disease
stringclasses 112
values | question
stringlengths 19
704
| answer
stringlengths 14
12.1k
|
|---|---|---|
cellulitis | for cellulitis, what is cellulitis?? | Cellulitis is an often painful skin infection. It may first appear as a discolored, swollen area that feels hot and tender. The discoloration and swelling can spread quickly.
On lighter skin tones, cellulitis will typically appear red or pink. On darker skin tones, it may appear dark brown, gray, or purple.
It most often
affects the feet and lower legs, although the infection can occur anywhere on your body or face.
Cellulitis affects the skin and the tissues underneath. The infection can spread to your lymph nodes and bloodstream.
If you don�t treat cellulitis, it could become life-threatening. Get medical help right away if you have symptoms. |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, pictures of cellulitis? | Cellulitis can have a different appearance based on the severity and where it occurs. Here are some images of cellulitis.
Warning
Contains Sensitive Content
VIEW GALLERY |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, what are the symptoms of cellulitis?? | Cellulitis symptoms include:
pain and tenderness in the affected area
redness or inflammation of your skin
a skin sore or rash that grows quickly
tight, glossy, swollen skin
a feeling of warmth in the affected area
an abscess with pus
fever
More serious cellulitis symptoms include:
shaking
chills
feeling ill
fatigue
dizziness
lightheadedness
muscle aches
warm skin
sweating
Cellulitis can spread into other parts of your body if left untreated. If it does spread, you may develop some of the following symptoms:
drowsiness
lethargy (fatigue)
blisters
red or dark brown streaks on the skin
Contact a doctor right away if you have symptoms of cellulitis. |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, what causes cellulitis?? | Cellulitis occurs when certain types of bacteria enter the skin through a break in its surface. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (strep) bacteria commonly cause cellulitis.
Cellulitis can start in skin injuries, such as:
cuts
bug bites
surgical wounds |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, what are the risk factors for cellulitis?? | Several factors increase your chance
of getting cellulitis.
For example, you�re more likely to develop cellulitis if you have a skin condition like eczema or athlete�s foot. Bacteria can enter your skin through cracks caused by these conditions.
A weakened immune system also increases your risk of developing cellulitis because it can�t provide as much protection against the infection.
Other risk factors include having:
a cut, scrape, or other injury to the skin
diabetes
swelling in your arms or legs (lymphedema)
obesity |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, how is cellulitis diagnosed?? | Your doctor will likely be able to diagnose cellulitis just by looking at your skin. A physical exam might reveal:
swelling of the skin
redness and warmth of the affected area
swollen glands
Depending on the severity of your symptoms, your doctor may want to monitor the affected area for a few days to see if the discoloration and swelling have spread. Sometimes, your doctor may take blood or a wound sample to test for bacteria.
If you need help finding a primary care doctor, check out our FindCare tool here. |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, how is cellulitis treated?? | Cellulitis treatment typically involves taking antibiotics by mouth for at least 5 days
. Your doctor may also prescribe pain relievers. However, in some cases, doctors will administer intravenous (IV) antibiotics as soon as they diagnose symptoms.
You should rest until your symptoms improve. Raising the affected limb higher than your heart can also help reduce swelling.
Cellulitis should go away within 7�10 days after you start taking antibiotics. You might need longer treatment if your infection is more severe.
Even if your symptoms improve within a few days, taking all the antibiotics your doctor prescribes is critical.
Surgery options
In most cases, a course of antibiotics will clear up the infection. However, if you have an abscess, a medical professional may need to drain it.
For surgery to drain the abscess, you first get medication to numb the area. Then, the surgeon makes a small cut in the abscess and drains the pus.
The surgeon then covers the wound with a dressing so it can heal. You may have a small scar afterward.
Home remedies
You should always see your doctor first if you have symptoms of cellulitis. Without treatment, it can spread and cause a life-threatening infection.
However, you can do things at home to relieve pain and other symptoms. For a start, you can clean your skin in the area where you have cellulitis. Ask your doctor how to properly clean and cover your wound.
For example, if your leg is affected, raise it above the level of your heart. This will help reduce swelling and relieve pain.
Here�s how to take care of your skin at home while you recover from cellulitis. |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, are there complications of cellulitis?? | Complications of cellulitis can be severe if left untreated. Some complications can include:
severe tissue damage (gangrene)
amputation
damage to internal organs that become infected
septic shock
death |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, can you prevent cellulitis?? | If you have a break in your skin, clean it right away and apply antibiotic ointment. Cover your wound with ointment and a bandage until it�s fully healed. Change the bandage daily.
Watch your wounds for discoloration, drainage, or pain. These could be signs of an infection.
Take these precautions if you have poor circulation or a condition that increases your risk of cellulitis:
Keep your skin moist to prevent cracking.
Promptly treat conditions that cause cracks in the skin, like athlete�s foot.
Wear protective equipment when you work or play sports.
Inspect your feet daily for signs of injury or infection. |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, when to contact a doctor? | Contact your doctor if you:
don�t feel better within 3 days after starting antibiotics
notice your symptoms get worse
develop a fever
You may need to be treated with IV antibiotics in a hospital if you have:
a high temperature
low blood pressure
an infection that doesn�t improve with oral antibiotics
a weakened immune system due to other diseases |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, frequently asked questions? | How long does it take to recover from cellulitis?
Your symptoms may worsen for the first 48 hours. However, they should begin to improve 2�3 days after you start taking antibiotics. You should always finish any course of antibiotics your doctor prescribes.
What other conditions may be confused with cellulitis?
Many conditions can present symptoms similar to those of cellulitis. They include:
venous stasis dermatitis (varicose eczema)
erysipelas
abscess
dermatitis
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
How contagious is cellulitis?
Cellulitis usually doesn�t spread from person to person. It is possible to catch a bacterial skin infection if you have an open cut on your skin and it touches skin that has an active infection.
If you develop cellulitis from a transmitted infection, it could be dangerous if you don�t treat it on time. This is why it�s important to tell your doctor as soon as you notice symptoms of cellulitis.
Will cellulitis go away on its own?
Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that requires antibiotics to clear, so it�s unlikely to go away on its own.
What are the signs of sepsis from cellulitis?
Sepsis can develop if cellulitis isn�t treated and the bacteria spread to your bloodstream. Here are the symptoms of sepsis.
Is cellulitis a form of MRSA?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can cause cellulitis. In the case of MRSA cellulitis, your doctor will choose antibiotics that the bacteria isn�t resistant to. |
cellulitis | for cellulitis, takeaway? | Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection that causes inflammation, skin discoloration, and pain. Complications are uncommon
but can be severe. You should always contact a doctor if you develop symptoms of cellulitis.
Most people fully recover from cellulitis after 7�10 days on antibiotics. If left untreated, cellulitis can lead to gangrene or septic shock and may require surgery in severe cases.
It is possible to get cellulitis again in the future. You can help prevent this infection by keeping your skin clean if you get a cut or other open wound. Ask a doctor if you�re unsure how to properly care for your skin after an injury.
Read this article in Spanish |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | what is gastroesophageal reflux disease? Tell me about gastroesophageal reflux disease? What kind of disease is gastroesophageal reflux disease? Can you elaborate on gastroesophageal reflux disease? What can you tell me about gastroesophageal reflux disease? Could you describe what gastroesophageal reflux disease is? I�d like to know more about gastroesophageal reflux disease. Can you help? What information do you have on gastroesophageal reflux disease? Could you provide information on gastroesophageal reflux disease? | Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is when contents of your stomach persistently move back up into your esophagus. These contents sometimes contain excessive acid and may irritate your esophagus.
Many people may experience acid reflux, indigestion, or heartburn from time to time. However, if you experience acid reflux symptoms more than twice per week, you may have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
GERD affects about 20%
of people in the United States.
If left untreated, it may lead to serious complications.
Read on to learn more about the symptoms, causes, and treatments for GERD. |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | for gastroesophageal reflux disease, symptoms? | The most common symptom of GERD is persistent heartburn, which may involve:
a burning feeling in your stomach that may rise to your chest, neck, and throat
a sour or bitter taste at the back of your mouth
regurgitation of food or liquid from your stomach into your mouth
Other possible symptoms of GERD include:
a feeling of fullness or of a lump in the back of your throat (globus sensation)
chronic cough
a hoarse voice
bad breath
In some cases, people may experience alarm
symptoms associated with GERD. These are typically persistent and could progressively worsen despite medical treatment. Alarm symptoms may also indicate an underlying condition.
Alarm symptoms may include:
difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
pain when swallowing (odynophagia)
nausea or vomiting
weight loss
anemia
bleeding
If you�re experiencing any of these, get medical attention.
Heartburn or heart attack?
Heartburn and heart attacks are two common causes of chest pain. However, their causes and sensations are typically different:
Heartburn may occur when acidic contents of your stomach move back up into your esophagus. This may cause a burning sensation that rises from your stomach and radiates into your chest.
Heart attack is when your heart doesn�t get enough blood and oxygen due to a reduced flow of blood in one or more major arteries. This may cause sudden, uncomfortable, or sharp pain in the center or left side of your chest that feels like pressure or squeezing. It could spread to your neck, jaw, and shoulder too.
If you�re feeling any heart attack symptoms, such as shortness of breath or faintness, get medical assistance immediately.
Was this helpful?
Symptoms in infants
It�s normal for babies to sometimes spit up food or vomit. But if your baby is frequently spitting or vomiting, they may have GERD.
Other signs and symptoms of GERD in infants might include:
refusal to eat
trouble swallowing
gagging or choking
wet burps or hiccups
irritability or arching of the back during or after feeding
weight loss or poor growth
recurring cough or pneumonia
difficulty sleeping
If you suspect that your baby might have GERD or another health condition, speak with a doctor. |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | for gastroesophageal reflux disease, causes? | GERD commonly causes acid reflux, which may result from improper functioning of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
The LES is a circular band of muscle at the end of your esophagus. When you swallow, it relaxes and opens up to allow food and liquid to travel from your mouth to your stomach. Then, it tightens and closes again.
Acid reflux happens when your LES doesn�t tighten or close properly. This allows digestive juices and other contents of your stomach to rise up into your esophagus.
Your LES may not function properly if you:
Have a hiatal hernia: This occurs when part of your stomach moves above your diaphragm toward your chest. If your diaphragm is compromised, it may prevent your LES from functioning properly.
Frequently eat large meals: This may cause distension of the upper part of your stomach. This distension sometimes means there isn�t enough pressure on the LES, and it doesn�t close properly.
Lie down too soon after meals: This might not create enough pressure for the LES to function properly.
Other factors, including those listed below, may also contribute to having heartburn more than twice a week.
Lifestyle factors
Lifestyle factors that may contribute to persistent reflux with esophageal inflammation include:
smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke
eating large meals before lying down
using an abundance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen
Health factors
Health factors such as the following may contribute to GERD:
obesity
pregnancy
connective tissue disorders
older age
Other conditions
Other health conditions that can worsen the symptoms of GERD include:
anxiety
pregnancy
asthma
irritable bowel syndrome
Alcohol
Studies suggest that drinking alcohol may increase the risk of GERD. The greater the quantity of alcohol and frequency of consumption, the greater the correlation.
If you�ve received a diagnosis of GERD, limiting or stopping alcohol intake may provide symptom relief.
Dietary triggers
Some foods may trigger GERD symptoms more than others, including:
high fat foods such as fried and fast foods
spicy foods
certain fruits and vegetables, such as pineapple, tomato, and citrus
certain liquids, such as coffee, tea, and carbonated drinks |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | for gastroesophageal reflux disease, diagnosis? | A doctor will typically take your medical history and perform a physical examination to assess your symptoms.
If you�re experiencing alarm symptoms, such as chest pain or trouble swallowing, they may refer you to a gastroenterologist or request certain tests, including:
Ambulatory 24-hour pH probe: A small tube is inserted through your nose into your esophagus. A pH sensor at the tip of the tube measures how much acid exposure your esophagus is getting and sends the data to a portable computer. You wear this tube for about 24 hours.
Esophagram: After you drink a barium solution, healthcare professionals use X-ray imaging to examine your upper digestive tract.
Upper endoscopy: A flexible tube with a tiny camera is threaded into your esophagus to examine it and collect a tissue sample (biopsy) if needed.
Esophageal manometry: A flexible tube is passed through your nose into your esophagus to measure the strength of your esophageal muscles.
Esophageal pH monitoring: A monitor is inserted into your esophagus to help healthcare professionals find out how acid is regulated in your body over a few days.
After arriving at a diagnosis, your doctor will speak with you to decide what treatment plan will work best for you. |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | for gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment? | Lifestyle strategies
To manage and relieve symptoms of GERD, certain home remedies and lifestyle habits may help, including:
breathing exercises
consuming foods and liquids that may help with your acid reflux
making efforts to maintain a moderate weight
quitting smoking, if you smoke
avoiding eating big, heavy meals in the evening
waiting 2�3 hours after eating to lie down
elevating your head during sleep
Medication
If lifestyle strategies alone don�t help treat GERD, a doctor might prescribe medications to decrease your stomach acid secretion, since acid reflux is a common manifestation of GERD.
These may include:
proton pump inhibitors
antacids
H2 receptor blockers
Consult a doctor before taking medications because they may have negative side effects.
Surgery
In most cases, lifestyle strategies and medications are enough to prevent and relieve symptoms of GERD.
However, a doctor might recommend surgery if these approaches haven�t stopped your symptoms or if you�ve developed complications.
Possible surgery options include:
fundoplication
LINX reflux management system
bariatric surgery |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | for gastroesophageal reflux disease, complications? | For most people, GERD doesn�t cause serious complications.
However, in rare cases, it may lead to serious or life threatening health problems such as:
esophagitis, which is inflammation of your esophagus
esophageal stricture, which happens when your esophagus narrows or tightens
Barrett�s esophagus, which involves permanent changes to the lining of your esophagus
esophageal cancer, which affects a small portion of people with Barrett�s esophagus
tooth enamel erosion, gum disease, or other dental problems
To lower your chances of complications, it�s important to take the steps to prevent, manage, and treat symptoms of GERD. |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | for gastroesophageal reflux disease, frequently asked questions? | What are the 8 symptoms of GERD?
The most common symptom of GERD is persistent heartburn, which may feel involve:
a burning feeling in your stomach, chest, or throat
a sour or bitter taste in your mouth
regurgitation of food or liquid back into your mouth
Other possible symptoms include:
chronic cough
a hoarse voice
difficulty or pain when swallowing
nausea or vomiting
weight loss
anemia
How do you know if you have GERD?
If you�re experiencing acid reflux, heartburn, or indigestion more than twice per week, speak with a doctor. This may be a symptom of GERD.
A doctor could diagnose GERD by assessing your symptoms, performing a physical exam, and considering your medical history. If you�re experiencing alarm symptoms, such as weight loss or difficulty swallowing, they may order other tests.
What is the fastest way to cure GERD?
Lifestyle and dietary changes may be the first intervention to help treat acid reflux. These may include:
avoiding certain foods and liquids
making efforts to maintain a moderate weight
quitting smoking, if you smoke
waiting 2�3 hours after eating to lie down
If lifestyle strategies don�t work, a doctor may prescribe medications such as:
proton pump inhibitors
antacids
H2 receptor blockers
If these don�t help treat GERD, you may need surgery. |
gastroesophageal reflux disease | for gastroesophageal reflux disease, takeaway? | If you experience heartburn every so often, you�re not alone. Lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications are usually enough to address these occasional instances.
But if you�re experiencing heartburn more than twice per week and small lifestyle changes are not helping, you may be dealing with GERD.
If you�ve received a diagnosis of GERD, your doctor will help you find a treatment plan that works for you.
Don�t let persistent heartburn get in the way of living your life. Talk with a doctor if you believe you may have symptoms of GERD. |
deep vein thrombosis | what is deep vein thrombosis? Tell me about deep vein thrombosis? What kind of disease is deep vein thrombosis? Can you elaborate on deep vein thrombosis? What can you tell me about deep vein thrombosis? Could you describe what deep vein thrombosis is? I�d like to know more about deep vein thrombosis. Can you help? What information do you have on deep vein thrombosis? Could you provide information on deep vein thrombosis? | The changes that happen in the body during pregnancy can cause blood clotting. The risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is low, but symptoms may include swelling, pain in one leg, skin warmth and discoloration, visibly enlarged veins, and puffiness.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that develops in a deep vein in the:
DVT is not common during pregnancy, but pregnant people are at least 5 times more likely
to develop DVT than people who aren�t pregnant, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Blood-clotting protein levels increase during pregnancy, while anticlotting protein levels decrease. This helps reduce the amount of blood lost during delivery.
The enlarging uterus during pregnancy may also increase the risk because it puts the veins of the lower body under additional pressure to return blood to the heart.
Read on to learn more about DVT and pregnancy. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, symptoms? | The most obvious symptom of DVT is swelling and heavy pain or extreme tenderness in one of your legs. Approximately 82%
of DVT cases in pregnancy occur in the left leg. Other symptoms of DVT can include:
pain in the leg when standing or moving around
pain in the leg that worsens when you bend your foot up toward your knee
warm skin in the affected area
visible veins that appear enlarged
discoloration or red skin at the back of the leg, typically below the knee
bluish toes
slight to severe swelling
Around 50%
of people with acute DVT may be asymptomatic. It occurs more often in post-op patients, particularly those who have undergone orthopedic surgery.
The chances of having asymptomatic DVT before or after pregnancy are unlikely
. But those with multiple risk factors should receive adequate screening for DVT, especially after cesarean delivery. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, is it a muscle cramp or a symptom of dvt?? | You may experience muscle cramps during pregnancy. They typically affect the calf during the second and third trimesters, particularly at night. Muscle cramps during pregnancy are not a medical emergency.
They can be prevented or relieved with:
stretching and movement
hydration
massages
magnesium supplements
comfortable, supportive footwear
Swelling
Muscle cramps do not cause leg swelling. Unlike muscle cramps, stretching and moving around will not improve pain from DVT.
Was this helpful? |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism vs. dvt? | A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot that travels to the lungs. DVT commonly
causes it. PE is rare during pregnancy but more common compared with people who are not pregnant. Symptoms of PE can include:
sudden shortness of breath
chest pain or tightness in the chest
a cough that produces blood-streaked sputum (mucus)
rapid heartbeat
PE is a medical emergency
If you or someone you know has PE symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain, contact 911 or your local emergency services immediately.
Was this helpful? |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, when should you see a doctor?? | See a doctor as soon as possible if you suspect DVT. Diagnosed DVT is not a medical emergency and is unlikely to harm you or your baby unless there are serious complications. It�s best to get checked early to begin DVT treatment. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, diagnosis? | It�s not always easy to diagnose DVT in pregnancy from symptoms alone. A doctor may order multiple tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:
D-dimer test: This blood test identifies pieces of a blood clot that have broken off into your bloodstream. D-dimer levels above a certain threshold may indicate
a higher risk of PE, but doctors typically conduct further testing because levels normally fluctuate during pregnancy.
Doppler ultrasound: This scan determines how fast blood flows through a blood vessel. A Doppler ultrasound helps a healthcare team establish whether blood flow is slowed or blocked, a possible sign that indicates a blood clot.
Venogram: If a D-dimer test and ultrasound cannot confirm a DVT diagnosis, a doctor may use a venogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A venogram involves injecting a liquid called a contrast dye into a vein in your foot. The dye moves up the leg. The dye shows on an X-ray, which pinpoints a gap in the blood vessel where the clot stops the blood flow.
According to a 2019 review of over 40 studies, a venogram is the �gold standard� for a DVT diagnosis. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, treatment? | A doctor can form a treatment plan if you develop DVT during pregnancy. They may refer you to a specialist, such as a hematologist (blood specialist) and a maternal medicine or obstetric medicine specialist.
To treat DVT, a doctor may recommend once or twice daily injections of the blood-thinning agent low-molecular-weight heparin. This treatment may help to:
stop the clot from getting bigger
help the clot dissolve in the body
reduce the risk of further clots
You�ll likely have regular checkups and blood tests to ensure the clot dissolves and no further clots appear.
A doctor may recommend at-home practices for DVT in addition to medication. These may include daily walks, keeping the affected leg elevated when sitting, and following your prescribed anticoagulant medication schedule. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, effects on the baby? | DVT during pregnancy typically does not affect the baby unless there are serious complications. Doctors and researchers consider heparin safe to use during pregnancy because it doesn�t cross the placenta, so there is no risk to your baby.
Depending on your anticoagulation regimen, you must stop taking injections as soon as you begin labor, or at least 12 to 24 hours before inducing labor or a planned cesarean delivery.
If you want to nurse your baby, you will have to stop the injections after birth. For those with a mechanical heart valve, a doctor may prescribe warfarin (Jantoven) to ensure the baby�s blood doesn�t thin.
This medication carries significant risks for you and your baby, particularly before birth. Fetuses exposed to warfarin may develop
congenital disabilities.
Discuss whether the benefits outweigh the risks with a doctor. Together, you may decide not to breastfeed or to stop taking anticoagulants while nursing your baby. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, other complications? | Untreated, DVT can have lasting effects on the body.
Long-term DVT can lead to permanent swelling of the veins and fluid retention.
In rare cases, a clot can dislodge and move to the lungs, resulting in a PE.
Another rare complication from DVT is venous gangrene of the toes or fingers.
Irreparable damage to the veins from DVT may result in chronic post-thrombotic syndrome. This is a collection of symptoms associated with leg pain and ulcers.
Finally, taking anticoagulants raises the risk of side effects like bleeding. Report any unusual bleeding, such as nose bleeds, bloody stool/urine, or bruising, to a doctor if you take these medications. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, risk factors? | Factors that can increase your risk for DVT during pregnancy include:
having a previous history of clots or DVT
having a family history of DVT
being over 35
having a BMI of 30 or higher
carrying twins or multiple babies
having fertility treatment
having had a previous, recent cesarean delivery
sitting still or being bedridden for long periods
smoking
having preeclampsia
having certain chronic conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
having severe varicose veins
Race and DVT risk
Research indicates that DVT and PE occur more frequently
in Black Americans than in white Americans. The researchers speculate that this disparity has to do with increased risk factors, such as higher BMI and blood clotting protein levels. The data did not take pregnancy into account.
Was this helpful? |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, prevention? | There isn�t a way to definitively prevent DVT in pregnancy. But taking certain steps can help to reduce your risk:
Stay active with pregnancy-safe exercises.
Wear compression socks during air travel and walk around at least once every hour.
Move your legs when sitting down, for example, by raising and lowering your heels and your toes and flexing your ankle.
Wear support hose.
Quit smoking, if you smoke.
See a doctor immediately if you notice any pain, tenderness, redness, or swelling in your legs.
Pregnant people at high risk for DVT may receive
a preventive dose of heparin, either during the entire pregnancy or for 6 to 8 weeks postpartum. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, outlook? | While DVT isn�t common in pregnancy, it�s a serious condition that can be fatal if the clot dislodges and moves into the lungs.
Be aware of the symptoms and risk factors if you are pregnant or at risk for DVT. Let a healthcare professional know right away if you suspect DVT.
Early treatment and ongoing management can help keep you and your baby safe. |
deep vein thrombosis | for deep vein thrombosis, takeaway? | Before labor and even after you have your baby, it�s important to regularly check your legs for signs of DVT. Diagnosed DVT related to pregnancy is treatable.
Since pregnancy alters the body�s natural anticlotting process, doctors may recommend that people with pre-existing blood clotting disorders and a higher BMI take extra precautions. |
dehydration | what is dehydration? Tell me about dehydration? What kind of disease is dehydration? Can you elaborate on dehydration? What can you tell me about dehydration? Could you describe what dehydration is? I�d like to know more about dehydration. Can you help? What information do you have on dehydration? Could you provide information on dehydration? | Your body regularly loses water through sweating and urination. If it isn�t replaced, you get dehydrated. Adults at risk include athletes, people who work in the heat, older adults, and those with chronic conditions.
Dehydration takes place when your body loses more fluid than you drink. Common causes of dehydration include:
The Mayo Clinic recommends women drink 92 fluid ounces (11.5 cups) per day and men drink 124 fluid ounces (15.5 cups) daily. Individuals on the go, athletes and people exposed to high temperatures should increase their water intake to avoid dehydration.
When too much water is lost from the body, its organs, cells, and tissues fail to function as they should, which can lead to dangerous complications. If dehydration isn�t corrected immediately, it could cause shock.
Dehydration can be mild or severe. You can usually treat mild dehydration at home. Severe dehydration needs to be treated in a hospital or emergency care setting. |
dehydration | for dehydration, dehydration risk factors? | Athletes exposed to direct sun aren�t the only ones at risk for dehydration. In fact, bodybuilders and swimmers are among the athletes who commonly develop the condition, too. Strange as it may seem, it�s possible to sweat in water. Swimmers lose a lot of sweat when swimming.
Some people have a higher risk for developing dehydration than others, including:
people working outdoors who are exposed to excessive amounts of heat (for example, welders, landscapers, construction workers, and mechanics)
older adults
people with chronic conditions
athletes (especially runners, cyclists, and soccer players)
infants and young children
people who reside in high altitudes |
dehydration | for dehydration, how does dehydration develop?? | Any situation or condition that causes the body to lose more water than usual leads to dehydration.
Sweating
Sweating is part of your body�s natural cooling process. When you become hot, your sweat glands activate to release moisture from your body in an attempt to cool it off. The way this works is by evaporation.
As a drop of sweat evaporates from your skin, it takes a small amount of heat with it. The more sweat you produce, the more evaporation there is, and the more you�re cooled off. Sweating also hydrates your skin and maintains the balance of electrolytes in your body.
The fluid you sweat comprises mainly salt and water. Excessive sweating can cause dehydration since you lose a large amount of water. The technical term for excessive sweating is hyperhidrosis.
Illness
Illnesses that cause continuous vomiting or diarrhea can result in dehydration. This is because vomiting and diarrhea can cause too much water to be expelled from your body.
Important electrolytes are also lost through these processes. Electrolytes are minerals used by the body to control the muscles, blood chemistry, and organ processes. These electrolytes are found in blood, urine, and other fluids in the body.
Vomiting or diarrhea can impair these functions and cause severe complications, such as stroke and coma.
Fever
If you have a fever, your body loses fluid through your skin�s surface in an attempt to lower your temperature. Often, fever can cause you to sweat so much that if you don�t drink to replenish, you could end up dehydrated.
Urination
Urination is the body�s normal way to release toxins from your body. Some conditions can cause chemical imbalances, which can increase your urine output. If you don�t replace the fluid lost through excessive urination, you risk developing dehydration. |
dehydration | for dehydration, what are the signs of dehydration?? | The symptoms of dehydration differ depending on whether the condition is mild or severe. Symptoms of dehydration may begin to appear before total dehydration takes place.
Symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration include:
fatigue
dry mouth
increased thirst
decreased urination
less tear production
dry skin
constipation
dizziness
lightheadedness
headache
In addition to the symptoms of mild dehydration, severe dehydration is likely to cause the following:
excessive thirst
lack of sweat production
low blood pressure
rapid heart rate
rapid breathing
sunken eyes
shriveled skin
dark urine
Severe dehydration is a medical emergency. Get immediate medical help if you�re showing any of these signs and symptoms.
Medical emergency
Children and older adults should receive immediate treatment, even if they�re experiencing symptoms of mild dehydration.
If a person in any age group develops the following symptoms, seek emergency care:
severe diarrhea
blood in the stool
diarrhea for 3 or more days
inability to keep fluids down
disorientation |
dehydration | for dehydration, how is dehydration diagnosed?? | Before beginning any tests, your doctor will go over any symptoms you have to rule out other conditions. After taking your medical history, your doctor will check your vital signs, including your heart rate and blood pressure. Low blood pressure and rapid heart rate can indicate dehydration.
Your doctor may use a blood test to check your level of electrolytes, which can help indicate fluid loss. A blood test can also check your body�s level of creatinine. This helps your doctor determine how well your kidneys are functioning, an indicator of the degree of dehydration.
A urinalysis is an exam that uses a sample of urine to check for the presence of bacteria and electrolyte loss. The color of your urine can also indicate dehydration when combined with other symptoms. Dark urine alone can�t diagnosis dehydration. |
dehydration | for dehydration, strategies to treat dehydration? | Treatments for dehydration include rehydrating methods, electrolyte replacement, and treating diarrhea or vomiting, if needed.
Rehydration
Rehydration by drinking may not be possible for all people, like those who have severe diarrhea or vomiting. In this case, fluids can be given intravenously.
To do this, a small IV tube is inserted in a vein in the arm or hand. It provides a solution that�s often a mix of water and electrolytes.
For those able to drink, drinking water along with an electrolyte-containing rehydration drink, such as a low-sugar sports or electrolyte drink, may be recommended. Children with dehydration are often directed to drink Pedialyte.
Homemade rehydration solution
If an electrolyte drink isn�t available, you can make your own rehydration solution using:
1/2 teaspoon salt
6 teaspoons sugar
1 liter water
Be absolutely certain that you�re using an accurate measurement. Using too much salt or sugar can be dangerous.
Things to avoid
Avoid soda, alcohol, overly sweet drinks, or caffeine. These drinks can worsen dehydration. |
dehydration | for dehydration, potential complications of untreated dehydration? | Untreated dehydration can lead to life-threatening complications, such as:
heat exhaustion
heat cramps
heatstroke
seizures due to electrolyte loss
low blood volume
kidney failure
coma |
dehydration | for dehydration, how can i prevent dehydration?? | Here are some ways to prevent dehydration:
If you�re ill, increase your fluid intake, especially if you�re vomiting or having diarrhea. If you can�t keep down liquids, seek medical attention.
If you�re going to exercise or play sports, drink water before the activity. At regular intervals during the workout, replace your fluids. Make sure to drink water or electrolytes after exercise, too.
Dress cool in hot months, and avoid being out in direct heat if you can avoid it.
Even if you aren�t active, drink the recommended amount of fluids. |
dehydration | for dehydration, takeaway? | Dehydration occurs when you�re not getting enough fluids. Whether it�s from exercising, hot weather, or an illness, dehydration can quickly become dangerous � no matter the cause.
You can help prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of water throughout the day and taking electrolytes if you start seeing early signs of fluid loss. |
neoplasm | what is neoplasm? Tell me about neoplasm? What kind of disease is neoplasm? Can you elaborate on neoplasm? What can you tell me about neoplasm? Could you describe what neoplasm is? I�d like to know more about neoplasm. Can you help? What information do you have on neoplasm? Could you provide information on neoplasm? | A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells, also known as a tumor. Neoplastic diseases are conditions that cause tumor growth. Growth can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign tumors usually grow slowly and can�t spread to other tissues. Conversely, malignant tumors can grow at a slow pace, but they can also grow very fast depending on the exact tumor type. Malignant tumors carry the risk of metastasis or spreading to multiple tissues and organs.
In this article, we go over the causes of neoplastic disease, along with the disease�s symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. |
neoplasm | for neoplasm, what are the causes of neoplastic disease?? | The exact causes of tumor growth are still being researched. In general, cancerous tumor growth is triggered by DNA mutations within your cells.
Your DNA contains genes that tell cells how to operate, grow, and divide. Your cells can�t function normally when the DNA changes. This change is what causes cells to become cancerous.
There are a number of contributing factors that can cause your genes to mutate and result in benign or malignant tumor growth. Common factors include:
genetics
age
hormones
smoking
drinking
obesity
sun overexposure
immune disorders
viruses
overexposure to radiation
chemical toxins |
neoplasm | for neoplasm, what are the symptoms of neoplastic disease?? | Symptoms of neoplastic disease vary depending on where the neoplasm is located. However, there are a few symptoms that are common across types.
Common symptoms of neoplastic disease include:
anemia
shortness of breath
abdominal pain
persistent fatigue
loss of appetite
chills
diarrhea
fever
bloody stools
lesions
skin masses
In some cases, neoplastic diseases show no symptoms.
Breast neoplasm symptoms
The most common symptom of breast cancer is a mass or lump. However, not all lumps and masses are cancerous. It�s best to visit a doctor right away if you find a lump. They�ll be able to run tests and confirm or rule out a cancer diagnosis.
If your breast neoplasm is cancerous, you may experience symptoms such as:
tenderness
pain
swelling
redness or irritation
change in breast shape
discharge
Lymph node neoplasm symptoms
A tumor in your lymph nodes or tissues can cause a noticeable swelling or mass in the affected area. A cancerous neoplasm in your lymph tissues is referred to as lymphoma.
Other symptoms of lymphoma include:
increased swelling in your neck, armpits, or groin
weight loss
fever
fatigue
night sweats
Skin neoplasm symptoms
Neoplasms can also affect your skin and may result in skin cancer. Some of the most common symptoms associated with this form of cancer include:
lesions
open sores
itchy or painful rashes
bumps
a mole that may bleed |
neoplasm | for neoplasm, how is neoplastic disease diagnosed?? | Diagnosis includes both confirming the neoplastic disease and determining whether the neoplasms are benign or malignant.
Doctors will conduct a thorough examination that will include a review of your medical history, blood tests, and possibly a biopsy of visible masses.
Other tests used to diagnose neoplastic diseases and cancers include:
CT scans
MRI scans
PET scans
mammograms
ultrasounds
X-rays
endoscopy |
neoplasm | for neoplasm, how is neoplastic disease treated?? | Your treatment will depend on the size and location of the tumor and on whether it�s benign or malignant. Some begin neoplasms won�t need any immediate treatment. When treatment is needed, it might include:
Monitoring. Benign growths don�t always need treatment, but a doctor will likely still want to keep an eye on them.
Surgery. One of the first treatment steps is often to remove the tumor surgically. Doctors might also remove some of the surrounding tissue.
Ablation. Ablation is a treatment that uses extreme heat or extreme cold to shrink and kill neoplasms.
Embolization. This treatment cuts off the blood flow to the tumor. This stops growth and kills the tumor.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is common treatment for malignant neoplastic diseases. It�s used to kill cancerous tumor cells in your body.
Radiation. Radiation treatments can target and kill cancer cells.
Hormonal therapy. Hormones encourage the growth of some types of neoplasms. Hormone therapy decreases the growth signals for some neoplasms.
Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy helps your immune system fight cancer cells. It can be used as a treatment for malignant neoplastic disease. |
neoplasm | for neoplasm, takeaway? | If you notice any unusual growths, moles, or skin rashes, schedule a visit with a doctor. Don�t try to self-diagnose tumors.
If you�ve been diagnosed with a benign neoplasm, a doctor may want to monitor your symptoms to identify any unusual activity. If it grows, you should contact a doctor. Benign tumors can become cancerous over time.
If you�ve been diagnosed with a malignant neoplastic disease such as cancer, you should consult with a doctor about treatment options.
Early diagnosis will give you the best treatment options for your condition. |
embolism pulmonary | what is embolism pulmonary? Tell me about embolism pulmonary? What kind of disease is embolism pulmonary? Can you elaborate on embolism pulmonary? What can you tell me about embolism pulmonary? Could you describe what embolism pulmonary is? I�d like to know more about embolism pulmonary. Can you help? What information do you have on embolism pulmonary? Could you provide information on embolism pulmonary? | What is a pulmonary embolism?
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot that occurs in the lungs.
It can damage part of the lung due to:
Large or multiple blood clots can be life threatening. However, immediate emergency treatment for a PE greatly increases your chances of avoiding permanent lung damage.
Explore the interactive 3-D diagram below to learn more about pulmonary embolism symptoms.
|
embolism pulmonary | for embolism pulmonary, what are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?? | Symptoms of a PE depend on the size of the clot and where it gets stuck in the lung.
The most common symptom of a PE is shortness of breath. This may be gradual or sudden.
Other symptoms include:
anxiety
clammy or bluish skin
chest pain that may extend into your arm, jaw, neck, and shoulder
fainting
irregular heartbeat
lightheadedness
rapid breathing
rapid heartbeat
spitting up blood
weak pulse
If you notice one or more of these symptoms, especially shortness of breath, you should seek medical attention immediately.
Read more: How to tell if you have a blood clot. |
embolism pulmonary | for embolism pulmonary, what causes a pulmonary embolism?? | Blood clots can form for a variety of reasons. PEs are most often caused by deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition in which blood clots form in veins deep in the body. The blood clots that most often cause PEs begin in the legs or pelvis.
Blood clots in the deep veins of the body can have several different causes, including:
Injury or damage. Injuries like bone fractures or muscle tears can cause damage to blood vessels, leading to clots.
Inactivity. During long periods of inactivity, gravity causes blood to collect in the lowest areas of your body, which may lead to a blood clot. This could occur if you�re sitting for a lengthy trip or if you�re lying in bed recovering from an illness.
Medical conditions. Some health conditions cause blood to clot easily, which can lead to PE. Treatments that involve surgery often lead to short-term bed rest or limited movement, which can make clotting more likely. Also, certain medical therapies for cancer can have side effects such as clotting in the blood. This puts you at risk for DVT and PE.
There are additional risk factors that increase your odds of having the type of blood clot that can cause PE. |
embolism pulmonary | for embolism pulmonary, how is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed?? | PE has a wide variety of characteristics, ranging from no symptoms to sudden death. The most common presenting symptom is shortness of breath followed by chest pain and cough. However, many people with PE have mild or nonspecific symptoms or are asymptomatic, including people with a large PE.
When you talk with a doctor about your symptoms, they�ll ask about your overall health and any preexisting conditions you may have.
A doctor will typically perform one or more of the following tests to discover the cause of your symptoms:
Chest X-ray. This is a standard, noninvasive test that lets a doctor see your heart and lungs to look for other obvious causes of your symptoms. A PE can not be diagnosed with this test. The most common finding of a PE on a chest X-ray is �normal.�
Electrocardiography (ECG). An ECG measures your heart�s electrical activity. A PE can not be diagnosed on an ECG. This test will check for other causes of chest pain.
Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). This test is the first-choice diagnostic imaging method because it�s sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of PE. However, it requires the use of intravenous (IV) contrast. Therefore, people with kidney problems will likely not be able to have this test because contrast may cause or worsen kidney disease. When a CTPA can not be performed, the doctor may instead consider a VQ scan to diagnose a PE.
Ventilation/perfusion scan (VQ). A VQ scan is carried out in two parts. In the first part, radioactive material is breathed in, and pictures are taken to look at the airflow in your lungs. In the second part, a different radioactive material is injected into a vein in your arm, and more images are taken to see the blood flow in your lungs. This is mostly reserved for when:
you can not receive a CTPA
the results of the CPTA were inconclusive
more testing is needed
Magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography (MRPA). This is not recommended as a first-line test for diagnosing PE, but it may be an imaging option to diagnose PE in people who can neither receive a CTPA nor a VQ scan. Potential advantages of MRPA are that no ionizing radiation is involved, and the examination can be combined with MR venography in the same sitting to look for DVT.
Venography. A venogram is an invasive test that is rarely used for the diagnosis of only a DVT. This is a specialized X-ray of the veins in your legs and also requires the use of contrast.
Pulmonary angiography. A pulmonary angiography is an invasive test that�s rarely used to diagnose an acute PE. It involves making a small incision so a doctor can guide specialized tools through your veins. The doctor will use contrast to see the blood vessels in the lung.
Duplex venous ultrasound. This is a practical and noninvasive test to only diagnose a DVT. It�s important to remember that you can still have a PE even if the ultrasound is negative for a DVT. This test uses radio waves to visualize the blood flow and check for blood clots in your legs.
D-dimer test. This is a type of blood test used to screen for signs of a PE or DVT based on the your probability of having a clot. A doctor can not make a diagnosis based on this blood test. If the result is positive, the doctor must confirm the diagnosis with the appropriate imaging method.
Acute PE, a blockage in the lung artery, often from a blood clot, is a common and sometimes fatal disease. When you�re evaluated for a PE, it�s often important for the evaluation to be efficient and avoid unnecessary testing so you can start therapy quickly.
If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool here. |
embolism pulmonary | for embolism pulmonary, what are the risk factors for a pulmonary embolism?? | Factors that increase your risk of developing DVT and PE include:
cancer
a family history of embolisms
hypercoagulable states (blood prone to clotting) or genetic blood clotting disorders, including:
factor V Leiden
prothrombin gene mutation
high levels of homocysteine
a history of heart attack or stroke
obesity
a sedentary lifestyle
taking estrogen or testosterone
Read more: Learn about the risks of DVT. |
embolism pulmonary | for embolism pulmonary, how is a pulmonary embolism treated?? | Your treatment for a PE depends on the size and location of the blood clot. If the problem is minor and caught early, a doctor may recommend medication as treatment. Some drugs can break up small clots.
A doctor may prescribe:
Anticoagulants. Also called blood thinners, medications such as heparin and warfarin prevent new clots from forming in your blood. They can save your life in an emergency situation. Another commonly used category of anticoagulant is the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), such as rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and apixaban (Eliquis). These medications are FDA approved for the treatment and prevention of PE and DVT.
Clot dissolvers (thrombolytics). These drugs break down a clot to improve blood flow and perfusion. They are reserved for people hospitalized in emergency situations because side effects may include dangerous bleeding problems.
Minimally invasive procedures or surgery may be necessary if you�re unstable because of the problematic clots and you need urgent reperfusion to improve blood flow to your lungs and heart, especially when thrombolytics can not be used.
Some procedures a doctor may use in the case of a pulmonary embolism include:
Catheter directed methods. These are used for clot removal and breakdown. A thin tube called a catheter will suction out, break down, or dissolve clots in your pulmonary artery.
Open surgery. Doctors use open surgery only in emergency situations when:
minimally invasive catheter directed methods are not available
medications aren�t working to break up the clot
medications are contraindicated or carry too many risks for the patient |
embolism pulmonary | for embolism pulmonary, prevention? | After you receive proper treatment for a pulmonary embolism at the hospital, you�ll be advised to treat the underlying cause of the PE or DVT if it�s known.
You�ll most likely start taking anticoagulant medications, such as heparin, warfarin, or newer agents referred to as direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), to prevent blood clots from returning.
Regularly exercising your legs and practicing health-promoting behaviors are key components of prevention and therapy after a PE. A doctor will give you complete instructions on how to care for yourself to prevent future blood clots. |
embolism pulmonary | for embolism pulmonary, takeaway? | A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot reaches the lungs. These blood clots often come from deep vein thrombosis, which can result from damage to bone and muscle or from long periods of inactivity. Many times the exact cause of a DVT or PE is unknown despite a thorough evaluation.
A PE can be very dangerous, so it�s important to contact a medical professional if you�re experiencing symptoms such as chest pain, spitting up blood, and fainting.
A doctor will typically prescribe medications that thin the blood and, in certain cases, use medications that break up blood clots. Minimally invasive interventional procedures and surgery may be required in some instances. |
epilepsy | what is epilepsy? Tell me about epilepsy? What kind of disease is epilepsy? Can you elaborate on epilepsy? What can you tell me about epilepsy? Could you describe what epilepsy is? I�d like to know more about epilepsy. Can you help? What information do you have on epilepsy? Could you provide information on epilepsy? | A seizure is a sudden change in movement or awareness due to a change in the electrical function of the brain. Sudden bursts of electrical energy may affect movement, sensation and consciousness.
Seizures are changes in the brain�s electrical activity. These changes can cause dramatic, noticeable symptoms, subtle or mild symptoms, or no symptoms at all.
The symptoms of a severe seizure include repetitive jerking and stiffening and a loss of control. Because some seizures can lead to injury or be a sign of an underlying medical condition, it�s important to seek treatment if you experience them. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, what are the types of seizures?? | The three
major types are focal onset seizures, generalized onset seizures, and unknown onset seizures.
Focal onset seizures
Focal onset seizures begin in only one area
of the brain. People may also refer to these as partial seizures.
Focal onset seizures start in small areas of the brain, such as a single lobe, but can affect large areas.
Medical professionals typically split focal onset seizures into two types: focal aware seizures and focal awareness-impaired seizures.
Focal aware seizure
During a focal aware seizure, you�ll remain fully conscious and be aware that something is happening, even if you don�t recognize it as a seizure.
The symptoms of a focal aware seizure will depend on which part of the brain the seizure starts.
Focal aware seizures may be singular events but can also develop into other types of seizures. For this reason, people often refer to them as warnings or auras.
Focal impaired-awareness seizure
This type of seizure affects your consciousness. During a focal impaired-awareness seizure, you may not be able to move, talk, or hear as you did before. You may also not be able to remember the event.
Focal impaired-awareness seizures can last for up to 2 minutes
. This type of seizure typically affects a larger portion of the brain than focal aware seizures.
Generalized onset seizures
These seizures start in both sides of the brain simultaneously. Among the more common types of generalized onset seizures are:
Tonic: Tonic seizures will result in your muscles stiffening up.
Clonic: The convulsions in clonic seizures may cause abnormal, jerky movements of your limbs. You will likely lose consciousness during these seizures that can last for a few minutes.
Tonic-clonic: Tonic-clonic seizures include a combination of both tonic and clonic symptoms.
Myoclonic: During a myoclonic seizure you may experience sudden muscle spasms. These are typically too short-lived to affect consciousness and pass quickly. Myoclonic seizures may be of generalized onset as well as focal onset.
Absence: People may also refer to these as petit mal seizures. Absence seizures last for only a few seconds. They can cause you to blink repeatedly or stare into space. Other people may mistakenly think you�re daydreaming.
Atonic: During atonic seizures your muscles suddenly go limp. Your head may nod, or your entire body could fall to the ground. Atonic seizures are brief, lasting about 15 seconds. People may refer to these seizures as drop attacks.
Unknown onset seizures
Sometimes no one witnesses the beginning of a seizure. For example, someone may wake up in the middle of the night and observe their partner having a seizure. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, what are the symptoms of a seizure?? | A person can have an epilepsy condition that causes both focal and generalized seizures at different times, but not simultaneously.
A focal seizure can progress to become a generalized seizure. Sometimes this happens slowly and sometimes it can happen rapidly.
Sometimes symptoms occur before the seizure takes place. These can include:
a sudden feeling of fear or anxiousness
a feeling of being sick to your stomach
dizziness
a change in vision
a jerky movement of the arms and legs that may cause you to drop things
an out-of-body sensation
a headache
d�j� vu
mood changes
Signs that indicate a seizure is in progress include:
losing consciousness, followed by confusion
having uncontrollable muscle spasms
drooling or frothing at the mouth
falling
having a strange taste in your mouth
clenching your teeth
biting your tongue
having sudden, rapid eye movements
making unusual noises, such as grunting
losing control of bladder or bowel function
Learn more about what a seizure feels like here. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, what causes seizures?? | Seizures can stem from several health conditions. Some examples include:
alcohol withdrawal
a brain infection, such as meningitis
a brain injury during childbirth
a brain irregularity present at birth
choking
substance use
substance withdrawal
an electrolyte imbalance
electric shock
epilepsy
extremely high blood pressure
fever
head trauma
kidney or liver failure
low blood glucose levels
a stroke
a brain tumor
vascular abnormality in the brain
Seizures can run in families. Tell your doctor if you or anyone in your family has a history of seizures. In some instances, especially with young children, the cause of the seizure may be unknown. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, what are the effects of seizures?? | Living with epilepsy and experiencing repeated seizures can have both short- and long-term effects. These can range from a drop in quality of life to increased risks of mental health conditions.
Short-term effects
Some seizures can cause you to lose total control of your body. This can lead to falls and other movements that can result in injury.
People with epilepsy typically have more
physical issues, such as bruising and fractures, than people without the condition.
Being prone to seizures may also affect your quality of life. For example, you may no longer be able to drive. You may want to avoid situations where a seizure could cause serious harm, such as swimming or traveling alone.
It�s important to wear a medical identification bracelet that tells emergency responders that you have epilepsy.
Long-term effects
If you don�t get treatment for seizures, their symptoms can become worse and progressively last longer. Prolonged seizures can lead to coma or death.
While death as a direct result of seizures is rare, the risk of premature death in people with epilepsy is up to three times higher
than in the general population.
Living with epilepsy can have an impact on your mental health. People living with epilepsy may be depressed or anxious due to the worry of having a seizure. They may also feel isolated, be worried about getting hurt or experience stigma.
The changes in the brain that can cause epilepsy may be associated with the different brain changes that can cause psychiatric comorbidities. Up to 30%
of people with epilepsy also have a serious mental health condition like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and severe depression.
Learn more about the long-term outlook for people with epilepsy here. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, how are seizures diagnosed?? | Your doctor may recommend specific tests to accurately diagnose a seizure and help ensure that the treatments they recommend will be effective.
Your doctor will consider your complete medical history and the events leading up to the seizure. For example, migraine, headaches, sleep disorders, and extreme psychological stress can cause seizure-like symptoms.
Lab tests may help your doctor rule out other conditions that can cause seizure-like activity. The tests may include:
blood testing to check for electrolyte imbalances
a spinal tap to rule out infection
a toxicology screening to test for drugs, poisons, or toxins
An electroencephalogram (EEG) can help your doctor diagnose a seizure. This test measures your brain waves. Viewing brain waves during a seizure can help your doctor diagnose the type of seizure. An EEG can show evidence of seizure activity even when a person isn�t having a seizure. But an EEG can also be completely normal when a person is not having a seizure.
Imaging scans, such as a CT scan or MRI scan, can also help by providing a clear picture of the brain. These scans allow your doctor to see abnormalities like brain damage or a tumor. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, how are seizures treated?? | Treatments for seizures depend on the cause. By treating the cause of the seizures, you may be able to prevent future seizures from occurring. The treatment for seizures due to epilepsy include:
Medications
Antiepileptic drugs are often the first treatment option for people experiencing multiple seizures. They target the signaling activities in specific brain cells and can effectively control seizures in approximately 70% of cases.
There are several types of antiepileptic drugs. You and your doctor may have to work to find out which is the best medication for treating your condition.
Brain surgery
Doctors may recommend surgical options for treating epilepsy and seizures if medications don�t work.
Surgical procedures to treat epilepsy include:
resective surgery
multiple subpial transection
hemispherectomy
corpus callosotomy
Brain surgery for epilepsy can improve quality of life but does carry a risk of complications. Consult with your doctor to discuss whether surgery is the right option for you.
Nerve stimulation
In addition to brain surgery, surgeons can insert nerve stimulation devices in the body to treat epilepsy.
Vagus nerve stimulation involves placing electrodes around the vagus nerve in your neck and a generator for these electrodes in the upper chest. These devices then stimulate the nerve with electrical signals, which can help manage seizures.
Responsive neurostimulation systems also work by stimulating the brain to manage seizures. Doctors can program these devices to assess and respond to nerve activity associated with seizures, often stopping them.
These less invasive surgical options can help safely reduce seizure frequency and severity.
Doctors may also suggest deep brain stimulation therapy. This is where a surgeon places electrodes onto the thalamus.
The thalamus is a part of the brain that processes signals from almost every sensory system. It regulates consciousness, alertness, and sleep cycles.
Electrical signals from these electrodes help regulate the excitability of certain parts of the brain. This can help reduce the frequency of seizures.
Diet changes
Dietary changes may help people manage epilepsy and reduce seizure frequency long term.
If antiepileptic drugs don�t work, following a ketogenic diet can be an alternative to surgery for some people living with epilepsy.
Multiple studies
have linked the diet to positive outcomes in symptom management. However, the exact reasons why it helps people with epilepsy are not known.
However, the ketogenic diet and its variants can feel restrictive. Following the diet long term may be challenging for some.
Be sure to check in with your doctor before starting a new diet, especially as a mode of treatment. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, tips for living with epilepsy? | It can be challenging to live with epilepsy. But if you have the right support, it�s possible to live a full and healthy life.
Take prescribed medications
It�s important to continue taking antiepileptic drugs if your doctor prescribes them.
It�s important to regularly check in with your doctor and tell them whether you�re experiencing any side effects of your medications. If you have your seizures under control for long periods, your doctor may recommend a gradual reduction in dosage.
Avoid triggers
Some people may be able to identify specific triggers for their seizures. These can include:
stress
drinking alcohol
lack of sleep
Avoiding these triggers may help you manage
your condition.
Educate friends and family
Teach your friends and family more about epilepsy and how to care for you while a seizure occurs.
This includes taking steps to reduce the risk of injury like cushioning your head, loosening tight clothing, and turning you on your side if vomiting occurs.
Find ways to maintain your current lifestyle
Continue your usual activities if possible, and find ways to work around your epilepsy so you can maintain your lifestyle.
For instance, if you�re no longer allowed to drive because you have seizures, you may decide to move to an area that�s walkable or has good public transportation, or use ride-share services so you can still get around.
Making safety modifications to your place of residence can reduce the risk of injury. This can include covering the corners of low objects, not locking the bathroom door when using it, and using guards on radiators and heaters.
Other tips
Find a good doctor who makes you feel comfortable.
Try relaxation techniques, such as yoga, meditation, tai chi, or deep breathing.
Find an epilepsy support group. You can find a local one by looking online or asking your doctor for recommendations. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, prevention? | In many instances, a seizure isn�t preventable. But maintaining a healthy lifestyle can give you the best chance at reducing your risk. You can do the following:
Get plenty of sleep.
Eat a balanced diet and drink plenty of fluids.
Exercise regularly.
Engage in stress-reducing techniques.
Don�t take illegal substances.
If you�re on medication for epilepsy or other medical conditions, take them as your doctor recommends. |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, how to help a person with epilepsy, or a person having a seizure? | If you live with someone with epilepsy, there are some things you can do to help them:
Endeavor to learn about their condition.
Make a list of their medications, doctors� appointments, and other important medical information.
Talk with the person about their condition and what role they would like you to play in helping.
If you need help, reach out to their doctor or an epilepsy support group. The Epilepsy Foundation is another helpful resource. However, it�s important to note that the foundation is an advocacy group, and may maintain bias on specific topics.
What to do during a seizure
If someone near you is having a seizure there are a number of things you can do to help them.
Clear the area around a person who�s having a seizure to prevent possible injury. If possible, place them on their side and provide cushioning for their head.
Stay with the person. Call 911 or local emergency services as soon as possible if you experience any of these:
The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.
The person doesn�t wake up after the seizure.
The person is experiencing repeat seizures.
The seizure occurs in someone who�s pregnant.
The seizure occurs in someone who has never had a seizure before.
It�s important to remain calm. While there�s no way to stop a seizure once it�s begun, you can provide help. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
recommends the following:
Stay with the person having the seizure until it ends, or until they�re fully awake again.
Check to see whether the person is wearing a medical bracelet.
If the person is wearing glasses or anything around their neck, remove them if possible.
If the person having the seizure is standing, you can prevent them from falling or injuring themselves by holding them in a hug or gently guiding them to the floor.
If the person having the seizure is on the ground, try to position them on their side so that saliva or vomit leaks out of their mouth instead of down their windpipe.
If possible, place something soft under their head.
Don�t try to hold the person down while they�re having a seizure.
Don�t put anything in the person�s mouth.
After the seizure
Once a seizure is over, you should:
check the person for injuries
turn the person on their side, if not already
clear their mouth of vomit or saliva
stay with them until they�re fully awake and alert
provide them with a safe area to rest
not offer them anything to eat or drink until they�re fully conscious |
epilepsy | for epilepsy, when to see a doctor? | Typically, a seizure doesn�t require emergency medical attention. However, there are some circumstances when you should call 911
.
Contact emergency services immediately if:
This is the first time the person has ever had a seizure.
The seizure continues for more than 5 minutes.
The person is having difficulty with breathing.
The person is having trouble waking following the seizure.
The person is injured during the seizure.
The seizure occurs in water.
The person is pregnant, has diabetes or heart disease.
A second seizure happens soon after the first. |
cardiomyopathy | what is cardiomyopathy? Tell me about cardiomyopathy? What kind of disease is cardiomyopathy? Can you elaborate on cardiomyopathy? What can you tell me about cardiomyopathy? Could you describe what cardiomyopathy is? I�d like to know more about cardiomyopathy. Can you help? What information do you have on cardiomyopathy? Could you provide information on cardiomyopathy? | Cardiomyopathy is a progressive disease of the myocardium, or heart muscle. In most cases, the heart muscle weakens and is unable to pump blood to the rest of the body as well as it should.
There are many different types of cardiomyopathy, caused by a range of factors, from coronary heart disease to certain drugs. Cardiomyopathy can lead to an irregular heartbeat, heart failure, or other complications.
Medical treatment and follow-up care are important. They can help prevent heart failure or heart damage.
This article will take a closer look at the types of cardiomyopathy, as well as the symptoms, causes, and treatment. |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, what are the types of cardiomyopathy?? | Cardiomyopathy generally has four types:
Dilated cardiomyopathy. Also sometimes called �enlarged heart,� dilated cardiomyopathy occurs when your heart muscle enlarges, or dilates, and may be too weak to pump blood efficiently. You can inherit it, or it can be the result of coronary artery disease. It�s the most common type of cardiomyopathy.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is believed to be genetic, occurs when your heart walls thicken and prevent blood from flowing through your heart. This stiffens your heart and increases your risk of electrical problems. Long-term high blood pressure, aging, diabetes, or thyroid disease can also cause acquired types of hypertension-related cardiomyopathy. In some instances, the cause is unknown.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). This is a very rare form of cardiomyopathy, but it�s the leading cause of sudden death in young athletes. In this type of genetic cardiomyopathy, fat and extra fibrous tissue replace the muscle of the right ventricle. This causes abnormal heart rhythms and abnormalities in the function of the right ventricle.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy. Restrictive cardiomyopathy occurs when the ventricles stiffen and can�t relax enough to fill up with blood. Heart disease, scarring of the heart, and cardiac amyloid, which frequently occurs after a heart transplant, are thought to be possible causes.
Other types of cardiomyopathy
Most of the following types of cardiomyopathy belong to one of the previous four classifications, but each has unique causes or complications:
Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs during or after pregnancy. This rare type occurs when the heart weakens within 5 months of delivery or within the final month of pregnancy. When it occurs after delivery, it�s sometimes called postpartum cardiomyopathy. This is a form of dilated cardiomyopathy, and it�s a life threatening condition. Having it once increases your risk with other pregnancies.
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is due to drinking too much alcohol over a long period of time, which can weaken your heart so it can no longer pump blood efficiently. Your heart can also become enlarged. This is a form of dilated cardiomyopathy.
Ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ischemic cardiomyopathy occurs when your heart can no longer pump blood to the rest of your body due to coronary artery disease. Blood vessels to the heart muscle narrow and become blocked. This keeps oxygen from getting to the heart muscle. Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of heart failure. Alternatively, nonischemic cardiomyopathy is any form that isn�t related to coronary artery disease.
Noncompaction cardiomyopathy. This is also known as spongiform cardiomyopathy. It�s a rare disease present at birth and is caused by abnormal development of the heart muscle in the womb. Diagnosis may occur at any stage of life.
Pediatric cardiomyopathy. When cardiomyopathy affects a child, it�s called pediatric cardiomyopathy.
Idiopathic cardiomyopathy. If you have idiopathic cardiomyopathy, it means the cause is unknown.
Q: Is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy dominant or recessive?
Anonymous
A: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common genetic heart disorder.
It�s inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means that only a single copy of the mutated gene is needed to cause the disorder.
Sarcomere gene mutations are the primary genetic cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Normally, sarcomere genes work to encode proteins that are responsible for helping the heart muscle contract and relax properly. A genetic mutation impairs the gene�s ability to function properly.
More than 2,000 sarcomere mutations have been identified to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, not everyone who has a sarcomere gene mutation will develop this condition.
Uzochukwu Ibe, MD, MPH, ABIM board certified internal medicine physician and general cardiologist
Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.
Was this helpful? |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, what are the symptoms of cardiomyopathy?? | The symptoms of all types of cardiomyopathy tend to be similar. In all cases, the heart can�t adequately pump blood to the tissues and organs of the body. It can result in symptoms such as:
general weakness and fatigue
shortness of breath, particularly during exertion or exercise
lightheadedness or dizziness
chest pain
heart palpitations
fainting spells
high blood pressure
a bloated abdomen
coughing when lying down
edema, or swelling, of your feet, ankles, legs, or other body parts |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, what causes cardiomyopathy?? | According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
, the cause of cardiomyopathy is often unknown. In other cases, the cause can either be inherited or acquired:
�Inherited� means that you�re born with cardiomyopathy due to the genes you inherited from your parents.
�Acquired� means that you developed cardiomyopathy due to a health condition, disease, or some other type of illness during the course of your life, such as:
coronary artery disease
heart tissue damage due to a heart attack
infections in the heart muscle |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, risk factors for cardiomyopathy? | Cardiomyopathy can affect people of all ages. Major risk factors include:
a family history of cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac arrest, or heart failure
coronary artery disease
chronic (long-term) high blood pressure
damage to the heart due to a heart attack
infections that cause inflammation of the heart
heart valve disorders
COVID-19 infection
diabetes
obesity
thyroid disease
alcohol use disorder
sarcoidosis
hemochromatosis
amyloidosis
connective tissue disorders
use of cocaine or amphetamines
some types of cancer medications
exposure to toxins, such as poison or heavy metals
According to 2016 research
, HIV and HIV treatments can also increase your risk of cardiomyopathy. HIV can increase your risk of heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, in particular.
If you have HIV, talk with a doctor about getting regular tests to check your heart�s health. You should also try to follow a heart-healthy diet and exercise program. |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, when to see a doctor? | It�s possible to have cardiomyopathy and not have symptoms. But many people do develop some warning signs that their heart is weakening. If you notice any of these symptoms, it�s important that you contact your doctor as soon as possible:
shortness of breath
new or unusual fatigue
swelling in your abdomen, legs, feet, ankles, or neck
chest pain, especially after physical exertion or large meals
passing out (fainting) during exercise or physical exertion
an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
If your doctor suspects you have a condition related to your heart, they may refer you to a cardiologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart conditions. |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, how is cardiomyopathy diagnosed?? | Your doctor or cardiologist will incorporate the results of four components into your diagnosis:
your personal medical history
your family medical history
physical examination
diagnostic tests and procedures
The diagnostic tests and procedures your doctor or cardiologist may use include:
Blood tests. Blood tests can provide information about your heart and also help rule out other conditions.
Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can help your doctor see the size and structure of your heart and lungs and check for any fluid buildup.
Stress test. A stress test gauges your heart function while you exercise.
Electrocardiogram. An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is used to assess your heart�s electrical activity over a short period of time.
Holter monitor. A Holter or event monitor can measure your heart�s electrical activity over 24 or 48 hours.
Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create live images of your heart and how it�s beating.
Heart MRI. A heart MRI uses magnets and radio waves to capture images of your heart and coronary blood vessels.
Your doctor may also perform some diagnostic procedures to confirm the diagnosis, especially if you�re planning to have surgery. These procedures may include:
Cardiac catheterization. With cardiac catheterization, a long, thin tube is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded up to your heart so your doctor can evaluate your heart for a number of potential issues, including artery blockages.
Coronary angiography. With coronary angiography, your doctor injects dye into your bloodstream to look at the flow of blood through your arteries and heart.
Myocardial biopsy. A myocardial biopsy is a procedure that involves removing a small part of your heart�s tissue so it can be examined under a microscope. |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, how is cardiomyopathy treated?? | Treatment varies depending on how damaged your heart is due to cardiomyopathy and the resulting symptoms.
Some people may not require treatment until symptoms appear. Others who are beginning to struggle with breathlessness or chest pain may need to make some lifestyle changes or take medications.
You can�t reverse or cure cardiomyopathy, but you can manage it with some of the following options:
Heart-healthy lifestyle changes, such as aiming for a moderate weight, trying to quit if you smoke, following a balanced and nutritious diet, managing stress when possible, and getting the right amount of physical activity
Medications, including medications used to treat high blood pressure, prevent water retention, keep the heart beating with a normal rhythm, prevent blood clots, and reduce inflammation
Surgically implanted devices, like pacemakers and defibrillators
Surgery, if symptoms are severe and medications don�t work well, bypass surgery or valve surgery may be an option. A less common procedure is septal myectomy, which involves removing some heart tissue in order to improve blood flow through the heart
Heart transplant, which is considered a last resort
The goal of treatment is to help your heart work as efficiently as possible and to prevent further damage and loss of function. |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, can cardiomyopathy be prevented?? | If cardiomyopathy runs in your family, you may not be able to completely prevent it. But, you can take steps to keep your heart healthy and minimize the impact of this condition.
Even if cardiomyopathy isn�t part of your family history, it�s still important to take steps to make sure you don�t develop a heart condition or disease that could put you at an increased risk of cardiomyopathy.
The steps
you can take to help lower your risk of cardiomyopathy include:
Getting regular exercise. Try to limit how much you sit each day, and focus on getting at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week.
Getting enough sleep. Sleep deprivation is linked to an increased risk of heart disease. Try to get at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night.
Eating a heart-healthy diet. Try to limit your intake of sugary, fried, fatty, and processed foods. Focus instead on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, nuts, seeds, and low fat dairy. Also limit your intake of salt (sodium), which can raise your risk of high blood pressure.
Reducing your stress levels. Try to find healthy ways to lower your stress when possible. You may want to consider taking regular brisk walks, doing deep breathing exercises, meditating, doing yoga, listening to music, or talking with a trusted friend.
Quitting smoking, if you smoke. Smoking can negatively affect your entire cardiovascular system, including your heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Managing underlying health conditions. Work closely with your doctor to control and manage any underlying health conditions that may raise your risk of cardiomyopathy. |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, what is the long-term outlook?? | Cardiomyopathy can be life threatening and can shorten your life expectancy if severe damage occurs early on. The disease is also progressive, which means it tends to get worse over time, especially if it isn�t treated.
Treatments can prolong your life by slowing the decline of your heart�s condition or by providing technologies to help your heart work more effectively.
If you have cardiomyopathy, it�s important to make lifestyle changes to improve your heart health, such as:
eating a heart-healthy diet
maintaining a moderate weight
quitting smoking
exercising regularly
One of the biggest challenges is sticking with a regular exercise program. Exercise can be very tiring for someone with cardiomyopathy. However, exercise is extremely important for maintaining a moderate weight and prolonging heart function.
It�s important to check with your doctor and engage in a regular exercise program that�s not too taxing but gets you moving every day.
The type of exercise that�s best for you will depend on the type of cardiomyopathy you have. Your doctor can help you put together an exercise routine that�s safe and effective for you. They can also help you understand what signs and symptoms to watch out for while you�re exercising. |
cardiomyopathy | for cardiomyopathy, the bottom line? | Cardiomyopathy is a progressive disease that involves the weakening of the heart muscle. If your heart weakens too much, it will be unable to pump blood properly to the organs and tissues throughout your body.
Cardiomyopathy can be caused by coronary artery disease, a heart attack, or some other underlying health condition. In some cases, it can be genetic, which means you inherited it from your parents. In other instances, the cause is unknown.
There are several types of cardiomyopathy, each with their own cause. The two most common types are dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Common symptoms of cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the feet, ankles, legs, abdomen, or veins of the neck.
If you notice any of these symptoms, contact your doctor as soon as possible. The sooner you can get treatment for this condition, the lower your risk of heart damage and loss of function.
Read this article in Spanish. |
chronic kidney failure | what is chronic kidney failure? Tell me about chronic kidney failure? What kind of disease is chronic kidney failure? Can you elaborate on chronic kidney failure? What can you tell me about chronic kidney failure? Could you describe what chronic kidney failure is? I�d like to know more about chronic kidney failure. Can you help? What information do you have on chronic kidney failure? Could you provide information on chronic kidney failure? | Chronic kidney failure occurs when your kidneys are damaged and cannot filter waste from your body effectively. You may experience more symptoms as the condition progresses. |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, what is chronic kidney failure?? | Chronic kidney failure is the loss of kidney function over months or years. In advanced stages, dangerous levels of waste and fluids can back up in your body. This condition is also called chronic kidney disease.
Your kidneys filter excess fluids and waste products from your blood. This waste is typically eliminated in your urine. |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, symptoms of chronic kidney failure? | If you�re in the early stages of chronic kidney failure, you may or may not have symptoms.
Some early symptoms of kidney failure can also occur with other illnesses and conditions. This can make diagnosis difficult.
Early symptoms can include:
high blood pressure
swelling in your hands or feet
urinary tract infections
protein in your urine
blood in your urine
If the damage to your kidneys gets worse, you will eventually notice symptoms. Later stage symptoms can include:
difficulty staying alert
cramps and twitches
numbness in your limbs
weakness
fatigue
bad breath
skin that�s darker or lighter than usual
bone pain
excessive thirst
bleeding and bruising easily
insomnia
urinating more or less than usual
hiccups
swollen feet and ankles
missing menstrual periods
shortness of breath
Chronic kidney disease can also lead to other complications. These may include:
pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in your lungs) and fluid buildup in other areas
vitamin D deficiency, which can affect your bone health
nerve damage that can lead to seizures
anemia
cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke
electrolyte imbalance
sexual dysfunction and impotence
uremia
infertility
inability to maintain weight |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, causes of chronic kidney failure? | Diabetes and high blood pressure can commonly lead
to chronic kidney failure.
Other causes can include:
damage to kidney function
recurring kidney infections
inflammation in your kidneys� filtration system
congenital kidney disease
obstruction of your urinary tract
autoimmune disorders
You may be at a higher risk of chronic kidney failure if you:
smoke cigarettes
have obesity
have diabetes
have heart disease
have high cholesterol
have a family history of kidney disease
are over age 65 |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, diagnosing chronic kidney failure? | If you have high blood pressure, diabetes, or another condition that puts you at higher risk of kidney failure, a doctor will likely routinely monitor your kidney function.
Regular checkups and reporting symptoms can help doctors diagnose chronic kidney failure early.
Physical exam
At your appointment, a doctor will perform a physical exam.
Kidney failure can cause fluids to back up in your lungs or heart. A doctor may examine these organs by listening to them with a stethoscope.
Blood and urine tests
If a doctor thinks you might have chronic kidney failure, they will likely order blood and urine tests.
Blood tests for kidney function measure the levels of electrolytes and waste in your blood. They measure waste products such as. These can include:
Creatinine: Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism.
Blood urea: Blood urea is left over when your body breaks down proteins.
When your kidneys are working properly, they excrete both substances.
Urine tests can measure your kidney function.
A urine protein test measures how much protein is in your urine. Urine typically contains only trace amounts of protein. An elevated protein level may indicate kidney problems months or even years before other symptoms appear.
Imaging tests
Imaging tests can provide structural details of your kidneys. These can include:
kidney ultrasound
MRI
CT scan
Biopsy
A doctor may also order a biopsy. This can be performed as a needle biopsy or an open biopsy.
A needle biopsy is the most common type of kidney biopsy. During this procedure, a doctor or technician inserts a needle into your kidney. This is considered a minimally invasive procedure.
During an open biopsy, a doctor will use a surgical incision to expose your kidney. This procedure requires strict sterile techniques and general anesthesia.
After the doctor collects a sample of kidney tissue, they will send it to a lab for microscopic examination.
Testing results and follow-up
The results of your examination will help the doctor make a diagnosis. It can also help them determine the cause of your kidney failure.
If you receive a diagnosis of chronic kidney failure, you will likely need regular blood tests. These measure various substances in your body, such as:
calcium
potassium
cholesterol
sodium
magnesium
phosphorous
You may also need ongoing kidney function tests to measure your creatinine and urea levels. |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, treatment of chronic kidney failure? | There is no cure for chronic kidney failure. However, certain measures can slow its progression.
Medication
Medication can help treat the symptoms of chronic kidney failure.
Kidney failure is linked to high blood pressure, so a doctor may prescribe medication to lower your blood pressure. You might also need medications called statins to lower your cholesterol level.
People with chronic kidney failure may also experience anemia. Anemia occurs when your body doesn�t produce enough red blood cells. Treatments for anemia can include:
a supplement to help increase your red blood cell production
iron pills or shots to help your body manufacture blood cells
a blood transfusion to improve your red blood cell health, in some cases
If your kidney problem causes fluid retention, medications called diuretics can help relieve your swelling. This medication makes you urinate frequently.
A doctor may also prescribe medication to support your bone health. This can include:
calcium supplements
vitamin D supplements, as vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption
phosphate binders, as high levels of phosphate can reduce calcium absorption
Antihistamines can help relieve itchy skin and antiemetics can help with nausea.
Diet
A doctor may also recommend certain dietary changes, including reducing your intake of certain nutrients.
These can include
:
Protein: As your body processes protein, it creates waste products. Your kidneys are responsible for filtering this waste. A lower protein diet makes their job easier.
Potassium: When your kidneys are not functioning well, they may not filter potassium properly. In people with chronic kidney failure, high levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) can be life threatening. It can lead to issues with heart function or paralysis. Doctors may recommend a low potassium diet.
Phosphate: Your kidneys may not be able to process phosphate either. Phosphate can also diminish your body�s ability to absorb calcium. High phosphate foods include fish, dairy products, eggs, and meat. You may need to eat less of these.
Salt and sodium: Consuming too much sodium can make it hard for your body to maintain fluid levels. Reading labels may help you manage your intake. Many prepared foods, such as canned soup or fast food, can be high in sodium.
You can work with a dietitian or a doctor to find out how much of these substances you should eat.
You may also need to limit your fluid intake so your kidneys don�t have to work too hard.
People with chronic kidney failure often lose weight. Make sure you�re consuming enough calories from foods approved and recommended by a dietitian.
Lifestyle
Certain lifestyle practices may help slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. These can include:
quitting smoking, if you smoke
keeping up to date on your vaccinations, including your flu shot
discuss supplements and over-the-counter (OTC) medications with a doctor before taking them
If you see other doctors for different conditions, always inform them of your kidney situation.
End stage treatment
If attempts to control your condition through diet and medication fail, you might face end stage kidney disease.
End stage kidney disease, also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), occurs when your kidneys operate at less than 15%
of their full capacity. At this stage, your kidneys can no longer eliminate waste as fast as you produce it.
There are two treatment options for end stage kidney disease: dialysis and kidney transplant.Doctors typically try to postpone these options as long as possible because both carry serious risks.
Dialysis
Dialysis is a system for filtering waste products and excess fluids out of your blood.
The two main types of dialysis include:
Hemodialysis: In hemodialysis, your blood is filtered outside your body in a machine.
Peritoneal dialysis: In peritoneal dialysis, you fill your abdominal cavity with a special solution via a catheter. The solution absorbs excess fluid and waste before it�s drained from your body.
Because dialysis usually needs to be done several times a week, it�s a big lifestyle change. Dialysis also carries a risk of infection.
Kidney transplant
Kidney transplant is more convenient than dialysis if you can find an appropriate donor kidney. The donor needs to have the same blood type as you.
A kidney from a living sibling or other close relative is usually best. You could also get your kidney from a deceased donor.
However, kidney transplants also carry a large risk of infection because you will need lifelong immunosuppression. |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, long-term outlook for chronic kidney failure? | Some people with chronic kidney failure can live for many years. This can sometimes be accomplished through lifestyle changes and medication. You will need to maintain a kidney-healthy regimen for the rest of your life.
If you reach ESRD, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant. Without such interventions, the disease is fatal.
The health of your kidneys affects your other organs and systems, too. Possible complications of kidney failure include:
heart and liver failure
damage to your nerves
stroke
fluid buildup in your lungs
infertility
erectile dysfunction
dementia
bone fractures
Children with kidney failure may not achieve growth milestones because their kidneys can�t activate vitamin D. Vitamin D is essential for bone growth.
Kidney failure also poses serious risks to pregnant people and their babies. Pregnant people with kidney failure face a higher incidence of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a spike in blood pressure that can lead to brain or liver hemorrhage in pregnant people. It can be fatal to the pregnant person and baby. |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, preventing chronic kidney failure? | You may be able to prevent kidney failure with certain lifestyle changes. Here are some general guidelines:
If they consume alcohol, people over 65 should limit themselves to no more than one drink per day. Males who are younger than 65 should stop at two drinks or fewer.
Manage your blood pressure.
If you have diabetes, manage your blood sugar.
If needed, try to maintain a moderate weight. This can mean consuming fewer calories and increasing your activity. A doctor can make provide healthy weight loss guidelines.
OTC pain relievers can cause kidney damage. Follow the directions on the package, only take them as needed, and discuss the use of pain relievers with a doctor if you have any kidney concerns.
If you smoke cigarettes, consider quitting. |
chronic kidney failure | for chronic kidney failure, takeaway? | Chronic kidney failure develops slowly over time. At first, you may not notice symptoms. But symptoms may appear as the disease progresses.
You may be more likely to develop chronic kidney failure if you have certain health conditions, including diabetes and high blood pressure.
Preventive measures and treatment may help slow the progression of kidney failure. |
carcinoma | what is carcinoma? Tell me about carcinoma? What kind of disease is carcinoma? Can you elaborate on carcinoma? What can you tell me about carcinoma? Could you describe what carcinoma is? I�d like to know more about carcinoma. Can you help? What information do you have on carcinoma? Could you provide information on carcinoma? | What is basal cell carcinoma?
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells. Normal basal cells line the epidermis. They�re the skin cells that replace old cells with new ones. Cancer of the basal cells results in tumors that appear on the skin�s surface. These tumors often look like sores, growths, bumps, scars, or red patches.
While BCC almost never spreads to other places in the body (metastasizes), it can still result in disfigurement. In rare cases, it can spread to other parts of the body. If it does, it can become life-threatening.
BCC is the most common type of skin cancer. Approximately 4 million cases of it are diagnosed in the United States every year. |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, pictures of basal cell carcinoma? | VIEW GALLERY
5 |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, what are the symptoms of basal cell carcinoma?? | Almost all BCCs develop on parts of the body frequently exposed to the sun. Tumors can develop on the face, ears, shoulders, neck, scalp, and arms. In very rare cases, tumors develop on areas not often exposed to sunlight.
BCCs are typically painless. The only symptom is the growth or change in the appearance of the skin. There are different types of BCC. Each has a different appearance:
Pigmented BCC: This type appears as a brown, blue, or black lesion, which often has a translucent and raised border.
Superficial BCC: This type takes on the appearance of a reddish patch on the skin, which is often flat and scaly. It continues to grow and often has a raised edge. It typically takes on this appearance when on the back or chest.
Nonulcerative BCC: This type appears as a bump on the skin that is white, skin-colored, or pink. It�s often translucent, with blood vessels underneath that are visible. This is the most common type of BCC. It most commonly appears on the neck, ears, and face. It can rupture, bleed, and scab over.
Morpheaform BCC: This is the least common type of BCC. It typically resembles a scarlike lesion with a white and waxy appearance and no defined border. This type of carcinoma can indicate a particularly invasive form of BCC, which is more likely to be disfiguring.
Basosquamous BCC: This type of carcinoma carries traits of both BCC and squamous cell carcinoma, another type of skin cancer. It is extremely rare, but is more likely to metastasize compared with other types of skin cancer. |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, what causes basal cell carcinoma?? | Skin cancers, including BCC, are primarily caused by long-term sun or ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. These cancers can also be caused by intense occasional exposure often resulting in sunburn.
In rarer cases, other factors can cause BCC. These include:
exposure to radiation
exposure to arsenic
complications from scars, infections, vaccinations, tattoos, and burns
chronic inflammatory skin conditions
Once diagnosed with BCC, there is a strong likelihood of recurrence. |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, what are the risk factors of basal cell carcinoma?? | There are a number of risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing BCC. Some of these risk factors include:
having a family history of BCC
having light skin
having skin that freckles or burns easily
having inherited syndromes that cause skin cancer, like disorders of the skin, nervous system, or endocrine glands
having fair skin, red or blonde hair, or light-colored eyes
being a man
There are other, nongenetic risk factors. These include:
age, with increased age correlating with increased risk
chronic sun exposure
severe sunburn, especially during childhood
living in a higher altitude or sunny location
exposure to radiation therapy
exposure to arsenic
taking immunosuppressing drugs, especially after a transplant surgery |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, how is basal cell carcinoma diagnosed?? | The first step in diagnosing BCC will be a visual inspection from a dermatologist. They�ll check your skin head-to-toe to look for any skin growths or discolorations. They�ll also ask about your medical history, including family history of skin cancers.
If your dermatologist finds any discolorations or growths of concern, they�ll take a biopsy of the skin. To do this, they�ll inject a numbing agent into the skin before removing a small sample of the lesion for testing. The biopsy will be viewed under a microscope to look for skin cancer.
Your dermatologist will remove the growth if BCC is found. If you have an aggressive form of BCC, your doctor may take a biopsy of your lymph nodes to check for metastasis. |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, how is basal cell carcinoma treated?? | Treatment for basal cell carcinoma involves removing the growth. Your doctor will recommend a treatment depending on the type of BCC you have, the size of the lesion, and the location of the lesion. Treatment options include:
Curettage and electrodessication
In this procedure, the growth is scraped off with a curette. The tumor site is then burned with an electrocautery needle. It is extremely effective, especially on small lesions, though it may not be as effective on aggressive BCCs or high-risk sites. It can leave a round, white scar. This procedure has a 95 percent success rate.
Excisional surgery
Your doctor will remove the tumor and surrounding border of normal skin around it with a scalpel. This procedure requires stitches to close the surgical site. This is often used for more advanced BCCs, which are at risk for affecting the surrounding skin. It may leave a small scar. This procedure has a 95 percent success rate.
Mohs micrographic surgery
Your doctor will remove a thin layer of tissue that contains the tumor. The layer of tissue is frozen and then mapped under a microscope. The doctor will then repeat the procedure on the exact location the cancer was present.
This procedure can save healthy tissue, and has the highest cure rate at about 99 percent. It�s often used for large tumors, or tumors in highly visible areas like the face or neck.
Cryosurgery
Cryosurgery is used for cancers that are thin and don�t extend far into the skin. Your doctor can freeze and kill cancerous cells with liquid nitrogen. This has a risk of nerve damage at the site, which can result in loss of feeling.
No cutting is necessary, though anesthesia may be used. The growth will blister or crust over. Cryosurgery is most often used for BCC and people with bleeding disorders. It has a success rate of between 85 and 90 percent. |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, recovering from treatment? | BCC treatments are often minor and easy to recover from. Many people will experience some pain at the surgery or excision site as it heals.
Scarring is a common effect of BCC treatment. To lessen the appearance of scars, follow the after-treatment instructions your doctor gives you. These instructions will include:
Keep the excision site clean.
Apply over-the-counter ointments like Vaseline and Neosporin multiple times a day to help it heal, and keep it covered with a bandage.
Keep the wound moist. This will help it heal.
There is a high risk of recurrence of BCC. Take precautions to protect your skin from UV exposure. |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, can basal cell carcinoma cause complications?? | The most common complication of basal cell carcinoma is recurrence. BCCs commonly recur, even after successful treatment. In some cases, BCC may reappear in the same place. It can also be disfiguring, especially if not treated promptly.
A diagnosis of BCC increases the chance of developing other types of skin cancer. This includes melanoma, which can metastasize and is the most life-threatening form of skin cancer.
Rare, aggressive forms of BCC can invade the body beyond the skin. It can destroy bone, nerves, and muscles. In rare cases it can metastasize to other parts of the body, including key organs, and become life-threatening. |
carcinoma | for carcinoma, is basal cell carcinoma preventable?? | Avoiding or reducing your exposure to UV light is the best way to prevent BCC. Avoid direct sunlight during the brightest parts of the day and avoid using tanning beds.
Apply sunscreen regularly, even if you�re only going to be outside for a few minutes. Use a sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher. You can also wear lightweight clothing and hats to protect against sun exposure. The exception to this is infants. Newborns should be kept out of the sun when possible. Don�t apply sunscreen to infants under six months.
Early detection of BCC can reduce scarring caused by the removal of a tumor. Get a skin cancer check annually from a dermatologist or primary doctor. You should also examine your skin head-to-toe on a monthly basis. If you notice any skin changes, make an appointment with a doctor. |
hepatitis C | what is hepatitis C? Tell me about hepatitis C? What kind of disease is hepatitis C? Can you elaborate on hepatitis C? What can you tell me about hepatitis C? Could you describe what hepatitis C is? I�d like to know more about hepatitis C. Can you help? What information do you have on hepatitis C? Could you provide information on hepatitis C? | What is acute hepatitis C?
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 40,000 people
are acutely infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The acute form of this viral infection may produce only brief symptoms, so some people never know they have it. That can lead to the development of a more serious form of this infection. |
hepatitis C | for hepatitis C, what�s the difference between acute and chronic hepatitis c?? | Hepatitis C is a contagious disease caused by HCV, which is spread through contact with blood and bodily fluids that contain HCV. This disease damages your liver. There are two types of hepatitis C infection: acute and chronic.
Acute hepatitis C is a short-term viral infection. People with acute hepatitis C carry the infection for a small window of time, often just several months
. Most people with the acute form of hepatitis C will experience illness and mild symptoms such as fatigue and vomiting within the first six months after exposure. In many cases, the disease causes no symptoms at all.
Acute hepatitis C may improve or resolve without treatment. It leads to chronic infection in 75 to 85 percent of cases. The chronic form may cause long-term problems in your liver, including liver damage and liver cancer. |
hepatitis C | for hepatitis C, how is acute hepatitis c transmitted?? | HCV is spread through direct contact with blood or certain bodily fluids that contain HCV. It�s safe to engage in the following activities without worry of transmission:
hugging
kissing
holding hands
sharing eating utensils or glasses
Also, the virus is not spread by coughing and sneezing. |