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{ "Gender": [ { "id": 0, "textsegment": "Significant work will be required to create an environment which is nurturing and inviting to new business models. From shared ownership to provision of service/experience rather than goods/commodities, different ways of satisfying demand — supported by ever more powerful and accessible digital platforms and networks — will generate tremendous growth opportunities within a population increasing its per-capita income as poverty is reduced. A forward-looking fiscal strategy, aware of the options and flexible to the evolution of new markets, will 46 enhance such opportunities for South Africa, which will in turn bring export opportunities to Africa and the rest of the world", "annotation": [ 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 5, 0, 0, 2, 0, 5, 1, 3, 0 ] }, { "id": 1, "textsegment": "Based on the sectoral pathways work, which will identify the requirements of the different sectors, a cross-cutting analysis of such pathways will help identify common needs. An aggregate understanding of the evolution over time of such critical factors such as levels of capital investment, consumer prices of different energy options, and requirements for skilled workers in various industries (increasing and decreasing), will set out the parameters for the cross-cutting strategies described previously. Creation of policy package roadmaps across three phases The likelihood of policy action leading to long-term transformation results would require the application of new planning techniques.", "annotation": [ 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 2, 4, 0, 0, 3, 3, 2, 2 ] }, { "id": 2, "textsegment": "Resistance to change can become challenging if not well handled, and must be anticipated and addressed with social acceptance and just transition actions. It is at this stage that multiple policies will need to work in concert for the new technological options to make economic sense for businesses and consumers. An overall understanding of the sectoral narratives of change and how they collectively feed into the national vision will be core to the success of this stage.", "annotation": [ 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, 3, 3, 5, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 0, 0, 5, 3, 3, 1 ] }, { "id": 3, "textsegment": "DoT, (2018). Draft Green Transport Strategy: 2017 - 2050. Government Gazette, No.", "annotation": [] } ], "Women Empowernment": [ { "id": 0, "textsegment": "A number of Cities are also members of global City movements relating to climate action and city networks that contribute to the climate change agenda such as 100 Resilient Cities, ICLE! Local Governments for Sustainability, and C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. Many have internal (through their statutory planning documents) and global carbon commitments and targets that apply to the functions of Transport planning, Urban development and Spatial planning, Infrastructure investment and service delivery.", "annotation": [] }, { "id": 1, "textsegment": "To ensure that government's commitment to a just transition is realised will require a clear vision around which the various initiatives, policies, sectors, geographical areas and communities can organize. The vision being developed by the National Planning Commission (NPC), through a consultative, bottom-up process, will help to define such an end-state, together with pathways to achieve this in the key areas of land, water and energy. Appropriate and sufficiently resourced plans and policies will be necessary.", "annotation": [] }, { "id": 2, "textsegment": "The implications of this restructuring on policy implementation has not yet been considered. xii Waste Waste management activities are legislated through the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, with further policy direction being provided through the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS). The Strategy adopts the waste management hierarchy of waste avoidance and reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal, activities which potentially contribute to a reduction in emissions from material life cycles2.", "annotation": [] }, { "id": 3, "textsegment": "5.7 Promoting sustainable development through education and culture Education can be a key factor in promoting sustainable development, by helping people develop knowledge, skills, values and behaviors which enhance their understanding and appreciation of how sustainability means a better life for them and their communities. Specific actions range vary the education curriculum, and must also include cultural and citizen awareness campaigns. Significant work is already underway globally to promote education surrounding climate change and sustainable development, and best practices are available, such as through the “Education for Sustainable Development’ program of UNESCO.", "annotation": [] } ] }

{ "extreme weather": [ { "id": 0, "textsegment": "In unmitigated GHG emissions scenarios, warming of up to 5 to 8°C is projected over the interior of the country by the end of this century. Under a range of warming scenarios, drier conditions will be experienced in the west and south of the country and wetter conditions in the east. Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable.", "annotation": [ 4, 1, 5, 1, 1, 3, 3, 0, 0, 5 ] }, { "id": 1, "textsegment": "Under a range of warming scenarios, drier conditions will be experienced in the west and south of the country and wetter conditions in the east. Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable. These changes will impact on water resources and food production, and increase the vulnerability of impoverished communities, amongst others.", "annotation": [ 3, 5, 2, 3, 0 ] }, { "id": 2, "textsegment": "The impacts associated with such temperature increases are significant and far- reaching; threatening people and ecosystems. The impacts, which become more severe the greater the temperature increase, include sea level rise as a result of melting polar ice and glaciers, increases in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, changing ecosystems and desertification, ocean acidification, and loss of biodiversity. The knock-on effects on human populations include health risks due to increasing temperatures and heatwaves, water shortages, food insecurity, increased spread of diseases and pests as well as damage to infrastructure due to extreme weather events.", "annotation": [ 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 2 ] }, { "id": 3, "textsegment": "The rapid transition that will be required presents a potential risk to economic growth and sustainable development if not managed properly. Through the Paris Agreement, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have agreed to limit “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”. Article 4 of the Agreement sets out Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as the instrument countries must develop to present their part of the global effort to “reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible... on the basis of equity and “in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.", "annotation": [] } ], "floods": [ { "id": 0, "textsegment": "Under a range of warming scenarios, drier conditions will be experienced in the west and south of the country and wetter conditions in the east. Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable. These changes will impact on water resources and food production, and increase the vulnerability of impoverished communities, amongst others.", "annotation": [ 1, 5, 0 ] }, { "id": 1, "textsegment": "An overall understanding of the sectoral narratives of change and how they collectively feed into the national vision will be core to the success of this stage. “Massive rollout” is the final phase, in which low-emissions climate resilient options have become the new normal. The constant application of transformative action will drive large volumes of investment towards transformational change", "annotation": [ 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5 ] }, { "id": 2, "textsegment": "The current IEP dates from 2003, and the Department of Energy has been working on updates thereof, with a draft IEP outlining various energy scenarios having been issued in 2016 (DoE, 2016a). The draft IEP provides an indication of the sectoral energy demand, as shown in Figure 6. This breakdown is relevant in this document in that it helps to contextualise the mitigation measures presented below", "annotation": [ 3, 1, 2, 5, 0, 0, 5, 5 ] }, { "id": 3, "textsegment": "These barriers, coupled with the scale of funding that is required to address mitigation and adaptation, means that there is a significant need for scaled-up international support to finance the transition to a climate-resilient inclusive low-carbon economy in South Africa. Positioning South Africa as an attractive destination for climate finance offers opportunities beyond enabling a transition to a just, sustainable and prosperous low carbon economy as discussed below. It also creates the opportunity to leverage its sophisticated and deep financial markets to serve as a gateway for climate finance to the rest of the continent, which, as mentioned earlier, is struggling to access its fair share of climate finance.", "annotation": [] } ], "droughts": [ { "id": 0, "textsegment": "Under a range of warming scenarios, drier conditions will be experienced in the west and south of the country and wetter conditions in the east. Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable. These changes will impact on water resources and food production, and increase the vulnerability of impoverished communities, amongst others.", "annotation": [] }, { "id": 1, "textsegment": "Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable. These changes will impact on water resources and food production, and increase the vulnerability of impoverished communities, amongst others (DEA, 2013). For this reason, the South African government regards climate change as a considerable threat to the country and its socio-economic development, having the potential to undermine many of the advances made in recent years.", "annotation": [] }, { "id": 2, "textsegment": "The global climate crisis Robust scientific evidence shows that the earth’s climate system is changing as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere have been rising steadily since the industrial revolution (circa 1760), mainly as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes, deforestation and agricultural activities. An extensive global body of research from climate scientists has confirmed the relationship between human-induced GHG emissions, higher global average surface temperatures and changes to the earth’s climate system (IPCC, 2014; IPCC, 2018).", "annotation": [] }, { "id": 3, "textsegment": "Despite the sophistication and depth of South African financial markets, a number of barriers remain that restrict the flow of funding to climate change projects. These are not unique to South Africa and include, amongst others, a relatively high degree of risk aversion among local financial institutions, difficulty in accessing longer-term financing, credibility of off-takers, high transaction costs for smaller projects, relatively long pay-back periods and a lack of attractive large low carbon investment options, difficulty in raising financing for technologies that have not been proven locally, a lack of concessionary wholesale finance, uncertainty about future electricity prices, complexity and regulatory burden of environmental regulation, a lack of public sector capacity in key areas, and an investment environment that is not conducive to investment due to policy uncertainty (Nicholls et al, 2015; Cloete et al, 2016; Cloete et al, 2018). These barriers, coupled with the scale of funding that is required to address mitigation and adaptation, means that there is a significant need for scaled-up international support to finance the transition to a climate-resilient inclusive low-carbon economy in South Africa.", "annotation": [] } ] }