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0 | Activation of endogenous somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) by somatostatin-14 or activation of transiently transfected << rat D2 dopamine receptors >> (rD2(long)) by [[ quinpirole ]] had no effect.
Query: What is the relation? activator
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Ribonucleotide reductase activity was found to be strongly increased in the gemcitabine-selected line and << purine nucleoside phosphorylase >> was increased in the [[ 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine ]]-selected line.
Query: What is the relation? upregulator
The 5-HT(1/2/5/7)-receptor antagonist methysergide and the 5-HT(2A/2B/2C)-receptor antagonist LY 53857 enhanced clomipramine-induced hyperglycemia, while the 5-HT(1A/1B)-receptor antagonist (-)-propranolol and the << 5-HT(3/4)-receptor >> antagonist [[ tropisetron ]] did not affect it.
Query: What is the relation? antagonist
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (<< KATI >>), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to [[ oxoglutaramic acid ]] (GTK, EC 2.6.1.15).
Query: What is the relation? substrate_product-of
8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM potentiation of << insulin >> secretion stimulated by tolbutamide was markedly inhibited by 2-APB (25 μM) and enhanced by the PKC inhibitor [[ bisindolylmaleimide I ]] (1 μM).
Query: What is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Inhibition of << S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase >> by a specific inhibitor [diethylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone); DEGBG] led to depletion of [[ spermidine ]] and spermine with a significant accumulation of putrescine and induction of ODC.
Query: What is the relation? product-of
Dexamethasone (<< DEX >>), betamethasone (BM), and their esterified-derivatives had full transrepression agonistic activity in a reporter assay using CV-1 cells transfected with either [[ human or rat GR ]].
Query: What is the relation? agonist
Moreover, << BH(4) >> treatment of the fructose-fed rats markedly reduced the lipid peroxide content of both aortic and cardiac tissues and inhibited the activation of 2 redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB and [[ activating protein-1 ]], which were increased in fructose-fed rats.
Query: What is the relation? downregulator
<< Methionine synthase reductase >> (MTRR) is an enzyme involved in the conversion of [[ Hcy ]] to methionine.
Query: What is the relation? substrate
In contrast, zinc protoporphyrin (<< ZnPP >>), a specific [[ HO-1 ]] inhibitor, showed a partial suppressive effect of 5HHMF on LPS-induced NO production.
Query: What is the relation? inhibitor
The esterified-BM, however, had only partial transactivation agonistic activity in cells transfected with << rat GR >>, whereas [[ BM ]] and esterified-DEX had full transactivation agonistic activity.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-activator
Amrinone and << milrinone >>, selective PDE3 inhibitors, suppressed [[ TNF ]] secretion to a lesser extent.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Moreover, << geldanamycin >> decreases the amount and phosphorylation of Lck and Raf-1 [[ kinases ]] and prevents activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)-2 kinase.
Query: What is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 2 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-downregulator |
1 | Regarding the sentence "Abstract 1. We investigated the effects of the dose of and the number of times an inducer was administered and the duration of induction of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in rats using dexamethasone 21-phosphate (DEX-P) and << midazolam >> (MDZ) as an inducer and a substrate to [[ CYP3A ]], respectively.", what is the relation? substrate
Regarding the sentence "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.", what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "Chronic insulin (24 h) activates NHE3 through the classic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serum- and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase 1 (<< PI3K >>-SGK1) pathway as insulin stimulates SGK1 phosphorylation and the insulin effect can be blocked by the PI3K inhibitor [[ wortmannin ]] or a dominant-negative SGK1.", what is the relation? inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, << kynurenine aminotransferase I >> (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of [[ glutamine ]] to oxoglutaramic acid (GTK, EC 2.6.1.15).", what is the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding the sentence "<< 2-(2-Aminoethyl)-quinoline >> (D-1997): a novel agonist at [[ 5-hydroxytryptamine1-like receptors ]] in the canine basilar artery.", what is the relation? agonist
Regarding the sentence "The data indicated that << PhIP >> could cause stomach injury, oxidative stress in rat stomachs as well as the activation of c-fos and [[ c-jun ]] and inactivation of p16, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of PhIP-associated stomach cancer.", what is the relation? activator
Regarding the sentence "CONCLUSIONS: In the maximum registered dosage, << nabumetone >> inhibits thromboxane production much more than meloxicam, signifying less [[ COX-2 ]] selectivity of the former.", what is the relation? downregulator
Regarding the sentence "Carnitine acetyltransferases (<< CrAT >>) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.", what is the relation? product-of
Regarding the sentence "<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.", what is the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding the sentence "Additionally, << AIF >> levels in the cytosol decreased due to [[ EGTA ]] but not due to calpeptin.", what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding the sentence "<< I3A >> induced a higher level of secretion of the inflammatory [[ cytokine ]] interleukin 6 compared with PMA in the WEHI-231 cells and displayed a marked biphasic dose-response curve for the induction.", what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding the sentence "CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNAs were also increased by pelargonidin in three primary human hepatocytes cultures (approximately 5% of << TCDD >> potency) and the increase in [[ CYP1A1 ]] protein in HepG2 and LS174T cells was comparable to the increase in catalytic activity of CYP1A1 enzyme.", what is the relation? upregulator
Regarding the sentence "Effects of a << serotonin 5-HT(4) receptor >> antagonist [[ SB-207266 ]] on gastrointestinal motor and sensory function in humans.", what is the relation? antagonist
Regarding the sentence "Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) and the constituent << delphinidin glycoside >> inhibit [[ photoreceptor ]] cell death induced by visible light.", what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 3 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | activator |
2 | Thus, in 158N cells, the ability of << oxysterols >> to trigger a mode of cell death by apoptosis involving [[ GSK-3 ]] and caspase-3 activation is independent of the increase in the Ca(2+) level and of their accumulation in lipid raft microdomains.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: activator
The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and berberine were able to activate << PPARα/β/γ >>, and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides [[ berberine ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-activator
The data show that CP[c]Ph is less potent at inducing << CYP1A >> gene expression in rainbow trout than benzo[a]pyrene ([[ B[a]P ]]), a well-known Ah-receptor agonist.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-upregulator
<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate_product-of
<< Flecainide >> block of Na(+) current (I(Na)) was investigated in wild-type (WT) or the long QT syndrome 3 (LQT3) sodium channel alpha subunit mutation with three amino acids deleted ([[ DeltaKPQ ]]) stably transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells using whole-cell, patch-clamp recordings.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: downregulator
Five classes of chalcogenopyrylium dyes (CGPs) were examined for their ability to modulate transport of << [(3)H]estradiol glucuronide >> (E217βG) (a prototypical [[ MRP ]] substrate) into MRP-enriched inside-out membrane vesicles.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate
Two beta(2)-agonists, << formoterol >> and salmeterol, are approved for treating asthma and have an extended duration of action and increased safety, associated with greater [[ beta(2)-adrenoceptor ]] selectivity.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist
Enalkiren (<< A-64662 >>), a potent, dipeptide renin inhibitor, mimics the transition state of the [[ human renin ]] substrate, angiotensinogen.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: inhibitor
<< CGP 12177A >> mediates cardiostimulation by activation of the 'putative' beta(4)-adrenoceptor; however, it has recently been reported that disruption of the [[ beta(1)-adrenoceptor ]] gene abolishes this effect.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: upregulator
The inhibition of << UG >> synthesis and PR down-regulation by 5 alpha-NET and 3 beta,5 alpha-NET indicates that these [[ NET ]] metabolites possess antiprogestational properties.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-downregulator
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-inhibitor
<< Follicle-stimulating hormone >> (FSH), a dimeric glycoprotein synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland, is important for the production of sex [[ steroids ]] and gametes.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: product-of
Terfenadine and astemizole are chemically unrelated to << histamine H1-receptor >> antagonists such as [[ diphenhydramine ]] and chlorpheniramine.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: antagonist
<< Androgen >> antagonistic effect of estramustine phosphate (EMP) metabolites on wild-type and mutated [[ androgen receptor ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 11 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | antagonist |
3 | Consider the text "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Consider the text "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and [[ carnitine ]] to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.". Can you identify the relation? substrate_product-of
Consider the text "In comparison to diphenylhydantoin, the novel chloro-substituted << alpha-hydroxyphenylamide >> compounds produced as much as a 20-fold greater tonic and frequency-dependent blockade of [[ Na(V)1.5 ]] channels with an IC(50) value of 14.5 microM.". Can you identify the relation? inhibitor
Consider the text "The ultimate carcinogenic Phase I BP metabolite anti-BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) can be detoxified by << glutathione >> conjugate formation catalyzed by [[ glutathione S-transferases ]].". Can you identify the relation? product-of
Consider the text "Thus, the << TCDD >>-induced reduction in canonical [[ Wnt ]] signaling is associated with a decrease in activators (Rspo2 and Rspo3) rather than an increase in inhibitors (Dkk1 and Dkk2) of the pathway.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-downregulator
Consider the text "<< Levodopa >> is absorbed in the small bowel and is rapidly catabolized by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (AADC) and [[ catechol-O-methyltransferase ]] (COMT).". Can you identify the relation? substrate
Consider the text "The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and berberine were able to activate << PPARα/β/γ >>, and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides [[ berberine ]].". Can you identify the relation? agonist-activator
Consider the text "Chronic consumption of << alcohol >> also stimulated abrupt increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, [[ tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α ]] and interleukin (IL)-1β in liver otherwise co-administration of CNF effectively suppressed production of these cytokines dose-dependently.". Can you identify the relation? activator
Consider the text "In addition, << ethanol >> induced degradation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT-1, DNMT-3a, and [[ DNMT-3b ]]), as well as the methyl CpG-binding proteins (MeCP-2, MBD-2 and MBD-3), in MEF cells by the proteasomal pathway.". Can you identify the relation? downregulator
Consider the text "The studies with dThyd rescue from cyclin E-cdk2 protein overexpression and growth inhibition by << Tomudex >> indicate that increased cyclin E-[[ cdk2 ]] protein expression is associated with effective inhibition of thymidylate synthase and resultant dNTP pool imbalance.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-upregulator
Consider the text "In further studies, the diuretic effects of the CB1 agonist AM4054 were similar in male and female rats, displayed a relatively rapid onset to action, and were dose-dependently antagonized by 30 minutes pretreatment with rimonabant, but not by the vanilloid receptor type I antagonist capsazepine, nor were the effects of WIN 55,212 antagonized by the << CB2 >> antagonist AM630 [[[ (6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl) methanone) ]]].". Can you identify the relation? antagonist
Consider the text "Although the treatment with MSG increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (<< pIRS-1 >>) by 96 % ([[ MSG ]], 17.02 ± 0.6; control, 8.7 ± 0.2 a.u.), exercise training also increased it in both groups (control, 13.6 ± 0.1; MSG, 22.2 ± 1.1 a.u.).". Can you identify the relation? upregulator
Consider the text "The << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> (beta(2)-AR) agonists [[ clenbuterol ]] and fenoterol have similar beneficial effects in animal models of heart failure.". Can you identify the relation? agonist
Consider the text "RESULTS: << GW572016 >> inhibited constitutive and/or ligand-induced [[ EGFR ]] or HER2 tyrosine phosphorylation of all five cell lines, which correlated with the antiproliferative response in all but one cell line.". Can you identify the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
4 | Consider the text "<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-activator
Consider the text "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to << oxoglutaramic acid >> ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).". Can you identify the relation? substrate_product-of
Consider the text "Phosphorylation of ER-stress marker << eIF2α >> was also increased but only at 30 min of [[ 2-deoxyglucose ]] exposure.". Can you identify the relation? activator
Consider the text "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Consider the text "The use of << A3 receptor >> agonist [[ IB-MECA ]] attenuates EAP.". Can you identify the relation? agonist
Consider the text "<< Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2J2 >> (CYP2J2) metabolizes arachidonic acids to form [[ epoxyeicosatrienoic acids ]] (EETs), which possess various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.". Can you identify the relation? product-of
Consider the text "The results show that CYP2E1 inhibits << CYP2B4 >>-mediated metabolism of benzphetamine ([[ BNZ ]]) with a K(i) of 0.04 µM.". Can you identify the relation? substrate
Consider the text "In combination with << clofarabine >>, the ability of resveratrol to reduce the contents of [[ Sp1 ]] and its target gene products was also evident in a time- and dose-dependent experiment.". Can you identify the relation? downregulator
Consider the text "In vitro, V(5+) decreased the << TCDD >>-mediated induction of [[ Cyp1a1 ]] mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-upregulator
Consider the text "The estrogenic agent 3 beta,5 alpha-NET and << estradiol >> at a dose of 1.0 mg also inhibited the [[ UG ]] gene expression induced by P4.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-downregulator
Consider the text "<< Mazindol >> analogues as potential inhibitors of the [[ cocaine binding site ]] at the dopamine transporter.". Can you identify the relation? inhibitor
Consider the text "In conclusion, immortalized SHR and WKY PTE cells take up l-alanine mainly through a high-affinity Na(+)-dependent << amino acid >> transporter, with functional features of [[ ASCT2 ]] transport.". Can you identify the relation? upregulator
Consider the text "The effects of D-1997 in the basilar artery were not modified by incubation with either the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (0.01-1 microM), the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor antagonist ICS205930 (tropisetron; 0.1-10 microM), the << 5-HT1A >> receptor antagonist [[ spiroxatrine ]] (0.01-1 microM), the beta-adrenoceptor blocker with high affinity for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B binding sites (+/-)-pindolol (0.01-1 microM), or the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.01-1 microM).". Can you identify the relation? antagonist
Consider the text "Affinity alkylation with 2 alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone suggests that the << dehydrogenase >> and isomerase substrate [[ steroids ]] bind at different sites on the same protein.". Can you identify the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
5 | Regarding "Here, we have now found that activation of p38 MAPK by << anisomycin >> potentiated induction of [[ CYP2B6 ]] mRNA by CAR ligand in HepG2 cells to levels observed in ligand-treated human primary hepatocytes.", can you determine the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding "PGE(2) is synthesized from << arachidonic acid >> by cyclooxygenases (COX) and [[ prostaglandin E synthases ]] (PGES) and mediates its biological activity through binding to the four prostanoid receptors EP(1) through EP(4).", can you determine the relation? substrate
Regarding "Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.", can you determine the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of [[ PPARalpha ]] and PPARgamma.", can you determine the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding "Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.", can you determine the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding "To eliminate the interaction of << bupropion >> with DAT or [[ NET ]], nomifensine or desipramine, respectively, was included in the superfusion buffer.", can you determine the relation? inhibitor
Regarding "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, [[ methysergide ]] (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of epinastine on the noncholinergic contraction.", can you determine the relation? antagonist
Regarding "Effect of ramelteon (<< TAK-375 >>), a selective [[ MT1/MT2 receptor ]] agonist, on motor performance in mice.", can you determine the relation? agonist
Regarding "<< Dexamethasone >> suppresses histamine synthesis by repressing both transcription and activity of [[ HDC ]] in allergic rats.", can you determine the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding "We isolated partial cDNAs that codified for enzymes implicated in the << anthocyanin >> biosynthesis such as l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase ([[ CHS ]]), and an antioxidant enzyme such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX).", can you determine the relation? product-of
Regarding "At a low pH (pH 7.4), but not pH 7.9, << ifenprodil >> reduces the mean open time of GluN1/[[ GluN2B ]] receptors, which may be responsible for its usefulness as a context-dependent inhibitor in conditions like ischemia and stroke, when the pH of the extracellular milieu becomes acidic.", can you determine the relation? downregulator
Regarding "Also, << vinblastine >> enhances the phosphorylation of Ras homologous protein A, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, the release of intracellular Ca(2+), as well as the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, c-jun-N-terminal kinase, p38, inhibitor of kappaBα ([[ IκBα ]]) kinase, and inositol requiring enzyme 1α.", can you determine the relation? activator
Regarding "<< DEX >> enhanced the ratio [[ IFN-gamma ]]/IL-4 (mean +/- SEM: control, 28.7 +/- 17.6; with 10-7 M DEX, 55.0 +/- 27.5, P<0.005).", can you determine the relation? upregulator
Regarding "Unexpectedly, both the << mGluR(5) >>specific agonist, [[ CHPG ]], and the group II mGluR (mGlu(2/3)) agonist, LY379268 (LY), induced a TTX-insensitive outward current/hyperpolarization.", can you determine the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 10 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | agonist |
6 | Regarding "Fisetin treatment inhibited adipocyte differentiation, consistent with the negative effect of << fisetin >> on [[ mTOR ]].", can you determine the relation? downregulator
Regarding "The lysosomal inhibitor << chloroquine >> significantly increased [[ RCAN1 ]] accumulation in +/+ cells, consistent with the hypothesis that higher lysosomal pH impairs RCAN1 degradation, leading to a higher RCAN1/NFATc1 ratio and consequently NFATc1 inhibition.", can you determine the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding "CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that increased synthesis of << histamine >> through up-regulation of HDC gene expression and [[ HDC ]] activity in nasal mucosa plays an important role in the development of nasal hypersensitivity.", can you determine the relation? product-of
Regarding "PIP5K1B encodes phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase β type I (<< pip5k1β >>), an enzyme functionally linked to actin cytoskeleton dynamics that phosphorylates [[ phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate ]] [PI(4)P] to generate phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2].", can you determine the relation? substrate
Regarding "In the CCl4 hepatotoxicity model, pre-treatment with PSM or silymarin resulted in significantly increased activities of << ethylmorphine-N-demethylase >> and aniline 4-hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450, compared to the [[ CCl4 ]] only group.", can you determine the relation? activator
Regarding "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or [[ methiothepin ]] (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of epinastine on the noncholinergic contraction.", can you determine the relation? antagonist
Regarding "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.", can you determine the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding "Differences in magnitude of << Na(+) >>-dependent l-alanine uptake through ASCT2 between WKY and SHR PTE cells correlated positively with differences in [[ ASCT2 ]] protein expression, this being more abundant in WKY PTE cells.", can you determine the relation? upregulator
Regarding "There was no significant difference in << TLR4 >>, NF-κB, and IL-27 mRNA and proteins between [[ curcumin ]]-treated and sulfasalazine-treated groups.", can you determine the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding "OBJECTIVE: Preclinical evaluation of << DRF 2655 >>, a [[ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ]] (PPARalpha) and PPARgamma agonist, as a body-weight lowering, hypolipidemic and euglycemic agent.", can you determine the relation? agonist
Regarding "In this study, we have synthesized novel alpha-hydroxyphenylamide analogues of << diphenylhydantoin >> and examined their ability to inhibit [[ human Na(V)1.5 ]] sodium channels expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells.", can you determine the relation? inhibitor
Regarding "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].", can you determine the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding "The results suggested that both the << EtOAc >> extract and berberine were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine.", can you determine the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding "Gemcitabine (<< dFdC >>, 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) is metabolized by cytidine deaminase (CDA) and deoxycytidine kinase ([[ DCK ]]), but the contribution of genetic variation in these enzymes to the variability in systemic exposure and response observed in cancer patients is unclear.", can you determine the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
7 | Given the text "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and [[ carnitine ]] to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.", describe the relation. substrate_product-of
Given the text "The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosages of the nonsedating << histamine H1-receptor >> antagonists terfenadine, astemizole, [[ loratadine ]], and acrivastine are reviewed.", describe the relation. antagonist
Given the text "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].", describe the relation. agonist-inhibitor
Given the text "Previous studies demonstrated that the << Group III mGlu receptor >>-selective orthosteric agonist, [[ LSP1-2111 ]] produced anxiolytic- but not antidepressant-like effects upon peripheral administration.", describe the relation. agonist
Given the text "A dose of 25 microg kg(-1) day(-1) of << formoterol >> elicited greater EDL and soleus hypertrophy than salmeterol, but resulted in similar [[ beta-adrenoceptor ]] downregulation.", describe the relation. downregulator
Given the text "Conversely, AMPK inhibitor compound C or GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 blocked the cleavages of PARP and << caspase 3 >> induced by [[ ursolic acid ]] in HepG2 cells.", describe the relation. indirect-upregulator
Given the text "The reactivation of brain << AChE >> inhibited with tabun demonstrated better activity of new compound BT-07-4M, TMB-4 and obidoxime from symmetric oximes, and [[ BT-05 ]] and BT-03 possessing asymmetric structure.", describe the relation. activator
Given the text "In the hippocampus, << brexpiprazole >> acted as a full agonist at [[ 5-HT1A ]] receptors on pyramidal neurons.", describe the relation. agonist-activator
Given the text "The present results indicated that << N >>-BPs induce apoptosis by decreasing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increasing the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and enhancing Bim expression through inhibition of the Ras/MEK/[[ ERK ]] and Ras/mTOR pathways.", describe the relation. inhibitor
Given the text "These results suggest that the megabase DNA fragmentation is induced as a consequence of inhibition of thymidylate synthase by << Tomudex >> and kilobase DNA fragmentation may correlate with the reduction of [[ p27(kip1) ]] expression and the increase in cyclin E and cdk2 kinase activities.", describe the relation. indirect-downregulator
Given the text "We isolated partial cDNAs that codified for enzymes implicated in the << anthocyanin >> biosynthesis such as l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS), and an antioxidant enzyme such as [[ ascorbate peroxidase ]] (APX).", describe the relation. product-of
Given the text "The alpha class << human GSTA4-4 >> enzyme (hGSTA4-4) has a particularly high catalytic efficiency toward [[ 4-HNE ]] conjugation.", describe the relation. substrate
Given the text "It has been reported that oligomeric << procyanidins >> of lotus seedpod (LSOPC) is effective in the alleviation of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes through its antioxidant and [[ insulin ]]-potentiating activities.", describe the relation. upregulator
Given the text "Valdecoxib potently inhibits recombinant << COX-2 >>, with an IC(50) of 0.005 microM; this compares with IC values of 0.05 microM for celecoxib, 0.5 microM for [[ rofecoxib ]], and 5 microM for etoricoxib.", describe the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
8 | Consider the text "In addition, << ethanol >> induced degradation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT-1, DNMT-3a, and DNMT-3b), as well as the methyl CpG-binding proteins ([[ MeCP-2 ]], MBD-2 and MBD-3), in MEF cells by the proteasomal pathway.". Can you identify the relation? downregulator
Consider the text "Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.". Can you identify the relation? substrate_product-of
Consider the text "Similarly, pelargonidin induced the expression of << CYP1A1 >> mRNA up to 5-fold in HepG2 and LS174T cells relative to the induction by 5 nM 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ([[ TCDD ]]), the most potent activator of AhR.". Can you identify the relation? upregulator
Consider the text "In further studies, the diuretic effects of the << CB1 >> agonist AM4054 were similar in male and female rats, displayed a relatively rapid onset to action, and were dose-dependently antagonized by 30 minutes pretreatment with [[ rimonabant ]], but not by the vanilloid receptor type I antagonist capsazepine, nor were the effects of WIN 55,212 antagonized by the CB2 antagonist AM630 [(6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl) methanone)].". Can you identify the relation? antagonist
Consider the text "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Consider the text "The COX pathway generates inflammatory prostaglandins, while the << 5-LOX >> pathway generates inflammatory [[ leukotrienes ]].". Can you identify the relation? product-of
Consider the text "After extensive washout (3 h, 37 degrees C), isometric contractions were measured to the full muscarinic receptor agonist methacholine, the partial << muscarinic receptor >> agonist [[ 4-(m-chlorophenyl-carbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammonium ]] (McN-A-343) and histamine.". Can you identify the relation? agonist
Consider the text "Taken together, << PTE >> is a potent inhibitor of osteosarcoma cell growth that targets the JAK2/[[ STAT3 ]] signaling pathway.". Can you identify the relation? inhibitor
Consider the text "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of [[ PPARalpha ]] and PPARgamma.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-activator
Consider the text "Upon co-exposure to V(5+) and TCDD, << V(5+) >> significantly potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of the Cyp1a1, [[ Cyp1a2 ]], and Cyp1b1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels at 24 h.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-upregulator
Consider the text "Polymorphisms in dopamine transporter (<< SLC6A3 >>) are associated with stimulant effects of [[ D-amphetamine ]]: an exploratory pharmacogenetic study using healthy volunteers.". Can you identify the relation? activator
Consider the text "Compared with the untreated colitis group, the << curcumin >>-treated group showed significant decreases in the disease activity index, colonic mucosa damage index, histological score, myeloperoxidase activity, and expressions of NF-κB mRNA, IL-27 mRNA, TLR4 protein, [[ NF-κB ]] p65 protein, and IL-27 p28 protein (p < 0.05).". Can you identify the relation? indirect-downregulator
Consider the text "<< Carboxylesterases >> hydrolyze esters, [[ amides ]], and thioesters to produce carboxylic acids and resulting alcohols, amines, and thiols, respectively.". Can you identify the relation? substrate
Consider the text "With either substrate, << alendronate >> was a slow binding inhibitor of [[ PTPmeg1 ]].". Can you identify the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
9 | The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and << berberine >> were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine.
Please explain the relation. agonist-activator
The << bupropion >> metabolic ratio appears to detect known differences in [[ CYP2B6 ]] activity associated with genetic polymorphism, across different ethnic groups.
Please explain the relation. substrate
Depletion of << putrescine >>, spermidine, and spermine by DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase ([[ ODC ]]) that is the first rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis, decreased the apoptotic index.
Please explain the relation. product-of
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to << oxoglutaramic acid >> (GTK, [[ EC 2.6.1.15 ]]).
Please explain the relation. substrate_product-of
To determine whether dysregulation of SIRT1 promotes NADPH oxidase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs endothelial function we assessed the effects of three structurally different inhibitors of << SIRT1 >> ([[ nicotinamide ]], sirtinol, EX527) in aorta segments isolated from young Wistar rats.
Please explain the relation. inhibitor
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Please explain the relation. agonist-inhibitor
Thus, it can be suggested that the inhibitory action of ginseng saponins against the immobilization stress-induced increase of plasma IL-6 level would be in periphery; at least in part, mediated by blocking << norepinephrine >>- and/or epinephrine-induced increase of [[ IL-6 ]] level in macrophage rather than in the brain.
Please explain the relation. indirect-upregulator
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cardiac effects of the << beta 3-adrenoceptor >> agonist [[ BRL35135 ]], and determine whether beta 3-receptors are involved in mediating chronotropic or inotropic responses in man.
Please explain the relation. agonist
Subsequently, << pinosylvin >> suppressed the nuclear translocation of β-catenin, one of downstream molecules of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling, and these events led to the sequential downregulation of β-catenin-mediated transcription of target genes including BMP4, ID2, survivin, cyclin D1, [[ MMP7 ]], and c-Myc.
Please explain the relation. indirect-downregulator
Histamine and << Ca >> added to NSAIDs amplified the activating effect of the latter on [[ CA II ]].
Please explain the relation. upregulator
Firstly, in the normal human renal epithelial HK-2 cells, the measurement of the expression of 30 previously reported NRF2 target genes in response to << NRF2 >> inducers ([[ sulforaphane ]], tert-butylhydroquinone, cinnamic aldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide) showed that the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C1 is highly inducible by all treatments.
Please explain the relation. activator
Inhibition of binding of the << alpha2-receptor >> antagonist [[ [3H]RX821002 ]] to recombinant alpha2-receptors by etomidate was tested in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells in vitro.
Please explain the relation. antagonist
Expression of the dominant negative mutants rab5A-<< N133I >> or rab7-N125I blunted [[ U50,488H ]]-induced down-regulation.
Please explain the relation. downregulator
<< Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase >> (NNMT) catalyses the conversion of nicotinamide to [[ 1-methylnicotinamide ]] and plays an important role in hepatic detoxification reactions.
Please explain the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 0 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | product-of |
10 | Regarding "Nitrogen-containing << bisphosphonates >> induce apoptosis of hematopoietic tumor cells via inhibition of Ras signaling pathways and [[ Bim ]]-mediated activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.", can you determine the relation? activator
Regarding "However, combined treatment with << cinobufagin >> and SB216367 resulted in a significant reduction in [[ p65 ]] and an increase in cleaved-PARP in U2OS cells.", can you determine the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding "The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and berberine were able to activate << PPARα/β/γ >>, and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides [[ berberine ]].", can you determine the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding "The present results indicated that << N >>-BPs induce apoptosis by decreasing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increasing the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and enhancing Bim expression through inhibition of the [[ Ras ]]/MEK/ERK and Ras/mTOR pathways.", can you determine the relation? inhibitor
Regarding "As add-on therapy in patients with suboptimal glycaemic control despite oral antihyperglycaemic treatment, sitagliptin improved << HbA(1c) >> to a significantly greater extent than placebo when added to metformin or [[ pioglitazone ]] and was noninferior to glipizide when added to metformin.", can you determine the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.", can you determine the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding "Pretreatment of the splenocytes with both BPB and AACOCF3 suppressed << phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate >> plus ionomycin-induced [[ IL-2 ]] secretion in a concentration-dependent manner.", can you determine the relation? upregulator
Regarding "Leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (<< LTA(4)H >>) is a cystolic enzyme that stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of LTA(4) to [[ LTB(4) ]].", can you determine the relation? product-of
Regarding "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].", can you determine the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding "Thus, << U50,488H >>-induced internalization and down-regulation of the [[ hkor ]] share initial common mechanisms.", can you determine the relation? downregulator
Regarding "The antagonistic property of << rilmenidine >> at [[ human alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors ]] indicates that in contrast to the suggestion based on rabbit data, the hypotensive property of the drug in humans is not due to activation of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors but other, presumably I(1)-imidazoline receptors, are probably involved.", can you determine the relation? antagonist
Regarding "Both risperidone and << 9-hydroxyrisperidone >> are substrates of [[ P-glycoprotein ]] (P-gp), a transport protein involved in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination.", can you determine the relation? substrate
Regarding "At 10(-6)M in transcription assays, none of these compounds showed progestin agonist activity, whereas << mifepristone >> and its monodemethylated metabolite manifested slight [[ glucocorticoid ]] agonist activity.", can you determine the relation? agonist
Regarding "However, several promising nonpeptide, << vasopressin receptor >> antagonists have been described; these agents are VPA-985 ([[ lixivaptan ]]), YM-087 (conivaptan), OPC-41061 (tolvaptan), and SR-121463.", can you determine the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 11 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | antagonist |
11 | << Orlistat >> is a new inhibitor of [[ pancreatic lipase ]] enzyme.
Please explain the relation. inhibitor
Pre-clinical pharmacology of << zolmitriptan >> (Zomig; formerly 311C90), a centrally and peripherally acting [[ 5HT1B/1D ]] agonist for migraine.
Please explain the relation. agonist
These results suggest that << HSD11B1 >>-derived [[ cortisol ]] mediates, in part, actions of ovarian progesterone and the conceptus on endometrial function and support the hypothesis that IFNT, PG, and cortisol coordinately regulate endometrial functions important for conceptus elongation and implantation during early pregnancy in sheep.
Please explain the relation. product-of
Here, we have determined the molecular mechanism of this male-specific activation of the Kcnk1 gene and characterized << KCNK1 >> as a [[ phenobarbital ]]-inducible antihyperplasia factor.
Please explain the relation. activator
CRH caused a rise in plasma ACTH after both loperamide (from 30 +/- 16.6 to a peak of 108 +/- 31 pmol/l) and placebo (from 98.5 +/- 47 to 211 +/- 61.7 pmol/l): the interaction between treatments and time was significant, and the first phase of << CRH >>-induced ACTH secretion was significantly lower after [[ loperamide ]].
Please explain the relation. downregulator
Only pMPPI [<< 4-iodo-N-[2-[4-(methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridynyl-benzamide hydrochloride >>], a selective [[ 5-HT(1A) ]] antagonist, was effective in inhibiting all 5-HT syndrome behaviors produced by lisuride, whereas pMPPI was without effect on any behavior induced by LSD.
Please explain the relation. antagonist
Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is synthesized from << L-cysteine >> via the action of cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) and [[ cystathionine-beta-synthase ]] (CBS).
Please explain the relation. substrate
In addition to this evidence (for the involvement of EP2 receptors), evidence for the involvement of EP1 receptors in the << PGE1 >> mediated stimulation of [[ Na,K-ATPase beta ]] subunit gene transcription includes the stimulatory effect of 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, as well as the inhibitory effects of SC-51089.
Please explain the relation. indirect-upregulator
The results suggested that both the << EtOAc >> extract and berberine were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine.
Please explain the relation. agonist-activator
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to << oxoglutaramic acid >> ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).
Please explain the relation. substrate_product-of
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Please explain the relation. agonist-inhibitor
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (<< PDTC >>), a specific NF-κB inhibitor, along with 20S proteasome inhibitor (PSI) significantly inhibited LPS-induced [[ iNOS ]] expression, which indirectly suggested that 5HHMF downregulated iNOS expression by suppressing NF-κB activity.
Please explain the relation. indirect-downregulator
Evidence has accumulated in the last few years that the expression of the microsomal/peroxidase antigen (<< M/TPO-Ag >>) in thyroid cells is induced by TSH, through pathways which involve intracellular [[ cAMP ]] accumulation and protein synthesis.
Please explain the relation. upregulator
<< Pyridoxal kinase >> (PDXK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and [[ pyridoxine ]] in the presence of ATP and Zn2+.
Please explain the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
12 | In contrast, the << D-1997 >>-induced responses were potently and concentration-dependently antagonized by the mixed [[ 5-HT1-like ]] and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist methiothepin (0.01-1 microM).
Please explain the relation. agonist
In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].
Please explain the relation. agonist-inhibitor
Selective antagonism of << GluR5 >> kainate-receptor-mediated synaptic currents by [[ topiramate ]] in rat basolateral amygdala neurons.
Please explain the relation. antagonist
<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of [[ acetyl-CoA ]] and carnitine to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.
Please explain the relation. substrate_product-of
<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.
Please explain the relation. agonist-activator
In support of the hypothesis that TCDD decreases canonical Wnt signaling, we identify inhibitory effects of TCDD on multiple components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in the UGS that temporally coincide with the inhibitory effect of << TCDD >> on prostatic bud formation: (1) expression of R-spondins (Rspo2 and [[ Rspo3 ]]) that promote canonical Wnt signaling is reduced; (2) expression of Lef1, Tcf1, and Wif1, established canonical Wnt target genes, is decreased; (3) expression of Lgr5, a RSPO receptor that activates canonical Wnt signaling, is reduced; and (4) expression of Dickkopfs (Dkks), inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling, is not increased by TCDD.
Please explain the relation. indirect-downregulator
Unlike mouse RetSat (mRetSat), << zRetSat A >> had an altered bond specificity saturating either the 13-14 or 7-8 double bonds of [[ all-trans-retinol ]] to produce either all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol or all-trans-7,8-dihydroretinol, respectively.
Please explain the relation. substrate
At PND35, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats given << MPH >> showed 55% greater immunoreactivity (-ir) for the catecholamine marker tyrosine hydroxylase ([[ TH ]]), 60% more Nissl-stained cells, and 40% less norepinephrine transporter (NET)-ir density.
Please explain the relation. indirect-upregulator
<< Aspirin >> (ASA) and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are [[ cyclooxygenase ]] (COX) inhibitors, precipitate asthmatic attacks in ASA-intolerant patients, while sodium salicylate, hardly active on COX by itself, is well tolerated by these patients.
Please explain the relation. inhibitor
Upon co-exposure to V(5+) and << TCDD >>, V(5+) significantly potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of the Cyp1a1, [[ Cyp1a2 ]], and Cyp1b1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels at 24 h.
Please explain the relation. upregulator
Low levels of << serotonin >> may reduce the density of the serotonin transporter ([[ SERT ]]) by either increasing trafficking or reducing synthesis; a "neuroadaptive response".
Please explain the relation. downregulator
In addition, PSE inhibited the transcriptional activity of NFAT without interfering with the << calcium >>-induced [[ NFAT ]] dephosphorylation event, which represents the major signaling pathway for its activation.
Please explain the relation. activator
Ferredoxin 1 (FDX1; << adrenodoxin >>) is an iron-sulfur protein that is involved in various metabolic processes, including [[ steroid ]] hormone synthesis in mammalian tissues.
Please explain the relation. product-of
SK-Br3 cells cultured in the presence of topoisomerase IIalpha (<< TOP2A >>) inhibitors doxorubicin and etopoxide ([[ VP-16 ]]) demonstrated a 2- to 3-fold increase in FAS promoter activity when compared with control cells growing in drug-free culture conditions.
Please explain the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
13 | In reference to "The involvement of EP1 and EP2 receptors is indicated by studies with the << EP1 >> selective agonist [[ 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 ]], and the EP2 selective agonist butaprost (which stimulate), as well as by studies with the antagonists SC-51089 (EP1 specific) and AH 6809 (EP1 and EP2 specific).", what is the relation? agonist
In reference to "<< Pinosylvin >> inhibited the proliferation of HCT 116 cells by arresting transition of cell cycle from G1 to S phase along with the downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, [[ cyclin dependent kinase 2 ]] (CDK2), CDK4, c-Myc, and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and the upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53.", what is the relation? downregulator
In reference to "<< 5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'4'-hexamethoxyflavone >> inhibits nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia via NF-κB suppression and Nrf-2-dependent [[ heme oxygenase-1 ]] induction.", what is the relation? activator
In reference to "The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and berberine were able to activate << PPARα/β/γ >>, and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides [[ berberine ]].", what is the relation? agonist-activator
In reference to "Synthesis and in Vitro Characterisation of Ifenprodil-Based << Fluorescein >> Conjugates as [[ GluN1 ]]/GluN2B N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonists.", what is the relation? antagonist
In reference to "Taken together, our results suggested that << Rg1 >> protected against Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis at least in part by two complementary GR-dependent ERK phosphorylation pathways: (1) down-regulating [[ HIF-1α ]] initiated protein nitrotyrosination, and (2) inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic cascades.", what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
In reference to "However, Ca(2+) blockers also obviously attenuated << NF-κB >> activation and transnuclear transport induced by [[ TCDD ]].", what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
In reference to "PURPOSE: The fluoropyrimidine carbamate (capecitabine) is converted to << 5-fluorouracil >> (5-FU) by [[ thymidine phosphorylase ]] (TP) inside target tissues.", what is the relation? product-of
In reference to "Using a transient heterologous cell expression system, we find that the transport activities of the << short OATP2B1 >> variant towards substrates [[ estrone sulfate ]] and rosuvastatin are similar to the well-characterized full length variant.", what is the relation? substrate
In reference to "<< Miglustat >>, a small iminosugar molecule approved for the treatment of Gaucher disease, reversibly inhibits [[ glucosylceramide synthase ]], which catalyses the first committed step in glycosphingolipid synthesis.", what is the relation? inhibitor
In reference to "Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts [[ cortisol ]] to inactive cortisone, and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.", what is the relation? substrate_product-of
In reference to "Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.", what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
In reference to "CYP1A1 and << CYP1A2 >> mRNAs were also increased by pelargonidin in three primary human hepatocytes cultures (approximately 5% of [[ TCDD ]] potency) and the increase in CYP1A1 protein in HepG2 and LS174T cells was comparable to the increase in catalytic activity of CYP1A1 enzyme.", what is the relation? upregulator
In reference to "<< Cabozantinib >> (XL184) is a small-molecule kinase inhibitor with potent activity toward MET and [[ VEGF receptor 2 ]] (VEGFR2), as well as a number of other receptor tyrosine kinases that have also been implicated in tumor pathobiology, including RET, KIT, AXL, and FLT3.", what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
14 | The esterified-BM, however, had only partial transactivation agonistic activity in cells transfected with << rat GR >>, whereas BM and esterified-[[ DEX ]] had full transactivation agonistic activity.
what is the relation? agonist-activator
Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.
what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Ten IU/mL urokinase was also incubated with pooled plasma of stroke patients, that was previously oxidized with the singlet oxygen (1O2) donor << chloramine T >> (CT), to destroy plasmatic PAI-1 and alpha2-anti[[ plasmin ]].
what is the relation? downregulator
A series of phenolic acids and << phenol >> natural products, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, quercetin, and ellagic acid, were investigated for their inhibitory effects against the metalloenzyme [[ carbonic anhydrase ]] (CA, EC 4.2.1.1).
what is the relation? inhibitor
Third, << ABCA1 >>-RNAi suppressed hepatic [[ alpha-tocopherol ]] secretion.
what is the relation? product-of
Activation of endogenous somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) by somatostatin-14 or activation of transiently transfected rat D2 dopamine receptors (<< rD2 >>(long)) by [[ quinpirole ]] had no effect.
what is the relation? activator
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to test whether the common deletion [T/-] in the promoter of << FADS2 >> affects the PUFA biosynthetic pathway and consequently modifies the effect of [[ alpha-linolenic acid ]] (ALA) on myocardial infarction (MI).
what is the relation? substrate
<< Conivaptan >>: a dual [[ vasopressin receptor v1a/v2 ]] antagonist [corrected].
what is the relation? antagonist
The << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> (beta(2)-AR) agonists clenbuterol and [[ fenoterol ]] have similar beneficial effects in animal models of heart failure.
what is the relation? agonist
<< Phillyrin >> strongly inhibited high glucose-induced fatty acid synthase ([[ FAS ]]) expression by modulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) activation.
what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.
what is the relation? substrate_product-of
Treatment of A549 and H1299 cells with << dioscin >> caused a dose-dependent increase in ERK1/2 and [[ JNK1/2 ]] activity, accompanied with a decreased PI3K expression and decreased phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR.
what is the relation? upregulator
In this study, << aldosterone >> (ALD)-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocyte was evaluated based on the previous studies, and the roles of [[ calpain ]] signaling were clarified.
what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
<< NFD >> abrogated EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGF receptor (EGFR) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ([[ PI3K ]])/Akt.
what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
15 | Consider the text "<< DXM >> and 1400W attenuated the mRNA expression of E-selectin and [[ iNOS ]] induced by the costimulation of reIL-4, reTNF-alpha, and LPS.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-downregulator
Consider the text "In the CCl4 hepatotoxicity model, pre-treatment with PSM or << silymarin >> resulted in significantly increased activities of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase and [[ aniline 4-hydroxylase ]] activity and cytochrome P450, compared to the CCl4 only group.". Can you identify the relation? activator
Consider the text "Compared with DM8W group, << SOD >> and ALDH2 in [[ EtOH ]]+DM8W group was increased, MDA was decreased.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-upregulator
Consider the text "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and [[ carnitine ]] to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.". Can you identify the relation? substrate_product-of
Consider the text "Labetalol (> or = 3 x 10(-8) M) and dilevalol (> or = 10(-8) M) caused surmountable antagonism of the << isoprenaline >> responses of the atria and the pA2 values were 8.60 and 8.98 at the [[ beta 1-adrenoceptors ]] of the rat left atria and 7.90 and 8.31, respectively, on the guinea-pig left atria which has functional beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors.". Can you identify the relation? agonist
Consider the text "<< COX-1 >> inhibition was measured as percentage inhibition of serum [[ TXB2 ]] generation in clotting whole blood, and as closure time with use of the platelet function analyser PFA-100.". Can you identify the relation? product-of
Consider the text "<< OMT >> showed partial protection in the cortical neurons via down-regulation of NR2B containing [[ NMDA receptors ]] and up-regulation of Bcl-2 family.". Can you identify the relation? downregulator
Consider the text "Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Consider the text "This study was conducted in order to understand the association between acute renal failure and the two << COX-2 >> inhibitors celecoxib and [[ rofecoxib ]].". Can you identify the relation? inhibitor
Consider the text "<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-activator
Consider the text "Pretreatment with << tropisetron >> (1 microM), a [[ 5-HT3 ]] antagonist, ketanserin (10 microM), a 5-HT2 antagonist, thioperamide (10 microM), a histamine H3 antagonist, or phentolamine (10 microM), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, however, had no effect.". Can you identify the relation? antagonist
Consider the text "It has been reported that oligomeric << procyanidins >> of lotus seedpod (LSOPC) is effective in the alleviation of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes through its antioxidant and [[ insulin ]]-potentiating activities.". Can you identify the relation? upregulator
Consider the text "Reductive detoxification of << arylhydroxylamine >> carcinogens by [[ human NADH cytochrome b5 reductase ]] and cytochrome b5.". Can you identify the relation? substrate
Consider the text "These findings are the first to show that long-term exposure to << Mn >> during a critical period of neurodevelopment causes motor coordination dysfunction with parallel increment in oxidative stress markers, [[ p38 ]](MAPK) phosphorylation and caspase activity in the striatum.". Can you identify the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 3 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | activator |
16 | Given the text "Many clinical studies, both pre- and post-marketing, have demonstrated the clinical efficacy and safety of sildenafil (<< Viagra >>, Pfizer) - the first approved selective [[ PDE ]] inhibitor for the treatment of ED.", describe the relation. inhibitor
Given the text "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (<< KATI >>), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to [[ oxoglutaramic acid ]] (GTK, EC 2.6.1.15).", describe the relation. substrate_product-of
Given the text "Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.", describe the relation. agonist-inhibitor
Given the text "4-Hydroxynonenal (<< 4-HNE >>) is a mutagenic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde produced during oxidative injury that is conjugated by several glutathione S-transferase ([[ GST ]]) isoforms.", describe the relation. substrate
Given the text "Discovery and optimization of << anthranilic acid sulfonamides >> as inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidase-2: a structural basis for the reduction of [[ albumin ]] binding.", describe the relation. downregulator
Given the text "The << TSA >>-induced [[ uc002mbe.2 ]] expression was positively correlated with the apoptotic effect of TSA in HCC cells.", describe the relation. indirect-upregulator
Given the text "Differences in magnitude of Na(+)-dependent << l-alanine >> uptake through ASCT2 between WKY and SHR PTE cells correlated positively with differences in [[ ASCT2 ]] protein expression, this being more abundant in WKY PTE cells.", describe the relation. upregulator
Given the text "Methanandamide (10.0 mg/kg) had lesser effect than other CB agonists, and the << CB2 >> agonist AM1241 [[[ 1-(methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-3-(2-iodo-5-nitrobenzoyl)indole ]]], the anandamide transport inhibitor AM404, and the CB antagonist rimonabant did not have diuretic effects.", describe the relation. agonist
Given the text "(+)-Tamsulosin, (-)-tamsulosin, << SL 89,0591 >>, Rec 15/2739, SNAP 1069 and RS 17053 appeared to act as competitive antagonists of noradrenaline-mediated contractions of rat aorta yielding pA2 affinity estimates which were similar to binding affinities at cloned [[ human alpha 1D adrenoceptors ]].", describe the relation. antagonist
Given the text "CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that increased synthesis of << histamine >> through up-regulation of [[ HDC ]] gene expression and HDC activity in nasal mucosa plays an important role in the development of nasal hypersensitivity.", describe the relation. product-of
Given the text "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of [[ PPARalpha ]] and PPARgamma.", describe the relation. agonist-activator
Given the text "<< Nox4 >> oxidase activity is thought to be constitutive and regulated at the transcriptional level; however, we challenge this point of view and suggest that specific [[ quinone ]] derivatives could modulate this activity.", describe the relation. activator
Given the text "There was no significant difference in << TLR4 >>, NF-κB, and IL-27 mRNA and proteins between curcumin-treated and [[ sulfasalazine ]]-treated groups.", describe the relation. indirect-downregulator
Given the text "Moreover, the effects of the DRD3 agonist << 7-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin >> (7-OH-DPAT)-induced locomotor hypoactivity were significantly increased when [[ DRD3 ]] proteins were abundant.", describe the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 10 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | agonist |
17 | Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The values of mean corpuscular << hemoglobin >> concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased in the [[ STX ]] group."? indirect-upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "MXF or << VP-16 >> slightly affected cellular topo II activity in nuclear extracts derived from drug-treated cells while the combination enhanced inhibitory activity and the reduction in band depletion of [[ topo II ]]."? inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Compared with the untreated colitis group, the << curcumin >>-treated group showed significant decreases in the disease activity index, colonic mucosa damage index, histological score, myeloperoxidase activity, and expressions of NF-κB mRNA, [[ IL-27 ]] mRNA, TLR4 protein, NF-κB p65 protein, and IL-27 p28 protein (p < 0.05)."? indirect-downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Ribonucleotide reductase activity was found to be strongly increased in the gemcitabine-selected line and << purine nucleoside phosphorylase >> was increased in the [[ 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine ]]-selected line."? upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and << berberine >> were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine."? agonist-activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Prostaglandin E1, E2, STA2 (a stable analogue of thromboxane A2), 17-phenyl-trinor-PGE2 (an EP1-selective agonist) and << sulprostone >> (an [[ EP3 ]]-selective agonist) inhibited the HVA Ca2+ current (HVA ICa) dose-dependently, and the rank order of potency to inhibit HVA Ca2+ channels was sulprostone>PGE2, PGE1>STA2>>17-phenyl-trinor-PGE2."? agonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction."? agonist-inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Flecainide >> block of Na(+) current (I(Na)) was investigated in wild-type (WT) or the long QT syndrome 3 (LQT3) sodium channel alpha subunit mutation with three amino acids deleted ([[ DeltaKPQ ]]) stably transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells using whole-cell, patch-clamp recordings."? downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids."? substrate_product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "These results indicate a major role of << CYP2B6 >> in [[ ketamine ]] N-demethylation in vitro and a significant impact of the CYP2B6*6 allele on enzyme-ketamine binding and catalytic activity."? substrate
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The potency of the antipsychotic drug, << risperidone >>, to antagonize alpha 1A-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction in rat vas deferens and vasoconstriction in rat perfused kidney, and alpha 1B-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions in spleen from guinea-pig and mouse was evaluated and compared to that of [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptor ]] subtype-discriminating antagonists."? antagonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The results reinforce previous assumptions that << dopamine >> may interact with eicosanoid metabolism by means of [[ D(2) receptor ]] activation, and implicate an involvement of cPLA(2) and COX-2 in this effect."? activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2J2 >> (CYP2J2) metabolizes arachidonic acids to form epoxyeicosatrienoic acids ([[ EETs ]]), which possess various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system."? product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Reuptake of extracellular noradrenaline (<< NA >>) into superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurones is mediated by means of the noradrenaline transporter ([[ NAT ]], uptake 1)."? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
18 | Regarding the sentence "The data show that CP[c]Ph is less potent at inducing << CYP1A >> gene expression in rainbow trout than benzo[a]pyrene ([[ B[a]P ]]), a well-known Ah-receptor agonist.", what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding the sentence "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.", what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "Little is known in terms of multi-matrix << cytochrome P450 >> activity induction under repeated oral exposure to planar halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHH, [[ PAH ]]).", what is the relation? activator
Regarding the sentence "The discovery of an inducible << oxidase >> whose apparent substrate preference is [[ spermine ]] indicates that polyamine catabolism is more complex than that originally proposed.", what is the relation? substrate
Regarding the sentence "In general, << rifampicin >> can act on a pattern: rifampicin activates the [[ nuclear pregnane X receptor ]] that in turn affects cytochromes P450, glucuronosyltransferases and p-glycoprotein activities.", what is the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding the sentence "EP(1) and EP(3) receptor antagonists ONO-8713 and ONO-AE3-240, but not the << EP(4) >> antagonists ONO-AE3-208 and [[ AH 23848 ]], inhibited tumor cell proliferation, indicating the significance of EP(1) and EP(3) but not EP(4) for MB growth.", what is the relation? antagonist
Regarding the sentence "Although the treatment with << MSG >> increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation ([[ pIRS-1 ]]) by 96 % (MSG, 17.02 ± 0.6; control, 8.7 ± 0.2 a.u.), exercise training also increased it in both groups (control, 13.6 ± 0.1; MSG, 22.2 ± 1.1 a.u.).", what is the relation? upregulator
Regarding the sentence "Our results demonstrated that << auranofin >> suppressed TLR4-mediated activation of transcription factors, NF-kappaB and [[ IRF3 ]], and expression of COX-2, a pro-inflammatory enzyme.", what is the relation? inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "After extensive washout (3 h, 37 degrees C), isometric contractions were measured to the full << muscarinic receptor >> agonist [[ methacholine ]], the partial muscarinic receptor agonist 4-(m-chlorophenyl-carbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammonium (McN-A-343) and histamine.", what is the relation? agonist
Regarding the sentence "These results suggest that the pro-inflammatory effect of << H(2)S >> may be mediated by SP-[[ NK-1R ]] related pathway in mouse pancreatic acinar cells.", what is the relation? product-of
Regarding the sentence "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.", what is the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding the sentence "<< Carvedilol >> reduced the risk of death or heart failure in patients with above-median levels of N-BNP or [[ adrenomedullin ]], or both, to rates not significantly different from those observed in patients with levels below the median value.", what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding the sentence "In addition, << ethanol >> induced degradation of DNA methyltransferases ([[ DNMT- ]]1, DNMT-3a, and DNMT-3b), as well as the methyl CpG-binding proteins (MeCP-2, MBD-2 and MBD-3), in MEF cells by the proteasomal pathway.", what is the relation? downregulator
Regarding the sentence "We recently showed that << TETA >> is metabolized in vitro by polyamine catabolic enzyme spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase ([[ SSAT1 ]]) and by thialysine acetyltransferase (SSAT2) to its monoacetylated derivative (MAT).", what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
19 | OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether cocaine's sympathomimetic actions can be reversed by a potent centrally acting alpha2 adrenergic receptor (<< AR >>) agonist ([[ dexmedetomidine ]]).
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist
Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-inhibitor
Withdrawal from free-choice << ethanol >> consumption results in increased packing density of [[ glutamine synthetase ]]-immunoreactive astrocytes in the prelimbic cortex of alcohol-preferring rats.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: upregulator
The in vivo inhibitory effect of << harmaline >> on CYP2D6-catalyzed bufotenine formation was confirmed by in vitro study using purified [[ CYP2D6 ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: downregulator
A novel class of << biaryl urea >> that inhibits [[ C-RAF ]] kinase was discovered using a combination of medicinal and combinatorial chemistry approaches.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: inhibitor
Dexamethasone (DXM) decreased the expression of CXCL-8, VEGF, and iNOS induced by reIL-4, while << 1400W dihydrochloride >> (1400W), a selective inhibitor of iNOS, decreased the expression of E-selectin, [[ VEGF ]], and iNOS.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-downregulator
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to << oxoglutaramic acid >> ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate_product-of
Platelet-induced COX-2-dependent PGE2 synthesis in HT29 cells was involved in downregulation of p21(<< WAF1 >>/CIP1) and upregulation of cyclinB1, since these effects were prevented by [[ rofecoxib ]](a selective COX-2 inhibitor) and rescued by exogenous PGE2.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-upregulator
RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of [[ PPARalpha ]] and PPARgamma.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-activator
Finally, we found that liver kinase B1 (LKB1) phosphorylation is required for the << phillyrin >>-enhanced activation of [[ AMPK ]] in HepG2 hepatocytes.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: activator
Pretreatment with << pranlukast >> (1.5 ng/mouse, intracerebroventricularly), a [[ CysLT(1)R ]] antagonist, blocked LTD4-induced amyloidogenesis, memory deficits.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: antagonist
Glycylsarcosine coadministration could inhibit the uptake of << cefadroxil >> in PEPT2(+/+) mice (p < 0.01) but not [[ PEPT2 ]](-/-) mice.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate
We have shown that << COX-2 >> mediates acid-induced [[ PGE2 ]] production.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: product-of
The gastric mucin secretory responses to isoproterenol, furthermore, were inhibited by PP2, a selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinase Src responsible for ligand-independent EGFR autophosphorylation, but not by << ERK >> inhibitor, [[ PD98059 ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
20 | Regarding the sentence "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].", what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "We now show that mutation of the 769R/ G desensitization site (Lomeli, H.M.J., Melcher, T., Hoger, T., Geiger, J.R., Kuner, T., Monyer, H., Higuchi, M.B.A. and Seeburg, P.H, Control of kinetic properties of AMPA receptor channels by nuclear RNA editing. Science, 9(266) (1994) 1709-1713) greatly attenuates the << lithium >>-induced potentiation of [[ GluR3 ]].", what is the relation? activator
Regarding the sentence "Ca(v)1.3 channels were less sensitive to pentobarbital inhibition than Ca(v)1.2 channels, similar to << dihydropyridine >> (DHP) [[ L-VGCC ]] antagonists.", what is the relation? antagonist
Regarding the sentence "<< Crocin >> (25 and 50mg/kg) or vitamin E improved histopathological damages, decreased MDA and CK-MB, increased GSH content and attenuated the increase of Bax/Bcl2 ratio, activation of [[ caspase 3 ]] and release of cytochrome c to the cytosol induced by DZN.", what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding the sentence "<< ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 >> is involved in hepatic [[ alpha-tocopherol ]] secretion.", what is the relation? product-of
Regarding the sentence "The involvement of << EP1 >> and EP2 receptors is indicated by studies with the EP1 selective agonist 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, and the EP2 selective agonist butaprost (which stimulate), as well as by studies with the antagonists SC-51089 (EP1 specific) and [[ AH 6809 ]] (EP1 and EP2 specific).", what is the relation? agonist
Regarding the sentence "Treatment of A549 and H1299 cells with << dioscin >> caused a dose-dependent increase in ERK1/2 and [[ JNK1/2 ]] activity, accompanied with a decreased PI3K expression and decreased phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR.", what is the relation? upregulator
Regarding the sentence "<< Pinosylvin >> inhibited the proliferation of HCT 116 cells by arresting transition of cell cycle from G1 to S phase along with the downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, c-Myc, and [[ retinoblastoma protein ]] (pRb), and the upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53.", what is the relation? downregulator
Regarding the sentence "Using whole-cell voltage clamp, we examined << mibefradil >> block of four [[ Na+ channel ]] isoforms expressed in human embryonic kidney cells: Nav1.5 (cardiac), Nav1.4 (skeletal muscle), Nav1.2 (brain), and Nav1.7 (peripheral nerve).", what is the relation? inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "4. At a substrate concentration of 20 µM, the most active << HFC >> glucuronidation catalysts were UGT1A10 followed by UGT1A6 >UGT1A7 >UGT2A1, whereas at 300 µM [[ UGT1A6 ]] was about 10 times better catalyst than the other recombinant UGTs.", what is the relation? substrate
Regarding the sentence "<< Sulindac >> metabolites simultaneously (a) increase cellular cyclic GMP and subsequently activate cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG); (b) activate c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK); (c) inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2); and (d) decrease [[ beta-catenin ]] protein expression at times and doses consistent with apoptosis.", what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding the sentence "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to << oxoglutaramic acid >> ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).", what is the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding the sentence "The esterified-BM, however, had only partial transactivation agonistic activity in cells transfected with << rat GR >>, whereas [[ BM ]] and esterified-DEX had full transactivation agonistic activity.", what is the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding the sentence "Late INa induced by the VGSC long QT mutant << R1623Q >> was reduced by [[ resveratrol ]] and quercetin.", what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 2 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-downregulator |
21 | Regarding the sentence "The treatment with << arsenic >> exhibited a significant increase in some serum hepatic and renal biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, [[ alkaline phosphatase ]], total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol, urea and creatinine).", what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding the sentence "Inhibition of << MCP-1 >> and MIP-2 transcription and translation by [[ mimosine ]] in muscle tissue infected with the parasite Trichinella spiralis.", what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding the sentence "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.", what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "Moreover, kinetic analysis revealed that inhibition by reserpine, a typical << VMAT2 >> inhibitor, was uncompetitive, decreasing maximum velocity and affinity for [[ dopamine ]].", what is the relation? substrate
Regarding the sentence "Histamine and << Ca >> added to NSAIDs amplified the activating effect of the latter on [[ CA II ]].", what is the relation? upregulator
Regarding the sentence "<< GPxs >> reduce hydroperoxides to the corresponding [[ alcohols ]] by means of glutathione (GSH).", what is the relation? product-of
Regarding the sentence "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of [[ acetyl-CoA ]] and carnitine to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.", what is the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding the sentence "The results showed that (1) 15mg/kg body weight PhIP induced obvious histopathological changes in gastric mucosa; (2) << PhIP >> (10 and/or 15mg/kg) significantly decreased superoxide dismutase ([[ SOD ]]) and glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) activities, while increased catalase (CAT) activity compared with the control.", what is the relation? downregulator
Regarding the sentence "Both the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride and << alpha 1-adrenoceptor >> antagonists (e.g. alfuzosin, [[ doxazosin ]], prazosin, tamsulosin and terazosin) have been recommended as appropriate treatment options for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), and their efficacy has been proven in several placebo-controlled trials.", what is the relation? antagonist
Regarding the sentence "Phosphorylation of << AMPK >> at Thr172 increased by 1.4-fold within 5 min, and remained elevated throughout a 30-min time course, in response to [[ 2-deoxyglucose ]].", what is the relation? activator
Regarding the sentence "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of PPARalpha and [[ PPARgamma ]].", what is the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding the sentence "Methanandamide (10.0 mg/kg) had lesser effect than other CB agonists, and the << CB2 >> agonist AM1241 [[[ 1-(methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-3-(2-iodo-5-nitrobenzoyl)indole ]]], the anandamide transport inhibitor AM404, and the CB antagonist rimonabant did not have diuretic effects.", what is the relation? agonist
Regarding the sentence "We describe here the isolation and biochemical characterization of the marine natural << sesquiterpene >> palinurin as a [[ GSK-3β ]] inhibitor.", what is the relation? inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "<< Trichostatin A >> inhibits transforming growth factor-β-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation via enhanced [[ NF-E2-related factor 2 ]]-antioxidant response element signaling.", what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 4 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-upregulator |
22 | Regarding the sentence "In vitro, V(5+) decreased the << TCDD >>-mediated induction of [[ Cyp1a1 ]] mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels.", what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding the sentence "Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (<< PDTC >>), a specific NF-κB inhibitor, along with 20S proteasome inhibitor (PSI) significantly inhibited LPS-induced [[ iNOS ]] expression, which indirectly suggested that 5HHMF downregulated iNOS expression by suppressing NF-κB activity.", what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding the sentence "Further, 5HHMF increased specific DNA-binding activity of << Nrf2 >>, and transient knockdown with Nrf2 siRNA subsequently reversed [[ 5HHMF ]]-induced NO inhibition, which was followed by suppression of HO-1 activity.", what is the relation? upregulator
Regarding the sentence "6-DHSG was metabolised by GSH to form a GSH conjugate (<< GS-6-DHSG >>) in RAW 264.7 cells, via a potential mechanism involving the catalytic activity of [[ glutathione-S-transferase ]] (GST).", what is the relation? product-of
Regarding the sentence "A dose of 25 microg kg(-1) day(-1) of formoterol elicited greater EDL and soleus hypertrophy than << salmeterol >>, but resulted in similar [[ beta-adrenoceptor ]] downregulation.", what is the relation? downregulator
Regarding the sentence "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.", what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "Independent of dietary choline, supplemental << Met >> increased hepatic [[ BHMT ]] activity approximately 30%.", what is the relation? activator
Regarding the sentence "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of [[ acetyl-CoA ]] and carnitine to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.", what is the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding the sentence "These results indicate that the positive inotropic effect, mediated via (+/-)-tamsulosin- and << oxymetazoline >>-sensitive subtype of [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]], is exerted by a subcellular mechanism that is independent of the accumulation of inositol phosphates.", what is the relation? agonist
Regarding the sentence "The results suggested that both the << EtOAc >> extract and berberine were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine.", what is the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding the sentence "The effects of meloxicam were compared with those of << diclofenac >>, a nonselective [[ COX ]] inhibitor.", what is the relation? inhibitor
Regarding the sentence "The potency of the antipsychotic drug, << risperidone >>, to antagonize [[ alpha 1A-adrenoceptor ]]-mediated contraction in rat vas deferens and vasoconstriction in rat perfused kidney, and alpha 1B-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions in spleen from guinea-pig and mouse was evaluated and compared to that of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype-discriminating antagonists.", what is the relation? antagonist
Regarding the sentence "<< QR2 >> catalyzes the two-electron reduction of menadione via the oxidation of N-alkylated or [[ N-ribosylated nicotinamides ]].", what is the relation? substrate
Regarding the sentence "The next large phase III adjuvant trial for this subset of breast cancer is an international collaboration designed to evaluate the added or alternative benefit of an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting HER2/neu as well as the epidermal growth factor receptor (<< EGFR >>), [[ lapatinib ]].", what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
23 | In reference to "On the basis of data obtained in rabbits, the imidazoline receptor ligand << rilmenidine >> has been suggested to decrease blood pressure in humans by activating central [[ alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors ]].", what is the relation? upregulator
In reference to "Terbutaline (Bricanyl) and its prodrug << Bambuterol >> (Bambec) are highly potent [[ beta(2)-adrenoceptor ]] agonists often used in asthma patients.", what is the relation? agonist
In reference to "Both 5 alpha-NET and << 3 beta,5 alpha-NET >> blocked the [[ PR ]] down-regulation induced by P4 as assessed by Western and Northern blot methods.", what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
In reference to "In addition, << ethanol >> induced degradation of [[ DNA methyltransferases ]] (DNMT-1, DNMT-3a, and DNMT-3b), as well as the methyl CpG-binding proteins (MeCP-2, MBD-2 and MBD-3), in MEF cells by the proteasomal pathway.", what is the relation? downregulator
In reference to "Specificity of << zebrafish retinol saturase >>: formation of all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol and [[ all-trans-7,8- dihydroretinol ]].", what is the relation? product-of
In reference to "Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts [[ cortisol ]] to inactive cortisone, and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.", what is the relation? substrate_product-of
In reference to "Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006, << Nexavar >>), a dual-action inhibitor that targets RAF/MEK/[[ ERK ]] pathway in tumor cells and tyrosine kinases VEGFR/PDGFR in tumor vasculature.", what is the relation? inhibitor
In reference to "Objective: This study explores the ability of << acyl glucuronides >> to act as substrates or inhibitors of human carboxylesterases 1 ([[ hCES1 ]]) and 2 (hCES2).", what is the relation? substrate
In reference to "<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.", what is the relation? agonist-activator
In reference to "We discovered that each RSPO alone or in combination partially rescues << TCDD >> inhibition of both canonical [[ Wnt ]] signaling and prostatic bud formation.", what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
In reference to "METHODS: Part A compared the effects of placebo to four doses of a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist (<< SB-207266 >>) on the cisapride mediated increase in plasma aldosterone (a [[ 5-HT(4) ]] mediated response) and orocaecal transit in 18 subjects.", what is the relation? antagonist
In reference to "Effect of << fenoterol >>-induced constitutive [[ beta(2)-adrenoceptor ]] activity on contractile receptor function in airway smooth muscle.", what is the relation? activator
In reference to "Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.", what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
In reference to "The fact that << trimipramine >> also suppressed [[ IFN-gamma ]] production and T-cell proliferation indicates that these immunomodulatory actions of antidepressants are most likely unrelated to inhibition of monoamine reuptake.", what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 2 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-downregulator |
24 | Abstract 1. We investigated the effects of the dose of and the number of times an inducer was administered and the duration of induction of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (<< CYP3A >>) in rats using [[ dexamethasone 21-phosphate ]] (DEX-P) and midazolam (MDZ) as an inducer and a substrate to CYP3A, respectively.
Query: What is the relation? activator
<< Catalpol >> reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory mediates, such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α ([[ TNF-α ]]), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and receptor for AGE (RAGE).
Query: What is the relation? indirect-downregulator
The animals were divided into thirteen groups (n=4 each) receiving an i.v. bolus injection of, either physiological saline (0.3 ml/kg; control), or the antagonists SB224289 (300 microg/kg; 5-HT1B), << BRL15572 >> (300 microg/kg; [[ 5-HT1D ]]), rauwolscine (300 microg/kg; alpha2), SB224289 + BRL15572 (300 microg/kg each), SB224289 + rauwolscine (300 microg/kg each), BRL15572 + rauwolscine (300 microg/kg each), rauwolscine (300 microg/kg) + prazosin (100 microg/kg; alpha1), SB224289 (300 microg/kg) + prazosin (100 microg/kg), SB224289 (300 microg/kg) + rauwolscine (300 microg/kg) + prazosin (100 microg/kg), SB224289 (300 microg/kg) + prazosin (100 microg/kg) + BRL44408 (1,000 microg/kg; alpha2A), SB224289 (300 microg/kg) + prazosin (100 microg/kg)+ imiloxan (1,000 microg/kg; alpha2B), or SB224289 (300 microg/kg) + prazosin (100 microg/kg) + MK912 (300 microg/kg; alpha2C).
Query: What is the relation? antagonist
The intrinsic clearance for both << ketamine >> enantiomers by the high affinity enzyme in HLMs with [[ CYP2B6*1 ]]/*1 genotype were at least 2-fold and 6-fold higher, respectively, than those for CYP2B6*1/*6 genotype and CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype.
Query: What is the relation? substrate
In conclusion, << IL-8 >> production and neutrophil infiltration are increased in high-[[ glucose ]] environment due to elevated ROS level and contributed to impaired wound healing in diabetic skin.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts [[ cortisol ]] to inactive cortisone, and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.
Query: What is the relation? substrate_product-of
Using a unique biosensor-based assay, << trifluoperazine >> (TFP) was identified as an inhibitor that disrupts the [[ S100A4 ]]/myosin-IIA interaction.
Query: What is the relation? inhibitor
Moreover, BH(4) treatment of the fructose-fed rats markedly reduced the lipid peroxide content of both aortic and cardiac tissues and inhibited the activation of 2 redox-sensitive transcription factors, << nuclear factor-kappaB >> and activating protein-1, which were increased in [[ fructose ]]-fed rats.
Query: What is the relation? upregulator
Third, << ABCA1 >>-RNAi suppressed hepatic [[ alpha-tocopherol ]] secretion.
Query: What is the relation? product-of
RGM-1 cells were treated with CDCA or << GW4064 >>, an [[ FXR ]] agonist, in the presence or absence of guggulsterone, an FXR antagonist.
Query: What is the relation? agonist
In general, << rifampicin >> can act on a pattern: rifampicin activates the [[ nuclear pregnane X receptor ]] that in turn affects cytochromes P450, glucuronosyltransferases and p-glycoprotein activities.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-activator
<< Pinosylvin >> inhibited the proliferation of HCT 116 cells by arresting transition of cell cycle from G1 to S phase along with the downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, c-Myc, and retinoblastoma protein ([[ pRb ]]), and the upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53.
Query: What is the relation? downregulator
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
<< Galangin >> decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, [[ interleukin ]] (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8.
Query: What is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 2 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-downregulator |
25 | Labetalol (> or = 3 x 10(-8) M) and dilevalol (> or = 10(-8) M) caused surmountable antagonism of the << isoprenaline >> responses of the atria and the pA2 values were 8.60 and 8.98 at the [[ beta 1-adrenoceptors ]] of the rat left atria and 7.90 and 8.31, respectively, on the guinea-pig left atria which has functional beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors.
Query: What is the relation? agonist
The TXM peptides were effective in inhibiting << AuF >>-induced MAPK, [[ JNK ]] and p38(MAPK) phosphorylation, in correlation with preventing caspase-3 cleavage and thereby PARP-1 dissociation.
Query: What is the relation? activator
<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.
Query: What is the relation? substrate_product-of
<< TSA >> selectively induced [[ uc002mbe.2 ]] in four studied HCC cell lines.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-upregulator
It is concluded that << labetalol >> and dilevalol are [[ beta 1-adrenoceptor ]] selective antagonists.
Query: What is the relation? antagonist
<< Carboxylesterases >> hydrolyze esters, amides, and thioesters to produce carboxylic acids and resulting alcohols, [[ amines ]], and thiols, respectively.
Query: What is the relation? product-of
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-activator
<< Pinosylvin >> inhibited the proliferation of HCT 116 cells by arresting transition of cell cycle from G1 to S phase along with the downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, [[ cyclin A ]], cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, c-Myc, and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and the upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53.
Query: What is the relation? downregulator
Before the next drug intake, << MAO-A >> inhibition, as judged by the decrease of plasma DHPG concentration, was significantly different from placebo with [[ moclobemide ]] but not with toloxatone.
Query: What is the relation? inhibitor
<< Monocarboxylate transporters >> (MCTs) are proton-linked membrane carriers involved in the transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, as well as [[ ketone ]] bodies.
Query: What is the relation? substrate
Additionally, the mRNA levels of melanogenesis-related genes (c-KIT, stem cell factor (SCF), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (<< MIF >>)) were down-regulated by [[ artemisinic acid ]].
Query: What is the relation? indirect-downregulator
The positive correlation between << vitamin A >> and immunoglobulin A concentrations might be the result of the vitamin A inductive effect during [[ immunoglobulins A ]] synthesis.
Query: What is the relation? upregulator
<< Desvenlafaxine succinate >> identifies novel antagonist binding determinants in the [[ human norepinephrine transporter ]].
Query: What is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 11 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | antagonist |
26 | Consider the text "RESULTS: Ketorolac was six times more active against << COX-1 >> (IC(50) = 0.02 microM) than COX-2 (IC(50) = 0.12 microM) while [[ bromfenac ]] was approximately 32 times more active against COX-2 (IC(50) = 0.0066 microM) than COX-1 (IC(50) = 0.210 microM).". Can you identify the relation? downregulator
Consider the text "BACKGROUND AND AIMS: << Glutamic acid decarboxylase >> (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) catalyses the conversion of [[ glutamate ]] to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).". Can you identify the relation? substrate
Consider the text "The effects of CDCA and GW4064 on expression of Cdx2 and << MUC2 >> were abolished by [[ guggulsterone ]].". Can you identify the relation? indirect-downregulator
Consider the text "The beta-adrenergic/<< 5-HT1A >> receptor antagonist [[ (+/-)pindolol ]] and the selective 5-HT1B/D antagonist GR127935 produced no significant augmentation of venlafaxine-induced changes in either 5-HT or NA.". Can you identify the relation? antagonist
Consider the text "<< TSA >> selectively induced [[ uc002mbe.2 ]] in four studied HCC cell lines.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-upregulator
Consider the text "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].". Can you identify the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Consider the text "These results suggest that << HSD11B1 >>-derived [[ cortisol ]] mediates, in part, actions of ovarian progesterone and the conceptus on endometrial function and support the hypothesis that IFNT, PG, and cortisol coordinately regulate endometrial functions important for conceptus elongation and implantation during early pregnancy in sheep.". Can you identify the relation? product-of
Consider the text "Both << tolbutamide >> and gliclazide stimulated [[ phospholipase C ]] activity; however, only gliclazide did so independently of its activity at K(ATP) channels, and this activity was partially inhibited by pertussis toxin.". Can you identify the relation? activator
Consider the text "The << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> (beta(2)-AR) agonists clenbuterol and [[ fenoterol ]] have similar beneficial effects in animal models of heart failure.". Can you identify the relation? agonist
Consider the text "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of PPARalpha and [[ PPARgamma ]].". Can you identify the relation? agonist-activator
Consider the text "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (<< KATI >>), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to [[ oxoglutaramic acid ]] (GTK, EC 2.6.1.15).". Can you identify the relation? substrate_product-of
Consider the text "Synthesis, molecular modeling and evaluation of novel << N'-2-(4-benzylpiperidin-/piperazin-1-yl)acylhydrazone >> derivatives as dual inhibitors for cholinesterases and [[ Aβ ]] aggregation.". Can you identify the relation? inhibitor
Consider the text "db/db mice treated with << DRF 2655 >> showed 5- and 3.6-fold inhibition in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase activity and 651% and 77% increases in the beta-oxidation enzymes [[ carnitine palmitoyltransferase ]] and carnitine acetyltransferase, respectively.". Can you identify the relation? upregulator
Consider the text "It is currently not known how much this << H(1) >> antagonism of [[ clozapine ]] contributes to the therapeutic or adverse side effects of clozapine.". Can you identify the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 11 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | antagonist |
27 | The beta-adrenergic/<< 5-HT1A >> receptor antagonist [[ (+/-)pindolol ]] and the selective 5-HT1B/D antagonist GR127935 produced no significant augmentation of venlafaxine-induced changes in either 5-HT or NA.
Please explain the relation. antagonist
The recent development of << H1-receptor >> antagonists devoid of clinical sedative effects has enabled the administration of doses of H1-antihistamines which achieve a greater degree of H1-receptor blockade within the airways, thus permitting a better appraisal of the role of [[ histamine ]] in this condition.
Please explain the relation. agonist
RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of PPARalpha and [[ PPARgamma ]].
Please explain the relation. agonist-activator
Association of PGE2 or << acetazolamide >> to NSAIDs reduced NSAID-induced activation of CA I and [[ CA II ]].
Please explain the relation. downregulator
db/db mice treated with << DRF 2655 >> showed 5- and 3.6-fold inhibition in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase activity and 651% and 77% increases in the beta-oxidation enzymes [[ carnitine palmitoyltransferase ]] and carnitine acetyltransferase, respectively.
Please explain the relation. upregulator
Expression of << L-type pyruvate kinase >> (L-PK) is upregulated in the liver by dietary [[ carbohydrate ]].
Please explain the relation. indirect-upregulator
We found that reduction of the carcinogenic hydroxylamines of the aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP; found in cigarette smoke) and the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (<< PhIP >>; found in grilled meats) was indeed catalyzed by a purified system containing only [[ human b5R ]] and cyt b5.
Please explain the relation. substrate
Overall, our findings suggest that << ursolic acid >> induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via [[ AMPK ]] activation and GSK3β phosphorylation as a potent chemopreventive agent.
Please explain the relation. activator
Taken together, our study demonstrated that << SB365 >> inhibits the AKT/[[ mTOR ]] pathway, leading to the suppression of tumor growth and angiogenesis together with induction of apoptosis.
Please explain the relation. inhibitor
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Please explain the relation. agonist-inhibitor
The << COX >> pathway generates inflammatory [[ prostaglandins ]], while the 5-LOX pathway generates inflammatory leukotrienes.
Please explain the relation. product-of
Epididymal tissue from wild-type mice responded in vitro to noradrenaline and << isoprenaline >> with increased glycerol release, reduced [[ IL-6 ]] release, and increased cAMP accumulation.
Please explain the relation. indirect-downregulator
<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.
Please explain the relation. substrate_product-of
The purified << Atp8a1 >> is inactive in detergent micelles or in micelles containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, or phosphatidylinositol, is minimally activated by [[ phosphatidylglycerol ]] or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and is maximally activated by PS.
Please explain the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 3 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | activator |
28 | << Pinosylvin >> was also found to attenuate the activation of proteins involved in focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/c-Src/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/ [[ glycogen synthase kinase 3β ]] (GSK-3β) signaling pathway.
what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts [[ cortisol ]] to inactive cortisone, and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.
what is the relation? substrate_product-of
8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM potentiation of << insulin >> secretion stimulated by [[ tolbutamide ]] was markedly inhibited by 2-APB (25 μM) and enhanced by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (1 μM).
what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
In concert with these results, we highlighted that the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine and << NF-κB >> activation induced by [[ TCDD ]] can be mediated by elevation of [Ca(2+)]i in HAPI microglial cells.
what is the relation? activator
It is not yet clear whether << tamoxifen >> can reduce breast cancer incidence in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, although preliminary evidence favors benefit for at least those with a [[ BRCA2 ]] mutation.
what is the relation? downregulator
The M564G mutated CrAT showed higher activity toward longer chain acyl-CoAs: activity toward myristoyl-CoA was 1250-fold higher than that of the wild-type << CrAT >>, and lower activity toward its natural substrate, [[ acetyl-CoA ]].
what is the relation? substrate
The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and berberine were able to activate << PPARα/β/γ >>, and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides [[ berberine ]].
what is the relation? agonist-activator
This stimulation was attenuated by the << Pak >> inhibitor 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-dinaphthyldisulfide ([[ IPA3 ]]) or dominant-negative Pak1.
what is the relation? inhibitor
The << A2A adenosine receptor >> agonist CGS21680 ([[ C23H29N7O6.HCl.xH2O ]]) (0.001-0.1 μM) did not alter NE oxidation currents.
what is the relation? agonist
<< DEX >> enhanced the ratio [[ IFN-gamma ]]/IL-4 (mean +/- SEM: control, 28.7 +/- 17.6; with 10-7 M DEX, 55.0 +/- 27.5, P<0.005).
what is the relation? upregulator
In contrast, there was little change in mRNA levels for GTP cyclohydrolase I (<< GTPCH >>), the rate limiting enzyme in synthesis of the [[ tetrahydrobiopterin ]] (BH4), the obligate cofactor for TPH.
what is the relation? product-of
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosages of the nonsedating << histamine H1-receptor >> antagonists terfenadine, astemizole, [[ loratadine ]], and acrivastine are reviewed.
what is the relation? antagonist
Chromatographic analysis of the metabolism of << 14C-labeled arachidonic acid >> in this system revealed that PB-dependent inactivation of [[ PHS ]] is markedly increased in the presence of 100 microM H2O2.
what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
29 | Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The esterified-<< BM >>, however, had only partial transactivation agonistic activity in cells transfected with [[ rat GR ]], whereas BM and esterified-DEX had full transactivation agonistic activity."? agonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, << kynurenine aminotransferase I >> (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to [[ oxoglutaramic acid ]] (GTK, EC 2.6.1.15)."? substrate_product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Next to << Glut-4 >>, the predominant protein influencing [[ glucose ]] metabolism is PPARα and γ whose expressions were also positively modulated."? substrate
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The potent << histamine H(1)-receptor >> antagonist [[ cetirizine ]] (Zyrtec) is a racemic mixture of levocetirizine (now available under the trademark Xyzal and dextrocetirizine."? antagonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "In conclusion, we find that << sinapic acid >> exhibits hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects against DMN-induced liver injury, most likely due to its antioxidant activities of scavenging radicals, its capacity to suppress [[ TGF-β1 ]] and its ability to attenuate activation of hepatic stellate cells."? indirect-downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "6-Ethyl-N-[1-(hydroxyacetyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1-methyl-4-oxo-5-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-2-carboxamide (<< TAK-441 >>) is a potent, selective [[ hedgehog ]] signaling pathway inhibitor that binds to Smo and is being developed for the treatment of cancer."? inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction."? agonist-inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of PPARalpha and [[ PPARgamma ]]."? agonist-activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Mouse brain serine racemase >> catalyzes specific elimination of L-serine to [[ pyruvate ]]."? product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "RESULTS: Ketorolac was six times more active against COX-1 (IC(50) = 0.02 microM) than << COX-2 >> (IC(50) = 0.12 microM) while [[ bromfenac ]] was approximately 32 times more active against COX-2 (IC(50) = 0.0066 microM) than COX-1 (IC(50) = 0.210 microM)."? downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Treatment of Rat-2 fibroblast cells with << C2-ceramide >> caused the stimulation of [[ c-fos SRE ]]-dependent reporter gene activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner by transient transfection analysis."? activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Cotreatments of 5, 10 and 20 µg/mL concentrations of MEP with << aflatoxin B(1) >> decreased the frequencies of SCE and the malondialdehyde level and increased amount of [[ superoxide dismutase ]], glutathione and glutathione peroxidase which were decreased by aflatoxin."? indirect-upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Butein >> also increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression and [[ HO ]] activity."? upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Imatinib (STI571, << Gleevec >>, Glivec; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ), a selective inhibitor of KIT, ABL, BCR-ABL, [[ PDGFRA ]], and PDGFRB, represents a new paradigm of targeted cancer therapy and has revolutionized the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and GISTs."? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
30 | Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Aliskiren >> represents the first in a novel class of [[ renin ]] inhibitors with the potential for treatment of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases."? inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Although the treatment with MSG increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (<< pIRS-1 >>) by 96 % ([[ MSG ]], 17.02 ± 0.6; control, 8.7 ± 0.2 a.u.), exercise training also increased it in both groups (control, 13.6 ± 0.1; MSG, 22.2 ± 1.1 a.u.)."? upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< ORF 17583 >>, a [[ histamine H2-receptor ]] antagonist, inhibited gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats (ED50 = 4.9 mg/kg intraduodenal; 3.4 mg/kg p.o.; and 0.21 mg/kg i.p.) and in total gastric fistula or Heidenhain pouch dogs stimulated by betazole (ED50 = 0.12 mg/kg p.o. and 0.08 mg/kg i.v.), histamine, tetragastrin, bethanechol, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or a meal (ED50 values ranged from 0.11-0.26 mg/kg p.o.)."? antagonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "In view of the role of CA in acid-base balance as well as the fact that an increase or decrease in its activity is accompanied by an increase or decrease in intra- and extracellular pH, our results suggest that: firstly, << CA >> activation induced by [[ indomethacin ]] might cause changes in COX activity; secondly, PGs are synthetized as a consequence of the changes in COX activity, a hypothesis that requires further study."? activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Platelet-induced COX-2-dependent PGE2 synthesis in HT29 cells was involved in downregulation of p21(WAF1/<< CIP1 >>) and upregulation of cyclinB1, since these effects were prevented by [[ rofecoxib ]](a selective COX-2 inhibitor) and rescued by exogenous PGE2."? indirect-upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and berberine were able to activate << PPARα/β/γ >>, and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides [[ berberine ]]."? agonist-activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids."? substrate_product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]]."? agonist-inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Specifically, << hGSTA4 >> cells had significantly higher GSH concentrations when exposed to 5-15 microM 4-HNE, but not at 20 microM [[ 4-HNE ]], suggesting extensive GSH utilization at high concentrations of 4-HNE."? substrate
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Thus, << amitriptyline >> acts as a TrkA and [[ TrkB ]] agonist and possesses marked neurotrophic activity."? agonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "In addition, << ethanol >> induced degradation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT-1, DNMT-3a, and DNMT-3b), as well as the methyl CpG-binding proteins (MeCP-2, MBD-2 and [[ MBD-3 ]]), in MEF cells by the proteasomal pathway."? downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Preincubation for 30 minutes with iloprost, << ciprostene >>, and carbacyclin led to a dose-dependent inhibition of [[ tissue factor ]] expression induced by all three challenging agents."? indirect-downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "As predicted, TES enhanced the production of both peroxynitrite precursors (i.e., superoxide and nitic oxide), and << xanthine oxidase >> was identified as the likely source of TES-stimulated [[ superoxide ]] production."? product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Upon studying the drug-drug interaction of darunavir with ketoconazole, data were indicative for an inhibitory effect of ketoconazole on << P-gp >> as the main mechanism for the increased transport of [[ darunavir ]] across the small intestine."? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
31 | Second, << probucol >>, an antiatherogenic compound reported to be an inactivator of [[ ABCA1 ]] reduced hepatic alpha-tocopherol secretion.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: downregulator
The effects of D-1997 in the basilar artery were not modified by incubation with either the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (0.01-1 microM), the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor antagonist ICS205930 (tropisetron; 0.1-10 microM), the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist spiroxatrine (0.01-1 microM), the beta-adrenoceptor blocker with high affinity for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B binding sites (+/-)-pindolol (0.01-1 microM), or the << alpha 1-adrenoceptor >> antagonist [[ prazosin ]] (0.01-1 microM).
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: antagonist
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of << glutamine >> to oxoglutaramic acid ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate_product-of
The results showed that (1) 15mg/kg body weight PhIP induced obvious histopathological changes in gastric mucosa; (2) << PhIP >> (10 and/or 15mg/kg) significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) activities, while increased catalase ([[ CAT ]]) activity compared with the control.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: upregulator
Brain tissue analyses revealed that neonatal quinpirole treatment produced a significant decrease in hippocampal << NGF >>, BDNF and ChAT that was eliminated by [[ olanzapine ]] treatment.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-upregulator
The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and berberine were able to activate << PPARα/β/γ >>, and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides [[ berberine ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-activator
One of the << CB2 >> agonists, [[ N-cyclopentyl-4-ethoxy-6-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine ]] (19, -logEC(50)=7.5, E(max)=255%) was selected for further development.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist
In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-inhibitor
The present results indicated that N-<< BPs >> induce apoptosis by decreasing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increasing the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and enhancing Bim expression through inhibition of the Ras/MEK/ERK and [[ Ras ]]/mTOR pathways.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: inhibitor
These findings, derived from a variety of analytical and functional approaches, provide evidence for a novel nongenomic signaling mechanism for androgen action in the microvasculature: TES-stimulated vasodilation mediated primarily by peroxynitrite formed from << xanthine oxidase >>-generated [[ superoxide ]] and NO.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: product-of
In this study, we found that << 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'4'-hexamethoxyflavone >> (5HHMF) from Hizikia fusiforme considerably inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO production by suppressing the expression of [[ inducible NO synthase ]] (iNOS) in BV2 microglia.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-downregulator
Under isotonic conditions, N-ethylmaleimide (<< NEM >>) produced [[ KCC ]] activation and transient cell shrinkage.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: activator
However, the loss of proliferative capacity of << hGSTA4 >> cells challenged with levels of [[ 4-HNE ]] associated with severe oxidative stress indicates a role of other aldehyde metabolizing enzymes, and/or GSH-electrophile transporter proteins, in providing full cellular protection against 4-HNE toxicity.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate
RESULTS: Administration of SC-236 to cirrhotic animals did not produce significant renal effects, whereas administration of the nonselective << COX-1 >>/COX-2 inhibitor, [[ ketorolac ]], resulted in a marked reduction in urine volume, urinary excretion of prostaglandins, and glomerular filtration rate and in a significant impairment in renal water metabolism.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
32 | RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of PPARalpha and [[ PPARgamma ]].
what is the relation? agonist-activator
Extracellular application of << meclofenamate >> (EC(50) = 25 microM) and diclofenac (EC(50) = 2.6 microM) resulted in the activation of [[ KCNQ2/Q3 ]] K(+) currents, heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
what is the relation? activator
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
RESULTS: Ketorolac was six times more active against << COX-1 >> (IC(50) = 0.02 microM) than COX-2 (IC(50) = 0.12 microM) while [[ bromfenac ]] was approximately 32 times more active against COX-2 (IC(50) = 0.0066 microM) than COX-1 (IC(50) = 0.210 microM).
what is the relation? downregulator
<< Licofelone >> almost abolished [[ 5-LOX ]] activity by inhibiting leukotriene B4 generation in rabbit neutrophils and prevented platelet thromboxane B2 production from whole blood.
what is the relation? inhibitor
Addition of << putrescine >> restored the induction of apoptosis as indicated by an increase in the number of detached cells and [[ caspase 3 ]] activity.
what is the relation? upregulator
<< (+/-)-Tamsulosin >> effectively antagonized the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine even after inactivation of [[ alpha 1B-adrenoceptors ]] by treatment with chlorethylclonidine, which is an indication that the (+/-)-tamsulosin-sensitive subtype belongs to a class resistant to chlorethylclonidine.
what is the relation? antagonist
Thus, << amitriptyline >> acts as a TrkA and [[ TrkB ]] agonist and possesses marked neurotrophic activity.
what is the relation? agonist
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to << oxoglutaramic acid >> ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).
what is the relation? substrate_product-of
Third, << ABCA1 >>-RNAi suppressed hepatic [[ alpha-tocopherol ]] secretion.
what is the relation? product-of
<< Somatostatin >> which also inhibits [[ insulin ]] secretion was less efficient (inhibition by 20%).
what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
<< Leukotriene D4 >> induces cognitive impairment through enhancement of CysLT₁ R-mediated [[ amyloid-β ]] generation in mice.
what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
One major route involves the tetrahydrofolate (THF)-dependent activities of the glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC, EC 2.1.1.10) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (<< SHMT >>, EC 2.1.2.1) with glycine ([[ Gly ]]) as one-carbon (1-C) source.
what is the relation? substrate
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses revealed that CK inhibited << DMN >>-induced increases in matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), [[ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ]] (TIMP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA, and collagen type I and α-smooth muscle actin protein.
what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 4 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-upregulator |
33 | Regarding "These findings suggest that << S1P >> activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway leading to the promotion of nuclear translocation of β-catenin in osteoblast-like cells, resulting in the upregulation of [[ osteoptotegerin ]] and osteoblast differentiation markers including alkaline phosphatase, probably relating to the inhibition of osteoclast formation and the mineralization, respectively.", can you determine the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of PPARalpha and [[ PPARgamma ]].", can you determine the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.", can you determine the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding "In membranes from HEK293 cells transfected with << alpha2-receptors >>, etomidate inhibited binding of the alpha2-antagonist, [[ [3H]RX821002 ]], with higher potency from alpha2B- and alpha2C-receptors than from alpha2A-receptors (Ki alpha2A 208 microm, alpha2B 26 microm, alpha2C 56 microm).", can you determine the relation? antagonist
Regarding "4-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate and its ortho-halogenated (<< F >>, Cl, Br) derivatives are first-generation dual [[ aromatase ]] and sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs).", can you determine the relation? inhibitor
Regarding "Upon co-exposure to V(5+) and << TCDD >>, V(5+) significantly potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of the Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, and [[ Cyp1b1 ]] mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels at 24 h.", can you determine the relation? upregulator
Regarding "Inhibition of mTOR by low dose << rapamycin >> decreases HG-induced [[ Nox4 ]] and Nox1, NADPH oxidase activity and podocyte apoptosis.", can you determine the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding "RGM-1 cells were treated with << CDCA >> or GW4064, an [[ FXR ]] agonist, in the presence or absence of guggulsterone, an FXR antagonist.", can you determine the relation? agonist
Regarding "OBJECTIVE: The aim was to test whether the common deletion [T/-] in the promoter of << FADS2 >> affects the [[ PUFA ]] biosynthetic pathway and consequently modifies the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on myocardial infarction (MI).", can you determine the relation? product-of
Regarding "The results reinforce previous assumptions that << dopamine >> may interact with eicosanoid metabolism by means of [[ D(2) receptor ]] activation, and implicate an involvement of cPLA(2) and COX-2 in this effect.", can you determine the relation? activator
Regarding "<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.", can you determine the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding "Concentration-dependent inhibitory effects of baicalin on the metabolism of << dextromethorphan >>, a dual probe of [[ CYP2D ]] and CYP3A, in rats.", can you determine the relation? substrate
Regarding "To determine whether 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (<< MDMA >>)-induced reductions in [[ SERT ]] density could be related to such a mechanism, p-chlorophenylalanine or MDMA was administered to rats, and brain serotonin and SERT density were measured.", can you determine the relation? downregulator
Regarding "The acetylation of << TETA >> is increased in [[ SSAT1 ]]-overexpressing mice compared with wild-type mice.", can you determine the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
34 | Question: What is the relation in the sentence "To this end, 158N murine oligodendrocytes were treated with 7KC or << 7βOHC >> inducing an apoptotic mode of cell death characterized by condensation/fragmentation of the nuclei, dephosphorylation of Akt and GSK3, mitochondrial depolarization involving [[ Mcl-1 ]], and caspase-3 activation."? activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids."? substrate_product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Inhibition of mTOR by low dose << rapamycin >> decreases HG-induced [[ Nox4 ]] and Nox1, NADPH oxidase activity and podocyte apoptosis."? indirect-downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "RESULTS: << Ketorolac >> was six times more active against COX-1 (IC(50) = 0.02 microM) than COX-2 (IC(50) = 0.12 microM) while bromfenac was approximately 32 times more active against [[ COX-2 ]] (IC(50) = 0.0066 microM) than COX-1 (IC(50) = 0.210 microM)."? downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Our results suggest that arsenite can potentiate EDHF-type relaxations via a mechanism that is dependent on hydrogen peroxide, thus demonstrating that dismutation of the << superoxide >> anion generated by [[ NADPH oxidase ]] can potentially offset loss of NO bioavailability under conditions of reduced eNOS activity."? product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Nateglinide >> inhibits Kir6.2/SUR1 and [[ Kir6.2 ]]/SUR2B channels at 100 nM, and inhibits Kir6.2/SUR2A channels at high concentrations (1 microM)."? inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]]."? agonist-inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and << berberine >> were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine."? agonist-activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "In addition to affecting << DAT >> function, MDMA rapidly decreased vesicular [[ DA ]] transport as assessed in striatal vesicles prepared from treated rats."? substrate
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Furthermore, substance P (SP) concentration in the acini and expression of SP gene (preprotachykinin-A, PPT-A) and neurokinin-1 receptor (<< NK-1R >>), the primary receptor for SP, are increased in secretagogue [[ caerulein ]]-treated acinar cells."? indirect-upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Previous studies demonstrated that the << Group III mGlu receptor >>-selective orthosteric agonist, [[ LSP1-2111 ]] produced anxiolytic- but not antidepressant-like effects upon peripheral administration."? agonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "(+)-Tamsulosin, (-)-tamsulosin, << SL 89,0591 >>, Rec 15/2739, SNAP 1069 and RS 17053 appeared to act as competitive antagonists of noradrenaline-mediated contractions of rat aorta yielding pA2 affinity estimates which were similar to binding affinities at cloned [[ human alpha 1D adrenoceptors ]]."? antagonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "On the basis of data obtained in rabbits, the imidazoline receptor ligand << rilmenidine >> has been suggested to decrease blood pressure in humans by activating central [[ alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors ]]."? upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Moreover, the specific << PKC >>-inhibitor [[ 2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl) maleimide ]] (GF 109203X) markedly increased the potency and E(max) of isoprenaline for all conditions used, including control conditions, and the synergistic effects of PMA and fenoterol were completely prevented."? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
35 | Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Fisetin >> treatment showed a significant decline in the levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), [[ NF-kB ]] p65 unit (in pancreas) and IL-1β (plasma), serum nitric oxide (NO) with an elevation in plasma insulin."? indirect-downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Expression of the dominant negative mutants arrestin-2(319-418) or dynamin I-K44A significantly reduced << U50,488H >>-induced down-regulation of the [[ hkor ]]."? downregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "The 5-HT(2B/2C)-receptor antagonist SB 206553 facilitated hyperglycemia induced by clomipramine, although the << 5-HT(2A) >>-receptor antagonist [[ ketanserin ]] was without effect."? antagonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Vandetanib (<< Caprelsa >>(®), AstraZeneca) is a once-daily oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits signalling mediated by growth-factor receptor tyrosine kinase RET (constitutively activated in roughly 60 % of all MTCs), vascular endothelial growth-factor receptors 2 and 3, and [[ epidermal growth-factor receptors ]]."? inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Activation of << ALDH2 >> with [[ ethanol ]] attenuates diabetes induced myocardial injury in rats."? activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol."? agonist-activator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "In the DRN, << brexpiprazole >> completely inhibited the firing of 5-HT neurons via [[ 5-HT1A ]] agonism and was more potent than aripiprazole (ED50 = 230 and 700 mug/kg, respectively)."? agonist
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Here, we have determined the molecular mechanism of this male-specific activation of the << Kcnk1 >> gene and characterized KCNK1 as a [[ phenobarbital ]]-inducible antihyperplasia factor."? indirect-upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids."? substrate_product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction."? agonist-inhibitor
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "<< Uridine 5'-diphosphate- glucuronosyltransferases >> are colocalized with carboxylesterases and have the potential to further metabolize [[ carboxylic acids ]] to acyl glucuronides, but it is currently unknown if acyl glucuronides, being esters, also interact with carboxylesterases."? substrate
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "We have previously reported that TZDs reduce << estrogen >> synthesis by inhibiting [[ aromatase ]] activity in human granulosa cells (HGC)."? product-of
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "To confirm this novel mechanism of << bleomycin >>-induced fibrogenesis, we attempted to upregulate [[ Nrf2 ]] and related antioxidant proteins in bleomycin-treated fibroblasts using a putative Nrf2 activator, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and the results showed that bleomycin-induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen content were attenuated through improved redox balance."? upregulator
Question: What is the relation in the sentence "Among them, << nobiletin >> markedly inhibited [[ HGF ]]-induced the abilities of the adhesion, invasion, and migration by cell-matrix adhesion assay and transwell-chamber invasion/migration assay under non-cytotoxic concentrations."? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
36 | Given the text "Different substrates were used as the relative specific substrates for the determination of aminopeptidase enzymatic activity: 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide of L-alanine for aminopeptidase N, 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide of << L-leucine >> for [[ leucine aminopeptidase ]], 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide of L-glutamic acid for aminopeptidase A and 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide of L-arginine for aminopeptidase B.", describe the relation. substrate
Given the text "Sitagliptin. << Sitagliptin >>, an oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, improves glycaemic control by inhibiting DPP-4 inactivation of the incretin hormones [[ glucagon-like peptide-1 ]] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.", describe the relation. indirect-upregulator
Given the text "<< Tomudex >> treatment resulted in the decrease in [[ p27(kip1) ]] expression, with an increase in cyclin E and cdk2 protein expression and kinase activities 24 h after a 2-h exposure.", describe the relation. indirect-downregulator
Given the text "To further our understanding of how << fisetin >> negatively regulates [[ mTORC1 ]] signaling, we analyzed the phosphorylation of S6K1, mTOR and Akt in fisetin-treated TSC2-knockdown cells.", describe the relation. downregulator
Given the text "Two beta(2)-agonists, << formoterol >> and salmeterol, are approved for treating asthma and have an extended duration of action and increased safety, associated with greater [[ beta(2)-adrenoceptor ]] selectivity.", describe the relation. agonist
Given the text "Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.", describe the relation. agonist-inhibitor
Given the text "The positive correlation between << vitamin A >> and immunoglobulin A concentrations might be the result of the vitamin A inductive effect during [[ immunoglobulins A ]] synthesis.", describe the relation. upregulator
Given the text "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, << kynurenine aminotransferase I >> (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of [[ glutamine ]] to oxoglutaramic acid (GTK, EC 2.6.1.15).", describe the relation. substrate_product-of
Given the text "The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and << butyrylcholinesterase >> (BuChE) inhibitory activities of a series of pyrano[2,3-b]quinolines (2, 3), [1,8]naphthyridines (5, 6), 4-amino-2,3-diaryl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]quinolines (11-13)/ 4-amino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2,3-diphenyl-5H-cyclohepta[e]furo[2,3-b]pyridine (14), [[ 4-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3-diphenylthieno[2,3-b]quinoline ]] (15)/ 4-amino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2,3-diphenyl-5H-cyclohepta[e]thieno[2,3-b]pyridine (16) are described.", describe the relation. inhibitor
Given the text "Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2J2 (<< CYP2J2 >>) metabolizes arachidonic acids to form [[ epoxyeicosatrienoic acids ]] (EETs), which possess various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.", describe the relation. product-of
Given the text "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of [[ PPARalpha ]] and PPARgamma.", describe the relation. agonist-activator
Given the text "It was concluded that << PGE1 >> selectively reduces both N- and R-type Ca2+ currents by activating a [[ G-protein ]] probably through the EP3 receptor in paratracheal ganglion cells.", describe the relation. activator
Given the text "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, [[ methysergide ]] (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of epinastine on the noncholinergic contraction.", describe the relation. antagonist
Given the text "Importantly, << 2-hydroxychalcone >> and xanthohumol exerted more potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation, [[ MMP-9 ]] expression and invasive phenotype of MDA-MB-231 than chalcone.", describe the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 2 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-downregulator |
37 | Regarding "Ten IU/mL urokinase was also incubated with pooled plasma of stroke patients, that was previously oxidized with the singlet oxygen (<< 1O2 >>) donor chloramine T (CT), to destroy [[ plasmatic PAI-1 ]] and alpha2-antiplasmin.", can you determine the relation? downregulator
Regarding "In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].", can you determine the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Regarding "<< Ozone >> plus PM(2.5) exposure, however, induced CRP, [[ IL-6 ]], CK, LDH and MDA increase, SOD and HRV decrease significantly in a dose-response way.", can you determine the relation? indirect-upregulator
Regarding "<< Memantine >> is an uncompetitive (channel blocking) [[ NMDA receptor ]] antagonist.", can you determine the relation? antagonist
Regarding "The results suggested that both the << EtOAc >> extract and berberine were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine.", can you determine the relation? agonist-activator
Regarding "In addition, << vinblastine >> induces the DNA-binding activities of the transcription factor [[ NF-κB ]], HSF1, AP-1, and ATF-2, together with the expression of HSP70 and Bax proteins.", can you determine the relation? activator
Regarding "<< Thalidomide >> reduced [[ COX-2 ]] expression accompanied by a decrease of bcl-2 protein, TNFalpha, VEGF, GSH and an increased cytochrome c, but had no effect on that of COX-1, in MCF-7 and HL-60.", can you determine the relation? indirect-downregulator
Regarding "<< Acetazolamide >>, a specific inhibitor of [[ CA ]], reduces the activity of CA I and CA II from red cells.", can you determine the relation? inhibitor
Regarding "However the regulatory mechanism of << histamine >> synthesis by [[ HDC ]] remains to be elucidated.", can you determine the relation? product-of
Regarding "<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.", can you determine the relation? substrate_product-of
Regarding "4. At a substrate concentration of 20 µM, the most active << HFC >> glucuronidation catalysts were UGT1A10 followed by UGT1A6 >UGT1A7 >UGT2A1, whereas at 300 µM [[ UGT1A6 ]] was about 10 times better catalyst than the other recombinant UGTs.", can you determine the relation? substrate
Regarding "Endothelium-dependent relaxations, nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-type, were studied in rabbit iliac artery and aortic rings using the << G protein-coupled receptor >> agonist acetylcholine ([[ ACh ]]) and by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), which promotes store-operated Ca(2+) entry by inhibiting the endothelial SERCA pump.", can you determine the relation? agonist
Regarding "G6pc2 deletion resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for << glucose >>-stimulated [[ insulin ]] secretion (GSIS).", can you determine the relation? upregulator
Regarding "Blocking EGFR signaling with the EGFR/<< HER-2 >> kinase inhibitor (KI) [[ GW572016 ]] decreased the postradiation survival of irradiated Ras-transformed cells and normal cells but had no effect on the survival of unirradiated cells.", can you determine the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
38 | The potent << histamine H(1)-receptor >> antagonist cetirizine (Zyrtec) is a racemic mixture of levocetirizine (now available under the trademark Xyzal and [[ dextrocetirizine ]].
Query: What is the relation? antagonist
Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.
Query: What is the relation? substrate_product-of
Activation of an apoptotic signal transduction pathway involved in the upregulation of calpain and << apoptosis-inducing factor >> in [[ aldosterone ]]-induced primary cultured cardiomyocytes.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Inhibition of << S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase >> by a specific inhibitor [diethylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone); DEGBG] led to depletion of [[ spermidine ]] and spermine with a significant accumulation of putrescine and induction of ODC.
Query: What is the relation? product-of
Thus, the << TCDD >>-induced reduction in canonical Wnt signaling is associated with a decrease in activators ([[ Rspo2 ]] and Rspo3) rather than an increase in inhibitors (Dkk1 and Dkk2) of the pathway.
Query: What is the relation? downregulator
The current U.S. military and civilian oxime countermeasure, 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-1-methylpyridin-1-ium chloride (2-PAM), is under consideration for replacement with a more effective << acetylcholinesterase >> reactivator, 1,1'-methylenebis{4-hydroxyiminomethyl}pyridinium dimethanesulfonate ([[ MMB-4 ]]).
Query: What is the relation? activator
The mRNA levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream genes << tyrosinase >>, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 were reduced by [[ artemisinic acid ]] treatment.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Although the treatment with MSG increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (<< pIRS-1 >>) by 96 % (MSG, 17.02 ± 0.6; control, 8.7 ± 0.2 a.u.), exercise training also increased it in both groups (control, 13.6 ± 0.1; [[ MSG ]], 22.2 ± 1.1 a.u.).
Query: What is the relation? upregulator
We found that reduction of the carcinogenic << hydroxylamines >> of the aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP; found in cigarette smoke) and the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP; found in grilled meats) was indeed catalyzed by a purified system containing only [[ human b5R ]] and cyt b5.
Query: What is the relation? substrate
First, in the presence of 1 mm ATP or the nonhydrolyzable analog adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate, TOP2-mediated DNA cleavage induced by ATP-sensitive TOP2 poisons (e.g. doxorubicin, etoposide, mitoxantrone, and 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide) was 30-100-fold stimulated, whereas DNA cleavage induced by ATP-insensitive << TOP2 >> poisons (e.g. amonafide, batracylin, and [[ menadione ]]) was only slightly (less than 3-fold) affected.
Query: What is the relation? inhibitor
Binding of the agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and inverse agonist << losartan >> in wild-type [[ AT1R ]] changed the accessibility of reporter cysteines, and the pattern was consistent with ligand-specific "lid" conformations of ECL2.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Adenosine and N(6)-cyclopentyl-adenosine (<< CPA >>, [[ A1R ]] agonist) constricted MVs but not MAs.
Query: What is the relation? agonist
The esterified-BM, however, had only partial transactivation agonistic activity in cells transfected with << rat GR >>, whereas [[ BM ]] and esterified-DEX had full transactivation agonistic activity.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-activator
To evaluate to what extent the regional differences in expression of P-gp and << P450 enzymes >> affect the absorption of a dual substrate, we investigated the transport of [[ darunavir ]] across different small intestinal segments (duodenum, proximal jejunum and ileum).
Query: What is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 5 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | substrate |
39 | Consider the text "RESULTS: << DRF 2655 >> showed concentration-dependent transactivation of PPARalpha and [[ PPARgamma ]].". Can you identify the relation? agonist-activator
Consider the text "Liver << BHMT >> activity was 1.3-fold higher in rats fed the Met deficient diet containing [[ choline ]], which was reflected in corresponding increases in mRNA content and immunodetectable protein.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-upregulator
Consider the text "<< HSYA >> suppressed the expression of [[ TLR-4 ]], Myd88, ICAM-1, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 at the mRNA and protein level, and inhibited the adhesion of leukocytes to A549 cells.". Can you identify the relation? indirect-downregulator
Consider the text "The results showed that administration of << AlCl3 >> resulted in a significant elevation in the levels of [[ AchE ]] activity, CRP, NF-κB, and MCP-1 accompanied with a significant depletion in the Ach level.". Can you identify the relation? upregulator
Consider the text "<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.". Can you identify the relation? substrate_product-of
Consider the text "<< Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2J2 >> (CYP2J2) metabolizes arachidonic acids to form [[ epoxyeicosatrienoic acids ]] (EETs), which possess various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.". Can you identify the relation? product-of
Consider the text "Treatment with diclofenac resulted in nuclear condensation (a morphological change due to apoptosis of NSCs) 24hr after the treatment and activated caspase-3 after 6 hr, indicating that << diclofenac >> may cause apoptosis of neuronal cells via activation of the [[ caspase ]] cascade.". Can you identify the relation? activator
Consider the text "Moreover, recent in vitro studies suggest that << memantine >> abrogates [[ beta-amyloid ]] (Abeta) toxicity and possibly inhibits Abeta production.". Can you identify the relation? downregulator
Consider the text "Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.". Can you identify the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Consider the text "<< Acarbose >>, an [[ alpha-glucosidase ]] inhibitor, delays the absorption of carbohydrate from the small intestine, thereby reducing postprandial hyperglycemia.". Can you identify the relation? inhibitor
Consider the text "Pre-clinical pharmacology of << zolmitriptan >> (Zomig; formerly 311C90), a centrally and peripherally acting [[ 5HT1B/1D ]] agonist for migraine.". Can you identify the relation? agonist
Consider the text "The anticonvulsant << felbamate >> blocks N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors but fails to exhibit the neurobehavioral toxicity characteristic of other [[ NMDA receptor ]] antagonists.". Can you identify the relation? antagonist
Consider the text "<< SR-BI >> is a receptor that binds HDL with high affinity and mediates both the selective lipid uptake of cholesteryl esters from lipid-rich HDL to cells and the efflux of unesterified [[ cholesterol ]] from cells to HDL.". Can you identify the relation? substrate
Consider the text "Most of the tested H(2)R agonists and << imidazole >>-based H(3)R ligands show micromolar-to-nanomolar range hH(4)R affinity, and these ligands exert different intrinsic [[ hH(4)R ]] activities, ranging from full agonists to inverse agonists.". Can you identify the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 12 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | agonist-inhibitor |
40 | The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and << berberine >> were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine.
Please explain the relation. agonist-activator
The ARB << eprosartan >> is a nonbiphenyl nontetrazole [[ angiotensin II type 1 receptor ]] (AT1) antagonist, which acts to decrease total peripheral resistance.
Please explain the relation. antagonist
<< Carnitine acetyltransferases >> (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to [[ acetylcarnitine ]] and free CoA.
Please explain the relation. substrate_product-of
In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].
Please explain the relation. agonist-inhibitor
Galanin attenuates cyclic AMP regulatory element-binding protein (<< CREB >>) phosphorylation induced by chronic morphine and [[ naloxone ]] challenge in Cath.a cells and primary striatal cultures.
Please explain the relation. activator
<< Pinosylvin >> inhibited the proliferation of HCT 116 cells by arresting transition of cell cycle from G1 to S phase along with the downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, [[ cyclin dependent kinase 2 ]] (CDK2), CDK4, c-Myc, and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and the upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53.
Please explain the relation. downregulator
Sumatriptan and << LY 344864 >> decreased the number of capsaicin-induced [[ c-fos ]]-like immunoreactive cells within trigeminal nucleus caudalis (ID50 = 0.04 and 0.6 mg kg(-1)).
Please explain the relation. indirect-downregulator
Aldo-keto reductases (<< AKRs >>) metabolize a wide range of substrates, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ([[ PAHs ]]), generating metabolites (o-quinones) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are capable of initiating and promoting carcinogenesis.
Please explain the relation. substrate
In addition to CYP2B6, << anisomycin >> co-treatment potentiated an increase in CYP2A7 and [[ CYP2C9 ]] mRNAs but not CYP3A4 or UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 mRNAs.
Please explain the relation. indirect-upregulator
First, in the presence of 1 mm ATP or the nonhydrolyzable analog adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate, TOP2-mediated DNA cleavage induced by ATP-sensitive << TOP2 >> poisons (e.g. doxorubicin, etoposide, [[ mitoxantrone ]], and 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide) was 30-100-fold stimulated, whereas DNA cleavage induced by ATP-insensitive TOP2 poisons (e.g. amonafide, batracylin, and menadione) was only slightly (less than 3-fold) affected.
Please explain the relation. inhibitor
Follicle-stimulating hormone (<< FSH >>), a dimeric glycoprotein synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland, is important for the production of sex [[ steroids ]] and gametes.
Please explain the relation. product-of
Differences in magnitude of << Na(+) >>-dependent l-alanine uptake through ASCT2 between WKY and SHR PTE cells correlated positively with differences in [[ ASCT2 ]] protein expression, this being more abundant in WKY PTE cells.
Please explain the relation. upregulator
After extensive washout (3 h, 37 degrees C), isometric contractions were measured to the full muscarinic receptor agonist methacholine, the partial << muscarinic receptor >> agonist 4-(m-chlorophenyl-carbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammonium (McN-A-343) and [[ histamine ]].
Please explain the relation. agonist
Fenofibrate and << GW2331 >> induced expression of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase and [[ enoyl-CoA hydratase ]] and reduced apolipoprotein C-III and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNAs.
Please explain the relation. Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 4 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-upregulator |
41 | Furthermore, N-<< BPs >> decreased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and mTOR via suppression of [[ Ras ]] prenylation and enhanced Bim expression.
Query: What is the relation? inhibitor
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of << glutamine >> to oxoglutaramic acid ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).
Query: What is the relation? substrate_product-of
Upon co-exposure to V(5+) and << TCDD >>, V(5+) significantly potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of the Cyp1a1, [[ Cyp1a2 ]], and Cyp1b1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels at 24 h.
Query: What is the relation? upregulator
We isolated partial cDNAs that codified for enzymes implicated in the << anthocyanin >> biosynthesis such as l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and [[ chalcone synthase ]] (CHS), and an antioxidant enzyme such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX).
Query: What is the relation? product-of
In conclusion, fenoterol-induced constitutive << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> activity reduces muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced contractions of bovine tracheal smooth muscle, which can be reversed by the inverse agonist [[ timolol ]].
Query: What is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
In addition, << ethanol >> induced degradation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT-1, [[ DNMT-3a ]], and DNMT-3b), as well as the methyl CpG-binding proteins (MeCP-2, MBD-2 and MBD-3), in MEF cells by the proteasomal pathway.
Query: What is the relation? downregulator
In the present study, we investigated the effect of << fenoterol >>-induced constitutive [[ beta(2)-adrenoceptor ]] activity on muscarinic receptor agonist- and histamine-induced bovine tracheal smooth muscle contractions.
Query: What is the relation? activator
The concomitant application of subconvulsive dose of pentetrazole (55.0 mg/kg) with low dose of << flumazenil >> (5.0 mg/kg) - a [[ BDZ receptor ]] antagonist, immediately induced BDZ withdrawal signs in these animals.
Query: What is the relation? antagonist
The results suggested that both the EtOAc extract and << berberine >> were able to activate [[ PPARα/β/γ ]], and Rhizoma Coptis contains potential natural agonists of PPARs besides berberine.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-activator
In conclusion, the production of IL-4 and IL-5 by T-cell clones (derived either from BAL or blood) was more sensitive to inhibition by << DEX >> than that of [[ IFN-gamma ]], which may account for the therapeutic effects of glucocorticosteroids in patients with asthma.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (<< IDO >>), a [[ tryptophan ]] catabolizing enzyme, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders.
Query: What is the relation? substrate
Furthermore, the up-regulation of << IL-12 >> and TNF-α was found in the [[ procyanidin ]] trimers-treated cells in the presence of OVA.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-upregulator
Thus, << amitriptyline >> acts as a [[ TrkA ]] and TrkB agonist and possesses marked neurotrophic activity.
Query: What is the relation? agonist
Here, we show that at noncytotoxic concentrations, << H(2)S >> was able to inhibit NO production and inducible NO synthase ([[ iNOS ]]) expression via heme oxygenase (HO-1) expression in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Query: What is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 2 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | indirect-downregulator |
42 | The involvement of EP1 and EP2 receptors is indicated by studies with the EP1 selective agonist 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, and the << EP2 >> selective agonist [[ butaprost ]] (which stimulate), as well as by studies with the antagonists SC-51089 (EP1 specific) and AH 6809 (EP1 and EP2 specific).
what is the relation? agonist
In conclusion, immortalized SHR and WKY PTE cells take up l-alanine mainly through a high-affinity << Na(+) >>-dependent amino acid transporter, with functional features of [[ ASCT2 ]] transport.
what is the relation? upregulator
As add-on therapy in patients with suboptimal glycaemic control despite oral antihyperglycaemic treatment, sitagliptin improved << HbA(1c) >> to a significantly greater extent than placebo when added to metformin or pioglitazone and was noninferior to glipizide when added to [[ metformin ]].
what is the relation? indirect-downregulator
Further, 5HHMF increased specific DNA-binding activity of Nrf2, and transient knockdown with Nrf2 siRNA subsequently reversed 5HHMF-induced << NO >> inhibition, which was followed by suppression of [[ HO-1 ]] activity.
what is the relation? downregulator
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined 5-HT1/<< 5-HT2 >> antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
what is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
Here, we have now found that activation of p38 << MAPK >> by [[ anisomycin ]] potentiated induction of CYP2B6 mRNA by CAR ligand in HepG2 cells to levels observed in ligand-treated human primary hepatocytes.
what is the relation? indirect-upregulator
<< Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase >> encoded by the HSD11B2 gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.
what is the relation? substrate_product-of
EP(1) and EP(3) receptor antagonists ONO-8713 and ONO-AE3-240, but not the << EP(4) >> antagonists ONO-AE3-208 and [[ AH 23848 ]], inhibited tumor cell proliferation, indicating the significance of EP(1) and EP(3) but not EP(4) for MB growth.
what is the relation? antagonist
Moreover, activities of caspase-3 and << caspase-9 >> enzymes were also significantly higher in both kinds of cells exposed to [[ SiO(2) ]] NPs.
what is the relation? activator
<< Monocarboxylate transporters >> (MCTs) are proton-linked membrane carriers involved in the transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, [[ pyruvate ]], as well as ketone bodies.
what is the relation? substrate
Reduced synthesis of << nitric oxide >> (NO) contributes to the endothelial dysfunction and may be related to limited availability of L-arginine, the common substrate of constitutive nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) and cytosolic arginase I and [[ mitochondrial arginase II ]].
what is the relation? product-of
Four prenylflavonoids, kurarinone ( 1), a chalcone of 1, kuraridin ( 2), << kurarinol >> ( 3), kushenol H ( 4) and kushenol K ( 5) isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens were investigated for their inhibitory effects on diacylglycerol acyltransferase ([[ DGAT ]]).
what is the relation? inhibitor
<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.
what is the relation? agonist-activator
Under voltage-clamp conditions, << cisapride >> block of [[ HERG ]] is dose dependent with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 6.5 nM at 22 degrees C (n = 25 cells).
what is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
43 | Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the << HSD11B2 >> gene converts cortisol to inactive [[ cortisone ]], and alteration in this enzymatic activity might affect glucose homeostasis by affecting circulating levels or tissue availability of glucocorticoids.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate_product-of
Correlation between activation of PPARγ and << resistin >> downregulation in a mouse adipocyte cell line by a series of [[ thiazolidinediones ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: downregulator
Structural features of the central cannabinoid CB1 receptor involved in the binding of the specific << CB1 >> antagonist [[ SR 141716A ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: antagonist
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-inhibitor
They all expressed ASS, but not ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), the enzyme that converts ornithine, the product of degradation of arginine with << rhArg >>, to [[ citrulline ]], which is converted back to arginine via ASS.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: product-of
In general, << rifampicin >> can act on a pattern: rifampicin activates the [[ nuclear pregnane X receptor ]] that in turn affects cytochromes P450, glucuronosyltransferases and p-glycoprotein activities.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist-activator
Systemic administration of << beta2-adrenoceptor >> agonists, formoterol and [[ salmeterol ]], elicit skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats at micromolar doses.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: agonist
In conclusion, immortalized SHR and WKY PTE cells take up l-alanine mainly through a high-affinity << Na(+) >>-dependent amino acid transporter, with functional features of [[ ASCT2 ]] transport.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: upregulator
Pretreatment of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells for 24 h with the groundnut extract and soybean << isoflavone >> increased gene expression of [[ heme oxygenase-1 ]] (HO-1), a major antioxidative stress enzyme.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-upregulator
Several active analogues were also evaluated for their ability to block uptake of DA, << 5-HT >>, and NE and inhibit binding of [(125)I] RTI-55 at HEK-hDAT, HEK-[[ hSERT ]], and HEK-hNET cells.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: substrate
These findings suggest that the anti-allodynia effect of << CP-101,606 >> is ascribable to blockade of [[ NR2B ]] receptors at the brain, but not at the spinal cord.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: inhibitor
The treatment of mice with << Fe-NTA >> alone enhances [[ ornithine decarboxylase ]] activity to 4.6 folds, protein carbonyl formation increased up to 2.9 folds and DNA synthesis expressed in terms of [(3)H] thymidine incorporation increased to 3.2 folds, and antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes decreased to 1.8-2.5 folds, compared with the corresponding saline-treated controls.
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: activator
Inhibition of human iNOS promoter-driven luciferase activity by << gemfibrozil >> in cytokine-stimulated U373MG astroglial cells suggests that this compound inhibits the transcription of [[ iNOS ]].
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: indirect-downregulator
RESULTS: Rolipram unmasked the inhibitory effect of << beta(2)-adrenoceptor >> stimulation with [[ salmeterol ]] and significantly attenuated the stimulated release of AA and subsequent LTC(4).
Question: what is the relation?
Answer: Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 3 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | activator |
44 | In support of the hypothesis that TCDD decreases canonical Wnt signaling, we identify inhibitory effects of TCDD on multiple components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in the UGS that temporally coincide with the inhibitory effect of << TCDD >> on prostatic bud formation: (1) expression of [[ R-spondins ]] (Rspo2 and Rspo3) that promote canonical Wnt signaling is reduced; (2) expression of Lef1, Tcf1, and Wif1, established canonical Wnt target genes, is decreased; (3) expression of Lgr5, a RSPO receptor that activates canonical Wnt signaling, is reduced; and (4) expression of Dickkopfs (Dkks), inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling, is not increased by TCDD.
Query: What is the relation? indirect-downregulator
On the other hand, treatment with << gentianine >> significantly increased adipogenesis, which was associated with a significant increase in the mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, GLUT-4 and [[ adiponectin ]].
Query: What is the relation? indirect-upregulator
A series of 2-carbonyl analogues of the muscarinic antagonist << diphenidol >> bearing 1-substituents of different lipophilic, electronic, and steric properties was synthesized and their affinity for the [[ M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor ]] subtypes was evaluated by functional tests.
Query: What is the relation? antagonist
<< Amitriptyline >> is a TrkA and [[ TrkB ]] receptor agonist that promotes TrkA/TrkB heterodimerization and has potent neurotrophic activity.
Query: What is the relation? agonist
The chemical identity and position of the substituents on the lower << aniline >> ring were important in determining the potency and extent of [[ COX ]] inhibition as well as COX-2 selectivity.
Query: What is the relation? inhibitor
G6pc2 deletion resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for << glucose >>-stimulated [[ insulin ]] secretion (GSIS).
Query: What is the relation? upregulator
<< Phenylephrine >> elicited a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect via [[ alpha 1-adrenoceptors ]] in the presence of either (+/-)-bupranolol or S(-)-timolol.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-activator
Pretreatment of the tissues with combined << 5-HT1 >>/5-HT2 antagonists, methysergide (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM), significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of [[ epinastine ]] on the noncholinergic contraction.
Query: What is the relation? agonist-inhibitor
The reactivation of brain << AChE >> inhibited with tabun demonstrated better activity of new compound BT-07-4M, [[ TMB-4 ]] and obidoxime from symmetric oximes, and BT-05 and BT-03 possessing asymmetric structure.
Query: What is the relation? activator
Polyclonal antisera to either << b5R >> or cyt b5 significantly inhibited N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl ([[ NHOH-4-ABP ]]) reduction by 95 and 89%, respectively, and immunoreactive cyt b5 protein content in individual HLM was significantly correlated with individual reduction of both NHOH-4-ABP and N-hydroxy-PhIP (NHOH-PhIP).
Query: What is the relation? substrate
One of the enzymes responsible for the production of KA, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to << oxoglutaramic acid >> ([[ GTK ]], EC 2.6.1.15).
Query: What is the relation? substrate_product-of
Depletion of putrescine, << spermidine >>, and spermine by DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase ([[ ODC ]]) that is the first rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis, decreased the apoptotic index.
Query: What is the relation? product-of
Previously, we showed that the << human kappa-opioid receptor >> (hkor) stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells underwent down-regulation after prolonged [[ U50,488H ]] treatment.
Query: What is the relation? downregulator
In a human whole blood assay, IC(50) values for << lumiracoxib >> were 0.13 microM for COX-2 and 67 microM for COX-1 ([[ COX-1 ]]/COX-2 selectivity ratio 515).
Query: What is the relation? Options: product-of, substrate_product-of, indirect-downregulator, activator, indirect-upregulator, substrate, upregulator, inhibitor, agonist-activator, downregulator, agonist, antagonist, agonist-inhibitor | 7 | ['product-of', 'substrate_product-of', 'indirect-downregulator', 'activator', 'indirect-upregulator', 'substrate', 'upregulator', 'inhibitor', 'agonist-activator', 'downregulator', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'agonist-inhibitor'] | inhibitor |
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