tasksource/deberta-small-long-nli
Zero-Shot Classification
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Updated
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131k
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37
context
stringlengths 93
178
| hypothesis
stringlengths 50
117
| valid_hypothesis
stringlengths 50
117
| invalid_hypothesis
stringlengths 49
115
| problog
stringlengths 248
252
| probability_word
stringclasses 19
values | distractor
stringclasses 19
values | hypothesis_assertion
stringlengths 34
77
| label
class label 2
classes | idx
int32 0
4k
| probability
float32 0
1
|
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It is probably not the case that Mary is in the school. It is improbable that Julius is a frog. It is highly likely that Brian is gray. | We believe that 'Julius is a frog' or 'Mary is in the school' or both. | It is probably not the case that 'Julius is a frog' or 'Mary is in the school' or both. | We believe that 'Julius is a frog' or 'Mary is in the school' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.25::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | we believe | 'Julius is a frog' or 'Mary is in the school' or both. | 0valid
| 0 | 0.325 |
There is almost no chance that Greg is white. Chances are slight that Lily is a frog. There is little chance that Sandra grabbed the apple. | It is impossible that 'Greg is white and Sandra grabbed the apple'. | It is impossible that 'Greg is white and Sandra grabbed the apple'. | It is probable that 'Greg is white and Sandra grabbed the apple'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.02::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | probable | 'Greg is white and Sandra grabbed the apple'. | 1invalid
| 1 | 0.002 |
It is certain that Bernhard is yellow. There is almost no chance that Sandra got the milk. It is improbable that Winona is a sheep. | There is almost no chance that either 'Sandra got the milk' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. | It is certain that either 'Sandra got the milk' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. | There is almost no chance that either 'Sandra got the milk' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
1.0::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| certain | almost no chance | Either 'Sandra got the milk' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. | 0valid
| 2 | 0.98 |
We believe that John discarded the milk. It is probable that Emily is a mouse. Chances are about even that Greg is a frog. | Chances are about even that 'John discarded the milk and Emily is a mouse'. | Chances are about even that 'John discarded the milk and Emily is a mouse'. | It is impossible that 'John discarded the milk and Emily is a mouse'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.75::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| about even | impossible | 'John discarded the milk and Emily is a mouse'. | 1invalid
| 3 | 0.525 |
It is probably the case that Greg is yellow. It is highly likely that Lily is green. Chances are about even that John grabbed the milk. | Chances are about even that either 'Greg is yellow' or 'John grabbed the milk' but not both. | Chances are about even that either 'Greg is yellow' or 'John grabbed the milk' but not both. | It is certain that either 'Greg is yellow' or 'John grabbed the milk' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | certain | Either 'Greg is yellow' or 'John grabbed the milk' but not both. | 1invalid
| 4 | 0.5 |
Chances are about even that Bill went to the office. There is a very good chance that John grabbed the milk. It is probably not the case that Bernhard is a swan. | It is probably not the case that 'John grabbed the milk' or 'Bill went to the office' or both. | It is highly likely that 'John grabbed the milk' or 'Bill went to the office' or both. | It is probably not the case that 'John grabbed the milk' or 'Bill went to the office' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.5::factA.
0.8::factB.
0.25::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| highly likely | probably not | 'John grabbed the milk' or 'Bill went to the office' or both. | 0valid
| 5 | 0.9 |
It is probably not the case that Mary moved to the office. It is unlikely that Greg is gray. It is probably the case that John went to the garden. | It is certain that 'John went to the garden and Greg is gray'. | Chances are slight that 'John went to the garden and Greg is gray'. | It is certain that 'John went to the garden and Greg is gray'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.25::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| chances are slight | certain | 'John went to the garden and Greg is gray'. | 0valid
| 6 | 0.14 |
There is a very good chance that Mary went to the garden. It is unlikely that Greg is yellow. It is probably the case that Emily is a mouse. | It is improbable that 'Emily is a mouse and Mary went to the garden'. | There is a better than even chance that 'Emily is a mouse and Mary went to the garden'. | It is improbable that 'Emily is a mouse and Mary went to the garden'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.8::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| better than even | improbable | 'Emily is a mouse and Mary went to the garden'. | 0valid
| 7 | 0.56 |
It is almost certain that Brian is a rhino. It is probably not the case that Lily is a lion. It is highly likely that Jeff went to the garden. | There is a better than even chance that either 'Jeff went to the garden' or 'Brian is a rhino' but not both. | There is little chance that either 'Jeff went to the garden' or 'Brian is a rhino' but not both. | There is a better than even chance that either 'Jeff went to the garden' or 'Brian is a rhino' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.95::factA.
0.25::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| little chance | better than even | Either 'Jeff went to the garden' or 'Brian is a rhino' but not both. | 0valid
| 8 | 0.14 |
It is improbable that Brian is green. There is almost no chance that Julius is white. It is impossible that Mary went to the garden. | It is impossible that 'Brian is green and Mary went to the garden'. | It is impossible that 'Brian is green and Mary went to the garden'. | It is probably the case that 'Brian is green and Mary went to the garden'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | probably | 'Brian is green and Mary went to the garden'. | 1invalid
| 9 | 0 |
It is improbable that Daniel left the milk. There is little chance that Lily is white. It is improbable that Jessica is a mouse. | There is almost no chance that 'Jessica is a mouse and Daniel left the milk'. | There is almost no chance that 'Jessica is a mouse and Daniel left the milk'. | It is certain that 'Jessica is a mouse and Daniel left the milk'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | certain | 'Jessica is a mouse and Daniel left the milk'. | 1invalid
| 10 | 0.01 |
There is little chance that Julius is a rhino. It is highly unlikely that Mary went to the kitchen. Chances are about even that Bernhard is yellow. | It is certain that 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. | Chances are about even that 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. | It is certain that 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | certain | 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. | 0valid
| 11 | 0.525 |
It is probable that Julius is a rhino. It is likely that Greg is yellow. It is probably not the case that Bill went to the kitchen. | There is a better than even chance that either 'Greg is yellow' or 'Bill went to the kitchen' but not both. | There is a better than even chance that either 'Greg is yellow' or 'Bill went to the kitchen' but not both. | It is improbable that either 'Greg is yellow' or 'Bill went to the kitchen' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.25::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| better than even | improbable | Either 'Greg is yellow' or 'Bill went to the kitchen' but not both. | 1invalid
| 12 | 0.6 |
There is a better than even chance that Lily is yellow. There is a better than even chance that Brian is a frog. There is little chance that John went to the garden. | It is highly unlikely that 'John went to the garden and Brian is a frog'. | It is highly unlikely that 'John went to the garden and Brian is a frog'. | It is probably the case that 'John went to the garden and Brian is a frog'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.6::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| highly unlikely | probably | 'John went to the garden and Brian is a frog'. | 1invalid
| 13 | 0.06 |
It is impossible that Brian is green. It is probably the case that Jason is tired. We doubt that John is in the garden. | It is highly likely that 'Brian is green' or 'John is in the garden' or both. | We doubt that 'Brian is green' or 'John is in the garden' or both. | It is highly likely that 'Brian is green' or 'John is in the garden' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.0::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| we doubt | highly likely | 'Brian is green' or 'John is in the garden' or both. | 0valid
| 14 | 0.2 |
There is a better than even chance that Mary moved to the office. It is likely that Bernhard is a swan. Chances are about even that John left the apple. | It is certain that either 'Mary moved to the office' or 'John left the apple' but not both. | Chances are about even that either 'Mary moved to the office' or 'John left the apple' but not both. | It is certain that either 'Mary moved to the office' or 'John left the apple' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | certain | Either 'Mary moved to the office' or 'John left the apple' but not both. | 0valid
| 15 | 0.5 |
There is a better than even chance that Jason is thirsty. It is certain that Julius is yellow. It is probably the case that Sumit is hungry. | It is probable that either 'Julius is yellow' or 'Sumit is hungry' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Julius is yellow' or 'Sumit is hungry' but not both. | It is probable that either 'Julius is yellow' or 'Sumit is hungry' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
1.0::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | probable | Either 'Julius is yellow' or 'Sumit is hungry' but not both. | 0valid
| 16 | 0.3 |
It is certain that Brian is yellow. It is highly likely that Mary got the football. There is almost no chance that Lily is a lion. | There is almost no chance that 'Mary got the football and Lily is a lion'. | There is almost no chance that 'Mary got the football and Lily is a lion'. | Chances are about even that 'Mary got the football and Lily is a lion'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
1.0::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.02::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | about even | 'Mary got the football and Lily is a lion'. | 1invalid
| 17 | 0.018 |
We doubt that Mary went to the office. It is unlikely that Winona is a wolf. It is impossible that Brian is a swan. | It is unlikely that either 'Winona is a wolf' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. | It is unlikely that either 'Winona is a wolf' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. | It is almost certain that either 'Winona is a wolf' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| unlikely | almost certain | Either 'Winona is a wolf' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. | 1invalid
| 18 | 0.2 |
It is improbable that Julius is green. It is probable that Brian is yellow. It is certain that Mary put down the apple. | We doubt that either 'Mary put down the apple' or 'Julius is green' but not both. | It is highly likely that either 'Mary put down the apple' or 'Julius is green' but not both. | We doubt that either 'Mary put down the apple' or 'Julius is green' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.7::factB.
1.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| highly likely | we doubt | Either 'Mary put down the apple' or 'Julius is green' but not both. | 0valid
| 19 | 0.9 |
It is improbable that Lily is green. We believe that Brian is a swan. It is impossible that John discarded the apple. | It is unlikely that either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. | We believe that either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. | It is unlikely that either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.75::factB.
0.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | unlikely | Either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Brian is a swan' but not both. | 0valid
| 20 | 0.75 |
We doubt that Mary went to the hallway. It is likely that Fred left the football. There is almost no chance that Lily is yellow. | It is probably the case that either 'Fred left the football' or 'Lily is yellow' but not both. | It is probably the case that either 'Fred left the football' or 'Lily is yellow' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Fred left the football' or 'Lily is yellow' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.02::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| probably | probably not | Either 'Fred left the football' or 'Lily is yellow' but not both. | 1invalid
| 21 | 0.692 |
It is probably the case that Brian is green. Chances are slight that Mary went to the kitchen. It is highly likely that Julius is gray. | We doubt that either 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Brian is green' but not both. | It is probably the case that either 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Brian is green' but not both. | We doubt that either 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Brian is green' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably | we doubt | Either 'Mary went to the kitchen' or 'Brian is green' but not both. | 0valid
| 22 | 0.66 |
It is improbable that Julius is a frog. It is probably the case that Mary got the milk. It is highly unlikely that John picked up the apple. | It is probable that 'John picked up the apple and Julius is a frog'. | It is impossible that 'John picked up the apple and Julius is a frog'. | It is probable that 'John picked up the apple and Julius is a frog'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.05::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | probable | 'John picked up the apple and Julius is a frog'. | 0valid
| 23 | 0.005 |
It is probably not the case that John went to the garden. It is unlikely that Emily is a mouse. Chances are slight that Julius is a lion. | It is probably not the case that either 'Emily is a mouse' or 'John went to the garden' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Emily is a mouse' or 'John went to the garden' but not both. | It is probably the case that either 'Emily is a mouse' or 'John went to the garden' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.25::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | probably | Either 'Emily is a mouse' or 'John went to the garden' but not both. | 1invalid
| 24 | 0.35 |
It is improbable that John went to the kitchen. We doubt that Brian is yellow. It is impossible that Bernhard is green. | It is probably not the case that either 'Brian is yellow' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Brian is yellow' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. | It is probable that either 'Brian is yellow' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | probable | Either 'Brian is yellow' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. | 1invalid
| 25 | 0.26 |
There is a better than even chance that Lily is a frog. There is almost no chance that Gertrude is a sheep. It is probably not the case that Sandra dropped the milk. | It is impossible that 'Sandra dropped the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. | It is impossible that 'Sandra dropped the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. | There is a better than even chance that 'Sandra dropped the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.25::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | better than even | 'Sandra dropped the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. | 1invalid
| 26 | 0.005 |
It is unlikely that Lily is a lion. It is unlikely that Fred dropped the apple. It is certain that Greg is gray. | There is a very good chance that either 'Lily is a lion' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | There is a very good chance that either 'Lily is a lion' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | It is improbable that either 'Lily is a lion' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.2::factB.
1.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| very good chance | improbable | Either 'Lily is a lion' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | 1invalid
| 27 | 0.8 |
There is almost no chance that Greg is a lion. It is certain that Gertrude is a cat. It is probably not the case that Mary moved to the garden. | It is certain that either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. | It is certain that either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.02::factA.
1.0::factB.
0.25::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| certain | highly unlikely | Either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. | 1invalid
| 28 | 0.98 |
It is likely that Brian is a rhino. It is improbable that Mary got the milk. There is little chance that Greg is a frog. | It is highly unlikely that 'Brian is a rhino and Mary got the milk'. | It is highly unlikely that 'Brian is a rhino and Mary got the milk'. | It is probably the case that 'Brian is a rhino and Mary got the milk'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| highly unlikely | probably | 'Brian is a rhino and Mary got the milk'. | 1invalid
| 29 | 0.07 |
It is highly likely that Emily is a cat. We doubt that Lily is a rhino. There is a better than even chance that Mary went to the bedroom. | There is little chance that 'Mary went to the bedroom and Lily is a rhino'. | There is little chance that 'Mary went to the bedroom and Lily is a rhino'. | We believe that 'Mary went to the bedroom and Lily is a rhino'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.9::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.6::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| little chance | we believe | 'Mary went to the bedroom and Lily is a rhino'. | 1invalid
| 30 | 0.12 |
It is likely that Julius is white. It is highly unlikely that Emily is a sheep. It is probably not the case that Mary left the football. | There is almost no chance that 'Emily is a sheep and Mary left the football'. | There is almost no chance that 'Emily is a sheep and Mary left the football'. | It is almost certain that 'Emily is a sheep and Mary left the football'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.25::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | almost certain | 'Emily is a sheep and Mary left the football'. | 1invalid
| 31 | 0.0125 |
It is almost certain that Lily is yellow. We doubt that John went to the garden. We believe that Greg is gray. | It is probably not the case that either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | We believe that either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.95::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.75::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | we believe | Either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | 1invalid
| 32 | 0.275 |
We believe that Mary went to the kitchen. It is probably the case that Bernhard is a frog. There is a very good chance that Greg is a lion. | Chances are about even that 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is a frog' or both. | It is almost certain that 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is a frog' or both. | Chances are about even that 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is a frog' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.75::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.8::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| almost certain | about even | 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is a frog' or both. | 0valid
| 33 | 0.94 |
We believe that Greg is white. There is almost no chance that John went to the hallway. Chances are slight that Lily is a swan. | There is almost no chance that 'Greg is white and John went to the hallway'. | There is almost no chance that 'Greg is white and John went to the hallway'. | It is certain that 'Greg is white and John went to the hallway'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.75::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | certain | 'Greg is white and John went to the hallway'. | 1invalid
| 34 | 0.015 |
It is unlikely that Jessica is a mouse. It is probably the case that Brian is a rhino. Chances are about even that Jeff left the apple. | It is improbable that 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Brian is a rhino' or both. | We believe that 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Brian is a rhino' or both. | It is improbable that 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Brian is a rhino' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | improbable | 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Brian is a rhino' or both. | 0valid
| 35 | 0.76 |
There is little chance that Mary moved to the office. It is probable that Julius is gray. It is highly unlikely that John discarded the apple. | It is unlikely that 'Julius is gray' or 'Mary moved to the office' or both. | We believe that 'Julius is gray' or 'Mary moved to the office' or both. | It is unlikely that 'Julius is gray' or 'Mary moved to the office' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.05::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | unlikely | 'Julius is gray' or 'Mary moved to the office' or both. | 0valid
| 36 | 0.73 |
It is likely that Lily is a rhino. We believe that John went to the bedroom. There is a better than even chance that Bernhard is green. | Chances are about even that either 'John went to the bedroom' or 'Lily is a rhino' but not both. | Chances are about even that either 'John went to the bedroom' or 'Lily is a rhino' but not both. | It is highly unlikely that either 'John went to the bedroom' or 'Lily is a rhino' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.75::factB.
0.6::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| about even | highly unlikely | Either 'John went to the bedroom' or 'Lily is a rhino' but not both. | 1invalid
| 37 | 0.4 |
We believe that Bernhard is a swan. It is unlikely that Brian is yellow. It is unlikely that Greg is a lion. | It is highly likely that 'Greg is a lion' or 'Brian is yellow' or both. | It is probably not the case that 'Greg is a lion' or 'Brian is yellow' or both. | It is highly likely that 'Greg is a lion' or 'Brian is yellow' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.75::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | highly likely | 'Greg is a lion' or 'Brian is yellow' or both. | 0valid
| 38 | 0.36 |
It is highly likely that Daniel got the milk. It is highly likely that Jessica is a mouse. Chances are about even that John went to the kitchen. | It is certain that 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Daniel got the milk' or both. | It is certain that 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Daniel got the milk' or both. | There is almost no chance that 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Daniel got the milk' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.9::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| certain | almost no chance | 'Jessica is a mouse' or 'Daniel got the milk' or both. | 1invalid
| 39 | 0.99 |
Chances are about even that Bernhard is yellow. It is improbable that Daniel grabbed the apple. We doubt that John dropped the milk. | There is a better than even chance that 'Daniel grabbed the apple' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. | There is a better than even chance that 'Daniel grabbed the apple' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. | There is almost no chance that 'Daniel grabbed the apple' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.5::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| better than even | almost no chance | 'Daniel grabbed the apple' or 'Bernhard is yellow' or both. | 1invalid
| 40 | 0.55 |
There is little chance that Mary got the apple. It is likely that Greg is a rhino. It is likely that Brian is white. | There is little chance that 'Brian is white' or 'Mary got the apple' or both. | We believe that 'Brian is white' or 'Mary got the apple' or both. | There is little chance that 'Brian is white' or 'Mary got the apple' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | little chance | 'Brian is white' or 'Mary got the apple' or both. | 0valid
| 41 | 0.73 |
There is a better than even chance that Lily is white. It is probably not the case that Bernhard is white. We doubt that John went to the kitchen. | Chances are slight that either 'Lily is white' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. | There is a better than even chance that either 'Lily is white' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. | Chances are slight that either 'Lily is white' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.25::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| better than even | chances are slight | Either 'Lily is white' or 'John went to the kitchen' but not both. | 0valid
| 42 | 0.56 |
It is impossible that Greg is a lion. We doubt that Julius is gray. It is unlikely that Gertrude is a cat. | There is a very good chance that 'Julius is gray' or 'Greg is a lion' or both. | We doubt that 'Julius is gray' or 'Greg is a lion' or both. | There is a very good chance that 'Julius is gray' or 'Greg is a lion' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.0::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we doubt | very good chance | 'Julius is gray' or 'Greg is a lion' or both. | 0valid
| 43 | 0.2 |
It is improbable that Julius is gray. It is certain that Sandra left the milk. There is a better than even chance that Bernhard is green. | There is almost no chance that 'Bernhard is green' or 'Julius is gray' or both. | There is a better than even chance that 'Bernhard is green' or 'Julius is gray' or both. | There is almost no chance that 'Bernhard is green' or 'Julius is gray' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
1.0::factB.
0.6::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| better than even | almost no chance | 'Bernhard is green' or 'Julius is gray' or both. | 0valid
| 44 | 0.64 |
Chances are slight that John got the apple. It is likely that Julius is a lion. We believe that Bernhard is yellow. | Chances are about even that 'Julius is a lion and Bernhard is yellow'. | Chances are about even that 'Julius is a lion and Bernhard is yellow'. | It is almost certain that 'Julius is a lion and Bernhard is yellow'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.75::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | almost certain | 'Julius is a lion and Bernhard is yellow'. | 1invalid
| 45 | 0.525 |
It is likely that Julius is a lion. There is little chance that Brian is white. It is highly likely that Mary left the football. | It is highly likely that 'Brian is white and Mary left the football'. | It is improbable that 'Brian is white and Mary left the football'. | It is highly likely that 'Brian is white and Mary left the football'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| improbable | highly likely | 'Brian is white and Mary left the football'. | 0valid
| 46 | 0.09 |
Chances are slight that Greg is white. It is likely that Mary went to the hallway. It is probable that Bernhard is a rhino. | It is probable that either 'Greg is white' or 'Bernhard is a rhino' but not both. | It is probable that either 'Greg is white' or 'Bernhard is a rhino' but not both. | It is impossible that either 'Greg is white' or 'Bernhard is a rhino' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| probable | impossible | Either 'Greg is white' or 'Bernhard is a rhino' but not both. | 1invalid
| 47 | 0.66 |
There is almost no chance that Mary took the milk. There is a better than even chance that Bernhard is a swan. It is likely that Greg is a frog. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Bernhard is a swan' or 'Greg is a frog' but not both. | Chances are about even that either 'Bernhard is a swan' or 'Greg is a frog' but not both. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Bernhard is a swan' or 'Greg is a frog' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.02::factA.
0.6::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | highly unlikely | Either 'Bernhard is a swan' or 'Greg is a frog' but not both. | 0valid
| 48 | 0.46 |
It is improbable that Julius is white. It is highly likely that Gertrude is a sheep. It is likely that Greg is a swan. | It is probably not the case that either 'Greg is a swan' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Greg is a swan' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' but not both. | It is almost certain that either 'Greg is a swan' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | almost certain | Either 'Greg is a swan' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' but not both. | 1invalid
| 49 | 0.34 |
Chances are about even that Sandra dropped the apple. There is almost no chance that Julius is a rhino. It is impossible that Brian is a lion. | There is almost no chance that either 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. | There is almost no chance that either 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. | It is probable that either 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.5::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | probable | Either 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. | 1invalid
| 50 | 0.02 |
Chances are about even that Lily is yellow. It is probable that Emily is a mouse. There is a better than even chance that Fred moved to the office. | There is almost no chance that either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Fred moved to the office' but not both. | Chances are about even that either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Fred moved to the office' but not both. | There is almost no chance that either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Fred moved to the office' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.5::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.6::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | almost no chance | Either 'Lily is yellow' or 'Fred moved to the office' but not both. | 0valid
| 51 | 0.5 |
It is probably not the case that John moved to the garden. We doubt that Daniel dropped the milk. There is a very good chance that Greg is yellow. | It is probable that either 'Daniel dropped the milk' or 'Greg is yellow' but not both. | It is probable that either 'Daniel dropped the milk' or 'Greg is yellow' but not both. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Daniel dropped the milk' or 'Greg is yellow' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.25::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.8::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| probable | highly unlikely | Either 'Daniel dropped the milk' or 'Greg is yellow' but not both. | 1invalid
| 52 | 0.68 |
It is highly unlikely that Brian is green. It is improbable that Mary left the football. It is unlikely that Julius is a swan. | It is likely that either 'Mary left the football' or 'Brian is green' but not both. | It is improbable that either 'Mary left the football' or 'Brian is green' but not both. | It is likely that either 'Mary left the football' or 'Brian is green' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.05::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| improbable | likely | Either 'Mary left the football' or 'Brian is green' but not both. | 0valid
| 53 | 0.14 |
We doubt that Mary is in the hallway. It is highly likely that Lily is a swan. It is probably the case that Sandra took the football. | It is probably not the case that either 'Sandra took the football' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Sandra took the football' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. | We believe that either 'Sandra took the football' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | we believe | Either 'Sandra took the football' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. | 1invalid
| 54 | 0.34 |
There is a better than even chance that Brian is a rhino. It is highly unlikely that Lily is a swan. It is probably not the case that Mary left the football. | There is little chance that 'Mary left the football and Brian is a rhino'. | There is little chance that 'Mary left the football and Brian is a rhino'. | It is almost certain that 'Mary left the football and Brian is a rhino'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.25::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| little chance | almost certain | 'Mary left the football and Brian is a rhino'. | 1invalid
| 55 | 0.15 |
Chances are slight that Mary went to the hallway. It is highly likely that Brian is yellow. It is highly likely that Bernhard is gray. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Mary went to the hallway' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. | There is a very good chance that either 'Mary went to the hallway' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Mary went to the hallway' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| very good chance | highly unlikely | Either 'Mary went to the hallway' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. | 0valid
| 56 | 0.82 |
There is almost no chance that Bernhard is yellow. It is impossible that Greg is a lion. There is a very good chance that Jessica is a sheep. | There is a very good chance that either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. | There is almost no chance that either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. | There is a very good chance that either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.02::factA.
0.0::factB.
0.8::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | very good chance | Either 'Greg is a lion' or 'Bernhard is yellow' but not both. | 0valid
| 57 | 0.02 |
It is impossible that Bernhard is a frog. We believe that Brian is a rhino. There is almost no chance that Lily is white. | It is probably not the case that either 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Bernhard is a frog' but not both. | We believe that either 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Bernhard is a frog' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Bernhard is a frog' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.0::factA.
0.75::factB.
0.02::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | probably not | Either 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Bernhard is a frog' but not both. | 0valid
| 58 | 0.75 |
We doubt that John dropped the milk. Chances are slight that Brian is a frog. Chances are slight that Bill went to the garden. | It is almost certain that either 'Brian is a frog' or 'John dropped the milk' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Brian is a frog' or 'John dropped the milk' but not both. | It is almost certain that either 'Brian is a frog' or 'John dropped the milk' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | almost certain | Either 'Brian is a frog' or 'John dropped the milk' but not both. | 0valid
| 59 | 0.26 |
There is almost no chance that Jeff went to the garden. It is certain that Lily is white. Chances are about even that John put down the apple. | It is almost certain that 'Lily is white and Jeff went to the garden'. | There is almost no chance that 'Lily is white and Jeff went to the garden'. | It is almost certain that 'Lily is white and Jeff went to the garden'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.02::factA.
1.0::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | almost certain | 'Lily is white and Jeff went to the garden'. | 0valid
| 60 | 0.02 |
There is a better than even chance that Daniel left the milk. We believe that John went to the kitchen. It is probably the case that Brian is green. | It is highly likely that 'Daniel left the milk' or 'Brian is green' or both. | It is highly likely that 'Daniel left the milk' or 'Brian is green' or both. | There is little chance that 'Daniel left the milk' or 'Brian is green' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.75::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| highly likely | little chance | 'Daniel left the milk' or 'Brian is green' or both. | 1invalid
| 61 | 0.88 |
It is probably not the case that Yann is bored. It is highly unlikely that Gertrude is a cat. Chances are slight that Brian is a rhino. | We believe that 'Gertrude is a cat and Brian is a rhino'. | It is impossible that 'Gertrude is a cat and Brian is a rhino'. | We believe that 'Gertrude is a cat and Brian is a rhino'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.25::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | we believe | 'Gertrude is a cat and Brian is a rhino'. | 0valid
| 62 | 0.005 |
It is improbable that Gertrude is a sheep. It is likely that Lily is a rhino. It is probably the case that Mary left the football. | We believe that 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' or both. | We believe that 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' or both. | Chances are slight that 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | chances are slight | 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a sheep' or both. | 1invalid
| 63 | 0.73 |
It is impossible that Bernhard is a swan. There is little chance that Julius is a rhino. We believe that Mary went to the kitchen. | It is impossible that 'Julius is a rhino and Bernhard is a swan'. | It is impossible that 'Julius is a rhino and Bernhard is a swan'. | It is likely that 'Julius is a rhino and Bernhard is a swan'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.0::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.75::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | likely | 'Julius is a rhino and Bernhard is a swan'. | 1invalid
| 64 | 0 |
It is certain that Brian is yellow. It is impossible that Lily is a swan. It is improbable that Bernhard is yellow. | It is improbable that either 'Brian is yellow' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. | It is certain that either 'Brian is yellow' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. | It is improbable that either 'Brian is yellow' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
1.0::factA.
0.0::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| certain | improbable | Either 'Brian is yellow' or 'Lily is a swan' but not both. | 0valid
| 65 | 1 |
Chances are about even that John got the apple. It is highly unlikely that Julius is yellow. It is likely that Brian is a frog. | Chances are about even that either 'John got the apple' or 'Brian is a frog' but not both. | Chances are about even that either 'John got the apple' or 'Brian is a frog' but not both. | It is impossible that either 'John got the apple' or 'Brian is a frog' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.5::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | impossible | Either 'John got the apple' or 'Brian is a frog' but not both. | 1invalid
| 66 | 0.5 |
There is little chance that Jeff dropped the apple. We doubt that John went to the kitchen. There is a very good chance that Mary got the football. | It is probably the case that either 'John went to the kitchen' or 'Jeff dropped the apple' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'John went to the kitchen' or 'Jeff dropped the apple' but not both. | It is probably the case that either 'John went to the kitchen' or 'Jeff dropped the apple' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.8::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | probably | Either 'John went to the kitchen' or 'Jeff dropped the apple' but not both. | 0valid
| 67 | 0.26 |
It is probably the case that Gertrude is a cat. It is highly unlikely that Lily is white. It is almost certain that Jessica is a mouse. | We doubt that either 'Lily is white' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. | It is likely that either 'Lily is white' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. | We doubt that either 'Lily is white' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.95::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| likely | we doubt | Either 'Lily is white' or 'Gertrude is a cat' but not both. | 0valid
| 68 | 0.68 |
We believe that Julius is gray. It is highly unlikely that Mary got the milk. It is highly unlikely that Gertrude is a mouse. | Chances are slight that 'Gertrude is a mouse' or 'Julius is gray' or both. | We believe that 'Gertrude is a mouse' or 'Julius is gray' or both. | Chances are slight that 'Gertrude is a mouse' or 'Julius is gray' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.75::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.05::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | chances are slight | 'Gertrude is a mouse' or 'Julius is gray' or both. | 0valid
| 69 | 0.7625 |
It is impossible that Emily is a wolf. We doubt that Julius is yellow. It is almost certain that John moved to the garden. | It is certain that 'Julius is yellow and Emily is a wolf'. | It is impossible that 'Julius is yellow and Emily is a wolf'. | It is certain that 'Julius is yellow and Emily is a wolf'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.0::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.95::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | certain | 'Julius is yellow and Emily is a wolf'. | 0valid
| 70 | 0 |
We believe that Gertrude is a cat. There is little chance that Julius is a rhino. It is probably not the case that John moved to the office. | We believe that 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a cat' or both. | We believe that 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a cat' or both. | There is little chance that 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a cat' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.75::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.25::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | little chance | 'Julius is a rhino' or 'Gertrude is a cat' or both. | 1invalid
| 71 | 0.775 |
There is little chance that Mary took the football. It is highly unlikely that Julius is a frog. It is highly likely that Brian is yellow. | It is probably the case that either 'Mary took the football' or 'Julius is a frog' but not both. | There is little chance that either 'Mary took the football' or 'Julius is a frog' but not both. | It is probably the case that either 'Mary took the football' or 'Julius is a frog' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| little chance | probably | Either 'Mary took the football' or 'Julius is a frog' but not both. | 0valid
| 72 | 0.14 |
Chances are slight that Bernhard is a lion. We doubt that Brian is white. It is unlikely that Lily is a rhino. | It is probable that 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Brian is white' or both. | It is probably not the case that 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Brian is white' or both. | It is probable that 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Brian is white' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | probable | 'Lily is a rhino' or 'Brian is white' or both. | 0valid
| 73 | 0.36 |
It is highly likely that Julius is a lion. Chances are about even that Lily is a frog. It is likely that Mary moved to the garden. | It is likely that either 'Mary moved to the garden' or 'Julius is a lion' but not both. | It is probably not the case that either 'Mary moved to the garden' or 'Julius is a lion' but not both. | It is likely that either 'Mary moved to the garden' or 'Julius is a lion' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.9::factA.
0.5::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | likely | Either 'Mary moved to the garden' or 'Julius is a lion' but not both. | 0valid
| 74 | 0.34 |
It is unlikely that Sandra dropped the milk. There is a very good chance that Mary took the football. Chances are about even that Lily is green. | It is highly unlikely that 'Sandra dropped the milk' or 'Mary took the football' or both. | There is a very good chance that 'Sandra dropped the milk' or 'Mary took the football' or both. | It is highly unlikely that 'Sandra dropped the milk' or 'Mary took the football' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.8::factB.
0.5::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| very good chance | highly unlikely | 'Sandra dropped the milk' or 'Mary took the football' or both. | 0valid
| 75 | 0.84 |
We doubt that Lily is a swan. It is improbable that Brian is green. It is highly unlikely that John got the milk. | It is certain that 'Lily is a swan' or 'Brian is green' or both. | It is probably not the case that 'Lily is a swan' or 'Brian is green' or both. | It is certain that 'Lily is a swan' or 'Brian is green' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.05::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | certain | 'Lily is a swan' or 'Brian is green' or both. | 0valid
| 76 | 0.28 |
It is likely that Mary went to the office. There is almost no chance that Brian is a swan. There is a better than even chance that Greg is a lion. | Chances are about even that 'Mary went to the office and Brian is a swan'. | There is almost no chance that 'Mary went to the office and Brian is a swan'. | Chances are about even that 'Mary went to the office and Brian is a swan'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.6::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | about even | 'Mary went to the office and Brian is a swan'. | 0valid
| 77 | 0.014 |
It is impossible that Bernhard is green. It is probably the case that Brian is yellow. It is unlikely that John picked up the apple. | It is impossible that either 'John picked up the apple' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. | There is a better than even chance that either 'John picked up the apple' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. | It is impossible that either 'John picked up the apple' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.0::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| better than even | impossible | Either 'John picked up the apple' or 'Brian is yellow' but not both. | 0valid
| 78 | 0.62 |
There is almost no chance that Jessica is a mouse. There is almost no chance that Brian is white. It is probably the case that Julius is a frog. | There is a better than even chance that 'Brian is white' or 'Jessica is a mouse' or both. | It is highly unlikely that 'Brian is white' or 'Jessica is a mouse' or both. | There is a better than even chance that 'Brian is white' or 'Jessica is a mouse' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.02::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| highly unlikely | better than even | 'Brian is white' or 'Jessica is a mouse' or both. | 0valid
| 79 | 0.0396 |
There is a very good chance that Jessica is a cat. It is probable that Antoine is hungry. It is unlikely that Sandra got the football. | There is little chance that either 'Jessica is a cat' or 'Sandra got the football' but not both. | It is likely that either 'Jessica is a cat' or 'Sandra got the football' but not both. | There is little chance that either 'Jessica is a cat' or 'Sandra got the football' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.8::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| likely | little chance | Either 'Jessica is a cat' or 'Sandra got the football' but not both. | 0valid
| 80 | 0.68 |
It is impossible that Daniel took the apple. It is highly unlikely that Mary went to the bedroom. It is impossible that Brian is a rhino. | Chances are about even that 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Daniel took the apple' or both. | It is impossible that 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Daniel took the apple' or both. | Chances are about even that 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Daniel took the apple' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.0::factA.
0.05::factB.
0.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| impossible | about even | 'Brian is a rhino' or 'Daniel took the apple' or both. | 0valid
| 81 | 0 |
It is probably not the case that John went to the bedroom. There is almost no chance that Bernhard is a swan. It is almost certain that Brian is white. | There is a very good chance that 'Brian is white and John went to the bedroom'. | It is probably not the case that 'Brian is white and John went to the bedroom'. | There is a very good chance that 'Brian is white and John went to the bedroom'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.25::factA.
0.02::factB.
0.95::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probably not | very good chance | 'Brian is white and John went to the bedroom'. | 0valid
| 82 | 0.2375 |
There is a better than even chance that Sandra dropped the milk. Chances are about even that Mary got the milk. We believe that Bernhard is a swan. | There is a very good chance that 'Mary got the milk' or 'Sandra dropped the milk' or both. | There is a very good chance that 'Mary got the milk' or 'Sandra dropped the milk' or both. | We doubt that 'Mary got the milk' or 'Sandra dropped the milk' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.5::factB.
0.75::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| very good chance | we doubt | 'Mary got the milk' or 'Sandra dropped the milk' or both. | 1invalid
| 83 | 0.8 |
It is probably the case that Julius is gray. It is improbable that Sandra left the apple. It is unlikely that John went to the hallway. | There is little chance that 'John went to the hallway and Julius is gray'. | There is little chance that 'John went to the hallway and Julius is gray'. | It is likely that 'John went to the hallway and Julius is gray'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| little chance | likely | 'John went to the hallway and Julius is gray'. | 1invalid
| 84 | 0.14 |
It is unlikely that Julius is yellow. It is unlikely that Bernhard is a lion. It is highly likely that Gertrude is a wolf. | It is highly unlikely that 'Julius is yellow and Bernhard is a lion'. | It is highly unlikely that 'Julius is yellow and Bernhard is a lion'. | Chances are about even that 'Julius is yellow and Bernhard is a lion'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.2::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factA,factB).
query(conclusion).
| highly unlikely | about even | 'Julius is yellow and Bernhard is a lion'. | 1invalid
| 85 | 0.04 |
It is highly unlikely that Daniel put down the milk. There is little chance that Bernhard is a swan. It is certain that John discarded the apple. | It is certain that 'John discarded the apple and Bernhard is a swan'. | There is little chance that 'John discarded the apple and Bernhard is a swan'. | It is certain that 'John discarded the apple and Bernhard is a swan'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.05::factA.
0.1::factB.
1.0::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| little chance | certain | 'John discarded the apple and Bernhard is a swan'. | 0valid
| 86 | 0.1 |
It is unlikely that John moved to the garden. It is probably the case that Lily is a rhino. It is highly unlikely that Daniel left the milk. | It is improbable that 'Lily is a rhino and John moved to the garden'. | It is improbable that 'Lily is a rhino and John moved to the garden'. | There is a better than even chance that 'Lily is a rhino and John moved to the garden'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.05::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| improbable | better than even | 'Lily is a rhino and John moved to the garden'. | 1invalid
| 87 | 0.14 |
It is almost certain that Mary took the milk. It is probable that Julius is yellow. There is almost no chance that Jessica is a mouse. | Chances are slight that 'Julius is yellow and Mary took the milk'. | It is probable that 'Julius is yellow and Mary took the milk'. | Chances are slight that 'Julius is yellow and Mary took the milk'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.95::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.02::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| probable | chances are slight | 'Julius is yellow and Mary took the milk'. | 0valid
| 88 | 0.665 |
It is likely that Bernhard is yellow. It is highly likely that Fred dropped the apple. We doubt that Brian is a lion. | There is a better than even chance that either 'Bernhard is yellow' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. | There is a better than even chance that either 'Bernhard is yellow' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. | It is improbable that either 'Bernhard is yellow' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.2::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factA,factC).
query(conclusion).
| better than even | improbable | Either 'Bernhard is yellow' or 'Brian is a lion' but not both. | 1invalid
| 89 | 0.62 |
It is certain that Daniel grabbed the apple. There is little chance that Emily is a mouse. We believe that Greg is a swan. | We believe that 'Emily is a mouse' or 'Greg is a swan' or both. | We believe that 'Emily is a mouse' or 'Greg is a swan' or both. | It is unlikely that 'Emily is a mouse' or 'Greg is a swan' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
1.0::factA.
0.1::factB.
0.75::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | unlikely | 'Emily is a mouse' or 'Greg is a swan' or both. | 1invalid
| 90 | 0.775 |
It is improbable that Gertrude is a sheep. It is almost certain that Jeff discarded the milk. It is almost certain that Bernhard is a frog. | Chances are slight that 'Jeff discarded the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. | Chances are slight that 'Jeff discarded the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. | There is a better than even chance that 'Jeff discarded the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.95::factB.
0.95::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| chances are slight | better than even | 'Jeff discarded the milk and Gertrude is a sheep'. | 1invalid
| 91 | 0.095 |
We doubt that Lily is a frog. It is almost certain that Greg is gray. It is improbable that John went to the office. | There is little chance that either 'John went to the office' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | It is highly likely that either 'John went to the office' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | There is little chance that either 'John went to the office' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.95::factB.
0.1::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| highly likely | little chance | Either 'John went to the office' or 'Greg is gray' but not both. | 0valid
| 92 | 0.86 |
There is a better than even chance that Bernhard is a frog. It is highly likely that Winona is a sheep. It is probable that John went to the kitchen. | It is almost certain that 'Winona is a sheep' or 'John went to the kitchen' or both. | It is almost certain that 'Winona is a sheep' or 'John went to the kitchen' or both. | There is almost no chance that 'Winona is a sheep' or 'John went to the kitchen' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.6::factA.
0.9::factB.
0.7::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| almost certain | almost no chance | 'Winona is a sheep' or 'John went to the kitchen' or both. | 1invalid
| 93 | 0.97 |
There is little chance that Julius is gray. We believe that Jeff moved to the garden. There is almost no chance that John went to the hallway. | It is highly unlikely that 'Jeff moved to the garden' or 'John went to the hallway' or both. | We believe that 'Jeff moved to the garden' or 'John went to the hallway' or both. | It is highly unlikely that 'Jeff moved to the garden' or 'John went to the hallway' or both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.75::factB.
0.02::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-or(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | highly unlikely | 'Jeff moved to the garden' or 'John went to the hallway' or both. | 0valid
| 94 | 0.755 |
We doubt that Mary left the football. It is likely that Julius is a lion. It is almost certain that John discarded the apple. | There is almost no chance that either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Mary left the football' but not both. | We believe that either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Mary left the football' but not both. | There is almost no chance that either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Mary left the football' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.95::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factC,factA).
query(conclusion).
| we believe | almost no chance | Either 'John discarded the apple' or 'Mary left the football' but not both. | 0valid
| 95 | 0.77 |
It is likely that Greg is yellow. It is probably the case that Sandra grabbed the apple. There is almost no chance that Daniel got the football. | There is almost no chance that 'Daniel got the football and Sandra grabbed the apple'. | There is almost no chance that 'Daniel got the football and Sandra grabbed the apple'. | It is likely that 'Daniel got the football and Sandra grabbed the apple'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.7::factA.
0.7::factB.
0.02::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factC,factB).
query(conclusion).
| almost no chance | likely | 'Daniel got the football and Sandra grabbed the apple'. | 1invalid
| 96 | 0.014 |
It is highly likely that John left the milk. It is almost certain that Brian is a frog. There is a better than even chance that Bernhard is green. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Brian is a frog' or 'Bernhard is green' but not both. | Chances are about even that either 'Brian is a frog' or 'Bernhard is green' but not both. | It is highly unlikely that either 'Brian is a frog' or 'Bernhard is green' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.9::factA.
0.95::factB.
0.6::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factC).
query(conclusion).
| about even | highly unlikely | Either 'Brian is a frog' or 'Bernhard is green' but not both. | 0valid
| 97 | 0.41 |
There is little chance that Mary took the football. We believe that Emily is a sheep. It is highly likely that Greg is a frog. | It is likely that either 'Emily is a sheep' or 'Mary took the football' but not both. | It is likely that either 'Emily is a sheep' or 'Mary took the football' but not both. | There is little chance that either 'Emily is a sheep' or 'Mary took the football' but not both. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.1::factA.
0.75::factB.
0.9::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-xor(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| likely | little chance | Either 'Emily is a sheep' or 'Mary took the football' but not both. | 1invalid
| 98 | 0.7 |
We doubt that Brian is a lion. It is certain that Bernhard is a frog. There is almost no chance that John grabbed the apple. | We believe that 'Bernhard is a frog and Brian is a lion'. | It is unlikely that 'Bernhard is a frog and Brian is a lion'. | We believe that 'Bernhard is a frog and Brian is a lion'. |
and(A,B) :- A,B.
or(A,B) :- A;B.
nand(A,B) :- not(and(A,B)).
nor(A,B) :- not(or(A,B)).
xor(A,B) :- or(A,B), nand(A,B).
%hop0
0.2::factA.
1.0::factB.
0.02::factC.
%hop2
conclusion:-and(factB,factA).
query(conclusion).
| unlikely | we believe | 'Bernhard is a frog and Brian is a lion'. | 0valid
| 99 | 0.2 |
This dataset tests the capabilities of language models to correctly capture the meaning of words denoting probabilities (WEP, also called verbal probabilities), e.g. words like "probably", "maybe", "surely", "impossible".
We used probabilitic soft logic to combine probabilistic statements expressed with WEP (WEP-Reasoning) and we also used the UNLI dataset (https://nlp.jhu.edu/unli/) to directly check whether models can detect the WEP matching human-annotated probabilities according to Fagen-Ulmschneider, 2018. The dataset can be used as natural language inference data (context, premise, label) or multiple choice question answering (context,valid_hypothesis, invalid_hypothesis).
Code : colab
https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.03358
@inproceedings{sileo-moens-2023-probing,
title = "Probing neural language models for understanding of words of estimative probability",
author = "Sileo, Damien and
Moens, Marie-francine",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2023)",
month = jul,
year = "2023",
address = "Toronto, Canada",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.starsem-1.41",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2023.starsem-1.41",
pages = "469--476",
}