-Cinch-Ropes-Sheath-Saddle Tree-Stirrups-Bull Boats-Masks-Par Fleche-Ornaments-Straps(Sewing)-Caps-Quirt-Snowshoes-Water Trough Then they take a buffalo green hide, covered with its winter curls, and having properly shaped it to the frame, they sew it with large thongs of the same skin, as tight and secure as need be; when it is thoroughly dried, it appears to have all the properties of a cuirass saddle. HORNS – Arrow Points-Cups-Fire Carrier-Powder Horn-Spoons-Ladle-Headdress-Signal-Toys-Medication-Scoop-Comb [According to Arlene Fradkin’s Cherokee Folk Zoology (N.Y.: Garland, 1990), the horns were made into surgical instruments for curing swellings from boils and toothaches as well as for war trumpets. ] HIDE/BUCKSKIN – Winter Robe- Tipi Liners- Tipi Cover –Tapestries- Sweat Lodge Cover- Shirts –Backrest-Quivers -Moccasin Top –Leggings- Dresses- Cradles- Bridles- Belts –Bedding- Bags- Trade/Money- Leggings- Dresses-Backrest- tapestries-Dolls-Mittens Bull neck hides were for bullet and arrow proof shields. Buffalo calf hides used as blankets for young children. HAIR/WOOL- Pillows- Medicine Ball-Doll Stuffing-Ropes-Hair Piece-Ornaments-Moccasin Lining-Pad Filler-Halters-Bracelets-Headdress-Necklaces/Jewelry. (spun) The Indian women spin buffalo wool on a spindle and from the yarn make bags to carry the smoked or dried meat. “They sometimes dry their meat in the sun. Frequently they keep meat three or four months; for although they have no salt, they cure the flesh so well that it does not spoil at all.” Louis Hennepin James Adair – Southern Tribes 1740-1760 Indian females continually wear a beaded string round their legs, made of buffalo-hair, which is a species of coarse wool; and they reckon it a great ornament, as well as a preservative against miscarriages, hard labour, and other evils. The women bore small holes in the lobe of their ears for their rings, but the young heroes cut a hole round almost the extremity of both their ears, which till healed, they stretch out with a large tuft of buffalo’s wool mixt with bear’s oil: then they twist as much small wire round as will keep them extended in that hideous form. FAT –Tallow-Hair Grease-Cosmetic Aids-Soaps-Pemmican Wasa-Lubricant-Candle Tallow-Back Fat (Special) The buffalo were always very fat and this fat was used by the hunters for all cooking purposes. It was whiter than beef tallow, and when cold was not nearly so hard. It had a mild pleasant taste and in cold weather, we drank it hot like broth or soup. 1893-The Kickapoo Indian Salve is made by the Kickapoo Indians from the best buffalo tallow. It is specific for skin diseases, soothing, and excellent for erysipelas, eczema, boils, piles, burns, etc. It also sells for 25 cents per box White Buffalo: in the days when the bison abounded in the United States a pure white specimen was on rare occasions captured by an Indian hunter, and its skin, priceless to the captor, was devoted to religious uses. (not all Natives) “The Buffalo was part of us, his flesh and blood being absorbed by us until it became our own flesh and blood. Our clothing, our tipis, everything we needed for life came from the buffalo’s body. It was hard to say where the animals ended and the human began.” John (Fire) Lame Deer, Oglala- Lame Deer Seeker of Visions, with Richard Erdoes, 1972 CHIPS -Fuel-Smoke Signals-Early Tanning-Ceremonial Incense-Stacked for Barrier/ppl-Marking Sites-Powdered-Absorbent- Site Markers TAIL– Medicine Switch-Decorations-Whips-Fly Brush-Game Wheel HOOVES & DEW CLAWS – Glue-Rattles-Spoons-Wind Chimes-Ceremonies Buffalo hoofs were sometimes worn on warriors’ feet during war expeditions so as to deceive the enemy. Steeping high to avoid beating down the grass. “The Indians keep their hoofs, dry them, and attach them to switches, which they shake and rattle to accompany the changing postures and steps of the singers and dancers. This contrivance somewhat resembles a Basque tambourine. ” Louis Hennepin MUSCLE – Glue-Bows-Thread-Arrow Ties-Cinches-Webbing Snowshoes-Jerky SCROTUM – Containers-Rattles The Daily Republican, June 19, 1885 KILLED FOR THEIR HIDES (extract) Read More At nearly every station on the railroad, last year could be seen piled up for shipment the chaotic anatomy of thousands of buffaloes. Cattlemen were paid $2 and $3 a wagon load for them Cowboys with little else to do, and even lazy Indians with an eye to the almighty dollar went into the scavenger business and collected buffalo bones for lucre. For months car load after car load, to the number of thousands, passed eastward to Minnesota, Indiana, and Illinois, where they were turned to account as fertilizers. Even the skulls and bones that surveyors have stood up as sighting points have been picked up and carted off, such is the demand for them. Delivered at the factories the farmers are worth $25 a ton, the freight charges ranging from $8 to $10 per ton. Horns alone bring $40 a ton and are extensively used by makers of umbrellas and fans. From a portion of the head, glue is obtained, and the neck bones and shoulder blades are worked up into the popular buffalo horn buttons. A great many of our buffalo bones, horns, and hoofs are annually shipped to England, and, after being turned over once or twice by the cutlery factories of Sheffield, come back to us in the shape of fine knife handles and other articles of finished cutlery. England also imports great quantities of beef shanks for the manufacturing of fertilizers. TENDONS – Sewing-Bowstrings- Musical Instrument Strings. (resembled a banjo, but larger 5′ long and 1′ wide at the head, and had eight strings) Hooves and Tendons boiled made glue. BEARD – Ornaments-Dolls-Mittens SKULL– Sun Dance-Medicine Prayers-Rituals, Markers (Signal Stations) TONGUE – Prime Meat-Comb (rough side)- Special Treat GALL – Yellow Paints-Bile – Condiment (mustard) PAUNCH (Rumen) -Wrappings (Meat)- Buckets-Collapsible Cups-Basins-Canteens BLOOD – Soups-Puddings-Paints – In 1901 The American Naturalist published a section on plants used by American Natives. Blackfeet – Berries: esteemed a delicacy when boiled in buffalo blood. (pudding?) Early Years on the Southern Arapaho Reservation There were approximately 1,650 Southern Arapaho in 1871, when they settled on the reservation with the Cheyenne. For the first few years in present-day Oklahoma, the tribe was able to hunt some bison that still ranged near the reservation, and the Quaker agency on the reservation did not force farming or ranching on the tribe but taught by example. (source) Raw morsels of the meat would have been snacked on while the butchering was taking place. Raw liver, kidney, eyes, belly fat, testicles, parts of the stomach, marrow from leg bones, gristle from snouts, hoofs of unborn calves, and tissue from the sack they had been in. LIVER – Tanning-Eating STOMACH – Eaten Raw-Boiled-Roasted-Parts Dried KIDNEYS – Fat Source-Medicine STOMACH CONTENTS – Medicines-Paints BUFFALO CIDER.– A liquid found in the stomach of the buffalo, which has sometimes served the hunter in good stead, when far removed from water. STOMACH LINER – Water Container- Cooking Vessel INTESTINES – String-Jewelry-Eating Fresh-Storage Cont.- Sausage Skins For the Indians, this animal was sacred and they honored the buffalo through, dance and prayer ceremonies. Giving back to what they had been given. their whole way of survival and life.The buffalo means everything to the Indians. He was their house, their food, their clothing, their implements of war—-hide, flesh and bone, he belonged to them. Their horses were picketed with buffalo thongs and buffalo hair halters; their saddles were of buffalo skin pads, while the stirrups were of the same material. The Indian used his stomach as a cooking utensil. Making a hole in the ground, this organ was set in and filled with hot stones. No other animal of the plains served the Indian so well. He entered so vitally Info their daily routine that a buffalo dance was devised to perpetuate his memory and show what the Indians have gone through in the chase. Instead of bragging with their tongues, as does the white man, they use pantomimes; In the dance, they imitate the sneaking process of stalking game and dragging it home. Today on every reserve in the west, buffalo skulls and bones adorn the tepees and lodes of the red men. HEAD HIDE – Bowl HEAD HAIR – The hide hunters as a rule do not remove the skin from the buffalo’s head, which was covered with long coarse hair that never shed; This hair was gathered up by the bone pickers and was sold for $.75 a pound. It was used principally for stuffing cushions and mattresses. HEART – Sack (for dried meat)- Special Treat CALF – Fetal Calf (stew type dish) “When buffalo cows have been killed by the Indians, the little calves follow the hunters, licking their hands and fingers. The Indians sometimes take them to their children and after the children have played with them, the calves are killed with a club and eaten.” Louis Hennepin BLADDER – Medicine Bags-Pouches HIND LEG SKIN – Pre-shaped Moccasins BRAIN – Hide Tanning-Food MEAT – Immediate Use-Sausage-Cached Meat-Jerky-Pemmican-Wasna-Trade/Money Chicago Tribune, Illinois Nov. 30, 1877 How the Is Condensed Made and Eaten. Food How Pemmican Tastes Flavors of Tallow Candles and Sola Cushions. The Liquor Trade Among the Indians – An Indian’s Method of Treating His Friends. Correspondence New York Evening Post-Winnipeg, Manitoba, Nov. 1. The autumn trade along the line of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s posts in the Saskatchewan or Plain districts is reported to be more than usually light. This is partly owing to the failure of the autumn buffalo hunts, the entire proceeds of which have heretofore, with little exception, found their way into the forts of the Fur Company; and in part to the establishment of fur-trading stations throughout the Indian country. With the exception of dealings in buffalo-robes and provisions, but little valuable trade reaches the Saskatchewan district. Indeed, the entire line of southern forts would probably have been abandoned long since, had the Company considered merely the question of profits upon the trade of the district; which, I am given to understand, has not paid expenses for several years. Unfortunately, the Plain districts furnish a species of provision unattainable in any other portion of the territory, and to secure this the Company are forced to maintain many expensive establishments and a large force of men. This provision is manufactured from the flesh of buffalo and is almost the sole article of food issued by the Company to its thousands of voyageurs, hunters, and traders. A scarcity of this staple threatens the vast transport service of the corporation with direct consequences. Take from the regular army ration flour and pork, and you would produce about the same effect as that produced by the subtraction of pemmican from the daily supplies of the vast force of the Company’s servants, a force equal to more than half your standing army. It is the national dish, so to speak, of a population composed of many nationalities; and, like everything else in this peculiar country, is a wonderful mixture. It is a difficult matter to tell at all times exactly where the half-breed ends and the white man or Indian begins; correspondingly difficult is it to tell where the buffalo terminates and the pemmican begins. It is only of late years that pemmican has come into public notice as a condensed food value to the commissariat upon long expeditions. Hitherto it has been a provision peculiar to British America, and particularly to the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Notwithstanding the vast annual slaughter of buffaloes south of the forty-ninth parallel, no pemmican is made there; the meat being used in the fresh or green state, or in the form of jerked beef. The pemmican of the English Arctic expeditious differs from the real article in being made of beef mixed with raisins and spices and preserved from decay by being hermetically sealed. Buffalo pemmican may be said to keep itself, requiring no spices or seasoning for its preservation, and may be kept in any vessel and under any conditions, except that of dampness, for an unlimited time. It is one of the most perfect forms of condensed food known and is excelled by no other provision in its satisfying quality. The amount of it-used throughout the territory is almost incredible, as, besides the enormous quantity consumed in the Company’s service, it appears, when attainable, upon the table of every half-breed in the country. So essential is it to the wants of the voyageurs, as the staple article of food upon the long voyages made in the transportation service of the Fur Company, that its manufacture is stimulated in every way by the agents of that corporation, and every available pound is bought up for its use. HOW PEMMICAN IS MADE. Pemmican forms the principal product of the summer buffalo bunt, when, to preserve from decay the large quantities taken, some artificial process is necessary. A considerable amount is also made in the earlier part of the autumn hunt, though the major part of the product of this chase is preserved by frost in a fresh condition. To manufacture pemmican the flesh of the buffalo is first cut up into large lumps, and then again into flakes or thin slices, and hung up in the sun or over the fire to dry. When it is thoroughly desiccated it is taken down, placed upon raw-hides spread out upon the prairie, and pounded or beaten sometimes by wooden flails, again between two stones, until the meat is reduced to a thick flakey substance or pulp. Bags made of buffalo hide, with the hair on the outside, about the size of an ordinary pillow or flour sack, say two feet long, one and a half feet wide, and eight inches thick, are standing ready, and each one is half-filled with the powdered meat. The tallow or fat of the buffalo having been boiled by itself in a huge caldron is now poured hot into the oblong bag in which the pulverized meat has previously been placed. The contents are then stirred together until they have been thoroughly mixed: the dry pulp being soldered down into a hard solid mass by the melted fat poured over it. When full the bags are sewed up as tightly as possible, and the pemmican allowed to cool. Each bag weighs 100 pounds, the quantity of fat being nearly half the total weight, the whole composition forming the most solid description of food that man can make. It is the traveling provision used throughout the North, where, in addition to its already specified qualifications, its great facility of transportation renders it extremely valuable. There is no risk of spoiling it, as, if ordinary care be taken to keep the bags free from mold, there is no assignable limit to the time pemmican will keep. It is estimated that on average the carcasses of two buffaloes are required to make one bag of pemmican – one filling the bag itself, the other supplying the wants of the wild savage engaged in hunting it down. A DAINTY DISH The best form of pemmican, made for table use, generally has added to it ten pounds of sugar and saskootoom or serviceberries, the latter acting much as currant jelly does with venison, correcting the greasiness of the fat by a slightly acid sweetness. Sometimes wild cherries are used instead of the saskootoom. This berry-; berry-pemmican is considered the best of its kind and is very palatable.As to the appearance of the commoner form of pemmican, take the scrapings from the dryest outside corner of a very stale piece of cold roast, add to it, lumps of tallowy, rancid fat, then garnish all with long human hairs, on which string pieces, like beads upon a necklace, and short hairs of dogs or oxen, or both, and you have a fair imitation of common pemmican. Indeed, the presence of hairs in the food has suggested the inquiry whether the hair on the buffaloes from which the pemmican is made does not grow on the inside of the skin. The abundance of small stones or pebbles in pemmican also indicates the discovery of a new buffalo diet heretofore unknown to naturalists. In fact, I have seen men who were only prevented from taking a sieve and fine-tooth comb to the table when pemmican formed the principal dish by a certain delicate respect for their host’s feelings. But these men did not like pemmican. Carefully made pemmican. flavored with berries and sugar, is nearly as good; but of most persons new to the diet it may be said that, in two senses, a little of it goes a long way. Nothing can exceed its sufficing quality: it is equal or superior to the famous Prussian sausage, judging of it as we must. Two pounds’ weight, with bread and tea, is enough for the dinner of eight hungry men. A bag weighing 100 pounds, then, would supply three good meals for 130 men. A sled-dog that will eat from four to six pounds of flesh per day, when at work, will only consume two pounds of pemmican if fed upon that food alone. I have often seen hungry men laugh incredulously at the small handful of pemmican placed before them as sufficient for a meal; yet they went away satisfied, leaving half of it. On the other hand, I have seen half-breeds and Indians eat four pounds of it in a single day: appetites like that, however, do not count in ordinary food estimates. THE FLAVOR OF PEMMICAN. The flavor of pemmican depends much on the fancy of the person eating it. There is no other article of food that bears the slightest resemblance to it, and as a consequence, it is difficult to define its peculiar flavor by comparison. l have heard it likened to sawdust, oak chips, and tallow candles, again to tallow candles, elm chips, and the stuffing of sofa cushions,- the candle flavor being the only point common to all descriptions of its taste. Pemmican may be prepared for the table in many different ways, the consumer being at full liberty to decide which is the least objectionable. The method largely in vogue among the voyageurs is that known as “pemmican straight.” that is, uncooked, But there are several ways of cooking it which improve its flavor to the civilized palate. There is rubeiboo, which is a composition of potatoes, onions, or other esculents, and pemmican boiled up together, and, when properly seasoned, very palatable. In the form of richot, however, pemmican is best liked by persons who use it, and by the voyageurs. Mixed with a little flour and fried in a pan, pemmican in this form can be eaten, provided the appetite be sharp, and there is nothing else to be had. This last consideration is, however, of importance. Another form of provision, also the product of the summer hunts and extensively used, is dried meat. In its manufacture the flesh of the buffalo undergoes the same treatment as in the preparatory stages of pemmican making, when it has been cut into thin slices it is hung over a fire, smoked, and cured. It resembles sole leather very much in appearance. After being thoroughly dried, it is packed into bales weighing about sixty pounds each, and shipped all over the territory. The fresh or green meat supplied by the late autumn hunt is generally consumed in the settlements and is not much used as a traveling provision. The serious decrease in the number of buffaloes, which has been observed year by year, threatens to produce a very disastrous effect upon the provision trade of the country; and the time cannot be far distant when some new provision must be found to take the place of the old. I recollect very well when pemmican, which now can be procured with difficulty for one shilling and three pence a pound, could be had at two pence, and dried meat formerly costing two pence now costs ten pence. This is a fact which threatens to revolutionize in a manner the whole business of the territory, but more particularly the transport service of the Company. HOW THE INDIANS DRINK So requisite to the successful prosecution of the fur trade is pemmican considered to be by the Company that, until a comparatively late year, it was the only article embraced in the trade-lists for which liquor was bartered. Spirits never at any time form a medium of exchange for furs in the Company’s service, and their importance into the northern districts for any purpose whatever is strictly prohibited. In the Plain districts, however, the trade-in liquor was first suggested as a stimulant to the manufacture of provisions; the amount given being limited to a small quantity to each Indian at the termination of a trade. Even then no drinking was permitted within a mile of the forts, a course doubtless suggested by the fact that an intoxicated Indian is about the most irrepressible being a quiet man can possibly have about him. Unfortunately for the moderate use of this incentive to pemmican-making, on the part of the red man, his acute intellect instantly conceived the idea of utilizing this particular provision as a perpetual legal-tender for liquor. So he withheld his pemmican until the food supply ran short among the forts of the corporation, and forced compliance with his own terms. For all the other wants of his savage life, he had furs and robes to trade. The scenes that occurred in the Indian rooms of the forts during the progress of a liquor and pemmican trade were not circulated to impress one favorably with the moral status of either his white or red brother. The spirit used was generally rum, which, although freely diluted with water, soon reduced the assemblage to a state of wild hilarity, quickly followed by stupidity and sleep. The strength of the firewater dealt out was varied according to the capacity or hardheadedness of the different tribes. The liquor for the Cress, as living in the neighborhood of the forts and supposed to be capable of standing more, was composed of three parts of water to one of spirit; that of the Blackfeet, a distant tribe, who had access to liquor infrequently, seven of water to one of spirit. So great, however, is the power which alcohol in any form exercises over the red man that the Blackfeet, even upon their well-diluted liquor, were wont to become hopelessly intoxicated. QUEER SCENES AT A LIQUOR SALE A liquor trade generally began with a present of fire-water all round. Then business went on apace. After an Indian had taken his first drink it was a matter of little difficulty to obtain all he had in exchange for spirits. Horses, robes, tents, provisions, all would be proffered for one more dram of the beloved poison. As the trade advanced it degenerated into a complete orgie. Nothing could exceed the excitement inside the room, except it was the excitement outside, for only a limited number of the thirsty crowd could obtain entrance at a time. There the anxious braves could only learn by hearsay what was going on within. Now and then a brave, with an amount of self-abnegation worthy of a better cause, would issue from the fort, with his cheeks distended and his mouth full of rum, and going along the ranks of his friends he would squirt a little of the liquor into the open mouths of his less fortunate brethren. There were times, however, when matters did not go on so peaceably. Knives were wont to flash and shots to be fired, and the walls of the Indian rooms at many of the forts show many traces of bullet marks and knife hacking, done in the wild fury of the intoxicated savage. Some seventeen years ago this baneful distribution was stopped by the Company in the Plain districts, but the fur-traders still continue to employ liquor as a means of acquiring the furs belonging to the Indians. Great as was the quantity of pemmican obtained from the Indians during these trades – more than 30,000 bags being stored in the Company’s forts at one time, it is still small as compared with the amount produced in a favorable year by the semi-annual buffalo hunts of the nomadic hall-breeds. H. M. K. The Weekly Republican Cherryvale, Kansas Jul 22, 1887The Buffalo Dance Among the Indians of the northern plains is a custom called “dancing the buffalo.” It is resorted to when the hunters have great difficulty in finding the buffalo — a difficulty which has been growing more pronounced every year, until of late the poor Indian finds his “buffalo medicine dance” fails universally and he has all but lost faith in it. And yet it has but rarely failed before, for the peculiar strength of the “medicine” lies in the fact that when the medicine dance is one started it is Up religiously night and day until the outsiders discover buffalo, and as the Indians reasons, the dance brought them. The Crows had a dance recently. They believe that the Great Spirit has secluded the buffalo temporarily, but that as soon as he recovers from his sulk he will send them back again. The Crow dance did bring a half-dozen old bulls to the Crow hunters; not much meat, to be sure, but a sure sign of the strength of the medicine. Ten or a dozen men dance at a time, and as they grow weary and leave their places, others take them, and so keep up the ceremony. They wear the head or mask of a buffalo, which each warrior is supposed to keep in his outfit; the tails are often attached to these by a long piece of hide. Drums are beaten, rattles shaken, and the usual Indian yelling is kept up. The hunters all have their arms ready, and the outlying hills are patrolled. These dances have been kept up in certain villages for two or three weeks on a stretch without stopping an instant. When a man becomes fatigued he signifies it by bending quite low, when another draws a bow and hits him with a blunt arrow. He falls to the ground, and is dragged off by the spectators, who proceed to butcher him in play, much after the fashion of children; for the Indian in his sportive moods is for all the world like an overgrown boy. In all the different dances the Indians have a special step. It reaches the zenith of muscular exertion and extravagance in the war dance, and is very quiet in certain medicine dances, the bodies seemingly scarcely to move. In the buffalo dance, they follow around in a circle, lifting their feet and undulating their bodies. Alas for the buffalo, and alas for the poor Indian, too, the buffalo dance will no more bring the countless thousands of bison to the site of the hunter, and the only meat he will ever eat ranges between Government steers and sage hens. ‘Buffalo Dance‘ Buffalo Dance is an 1894 American 16-second black and white silent film shot in Thomas Edison’s Black Maria studio. It was produced by William K. L. Dickson with William Heise a cinematographer and features three Sioux warriors named Hair Coat, Parts His Hair and Last Horse dancing in a circle while two other Native Americans accompany them with drums.

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The Labour Party’s Elizabeth McCombs became New Zealand’s first woman Member of Parliament, winning a by-election in the Lyttelton seat caused by the death of her MP husband James McCombs (one of the first Labour members, who had held the seat since 1913). Read more about Elizabeth here. Although New Zealand women had famously won the right to vote in 1893, they were not allowed to stand for Parliament until 1919. A handful of women had contested elections, including the well-known Ellen Melville in Auckland, and McCombs herself in 1928 and 1931. Although James had won Lyttelton by just 32 votes in 1931, Elizabeth achieved a majority of 2600. Sadly, she died less than two years later. The McCombs family tradition continued after Elizabeth’s death: she was succeeded by her and James’ son Terence, who was MP for Lyttelton until 1951, and from 1947 to 1949 Minister of Education. His defeat in the snap ‘waterfront dispute’ election ended his family’s 38-year hold on the seat. The second woman MP was Labour’s Catherine Stewart, who was elected for Wellington West in 1938. Image: Elizabeth McCombs

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When Horace Walpole wrote The Castle of Otranto in1764, he launched literary movement steeped in mystery that gained immediate popularity and numerous imitators. Even today, these novels generally include an isolated, vulnerable heroine; a dark, sardonic hero whose actions make him suspicious; and paranormal elements such as family curses, omens, and ghosts. Although the movement began with a man, the novels and their readers have primarily been women, and provided a vehicle for some of the first women to earn their living by writing: Ann Radcliffe and Charlotte Brontë, for example. Modern gothic novelists have taken the genre further, adding vampires and werewolves to the mix, and empowering the heroine. Chegg is for students See what's inside!

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How Does A Moon Phase Watch Work It seems that we’re always keen to understand the movement of the sun, the moon and the constellations. Back in the days, horologists made progress from the sundial to gear and hand, which included tracking the lunar cycle. Even though the sun’s arc is essential on days and seasons, the moon told us about the passing of months. We count 29 and half days from new moon to full moon, which gives us a regular cycle, a life cycle for so many centuries. The moon phase A moon phase watch tells you in fact about the current phase of the moon, just the way you see it in the sky. A watch like this show you in an opening of the dial how the moon passes across the sky. It’s one of the most fundamental watches due to its graphical representation of the time passing. This is why it’s so different from the watches that feature accurate and yet, dull hands and numbers of other watches. The “moon phase” is the lighted area of the moon that we may see as it travels all around the Earth. The movement of the Earth and the moon’s position tells us that we always seeing them from a different view. Astronomers do use all sorts of names for moon’s phases, but there are only 4 of them that count for most of us. When the moon and sun are aligned on the same side of the Earth so we practically don’t see a moon at all, we talk about the “new moon”. The “first quarter” happens when the right-hand side of the moon is in the sun’s light. As the entire surface is lit up, we get to notice the “full moon”, whereas the “last quarter” happens when the left-hand side is easy to see by us. All of these phases take around 29 and half days, which is the average length of a calendar month. It sorts of makes sense that the modern calendar is related to the phases of the moon. It was the Roman political and religious fuss that added/subtracted days to some months, which is why not all months are 29 and a half days. Why is it important for time telling? The moon has always been important for a man’s existence so keeping its track became essential for all. At some point, the moon phases appeared in the sophisticated pocket watches late in the 19th and early 20th century. In addition, when the pocket watch turned into the wristwatch, the moon phase migrated to the wrist as well. The moon phase shows us in fact the link between the watchmaker and the time itself. The mechanism behind A typical moon phase watch has behind its dial a disc with two identical moons on it. The disc rotates a whole cycle for 29 and a half days, with the waxing and waning face of the moon explained by the curved edges of the dial opening. A 59-tooth gear drives the moon disc, whereas it’s moved forward by a mechanical finger every 24 hours. This gives us one complete rotation for the entire lunar cycle. Well, almost, anyways. As the real lunar cycle is in fact 29 days, 12 hours and 44 minutes (29.53 days for more precision J), the moon isn’t that helpful after all. Sure, this accuracy works for many of us, but a watchmaker needs a lot more than that and don’t just settle for anything less. When you’re off by .03 days per month, it means the whole moon phase cycle is off by one full day every two years, seven and a half months. In order to surpass this difference between the measured lunar cycle and the moon phases per say, us needed a more complicated mechanism. This mechanism features a 135-tooth gear that drives the moon disc. This little detail increases the precision of the movement so that the moon phase’s intricacy is of by only a day once every 122 years. Therefore, it’s not up to you, by to your grandson to make some small adjustments, way ahead into the feature. Our life doesn’t depend that much on the moon’s orbit anymore and the wristwatch isn’t just what it used to be anyways. Within all of these various smartwatches, smartphones, the moon phase watches have their charm, reminding us how little we are in this Universe. It all depends on you which way you want to go when getting a watch. If you want it to keep you connected at all time with all of your friends, don’t hesitate to get a smartwatch. If you’re only for the time telling, stay true to your beliefs and get a moon phase watch. After all, time flies just the same!

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What is machine learning? Machine learning allows businesses to enable the data to teach the system how to solve the problem at hand with machine learning algorithms—and how to get better over time. Today’s enterprises are bombarded with data. To drive better business decisions, they have to make sense of it. But the sheer volume coupled with complexity makes data difficult to analyze using traditional tools. Building, testing, iterating, and deploying analytical models for identifying patterns and insights in data eats up employees’ time. Then after being deployed, such models also have to be monitored and continually adjusted as the market situation or the data itself changes. Machine learning is the solution. To learn more about machine learning, read about Google Cloud’s AI Platform. Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables a system to autonomously learn and improve using neural networks and deep learning, without being explicitly programmed, by feeding it large amounts of data. Because machine learning allows computer systems to continuously adjust and enhance themselves as they accrue more “experiences,” the more data that’s put into them, the more accurate the results will be. In effect, machine learning applications automate the job of building statistical models. Python machine learning is a great machine learning example, in that it learns from data, identifies patterns, and makes decisions with minimal human intervention. Robotic process automation (RPA) RPA combined with machine learning creates intelligent automation that’s capable of automating complex tasks, such as processing mortgage applications. Customer data can train machine learning algorithms for customer sentiment analysis, sales forecasting analysis, and customer churn predictions. Machine learning applications include chatbots and automated virtual assistants to automate routine customer service tasks and speed up issue resolution. Machine learning helps enterprises improve their threat analysis capabilities and how they respond to cyberattacks, hackers, and malware. Machine learning enables marketers to identify new customers and to offer the right marketing materials to the right people at the right time. Machine learning helps credit card companies and banks review vast amounts of transactional data to identify suspicious activity in real time. AI building blocks Contact Center AI Build and use AI

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Discussion in 'Science & History' started by Kazmarov, Aug 18, 2008. Here's a new what if: What if the Treaty of Versailles had much lower monetary demands for Germany? I'd say just lower monatery demands would not have made much difference. The Versailles Treaty's demands regarding annexations, military and so on would have still been enough to make the Germans feel disgraced. And the impact on the economy would not have been all that big either; the huge 1923 inflation and the generally bad state of the economy was not so much due to the Versailles Treaty, but mostly due to the depts made by the German government during WW1, which the new government had to pay back (and they then just printed money in order to do so). So I'd say just lower monetary demands would not have changed much. But assuming the Allies had been much more lenient when Foreign Minister Stresemann (1924-29, Weimar's relatively stable years) attempted to revise the Treaty by peaceful means, also regarding the question of lost territories and military regulations, thus allowed him a huge diplomatic success, that would have probably been a major push for the democratic parties and the Republic in general. The Nazis would have had a much, much harder time to rally so many Germans behind them in the late 20s and early 30s. Stresemann (from the pro-republican DVP, German People's Party) would have become a national hero, and many Germans who later joined the Nazi Party would have likely rather stayed republicans. There was only a short window for the Nazis taking power: Their peak of popularity had been reached in early 1932 already, when they won 37% in the elections. Their popularity was about decreasing already, they won only 33% in November 1932 (their first loss of votes compared to an election before), when President Hindenburg named Hitler Chancellor. Had the Republic persisted only a few more years, there is a good chance the Nazis would have fallen down to a minor faction once again. More lenience by the Allies in the 20s might have been just the push the Republic needed. Separate names with a comma.

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Some people may state that human life began some where in northeasterly Asia. As life began the worlds started to travel over the ice transition and they came into this new land. The new land was called north America and they adapted to the new environment. So as clip past by they was know as the native Americans and they was running natural state with life. At this point of clip they was the lone 1s on this new land. Some people may state that but “ I can state this America is non named after Chris Columbus, but after “ Amerigo ” Vespucci, who was named after the bunch of stars in the celestial spheres above which is suiting as our flag of stars ” . “ Actually, Amerigo may non hold discovered the America ‘s first, harmonizing to findings the Chinese adventurers may hold discovered the Americas in 1418 as they have an antediluvian map which shows North and South America, as with a north pole and all of the continents though non accurate in dimensions ” . “ Around 1000 a.d Vikings began explorering North America, they left grounds in the signifier of Rune rocks with written messages, and besides other artefacts such as coins dating back to 1080 a.d. Mummified organic structures of Vikings some every bit tall as 10 pes, many Native American narratives refering combating againts giants have been proven true with these organic structures of ruddy hairy skeletons ” . “ One of my favourite claims is dated to around the clip of King Solomon, King of Israel written about in the Holy Bible. Around 990 b.c. King Solomon had hired Phoenicians who were adept mariners to convey back gold and animate beings, and wealths. I believe this claim as I was fortunate to hold been in contact with New England univeristy ‘s who were researching near east surveies ” . “ I connected the Phoenician ships discovered embedded in the clay on the seashore of cardinal America with King Solomon and the Hagiographas in the Bible, what they did with that information I do n’t cognize my notes and their letters, unfortunatly burned in a house fire. Some of what I do retrieve is that one of the artefacts had a written message refering King Solomon and a Phoenician King, dating these ships back to the clip of King Solomon ‘s reign and the land of Ophir ” . “ Since first reading about the lost continent of Atlantis, have believed the Americas are this lost continent mentioned in the Plato ‘s Hagiographas around 360 b.c which he told of this lost continent which existed around 9600 b.c ” . When holding first brushs at that place some jobs to fall that.The native Americans had metropoliss, with roads and constructions, authoritiess and trade with other civilisations across the America ‘s. The Cherokee ‘s had an bing authorities which had spanned several provinces, as with most east seashore folks. Before the invasion of settlers, from Spain, England and European imperiums. Most believe that all the Native American folks lived in Tipi ‘s and travaled the fields, they were mobile. Merely the fields Indians were nomadic following the seasons. When in fact most lived in metropoliss and towns, non what you see in the history books of the folks unorganised and barbarian are the leftovers of scattered peoples who ‘s civilisations were destroyed by 400 old ages of warfare and disease killed more than half the populations, as they became scattered and unorganised. Expression at ancient Central and South America with great metropoliss and pyramids and mariners. Most of the first brushs was really bad. “ The Europeans and the native Americans force at that place mundane lives on each other. The Europeans and the native Americans had different faith and civilization. “ Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian expatriates from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist motion within the Church of England. The appellation “ Puritan ” is frequently falsely used, notably based on the premise that hedonism and Puritanism are antonyms: historically, the word was used to qualify the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and harmonizing to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that clip used it and “ precisian ” with the sense of stickler. T. D. Bozeman therefore utilizations alternatively the term precisianist in respect to the historical groups of England and New England ” .the Europeans had a strong belief in there faith they was seeking to alter anybody life around that was non a puritan.In confederation with the turning commercial universe, the parliamentary resistance to the royal privilege, and in the late 1630s with the Scots Presbyterians with whom they had much in common, the Puritans became a major political force in England and came to power as a consequence of the First English Civil War. After the English Restoration of 1660 and the 1662 Uniformity Act, about all Puritan clergy left the Church of England, some going unconformist curates, and the nature of the motion in England changed radically, though it retained its character for much longer in New England. ” but the native Americans had other programs they had there ain. “ Traditional Native American faiths exhibit a great trade of diverseness, mostly due to the comparative isolation of the different folks that were spread out across the full comprehensiveness of the North American continent for 1000s of old ages, leting for the development of different beliefs and patterns between folks. Native American faith is closely connected to the land in which Native Americans dwell and the supernatural. While there are many different Native American spiritual patterns, most address the undermentioned countries of “ supernatural concern ” : an omnipresent, unseeable “ cosmopolitan force ” , “ tabu ” , refering to the ” three ‘life crises ‘ of birth, pubescence, and decease ” , “ liquors ” , “ visions ” , the “ priest-doctor ” and “ communal ceremonial Native American spiritualty is frequently characterized by pantheism, a strong accent on the importance of personal spiritualty and its interconnectivity with one ‘s ain day-to-day life, and a deep connexion between the natural and religious ‘worlds ‘ . Most disciples to traditional American Indian ways do non see their religious beliefs and patterns as a “ faith ” ; instead, they see their whole civilization and societal construction as infused with ‘spirituality ‘ – an built-in portion of their lives and civilization ” . this cause so many jobs with these two different civilization wars and podiums kill off one state. There was an out semen with these two over clip the wars and the illness of the people kill about all of the native Americans. “ From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the undermentioned ways: adventurers and settlers, every bit good as between folks ; supplanting from their lands ; internal warfare, captivity ; and a high rate of intermarriage.Most mainstream bookmans believe that, among the assorted lending factors, epidemic disease was the overpowering cause of the population diminution of the American indigens because of their deficiency of unsusceptibility to new diseases brought from Europe. With the rapid diminutions of some populations and go oning competitions among their ain states, Native Americans sometimes re-organized to organize new cultural groups, such as the Seminoles of Florida and Mission Indians of Alta California. ” “ Chicken syphilis and rubeolas, although by this clip endemic and seldom fatal among Europeans ( long after being introduced from Asia ) , frequently proved lifelessly to Native Americans. Smallpox proved peculiarly fatal to Native American populations.Epidemics frequently instantly followed European geographic expedition and sometimes destroyed full small town populations. While precise figures are hard to find, some historiographers estimate that at least 30 % ( and sometimes 50 % to 70 % ) of some Native populations died after first contact due to Eurasiatic variola. One theory of Columbian exchange suggests adventurers from the Christopher Columbus expedition contracted pox from autochthonal peoples and carried it back to Europe, where it spread widely. Other research workers believe that the disease existed in Europe and Asia before Columbus and his work forces returned from exposure to autochthonal peoples of the Americas, but that they brought back a more deadly signifier ” . “ In 1618-1619, smallpox wiped out 90 % of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.Historians believe many Mohawk Native Americans in contemporary New York were infected after contact with kids of Dutch bargainers in Albany in 1634. The disease swept through Mohawk small towns, making Native Americans at Lake Ontario by 1636, and the lands of the western Iroquois by 1679, as it was carried by Mohawk and other Native Americans who traveled the trading paths. The high rate of human deaths caused dislocations in Native American societies and disrupted generational exchanges of civilization. “ Between 1754 and 1763 many Native American folks were involved in the Gallic and Indian War/Seven Years War with Gallic forces against British colonial reserves. Native Americans fought on both sides of the struggle. The greater figure of folks fought with the Gallic in the hopes of look intoing European enlargement. The British had made fewer Alliess, but had some folks that wanted to turn out assimilation and trueness in support of pacts. They were frequently defeated when these were subsequently overturned. In add-on, the folks had their ain intents, utilizing their confederations with the European powers to conflict traditional Native enemies ” . they both had some jobs but the native Americans was the 1 on the short terminal of the stick. The sixteenth century has had some good yearss and some bad 1s but over all they had to hold some peace. Though cultural characteristics, linguistic communication, vesture, and imposts vary tremendously from one folk to another, there are certain elements which are encountered often and shared by many civilizations. America has had her ups and her downs but over all we came together as one at the terminal. We all are household we had war between the household we got each other ill but we are america.

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Heading Into Spring "Wait! Did that just move?!" A group of kids were simultaneously trying to get as close as possible while keeping their bodies calm and not disturbing the eggs. As we looked at each egg illuminated by a bright light, we could see the shape of the developing embryos and watch them float from one side of the shell to the other. Kids noticed veins and darker and lighter patches. A number of them commented on how the eggs felt heavier to them than ones they have used for cooking. All week they have been reminding each other to jump gently, to not run, and to be careful around the eggs. I am grateful that they have this chance to watch this process. Morgan's PK and K Class * Worked with spring stencils and markers. They were excited to learn they could trace the outside of the stencils as well and reuse them for their play dough creations. * Worked with each other to create paintings on different sized paper. * Explored shaving cream with food coloring. The children were excited to make predictions and observe what happened as they mixed them together. * Read spring and chicken books! * Took turns at guessing the different nature items in the magnifying glass blocks. Some of the items were easy to identify while others were a little harder. The children also enjoyed finding small objects to put in the blocks as well. * Built with Legos and blocks of various sizes. * Learned about the letter of the week - V. Practiced making upper and lower case Vv. * Looked for signs of spring outside by finding bugs and worms, played in the stream, popped bubbles, and climbed trees! * Participated in the last mini class for the month of March. * Looked at the chicken eggs in a dark room with the little light on top of the incubator to see which of the eggs are fertilized! This is called "candling". Many of the children were excited to see dark shadows or the veins in the chicken eggs. Tracy's 1st-3rd Grade Class In math, we have been noticing that are lots of different ways to get to the correct answer. Our first grade class has been working on knowing ten more and ten less of a given number. They can do this by using a number grid, by modeling it (or notating it) with base ten blocks. or by looking at the tens place and simply changing it one more or one less. I love it when kids make a case for why their way is more efficient. The second graders are working on developing comfort with two and three digit subtraction. The third graders are learning about order of operations and parentheses. They were intrigued to find that the same set of numbers and mathematical symbols could give two different answers depending on what part of the problem is done first. In writing, we are working on figuring out the differences between opinions and facts. Like Theresa's class, we used a "Smash Boom Best" episode on Pancakes vs. Waffles to help us learn about some debate techniques. Each child is developing arguments for a debate, and we are looking for supporting facts. In reading, we have really been working on using context and meaning clues to help us figure out the meaning of unknown words. We also continue to focus on a few useful word patterns each time we read. When I am checking for understanding, we often use made up words to make sure that the rules are being applied correctly (ex: zame or grupping). Theresa's 4th-6th Grade Class It was a mellow week at Country Classroom. Between the storms and the sunshine, we managed to do some learning. In math, the eldest kids are working on surface area and volume of different shapes. It has been a refreshingly easy unit, after one that was more challenging. The 4th and 5th graders are continuing to work on decimals, fractions and percents. In writing, we are doing a study of debate. The kids are listening to debates on the podcast "Smash Boom Best." We are talking about how strong arguments need reasons and examples. The podcast uses a lot of gimmicks to keep the listener's attention. Those gimmicks have their place, but they cannot be the argument. We have been looking for the topic sentences and supporting reasons in each of the arguments. We are reading from the American History Book, "A History of US." We are reading about the Civil War, which Tracy is also studying in the afternoons. We are talking about strategies for reading non-fiction, such as summarizing and paraphrasing. We are also talking about the difference between primary and secondary sources. The book is full of images of primary sources, and they have inspired many of our conversations. One of the most wonderful things about teaching your kids is how utterly appalled they are by the injustices of the world. They have a strong sence of riht and wrong, and they are able to discuss it.

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Children are not generally exposed to lead from paint while the paint is still in the can or when the paint is being newly applied to a previously unpainted or uncoated surface. Rather, lead exposure generally occurs after the lead paint has already dried on the wall or on the article that has been painted. Lead in Paint IPEN has demonstrated that leaded paints for home use continue to be widely produced, sold and used in developing countries despite the fact that most highly industrial countries banned leaded house paints more than 40 years ago. IPEN’s global campaign to eliminate leaded paint raises awareness that childhood exposure remains a serious problem and has catalyzed national activity in a number of developing countries to eliminate leaded paint and protect children.

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Gondi Language Phrase Book. A Book Of Commonly ... This is the result of a language shift from Gondi to regional languages in the majority of the Gondi population, especially those in the northern portion of their range. By the 1920s, half of Gonds had stopped speaking the language entirely. The language is under severe stress from dominant languages such as Hindi, Chhattisgarhi, Marathi and Odia due to their use in education and employment. In order to improve their situation, Gond households adopt the more prestigious dominant language and their children become monolingual in that language. Already in the 1970s, Gondi youth in places with increased contact with wider society had stopped speaking the language, seeing it as a relic of old times. The constant contact between speakers of Gondi and Indo-Aryan languages has resulted in massive Indo-Aryan borrowing in Gondi, found in vocabulary, grammar and syntax. In one survey in Anuppur district for instance, it was found the dialect of Gondi spoken there, known as dehati bhasha ('rural language'), was actually a mixture of Hindi and Chhattisgarhi rather than Gondi. However, the survey also found younger Gonds had a positive attitude towards speaking Gondi and saving the language from extinction. Another survey from areas throughout the Gond region found younger Gonds felt developing their mother tongue was less important, but there were still large numbers willing to help in its development. Some attempts at revitalization have included children's books and online videos. Gondi Language Phrase Book. A book of commonly ... In the early 1970s, the linguist David McAlpin produced a detailed proposal of a genetic relationship between Dravidian and the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam (present-day southwestern Iran). The Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis was supported in the late 1980s by the archaeologist Colin Renfrew and the geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, who suggested that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent. (In his 2000 book, Cavalli-Sforza suggested western India, northern India and northern Iran as alternative starting points.) However, linguists have found McAlpin's cognates unconvincing and criticized his proposed phonological rules as ad hoc. Elamite is generally believed by scholars to be a language isolate, and the theory has had no effect on studies of the language. In 2012, Southworth suggested a "Zagrosian family" of West Asian origin including Elamite, Brahui and Dravidian as its three branches. Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script. Because most of the account-book manuscripts in this collection are distinct and separately-bound items, with diverse contents, most have received individual catalog records. These detailed records can be found in the library's online catalog, Franklin. The entire group of manuscripts may also be searched with the phrase "Gondi-Medici Business Records." Our tutors create the best language lessons for students and buyers from around the world. Lessons and learning materials uploaded on Justlearn are optimized for language learning. You can always book lessons and buy learning materials anytime, anywhere. In the human host, the parasites form tissue cysts, most commonly in skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain, and eyes; these cysts may remain throughout the life of the host. Diagnosis is usually achieved by serology, although tissue cysts may be observed in stained biopsy specimens . Diagnosis of congenital infections can be achieved by detecting T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluid using molecular methods such as PCR . Koby's story, along with other seventeen stories revealed in a new book, reveals not only fascinating stories but also photos and authentic recipes of Persian food given by the heroes of this book. Actually one can fix a whole meal out of the book, starting with the first dish and ending with the dessert. Especially on the rich and tasty Persian cuisine, makes me thinking about Iran's race for the atomic bomb. I was wondering whether the Iranian leadership will be smart enough to change its strategy to cop the world. Sometimes the road to control someone goes thru his stomach, thru his desire for good food. 041b061a72

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Grinding Wheel Guide What is a Grinding Wheel? A grinding wheel is also known as the consolidated grinding wheel. All grinding wheels are similar in the aspect of construction, which are mostly circular shaped with a through hole in the center. A grinding wheel is comprised of abrasives that are consolidated into certain shapes by a bonding agent, which guarantees certain strength. It is often use for various grinding (i.e., abrasive cutting) and abrasive machining tasks. These wheels are specifically used in grinding machines. The grinding wheel is the one with the most widely used grinding equipment with a extremely broad range of use. It can rotate at high speed during use, and can rough, semi-finish and fine-grind the outer circle, inner circle, flat surface and various profiles of metal or non-metal workpieces. It is also capable of slotting, cutting, etc. Construction of Grinding Wheels Grinding wheels are typically made from an assorted materials comprising coarse-particle aggregate, which are pressed then bonded (using the so-called cementing matrix) to form a circular, solid shape. Grinding wheels can also be made from aluminum or steel disc with particles bonded to the surface. Most of the grinding wheels we see today are made with artificial composites derived from artificial aggregates. As a matter of fact, grinding wheels in the early days were made with natural composite stones, just as those used for millstones. Manufacturing for Grinding Wheels Despite the look, the manufacturing process for a grinding wheel is actually a highly precise and controlled precise, mainly attributed to its inherently hazardous nature (e.g., the spinning disc). Also, precision is also required because every discs need to be produced with uniform parameters to prevent the disc from exploding because of the high stressed generated on rotation. As an essential part of a grinding machine, grinding wheels are consumables, meaning that they have limited life span. The life span can largely vary depending on how the grinding machine is used, ranging from less than a day to multiple years. As the wheel performs the cutting, grains of abrasives are released, typically attributed to the growing dullness as the drag pulls them out of the bond. Then, the next cycle begins as new grains are exposed in this wear process. Fortunately, the rate of wear for grinding wheels is very predictable, knowing its expected life span given the intended application is very important to yield good performance. Common Types of Grinding Wheels There a great many types of grinding wheels in its development history. While they come in a variety of different sizes and structure, some of the most common types of grind wheels in the market are listed below for your reference: 1. Straight Grinding Wheels: This is the most common grinding wheels that is easily found in workshops across the world. These are known for sharpening tools, such as chisels and lawnmower blades. 2. Large Grinding Wheels: Imagine this type of grinding wheel the larger version of the straight grinding wheels. This type of grinding wheels excels at grinding down the outer portion of the objects, like carbide blanks. They are also widely used in oil and thermal spray industry for OD grinding. The diameter of a large grinding wheel can be as long as 36 inches. 3. Cup Wheel: This type of grinding wheel is mostly used for polishing concrete or stones. They are however capable of more delicate operations like adhesive removal, given a smaller grit is used. Cup wheels excel at finishing and re-sharpening applications in general. 4. Dish Wheel: This type of wheel has a thinner surface edge. The narrow and shallow nature enable dish wheels to fit into tight space other types of grinding wheels would otherwise be able to reach. 5. Segmented Grinding Wheel: They key feature of this type of grinding wheel is the fact that the abrasives are segmented instead of having a continual abrasive rim. When this type of wheel is used with lubrication or cooling fluids, a large amount of materials can be removed rapidly without damaging the surface of the workpiece. Centrifugal force is utilized to carry the fluids to the intended area, with the canal created by each segment. 6. Cutting Face Wheel: Cutting face grinding wheels are capable of cutting through workpieces by grinding away material. The grinding edge of this type of wheel is relatively narrow compared to other types, allowing it to take a lot of material off at once. This type of a grinding wheel is versatile in a sense that it gets used for many things from shaping saw teeth to cutting tiles. Need help searching for your next Grinding Wheel ? IMTS Exhibition includes manufacturers from around the world. Send us a message with your requirements and our IMTS Experts will happily help you with your questions.

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You've probably heard about the microbiome in your gut. It's the collection of trillions of tiny microorganisms thought to have a powerful effect on your health and wellbeing. But did you know that a similarly complex and important ecosystem of bacteria, fungi and viruses exists in the female reproductive tract? It's known as the vaginal microbiome, and it plays a key role in keeping women healthy. So how does it work? A balance of bacteria Just like the gut, the vagina consists of trillions of microorganisms — mostly bacteria, plus some fungi and viruses. Together, these populations make up the vaginal microbiome. "Particular types of lactobacilli have functions that keep the environment very acidic, that interact with our host cells and keep the right mucus production going," says Associate Professor Willa Huston from the University of Technology Sydney. "This is what we would consider to be the healthiest type of microbiota for the vagina." But the relationship is complicated: not all types of lactobacilli are good, and there is at least one strain that puts women at a higher risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. On the other hand, women who lack a dominant lactobacillus in their microbiome are also at a higher risk of acquiring STIs and other conditions including bacterial vaginosis. "It depends on the type of lactobacillus, it might depend on the function of that lactobacillus … and perhaps how it's interplaying with the genome type of the woman," Dr Huston says. Disruptions to the microbiome The vaginal environment experiences all kinds of disturbances on a regular basis, which in turn disrupts the microbiome. "It's a really dynamic space," Dr Huston says. Sexual activity, lubricants, and semen can all change the composition of the microbiome, as well as hormonal contraceptives, menstruation and antibiotics. "Antibiotics, just like in gut bacteria, can basically eliminate lactobacillus and give the opportunity to other bacteria that are not very welcome to grow and thrive," Professor Jacques Ravel from the University of Maryland told The Health Report. Disruption of the microbiome can cause an imbalance of bacteria, which may lead to bacterial vaginosis. It can also trigger the overgrowth of the fungus, Candida. The impact of diet is less clearly understood, Professor Ravel says, but it can also cause changes. "It's something that we are still investigating. We don't fully understand the link that exists between the bacteria that lives in our gut and those that live in a vagina, but there is certainly a link between the two," he says. The ever-changing vaginal microbiome is also largely age-dependent, Dr Huston says. "As your reproductive status changes and your reproductive physiology changes, there's a lot of evidence that the microflora, as well as other functions, change in the reproductive tract," she says. Connection to disease and fertility There is an established link between a woman's vaginal microbiome and her risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections and other conditions. "We know that microbiotas that have particular types of lactobacillus, or don't have a good lactobacillus composition, are more at risk of developing STIs, bacterial vaginosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease," Dr Huston says. "What we don't know yet is how much your vaginal microbiome or your upper reproductive tract microbiota can influence whether or not you get pregnant." Research into IVF has found the type of microorganisms present in the uterus at the time of embryo transfer interplay into the outcome of pregnancy. "So we do know from preliminary evidence that the composition of the microflora in your whole reproductive tract is likely to be really important for your ability to have a successful pregnancy, or even to conceive. "But we don't know enough yet about that … And there's a lot more work to be done." What researchers do know is that women with pelvic inflammatory disease — which usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries — are more at risk of becoming infertile. "So [the microbiome] certainly interplays into developing infertility which might be tubal damage, but whether it interplays exactly into fertility outcome at the time is less understood," she says. "I think that's the next frontier of microbiome research … a better understanding of the microbiome in the upper reproductive tract and how that impacts on pregnancy and fertility." The best thing you can do for your vaginal microbiome is to do nothing at all, Dr Huston says. She warns against douching and using other vaginal cleaning products, which tend to upset the balance of bacteria. "Unless something's wrong and you've got symptoms that are uncomfortable, it's best to leave your vagina microflora to look after itself," she says. If you do have symptoms, it's worth making an appointment at the GP. "You know your body the best. If something's not right or it just feels a bit different, don't have any hesitation in going to the doctor. And don't have any hesitation having a frank conversation with your doctor about your vagina," Dr Huston says.

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The skeleton of an 82ft-long dinosaur has been found in a person’s yard in central Portugal. Palaeontologists from Spain and Portugal engaged on the positioning within the metropolis of Pombal consider it might be the stays of the largest sauropod dinosaur to be present in Europe. Sauropods are plant-eating, four-legged dinosaurs characterised by lengthy necks and tails. The excavation started when the landowner first seen fragments of bones on his property in 2017 throughout development works. Researchers say in current weeks they’ve unearthed the vertebrae and ribs of a potential brachiosaurid sauropod, or brachiosaurus, that might have stood about 39ft (12m) tall and been about 82ft (25m) lengthy. The Brachiosauridae group is made up of enormous species that lived from the Upper Jurassic interval to the Lower Cretaceous, round 160 to 100 million years in the past. “It is not usual to find all the ribs of an animal like this, let alone in this position, maintaining their original anatomical position,” Elisabete Malafaia, a postdoctoral researcher on the University of Lisbon, mentioned. “This mode of preservation is relatively uncommon in the fossil record of dinosaurs, in particular sauropods, from the Portuguese Upper Jurassic.”

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Problems with plastic in our oceans are increasing. With an estimated 100,000 marine animals being choked, suffocated, or injured by plastic every year, the danger posed by the trillions of pieces of polymer floating in our oceans is well-known. Go to this link to read an article about how one city is dealing with that problem in a unique way. After you’ve read, or listened to, that article, go to this link to find out about “22 Facts About Plastic Pollution (And 10 Things We Can Do About It). In the comments below, please respond with a way YOU can help guard against plastic pollution! Calling all Geographers! Stretch your geography skills by studying several of these Wonderopolis Wonders : Where is the Forbidden City?- #644 Where is the Windy City?- #897 Where is the Quietest Town in American?-#1557 Which City Has the Longest Name?-#1123 Where is the Oldest City in America?-#692 Where are the Suburbs?-#1547 Have You Ever Been to the Big Apple?-#718 Where is Timbuku?- #1064 Where is the Big Easy?-#1143 How are Cities Founded?-#1229 For each wonder that you study, come up with a creative way to show what you learned. If you would like, create some geography bee style questions. Share your questions and answers in the comments. What words would you use to describe Nebraska? What about a famous Nebraskan like Buffalo Bill? This Social Studies Enrichment post has you digging into Nebraska history and writing about our great state. Step 1: Research Nebraska Facts & Famous People Step 2: Write a poem - Acrostic: The first letter of each line begins with a letter of the person’s name. The lines consist of words or phrases describing the person’s characteristics. - Diamante: A diamond-shaped poem using this formula: - person’s name two adjectives to describe the person three “ing” words related to the subject four nouns that describe the person three verbs that tell how the person acted or felt two adjectives to describe the person person’s last name - Your Choice: Choose another poem format Share your writing with the EY Coordinator at your building. Ideas taken from: https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/classroom-activities-making-social-studies-come-alive-grades-6-8/ Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/p-43788/?no_redirect We just recently celebrated St. Patrick’s Day on March 17th! How many of you know who St. Patrick is? This Wonderopolis entry answers that question. Check it out! Read the article and then test your knowledge by taking the quiz – report your score down below in the comments section, along with the most interesting thing you learned from the article! If you want to learn even more, History.com has a video and another article about this Patron Saint of Ireland! Check it out: http://www.history.com/topics/st-patricks-day/who-was-saint-patrick Straight from the dictionary, “A melting pot is a metaphor for a society where many different types of people blend together as one. America is often called a melting pot.” All of us can trace our heritage back to another country. My family came from Ireland and Germany. It’s fun to find out where our immigrant ancestors came from! Watch the video below and then tell us in the comments how your family has contributed to this melting pot. Hint: You may have to ask your mom, dad, grandma or grandpa for help on this! Happy New Year!!!!!! You might be wondering, “Where did the tradition of celebrating the new year come from?” Or, “Why do we celebrate the new year on January 1st?” Watch the video below to answer those questions. Then, in the comments section, let us know how you celebrated the new year! Thanksgiving is celebrated in America every November. The English colonists we call Pilgrims celebrated days of thanksgiving as a part of their religion. But these were days of prayer, not days of feasting. Our national holiday really stems from the feast held in the autumn of 1621 by the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag to celebrate the colony’s first successful harvest. Go to the following link to view the slideshow to see what this first “Turkey Day” might have looked like! Want to learn more about the Mediterranean Sea and its surroundings? Go to this website: http://nationalgeographic.org/media/eastern-mediterranean/ On this site, you will find a satellite image of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. You can use the topographic map mode of the MapMaker Interactive to answer questions. Just follow the directions on the site! The Geography Bee is coming up in late November/early December! It’s time to start studying, and we’re starting with US State Capitals! Step One: Watch the following videos: State Capitals Part 1 State Capitals Part 2 Now, please download and print a blank map of the United States, using the following link: Use your own resources to label each state and fill in the state capitals. Make sure your map is geographically correct (capitals are in the right spot), and make your map colorful and attractive! Snap a picture of your completed map and send it to your EY coordinator. Maps!! Maps are useful tools! Find out why maps were useful in ancient times, by watching the video below: Then, go to this website and see how you do with some modern map quiz games: Respond in the comments section below with how you find maps to be useful tools!

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Childhood schizophrenia is a rare psychological state illness. Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare, chronic mental disease that’s diagnosed in children before the age of 13. COS is a controversial diagnosis among clinicians and may be very difficult to diagnose for a variety of reasons. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, limited motivation, flat affect, and anhedonia. The psychotic nature of this disorder is disruptive to the child’s emotional regulation and behavioral control. It may reduce the child’s ability to perform daily tasks that are crucial to adaptive functioning. Children often develop premorbid abnormalities, before the onset of schizophrenia, which impacts a child’s functioning, and alarm warning signs. These disturbances can manifest in behavioral ways and can include introversion, depression, aggression, suicidal ideation, and manic-like behaviors. Gaps within the literature are identified, and directions for future research are discussed. Very early-onset of schizophrenia starts before an individual reaches 13 years of age. Apart from the age of onset, childhood schizophrenia is analogous to adult schizophrenia. Within the future, the symptoms could also be more severe in people that develop them early. In cases of COS, there are often disturbances within the child’s psychosocial functioning before the onset of the illness, which are mentioned as premorbid abnormalities. Premorbid abnormalities can include a variety of behaviors like shyness, introversion, loneliness, depression, aggression, suicidal behavior, theft, and manic-like or bizarre behavior. One of the foremost commonly reported initial presenting issues in children is that they’re struggling in class, which can be an immediate result of the behavioral difficulties that arise in COS. Problematic behaviors are typically noted upon entering the school at age 5 or 6, although families often report that the disruptive behaviors began before schooling. As adult-onset of schizophrenia develops between the ages of 16 and 30, premorbid abnormalities aren’t observed in these patients. However, some patients do experience prodromal symptoms before the active phase of schizophrenia, which is simply light hallucinations or delusions. Follow us on Instagram Childhood schizophrenia vs. autism Schizophrenia is rare among children, and a few of the symptoms and risk factors may overlap with that of autism. Additionally, some family and genetic studies have identified similarities between autism and childhood schizophrenia. As a result, in some rare cases, it can take time to get an accurate diagnosis of schizophrenia in children. The symptoms of schizophrenia in children are almost like those in adults, but they will have different implications. The symptoms include psychosis, delusions, auditory hallucinations, during which the kid hears voices, developmental delays, language difficulties, difficulty dealing with school work and social relationships, trouble expressing or recognizing emotions referred to as ‘flat affect.’

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The liver is the second largest organ in our body, after the skin, and has more than 500 functions vital to sustaining life. A healthy liver has a certain amount of fat in the cells; however, if the fat accumulation increases over time, a fatty liver disease occurs. There are various types of liver disease, but the most common is a fatty liver. This brief guide will discuss the key differences between fatty liver disease caused by alcohol and other factors. The main difference between alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is that the first one is caused by alcohol abuse. In contrast, the second one has different causes that experts still diagnose and explore. In the following, let’s learn a thing or two about these key terms. What is NAFLD? NAFLD, also known as Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, is a liver disease with risk factors like obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterols, triglycerides, etc. It’s not caused by alcohol, and the disease develops in 4 stages. - Difference in Stages The first stage is known simply as fatty liver or steatosis. In this early stage, there’s no scarring tissue or liver inflammation, and usually, there are no symptoms. Many people might be unaware they have the disease; for most of them, it doesn’t progress any further. The second stage is NASH. What is NASH, then? It’s an inflammatory liver disease that occurs when the liver tries to repair the damaged tissue. If the damaged tissue isn’t repaired, the liver inflames and develops scars. These scars then lead to fibrosis, the third stage of NAFLD. Persistent scar tissue remains in the liver and its blood vessels. Even though the liver can still function normally during this stage, it will progress and replace the healthy liver tissue if treated unsuccessfully. The 4th stage is cirrhosis. At this stage, the liver no longer functions properly and displays symptoms like jaundice, ascites, web-like blood vessels, pain in the upper right abdomen, etc. What is AFL? Alcoholic Fatty Liver is a liver disease caused by the excessive intake of alcohol. The liver is a complex organ that filters toxins from the blood, regulate cholesterol and blood sugar levels, fights infection, aids in the digestion of food, etc. It’s an organ capable of regeneration; however, if the person consumes alcohol over many years, it reduces its capability of regeneration. This results in permanent damage and severe liver complications. - Difference in Stages The disease has 3 stages – alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. The first stage can resolve when the person stops drinking alcohol for a couple of weeks and has no symptoms. Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe condition if left untreated for a long time; it can be a life-threatening illness if the liver damage can’t be reversed. Cirrhosis is when the liver becomes significantly scarred and does not display any obvious symptoms. This stage is not reversible; the person risks their own life if they don’t stop drinking. - Differences in Terms of Physiology - The fatty liver degeneration of liver cells is greater in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lesser in alcoholic liver disease; - The cell inflammation is greater in alcoholic liver disease; - Venous fibrosis, lymphocytic phlebitis, and phlebosclerosis are more common in NAFLD; - ALD is predominantly diagnosed in males, according to the latest research by PubMed Central; according to this research, South Asian males are at higher risk of developing alcoholic liver cirrhosis compared to Afro-Caribbean males in the UK; On the other hand, the prevalence of NAFLD was higher in Hispanics; - Differences in Treatment The recommended treatment for alcoholic fatty liver disease is the limitation of alcohol. While NAFLD is best treated and prevented if you increase your physical activity, follow a healthy and balanced diet, avoid unnecessary medications, do not drink and smoke, and lose weight if you’re overweight. - Clinical Differentiation The clinical differentiation between NAFLD and ALD is performed by taking a personal medical history of the patient, performing labs, imaging examinations, and personal history of alcohol intake. The clinical parameters are calculated based on the patient ANI index, the BMI, the MCV 0 mean corpuscular volume, the AST/ALT ratio, etc. The assessment of the diseases is optimal for treating them in the early stages. Earlier the stage, the higher the chances of returning the full-potential liver function. Your Liver Health is Important Make sure to attend regular doctor’s appointments to prevent fatty liver disease progression or prevent it in case you develop any symptoms. Even though both diseases are due to excess fat accumulation in the liver, the treatment differs in each and must be regulated by a healthcare professional.

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Electronic transfer of census results likely to compromise integrity Population and household census is of great relevance to the economic, political and socio-cultural planning of a country. It is an official count of all the people in a country. It is usually carried out every ten years in most countries, Kenya included. Reliable and detailed data on the size, structure and distribution of a country’s population are required for both planning and research purposes. A population census is the major source of these bench mark data and gives the Government a toll on which to plan for service delivery. The next population census is on August 24, 2019. In the previous population census there wasn’t much controversy. The 2019 census will probably be the most controversial in the history of Kenya since the first census 1942. Kenya’s population data indicates the numerical strength of ethnic groups.This has implications during election periods when generally, people vote based on their ethnic configurations. The larger the population of an ethnic group the higher the chances such a group has to dominate the political landscape. The post-election violence in the aftermath of the 2007 elections was ethnically driven. It was all about which ethnic group won the elections and to those who lost, it meant being excluded from the national cake. Therefore, population and ethnicity are intertwined since larger ethnic groups have the numbers and can influence the politics of the country. SEE ALSO :State to spend Sh18.5 billion on 2019 Census Highest allocations There are new dynamics to population and ethnicity in Kenya, particularly since the inception of the devolved system of government. The Commission of Revenue Allocations (CRA), uses population as an important denominator for allocating the sharable revenue. The counties with large populations proportionally receive higher allocations compared to those with low population. For example, Lamu County had the least population and consequently received the least allocation of funds. Counties such as Nairobi, Kakamega, Kiambu and Mandera, with high populations received the highest allocations.The 2019 Population census has already raised emotions. There is a general belief that some counties, particularly those in the Northern parts of Kenya, have exaggerated population figures; meaning they unfairly received more allocations based on the 2009 census, even though these assumptions might not be true. In 2013, the government through the Kenya National Bureau of statistics went to court to challenge the results of a census it conducted for 8 sub-counties. The High court rejected the prayer by the Government to revise the results. The national bureau of statistics appealed the case. The Court of Appeal set aside orders barring the National Bureau of Statistics from using, gazetting or publishing the revised census results from 8 sub counties in Northern on account that they were not reflecting the population in the area. SEE ALSO :Legislators vow to ban OT Morpho from Sh3 billion dealTransmitted manually The government now plans to use electronic means to transmit the results of the 2019 census directly from the enumeration points to a central server similar to the mode of transmission of the election results of 2017. Already, leaders from the northern parts of Kenya are concerned that there could be a plan to manipulate and reduce the population of the people from that region. The concerns are raised by the fact that there shall be no manual back up and in the event of failure by the gadgets to transmit the numbers, the region might become disadvantaged in revenue allocation due to reduced population numbers. During the elections of 2017, IEBC acknowledged that 11,000 polling stations were not linked to the safaricom data network and the results were to be transmitted manually. Most of the said polling stations are in the northern parts of Kenya and this is causing suspicion regarding the intentions of the government. My concern is the 2019 census results might not see the light of the day. The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics must prepare for legal battle. Since they had preceded in taking themselves to court, the other stakeholders in this exercise such as county governments or members of parliament might decide to challenge the results of the census if it does not suit their expected results or if irregularities are detected. Like the case of Nigeria where the last census was conducted in 1962 and the result has not yet been released, the 2019 Kenya’s population and household census might face a similar fate. Mr Guleid is the Executive Director of the Frontier Counties Development Council Population census2019 population censusservice delivery2019 censusCommission of Revenue Allocations

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Warning: A non-numeric value encountered in /home/riceearth/www/www/wp-content/plugins/profile-builder-pro/admin/manage-fields.php on line 259 Rice Department of Earth Science | Outreach ActivitiesOutreach Activities – Rice Department of Earth Science Discovering Plate Boundaries is a data-rich exercise to help students discover the processes that occur at plate tectonic boundaries. Designed for use with students from 5th grade to Earth Science Majors at Rice University, DPB works well over this range of student level. It requires students to observe and classify data. It does not require prior knowledge of plate tectonics.

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Home > Preview The flashcards below were created by user on FreezingBlue Flashcards. The vestibular system starts to form at this time. - Brain & primitive spinal cord are developed. - Embryo becomes a fetus - The first sensitivity to touch is displayed in a set of protective movements - Vestibular system starts to form - Fetus explores it's own body - hands to face - Fetus actively engages with its own environment - Changes in position such as twisting and turning facilitate kinesthetic awareness - Auditory system and lung function developed - Auditory, vestibular, and olfactory systems intact - Visual system nearly set - Sensation of light touch intact Control of movement is first learned in what plane? Sagittal plane - flexion and extension The ability to co-contract around joints to maintain a stable base and the ability to use muscle groups independently of other groups to get controlled movement results in? Mobility superimposed on stability - Physiological flexion dominates with some random movement - Extensors are in an elongated position - No purposeful lateral weight shift or rotation - Able to visually fixate on objects Neonate (0 - 10 days) - Slight overall decrease in flexion - More active rotation present in the head and neck - In supine, the head more laterally oriented because flexion has decreased - Gravity has acted to help decrease hip and knee flexion; arms are in more external rotation - Significant decrease in physiological flexion but has not developed active extension - Therefore, may appear hypertonic and disorganized - Can visually follow objects - There is much more controlled symmetrical movement - Will begin to see active extension - Will use much rotation in the cervical spine with head turning and weight shifting Child can sit independently - A time of active sensory-spatial exploration - Visual feedback is important for the development of postural control - Rapidly developing anti-gravity and mobility skills Creeping is refined and counter rotation has developed in four-point. - A period of independent movement - rarely stays for long in prone or supine when awake - Has gained all necessary ranges of motion needed to develop and refine higher level of skills What would you like to do? Home > Flashcards > Print Preview

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What Do These Behaviors Mean? How Children Process & Respond to Trauma In our original tip sheet, What Do These Behaviors Mean?, we wrote about what underlies so many challenging behaviors—behaviors like lying, stealing, aggression, defiance, hoarding, and meltdowns. And, we shared how trauma and fear are the foundation for these behaviors. Here, we build on that information, digging a little deeper into how kids’ brains process trauma. In addition, we will share tips for how you, as a caregiver, can set kids up so that those neural pathways begin to change and healing can happen. Download PDFAuthor: Wisconsin Foster Care & Adoption Resource Center Additional Author: Coalition for Children, Youth & Families

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During a very stressful day, your silver lining becomes your house where you can shake off this terrible stress away. The one thing you look forward to is your fluffy pillow beckoning you over to the bed. A good night’s sleep is what the doctor ordered for waking up fresh and energized the very next morning. Unfortunately, that is not how you start your day and neither do people who suffer from sleep apnea. What is Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea, like the name suggests, is a disorder that occurs while you are sleeping. Normal breathing becomes like a broken record that repeatedly stops and starts. It is a serious disorder that causes you to snore loudly and feel exhausted even after a full night of sleep. Types of Sleep Apnea There are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive, central and complex sleep apnea. Obstructive: the most common type which occurs when the throat muscles relax. Central: our brain normally sends signals to the muscles that control our breathing, but if you suffer from central sleep apnea, your brain will fail to send those proper signals. Complex: this type is a combination of both obstructive and central sleep apnea. The most common symptoms of sleep apnea include suffering from both a sore throat and a mouth that is dry as a desert in the morning. Having difficulty paying attention during the day, irritability, insomnia as well as morning headaches are also signs of nocturnal trouble. People with this disorder also have an extremely loud snore that can wake up anyone within sleeping distance. The muscles in the back of your throat support various parts such as the tonsils and the side walls of your throat and tongue. When those muscles relax, the passage that allows air in and out of your body becomes narrow or closes as you breathe. This instantly alerts your brain to the dangerous situation and forces you to wake up briefly so that you can help reopen this passage. Sleep apnea can happen to anyone, even children, but there are factors that come into play, putting you at risk of suffering from this nocturnal disorder. These factors include smoking, nasal congestion, being overweight or having a narrow air passage. Age also plays a role since sleep apnea occurs more often in adults. Heart disorders also put a person at risk, and even using sedatives that help you fall sleep can cause your throat muscles to relax. How to Detect It There are three ways to find out if you suffer from sleep apnea: Physical Exam: Having a doctor examine your mouth, nose and throat for any signs of enlarged tissue is one way to detect it. Doctors usually look for an enlarged uvula, which is a dangling piece of tissue found at the back of your throat. The doctor will also examine your medical and family history and ask you questions about your sleeping habits. Sleep Studies: These are tests that measure how well you sleep. They record brain activity, eye movements, blood oxygen levels among other things. These tests are usually done in labs or specialized sleep centers. Home-Based Monitor: This is a miniature version of the above mentioned test. You can take the portable monitor home to help you record certain vital activities while you sleep.

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Standard 1/Middle School of information in support of scientific investigations. Students will utilize a variety of resources including periodicals, reference books, computer software, and web sites to organize, evaluate, and critique information as it relates to scientific investigations. Students are encouraged to use these same resources to formulate problem statements and develop investigation Key Concept / Real World Context / Resources

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What is amalgam? Amalgam (Latin: amalgama) is a loose compound, one half of which is mercury, the other silver, tin and copper. All ingredients are attributed to heavy metals. Amalgam is dangerous because it is blamed for various pathogenesis. Share Print Download Amalgam fillings dissolve Amalgam fillings have the property of slowly dissolving, so that after approx.

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The differences between the available aeration technologies are primarily a function of the complexity of their design and operation, the flowrates treated, and the radon removal efficiency achieved. The most efficient systems are capable of achieving >99% radon removal by increasing the surface area available for mass transfer of radon from water to air. However, these systems usually require more maintenance than simpler technologies. The more complex technologies are most practical for larger communities that must treat large volumes of water and have a large staff and tax base to support the more extensive capital and operation and maintenance requirements. Most aeration technologies require that the water system operate at atmospheric pressure to allow the release of radon to the air. This means that the systems must be repressurized to supply water to the community. Descriptions of existing and emerging aeration techniques for removing radon from water are given in appendix C. In its proposed rule, EPA (1991b) recognized that emissions from aeration systems potentially could result in a degradation of air quality and pose some incremental health risk to the general population because of the release of radon to the air. On the basis of EPA's analysis (EPA 1989; EPA 1988b), the increased risk is much smaller than the risk posed by radon in the water. In its initial evaluation with the AIRDOSE model, EPA (1988b) used radon concentrations in water of 68,000 Bq m-3 (range, 37,000–598,000 Bq m-3) based on data from 20 water systems in the United States. Assuming a 100% transfer of radon from the water to air, EPA estimated that radon would be emitted into the ambient air at 0.10 Bq y-1. EPA used an air dispersion model (including radon and its progeny) and assumed ingestion and inhalation exposures in a 50-km radius, and it calculated a maximal lifetime individual risk of 4 × 10-5 (0.016 cancer case y-1). Extrapolated to drinking-water plants throughout the United States, that translated to 0.4 and 0.9 cancer cases per year due to off-gas emissions from all drinking-water supplies meeting MCLs of radon of 7,400 or 37,000 Bq m-3 in water, respectively. EPA used a similar approach to assess the risks associated with dispersion of coal and oil combustion products. In an evaluation with the MINEDOSE model, EPA (1989) used worst-case scenarios from four treatment facilities whose raw water radon concentrations were 49,000 to 4,074,000 Bq m-3. In only one facility was there a significant potential increase in cancer risk associated with radon emissions when a single point source was assumed. However, EPA found that this large water utility actually used a number of wells at various locations, instead of one source, and that reduced the risk because of dispersion over a greater area. The highest raw water radon concentrations did not always result in the greatest

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The students are strengthened in cognitive and critical learning by analyzing concepts of science, social science and math. Discursive learning happens with project based and explore hands on activities to perceive concepts clearly. The scientific temper and self-expressions promotes self-reliance, productive work, intellectual development and practical skills. Students examine specimens, illustrate experiments for practical understanding and presentations using softwares like PPT to explain learnt concepts. Field visits, surveys, questionnaires help them to have a depth of concept acquisition. The scheduled consistent assessments and teaching help to further strengthen in cognitive areas of science and social science. Practice sheets and more explanation through math findings using equipments in math lab help to understand the logical sums. The LSRW skills are focused through more listening podcasts, practice grammar worksheets. Systematic cyclic tests and periodical assessments train our students to acquaint with the examination pattern. In addition to the NCERT books students are advised to refer these following books, |1||Tamil||Govt. Text Book||Govt. Book| |2||Tamil||Full Marks||Full Circle| |3||English||English Language & Literature (Beehive)||NCERT| |4||English||Words & Expressions-1 cls - IX (Work Book in English)||NCERT| |5||English||English Language & Literature (Moments)||NCERT| |6||English||English Language & Literature Vol-1||Full Circle| |9||Science||Science Lab Manual||Evergreen| |10||Social Science||Contemporary India - I (Geo)||NCERT| |11||Social Science||India & Contemporary World - I (History)||NCERT| |12||Social Science||Democratic Politics - I (Civics)||NCERT| |13||Social Science||Map Skill||Evergreen| |15||Social Science||Evergreen Study in Social Science||Evergreen| |16||Computer||New Computers Made Friendly||Cordova| |1||Tamil||Govt. Text Book||Govt. Book| |2||Tamil||Full Marks||Full Circle| |3||English||English Language & Literature (First Flight)||NCERT| |4||English||English Language & Literature (Foot Prints Without Feet)||NCERT| |5||English||English Language & Literature Vol-1||Full Circle| |8||Science||Science Lab Manual||Evergreen| |9||Social Science||Contemporary India - I (Geo)||NCERT| |10||Social Science||India & Contemporary World - II (History)||NCERT| |11||Social Science||Democratic Politics - II (Civics)||NCERT| |12||Social Science||Understanding Economic Development - Economics||NCERT| |13||Social Science||Map Skill||NCERT| |14||Social Science||Evergreen Study in Social Science||Evergreen| Notes, flowcharts, slide screens on concepts, teaching through YouTube explanations are accessed through smart board screens for effective concept visual learning. The active usage of the boards performs more a referential learning with scanned details of knowledge in sciences and social sciences. The presentations are persuasive and creative learning experiences. Our school with wi-fi campus helps students & teachers to easily gain access to any concepts, facts and process or working of models. The elements in chemistry, the dynamics in physics, the functioning of the organs in the human body, the diversities in the geographical realm, the tales of historical events all are easily and clearly explained through visual presentations. Children are further tested on the small portions and they are prepared for assessments to get acquisition with knowledge based/life based concepts & hot skills that focus on critical thinking is practiced through multiple question papers, worksheets and practice sheets. The library contains volumes of referential material for students to refer on topics to compare and learn. The space of the store of books help children to find and work out questions and expand their horizons of learning. The learning tabs, the computer serve a treasure trove of information. The young users delve into the magical world and wealth of materials available through interaction with eminent authors, book reviews, reading sessions and writing paper presentations and assignments. Professional and well experienced team of experts give meticulous training to students for providing them efficient training through competent training for challenging competitions for scholarships within curriculum in our campus. The health of a nation is the wealth of nation. So we concentrate on activities that help in toning and educating our children on these aspects through projects, surveys, analysis reports and field visits like growing palm saplings, tree saplings, studying samples of water and water table and more. Sports is concentrated with training for our children in different skill sets of the different games like cricket, tennis, football provided in our school curriculum. SEWA - Social Empowerment through Work and Action Students are trained to become conscious about cleanliness and hygiene in our environment by maintaining classroom clean, campus clean and keep our environment plastic free. Through walks in and around our school students go on campaign walks, do surveys through questionnaires etc. Clubs are a fun team to grow with similar thoughts and likes which is fun. It is also a point where great futures of growing with values is started each and every day. The various clubs such as Nature - Eco Clubs, Integrity Club, Heritage Club, Reading Club, Cultural Club, Art Club, English Club, Math Club and Science Club. The activities are conducted every month with an activity that helps our students to be team players, collaborate thinking and execution. The year long activities help our children be responsible citizens with civic sense of growing to protect environment, love heritage, become inventors and grow with scientific temper and more attributes to wholesome learning. Fruits are a God’s gift mankind. Our dear children of Muthamil Public School’s Kindergarten section celebrated FRUITS DAY through a variety of activities. They learnt the value of fruits, benefits of eating fruits and the need for drinking fresh juices to keep oneself healthy. A fun filled event was conducted by our teachers and also students were engaged in doing fruits salad which made the occasion memorable for the kids. A special motivational session was conducted by Mrs. Abi Rohini a motivational speaker who spoke to the students of classes 3 to 11. Students were listen ing with rapt attention to the powerful words spoken by the speaker. Thanks to the Speaker for the wonderful thoughts she shared with the students. Encouragement really makes a Difference. A special hands on activity was conducted online on Culinary for classes 3 to 11. The Culinary Specialist Mrs. Seetha Hariharan the Special Invitee engaged the students in Culinary activity and enabled them to hone their Culinary Skills. The Speaker taught on the importance of Table Manners laying the groundwork for good etiquette and healthy hygiene habits. The Yummy platter Ppt presentation was an added Dish to an already Sumptuous meal. The presentation was indeed fascinating. Thanks to Madam நமது அறியாமை என்னும் அரக்கனை அழிக்கும் மலைமகளாகவும், நமது வாழ்வில் வளமையை ஏற்படுத்தித் தரும் அலைமகளாகவும் நமது மனதில் ஞானச்சுடரை ஏற்றவல்ல கலைமகளாகவும் ஒன்பது நாட்களும் கொலு இருந்து பத்தாம் நாளாம் விஜயதசமி அன்று அணு அளவு தொடங்கினாலும் மலையளவு பெருகும் என்பதற்கு இணங்க நமது முத்தமிழ் பள்ளியில் வித்யாரம்பம் நடைபெற்றது. விஜயதசமி நன்னாளில் கல்வியை துவங்குவது நமது தமிழர்களின் மரபுகளில் ஒன்று. சென்ற இடமெல்லாம் சிறப்பு தரும் கல்வியை தமது மழலைச் செல்வங்களுக்கு அளித்திட விரும்பிய பெற்றோர்கள் மிகவும் ஆர்வத்

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What Causes Eczema to Flare-up? Treatment and Tips for this Common Skin Disorder What is eczema? Eczema is known as “the itch that rashes!” Its initial presentation is frequently in childhood as early as infancy. By the time the patient seeks medical attention, there is usually a rash which may be widespread or limited to the flexures. In infants and toddlers, facial eczema is very common and manifests as redness and subtle blistering of the cheeks and perioral areas. Eczema and impetigo frequently coexist. The good news is that the majority of children will outgrow their eczema by young adulthood. By then, if persistent, it is usually limited in scope and distribution and easier to manage. What does eczema look like? Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) is characterized by inflammation within the superficial skin layers. It manifests as itching, reddened scaly skin, excessively dry, cracked, or rough skin, small blisters, and “weeping” skin. The latter develops when excessive fluid accumulates in the epidermis, a phenomenon called spongiosis or “spongy skin.” Inadequate treatment can result in skin thickening, hyperpigmentation, and permanent scarring from vigorous scratching and frequent bacterial infections. It is important to seek specialized care early to prevent these sequelae. Who commonly gets eczema? Eczema is multifactorial. There’s a genetic component to eczema. It is usually found in families where certain members have one or more forms of atopy—a predisposition for asthma, eczema, or rhinoconjunctivitis associated with a hyperactive immune response to inhaled environmental allergens or foods. Furthermore, eczema patients are at increased risk of developing Contact Dermatitis to chemical exposures via the skin. These chemicals can be components of common topical products or present in our daily habitats. In addition to genetics, environmental and dietary factors may play a role in any given patient. Polluted environments and climates which are too cold or too hot predispose to its occurrence. Exposure to smoke, particularly cigarette smoke, is deleterious, inciting its development. Excessive bathing, especially in hot water, aggravates eczema. Sweating due to hot temperatures or exercise can trigger a relapse. Certain textile fibers such as wool and synthetic fibers as well as fabric dyes unmask eczema in predisposed persons. Inadequate skin lubrication or the wrong moisturizer can provoke atopic dermatitis! What foods cause eczema? The association of food and eczema is an interesting phenomenon. I’ve had numerous young patients whose parents believe that citrus foods trigger their child’s eczema. Unless an allergist confirms particular food sensitivities, there is no evidence of a causal relationship. Notwithstanding, patients with atopic dermatitis are more likely to be allergic to milk, eggs, nuts, and shellfish. If you have eczema, testing for food allergies should be part of the evaluation and management. What are common eczema triggers? The most common eczema triggers are in everyday household products. Soaps, detergents, and moisturizers containing fragrance and formaldehyde abound and are implicated in relapsing or persistent eczema. Even fabric softeners and dryer sheets are a source of chemical allergens and ought to be avoided. An extra rinse cycle in the washer is recommended even when chemical-free detergent is used. The goal is to minimize exposure to potential irritants. Therefore every eczema patient I treat is placed on a “Free and Clear” (Vanicream) regimen. Such products are free of fragrance and formaldehyde and therefore hypoallergenic. Theraplex moisturizers are similarly endorsed for their relative “purity.” The same with “edible” moisturizers, which are easily procured at the local supermarket and very affordable. Crisco shortening, for example, can soothe dry itchy skin. Proper and adequate moisturizing is a pillar in both prevention and treatment of eczema. Can bacteria cause eczema flare-ups? Additionally, the role of bacteria in eczema flares must be considered. The skin of most eczema patients is colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, the source of most skin infections in this condition. Once the skin’s integrity has been breached by the inflammation and spongiosis intrinsic to eczema, Staphylococcus aureus multiplies and spreads leading to further inflammation and eczema. Initial treatment of a severely affected patient with evidence of bacterial infection (impetigo) includes oral and/or topical antibiotics. Dicloxacillin, cephalosporins, and erythromycin treat most Staphylococcus infections. Topical mupirocin 2% ointment is used alone or together with oral antibiotics. Oral antihistamines including Benadryl or Zyrtec attenuate itching. The Best Treatments for Eczema Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment. However, there exist other nonsteroidal suppressors of skin inflammation such as the immunomodulator Elidel. In general, ointment formulas are more effective (and efficient) during initial treatment. Eucrisa ointment is a nonsteroidal topical immunomodulator. As a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, it reduces the key inflammation which causes eczema. It is a relatively new player, approved for patients aged 2 years and older. These nonsteroidal formulas are usually combined with a topical cortisone ointment for their “steroid-sparing” effects. The risk of long term side effects of prolonged corticosteroid therapy is very real in a recurring condition like eczema. Enter Dupixent! Another new and systemic therapeutic option in the treatment of eczema. This “biologic” drug earned FDA approval in 2017. It is approved for adults with severe eczema and is a subcutaneous injection administered at regular intervals. Although it blocks the formation of certain inflammatory mediators in the skin (those implicated in eczema), it is not immunosuppressive and therefore not associated with the risks of most biologic therapies. Another bonus is its minimal side effect profile. This new therapy has been a real game changer in eczema treatment and I’ve been privileged to witness its miraculous transformation of my patients’ lives. Schedule an appointment with one of the providers at Schweiger Dermatology to get help and choose the best treatment option for your eczema. Additional Suggested Reading:

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A polynomial is a combination of terms separated using + or – signs. Polynomials cannot contain any of the following: 1. Variables raised to a negative or fractional exponent. (2x-2,x12,…). 2. Variables in the denominator. (1x,1×2,…). 3. Variables under a radical. (x,x3,…). 4. Special features. (trig functions, absolute values, logarithms, …). Simplify the expression. Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication. Multiply x2 by x5 by adding the exponents. Use the power rule aman=am+n to combine exponents. Add 2 and 5. Multiply 4 by 5. Determine if the expression breaks any of the rules. Does not break any of the rules Determine if the expression is a polynomial. Determine if a Polynomial (4x^2)(5x^5)

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Thirty-three feet underground, at the bottom of a concrete-lined pit, archeologist Gilberto Pagani patiently scrapes dirt from a charred beam of wood that has laid undisturbed for around 1800 years. It's part of a house, perhaps once belonging to a senior Roman army officer, destroyed by fire. Last year construction workers discovered the site near the Colosseum as they were digging a shaft to the tunnel of Rome's new metro Line C. It was only this week that archaeologists revealed what they've found during the ensuing excavation. This discovery is particularly interesting because the fire that destroyed the house left some things intact, including wooden beams that, under normal circumstances, would have decayed ages ago. "It's an extraordinary situation," says Rome's archaeological superintendent Francesco Prospetti. "The collapse of the ceiling sealed everything inside. It was carbonized without being burned." The skeleton of a large dog was also found at the bottom of the pit, its jaw and large front teeth easily recognizable. Rome metro dig unearths 1800-year-old ruins According to archaeologist Simone Morretta, "This poor dog was already in the room during the fire. We found ashes under its paws. Probably part of the burning ceiling fell on it and there it was stuck and died." Fires in ancient Rome, she says, were frequent. "Roman houses were full of wooden elements," she says. "There were lit by fire and cooking was done over an open flame." This is just the latest in a series of archaeological discoveries during Line C's construction, which started in 2007. Last spring an army barracks was discovered nearby, and in 2009 construction was delayed when work ran into the remains of Emperor Hadrian's Athenaeum, an elite school dating back to the second century. Each discovery has caused construction delays, but Prospetti bristles at the suggestion progress is being sacrificed to the past. "It was foreseen in the planning for Linea C that there would be plenty of time set aside for archaeology ... Our effort is to transform an apparent hindrance to public service into a great opportunity, by giving Rome a subway unique in the world, in which you go underground not just to take a train, but also to take a journey in history."

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If students are not engaged, there is little, if any, chance that they will learn what is being addressed in class. A basic premise of The Highly Engaged Classroom is that student engagement happens as a result of a teacher's careful planning and execution of specific strategies. In other words, student engagement is not serendipitous. This book was designed as a self-study text that provides an in-depth understanding of how to generate high levels of attention and engagement. Engagement is obviously a central aspect of effective teaching. Using the suggestions presented in this book, every teacher can create a classroom environment in which engagement is the norm instead of the exception.

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The reproductive cycle of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) was studied in Zimbabwe. Females attained sexual maturity after they had reached a total length of about 262 to 287 cm and males, 270 to 295 cm. Some adult females did not reproduce every year. Follicle growth and vitellogenesis occurred from April to mid August during the dry winter. During this time reproductive females had elevated levels of plasma oestradiol-17β, testosterone, calcium and magnesium, but lowered levels of iron. The measuring of plasma calcium was an ‘early pregnancy’ test, reliable up to four months before nesting. Elevated levels of plasma testosterone in reproductive females corresponded to the time of courtship and mating. Ovulation occurred during the latter half of August. Males had viable sperm from mid May to mid September, during the winter. Courtship and mating occurred from late June to mid August, when crocodiles were confined to pools. Females nested on the higher sand ridges in the dry river bed from early September to early October, and eggs hatched during December.

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传奇霸业手游版In December, 1864, occurred one of the too-frequent cabals on the part of certain members of the Cabinet. Pressure was brought to bear upon Lincoln to get rid of Seward. Lincoln's reply made clear that he proposed to remain President. He says to the member reporting for himself and his associates the protest against Seward: "I propose to be the sole judge as to the dismissal or appointment of the members of my Cabinet." Lincoln could more than once have secured peace within the Cabinet and a smoother working of the administrative machinery if he had been willing to replace the typical and idiosyncratic men whom he had associated with himself in the government by more commonplace citizens, who would have been competent to carry on the routine responsibilities of their posts. The difficulty of securing any consensus of opinion or any working action between men differing from each other as widely as did Chase, Stanton, Blair, and Seward, in temperament, in judgment, and in honest convictions as to the proper policy for the nation, was an attempt that brought upon the chief daily burdens and many keen anxieties. Lincoln insisted, however, that it was all-important for the proper carrying on of the contest that the Cabinet should contain representatives of the several loyal sections of the country and of the various phases of opinion. The extreme anti-slavery men were entitled to be heard even though their spokesman Chase was often intemperate, ill-judged, bitter, and unfair. The Border States men had a right to be represented and it was all-essential that they should feel that they had a part in the War government even though their spokesman Blair might show himself, as he often did show himself, quite incapable of understanding, much less of sympathising with, the real spirit of the North. Stanton might be truculent and even brutal, but he was willing to work, he knew how to organise, he was devotedly loyal. Seward, scholar and statesman as he was, had been ready to give needless provocation to Europe and was often equally ill-judged in his treatment of the conservative Border States on the one hand and of the New England abolitionists on the other, but Seward was a patriot as well as a scholar and was a representative not only of New York but of the best of the Whig Republican sentiment of the entire North, and Seward could not be spared. It is difficult to recall in history a government made up of such discordant elements which through the patience, tact, and genius of one man was made to do effective work.At a distance of some twenty yards from the end of the tunnel, Felix, riding in advance, checked his horse and shouted. There on the ground lay a dead man, a countryman, who it was easy to see had been stabbed to death, and perhaps not more than an hour ago. Quarrel or robbery, who could say? An incident not so uncommon as greatly to perturb the travellers; they passed on and came to Puteoli. Here the waiting boatmen were soon found; the party embarked; the vessel oared away in a dead calm.Such is, very briefly, my view of the religion of this land; and to avoid any misunderstanding, growing out of the use of general terms, I mean by the religion of this land, that which is revealed in the words, deeds, and actions, of those bodies, north and south, calling themselves Christian churches, and yet in union with slaveholders. It is against religion, as presented by these bodies, that I have felt it my duty to testify.传奇霸业手游版 Warning ：All sites were collected on the Internet.The content of those websites are not related to this site, only for non mainland Chinese people to provide reference, the website is maintained in the United States and protected by the United States law, if the visitor's national law is not allowed, please leave on its own.

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Healing with Sound: Exploring Possible Applications of Qur’anic Recitation in Cell Culture In the Islamic tradition, the use of Qur’anic recitation for therapeutic purposes can be traced back to the times of Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh). Listening to the Qur’anic recitation is known to have therapeutic effects even on individuals who do not understand the meaning of the verses. The number of research done in relation to sound healing has increased. Sound healing has long been used in dealing with various health problems. It is believed that not brain, auditory cells and other cells in the human body are shown to react to sound. Although there have beenresearches on sound healing and the positive results in humans, there is little to suggest the effect of Qur’anic recitation on cell culture. The paper also adopted a cautious approach to associating Qur’anic recitation to sound and sound healing. Studies to examine the effects of Qur’anic recitation on cell cultures are therefore highly suggested.

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Conveyors are used to move products from one machine to another, from supply vehicles into a process, or from finished product storage to vehicles for delivery. A feed conveyor supplies products for cleaning or processing, or moves intermediate products to additional processing or handling equipment. These can be designed using belts, chains, rollers or other parts, but in all cases, they are devices that move raw materials. The term "feed" is used in agriculture to identify animal food products, which might be plants such as hay, grains such as corn or oats, or dried animal-based feed. Many of these materials are moved in bulk, using trucks or railcars that transport large quantities in tanks. A feed conveyor is placed under the vehicle and a valve or gate is opened, allowing the feed materials to fall into the conveyor bin and move to storage tanks or directly to process equipment. Feed conveyors can clean or shred materials as a first step in manufacturing. An example is a feed conveyor with a shredder attached that can grind up recycled paper used for making paperboard. Recycled metals are often sent through shredder conveyors that supply metal to re-melting operations. The feed conveyor may also be fitted with magnets to pick up iron-based metals and separate them from aluminum, or to remove metal wire and debris from recycled paper. There are a number of ways to transport materials on a feed conveyor. A rubber belt reinforced with metal or fiber can be used, because they are relatively easy to maintain and are cost-effective. Bucket conveyors are made from a series of trays that can pick up material and carry it vertically to a higher level, and are commonly used for small parts or grains that might fall off a belt conveyor. Sticky conveyors may resemble a belt conveyor, but are made from a tacky natural or artificial rubber that allows material to lightly stick to it, which prevents material sliding back on the belt. A screw conveyor uses a curved metal track welded to a central shaft, which results in a conveyor that resembles the threads on a bolt or screw. Material enters at one end and is transported in the spaces between each thread, until it reaches the other end and is discharged. Screw conveyors can be useful for thick solids, or mixtures of solids and liquids that would not stay in place on an open belt or bucket. They are often found on grain harvesting equipment used on farms, and transfer grain from the harvester storage tank into trucks while the harvester moves through the field. Feed conveyors can vary greatly in length, from short conveyors feeding materials to a tank, to mining conveyors sending rock long distances to processing plants. Conveyors can send material in different directions by placing a conveyor under the end of the one before it. The product falls off the end of the first conveyor, and the second can take it is any needed direction. Trays or chutes may be added to the ends of conveyors so the product slides rather than falls, preventing product damage.

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Nearly a quarter of women experience uterine polyps, an overgrowth of tissue in the endometrium. While many girls undergo abnormal uterine bleeding, the simple fact is that uterine polyps tend to be asymptomatic. Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, are often small, bulb-shaped masses of endometrial tissue connected to the uterus by a stalk. They’re soft, rather than uterine fibroids, which may grow much bigger and are made of hard muscle. Symptoms of Uterine Polyps When symptoms of uterine polyps are evident, they’re similar to those of more serious illnesses, such as endometrial cancer. In case you’ve got these symptoms it is important that you find a physician. The symptoms may contain several types of abnormal uterine bleeding for example: - Heavy menstrual bleeding - Spotting between periods - Bleeding after intercourse - Bleeding after menopause Who’s at Risk? The exact cause of uterine polyps is unknown, however they are sensitive to the hormone estrogen. You may be more likely to develop polyps if you are: - Age 40 to 50 - Pre- or peri-menopausal - Currently or previously taking an anti-estrogen drug Fewer than 1 percent of uterine polyps are associated with cancer. Uterine Polyps and Infertility Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of trying. If a woman is sterile and has no symptoms of esophageal polyps, the possibility that she has asymptomatic polyps is between three percent and five percent, according to the Jones Institute of Reproductive Medicine. If she’s experiencing abnormal bleeding, then it is more likely that polyps are found. Uterine polyps can act like a normal intrauterine device (IUD), preventing a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine wall. They can also block the region where the fallopian tube connects to the uterine cavity, preventing sperm from traveling to the tube to meet with the egg. Likewise, they can block the canal of the uterus, which might prevent sperm from getting into the uterus at all. Polyps may also play a part in miscarriage for a number of women. In a study published in 2005 in the Journal of Human Reproduction, women undergoing artificial insemination after having their polyps removed became pregnant at about twice the rate of women who didn’t possess their polyps removed. In reality, the women who had their polyps removed frequently became pregnant with no artificial insemination. Diagnosis and Therapy Your doctor may recommend one of several methods for finding out if you have uterine polyps: - Hysterosalpingogram (HSG). An exam utilizing an x-ray, in which a radiologist injects a contrast dye into the uterus and fallopian tubes to make it a lot easier to see polyps and other tissues. - Ultrasound. Insertion of a wand-like apparatus into the vagina which sends out high-frequency sound waves to make images. - Sonohysterogram. A special type of ultrasound in which the radiologist matches the uterine cavity with saline with a narrow catheter. The saline distends the cavity (like a balloon) and produces a distance between the walls. This assists in visualizing polyps which could be missed with conventional ultrasound. - Hysteroscopy. A process employing a scope inserted through the vagina into the uterus to observe the polyps and ascertain their size and extent. Part or all of a polyp may also be removed for microscopic examination by inserting instruments through the hysteroscopic tube. - Excision through conventional methods. A sample of a polyp may be obtained through curettage (scraping or scooping) or biopsy (removing tissue through a tool resembling a drinking straw), or following a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). Evaluation of tissue under a microscope is the only way to determine whether a polyp is benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some polyps disappear on their own. When removal is necessary to control bleeding, to raise pregnancy chances, or to check for cancer, curettage guided by a hysteroscope is often recommended. A more conventional method, dilation, and curettage (D&C), or scraping the uterine lining, can be still in use. Hysteroscopy is generally performed using either local or no anesthesia, but general anesthesia is sometimes used too. Once hysteroscopy, you may experience small bleeding and mild cramps, but you need to be able to resume normal activities right away, with the potential exception of sex, which you might need to avoid to get a week or two if your doctor advises. If polyps are too many for hysteroscopic removal, a hysterectomy may be recommended. There’s no specific method for preventing uterine polyps, although keeping yourself in a healthy weight and watching your blood pressure are the most effective methods of reducing your risk factors.

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Being a species that has the greatest effect within its ecological community, especially by determining the presence, abundance, or type of other species. As a plant community progresses through stages of succession, different species may become dominant for a period until the climax community is reached, at which point the dominant species remains stable until a major disruption occurs. Among animals, the dominant species in a community is generally the top predator or the most abundant or widespread species. (Linguistics) a collection of writings, often on a specific topic, of a specific genre, from a specific demographic, a single author etc. capital as contrasted with the income derived from it is applied to that which is ranked at the head of its kind or class because of its importance or its special significance the capital city suggests being first by having moved ahead to that position the foremost statesman of our time may stress capacity for guiding, conducting, or drawing others as well as implying a position first in importance or rank a leading light of the community , in strict usage, is applied to the thing, often part of a system or an extensive whole, that is preeminent in size, power, importance, etc. the main line of a railroad is applied to a person or thing first in rank, authority, importance, significance, etc., and usually connotes subordination of all others chief executive officer, the chief advantages is applied to the thing or person having precedence over all others by reason of size, position, importance, etc. the principal rivers of Africa Find another word for principal. In this page you can discover 88 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for principal, like: headmaster, chief, leading, dean, high, leader, minor, cardinal, key, major and essential.

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Photo by Manu San Félix. Ocean exploration is fundamental to monitor, understand, manage, and protect our oceans and to discover the economic potential hidden in their biodiversity in the form of genetic and biochemical resources. A better understanding of our oceans can set the stage for future decisions regarding sustainability, protection and responsible use of marine resources, and is as such a crucial part of the Blue Economy, a concept that -within a framework of sustainability and conservation- recognizes the importance of the oceans as drivers of the economy because of their great potential for innovation and growth. The Blue Economy is integrated with a fifth of the objectives outlined by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in its 2025 Vision, which is to promote actions to combat climate change. Ocean exploration, which has been traditionally performed by people with formal academic qualifications, requires access to the ocean and scientific equipment that is relatively very expensive. In general, Caribbean countries have restricted access to their deep oceans despite their occupying substantial parts of their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), which translates into a lack of exploration, which in turn contributes to inappropriate or inadequate management decisions, and unaware populations. This situation, however, may change: the emergence of lower cost technologies (for example, deep-sea dropcams, Remote Operated Vehicles or ROVs, and sensors), coupled with open data initiatives, such as Global Fishing Watch and satellite-based remote sensing, offer affordable alternatives to Caribbean countries for conducting ocean exploration and thus better understanding their oceanic surroundings and tapping into the potential for their economic growth. At the end of 2019, the IDB hosted a virtual workshop titled “The Imperative of Ocean Exploration” to discuss the opportunities and challenges for promoting ocean exploration in the Caribbean, and how this exploration could support decision making by governments, as well as in the private sector and local communities. A panel of experts with extensive experience in this field, composed by Diva Amon, Katy Croff Bell, and Alan Leonardi, addressed the importance of ocean exploration to gain a better understanding of our oceans and shared with the participants -most of them from Caribbean countries- their views and perspectives on possible ways to conduct a broader and better exploration, as well as on ways to share their results. The conclusions and recommendations that came out of this event, which we have synthesized below, can help inspire the necessary actions to promote ocean exploration in the Caribbean Ocean exploration policy and governance - We know very little about the ocean. If we want institutions to understand the threats that affect the ocean, the opportunities it offers and how to take advantage of them, there is an urgent need to introduce ocean science in global policy. - There are very few policies about the sustainable use of the oceans. Ocean governance must be improved locally, regionally and globally. Promoting the agenda from the government - The granting and monitoring of research permits to access genetic resources is an essential step in the earliest phase of ocean exploration. The procedure for applying for these permits and its associated conditions and fees can be an incentive (when it is a quick and simple process with affordable fees) or a deterrent (when it is a tedious and slow process with very expensive fees) to attract researchers from all over the world and benefit the local scientific community with new knowledge. - Ocean exploration involves a wide diversity of stakeholders with different skills and assets (policy, science, data, equipment, transportation, funding, outreach, others). A stable organization is required in terms of community or collective building, equipment procurement, fundraising, and other key related tasks. - Governments can drive this effort and also support the community, enabling it as a whole to move forward. Efforts with the scientific research community - Up until recently, policy informed science. Now, science is more readily informing policy. Communication of ocean science is much more active today than two decades ago. - There is a critical need to increase access to the deep sea in the Caribbean. We need to know and understand what’s there and how it is being affected by climate change and human activity. - It is essential to initiate the time series through the collection of baseline data so we will be able to understand change in the future. - Given the speed at which the ocean is changing due to pollution, climate change, overfishing and other impacts, there is an urgent need to conduct exploration faster. - There are emerging efforts to borrow ideas, approaches and lessons from other scientific fields and technological disciplines such as low-cost technologies and distributed systems to develop tools for ocean exploration. Photo by Diva Amon Investing in talent and tools - It is critical to invest in people in country, both in their training to prepare them to use technology and in their work to collect and analyze data. This is a long-term investment. - It is also essential to invest in technology, fieldwork for ocean exploration and sharing the journey and the results with society, institutions and private sector. - Academia could introduce ocean exploration in the curricula of different fields, such as mechanical and electronic engineering, as well as in data science. This could increase the pool of scientists and engineers with interest in ocean exploration. However, this will likely require collaboration and financial support. - Capacity building should begin with youth – there is potential to intersect with aquatics and recreation, such as swimming and sailing to introduce children to potential ocean careers much earlier than university-level. Partnerships: from alliances to diplomacy - Exploring the ocean is all about collaboration and partnerships. Government agencies are unable to do everything, so they need to leverage partnerships with academia, industry and philanthropy, in order to build financial and technological capacity. For example, the University of West Indies, St. Augustine, started a new collaboration with BP, who donated an ROV to the university for conducting research. - There could be many opportunities to collaborate with other local and international organizations if the importance of ocean exploration was conveyed effectively. - Sharing the journey and the results of ocean exploration with civil society, private sector and institutions requires partnerships with organizations that reach society at large. For example, the case of TV news in Puerto Rico, which broadcasts results of ocean exploration in their Exclusive Economic Zone. - Diplomacy is also a very important channel to discuss opportunities for joint work with other countries. Intergovernmental engagements are a good example (i.e. a NOAA vessel conducting research work in Trinidad & Tobago). - These types of opportunities are discussed in the UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, whose members meet regularly to share and discuss priorities regarding marine science and exploration, and capacity building. - There are many opportunities for collaboration in ocean exploration in the Caribbean. - In general, Caribbean countries have high levels of education and expertise, but ocean exploration is still in its infancy given the lack of financial resources. Main constraints are access to vessels and equipment such as ROVs. - In the Caribbean context, the most feasible approach is sharing. It is not needed that each country has exploration vessels and ROV. A lot of equipment could be shared on a regional scale. - This sharing approach requires a regional needs assessment, understanding that countries are different and have common but also different needs. The role of society - Prior to any research or capacity building being undertaken, local communities should be engaged to understand what their needs are before starting ocean research. Ideally, it would be the community that initiates this process. We need as many voices at the table as possible. - Need to educate people about the ocean in ways that are meaningful to them, not only through a scientific perspective. - Science communication is critical too, it helps create a willingness about ocean exploration and engage with different audiences. The two main conclusions of the workshop could be summarized in a single message: opportunities exist, but action is urgent. If we could motivate society, NGOs, institutions and the private sector to jointly tackle at least one of the above-mentioned recommendations, we would have an entire multi-sectoral team of people that could accelerate action, motivate change, and really tap into the vast potential of our oceans to bring about sustainability, employment, competitiveness and economic resilience. In the words of oceanographer Sylvia Earle about the ocean, “Our past, our present, and what remains of our future depend absolutely on what we do now.” NOAA interacts with several Caribbean nations from its center in Miami. The purpose of the Commission is to promote international cooperation and to coordinate programs in research, services and capacity-building, in order to learn more about the nature and resources of the ocean and coastal areas and to apply that knowledge for the improvement of management, sustainable development, the protection of the marine environment, and the decision-making processes of its Member States.

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Lecture 5 • Investing in yourself Details of Writing • Essentially, all essays are LINEAR arguments which either: • Close the initial question by answering it • When there is a clear question at the beginning you do this. • You may also do this in other cases... • Propose future action, make suggestions for the future, point the way to future research • When there is an issue at the beginning you often do this. • This style shows a connected path leading to the future. Essay Maps • First step: what is the purpose of the essay? • To argue a conclusion or idea or philosophy. • In this case, you need to set out the ideas, and the evidence for those ideas. • Idea • Evidence #1 • Evidence #2 etc. • Use these ideas to make a map of the logical flow. Use words in circles, and connect with arrows. Complex ideas • Some ideas require two or more “sub-ideas”. In this case, you do:' • Idea X requires Ideas X1, X2 and X3 to be true. • Idea X1 is …. • Evidence for X1 • Idea X2 is … • Evidence for X2 • Idea X3 is... • Evidence for X3 • Idea Y... • Etc. Essay Maps • Essay could discuss “the current state” of some area rather than argue a viewpoint. • In this case, the essay will be made up of sections like these (each section may have many paragraphs): • An introduction to the scope of the field • A statement of current issues in the field • Issue 1. Why it is important. What is the current understanding. What needs to be done. What are paragraphs? • Have a single purpose. • Usually 3 to 7 sentences. • More than 10 sentences: your paragraph should probably be split up. • First sentence does two things: • Connects to the previous paragraph or section with “signpost words” • Says what the purpose of the paragraph is. • Other sentences add details and evidence to this. What are sentences? • Starts with a capital letter • Ends with a full stop • Period, question mark, exclamation mark. • A self contained unit of “meaning”: it can stand by itself and make sense. • All sentences contain: • An action word - verb – a “doing” word • Most sentences also contain a subject --- the “thing” which does the action. Sentences • One way to check your sentences is to check for verbs and subjects. • If not present, there may be a problem! • Another way is to count the verbs. • “has become”, “will have had” all count as one verb (different tenses) • Most sentences have got just one verb. • If you have too many verbs (say 3 or more) then it is very hard to understand the sentence because it is too complex. • SIMPLIFY! By using smaller sentences. Details of Writing • Connecting words. Act as thinking “signposts” • However • Moreover • Furthermore • Another • Alternatively • The case of... Details of Writing • Punctuation. • Possessives • Commas • Colons • Semi-colons. • Full stop, question and exclamation marks. Details of Writing • Capitalization. • Proper names, start of sentence. • Singular/plural. • Case agreement confirms reader's thoughts. • Tense. • Tense is important: especially conditional situations. • Common language / idiom / informal speech. • Avoid if possible. “Can't do it” The Introduction • At least one paragraph. Possibly several. • However, in all cases: • States clearly what the essay is about. • Possibly states a problem that needs to be answered. • Possibly states a scope of work/discussion that the essay will cover. • Should not “beat around the bush” • Say what the issue is in the first sentence. • Grab the reader in the first sentence! HAH! The BODY of the Essay • This is the meat in the sandwich. • Contains ideas, each one followed by supporting evidence • Some ideas are complex, and need to be broken up into sub-ideas. • You can see this when your paragraphs get too big and complex. If this happens, think about breaking it up into sub-ideas. This means an introductory overall paragraph, followed by paragraphs/evidence for each sub-idea. The BODY • The map that you make of your essay should determine what the content of each paragraph is. • Don't worry if you decide to restructure your essay by adding in new paragraphs. • The initial map is just a way to “get going”. Conclusion • You should “conclude” your argument. • Either... • Answer the question in the introduction/title • Point the way forward • You should also briefly summarize the main argument • NOT the details In-class Exercise • Examine Lewis' essay and criticize it from the view of: • Spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, paragraph structure, introduction, conclusion. Homework • There are many historical, economic, cultural and philosophical differences between the UK and China. • In the past 20 years, China has become much richer, and the people generally happier. • Do you agree with this, and how does this affect your understanding of Layard's essay?

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In the context of an escalating climate emergency, the construction industry occupies a problematic positions. The traditional growth of the industry has been based on the demolition of old buildings and the replacement with new yet this process consumes vast amounts of energy and needs to be effectively challenged if we are to stand a chance at reducing emissions as planned. Until recently the construction industry’s sustainability focus has been on reducing the energy consumption of the buildings themselves rather than the consumption of the industry as a whole. Buliding Regulations along with rating standards such as BREEAM and LEED have encouraged and enforced an increase to the performance of building fabrics and efficiency of heating and cooling systems. These changes have reduced the emissions relating to the running of buildings but leave the problems associated with emissions relating to the creation ion buildings in the first place. It is estimated that the construction industry is responsible for between 35 an 40% of the UKs total carbon emissions. This is mainly as a result of the energy embodied in the production of construction materials, many of which required high levels of energy to produce. This problem is then exacerbated by the industry’s economic model which favours demolition and re-building when a building reaches its perceived life-span. The embodied carbon ends up wasted in a landfill and the cycle repeats. Given this context, it’s not surprising that campaigns encouraging refurbishment in place of demolition are gaining ground. There is an obvious argument to keep existing structures wherever possible and to focus design skills on inventive ways to re-position and re-use existing buildings rather than conceiving new ones. Lowe Campbell,Edwards, Detroit- Stripping back and exploiting whats already there Republic - Having been stripped back to its structural basics the the Import Building was expanded and repositioned with a new internal atrium constructed from structural timber - a sustainably sourced material that also helped to offset the severity of the exposed concrete elsewhere #1 - The Quandaries of Refurbishment Although the benefit of refurbishment over demolition seems obvious, the actual process of doing it, is full of choices and questions that requires careful consideration. Fundamental to these is the extent of refurbishment proposed. The definition of refurbishment can vary from a simple redecoration, to a complete strip back to the frame and foundations. In sustainability terms deciding on where on this spectrum to place the project will mean balancing the potential energy consumption of the building with the potential energy consumption of a refurbishment. Doing little to an existing building will produce little embodied carbon in terms of construction work, but if that building has an inefficient envelope and heating system then the limitations of the refurbishment will mean the building continues to emit substantial carbon through its operation. Conversely stripping a building back to is bare bones and introducing new external walls, roofs, glazing and services will help create an efficient low emission building but will embody far more energy in its construction. How this balance sets will depend on the particular characteristics and context fo the building being refurbished. How well does it currently perform, what is it made of, where is located ? The approach to a concrete framed building with extensive single glazing, limited insulation and antiquated services will illicit a different response to a building that is well insulated with newer and more efficient systems. Taken to extremes, the realities of refurbishing an old building to the highest of modern standards can mean effectively replacing everything save the primary structure, and if this structure in itself is not optimal - ie it is badly orientated or its plan cannot accommodate well the proposed use, the feasibility of refurbishing at all comes into question. On top of this will be commercial considerations. Refurbishment is attractive and viable because it is in the most part cheaper and quicker than demolition. As a refurbishments scope increases so does its costs, adding another balance to the equation. Current building regulations allow for lower standards of thermal performance in refurbished buildings compared with new builds along with a lower expectation in terms of sustainability standards. To commercial, profit driven developers there is therefore little incentive to spend on increased thermal performance when increased returns are more visibly derived from spending on re-branding and aesthetic make-overs. This does not bode well for the large-scale reduction in carbon emissions proposed by the Paris Agreement. #2 - The Future If we are to meet expectations, all existing buildings need to be retrofitted to meet high thermal performance standards. This means a replacement of all gas fired builders, all single glazed facades, added insulation to solid facades, replacement of antiquated curtain walling etc. How this can be achieved with low embodied carbon is a challenge to manufacturers and designers. How this can be achieved commercially is a challenge to politicians as it is clear fiscal incentives and changes to regulations will be required to change the current mind-set. See our Retrofit Sustainability Strategy

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'Umming' and 'ahhing' parents help their babies learn to speak, scientists claim 'Umming' and 'ahhing' is often seen as a weakness. In fact, such hesitations could be key to learning to speak. A study found that toddlers use their parents ‘ums’ and ‘ahs’ as a signal that an important word is to follow - and open their ears for what comes next. So, while adults may find listening to umming and ahhing irritating, children use the stumbles to help them work out which of the hundreds of new words they hear each day need to be committed to memory. Learning process: Toddlers use their parents 'ums' and 'ahs' as a signal that an important word is to follow - and open their ears for what comes next The researchers studied three groups of children between the ages of 18 and 30 months. Each child sat on his or her parent's lap in front of a computer screen showing pictures of familiar items, like a ball or a book, and picture of a made-up item like a ‘dax’ or a ‘gorp’. The youngsters then listened as voice talked about the objects. When the voice started umming and ahhing the children instinctively looked at the made-up image much more often than the familiar image - suggesting it had suddenly become important to them. Researcher Celeste Kidd, of the University of Rochester in New York, said: ‘We're not advocating that parents add disfluencies to their speech, but I think it's nice for them to know that using these verbal pauses is okay - the "uhs" and "ums" are informative.’ Richard Aslin, a professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester and one of the study's authors, said toddlers have a lot of information to process while they listen to an adult speak, including many words that they have never heard before. If a child's brain waits until a new word is spoken and then tries to figure out what it means after the fact, it becomes a much more difficult to do. Dr Aslin added: ‘The more predictions a listener can make about what is being communicated, the more efficiently the listener can understand it.’ But while ums and ahs may be beneficial, educational DVDs may do more harm than good. One study found that children who watched educational DVDs between the ages of seven and 16 months knew fewer words and phrases then their peers. Each hour they watched per day equated to six fewer words in their vocabulary. Another study found that children learnt more from listening to their parents. Experts warn that by sitting in front of the TV youngsters miss out on playing with their parents and other children and with their toys. It is also possible that the flashing lights and quick scene changes found in TV programmes over-simulate the developing brain. Most watched News videos - BBC obtain recording where sermon calls for armed jihad - Former sex slave describes moment she saw ISIS captor in Germany - Timeline tracks Anthony Condron's last hours in Liverpool - 180 whales slaughtered as village in Faroe Islands prepares for winter - Adorable tot does a burpee at the gym - just like his dad - Illegal vendors in Barcelona store cocktails ingredients in drains - Pervert runs behind woman mowing her lawn with his shorts down - Awkward moment Katie Price calls Kris by her ex's name by mistake - Epic moment wingsuit jumper leaps off Swiss mountain - Gruesome video shows Dr Esho fixing various lip filler disasters - Aretha Franklin's ex-husband 'held onto hope' during last visit - Police at the scene where cyclist dies after collision with lorry

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Skip to main content This link has been bookmarked by 2 people and liked by 1 people. It was first bookmarked on 23 Jan 2012, by Vicki Davis. churchill teaching teaching resources WWII On January 24, 1965, the world lost a great leader, Winston Churchill. Here are some excellent resources that you can use to teach your class about Winston Churchill by grade level. teaching history lessonplans Join Diigo for a free account, or sign in if you are already a member.

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What are Coastal Hazards? The Pacific Northwest coasts of Oregon and Washington are some of the most dynamic coastal landscapes in North America, evident by its long sandy beaches, shear coastal cliffs, dramatic headlands and vistas, and ultimately the power of the Pacific Ocean that serves to erode and change the shape of the coast. It is these qualities along with its various natural resources, including timber and fishing that have drawn people to live along its narrow shores. However, the creation of this beauty comes at a price. Flooding and erosion from storms, seasonal changes in beach sand, human effects such as the building of jetties and engineering structures, and the coupled effects of an off-shore earthquake and tsunami are just a few forces that shape the landscape and create hazards. Over time, these hazards are gradually being compounded, in part due to changes in storm tracks, wave statistics, and sea level, as well as the degree of development in recent decades, enhanced to some extent by planning and land-use development practices that have not fully considered the coastal geologic hazards. Coastal hazard mitigation is identified as a high priority for NANOOS by our users and stakeholders. In 2005, the White House’s National Science and Technology Council identified several challenges we as a nation face to reduce disaster vulnerability. NANOOS is dedicated to contributing information for three of these identified areas to assist with disaster reduction in our region: - Providing hazard and disaster information where and when it is needed; - Understanding the natural processes that produce hazards; and - Promoting risk-wise behavior. NANOOS achieves this by providing essential observations and better decision support tools for coastal managers, planners and engineers to improve coverage and accuracy. Products and information provided currently include observations and analysis of topographic beach profiles, shoreline change, nearshore bathymetry, sea level change, and waves to: - Improve planning and response to coastal hazards; - Assist with engineering design; - Aid with research on climate change impacts on the coast; and - Track shoreline change in specific communities. Coastal Hazards Special Topics Coastal & Marine Spatial Planning Honshu Earthquake and Tsunami 2011 An informational page about the magnitude 9.0 earthquake that occurred off the eastern coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, and the resulting tsunami that hit the US Pacific Northwest 9 hours later. Related NANOOS Products Pacific Northwest Beach and Shoreline Mapping Beach Cross-section and time-series plots of coastal change occuring on the Oregon coast due to the effects of storms, El Niños, changes in beach sediment supply, and sea level rise. View in NVS Southwest Washington Coastal Mapping Beach cross-sections, time-series plots of coastal change, and information on beach sediments for the Columbia River littoral cell (Tillamook Head, OR to Pt. Grenville, WA). Coastal Processes in the Pacific Northwest Information on beach dynamics, waves, storms, and climate change that affect the PNW beaches, shorelines, and hazards. Tsunami Evacuation Zones on the Oregon Coast Oregon coast tsunami evacuation maps resutling from potentially great (magintude 9+) earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone. NANOOS Visualization System (NVS) The NANOOS Visualization System (NVS) provides easy access to forecast and observation data across a wide range of assets such as buoys, shore and land stations, high-frequency radar, and satellites. Significant Wave Height & Direction and Wind Speed & Direction forecasts for the Pacific NW. Forecasts are updated every 6 hours starting at 13:00 PDT. Product Page | View in NVS Daily average ocean surface currents off the Oregon coast. These surface currents are measured with a radio transmitter and receiver using an instrument, the SeaSonde, made by CODAR Ocean Sensors. Product Page | View in NVS NANOOS members involved in this effort include:

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Bon et Mal (English: Good and Bad) were 20 kiloton nuclear devices developed by the French Empire as part of Project Zeus in 1958 and early 1959 and which were detonated off of the northern Anatolian coast on July 9, 1959, bringing the nuclear age to fruition. At the time of their detonation, Bon and Mal were the only atomic warheads in the French armory, as the Zeus researchers were still developing technology for rapid construction of nuclear weapons. Detonated within view of both a major Turkish naval base and within miles of the 2nd Black Sea Fleet of the Turkish Navy, the bombs were intended as a show of force. Waves from the explosions capsized small vessels in the vicinity, killing seven Turkish Navy sailors and injuring an additional eleven. In August of 1959, Turkey agreed to a ceasefire after France openly threatened to use these devices against Turkish population centers in Thrace and Anatolia, particularly the industrial hub of Izmir. The bombs are believed to have directly led to the end of the Black Sea War. The revelation of French nuclear technology led to the 1960s and early 1970s arms race, accentuated by the United States developing atomic bombs in 1962, France testing fusion weapons in 1966, the United States completing the same feat in 1968, and both China, Ireland and Japan becoming nuclear states by 1968, 1972 and 1973, respectively. Nuclear proliferation became a global issue with the development of this technology. See also: Nuclear weapons

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Definition of Universal Access Universal Access Pronunciation Syllabification: u·ni·ver·sal ac·cess International Phonetic Alphabet - American English – /ˌjunəˈvɜrsəl ˈækˌsɛs/ - British English – /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl ˈæksɛs/ - Plural: universal accesses - Efforts to increase universal access are arising around the world, for example Australia has the National Partnership Agreement on Universal Access to Early Childhood Education, and the United States has the Head Start Program. - anticipatory socialization - formal education - hidden curriculum - informal education - No Child Left Behind Act - youth culture ASA – American Sociological Association (5th edition) Bell, Kenton, ed. 2013. “universal access.” In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Retrieved January 21, 2020 (https://sociologydictionary.org/universal-access/). APA – American Psychological Association (6th edition) universal access. (2013). In K. Bell (Ed.), Open education sociology dictionary. Retrieved from https://sociologydictionary.org/universal-access/ Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date – Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition) Bell, Kenton, ed. 2013. “universal access.” In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Accessed January 21, 2020. https://sociologydictionary.org/universal-access/. MLA – Modern Language Association (7th edition) “universal access.” Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Ed. Kenton Bell. 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2020. <https://sociologydictionary.org/universal-access/>.

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By Cindy Becker, Executive Director Mid-Valley Behavioral Care Network Mental health awareness is celebrated the first week in October and in May; however, people in our community live with mental health challenges every day. They just don't talk about it, and often won't get help, because of the stigma and shaming that accompanies it. Here are some myths and facts to promote a better understanding and acceptance of mental health challenges: Myth: Mental health problems don't affect me. Fact: Mental health problems are actually very common. One in five American adults experience a mental health issue One in 10 young people experience a period of major depression One in 25 Americans live with a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. It accounts for more than double the number of lives lost to homicide. Myth: Children don't experience mental health problems. Fact: Half of all mental health disorders show first signs before a person turns 14 years old, and three quarters begin before age 24. Early mental health support can help a child before problems interfere with other developmental needs. Myth: People with mental health problems are violent and unpredictable. Fact: The vast majority of people with mental health problems are no more likely to be violent than anyone else. Most people with mental illness are not violent and only 3%-5% of violent acts can be attributed to individuals living with a serious mental illness. In fact, people with severe mental illnesses are over 10 times more likely to be victims of violent crime than the general population. Myth: There is no hope for people with mental health problems. Once a friend or family member develops mental health problems, he or she will never recover. Fact: People with mental health problems get better and many recover completely. Recovery refers to the process in which people are able to live, work, learn, and participate fully in their communities. There are more treatments, services, and community support systems than ever before, and they work. You probably know someone with a mental health problem and don't even realize it, because many people with mental health problems are highly active and productive members of our communities. Myth: I can't do anything for a person with a mental health problem. Fact: Friends and family can be important influences to help someone get treatment and services they need by: Reaching out and letting them know you are available to help Helping them access mental health services Learning and sharing the facts about mental health, especially if you hear something that isn't true Treating them with respect, just as you would anyone else Refusing to define them by their diagnosis or call them "crazy", "psycho", "insane", or "loony" Seeing the person, not the disease Unfortunately, due to economic stress, there is often a higher prevalence of mental health challenges with people living in or near the poverty level. However, if you or a family member lives in either Marion or Polk County and receive Oregon Health Plan benefits, we can help you find services. Call (503) 361-2778 to talk to one of our Access Coordinators who will find you a provider to meet your needs. It's okay not to feel okay, so reach out to people in need, and if you or a family member are in need, reach out for help.

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Lesson: Conservation of EnergyPhysics In this lesson, we will learn how to calculate the change in the kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy of an object when work is done on it. Sample Question Videos Worksheet: 25 Questions • 4 Videos Ignoring details associated with friction, extra forces exerted by arm and leg muscles, and other factors, we can consider a pole vault as the conversion of an athlete’s running kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy. If an athlete is to lift his body 4.8 m during a vault, what speed must he have when he plants his pole? A sprinter of mass 60 kg accelerates from 2.00 m/s to 8.00 m/s over a 25.0 m distance of racetrack. The sprinter is running into the wind, which exerts an average force of 30.0 N. What average force does the sprinter exert on the track? Fill in the blanks: When the force acting on an object is parallel to the direction of the motion of the center of mass, the mechanical energy . When the force acting on an object is antiparallel to the direction of the center of mass, the mechanical energy .

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Folate and folic acid are terms often used interchangeably, but they are not the same thing. Both are forms of vitamin B9, a crucial nutrient for various bodily functions, especially when it comes to women's wellness – which is why you’ll often hear about them when it comes to prenatal or women’s support vitamins. However, there are key differences between the two that you may want to consider. Let’s break down these differences and talk a little bit about other key nutrients for women’s health and pregnancy. What Is Folate? Folate is the naturally occurring form of vitamin B9 found in various foods. It's a water-soluble B vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, cell growth, and overall health. Folate is abundant in many foods, including: - Leafy greens (like spinach and kale) - Citrus fruits What Is Folic Acid? Folic acid, on the other hand, is the synthetic form of vitamin B9. It's created by converting naturally occurring folate into a more stable and bioavailable form, primarily for use in supplements and fortified foods. Folic acid is crucial for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy and is widely used in prenatal vitamins. Key Differences: Folate vs. Folic Acid Folate: Found naturally in foods. Folic Acid: Synthetic and used in supplements and fortified foods. Folate: Easily absorbed in the small intestine. Folic Acid: Needs to be converted into the active form of folate (5-MTHF) by the body before it can be used. Folate: The naturally occurring form, so it's readily available for use by the body. Folic Acid: Requires conversion to the active form, which can be less efficient in some individuals. Folate: Adequate folate intake during pregnancy is vital for preventing neural tube defects and supporting fetal development. Folic Acid: Folic acid supplementation is commonly recommended to pregnant women to ensure they meet their folate needs. Folate: Plays a crucial role in the methylation process, which is essential for DNA repair and regulation of gene expression. Folic Acid: The conversion of folic acid into the active form (5-MTHF) is necessary for these methylation processes. Folate: Some individuals may have difficulty converting folate to its active form due to genetic variations, potentially leading to health issues. Folic Acid: Can be an effective alternative for those who have trouble converting folate. More key nutrients for women’s health and pregnancy... Women's health, especially during pregnancy, requires a range of essential nutrients to support both the mother's well-being and fetal development. Here are some key nutrients crucial for women's health and pregnancy: Iron: Iron is essential for preventing anemia, which is common during pregnancy due to increased blood volume. Adequate iron intake supports oxygen transport to both the mother and the growing fetus. Calcium: Calcium is vital for the development of the baby's bones and teeth. It also helps maintain the mother's bone health, as the growing fetus can draw calcium from the mother's bones. Vitamin D: Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption and bone health. It also plays a role in the immune system and overall well-being. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3s, particularly DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are essential for the development of the baby's brain and eyes. They also support the mother's cardiovascular health. Fiber: Adequate fiber intake helps prevent constipation, a common issue during pregnancy, by promoting regular bowel movements. Protein: Protein is crucial for the development of the baby's organs, muscles, and tissues. It also supports the mother's increased blood volume and helps repair and build tissues. Vitamin C: Vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron and supports the immune system. It also plays a role in collagen production, which is essential for skin, ligaments, and blood vessels. Folate (as mentioned): Folate is essential for preventing neural tube defects and supporting cell growth and development. Vitamin B6: This vitamin is involved in the development of the baby's brain and nervous system. It can also help alleviate symptoms of morning sickness. Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is necessary for nerve function and the formation of red blood cells. A deficiency can lead to anemia and neurological issues. Choline: Choline supports brain development and overall cognitive function in both the mother and baby. It's especially important during pregnancy when the demand for choline increases. Zinc: Zinc is essential for cell division, which is critical during fetal development. It also supports the immune system and wound healing. Iodine: Iodine is necessary for thyroid function and the production of thyroid hormones. Adequate iodine intake is crucial for the baby's brain development and the mother's overall health. Magnesium: Magnesium supports muscle function, bone health, and the mother's energy production. It can also help alleviate pregnancy-related muscle cramps and contractions. Vitamin A: Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and skin health. However, excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy can be harmful, so it's essential to get it from food sources rather than supplements. Remember that a balanced diet rich in whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and dairy products (or suitable alternatives), is the best way to obtain these essential nutrients. However, prenatal supplements may be recommended to fill in potential gaps in the diet, but it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements during pregnancy. While both folate and folic acid are essential forms of vitamin B9, the source and form of these nutrients differ significantly. Folate is found naturally in foods and is readily available for use by the body, making it an excellent choice for most people. Folic acid, in contrast, is synthetic and requires conversion before the body can utilize it effectively. Understanding the distinctions between folate and folic acid is crucial, particularly during pregnancy and for individuals with specific genetic variations affecting folate metabolism. Consult with a healthcare professional to determine the best approach for meeting your vitamin B9 needs, whether through dietary sources or supplementation, to support your overall health and well-being.

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Florida officials are stepping up efforts to deal with the python population in the Everglades, measures that include a special hunting season that begins on state lands on Monday. But wildlife officials say that the big snakes, which prey on a number of threatened and endangered species from wading birds to wood rats, have reproduced faster than hunters can kill them. Ken Salazar, the Interior secretary, recently announced efforts to ban the import or interstate transport of nine non-native snakes: four types of pythons, including the Burmese python, as well as boa constrictors and four kinds of anacondas. What should be done to control the pythons’ spread, both in Everglades National Park and other Florida wild areas? What is the most effective way to kill them? - Kenneth L. Krysko, biological scientist - Andrew Wyatt, president, U.S. Association of Reptile Keepers - Frank J. Mazzotti, associate professor of wildlife ecology Enforce and Strengthen the Laws Our state’s problem is with all non-native species being allowed to roam wild. Despite the Florida statute that makes it illegal to release any non-native animal in Florida without first having a permit from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, no person has ever been prosecuted for the establishment of a non-native reptile in Florida. Florida now has more non-native amphibian and reptile species than any other place in the entire world. Because current Florida laws are inadequate and ineffective to curtail the ever-increasing number of illegal introductions in the state, laws need to be modified and made enforceable, and at the very least those responsible for illegal introductions should be held accountable for cleaning up and hopefully extermination of those species they are responsible for. Furthermore, I support the creation of an early detection and rapid response program to quickly and effectively eradicate newly found introduced species. Although many people do not believe that most of these introduced species pose any threats to the environment nor do they understand potential consequences these species might have, the stage is now set for something worse to come. See the brown tree snake as an example. In regard to Burmese pythons, they too were introduced via the pet trade like most other species here. It is unlikely that they will be exterminated, but we will continue to remove every python we find in hopes to keep numbers down or until other management practices are found to be effective. The more recently discovered reproducing population of African rock pythons certainly does not help our situation as some of our limited resources are being directed toward this species. Florida now has more non-native amphibian and reptile species than any other place in the entire world. Needless to say, we have a major problem! Regulation Isn’t the Answer Andrew Wyatt , a python breeder, is president of the United States Association of Reptile Keepers. The position of Interior Secretary Salazar on the proposed rule change adding nine constrictors to the injurious wildlife list will have a rough time in the light of real scientific or legal scrutiny. There are so many fairy tales promoted as fact that it is difficult to decide where to start. The most repeated misstatement is that the population of pythons in the Everglades is the result of irresponsible owners releasing their charges once they have grown too large or difficult to be maintained. That is false. There is no doubt that individuals have released pythons, but evidence suggests that they are not the ones responsible for the feral population in the Everglades. Don’t blame python owners. Blame flawed policies and science. There was a genetics study done by the National Park service and Florida International University indicating that the pythons in the Everglades are almost genetically identical. This points away from a slow introduction over time of many varied specimens and indicates a more isolated and catastrophic event such as Hurricane Andrew destroying a single breeding facility or importer of all like animals. According to Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, as many as half or more of the pythons in the wild died during Florida’s recent cold snap. It is confirmed that all of the pythons in the outdoor facility run by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Gainesville died. The word is that all of the pythons with radio markers being studied by the National Park Service in the Everglades died as well. It is also said that all of the pythons in the outdoor experiment at the Savannah River Ecological Lab in Aiken, S.C., also died. Neither the park service nor the Savannah River Ecological Lab will confirm or deny the death of their study groups. This all demonstrates that this is a state problem in Florida and not a national problem worthy of listing on the Lacey Act. The U.S. Association of Reptile Keepers’ scientists reiterate that Burmese pythons can not survive in the wild north of Lake Okeechobee for more than a short time. The “science” being forwarded by the Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey has serious problems as demonstrated by the recent cold in Florida. It has been criticized as “not scientific” and “not suitable for use as the basis for legislative or regulatory policy” by a group of independent scientists that hail from institutions like the University of Florida and the National Geographic Society. Under the light of day the public will see that the pythons in the Everglades are currently being protected by the National Park Service as a study group. It is illegal for anyone to remove or kill pythons in the national park, the epicenter of the population. Only on state lands can they be extirpated. The federal government position is that no one but park service staff can eliminate pythons in the Everglades National Park, but they don’t have the staff to address the issue. If enacted, the rule change to the federal Lacey Act would create a situation where millions of Americans would be in possession of “injurious wildlife” and potentially subject to prosecution. There are approximately two million boas and pythons that would be subject to a rule change currently in captivity in 48 states. A much larger problem, feral cats, a serious problem in Florida and all the other states, is not being considered for listing because too many people already own them. Pythons are only a problem in south Florida, yet are being considered for a federal controls, even though millions are in captivity. Invasive Species: A Larger Problem Frank J. Mazzotti is an associate professor of wildlife ecology and conservation at the University of Florida. Eradication of Burmese pythons is no longer an achievable goal. However, the mortality of Burmese pythons observed in south Florida after a record cold spell in early January makes us hopeful that nature combined with science will help us accomplish our objectives of population control and protection of vulnerable resources. More important, we hope that we have learned the lesson that preventing establishment of invasive species is more effective than battling the crisis once it occurs. Burmese pythons have been thrust to the forefront of the fight against invasive species in the United States. The most important lesson to learn from our battle with pythons in paradise is that preventing establishment of invasive species is our best defense. It is imperative that policy makers take a comprehensive approach to preventing establishment of invasive species that looks beyond snakes (and other reptiles) to consider all species of animals and plants that have the potential to be invasive. This approach should recognize, first, that most alien species are not invasive but require care and cultivation to survive, whereas those that are invasive — like the Burmese python — are likely to have restricted geographic distributions. Management will be most effective when it targets specific invasive species in particular locations where they are likely to cause problems. Some of the attention being lavished on Burmese pythons is likely a result of an archetypal fear that people have of snakes and some of the attention is justified by threats to Everglades ecosystems. In south Florida, Burmese pythons consume primarily birds and mammals including two federally endangered species, the Key Largo wood rat and the wood stork. In Everglades National Park the presence of pythons has been related to the absence of marsh rabbits and Florida muskrats. We are very concerned about the potential for impact to Everglades ecosystems and the difficulties in removing a cryptic predator from a large wetland wilderness area. Objectives of python management in south Florida include population control (reduction and containment) and protection of key ecological resources such as endangered species and wading bird rookeries. As in any pest control program the approach to removal will include multiple methods and should be integrated and science based. While we have made progress in development of useful tools to remove pythons — for example, traps and using pythons to find other pythons during mating season — it is probably accurate to say that any one particular tool will not be a silver bullet. It is more likely that certain tools used in combination will be most effective. The current proposal by the state of Florida to engage hunters in helping to remove pythons is an additional tool and one that may be particularly effective at keeping pythons from spreading.

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14 – Nephron Structure and Function In this video lecture structure and function of nephron is explained. Structure of nephron includes two major parts i. Renal Corpuscle in which Bowmann Capsule and Glomerulus are included. ii. Renal Tubule which includes Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting tubule. Functions of Nephron which are Excretion and Osmoregulation are explained.

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The need for operating circuits at increasingly higher speeds has always challenged designers. From radar and television systems in the 1940s to gigahertz microprocessors today, the demand to push circuits to higher frequencies has required a solid understanding of their speed limitations. In this chapter, we study the effects that limit the speed of transistors and circuits, identifying topologies that better lend themselves to high-frequency operation. We also develop skills for deriving transfer functions of circuits, a critical task in the study of stability and frequency compensation (12). We assume bipolar transistors remain in the active mode and MOSFETs in the saturation region. The outline is shown below. 11.1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 11.1.1 General Considerations What do we mean by “frequency response?” Illustrated in Fig. 11.1(a), the idea is to apply a sinusoid at the input of the circuit and observe the output while the input frequency is varied. As exemplified by Fig. 11.1(a), the circuit may exhibit a high gain at low frequencies but a “roll-off” as the frequency increases. We plot the magnitude of the gain as in Fig. 11.1(b) to represent the circuit’s behavior at all frequencies of interest. We may loosely call f1 the useful bandwidth of the circuit. ...

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Aluminum carbonate and hydrochloric acid will appear as Al2(CO3)3 and HCl Aluminum carbonate is used in some antacids. Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of aluminum carbonate with hydrochloric acid. Frequently Asked Questions What scientific concept do you need to know in order to solve this problem? Our tutors have indicated that to solve this problem you will need to apply the Net Ionic Equations concept. You can view video lessons to learn Net Ionic Equations. Or if you need more Net Ionic Equations practice, you can also practice Net Ionic Equations practice problems.

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Memorial of Paul Miki and Companions Scripture Readings: Heb 12:4-7, 11-15; Mk 6:1-6 Martyrdom, like that of St. Paul Miki and his companions, is not unique to Christianity. It has been a distinguishing mark of Jews throughout history. One can even say their lives are a preparation or training for martyrdom. In Jewish literature the executions of nearly six million Jews during World War II are called martyrdoms, because they were persecuted for being Jews. Martyrdom reached its highest summit in the crucifixion of Jesus, God’s supreme act of love for sinners. Martyrdom is not unique to Christianity, but Christians do bring something unique to martyrdom, that is: love of the persecutor. The youngest of St. Paul Miki’s companions was a boy named Louis, only 10 years old. As he hung on his cross, the executioner promised to free him if he would deny his faith. But young Louis replied lovingly, “It would be better if you yourself became a Christian and went to paradise with me.”

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Nutrition and diet are two of the most important factors in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The food we eat directly affects our physical and mental health, making it crucial to choose the right foods to fuel our bodies. However, with so much conflicting information and fad diets out there, it can be challenging to know where to start. This guide aims to provide you with the knowledge and tools you need to make informed choices about your nutrition and diet. Macronutrients are the three main components of our diet: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each of these plays a vital role in providing energy and nutrients to our bodies. Carbohydrates: Carbs are the primary source of energy for the body. They are found in foods like fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. Simple carbs, like sugar and white bread, are broken down quickly by the body and provide a quick energy boost. Complex carbs, like whole grains and vegetables, take longer to break down and provide sustained energy. Proteins: Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues in the body. They are found in foods like meat, fish, eggs, beans, and nuts. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of our cells. Fats: Fats are an essential part of our diet, providing energy, insulation, and protection for our organs. They are found in foods like oils, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish. Unsaturated fats, like olive oil and avocado, are healthier than saturated and trans fats found in processed foods. Micronutrients and the Importance of Vitamins and Minerals Micronutrients are the smaller, but equally important, components of our diet. Vitamins and minerals play a critical role in maintaining overall health and preventing chronic disease. Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds that the body needs in small amounts to function correctly. They are found in foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Each vitamin plays a unique role in the body, from promoting healthy vision to strengthening the immune system. Minerals: Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential for various bodily functions. They are found in foods like leafy greens, nuts, and seeds. Minerals are involved in everything from bone health to nerve function. Meal Planning and Portion Control One of the keys to a healthy diet is proper meal planning and portion control. Here are some tips to help you stay on track: Plan your meals in advance: Planning your meals ahead of time can help you stay on track and avoid making unhealthy choices. Use smaller plates: Using smaller plates can help you control your portion sizes and avoid overeating. Focus on whole foods: Whole foods, like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, are nutrient-dense and can help you feel fuller for longer. Debunking Common Nutrition Myths There are many myths and misconceptions surrounding nutrition and diet. Here are some of the most common ones debunked: Myth: Carbs are bad for you: Carbs are an essential part of a healthy diet and provide the body with energy. However, not all carbs are created equal. Choose complex carbs, like whole grains and vegetables, over simple carbs like sugar and white bread. Myth: Fat makes you fat: While eating too much fat can contribute to weight Myth: All calories are created equal: While the number of calories you consume does play a role in weight management, not all calories are created equal. The quality of the food you eat is just as important as the quantity. Myth: You need to eat meat to get enough protein: While meat is a good source of protein, there are plenty of plant-based sources of protein as well, like beans, nuts, and tofu. Myth: Skipping meals will help you lose weight: Skipping meals can actually lead to overeating later in the day and may cause your metabolism to slow down, making it harder to lose weight. Q: How much protein do I need per day? A: The amount of protein you need per day depends on factors like your age, sex, and activity level. A general guideline is to aim for 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Q: Can I still enjoy my favorite foods and maintain a healthy diet? A: Yes! The key is moderation and balance. You can still enjoy your favorite foods in moderation as part of a healthy, balanced diet. Q: Are supplements necessary for good nutrition? A: Supplements can be helpful for filling in nutrient gaps, but they should not replace a healthy diet. It’s always best to get your nutrients from whole foods whenever possible. Nutrition and diet are fundamental components of a healthy lifestyle. By understanding the basics of macronutrients, micronutrients, meal planning, and portion control, you can make informed choices about what you eat and improve your overall health. Remember to focus on whole, nutrient-dense foods, and don’t be afraid to enjoy your favorite treats in moderation. With the right knowledge and tools, you can achieve a healthy, balanced diet and feel your best.

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The definition of a supervisor is a person who is in charge of overseeing and directing a project or people. The boss in charge at work who hands out assignments is an example of a supervisor. - a person who supervises; superintendent; manager; director - ⌂ in certain school systems, an official in charge of the courses of study for a particular subject and of all teachers of that subject - One who supervises. - One who is in charge of a particular department or unit, as in a governmental agency or school system. - One who is an elected administrative officer in certain US counties and townships. - (management) A person with the official task of overseeing the work of a person or group. - A person who monitors someone to make sure they comply with rules or other requirements set for them. - (US) In certain states, an elected member of the governing body for a county which is called the board of supervisors.

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2018 is about to pass, and on December 21, Science announced the top ten scientific breakthroughs in 2018. Take a look and light up these new milestones in the history of science: Spying on the mysteries of cell reproduction Through systematic studies of three techniques, scientists have discovered the complete process and specific details of the propagation from a single cell to multiple cells to the entire organization and life. They isolated thousands of intact cells from their living bodies, tested the gene expression material, and reconstructed the relationship between cells in time and space by computer or cell labeling. This series of technologies will change the cell research of the next decade. Discovering Outer Space Messenger - Neutrino The “Ice Cube” Antarctic Observatory, a detector buried beneath the Antarctic Glacier, successfully detected the rare iconic blue “Cherenkov Radiation Light” emitted by neutrinos interacting with ice and found its source. A "ray change" on the left side of Orion, 4 million light-years away, is a special type of galaxies containing supermassive black holes. This result will help us explore the most remote and powerful energy sources in the universe in new ways. New tool for molecular structure analysis X-ray crystallography is a conventional means of determining the molecular structure, but requires a large amount of high-quality crystals and often cannot be grown. Breaking through the limitations of X-ray crystallography, scientists have realized the structural analysis of small organic molecules in smaller crystals by electronic crystallography. Compared to X-rays, electrons interact more strongly with molecules in the crystal, so researchers can use very small amounts of material, and the entire resolution process takes only a few minutes! Planets hit the earth and discover new Scientists discovered that 13,000 years ago, the asteroid wreck hit the northwest of Greenland, creating a volcano about 31km wide, hidden under the glacier. Sexual harassment in scientific research circles has long been unknown and ignored. Since 2018, a large number of sexual harassment incidents in the scientific research community have been exposed, and the parties have boldly stepped out and even American academicians have been expelled. The first hybrid in human history? Scientists who DNA-sequenced a female skeleton 90,000 years ago found that the woman had a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. So far, this is the earliest hybrid found in human history. Through public DNA data, scientists helped the US police to crack down on a series of murders in California in the 1970s and 1980s. These "golden killers" were finally arrested and brought to justice! Gene silent drug approved The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has for the first time approved a drug patisiran for gene silencing that can help treat rare genetic diseases that cause nerve damage. This drug approval is a major change in the field of RNAi and has a profound impact on human medicine. Peeping into the ancient world from the molecular scale Scientists have discovered cholesterol molecules from Dickenson jellyfish fossils 558 million years ago. The cholesterol molecules that only animals have can cover up to 93% in fossils. This discovery cracked the mystery of whether Dickenson jellyfish was an animal. Internal management of cells It is well known that phase separation is an important way of managing cells internally. So, what makes proteins and RNA assemble and function? In 2018, scientists discovered that proteins that drive genes from DNA to RNA are aggregated and aggregated into the same droplets. At the same time, specific three-dimensional shape RNA molecules are also recognized by complementary base pairing and aggregated into the same droplet.

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Upgrade to access all content for this subject Which of the following best describes ecosystem? A population that can interbreed and produce viable offspring. Groups of individuals of the same species that can interbreed with one another and live in the same general area. Populations of all species that live and interact in the same region at the same time. Biotic and abiotic components interacting in a given environment. The location where a particular organism or ecological community occurs.

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Removing the Confederate flag from the South Carolina's statehouse grounds was an important symbolic victory, but some are questioning whether bringing it down accomplished anything tangible for race relations in the United States. South Carolina had flown the Confederate symbol since the dawn of the civil rights movement. State officials removed it Friday after the shooting deaths of nine black churchgoers last month in Charleston. The accused shooter was a Confederate flag enthusiast. Removing the flag won't eliminate racism, poverty or lack of access to resources in the South. Vanderbilt University professor Carol Swain says it might make things worse, given the strong feelings of some whites and blacks over Confederate imagery. But others view the lowering of the flag as a positive first step in racial reconciliation.

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It Takes Two: The Role of Co-Regulation in Building Self-Regulation Skills Self-regulation is influenced by external factors like the environment and interactions with others and by internal factors such as temperament. The particular temperament children are born with impacts how easily they are able to regulate themselves. by Linda Gillespie Two-month-old Daryl cries softly as he wakes up from his nap. Jodi, his teacher, calls to him, saying, “I hear you, Daryl. Miss Jodi is coming as soon as she washes her hands.” Daryl quiets.

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- 1 How do I find the root in Excel? - 2 How do you type the square root symbol? - 3 Where do I find symbols in Excel? - 4 How do you write root 3 in Excel? - 5 Where is the square root symbol in Word? - 6 How do you write square root on mobile? - 7 How do you write square root on a laptop? - 8 How do you identify special characters? - 9 What are the steps in inserting symbols? - 10 How do I type a check mark symbol? - 11 What is the formula of cube root? - 12 How do you use e in Excel? - 13 How do you square something in Excel? How do I find the root in Excel? The SQRT function in Excel returns the square root of a number. - First, to square a number, multiply the number by itself. - The square root of 16 is 4. - Instead of using the SQRT function, you could also use an exponent of 1/2. - If a number is negative, the SQRT function returns the #NUM! How do you type the square root symbol? – Position the pointer in the place where you want the square root symbol inserted. – Press and hold down the Alt key and type 251 from the numeric keypad. The symbol (√) will be inserted into your text as soon as you release your finger from the Alt code. Where do I find symbols in Excel? Using the Insert Symbol Dialog Box - Click on the Insert Tab in the ribbon. - In the Symbols group, click on the Symbols icon. - In the Symbols dialog box that opens, select the font in which you’re already working. - Scroll down, find and select the degree symbol (you may have to spend some time looking for the degree symbol ). How do you write root 3 in Excel? To calculate the cube root of a number in Excel, use the caret operator (^) with 1/ 3 as the exponent in a simple formula. In this example, the formula =D3^(1/ 3 ) is used to find the cube root of 216, which is 6. Calculate the roots of imaginary numbers. Where is the square root symbol in Word? To insert Square root symbol (√) in Word, type 221A and then press Alt+X to convert the alt code into a square root symbol. How do you write square root on mobile? Long press the number 2 as showing on your keyboard. This will open the other options for this key on the keyboard. For an Android, this is where you will find the Squared symbol. Choose the one that you require. How do you write square root on a laptop? Hold down the “Alt” key and, at the same time, type in the number “251” on the number keypad. This will produce the square root symbol shown as “√.” How do you identify special characters? Searching for Special Characters - Press Ctrl+F. Word displays the Find tab of the Find and Replace dialog box. - Click the More button, if it is available. ( See Figure 1.) - In the Find What box, enter the text for which you want to search. - Set other searching parameters, as desired. - Click on Find Next. What are the steps in inserting symbols? To see a video of these procedures, refer to video: Inserting Symbols. - Place the insertion point where the symbol will be inserted. - From the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click SYMBOL. - Select one of the symbol options Word provides. - Select the Symbols tab. - Select the desired symbol. - Click INSERT. How do I type a check mark symbol? Position the cursor where you want to insert the symbol. Hold down the Alt key and use the number keypad to enter the character code–that’s 0252 for the plain checkmark and 0254 for the boxed checkmark. What is the formula of cube root? The formula of cube root is a=3√b a = b 3, where a is the cube root of b. How do you use e in Excel? Excel has an exponential function and a natural log function. The function is =EXP(value) and it gives the result of e valu e (this is called syntax). For example, to find the value of e, we can write =EXP(1). Further if we put a number x in A1 and in A2 we put the formula =EXP(A1^2-1), this gives us e x2−1. How do you square something in Excel? Follow these steps: - Click inside a cell on your worksheet. - Type =N^2 into the cell, where N is the number you want to square. For example, to insert the square of 5 into cell A1, type =5^2 into the cell. - Press Enter to see the result. Tip: You can also click into another cell to see the squared result.

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Chemical Waves and Patterns (Understanding Chemical Reactivity) If it bursts back into flame, the test is positive. Hydrogen Gas. If there is a small explosion or barking sound, the test is positive. Carbon Dioxide Gas. Insert a flaming splint into the container. If the flame is extinguished, the test is positive. Get the Kit. Shop All Chemistry Kits. It takes less than a minute and it's completely free. By Philip Ball 20 February Chemical reactions proceeding far from their equilibrium state can generate complex spatial patterns in which concentrations of the reacting and diffusing ingredients vary from place to place. - The Novice (The Black Magician Trilogy, Book 2). - Color-Induced Graph Colorings; - A Social History of Milton Keynes: Middle England Edge City (Cass Series--British Politics and Society,)! - 3.2: Some Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity? So-called reaction-diffusion processes like this are thought to underlie many natural patterns, from animal markings to coloured bands in minerals. Now, a team working in France and Japan have used strands of DNA to control the parameters of the molecular interactions so that the patterns they make might be tailored to order 1. As well as helping fundamental investigations of these chemical reactions, the method might be used to fix useful arrangements of molecules in new devices and materials. The key to these pattern-forming systems is autocatalysis: some of the reactants catalyse their own formation, creating a positive-feedback process that enables small differences in concentration to blossom into large ones. A balance between runaway feedback that consumes the ingredients and molecular diffusion that replenishes them can lead to oscillations, radiating chemical waves and stationary patterns. Here autocatalysis comes from the growth of an nucleotide strand A into a doubled nucleotide strand on a template with a complementary base sequence T , catalysed by a DNA polymerase enzyme. A second enzyme then nicks the mer in half, releasing two molecules of A. Co-author Yannick Rondelez of the University of Tokyo and his colleagues previously used this DNA-based reaction-diffusion scheme to make a molecular system with reaction dynamics mimicking that of a model of the interactions between populations of predators and their prey 2 , for which parallels with oscillating chemical reactions were first drawn over a century ago. To control these patterns, one must be able to vary the two key parameters of the process: the rates of reaction and of diffusion. The former is quite straightforward: the rate of autocatalysis of A can be varied simply by changing the concentration of the template strand T. Controlling the diffusion is more challenging. The researchers do it by slowing down T with a cumbersome appendage. They attach a cholesteryl group to the end, which, being fatty and hydrophobic, accumulates a shell of surfactants when these are added to the mixture. This reduces the rate of diffusion by a factor of up to 2. About one-third of the students had neither any notion of how the atoms in the copper II carbonate lattice interacted and were rearranged in the reaction nor any concept of bond-breaking and reformation in a chemical reaction. Lesson Chemical Reactions Un-Notes | BetterLesson Lagrangian descriptors of driven chemical reaction manifolds. The persistence of a transition state structure in systems driven by time-dependent environments allows the application of modern reaction rate theories to solution-phase and nonequilibrium chemical reactions. However, identifying this structure is problematic in driven systems and has been limited by theories built on series expansion about a saddle point. Recently, it has been shown that to obtain formally exact rates for reactions in thermal environments, a transition state trajectory must be constructed. Here, using optimized Lagrangian descriptors [G. Craven and R. Hernandez, Phys. In particular, we demonstrate that this is exact for harmonic barriers in one dimension and this verification gives impetus to the application of Lagrangian descriptor-based methods in diverse classes of chemical reactions. The development of these objects is paramount in the theory of reaction dynamics as the transition state structure and its underlying network of manifolds directly dictate reactivity and selectivity. In a recent paper it was shown that, for chemical reaction networks possessing a subtle structural property called concordance, dynamical behavior of a very circumscribed and largely stable kind is enforced, so long as the kinetics lies within the very broad and natural weakly monotonic class. In particular, multiple equilibria are precluded, as are degenerate positive equilibria. Moreover, under certain circumstances, also related to concordance, all real eigenvalues associated with a positive equilibrium are negative. These conditions are weaker than earlier ones invoked to establish kinetic system injectivity, which, in turn, is just one ramification of network concordance. Because the Species- Reaction Graph resembles pathway depictions often drawn by biochemists, results here expand the possibility of inferring significant dynamical information directly from standard biochemical reaction diagrams. Chemical reactions in reverse micelle systems. This invention is directed to conducting chemical reactions in reverse micelle or microemulsion systems comprising a substantially discontinuous phase including a polar fluid, typically an aqueous fluid, and a microemulsion promoter, typically a surfactant, for facilitating the formation of reverse micelles in the system. The system further includes a substantially continuous phase including a non-polar or low-polarity fluid material which is a gas under standard temperature and pressure and has a critical density, and which is generally a water-insoluble fluid in a near critical or supercritical state. Thus, the microemulsion system is maintained at a pressure and temperature such that the density of the non-polar or low-polarity fluid exceeds the critical density thereof. The method of carrying out chemical reactions generally comprises forming a first reverse micelle system including an aqueous fluid including reverse micelles in a water-insoluble fluid in the supercritical state. Then, a first reactant is introduced into the first reverse micelle system, and a chemical reaction is carried out with the first reactant to form a reaction product. In general, the first reactant can be incorporated into, and the product formed in, the reverse micelles. A second reactant can also be incorporated in the first reverse micelle system which is capable of reacting with the first reactant to form a product. Chemical computing with reaction -diffusion processes. Chemical reactions are responsible for information processing in living organisms. It is believed that the basic features of biological computing activity are reflected by a reaction -diffusion medium. We illustrate the ideas of chemical information processing considering the Belousov-Zhabotinsky BZ reaction and its photosensitive variant. The computational universality of information processing is demonstrated. For different methods of information coding constructions of the simplest signal processing devices are described. The function performed by a particular device is determined by the geometrical structure of oscillatory or of excitable and non-excitable regions of the medium. In a living organism, the brain is created as a self-grown structure of interacting nonlinear elements and reaches its functionality as the result of learning. We discuss whether such a strategy can be adopted for generation of chemical information processing devices. Recent studies have shown that lipid-covered droplets containing solution of reagents of BZ reaction can be transported by a flowing oil. Therefore, structures of droplets can be spontaneously formed at specific non-equilibrium conditions, for example forced by flows in a microfluidic reactor. We describe how to introduce information to a droplet structure, track the information flow inside it and optimize medium evolution to achieve the maximum reliability. Applications of droplet structures for classification tasks are discussed. All rights reserved. Minimum Energy Pathways for Chemical Reactions. Computed potential energy surfaces are often required for computation of such parameters as rate constants as a function of temperature, product branching ratios, and other detailed properties. The talk will focus on a number of applications to reactions leading to NOx and soot formation in hydrocarbon combustion. MRI of chemical reactions and processes. As magnetic resonance imaging MRI can spatially resolve a wealth of molecular information available from nuclear magnetic resonance NMR , it is able to non-invasively visualise the composition, properties and reactions of a broad range of spatially-heterogeneous molecular systems. Hence, MRI is increasingly finding applications in the study of chemical reactions and processes in a diverse range of environments and technologies. This article will explain the basic principles of MRI and how it can be used to visualise chemical composition and molecular properties, providing an overview of the variety of information available. Examples are drawn from the disciplines of chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental science, physics, electrochemistry and materials science. The review introduces a range of techniques used to produce image contrast, along with the chemical and molecular insight accessible through them. Methods for mapping the distribution of chemical species, using chemical shift imaging or spatially-resolved spectroscopy, are reviewed, as well as methods for visualising physical state, temperature, current density, flow velocities and molecular diffusion. Strategies for imaging materials with low signal intensity, such as those containing gases or low sensitivity nuclei, using compressed sensing, para-hydrogen or polarisation transfer, are discussed. Systems are presented which encapsulate the diversity of chemical and physical parameters observable by MRI, including one- and two-phase flow in porous media, chemical pattern formation, phase transformations and hydrodynamic fingering instabilities.

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English vocabulary and translations (See all our English vocabulary translation) Want to improve your English? Try our online English lessons for free. (a) double-sided (document): (a document) with text or print on both of its surfaces - "Does it mean in color or double-sided or something?" Still having difficulties with 'Double-sided'? Want to improve your English? Try our online English lessons and receive a free level assessment. Do you have smart way of remembering 'Double-sided'? Share it with us!

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The project is preparing two kinds of evidence to show the terrain over which Fox journeyed in 1652-1653: - Contemporary maps. The great era of English map-making begins in 1579 with the publication of Christopher Saxton's Atlas of the Counties of England and Wales. Saxton's maps were adapted by Camden's Britannia (1607) and John Speed's The theatre of the empire of Great Britaine (1611). They are surprising to modern eyes because they do not show roads: but they give detailed information about rivers, bridges, towns, and, useful for our purposes, chapels. Hills are shown as individual humps. A different genre is the road map, which like the old Automobile Association personalised maps, concentrates on the routes, orienting the traveller with a compass rose, and showing side roads, landmarks, and the type of terrain, hills to be surmounted and rivers to be crossed. John Ogilby published his Britannia in 1675: the routes he shows would have been familiar to Fox, though Fox sometimes moved off the main roads. An invaluable resource for the area is the Old Cumbria Gazetteer by Martin and Jean Norgate. - Modern maps. The facilities provided by Google Maps allow us to customise their satellite images to show not only where Fox's contacts lived, but the routes he probably took. We can combine this with our ground-level photographs to give a sense of the kind of terrain through which he passed. Google also now supports its Street View which allows you to tour through the terrain — but only by adopted roads. Ordnance survey maps, especially the large scale 'Explorer' range, are obviously essential for investigating the modern terrain, and the original 19th-century ones (see www.old-maps.co.uk) will sometimes give the original names and locations of places since swallowed up by modern developments. - GIS mapping. The next stage of the project will use various techniques to layer information about terrain, routes, clusters of Friends and Seekers, and centres of interest (markets, churches and chapels, prisons, safe houses, Quaker 'pulpits', &c) onto modern maps. The left-hand map (Saxton 1579) showns the same terrain as the right-hand map (Google satellite view).

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Last updated June 12, 2020 at 11:14 am While we’ve seen some progress in the representation of women in STEM, there’s still a lot of work to do in representing other minority groups. Why This Matters: STEM is stronger when a diverse range of people are involved. New research has highlighted some of the barriers faced by individuals from minority groups when it comes to pursuing a career in science, technology, engineering or mathematics. The study, carried out by researchers from the UK and The Australian National University (ANU), found an individual’s ethnicity and socio-economic background in particular can impact on their career progression. STEM academic community has work to do Nearly 200 early career scientists were surveyed to examine the links between ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, sex, socio-economic background and disability and markers of career success. ANU co-author Dr Megan Head says around 50 per cent of those surveyed reported having faced barriers of some kind in their careers. The researchers found that LGBT+ individuals were significantly more likely to report facing barriers to their career than heterosexuals. Similarly, females were significantly more likely to report facing a barrier than males. A third of the respondents said that they hadn’t been able to overcome barriers, resulting in some leaving institutions or academia altogether because of it. “Clearly the STEM academic community has work to do,” Head says. “We should be concerned that the picture is even bleaker than it seems – it can be very hard to get data from people who’ve fallen out of the system. “And our study is obviously looking at a subset who’ve been able to get to a certain stage of academia, rather than those who weren’t able to attend university at all.” Underrepresentation of minority groups comes from complex barriers The survey reports that 32% of researchers in STEM are female in Western Europe and North America. The number of female researchers overall worldwide drops to 29%. The figures for other minority groups are even more stark. The survey reports that 10.3% of STEM academics were nonwhite, 0.03% disabled. Head says the underrepresentation of minority groups is the result of a multitude of complex factors. “For example, individuals from minority groups are more likely to have negative perceptions of their own career success, less likely to obtain research funding, and have lower likelihood of being promoted,” she says. “The fact that childcare and caring responsibilities still overwhelmingly lie with women is likely to be a major barrier for many female academics.” “And while we’ve seen some progress in recent years when it comes to open discussion about the underrepresentation of women in STEM, there’s maybe less of an open conversation around things like ethnicity and socio-economic background.” One of the other key results was finding that people of a minority ethnicity had fewer “other author” papers to their credit when they finished their PhD. According to Head, the opportunity to work on these papers often comes about through networking, and “mixing with the right crowd”. “We know the number of papers a young researcher has published is directly linked to their success in finding a job,” she says. People with fewer publications generally have to apply for more positions to secure a postdoctoral research job, shows the study. Therefore, the researchers say, the barrier to extra publications has a long-term knock on effect. “We also found early career researchers from a lower socio-economic background more likely to report being in teaching and research positions, rather than research only positions, which are often viewed as more prestigious. “Seemingly small discrepancies like this can have a big impact later in a career.” Overcoming the barriers While a significant number of respondents stated they had left jobs or academia entirely due to barriers, there were some responses which suggested ways to overcome them – which basically group into “people” or “opportunities”. For “people” initiatives such as mentoring, allies in senior positions, and diverse networking opportunities were found to be beneficial. These networking opportunities included digital groups which support minority researchers. When it came to “opportunities”, respondents identified the need to publish frequently and applying widely for positions. They also suggested proactively participating within the departments they work. However, these factors were also identified as areas where minority researchers may not be afforded the same opportunities as others. “Institutional cultural change is needed to ensure that minority groups do not have to work harder than nonminority groups to succeed or prove themselves,” write the researchers.

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5.2.1 Dry deposition of aerosol particles The removal of aerosol particles under dry weather conditions is caused by turbulent diffusion and gravitational sedimentation, which transport particles to the Earth's surface, as well as by impaction on vegetation, buildings and other objects. Turbulent diffusion itself does not remove particles (Twomey, 1977). Soil and other surfaces are bordered by a thin laminar layer (~ 1 mm thick) across which particles must be transported by other processes (e.g. phoretic forces, molecular diffusion, sedimentation). Disregarding impaction, dry removal of aerosol particles can be described formally by the following equation (e.g. Makhonyko, 1966): Was this article helpful?

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Essay topics: Is it more valuable for people to fit in than to be unique and different? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations Everybody is born unique and should stay as such. No two snowflakes are alike , similarly no two humans can be same. One should identify oneself with one’s unique talent. One should ignore the pressure to fit in and be confidant. Those who trim themselves to fit others soon whittle themselves away. Thus people should always try to retain their identity rather than try to fit in with the common societal norms or ways. A person may not stand at the end of a tradition but the beginning of another. All those who have made great accomplishments are the ones who could not fit in. Ptolemy gave the geocentric theory which was appreciated and accepted by the masses. But Nicolas Copernicus gave the heliocentric theory that contradicted the geocentric one. He advocated the fact that all objects move around the sun rather than the Earth. He ultimately proved his theory and became a well-known scientist. Thus Nicolas Copernicus contradicted the idea considered to be appropriate by all and was successful . His confidence and belief in himself helped him make better judgments. Creativity and originality of thoughts are the most important things for a human brain. However if one tries to fit and adopt the common ideas he or she kills creativity. I remember an incident that took place when I was in eighth grade. It was my drawing class and my drawing teacher had decided o teach us landscape painting. He told us the basic requirements in order to make a good landscape. Once his instructions were over I picked up my brush and vivid ideas started to flow in my mind. I got started with my painting . But, my teacher told me to copy the painting he had made instead of making something of my own. I was reluctant to do so and continued with my own work. At the end of the class he checked our work. When he saw that I had painted something entirely different from what he had he started scolding me. He said that I was incapable of making a good drawing and I had no artistic quality. I felt really hurt that day and never picked up the brush again after that. I started to avoid my art classes and never took art seriously after that. My interest for painting gradually died. When , I look back upon the time I feel that it was foolish of me to give up painting only because the teacher had scolded me . But I know that what’s done is done and from now I need not trim myself to suit the needs of others. When one tries to stand out of the crowd it is hard to ignore the ridiculing of others. But one should remember that the fruit of success is sweet only when the path to it is full of obstacles. It is obvious that people make mistakes in their lives and it is important to make mistakes in order to learn. But, one should never make the mistake of trying to be someone else. When one is dubious of one’s talent and feels dejected it is necessary to ask one simple question-“Do I want to be a hero or do I want just one of the spectators in a crowd of millions?” - Describe a story /background that helps us know more about you. (90) - Describe a story ,culture, community or background that is an integral part of your life. (95) - Write an essay that helps us know you better (90) - Write an essay on an extracurricular activity that you enjoyed. (90) - Write an essay on an extracurricular activity you have taken or plan to take in college. (80) - Write a letter to your future roommate that lets her know you better (80) - It is easy to make judgments about people and their actions when we do not know anything about their circumstances or what motivated them to take those actions. But we should look beyond a person's actions. When people do things that we consider outrageou (53.3333) - Everybody has some choice. People are always blaming their circumstances for what they are. I don't believe in circumstances. The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for the circumstances they want and, if they can't find th (90) - Is it more valuable for people to fit in than to be unique and different? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or obs (82.5) - Does progress reduce the number of problems in the world, or does solving old problems just lead to new ones? (90)

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Cover photo full Wikipedia | Google | Google Images | FlickrLocated seemingly at the bottom of the world, Tasmania is Australia’s southernmost and only island state. Affectionately referred to as ‘Tassie’ or the ‘Apple Isle’, it lies 149 miles to the south of the mainland and is separated by Bass Strait . The state includes not only the main island, but also 334 surrounding islands. Half of the 500,000 population lives in the southern capital of Hobart, the island’s largest city, while Launceston is the largest city in the north. The state promotes itself as a ‘green’ state, home to the world’s first environmental party and with around 45% of the state protected within national parks, reserves, and World Heritage-listed sites. HistoryThe island is believed to have been attached to mainland Australia until the end of the last glacial period around 10,000 years ago when sea levels rose and separated the region. It is mostly composed of Jurassic dolerite intrusions, with the world’s largest areas of dolerite, which are best exhibited in the ‘Organ pipes’ columnar rock formations at the top of Mount Wellington, located behind the city of Hobart. Tasmanian Aborigines are thought to have inhabited the state for up to 40,000 years before the Dutch explorer, Abel Tasman , first sighted the land in 1642. He named it ‘Anthony Van Diemen’s Land’ after his sponsor, which was shortened by the colonizing British to ‘Van Diemen’s Land’, and later renamed ‘Tasmania’ after its European discoverer in 1856. While the indigenous population was believed to be greater than 5,000 when the British colonized the land in 1803, infectious diseases, persecution and fighting led to only around 300 left in 1833, most of which were relocated to Flinders Island. The first settlers at what became known as ‘Hobart Town’ were mostly British convicts and their guards, sent to develop industry and agriculture, while harsh penal colonies were constructed around the island, most notably at Port Arthur. The Colony of Tasmania existed on the island until 1901 when it was federated with five other Australian colonies to form the Commonwealth of Australia. SightseeingDue to its small size, Tasmania can be easily explored in a couple of weeks, with a few days based in Hobart and the surroundings, as well as some time in one of the state’s many spectacular national parks. Salamanca MarketEvery Saturday, the Salamanca Market attracts locals and tourists alike to this Hobart waterfront setting, where everything from fresh produce to locally-made handicrafts and woodwork are on sale. It is a festive event, with live music and entertainers throughout the stalls which stretch along the front of the area’s attractive Georgian sandstone buildings. When the market is finished, there are plenty of cafés and restaurants nearby to relax in, or take a walk up historic Kelly’s Steps into the beautiful suburb of Battery Point, where the city’s first settlers built their tiny Georgian cottages. The market is held every Saturday between 8:30 a0 feet and 3 p0 feet, regardless of the weather. Kunanyi/Mount WellingtonProviding a spectacular backdrop to the city of Hobart, the summit of Mount Wellington/Kunanyi is a short 20-minute drive from the city. The road switchbacks up the mountain, passing through temperate rainforest and sub-alpine flora, as well as some impressive glacial rock formations. The views from the top extend across to Bruny Island and the Tasman Peninsula on clear days, and there is an interpretation center to help you identify what you are looking at. The weather can be decidedly blustery and cool so take a jacket with you, no matter what the temperature is in Hobart. There are plenty of walking and mountain biking trails along the mountain slopes, as well as barbecue and picnic facilities, and the best part is that the park is free and open year-round. Port Arthur Historic SiteAround an hour and a half drive from Hobart lies the historic Port Arthur site on the spectacular Tasman Peninsula. It is the most intact convict site in the state, with more than 30 buildings, ruins, and restored structures which operated as a penitentiary between 1830 and 1877. Entrance fees allow you to explore this extensive site over two days, participate in a guided walking tour, and take a harbor cruise to view the site from the water. The museum offers an extensive insight into life for the convicts, soldiers and families who lived at Port Arthur and is open every day of the year. Tasman National ParkLocated not far from the Port Arthur Historic Site, the Tasman National Park is an area of rugged beauty on the Tasman Peninsula. It includes some unusual geological formations, such as the Blow Hole, Tasman Arch, the Devil's Kitchen, and the Tessellated Pavement, all of which can be easily accessed by car. In addition, there are also some excellent coastal walks, offering stunning views out across sheer cliffs which drop dramatically into the tumultuous ocean below. Cataract Gorge ReserveThis unique natural formation lies on the very edge of central Launceston, within a 15-minute walk of the city along the banks of the Tamar River . Known locally as ‘the Gorge’, this urban reserve features a swimming pool surrounded by bushland, a landscaped Victorian garden, café, and the beautiful Kings Bridge which was floated into place in 1867. Cradle Mountain - Lake St Clair National ParkPart of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Cradle Mountain - Lake St Clair National Park is an extensive area of ancient rainforest, alpine vegetation, and glacial carved lakes. There are plenty of walks available, ranging from short 20-minute strolls into old-growth rainforest, to the world-famous six-day Overland Track walk which begins and ends within the park. You can camp in one of the many facilitated camp sites, or bunk down at the well-appointed Cradle Mountain Lodge. Freycinet National ParkWith a spectacular location jutting out from the east coast, Freycinet National Park has become a favorite destination for its dramatic pink granite peaks and the picture-perfect curve of white sand known as ‘Wineglass Bay’. The most famous walk is the 45-minute hike over to this beach which takes in stunning views on the approach. After a swim, you can continue on to Hazards Beach which sees far fewer tourists, or head back the way you came. There are plenty of camp grounds available and the Freycinet Lodge offers luxury accommodation within the park boundary. The Museum of Old and New Art – MONAOne of the largest private collections of modern art and antiquities in the world, MONA has stormed onto the Australian art scene in a blaze of controversy. Set over three floors which sink into the Earth in Hobart’s northern suburbs, this architectural wonder is as impressive as its contents. MONA is located on a 3.5-hectare site which includes the Morilla vineyard and cellar door, the Moo Brew microbrewery, and a number of bars and function centers. A high speed ferry departs from Hobart’s waterfront up the Derwent River, transferring guests to the museum steps in around 30 minutes. The gallery is open from 10 a0 feet-6 p0 feet daily, except Tuesday. The Tarkine WildernessLocated in the island’s far North West, the Tarkine is the largest temperate rainforest in the world, covering a massive 1,467 square miles (1,500 square miles). There are lots of walking trails to explore and picnic areas to relax in, while a luxury eco-lodge on the edge of the wilderness has won multiple awards for its commitment to sustainability in the area. WeatherTasmania experiences a cool temperate climate with mild summers and cold, wet winters, separated by distinct spring and autumn periods in between. Summer extends from December to February and generally sunny, dry skies prevail, although occasional rainy days are common. Nighttime temperatures can still drop significantly and the highland areas are surprisingly cold. This is, however, the best time to visit the state, particularly if you are heading into the great outdoors to hike or camp. Winters can be wet and miserable, with regular freezes throughout the inland areas. Autumn weather is variable, while the spring transition is often windy, with snowfall common until October. People and CultureThe majority of Tasmania’s residents are of British descent, with around 10,000 ‘founding families’ from the mid-19th century thought to be the ancestors of around 65% of the state’s current residents. Compared to other Australian states, Tasmania receives relatively little immigration and the population is considerably homogenous. While half the population lives in the Greater Hobart area, Launceston, Devonport, Burnie,and Ulverstone are the other major population centers. CuisineIn recent years, Tasmania is making a name for itself with locally-grown and manufactured produce, in particular wine, cheese, oysters, and salmon. King Island off the northwestern coast and Bruny Island to the southeast have both built strong reputations for boutique dairy products, while the Tasmanian beer brands of Boags and Cascade are both found widely across the Australian mainland. The cold-climate produce is on show every summer at the annual ‘Taste of Tasmania’ festival, which allows patrons to sample food, wine, and beer from across the state. While British cuisine originally dominated, the arrival of immigrants and influence of café culture has seen this diversify and flourish and a wide range of restaurants and eateries now offer up a range of cuisine. EconomyMining, agriculture, and forestry have all been major industries for the state since European arrival, together with a major hydro-industrial initiative during the 1940s and 1950s. While Tasmania has traditionally exploited its natural resources, today there is a strong movement to protect them, with tourism rapidly becoming a major earner for the island and the long-term incentives of retaining old-growth forests and water resources outweighing the short-term gains of destroying them. Apples and pears have traditionally been the major crops grown in the state (resulting in the name of ‘Apple Isle’), however in recent years there has been a diversification into wine, cherries, saffron, and pyrethrum, as well as a boom in the seafood sector with Atlantic salmon, abalone, and crayfish harvested. Tourist TransportationAll of Australia’s major domestic carriers service both Launceston and Hobart International Airport, with regional services accessing Burnie, King Island, and Devonport. The ‘Spirit of Tasmania’ ferry operates between Melbourne and Devonport, allowing visitors to the state to bring their cars and camper vans, and has helped boost tourism significantly. Bus lines operate between the major centers, but if you want to access the national parks and wild areas for which Tasmania is famed, then you will need to hire a car. Multiple car hire companies operate at both major airports with competitive rates. A number of tour companies operate multi-day bus trips throughout the island, taking in its major sites. These vary from up-market coach tours targeted at the over-50s to adventure camping trips for backpackers. FestivalsTasmania hosts a number of annual festivals, most of which occur during summer when temperatures are warm and mainlanders are on holidays. These include the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race which begins on Boxing Day in Sydney, arriving in Hobart three or four days later, and coincides with the annual Taste of Tasmania food and wine festival. The Falls Music and Arts Festival is held every New Years at Marion Bay, drawing young punters from across the country, while MS Fest is held in Launceston each year to raise money for those with multiple sclerosis. The Cygnet Folk Festival is held in this southern community in mid-January each year and has a reputation for being one of the country’s most important folk music events. The MONA gallery hosts two annual festivals - one in early January and another at the peak of winter - drawing alternative musicians and artists from across the world and curated by Brian Ritchie. ‘Ten Days on the Island’ is another arts festival held in late Summer which centers around the iconic Spiegeltent. For the rural communities, the annual ‘Agfest’ is a three-day agricultural show in early May which showcases the state’s industry, while the Targa Tasmania road rally draws drivers from around the world to the state-wide course. Travel Tips and SafetyTasmania is at its most lively over the summer months when multiple festivals are held and domestic tourists are on holiday. The weather is most favorable for outdoor pursuits and enjoying the state’s magnificent beaches, and you can take advantage of the wild camping opportunities. Accommodation can, however, be in high demand, particularly during the Christmas/New Year periods, in both city hotels and national park camping grounds. If you are going to travel during this period, book well ahead. If you are driving on the state’s rural roads, avoid traveling at night when the native wildlife is at its most active. Kangaroos, wallabies, and possums are often stunned by car headlights and jump into oncoming vehicles. Highland roads can get slippery with frost during the colder months, so take note of road warnings and drive with care. Despite its cool temperatures compared to the Australian mainland, the ozone is thinner above Tasmania and the sun can be surprisingly dangerous. Even on slightly overcast days it burns easily, so wear a hat and good sunscreen, even if you don’t feel like the temperatures justify it. Do you see any omissions, errors or want to add information to this page? Sign up. Author: Pip Strickland. Last updated: Mar 16, 2015

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Lord of the Flies Paragraphs Analysis Paragraphs to explain memorable literary devices/ key images/quotations. * Imagery of Wounds (Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory) From the moment the boys land on the island, we begin to see signs of destruction. Over and over we are told of the “scar” in the scenery left by the plane. The water they bathe in is “warmer than blood. ” The boys leave “gashes” in the trees when they travel. The lightning is a “blue-white scar” and the thunder “the blow of a gigantic whip,” later an “explosion”. It makes me think about the big question of whether the boys are violent by nature or were made violent by their surroundings. The story turns out evil because the island is already so steeped in violence (think the thunder and lightning), the boys * Ralph’s growing Hair (Symbolism) What we meant to say was that Ralph’s hair was a symbol for his growing savagery. That shaggy mop eventually has a life of its own. The narrative always makes a point of telling us that it’s in Ralph’s face, that he wishes he could cut it, that it makes him feel dirty and uncivilized. Lord of the Flies Paragraphs Analysis Essay Example We know the hair has to be a big deal because the very first words of the novel are, “The boy with fair hair lowered himself down…” Getting your haircut is one of the perks of civilization, many of which Ralph and the others have had to give up. It also reminds us that the boys have been on the island for quite a while now; this is no mere weekend getaway. Lastly, there’s something horribly disturbing about his hair just growing, growing, with no way to stop it and the assumption that it will simply go on forever, much like the boys’ growing violence and the increasingly savage occurrences on the island. The Pig Hunts (Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory) The pig hunts are used throughout Lord of the Flies to symbolize not only man’s capacity for destruction and violence, but also the basic idea of bloodlust, mass hysteria, and ritual. In the most important pig hunt scene, we are given a vivid description of the slaughter of a mother pig, and I see that the boys have taken on a new viciousness in their desire to hunt. This is no longer about just having meat to eat – the boys are obviously enjoying the power that they feel over the helpless animals and are excited by the blood spilling over their hands. Many critics describe this as a rape scene, with the excitement coming partly from the blood and partly from their newly emerging feelings of sexuality. As the story continues, we see the boys acting out this pig hunt over and over, in a sort of ritual, using various boys to act as the pigs, and this “play-acting,” takes a horrifying turn when, in a frenzy of violence, Simon is beaten to death by the mob of excited boys. * Face paint (Metaphor) This is the excuse many of the boys use for living as hunting savages, instead of civilized English citizens. The paint symbolizes the smoke screen the beast uses to infiltrate the boys’ souls. * The Parachute Man (Metaphor) The dead body flying in the parachute symbolizes the end of adult supervision of the boys on the island. While the parachute man is flapping back and forth on the island, conjuring up a powerful image of its prolonged death, the Beast, or Lord of the Flies, is prospering under its new control over Jack and most of the other boys on the island. So while the law and order of the adult world is waning, childish chaos is growing exponentially Beast (Metaphor, symbolism) The beast, the Lord of the Flies, is seen as a real object on the island, which frightens the boys. Actually the beast is something internal; the Lord of the Flies is in soul and mind of the boys, leading them to the natural chaos of a society with no reasoning adults. Only Simon understands what the real beast is, but is killed when he tries to tell the boys about the Lord of the Flies. I think this symbolism perfectly reflected the evil side of humanity and I think that’s why this novel is named “Lord of the Flies”.

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The wild boar is one of the most widespread species in the world from Europe to Asia and Nothern Africa. The species which is found in India and Sri Lanka is a sub-species of the one found in Europe. It is smaller and the coat is not as thick. Wild boar society is matrilinear. Sows and pigglets gather in sounders followed by young boars. Adult males are solitary except during the rut where they join the sounder. Males fight each other for the right to mate, the most powerful having more opportunities than the others. Wild boars are not territorial. Home ranges of the different sounders overlap greatly. Interactions between different sounders are usually peaceful. Length: 120-180 cm Height: 90 cm Weight: 60 kg for the females and 100-130 kg for the males. Breeding: Gestation: 112-130 months. Estrous: 3-4 days. Sexual maturity: one year. Litter: 5-9 pigglets. Weaning: 4 months. Habitat: Very adaptable, boars are found in meadows, dry and deciduous forests and evergreen rainforests. Food: Omnivores, wild boars eat everything from roots, bulbs, nuts, berries, grass, carrion, insects, invertebrates reptiles and fawns. Predators: Wild boars are brave, fierce and powerful animals which will stand their ground against any predator. Tigers, leopards, dhole packs and mugger crocodiles are the boar's main predators. Yet adult boars are more than able to injure and kill an adult tiger. Fights may last for a whole night between these two animals. Wolf packs, marsh (mugger) crocodiles, brown and black Asian bears prey on adult occasionally but prefer pigglets are they are less dangerous and easier to catch. Pigglets are also preyed on by jackals, Indian wolves, pythons, and bears (sun and sloth bears). Best places to see it: Found in most Indian parks and reserves. The highest densities of wild boars may be found in Ranthambore National Park.

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What are farm program payments? Payments made by the Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency to US agricultural producers participating in Farm Bill programs including commodity, price support, disaster assistance and conservation. What is the Farm Bill policy? Overview. U.S. agricultural policy—often simply called farm policy—generally follows a 5-year legislative cycle that produces a wide-ranging “Farm Bill.” Farm Bills, or Farm Acts, govern programs related to farming, food and nutrition, and rural communities, as well as aspects of bioenergy and forestry. How long does the Farm Bill last? The Farm Bill comes up for renewal every five years or so. Congressional negotiations on what to include in the bill typically take about two to three years, although talks may last longer if parties can’t come to an agreement. How do farmers qualify for subsidies? Farmers can receive subsidies if the price of their crops falls below a certain benchmark set by Congress. However, they must choose to enroll either for Price Loss Coverage or Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC). Also, ARC comes in two forms. Will farmers get payments in 2019? MFP payments for 2019 are being made in up to three batches. The first round of payments began in August 2019 and was comprised of the higher of either 50 percent of a producer’s calculated payment or $15 per acre. What farmers get government subsidies? Out of all the crops that farmers grow, the government subsidizes only five of them. 2 They are corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, and rice. Grains provide 80% of the world’s caloric needs. What are the 3 farmers bill 2020? The three bills, now Act, namely, the Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020, Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance, Farm Services Bill, 2020, and the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020 are meant to attract private investors and transform the … What is the new farmer bill 2020? The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020: This Bill allows the farmers to sell their produce outside the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) regulated markets. The APMCs are government-controlled marketing yards or mandis. How much land qualifies as a farm? Official definition of farms According to the United States Department of Agriculture, “A farm is defined as any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been sold, during the year.” How do you get paid to not farm your land? The Conservation Reserve Program is administered through the USDA’s Farm Services Agency and provides annual payments to participants who agree to take their land out of crop production and establish conservation-friendly vegetative cover crops instead. Participants enter into contracts for 10 or 15 years. Will farmers get MFP payments in 2020? In February, the USDA estimated $14.98 billion in direct payments to producers in 2020. This figure included $3.6 billion in MFP payment from 2019 production that was paid in 2020 (the final 25% paid in early January). In May, the USDA’s CFAP announcement noted $16 billion would be direct payments. How much do farmers get paid? According to salary data for farmers, ranchers and other agricultural managers from May 2016, the average salary is $75,790 a year. In contrast, they make a median salary of $66,360, with half getting lower salaries and half being paid more. Is there an annual payment limit on the farm bill? This table contains the annual payment limitations for a person or legal entity for programs that are subject to the provisions of the 2014 Farm Bill. Decouples the combined $125,000 payment limit for PLC, ARC, from Lon Loan Deficiency Program (LDP) and Market Loan Gain (MLG) for covered commodities and peanuts. Are there limits on how much you can pay a farm service agency? Payment Limitations. A maximum dollar amount has been established by legislation for each program that can be received annually, directly or indirectly, by each person or legal entity. Such limitations on payments are controlled by direct attribution. What was the limit for ECP in the 2018 Farm Bill? The 2018 Farm Bill increased the payment limitation for the Emergency Conservation Program (ECP) to $500,000 per program per disaster event. The 2018 Farm Bill officially removed LDPs and MLGs from the combined payment limit. Who is eligible for USDA farm service agency payments? Payment Eligibility. Since that time, the payment limitation provisions have been expanded to include: More programs such as commodity, price support, conservation, and disaster assistance Provisions for payment eligibility based on whether a person or legal entity is “actively engaged in farming,” a cash rent tenant, or a foreign person.

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According to Country Minus, Cambodia is a state of Southeast Asia, on the Indochinese peninsula. The ancient Khmer civilization had its heyday between the 10th and 13th centuries, when the empire of Angkor came to control much of Indochina. The decline and dynastic struggles of the following centuries led to a drastic downsizing and increasing subordination of the kingdom to the Siamese and Vietnamese hegemony, which lasted until the advent of the French protectorate (1863), followed by the insertion of Cambodia in Indochina French. The maintenance of an authority, albeit exclusively ceremonial, for the reigning dynasty helped to prevent the birth of a nationalist movement in the country and only the events connected with the Japanese occupation (1941-45) of Indochina laid the foundations for a gradual exit of Cambodia from the colonial regime. Under the leadership of Norodom Sihanouk (king since 1941), Cambodia gained independence (1954) and total control over the country’s political life passed to the popular socialist community political movement, made up of Sihanouk. The regime was inspired by a sort of “Buddhist socialism”, strongly linked to tradition. On the international level, Sihanouk pursued a policy of non-alignment, trying above all to keep the country out of the Vietnamese conflict. In the course of the 1960s, relations with the United States deteriorated (up to the breakdown of diplomatic relations) and there was a growth in communist influence among the peasant masses which, starting from 1967-68, resulted in the development of a movement of guerilla warfare in the countryside (the Khmer Rouge). Deposited by a right-wing coup, headed by General Lon Nol (1970), Sihanouk took refuge in China, where he formed, together with the Khmer Rouge, a United National Front of the Cambodia (func). After five years of war waged with the support of North Vietnamese and Vietcong, in 1975 the Khmer Rouge seized power and their leader, Pol Pot, became prime minister. The disastrous situation inherited from the war, the drastic measures taken by the new government in an attempt to cope with it (in particular, the forced relocation of most of the urban population to the countryside) and the ferocious repression caused an enormous number of victims. At the same time, relations between the Vietnamese communist movement and Pol Pot, who feared a new Vietnamese hegemony, deteriorated. China and the USSR exerted their influence over the region by supporting Cambodia and Vietnam respectively, until the massive invasion of Cambodia by the troops of Hanoi led to the overthrow of the government of Pol Pot (1979) and the proclamation of the People’s Republic of Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge reacted to the Vietnamese domination by creating a coalition government in exile of the Democratic Republic, with Sihanouk as president, giving rise to intense guerrilla activity. However, starting from 1986, the improvement of relations between China, the USSR and the USA favored a gradual process of detente and a progressive Vietnamese disengagement from Cambodia, culminating in 1990 with the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops from Hanoi and with training (1991) of a Supreme National Council, formed by the representatives of the different factions and chaired by Sihanouk. The 1993 elections were narrowly won by the National United Front for an independent, neutral, peaceful and cooperating Cambodia (funcinpec), expression of the followers of Sihanouk, who again ascended the throne immediately after the approval of a new Constitution that transformed Cambodia into a constitutional monarchy. A series of coalition governments formed by the two main forces: funcinpec and ppc (Cambodian People’s Party) followed one another in the 1990s and early next decade. In 2003, the Cambodian government and UN representatives agreed to create a joint tribunal to put the leader of the Pol Pot regime. In 2004 Sihanouk left the throne to his son Norodom Sihamoni. Population, society and rights The Cambodian population is made up of 90% Khmer, 5% Vietnamese and 1% Chinese. Almost all Cambodians (95%) are Theravāda Buddhist (the oldest Buddhist school, founded in India and also present in Laos, Myanmar and Thailand), and there are some Christian, Islamic and animist minorities. The population is young (the median age is about 23 years), mainly made up of women, and mainly located in the countryside. The literacy rate is 73.9%, among the lowest among ASEAN members,but it increases to 88.4% for children aged 15 to 24. Even if primary schooling exceeds 98%, child labor remains a widespread phenomenon, affecting almost half of children. Furthermore, there are not many graduates and this leads to a shortage of qualified work. Corruption is widespread and represents a brake on economic development and social stability: Cambodia ranks 156 out of 175 in Transparency International’s global ranking on perceived corruption. The problems of education and corruption are manifested in the widespread practice of selling exams by teachers, against which the government has recently tried to launch an all-out battle. Another critical issue is that of land grabbing, a phenomenon that frequently produces tensions between local communities and the authorities.

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Swirling flows are used in a very wide range of industrial applications. In non-reacting cases, examples of applications include vortex amplifiers and reactors, heat exchangers, jet pumps, cyclone separators, whirlpools, tornadoes, etc. In reacting cases, swirlers are widely used in combustion systems, such as gas turbines, industrial furnaces, boilers, gasoline and diesel engines and many other practical heating devices. Effects of using swirl on flow and combustion are significant and various and concern, for example, aerodynamics, mixing, flame stability, intensity of combustion and pollutant emissions. In this chapter, we are interested in the use of swirling flows in combustion systems. In industrial plants, the geometric methods of flame stabilization are based on increasing the residence time of reactive gases either by the wake effect bluff-body burner, by the flow rotation of reactants swirl burner or by a combination of these two mechanisms. Burners with helical flows generally referred to as the swirl burner have very wide applications in the industrial field. In the literature, many examples of uses of swirling jets are found as a means of controlling combustion [1, 2, 3, 4]. Other studies focused on the swirl effect on the characteristics of lifted flames , stabilization and blow-out phenomenon [6, 7, 8] and pollutant emissions [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. 2. Swirl generation techniques There are several ways to generate the rotation of a flow. They can be classified into three main categories: Use of fins or adjustable propellers tangentially deflecting the axial flow. Because of its simplicity, this device is generally used in industrial systems, in particular in gas turbines. However, this type of device introduces significant head losses, and the intensity of swirl is limited (design of fins) . Rotating mechanical devices which generate a rotational movement to the fluid passing between them . Tangential injection of part or all fluid quantity into a main duct. The intensity of the swirl is then determined by the ratio between the flow injected tangentially and that injected axially [15, 16]. 3. Swirl number The swirl number (Sn) is a dimensionless number that characterizes the rotating flows. It is defined as (Beér and Chigier ) where is the axial flux of the tangential momentum, is the axial flux of axial momentum and R is the exit radius of the burner nozzle. This number determines the intensity of swirl; the more this number is higher, the more the swirl effect is strong. The fluxes and are given by the following expressions: U and W are the axial and tangential components of the velocity, respectively; p is the static pressure of the flow. The introduction of this swirl number is based on and measurements along the axis the flow. To experimentally evaluate Sn, it is necessary to have access to the velocity and pressure distributions on cross sections of the rotating flow. The swirl number can be calculated geometrically with the dimensions of the swirler and burner, as in [17, 18]. 4. Swirl effects on flames According to some studies as Beér and Chigier , for flows with a low swirl number (Sn = 0.6), there is no recirculation of the flow (Figure 1). The swirl induces an increase in the entrainment of the ambient fluid and a decrease in the axial velocity of the flow. Axial velocity radial profiles remain a Gaussian form as long as the swirl remains below 0.5. Velocity maximum deviate from the axis when approaching Sn = 0.6. Thus the degree of jet opening and the entrained mass flow then increase continuously with the swirl number. From a swirl intensity of about 0.6, a recirculation zone appeared in the main flow. The size and position of this recirculation zone varies with the intensity of swirl [1, 17]. This zone is an essential element for the stabilization of flames because it contains preheated fresh gases and allows a better combustion. The swirl is commonly used in combustion because it has a stabilizing role for the flame [1, 8]. Indeed, if the swirl intensity is strong enough, a recirculation zone will appear. The latter is a region in which fresh gases and flue gases are well mixed. In addition, swirl improves the entrainment of gases and greatly increases flame-blow limits [3, 7]. Beer and Chigier show the effect of the swirl intensity on the behaviour of the flame as shown in Figure 1. Case (1): The intensity of swirl is low; the flame behaviour is similar to that encountered without swirl. The flame is detached from the burner. Case (2): The intensity of swirl is intermediary; the flame is stabilized closer to the burner, in the recirculation zone rich in fresh gas. Turbulence levels are high and combustion is intense. Case (3): The intensity of swirl is high; the interaction of flame/walls is intense; this is in generally an undesirable case, except in certain industrial furnaces to obtain an intense and uniform radiation. Many advantages of swirling reacting flows are now well-known and studied, as the flame stabilization improvement through the vortex breakdown phenomenon, due to the central recirculation zone (CRZ) occurrence [3, 7, 19, 20] and enhancement in turbulent mixing of reactants by means of the precessing vortex core (PVC). Authors [21, 22, 23, 24, 25] studied the flow characteristics and mixing properties of the swirling double concentric jets at low Reynolds numbers with control discs. Jourdaine et al. , investigated premixed swirling flames of CO2–CH4–O2 and CH4-air using different optical diagnostics. Benim et al. studied numerically turbulent swirling flames in a model gas turbine combustor, using OpenFOAM code through the LES approach. Elbaz and Robert investigated non-premixed methane swirling flames and particularly the quarl geometry effect on the flame structure. They were interested in the measurements of the turbulent flow field, concentrations of species and temperature distribution. Khalil Ahmed and Gupta studied the colourless distributed combustion (CDC) combustor. CDC was examined with both swirling and non-swirling cases using different injection of velocity to improve distributed combustion. Orbay et al. reported experiments and numerical simulations of swirling turbulent flows in non-reactive and reactive cases in an academic gas turbine combustor. They conducted PIV-LDV measurements and LES calculations focusing on the characterization of the flow structures, the effect of inflow swirl and the heat release in a premixed natural gas-air combustor. Candel et al. performed a review of some recent progresses on swirling flame dynamics, particularly with the presence of acoustic perturbations. They found that the presence of acoustic perturbations in swirling flows induces a vorticity wave which is convected by the flow. They showed that the response of flame is characterized by a combination of heat release rate fluctuations generated by the incoming acoustic and convective perturbations. Von Lavante and Yao studied numerically different types of axisymmetric internal configurations to examine the development of turbulent swirling and non-swirling flows along the flow. A numerical algorithm for solving the three-dimensional axisymmetric internal turbulent flows was developed. Good agreement of the calculation and theoretical results of the velocity profiles and pressure distributions was obtained. Iyogun et al. presented an experimental investigation on the stability of swirling non-premixed CH4 flames in a coaxial burner. Measurements were conducted for both reacting and non-reacting swirling flows. Cozzi and Coghe et al. investigated by stereo-particle image velocimetry (S-PIV) technique the initial region of a swirling gas jet on a model burner in isothermal swirling air jets. Their study was interested to identify the presence of vortex breakdown, the central recirculation zone (CRZ) and the precessing vortex core (PVC). Boushaki et al. investigated turbulent flames on a swirl burner with a radial injection of fuel (Figure 2). The burner consists of two concentric tubes with a swirler placed in an annular part supplying the air. Eight vanes are made to induce a swirl intensity variation. The central pipe delivers a fuel radially through eight holes symmetrically distributed on the periphery of the tube near the exit burner. Experimental and numerical investigations have been performed on this burner configuration as shown in Figure 3. On the left of Figure 3 , it shows contours of axial (U) velocity up to 2.5D downstream of the flow in non-reacting and reacting cases with the condition of a swirl number Sn = 0.8 and a global equivalence ratio Ф = 0.8. The velocity field is symmetrical about the dashed line x = 0. Note that only the left part of the field (x/Rb: from 0 to −3) is plotted in Figure 3. Velocity fields highlight the higher axial expansion induced by the combustion in the reacting flow. As expected, with high swirl intensity, an internal recirculation zone (IRZ) appeared for non-reacting and reacting conditions. The IRZ becomes larger by the combustion due to the change in fluid density and more intense for the reacting case compared to the non-reacting case. On the right of Figure 3, the 3D coherent structures are identified using Q-criterion iso-surface for both non-reacting and reacting flows . The iso-surfaces are coloured by the instantaneous axial velocity. The Q-criterion identifies vortices of an incompressible flow as connected fluid regions with a positive second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor . The 3D coherent structures can reveal in a discernible manner the swirling flow instabilities. Two similar structures are present in the isothermal and the reacting flows, which are the vortex rings and the finger structures. In the near field at the burner exit, each jet is composed of two shear layers (ISL and OSL) owing to the annular geometry of the burner. More details about these works can be found in the previous paper of the authors [35, 36, 37]. 5. Swirl effects on pollutant emissions Schmittel et al. showed that the use of swirl in non-premixed combustion can lead to the reduction of pollutant emissions, particularly that of nitrogen oxides. Indeed, under the swirl effect and thus the mixing improvement of reactants, the flame temperature decreases and leads to the decrease of NOx production. In addition, when the intensity of the swirl is sufficient, increasing the swirl number induces a reduction of residence time in hot areas. This also has the effect of limiting NOx formation. However, it is necessary to find a swirl intensity that achieves a compromise between on the one hand the reduction of pollutant emission and, on the other hand, the distance flame burner to prevent the flashback. The study of Coghe et al. on a lean natural gas burner (ϕ = 0.69) showed that NOx reduction can reach 30% for a swirl number between 0.7 and 0.82. Pesenti and Lybaert tested in a 300 kW furnace with a swirl burner and an air co-flow by comparing three ratios of tangential airflow to total flow (air + natural gas) 0, 0.5 and 1. The authors showed that the optimum in terms of NOx emission is obtained when 50% of tangential air is injected. Burguette and Costa evaluated the influence of the swirl intensity on NOx through the angle of the blades constituting the swirler. They found that at 45° the NOx rate is the most important; however, at 45° lower or higher, NOx emissions decrease. The authors explain these results by the fact that at 45° the recirculation zone starts, and therefore the residence time increases close to the burner, thus increasing the intensity of combustion and consequently the temperature and NOx formation. Cozzi and Coghe studied NOx emissions on a coaxial swirled natural gas flame. They reported that the swirl intensity has a strong effect on non-premixed flames in which very low levels of NOx can be obtained at higher swirl. Boushaki et al. [15, 40] investigated reacting swirling flows on a burner with triple jets as shown in Figure 4. The burner is composed of three nozzles, one central of natural gas and two laterals of pure oxygen. Each nozzle is surrounded tangentially by four small jets around the main jets. These small jets generate a swirling motion of the flow; the swirl intensity is controlled by the flow rate in the actuators. The authors reported that the swirl intensity through the flow rate of actuators affects significantly the flow field and consequently the flame behaviour (stability, shape, pollutants). For example, Figure 4b illustrates NOx emissions as a function of the swirl intensity controlled by the flow rate ratio r (ratio of flow rate of jet actuators and total flow rate). The results show that the NOx emissions with swirl intensity decrease in the first part. In this part, the NOx reductions are about 22, 36 and 60% depending to the burner configuration. From 0 to 15% of flow rate ratio, the swirling flow enhances mixing progressively and probably induces a reduction of NOx emission. Besides, the swirl by jet actuators enhances entrainment of combustion products, which decreases the flame temperature and NOx production. For the second part with higher swirl intensity, the increase of NOx production can be explained by the higher velocities of the small jet which disturb the main jets. Boushaki et al. and Nazim et al. reported the effect of the swirl number on the NOx and CO emissions. They found that in the case of a swirl number of 1.4, the EICO rate is slightly lower than in the case of a swirl number of 0.8. The authors noted that the swirl intensity might tend to enhance the mixing and to increase the residence time inside the reaction zone, which promotes the CO conversion to CO2. Concerning the NOx emissions, the authors found that increasing the swirl number tends to reduce the EINOx formation in particular for oxygen rate up to 27%. The authors explain this evolution by the decrease of flame temperature induced by the swirl through the Zeldovich mechanism. Some authors as [10, 42] by the experiments and computations demonstrated that NOx emissions decrease when the swirl number increases, mainly because of the better mixing with combustion products in the inner recirculation zone created by high swirling flows.

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The Cruel History of the Mysterious Illness That Old World People Bring to America After the Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts, the indigenous population fell from 30,000 to just 300 - within a decade. While the exact figures remain unconfirmed, historians estimate that about 18 million indigenous peoples lived on the North American continent before the 16th century. But within many years since Since the arrival of European immigrants, indigenous populations have been killed by wars with immigrants and also by diseases that colonists brought to the New World. Pilgrims - The Pilgrims, also known as pilgrim fathers, were English and European people who settled in North America aboard the Mayflower and founded the Plymouth Colony in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, for which it was named. The final port of departure is Plymouth, Devon. And when the Mayflower arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620, 102 European immigrants (Pilgrims) on board after disembarking found nothing but empty villages. Tools were left in unused houses, and skeletons were strewn across the landscape. The reason was due to a disease that had swept through this place before. Former colonists actually brought deadly diseases from the Old World to the New World, including smallpox, chickenpox, syphilis, malaria, influenza, measles, and bubonic plague. But in Massachusetts came another disease, this one called leptospirosis, which killed countless natives. And after the Pilgrims arrived, 90 percent of the remaining natives were dead within a decade. Christopher Columbus arrived on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in 1492, to which a mysterious European disease was also brought. Within 25 years, the indigenous population here has decreased from 250,000 people by nearly 95%, to less than 14,000 people. This was because the native immune systems were not able to fight off Old World diseases. Mortality rates among Indigenous populations from Old World diseases were higher than those of the Black Death in medieval Europe. In the years that followed, when Europeans arrived on the North American mainland, the natives on the mainland suffered similar sufferings, but for now the eastern seaboard appeared to be untouched. influences and is home to thriving indigenous communities. When the French explorer Samuel de Champlain sailed to Patuxet (later renamed Plymouth) in 1605, he described it as full of large wooden houses and beautiful gardens. He even drew a map of prosperous villages surrounded by cornfields. At that time, it was believed that the Wampanoag tribe had lived there for 10,000 years and had a population of 12,000. Even when Captain John Smith arrived in Massachusetts Bay in 1614, he described the tribal area as "Paradise of all around". However, within a few years, everything changed. In 1616, Captain Richard Vines of the British expedition noted that the local population on the Maine coast was "severely affected by a mysterious disease, and it gradually became uninhabited". . The prevalence of Old World diseases skyrocketed between 1616 and 1619. The native survival rate is estimated at just 10 percent. Map of the settlements of the Plymouth Colony from 1620 to 1691. After that, the disease spread gradually to the south. The height of the plagues was in 1618, which saw thousands of Wampanoags wiped out along the coast of Massachusetts Bay. The highest rates of infection were in Boston Harbor and Plymouth Bay, with ancient plantations completely vacant. The surviving Wampanoags described it as "The Great Dying", which Europeans called "Indian fever". Both Native Americans and Europeans were perplexed by the mysterious disease that moved along these coastal trade routes, and it was not until recently that the exact cause came to light. The Europeans called this epidemic "Indian fever". Among the first Wampanoags to welcome the Pilgrims in 1620 was Tisquantum (indigenous name Squanto). He was kidnapped in 1614 and educated in London only to return to his native Patuxet in 1619 and find it devastated. Tisquantum himself died within a year of meeting the Pilgrims - while mysteriously bleeding from his nose. That particular symptom was merely one of many attributed to leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease that experts now believe is responsible for the deaths of human populations. native to New England in the 17th century. The bacteria probably reached Americans through black rats (not native rats) transported on European ships. The black rat (Rattusitzus) is the only animal that can survive a spirochete infection. With hundreds of thousands of bacteria in every drop of urine, it easily accumulates in the fresh water in the area when rodents arrive - and quickly spreads to native animals such as muskrats and ferrets. Life cycle of leptospirosis. The disease is so dangerous that just 10 bacteria are enough to cause a guinea pig to bleed to death. Shaped like a corkscrew, this spirochete passes through red blood cells and survives by metabolizing iron. Normally, a person's strong natural immune response often causes it to multiply faster and increase the likelihood of death. This explains why people who often die from this disease are otherwise healthy. Until now, it was not clear why the natives died at a higher rate than the Europeans. However, experts believe this is because the Wampanoags bathe in fresh water more often than European immigrants. Symptoms of an infection include fever, aches, and other signs such as nosebleeds and bloodshot eyes. Ultimately, the researchers estimate that nine out of every 10 indigenous people infected between 1616 and 1619 were killed by it. Nine out of every 10 indigenous people who contract it die from leptospirosis. However, not all researchers believe that leptospirosis is the primary disease to blame. But what is clear is that there was a staggering mortality rate for Native Americans, with symptoms including jaundice, fever, congestion, and hemorrhage. Although some symptoms mirror those of bubonic plague, there are no documents detailing the swollen (or distended) lymph nodes associated with it. Some surmise that smallpox may have been the cause, but the disease was not introduced into the area until 1630. - Can not explain the most bizarre cases of human history - The pictures show that people were too cruel to this world and cruel to themselves - 10 most cruel lords of human history - 7 wars cost the most money in history - Illness hidden in famous art masterpiece - Great creativity often involves mental illness - The mystery of the age of the most special people in history - 3 most mysterious archaeological discoveries in human history - New discoveries about cocoa history - Mysterious people without brains

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Elijah Muhammad was the shy and slightly sickly leader of the Nation of Islam organization for some forty years from the mid-1930s. He and Malcolm first met after extensive correspondence while Malcolm was in jail. Malcolm, for the twelve years after he left prison and until his split with the Nation of Islam, revered Muhammad as if he were a god and served him as a minister and close advisor. Malcolm credited Muhammad for much of his knowledge about the world as well as for his rise from street-smart hustler to respected leader. The two shared an almost father-son relationship. Muhammad came from a very poor background in Georgia, where he was born Elijah Poole. He had only a fourth-grade education and was sickly but worked to follow and spread the teachings of Master W. D. Fard. Fard taught Muhammad about Islam and that it was the best religion for American blacks. Eventually, Muhammad became a minister at one of Fard's temples and received the name Elijah Karriem. Muhammad's rise in the Nation of Islam was a steady one but was filled with set-backs such as the nearly six years he spent in jail for draft-dodging. Malcolm X and Muhammad started to part ways in the early 1960s, after reports of Muhammad' s illegitimate children surfaced and after Malcolm X became frustrated with the Nation's unwillingness to take stronger action on a number of issues. The final break occurred when Malcolm X made public statements about the Kennedy... (The entire section is 258 words.) Malcolm X had dramatic beginnings as the child of a Baptist preacher and his wife who were often threatened by gangs of angry whites. His father spread the ideas of black activist Marcus Garvey, and his mother was a light-skinned black woman from Grenada. He had seven brothers and sisters. Malcolm was a clever child who learned very early the value of making a fuss about anything that didn't please him. After his father was murdered and his mother was committed to a mental hospital, the family was split up and Malcolm went to live with the Gohannas family, who had previously fed him when his mother couldn't provide any food. Throughout his early life, Malcolm X proved himself to be a ingenious man, combining street smarts with basic psychology to get what he wanted. He collected a number of nicknames based on the reddish tint of his skin and hair, for example, "Red'' and "Detroit Red.'' Eventually he became a drug addict and a criminal and was sent to jail for breaking into homes. In prison he discovered books and was converted to Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam. This experience forever changed him and made him appreciative of education and hard work. Malcolm, who took the last name X to symbolize the identity that was taken from blacks by whites during the American period of slavery, became a powerful speaker and leader who represented the Nation of Islam. But his style of organizing and leading varied greatly from Muhammad's. He also... (The entire section is 294 words.) Amilah (or Gamilah, as mentioned in Alex Haley's epilogue) was Malcolm X and Sister Betty's fourth daughter, born in 1964. West Indian Archie West Indian Archie was ‘‘one of Harlem's really bad Negroes,’’ according to Malcolm. Still, Malcolm placed many numbers bets with Archie during the mid-1940s, when Malcolm himself was working in the numbers business. Archie threatened to kill Malcolm over a misunderstanding about money, but Shorty and Sammy arranged to have Malcolm leave town. Attallah was Malcolm X and Sister Betty's first daughter, born in 1958. She was named after Attilah the Hun, who sacked Rome. Malcolm met Bimbi in jail. Bimbi, an old burglar, encouraged Malcolm to read and study and was the first man Malcolm had ever met who commanded respect simply with his words. Sister Clara was married to Elijah Muhammad and was, according to Malcolm X, a ‘‘dark, good wife.’’ Ella Mae Collins Ella was one of Malcolm's father's three children from a previous marriage. Malcolm first met her while he was in seventh grade, and he considered her the proudest black woman he had ever seen. She owned property in Boston and was successful enough in business to help bring a number of her relatives from Georgia to live in Boston. The summer Malcolm spent in Boston with her changed his life,... (The entire section is 1745 words.)

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Students have learned about the many different workers who use geography to help them do their jobs. In this activity, they will learn more about the many possible fields of work and the variety of jobs available to a person with a degree in geography. They will also learn about the work experiences of individual geographers. Students will use information from the Association of American Geographers' Web site to learn about careers and training in geography. Students will answer four questions and will then contact, by e-mail, a person who uses geographic training in his or her job and give a 5-minute class presentation sharing what they learned. - Students will be able to describe the fields of geography, the variety of jobs available, and the educational backgrounds needed. - Students will able to recognize the relevance of geography in everyday life. Applied Content Standards Standard 18: The geographically informed person knows and understands how to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Student Web Activity Answers - Physical geographers: forecasting weather; managing land and water resources; analyzing and planning for forests, rangelands, and wetlands. Human geographers: urban and regional planning, transportation, marketing, real estate, tourism, international business - Computers are used to make maps by using graphics software and scanners; collect and analyze data for maps; store, display, analyze, and provide map information through geographic information systems (GIS); and take and transmit satellite images. - Most urban planners have a bachelor's degree or higher, have passed a national exam, and have taken courses in geography and public administration or public finance. - Multinational companies could benefit from a geographer's knowledge of other countries' resources, industry, and culture; and his or her ability to choose good locations, market to different cultures, resolve sensitive cultural or political issues, and overcome employees' cultural biases. - Have students print out and turn in copies of both the e-mails they sent to their contacts and the responses received. Presentations will vary but should show how the person uses geography at work. Go To Student Web Activity

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The flesh of the ocean sunfish is considered a delicacy in some regions , the largest markets being Taiwan and Japan. All parts of the sunfish are used in cuisine, from the fins to the internal organs. Is there a saltwater sunfish? Mola are found in temperate and tropical oceans around the world They are frequently seen basking in the sun near the surface and are often mistaken for sharks when their huge dorsal fins emerge above the water. Are ocean sunfish endangered? Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the ocean sunfish as “Vulnerable.” Currently, sunfish are not targeted for human consumption, but they are endangered by bycatch. Why is the sunfish useless? They included: the sunfish’s “useless” heavy body which can weigh up to 2,250kg (5,000 pounds), their lack of swim bladders (which fish generally need to control their buoyancy so that they don’t rise to the ocean’s surface), and the fact that they’re not even considered food by predators, which instead choose to chew. What does ocean sunfish taste like? Sunfish have a unique flavor that some people compare to bass and others compare to lobster They are a scaly fish with a heavy taste. In Asian countries, they are sometimes used to flavor soups or sauces. They can have an odor that turns some people off. Is an ocean sunfish a shark? The most telling difference between a shark and a sunfish is their swimming pattern. While both have dorsal fins, ocean sunfish tend to swim on their sides with their fin bobbing in and out of the water, as opposed to a shark whose fin cuts smoothly through the water Ocean sunfish pose no threat to humans. Are sunfish and moonfish the same? Opahs, also commonly known as moonfish, sunfish (not to be confused with Molidae), kingfish, redfin ocean pan are large, colorful, deep-bodied pelagic lampriform fishes comprising the small family lampridae (also spelled Lamprididae). Are sunfish friendly? Ocean sunfish are naturally curious and friendly , likely due to their reliance on other species that rid them of parasites. Are sunfish aggressive? Superficially, they resemble a bluegill. However, if a sizable population of green sunfish becomes established in your pond, you can usually expect small fish size and very aggressive fish that bite swimmers. What’s the biggest sunfish ever caught? The world record weight of a sunfish goes to a specimen from Japan with a total length of 272 centimeters, or about nine feet, who weighed a whopping 2,300 kilograms, or 5,070 pounds. Why are sunfish so weird? Millstones and Swimming Heads All known sunfish have an unusual pseudo-tail that contributes to their vaguely oval-shaped appearance Most fish possess caudal (tail) fins at the end of their spinal columns. Bass, sharks, sturgeons, and the vast majority of other fish use these things to propel themselves forward. Can you catch mola mola? Answer: Yes, ocean sunfish (Mola mola) may be taken by licensed recreational fishermen. Can you catch ocean sunfish? Ocean Sunfish is similar to the sharks you can catch over the summer period , though it’s technically a very large bony fish – and arrives at a slightly later time of the year. They are about as rare as sharks in the game, so it’s just a case of catching anything with a fin until it’s added to your Critterpedia. What does mola taste like? “It tastes like Black Sea bass ” “No, like lobster.” Everyone loved it. Then I laid it on them: “Y’all been eating mola mola.” “Steve, you mean mola mola like in sunfish?” “Yes” I replied. How do I cook sunfish? - Rinse and drain fillets. - Soak fillets in a mixture of egg and milk. - Using a zipper bag, shake fillets in flour, salt and pepper. - Fry in oil until golden brown. Drain on paper towels. Serve immediately. Are sunfish in the Gulf of Mexico? The Gulf Coast pygmy sunfish, Elassoma gilberti, is a species of pygmy sunfish endemic to Florida, United States This species can reach 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) in standard length. Are Mola mola fish rare? The IUCN ranks Mola mola as a vulnerable species , and with good reason. Bycatch is a serious problem for molas. They’re pelagic, meaning they swim about in the open ocean, they’re massive, they like to float at the surface…. You can see where this is going. What is the difference between bluegill and sunfish? However, a bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) is actually a type of sunfish (Centrarchidae family). Sunfish are a genus of freshwater fish, and one variety within the Lepomis genus is the bluegill — the “difference” is that all bluegills are sunfish but not all sunfish are bluegills. Where can you find ocean sunfish? For one, ocean sunfish appear only in the ocean , of course, and only during the months from July to September in the northern hemisphere and December to March in the south. You won’t get them in the rivers or ponds around your island. Where do ocean sunfish live? Ocean sunfish are found in near-shore oceans all over the globe On the east coast of North America they range as far north as Newfoundland, however they are more common closer to the equator in waters warmer than 54° F. Why are sunfish so big? Focusing on the genetic background of the ocean sunfish’s fast growth rate and unusual body shape, the researchers also discovered that several genes involved in growth hormone signalling evolve very fast in the ocean sunfish when compared to other bony fishes , which may explain its large size and fast growth rate. Do sunfish jump out of the water? Sunfish have been observed leaping as high as 10 feet into the air in hopes that their splash landing may dislodge some of the unwelcome guests that burrowed into their skin. The lumpy cluster below this mola mola’s mouth pictured below are skin parasites that birds might feast on when it basks at the surface. What eats a jellyfish? Among the predators of the jellyfish, the following have been identified: ocean sunfish, grey triggerfish, turtles (especially the leatherback sea turtle), some seabirds (such as the fulmars), the whale shark, some crabs (such as the arrow and hermit crabs), some whales (such as the humpbacks). What is the most useless sea animal? Ocean Sunfish are the most useless animal (an epic rant) Ocean Sunfish, also known as Mola Mola, look like a pancake and are just the weirdest fish. Do sunfish taste good? Eating Sunfish Sunfish have a light flavor similar to that of herring or sardines It can be eaten raw or cooked, but it must be very fresh because it spoils quickly after being caught. What is the best tasting fish? - Sea Bass. - Red Snapper. Can you eat sunfish from a pond? The answer is yes and no Like rivers and lakes, ponds provide an excellent source of food in the fishing world. In fact, well maintained fish ponds all over the world are where a lot of fish being sold on the market today come from. Some of the best quality fish come from these very fish ponds. Can you keep sunfish in an aquarium? A pair of Longear Sunfishes, Bluegills or other large species will require a 55-75 gallon aquarium , but others will get along well in smaller quarters. Included among these are the brilliantly-clad Banded, Blue-Spotted and Black-Banded Sunfishes (Enneacanthus spp.). What’s the largest fish in the ocean? The biggest fish in the ocean is the Rhincodon typus or whale shark Despite their tremendous size and intimidating appearance, whale sharks are commonly docile and approachable. Are Mola mola fragile? The mola mola’s conservation status is “vulnerable.” They can easily suffocate on plastic bags, which resemble their favorite food (jellyfish). Also, hundreds of thousands of mola mola are victims of bycatch every year. The natural predators of the mola mola include: orcas, California sea lions and great white sharks. How do sunfish not get stung by jellyfish? A special mucus lining in the stomach is among its most critical adaptations. This helps the sunfish avoid being stung by their prey after swallowing it. How do sunfish not get eaten? They have four teeth in their mouths that are used like a beak to break up harder organisms and other teeth located in the throat that are used to grind the food into smaller pieces. Because of their size, sunfish are no seen as prey to many species aside from tuna, orcas, and sharks. What sharks cant eat? A carnivorous shark diet usually includes fish, mollusks, and crustaceans Large species also consume marine mammals such as seals, dolphins, sea lions, and porpoises, as well as large fish species such as tuna, mackerel, and even smaller shark species. Some even extend their consumption to seabirds. Is there a moon fish? opah, (genus Lampris), also called moonfish, any of two species of large marine fish of the family Lampridae (order Lampridiformes) One species, Lampris guttatus, is the only known fully warm-blooded fish. Is there such thing as a moon fish? moonfish, any of several fishes of the order Perciformes, such as Vomer setapinnis of the family Carangidae, and Mene maculata, the sole member of the family Menidae The carangid moonfish is thin, with an extremely deep body, a slender tail base, a forked tail, and slim, sickle-shaped pectoral fins. Is opah a tuna? Opah is a pelagic species, often found with tuna and billfish The fish is found in southern waters and has recently become popular with restaurants in Hawaii. Is a Sunfish a good sailboat? Hailed as “the most popular sailboat ever built,” the Sunfish is still going strong after more than fifty years Its popularity is partly due to its low price and easy portability, but it also sails well and is a lot of fun for both beginners and experienced sailors alike. How much weight can a Sunfish sailboat hold? Hull Weight – 120 lbs Capacity 1 – 2 People. Skill Level Beginner.

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What are dental bridges? Dental bridges literally bridge the gap created by one or more missing teeth. A typical bridge consists of 2 crowns (1 on each side of the gap created by missing tooth/teeth) and a false tooth/teeth (that fill in the gap and is attached to the crowns). These 2 crowned ‘anchoring teeth’ are called abutment teeth. These supporting teeth can be natural teeth or dental implants. The false tooth/teeth in between the anchoring teeth are called pontics. Bridges can be made from gold, alloys, porcelain or a combination of these materials. What types of dental bridges are available? There are 3 main types of bridges: - Traditional fixed bridges consist of 2 or more crowns and a filler tooth/teeth. The filler tooth/teeth are attached to one or more crowns. The crowns keep the bridge in place. Traditional bridges are the most common type of bridge and are made of either porcelain fused to metal or ceramics. - Cantilever bridges are used when there are teeth on only 1 side of the missing tooth or teeth (there are no teeth next to the other side of the missing tooth/teeth. - Maryland bonded bridges (also called a resin-bonded bridge or a Maryland bridge) are made of porcelain fused to metal teeth supported by a metal framework. Metal wings on each side of the bridge are bonded to your existing teeth. This type of bridge is commonly used to replace front teeth.

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Anyone building a personal library of liberty must include in it a copy of Frédéric Bastiat’s classic essay, “The Law.” First published in 1850 by the great French economist and journalist, it is as clear a statement as has ever been made of the original American ideal of government, as proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence, that the main purpose of any government is the protection of the lives, liberties, and property of its citizens. Bastiat believed that all human beings possessed the God-given, natural rights of “individuality, liberty, property.” “This is man,” he wrote. These “three gifts from God precede all human legislation.” But even in his time—writing in the late 1840s—Bastiat was alarmed over how the law had been “perverted” into an instrument of what he called legal plunder. Far from protecting individual rights, the law was increasingly used to deprive one group of citizens of those rights for the benefit of another group, and especially for the benefit of the state itself. He condemned the legal plunder of protectionist tariffs, government subsidies of all kinds, progressive taxation, public schools, government “jobs” programs, minimum wage laws, welfare, usury laws, and more. Bastiat’s warnings of the dire effects of legal plunder are as relevant today as they were the day he first issued them. The system of legal plunder (which many now celebrate as “democracy”) will erase from everyone’s conscience, he wrote, the distinction between justice and injustice. The plundered classes will eventually figure out how to enter the political game and plunder their fellow man. Legislation will never be guided by any principles of justice, but only by brute political force. The great French champion of liberty also forecast the corruption of education by the state. Those who held “government-endowed teaching positions,” he wrote, would rarely criticize legal plunder lest their government endowments be ended. The system of legal plunder would also greatly exaggerate the importance of politics in society. That would be a most unhealthy development as it would encourage even more citizens to seek to improve their own well-being not by producing goods and services for the marketplace but by plundering their fellow citizens through politics. Bastiat was also wise enough to anticipate what modern economists call “rent seeking” and “rent avoidance” behavior. These two clumsy phrases refer, respectively, to the phenomena of lobbying for political favors (legal plunder), and of engaging in political activity directed at protecting oneself from being the victim of plunder seekers. (For example, the steel manufacturing industry lobbies for high tariffs on steel, whereas steel-using industries, like the automobile industry, can be expected to lobby against high tariffs on steel). The reason why modern economists are concerned about “rent seeking” is the opportunity cost involved: the more time, effort and money that is spent by businesses on conniving to manipulate politics—merely transferring wealth—the less time is spent on producing goods and services, which increases wealth. Thus, legal plunder impoverishes the entire society despite the fact that a small (but politically influential) part of the society benefits from it. It is remarkable, in reading “The Law,” how perfectly accurate Bastiat was in describing the statists of his day which, it turns out, were not much different from the statists of today or any other day. The French “socialists” of Bastiat’s day espoused doctrines that perverted charity, education, and morals, for one thing. True charity does not begin with the robbery of taxation, he pointed out. Government schooling is inevitably an exercise in statist brainwashing, not genuine education; and it is hardly “moral” for a large gang (government) to (legally) rob one segment of the population, keep most of the loot, and share a little of it with various “needy” individuals. Socialists want “to play God,” Bastiat observed, anticipating all the future tyrants and despots of the world who would try to remake the world in their image, whether that image would be communism, fascism, the “glorious union,” or “global democracy.” Bastiat also observed that socialists wanted forced conformity; rigid regimentation of the population through pervasive regulation; forced equality of wealth; and dictatorship. As such, they were the mortal enemies of liberty. “Dictatorship” need not involve an actual dictator. All that was needed, said Bastiat, was “the laws,” enacted by a Congress or a Parliament, that would achieve the same effect: forced conformity. Bastiat was also wise to point out that the world has far too many “great men,” “fathers of their countries,” etc., who in reality are usually nothing but petty tyrants with a sick and compulsive desire to rule over others. The defenders of the free society should have a healthy disrespect for all such men. Bastiat admired America and pointed to the America of 1850 as being as close as any society in the world to his ideal of a government that protected individual rights to life, liberty, and property. There were two major exeptions, however: the twin evils of slavery and protectionist tariffs. Frédéric Bastiat died on Christmas Eve, 1850, and did not live to observe the convulsions that the America he admired so much would go through in the next fifteen years (and longer). It is unlikely that he would have considered the U.S. government’s military invasion of the Southern states in 1861, the killing of some 300,000 citizens, and the bombing, burning, and plundering of the region’s cities, towns, farms, and businesses as being consistent in any way with the protection of the lives, liberties and properties of those citizens as promised by the Declaration of Independence. Had he lived to see all of this, he most likely would have added “legal murder” to “legal plunder” as one of the two great sins of government. He would likely have viewed the post-war Republican Party, with its 50 percent average tariff rates, its massive corporate welfare schemes, and its 25-year campaign of genocide against the Plains Indians as first-rate plunderers and traitors to the American ideal. In the latter pages of “The Law” Bastiat offers the sage advice that what was really needed was “a science of economics” that would explain the harmony (or lack thereof) of a free society (as opposed to socialism). He made a major contribution to this end himself with the publication of his book, Economic Harmonies, which can be construed as a precursor to the modern literature of the Austrian School of economics. There is no substitute for a solid understanding of the market order (and of the realities of politics) when it comes to combating the kinds of destructive socialistic schemes that plagued Bastiat’s day as well as ours. Anyone who reads this great essay along with other free-market classics, such as Henry Hazlitt’s Economics in One Lesson and Murray Rothbard’s Power and Market, will possess enough intellectual ammunition to debunk the socialist fantasies of this or any other day. Thomas J. DiLorenzo The Law .pdf file More Frédéric Bastiat - A Biography of Frédéric Bastiat - The Bastiat Collection - That Which Is Seen, and That Which Is Not Seen More from Thomas J. DiLorenzo

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Since 1870 several unsuccessful attempts have been made to establish Pacific salmon in the Great Lakes. In 1966 at this site the Department of Conservation released coho fingerlings, hatchery-reared from eggs given by the state of Oregon. They migrated to Lake Michigan and fed on its enormous alewife population. Augmented by subsequent annual plantings, the coho became firmly established. By 1970 the sport fishery catch reached ten million pounds. Other species of Pacific salmon - the chinook and kokanee - were also successfully introduced to the Great Lakes area in the late 1960s. To complete their life cycle the salmon return to their home stream to spawn and then die. Millions of salmon are now planted each year. In 1973 the world's largest recorded coho, weighing over thirty-nine pounds, was taken at a state weir. Registered Site S0417 15210 US-31 Platte River State Fish Hatchery Homestead Township, Benzie County Topics:Natural FeaturesHome Latitude: 44.6626705, Longitude: -85.9354019

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Boston – not only the capital of Massachusetts, but also the main cultural and economic center of the entire New England region (6 states in the North-East of the United States), one of the countrys largest cities. It is located on the coast of the Massachusetts Bay. There are several lakes in Bastogne, and the Charles River drains into the lake. Bastognes history began when the Peritanians of the Massachusetts Bay Colony settled in the area in 1630. Within a few years there was already a school and college called Harward, which in time became the famous Harward University. In 1773, Boston was the starting point of the American colonies War of Independence, when the so-called &lacrosse took place; The Boston Tea Party; the pilots came aboard the English ships and threw a batch of tea into the water. After the war of independence, the city lost its position as the largest city in the country, but it has steadily maintained its position as the leading trading port in the United States. Boston was one of the most important industrial centers in the United States, and it still leads the leather and apparel industry in the United States. Multiple Boston has been the cradle of many prominent American families, mostly of Irish and Anglo-American descent. For example, the Kennedy clan. The city has many industries and is considered to be the technological and intellectual center of the United States. Tourism plays an important role in the life of the city. Every year, about 20 million tourists visit Boston. The city has architectural landmarks (the old and new State Capitol, the Quincy Market, the Public Library, and others) and ancient churches. A 4-kilometer walking trail, the Freedom Trail, passes major sites in Bostons historic center. There are many museums in the city, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Museums of the Universities of Boston. Boston teams play in all the major professional sports leagues in the United States (Baseball, Hockey, American Football, Basketball). There are also regattas, wrestling competitions and the famous Boston Marathon, which attracts hundreds of thousands of participants. - Air quality: 38 US AQI Good. Air quality is satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. - Tap water: Yes, safe to drink - Religious government: Non-religious - Population: 670,000 people - Population density: busy: 14x14m 196m per person - GDP: $57,808 / year - Foreigners can own real estate: Yes - Power outlets: 115V60Hz - Internet: 33 Mbps - Best wireless: AT&T - Pay without cash: Yes, cards OK almost everywhere - Tipping: How much should I tip at a restaurant? A gratuity of 15 to 20 per cent on top of the bill (before sales tax) is standard, with 25 per cent given for topnotch service. Servers in America work hard for the money – they’re generally friendly, knowledgeable and willing to go the extra mile for customers. - Apartment listings: Zillow - Apartments: Airbnb - Hotels: Booking.com - More hotels: Hotels.com - Best coffee 24/7: Caffbene - Best coffee: Render Coffee - Best taxi: Uber - Best coworking space: My Oficio - Online electronics shop: Amazon - Best hospital: Arbour Health - Best short-haul air carrier: Jet Blue - Best intl air carrier: United Airlines - Monthly costs for expat: $2900 - Monthly costs for family: $7700 - Monthly costs for local: $2200 - Meal: $10 - Small Cola: $2 - Beer 1 Pint: $5 - Coffee: $4 View Larger Map

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Posted: April 22nd, 2016 Everyone may have an opinion, but not all opinions are equal, and some opinions may be of little or no value. Your English professor’s opinion regarding optimum strategic oil reserves may not be worth the time you take listening. On the other hand, your English professor’s comments on writing and literature deserve a great deal of attention. You need to consider the source of information and the quality of that source. Not all interpretations of a text are created equally. Some sources offer highly reasoned arguments and strong evidence for their claims, while others offer broad opinions with little supporting evidence. Part of your task in conducting research is to evaluate potential sources so that your research essay uses only the strongest sources. The research paper is your opportunity to enter more fully into the conversation that surrounds your topic. So far, you have gathered sources and organized them. As part of your annotated bibliography, you listed the sources and wrote paragraphs that established some relationships among the sources. Now, use at least five of your sources in a draft of a paper that focuses on ONE of the threads of conversation that you identified. A research paper is not a broad summary of research or overview of various elements in the literature being researched. For that reason, it is crucial that you narrow your topic and focus your research on one aspect of the work. As you consider your sources in light of your narrowed topic, you may rely on the following questions as prompts: Do you agree or disagree with the other scholars? What do you agree with or disagree with in their research? What claim* (See URL) might you make? What are your reasons for the claim? What evidence from the text would you provide? What counter-arguments might you anticipate? How will you address these counter-arguments? A humanities-based research paper often follows this format: Place an order in 3 easy steps. Takes less than 5 mins.

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Cultural history reconstructs discourses while also paying attention to their medium. Renaissance physical culture was first of all the object of practical and oral transmission (the techniques of the body that could be properly learned only by direct teaching and observation); it also resorted to the production of a variety of manuscript material, and of course ultimately to the novelty of print. However, our familiarity and comparatively easier access to printed sources should not obscure the fact that they represent only part of the scene—even if this is a very characteristic development of the period. On matter of sources, moreover, prescriptive literature can only give a partial account of reality: rich insights can be obtained from the perspective allowed by diaries, letters and account books. One dimension of past experience such ego-documents are known to allow us to retrieve, to some extent, is emotional life—the subject of much ongoing historical research. And sport and play show clear connections with affectivity: the competitive side of games, the anxiety about their outcome, particularly (though not uniquely) if some gain or loss of money may depend on it—all conjured to challenge the emotional balance of our ancestors. The contributions to this volume will also suggest the extent to which gender, social, and age groups defined access and modes of participation to sport in Renaissance Europe. The task of the cultural history of the past, instead, is to attempt to reconstruct the meaning the various forms of cultural practice had for their contemporaries. |Titolo:||Introduction: Cultures of Sport in the Renaissance| |Data di pubblicazione:||2021| |Appare nelle tipologie:||02.01 Contributo in volume (Capitolo o Saggio)|

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New to the Kit or looking for helpful hints on how to use it? Check out the Kids Kit Tips and Tricks - Preschool Edition where we share detailed instructions about the resources below. Our goal for preschool curriculum is to build a foundation of biblical knowledge so preschoolers will know the major stories of the Bible and how they fit together into God’s big story. Our curriculum is organized into 12 units and we teach the major stories of the Bible in mostly chronological order. Each week there is a Teaching Truth which is the most important thing we want kids to hear and learn about God and His Story that week. Use these activities to keep talking about and applying what you learned this weekend throughout the week. SUPPLIES: Apple or pear slices, a carrot stick, a blueberry or blackberry, M&Ms, 2 pretzel sticks Take your child on a walk down your street or to the park and try to find a butterfly. Talk with your child about how a caterpillar changes into a beautiful butterfly. Tell your child that in our story this week God changed Saul from a mean man into a kind, beautiful person who loved Jesus and others. When you get home, help your child create a butterfly for a snack! Lay the apple slices out to be the wings and place the carrot stick between the slices for the body. Use the blueberry or blackberry at the top for the head and the pretzels as the antennas. Finally, let your child decorate the wings with M&Ms. Before you enjoy your snack, pray and thank God for having the power to change lives. SUPPLIES: Yellow construction paper, brown clay or play-doh, two clothespins, marker, scissors Help your child create props to act out this week’s story. Make a sun by cutting a circle out of the yellow construction paper to represent the bright light. Next, have your child flatten the clay into a long rectangle to represent the road to Damascus. Then, help your child draw a face on the clothespins, one to represent Saul and the other to represent Ananias. Review with your child what each prop represents. Read the story from Acts 9:3-19 and let your child act it out using the props. Afterwards use these questions to review the story. SUPPLIES: Blindfold or bandana, different items to touch Clear an area in a room of all toys and chairs so your child is able to walk around without hurting himself. Blindfold your child with a bandana and talk about how Saul was blinded by the bright light and could not see. While blindfolded, have him feel a soft stuffed animal, smooth rock, rough bark of a tree, or squishy play-do. Talk about how Saul had to walk to Damascus when he was blind. Thankfully, after three days, God used Ananias to heal Saul’s eyes so he could see again!

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[n,x] = hist(y,...) histcalculates or plots histograms. hist(y) draws a 10-bin histogram for the data in vector y. The bins are equally spaced between the minimum and maximum values in hist(y,nb) draws a histogram with x is a vector, draws a histogram using the bins specified in [n,x] = hist(y), [n,x] = hist(y,nb), and [n,x] = hist(y,x) do not draw graphs, but return vectors x containing the frequency counts and the bin locations such that bar(x,n) plots the histogram. This is useful in situations where more control is needed over the appearance of a graph, for example, to combine a histogram into a more elaborate plot. x = -2.9:0.1:2.9; y = randn(10000,1); (c) Copyright 1994 by The MathWorks, Inc.

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International Pronouns Day: A Simple Guide to Pronouns - Image Description: Referring to people by the pronouns they determine for themselves is basic to human dignity. Being referred to by the wrong pronouns particularly affects transgender and gender nonconforming people. Together, we can transform society to celebrate people’s multiple, intersecting identities. Notes on Language All terms should be evaluated by your local community to determine what best fits. As with all languages, the communities that utilize these and other words may have different meanings and reasons for using different terminology within different groups. Quick Pronoun Glossary Ways to ask about pronouns Try . . . . “Sorry, I forgot to ask. I use they/them/theirs pronouns, how about you?” “Can you remind me which pronouns you use?” Ways to greet Try . . . . Subjective: She / He / They / Ze Objective: Her / Him / Them / Hir / Zir Possessive: Hers / His/ Theirs / Hirs/ Zirs Reflective: Herself / Himself / Themself / Hirself/ Zirself Example: They are speaking. I listened to them. The backpack is theirs. Try it in your email signature, social media handles and bios: For more education on pronouns, visit: International Pronouns Day.” International Pronouns Day,

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Students were requested to answer a question at education and to tell what is most important for them to succeed. Of the many replies, one which that stood out was practice. Successful persons were not born successful; they become successful through hard work and determination. This is how you can fulfill your goals. in the following paragraphs some question and answer examples that you could certainly use to boost your knowledge and gain insight that will help you to maintain your school studies. Trenton collects a sample of moist air. One of these factors is unrelated to the amount water vapor in his sample. Which factor is it? e. wind speed Amount of water vapor is not measured by the wind speed. Water vapor’s factors are the pressure, density, volume, and pressure for it to form. Wind speed is not a factor because is not needed to the formation of the water vapor. From the answer and question examples above, hopefully, they can potentially help the student resolve the question they had been looking for and take note of every thing stated in the answer above. Then can potentially have some sharing in a group discussion and also learning with the classmate relevant to the topic, so another student also experience some enlightenment and still keeps up the school learning.

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The solar system consists of eight planets and their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other celestial bodies that orbit around our star we call the sun. The sun is a huge, hot ball of gas that creates light and heat through nuclear fusion that sustains life on Earth. The eight planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Each planet is unique and has its own characteristics, such as size, shape, and composition. Dwarf planets are small, rocky or icy bodies that orbit the Sun but are not large enough to be considered planets, or small enough to be considered asteroids or comets. Pluto was once considered the ninth planet in our solar system but was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. Asteroids are small rocky bodies that orbit the Sun, many of which can be found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Comets are made up of ice, dust, and gas and have a tail that points away from the sun. The solar system has been around for over 4.6 billion years, and scientists are still learning about it today. Some of the most exciting discoveries in recent years include the possibility of liquid water on some moons, and the discovery of a new dwarf planet called "The Goblin," which has a 40,000 year orbit around the sun. Our solar system is an incredible place with many fascinating objects to explore. From planets and moons to comets and asteroids, there's always something new to discover. Studying the solar system helps us understand our place in the universe and how we can protect our planet for future generations. We call it the "solar system" because Sol (our sun) is at the center of the system. The sun is named "Sol" after the Latin word for sun, which is "solis." Thank you for reading! We can keep Inkspired for free by displaying Ads to our visitors. Please, support us by whitelisting or deactivating the AdBlocker. After doing it, please reload the website to continue using Inkspired normally.

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Fine Sixteenth-Century World Map Interesting and striking early world map, which first appeared in Rosaccio's 1598 edition of Ptolemy's Geographia. The map is based loosely on Rumold Mercator's map of 1587, but with parallel latitude lines, which stretch the landmasses north to south. The projection of North America is similar to the Zaltieri/Lafreri maps of North America, with a dynamic projection of the Northwest Coast. One of the place names there is Anian, which derives from Ania, a Chinese province on a large gulf mentioned in Marco Polo’s travels (ch. 5, book 3). The gulf Polo described was actually the Gulf of Tonkin, but the province’s description was transposed from Vietnam to the northwest coast of North America. The first map to do was Giacomo Gastaldi’s world map of 1562, followed by Zaltieri and Mercator in 1567. The Strait then became shorthand for a passage to China, i.e. a Northwest Passage. It appeared on maps until the mid-eighteenth century. Also mentioned in western North America is Quivira, which refers to the Seven Cities of Gold sought by the Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in 1541. In 1539, Coronado wandered over what today is Arizona and New Mexico, eventually heading to what is now Kansas to find the supposedly rich city of Quivira. Although he never found the cities or the gold, the name stuck on maps of southwest North America, wandering from east to west. Here it is used to describe the entire southwest of the North America. There is a curious shape to Florida, whose extent and shape was still largely unknown to Europeans at this time, and New France is labeled. The French had started their North American colonies in 1534, when Jacques Chartier explored the Saint Lawrence River and claimed the land for France. The coastal areas were rich in fish, and inland merchants discovered the lucrative trade that could be derived from furs. In the Pacific, the Straits of Magellan separate South America from a massive Tierra del Fuego, which is attached to Terra Australis. This map was made a quarter century before the Dutch expedition led by Schouten and Le Maire bypassed the Straits and made their way into the Pacific via Cape Horn. Instead, there is a massive southern continent shown here, a reflection of the assumption of European geographers that there must be a large southern continent to balance out the northern landmasses. New Guinea lacks definition, while there are two Java Minors labeled south of southeast Asia. This is a result of a misunderstanding introduced by a reprinting of Marco Polo’s travels. Additionally, Japan is shown as a round island with some attendant islets. These details show how much interest Europeans had about the edges of the Pacific, but also how little they knew of its geography.

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MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment July 2022 & Jan 2023 Section – A Q 1. Discuss the impact of agriculture, invention of tools and discovery of fire in the development of human society. Ans. Impact of Agriculture: Agriculture is the practice of cultivating land and rearing animals to produce food, fiber, and other products for human consumption. The invention of agriculture is considered one of the most significant milestones in human history, as it marked the transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a settled way of life. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment The impact of agriculture on human society has been profound, and it has contributed significantly to the development and advancement of human civilization. One of the most significant impacts of agriculture has been the ability to produce surplus food, which allowed for the development of larger and more complex societies. Prior to the invention of agriculture, humans lived in small, nomadic groups that depended on hunting and gathering for sustenance. With agriculture, people were able to settle down and cultivate crops and raise livestock, which provided a reliable source of food. This surplus food allowed for the development of trade and commerce, as people were able to exchange goods and services for food. The invention of agriculture also led to the development of cities and urbanization. With the ability to produce surplus food, people no longer had to spend all their time hunting and gathering, which allowed them to pursue other activities, such as trade, crafts, and arts. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment This led to the development of specialized skills and trades, which, in turn, led to the development of cities and urban centers. In addition to these social impacts, agriculture has also had a profound impact on the environment. The widespread practice of agriculture has led to deforestation, soil degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. However, agriculture has also allowed for the domestication of plants and animals, which has led to the development of new crops and livestock breeds that are more efficient and productive. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Overall, the impact of agriculture on human society has been significant and far-reaching. It has allowed for the development of larger and more complex societies, the growth of trade and commerce, the development of specialized skills and trades, and the domestication of plants and animals. However, it has also had negative impacts on the environment, which highlights the need for sustainable agricultural practices. Impact of Invention of Tools: The invention of tools is another significant milestone in human history that has had a profound impact on human society. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment The ability to create and use tools allowed humans to manipulate their environment and adapt to their surroundings, which allowed them to survive and thrive in a variety of environments. One of the most significant impacts of the invention of tools has been the ability to create shelter. Early humans used tools to construct shelters and dwellings, which protected them from the elements and allowed them to live in a wider range of environments. The ability to create shelter also allowed for the development of more settled communities and the growth of urban centers. Tools have also had a significant impact on agriculture, as they allowed humans to clear land, till the soil, and harvest crops. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment This allowed for the development of larger and more productive agricultural systems, which provided a reliable source of food for growing populations. The invention of tools also allowed humans to create weapons for hunting and self-defense. This provided a significant advantage over other animals and allowed humans to become the dominant species on the planet. The use of tools also allowed humans to hunt more efficiently, which led to the development of larger and more complex societies. Overall, the impact of the invention of tools on human society has been significant and far-reaching. It has allowed for the creation of shelter, the development of agriculture, and the ability to hunt and defend oneself. The use of tools has also allowed for the development of specialized skills and trades, which has contributed to the growth of urban centers and the development of more complex societies. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Impact of Discovery of Fire: The discovery of fire is another significant milestone in human history that has had a profound impact on human society. The ability to create and control fire allowed humans to cook food, which made it more digestible and allowed for the extraction of more nutrients. Cooking also allowed for the preservation of food, which provided a reliable source of nourishment during times of scarcity. In addition to its impact on food, fire also allowed for the development of new technologies. For example, fire was used to smelt metal, which allowed for the creation of more durable tools and weapons. Fire was also used to create ceramics, which provided a new material for the creation of containers and vessels. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment The discovery of fire also had a significant impact on social and cultural development. Fire provided a source of warmth and light, which allowed humans to gather around a central location and develop social bonds. The ability to control fire also provided a sense of security and protection, which allowed for the development of larger and more complex societies. Fire was also used for religious and spiritual purposes. Many cultures throughout history have used fire in their religious practices, and fire has been associated with purification and transformation. Q 2. Give a detailed account of the various mediums used for writing and communication in different civilizations. Ans. Throughout history, civilizations have developed various mediums for writing and communication. From the earliest cave paintings to modern digital communication, humans have constantly developed new ways to communicate and record their thoughts, ideas, and histories. Here is a detailed account of the various mediums used for writing and communication in different civilizations: MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Pictograms and Petroglyphs: The earliest forms of written communication were pictograms and petroglyphs. Pictograms were simple drawings that represented objects and concepts, while petroglyphs were images carved into rock surfaces. These forms of communication were used by early humans to record their experiences and convey information to others. Cuneiform was one of the earliest forms of writing and was developed by the Sumerians around 3000 BCE. Cuneiform involved pressing a reed stylus into clay tablets to create wedge-shaped markings. The writing system was used to record religious texts, legal codes, and economic transactions. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Hieroglyphics were a writing system used by the ancient Egyptians. The writing system involved using images and symbols to represent words and concepts. Hieroglyphics were used to record religious texts, historical events, and everyday life. The Phoenician alphabet was developed around 1200 BCE and is the ancestor of modern alphabets. The writing system consisted of 22 letters and was used for both trade and religious purposes. The Phoenician alphabet was later adopted by the Greeks, who added vowels to the writing system. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Chinese characters are one of the oldest writing systems in the world and have been in use for over 4,000 years. The writing system involves using a series of strokes to create symbols that represent words and concepts. Chinese characters have been used to record historical events, literature, and religious texts. Papyrus was a writing material used by the ancient Egyptians. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant and was used to create scrolls and books. Papyrus was a durable writing material and was used to record religious texts, historical events, and literature. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Vellum and Parchment: Vellum and parchment were writing materials used in Europe during the Middle Ages. They were made from animal hides and were used to create books, manuscripts, and legal documents. Vellum and parchment were durable writing materials and were used to record religious texts, historical events, and literature. The printing press was developed in Europe in the 15th century and revolutionized the way information was communicated. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books, which made information more widely available and accessible. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment The typewriter was invented in the 19th century and allowed for faster and more efficient communication. The typewriter allowed for the creation of typed documents, which were easier to read and edit than handwritten documents. Digital communication is the most recent form of communication and involves the use of computers, smartphones, and the internet. Digital communication has revolutionized the way information is shared and has made communication faster and more efficient than ever before. Q 4. What do you understand by Nomadic Empire? Discuss the pattern of Nomadic migration during the period of your study. Ans. A nomadic empire is a political entity created by a group of people who live a nomadic lifestyle, moving from place to place in search of resources. Nomadic empires were formed by various tribes and ethnic groups throughout history, such as the Mongols, Huns, Scythians, and Turks. These empires were characterized by their military prowess and the ability to conquer vast territories through a combination of military strength and strategic alliances. Nomadic migrations were a common pattern during the period of human history when nomadic empires emerged. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment These migrations were driven by a variety of factors, including changes in climate, competition for resources, and the desire for conquest. Nomadic tribes often followed herds of animals, such as sheep or horses, and moved to new areas in search of fresh pastures and water sources. During the period of my study, which extends up to 2021, there were a few notable examples of nomadic migration and empire-building. One of the most well-known examples is the Mongol Empire, which was founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. The Mongols were a group of nomadic tribes that lived on the steppes of Central Asia, and they were able to conquer much of Eurasia through their military strength and strategic alliances. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Another example is the Turkic migration, which began in the 6th century and continued throughout the Middle Ages. The Turks were a group of nomadic tribes that originated in Central Asia and migrated westward into Europe and the Middle East. They were known for their military prowess and played a significant role in the rise and fall of several empires, including the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphate. In Africa, the Fulani people are a nomadic group that have migrated throughout West Africa for centuries. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment The Fulani are primarily pastoralists, and their migrations are driven by changes in climate and the need for fresh pastures for their livestock. The Fulani have also played a significant role in the history of West Africa, and have formed several empires throughout the region. Overall, nomadic migration has been a common pattern throughout human history, and has led to the formation of several powerful empires. These empires have left a lasting impact on the regions they conquered, and have played a significant role in shaping the course of history. Section – B Q 6. Analyse the process of decline of feudalism. Did the growth of urban centres contribute to decline of feudalism? Ans. Feudalism was a social, economic and political system that emerged in medieval Europe around the 9th century. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment It was based on the exchange of land for military service and loyalty, and was characterized by a strict hierarchy of social classes. However, the system began to decline in the 14th century due to several factors, including the growth of urban centers. One of the key factors that contributed to the decline of feudalism was the emergence of centralized monarchies. Kings began to assert greater control over their territories, which weakened the power of feudal lords. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment This was due in part to the development of more efficient tax collection systems, which allowed monarchs to raise armies and fund their military campaigns without relying on the support of feudal lords. Another important factor was the growth of the middle class in urban centers. The rise of trade and commerce led to the emergence of wealthy merchants and artisans, who began to challenge the power of the feudal nobility. These urban centers became centers of political and economic power, and as a result, feudal lords lost some of their authority and control. Additionally, the Black Death, a devastating pandemic that swept through Europe in the mid-14th century, had a significant impact on the decline of feudalism. The labor shortage that resulted from the epidemic led to the erosion of the feudal system, as peasants began to demand higher wages and greater rights. This led to the gradual decline of the feudal system, as the power of the feudal lords waned. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment While the growth of urban centers was certainly a factor in the decline of feudalism, it was only one of several factors. The rise of centralized monarchies and the impact of the Black Death were also significant factors. However, it is true that the growth of urban centers contributed to the decline of feudalism by creating new centers of power that challenged the authority of feudal lords. As urban centers grew, they became increasingly important in shaping the political and economic landscape of Europe, and helped to pave the way for the emergence of new social and economic systems. Q 8. Discuss the overseas trade of Indian merchants in the 15th century. What was the impact of Portuguese on Indian overseas trade? Ans. The 15th century was a significant period for Indian overseas trade, as it marked the expansion of Indian merchants into new markets and territories. Indian traders had been involved in maritime trade for centuries, and the 15th century saw a continuation of this trend as Indian merchants established new trading networks across the Indian Ocean region. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment Indian merchants traded a variety of goods, including spices, textiles, precious stones, and luxury items like perfumes and ivory. They established trade routes that stretched from East Africa to Southeast Asia, and from the Middle East to China. Indian traders also played a key role in the development of the Silk Road trade route, which connected China to Europe. The Portuguese had a significant impact on Indian overseas trade in the 15th century. In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, arrived in Calicut on the west coast of India. The Portuguese were initially interested in establishing a direct sea route to India that would bypass the traditional land-based trade routes. They established several trading posts along the Indian coast, including Goa, Diu, and Daman. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment The Portuguese presence in India had a significant impact on Indian merchants and overseas trade. The Portuguese were initially welcomed by Indian rulers, who saw the Portuguese as potential allies and trading partners. However, as the Portuguese began to establish trading monopolies and engage in acts of piracy and violence against Indian traders, relations between the two groups soured. The Portuguese also introduced new technologies and goods to India, such as guns and muskets, which changed the balance of power between Indian rulers and traders. The Portuguese also introduced new crops, such as tobacco and potatoes, which had a significant impact on Indian agriculture. Overall, the Portuguese had a mixed impact on Indian overseas trade in the 15th century. MHI 01 Solved Free Assignment While they introduced new goods and technologies, their presence in India also disrupted existing trade networks and led to conflicts with Indian traders and rulers. The Portuguese presence in India would continue to have a significant impact on Indian history in the centuries that followed, as they established a colonial presence in the region and exerted control over Indian trade and commerce.

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