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Notably, proband P05 in family 05 harbored a de novo FGFR1 @VARIANT$ variant. Since the @GENE$ c.1664-2A>C variant was evaluated as pathogenic according to the ACMG guideline, this family might be considered as a case of monogenic inheritance. However, proband P05 also carried a paternal variant (DCC p. Gln91Arg) and a maternal variant (CCDC88C p. Arg1299Cys). Considering the facts that the loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 were identified to act in concert with other gene defects and the @GENE$ @VARIANT$ variant was reported in a PSIS patient with an IHH-causative gene in a digenic manner, the possibility of oligogenic inheritance in family 05 cannot be ruled out. | 8,152,424 | FGFR1;69065 | CCDC88C;18903 | c.1664-2A>C;tmVar:c|SUB|A|1664-2|C;HGVS:c.1664-2A>C;VariantGroup:25;CorrespondingGene:2260 | p. Arg1299Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|1299|C;HGVS:p.R1299C;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:440193;RS#:142539336;CA#:7309192 | 0no label
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On the other hand, mutant GFP-@GENE$ A115P and @VARIANT$ showed perturbed interaction with HA-@GENE$. The residues @VARIANT$, I148, and Q214 lie in the N-terminal extracellular domain of TEK (Fig. 1d). | 5,953,556 | CYP1B1;68035 | TEK;397 | R368H;tmVar:p|SUB|R|368|H;HGVS:p.R368H;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:1545;RS#:79204362;CA#:119016 | E103;tmVar:p|Allele|E|103;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7010;RS#:572527340 | 0no label
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In Vitro Functional Studies of Novel GATA4 Variants To test the transcriptional activity of identified @GENE$ variants, we constructed mammalian expression vectors of wt and mutant GATA4 and tested them on three different promoters that have been described being regulated by GATA4, namely the AMH, SRY, and CYP17 promoters. For these studies, we used different cell systems (HEK293, NCI-H295R, and JEG3), but found that only JEG3 cells transfected with the CYP17 promoter revealed consistent results for comparing wt to mutant GATA4. We found that GATA4 variant Cys238Arg lost transcriptional activity (Figure 3) similar to the previously described Gly221Arg mutant. By contrast, GATA4 variants @VARIANT$ and @VARIANT$ activated the @GENE$ promoter similar to wt. | 5,893,726 | GATA4;1551 | CYP17;73875 | Trp228Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|W|228|C;HGVS:p.W228C;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:4038 | Pro226Leu;tmVar:p|SUB|P|226|L;HGVS:p.P226L;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2626;RS#:368991748 | 0no label
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The @VARIANT$ and R148P variants affect the conserved central coiled-coil rod domain of the protein mediating dimerization; therefore, we suggest their potential deleterious effect on the protein. In the individual carrying the P505L NEFH variant, an additional novel alteration (C335R) was detected in the GRN gene. Loss-of-function GRN variants are primarily considered to cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration, but there is evidence that missense GRN variants are also linked to the pathogenesis of ALS. The novel @GENE$ variant reported in this study results in a cysteine-to-arginine change in the cysteine-rich granulin A domain. Four cases were identified to carry SQSTM1 variants: the P392L in two cases and the @VARIANT$ and R393Q in single patients. All three alterations are located within the C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA) end of the sequestome 1 protein. Variants of the @GENE$ gene were originally reported in Paget's disease of bone. | 6,707,335 | GRN;1577 | SQSTM1;31202 | T338I;tmVar:p|SUB|T|338|I;HGVS:p.T338I;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:4744;RS#:774252076;CA#:10174087 | E389Q;tmVar:p|SUB|E|389|Q;HGVS:p.E389Q;VariantGroup:24;CorrespondingGene:8878;RS#:1391182750 | 0no label
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Two different GJB3 mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity with the 235delC and 299delAT of GJB2 were identified in three unrelated families (235delC/@VARIANT$, 235delC/A194T and @VARIANT$/A194T). Neither of these mutations in Cx31 was detected in DNA from 200 unrelated Chinese controls. Direct physical interaction of Cx26 with Cx31 is supported by data showing that Cx26 and Cx31 have overlapping expression patterns in the cochlea. In addition, by coimmunoprecipitation of mouse cochlear membrane proteins, we identified the presence of heteromeric @GENE$/@GENE$ connexons. | 2,737,700 | Cx26;2975 | Cx31;7338 | N166S;tmVar:p|SUB|N|166|S;HGVS:p.N166S;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:121908851;CA#:118311 | 299delAT;tmVar:c|DEL|299|AT;HGVS:c.299delAT;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:2706 | 0no label
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The T338I and @VARIANT$ variants affect the conserved central coiled-coil rod domain of the protein mediating dimerization; therefore, we suggest their potential deleterious effect on the protein. In the individual carrying the P505L NEFH variant, an additional novel alteration (C335R) was detected in the GRN gene. Loss-of-function GRN variants are primarily considered to cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration, but there is evidence that missense GRN variants are also linked to the pathogenesis of ALS. The novel @GENE$ variant reported in this study results in a cysteine-to-arginine change in the cysteine-rich granulin A domain. Four cases were identified to carry SQSTM1 variants: the P392L in two cases and the @VARIANT$ and R393Q in single patients. All three alterations are located within the C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA) end of the sequestome 1 protein. Variants of the @GENE$ gene were originally reported in Paget's disease of bone. | 6,707,335 | GRN;1577 | SQSTM1;31202 | R148P;tmVar:p|SUB|R|148|P;HGVS:p.R148P;VariantGroup:14;CorrespondingGene:2521;RS#:773655049 | E389Q;tmVar:p|SUB|E|389|Q;HGVS:p.E389Q;VariantGroup:24;CorrespondingGene:8878;RS#:1391182750 | 0no label
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Our results indicate that the novel KCNH2-@VARIANT$ variant can be a pathogenic LQTS mutation, whereas @GENE$-p.R583H, @GENE$-p.K897T, and KCNE1-@VARIANT$ could be LQTS modifiers. | 5,578,023 | KCNQ1;85014 | KCNH2;201 | C108Y;tmVar:p|SUB|C|108|Y;HGVS:p.C108Y;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:3757 | p.G38S;tmVar:p|SUB|G|38|S;HGVS:p.G38S;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:3753;RS#:1805127;CA#:131330 | 0no label
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The coding sequence in exon 9 of @GENE$ showed a C to G transition, which results in the substitution of @VARIANT$; also, the coding sequence in exon 3 of @GENE$ showed a C to T transition at nucleotide 511, which results in the substitution of @VARIANT$. Analyses of his parents' genome revealed that the mutant alleles were from his mother, who carried digenic heterozygous EDA and WNT10A mutations at the same locus as that of N2 (Fig. 2B). | 3,842,385 | EDA;1896 | WNT10A;22525 | Ile at residue 312 to Met;tmVar:p|SUB|I|312|M;HGVS:p.I312M;VariantGroup:7;CorrespondingGene:1896 | Arg at residue 171 to Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|171|C;HGVS:p.R171C;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:116998555;CA#:2113955 | 11
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None of 2,504 self-declared healthy individuals in TGP has both @GENE$, @VARIANT$ (p.Asn357Ser) and @GENE$, c.1175C > T (p.Pro392Leu). No other pathogenic or suspected pathogenic variants in genes associated with muscle diseases were identified in the proband of family 2 by expanded NGS panel studies or in the proband of family 1 by WES analysis. We are aware of a prior study in which this SQSTM1 mutation may be part of a common founder haplotype including the following four loci: [Chr5: @VARIANT$, refSNP ID rs4935; Chr5: 179260213G/A, rs4797; Chr5: 179264731T/C, rs10277; Ch5: 179264915G/T, rs1065154 ]. | 5,868,303 | TIA1;20692 | SQSTM1;31202 | c.1070A > G;tmVar:c|SUB|A|1070|G;HGVS:c.1070A>G;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:7072;RS#:116621885;CA#:1697407 | 179260153C/T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|179260153|T;HGVS:c.179260153C>T;VariantGroup:9;CorrespondingGene:8878;RS#:4935;CA#:3600710 | 0no label
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In the USH1 patient, we found three presumably pathogenic mutations in MYO7A (c.6657T>C), @GENE$ (@VARIANT$; p.L16V) and @GENE$ (@VARIANT$). | 3,125,325 | USH1G;56113 | USH2A;66151 | c.46C>G;tmVar:c|SUB|C|46|G;HGVS:c.46C>G;VariantGroup:18;CorrespondingGene:124590;RS#:876657419;CA#:10576353 | c.9921T>G;tmVar:c|SUB|T|9921|G;HGVS:c.9921T>G;VariantGroup:115;CorrespondingGene:7399;RS#:1057519382 | 11
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WES demonstrated heterozygous missense mutations in two genes required for pituitary development, a known loss-of-function mutation in PROKR2 (@VARIANT$;p.R85C) inherited from an unaffected mother, and a @GENE$ (c.1306A>G;@VARIANT$) mutation inherited from an unaffected father. Mutant WDR11 loses its capacity to bind to its functional partner, @GENE$, and to localize to the nucleus. | 5,505,202 | WDR11;41229 | EMX1;55799 | c.253C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|253|T;HGVS:c.253C>T;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:128674;RS#:74315418;CA#:259601 | p.I436V;tmVar:p|SUB|I|436|V;HGVS:p.I436V;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:55717;RS#:34602786;CA#:5719694 | 0no label
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Proband 17 inherited CHD7 @VARIANT$ and CDON p. Val969Ile variants from his unaffected father and mother, respectively. Notably, proband P05 in family 05 harbored a de novo FGFR1 c.1664-2A>C variant. Since the FGFR1 c.1664-2A>C variant was evaluated as pathogenic according to the ACMG guideline, this family might be considered as a case of monogenic inheritance. However, proband P05 also carried a paternal variant (@GENE$ p. Gln91Arg) and a maternal variant (@GENE$ @VARIANT$). | 8,152,424 | DCC;21081 | CCDC88C;18903 | p. Trp1994Gly;tmVar:p|SUB|W|1994|G;HGVS:p.W1994G;VariantGroup:14;CorrespondingGene:55636 | p. Arg1299Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|1299|C;HGVS:p.R1299C;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:440193;RS#:142539336;CA#:7309192 | 0no label
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Three rare missense variants (R2034Q, L2118V, and @VARIANT$) of the SPG11 gene were found. The high detection rate of missense variants of this gene is probably due to the large size of the coding region; therefore, we suggest that these @GENE$ variants are unlikely to be deleterious. Variants in the SPG11 gene are most commonly associated with autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, although homozygous variants have been recently identified in juvenile ALS, and heterozygous missense variants in sALS. Variants in UBQLN2 have been shown to be a cause of dominant X-linked ALS. A previously reported (@VARIANT$,) and a novel variant (Q84H) were found in the @GENE$ gene. | 6,707,335 | SPG11;41614 | UBQLN2;81830 | E2003D;tmVar:p|SUB|E|2003|D;HGVS:p.E2003D;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80208;RS#:954483795 | M392V;tmVar:p|SUB|M|392|V;HGVS:p.M392V;VariantGroup:17;CorrespondingGene:29978;RS#:104893941 | 0no label
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The substitutions of Leu117 to Phe (L117F), Ser166 to Asn (S166N), and @VARIANT$ (F335L), identified in Pendred syndrome patients, do not affect their membrane localization. Given the reported normal function of pendrin L117F and pendrin S166N as an anion exchanger, compromised regulatory machinery of pendrin function may cause the observed symptoms. To examine whether EphA2 is involved in dysfunction of pendrin caused by these amino acid substitutions, the effect of pendrin L117F, pendrin S166N, and @GENE$ @VARIANT$ mutations on @GENE$ interaction and internalization was examined. | 7,067,772 | pendrin;20132 | EphA2;20929 | Phe335 to Leu;tmVar:p|SUB|F|335|L;HGVS:p.F335L;VariantGroup:20;CorrespondingGene:13836 | F355L;tmVar:p|SUB|F|355|L;HGVS:p.F355L;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:1969;RS#:370923409 | 0no label
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In Family F, the GJB2/@VARIANT$ was inherited from the unaffected father and the A194T of GJB3 was likely inherited from the normal hearing deceased mother (Fig. 1f). In Family K, genotyping analysis revealed that the father transmitted the @VARIANT$/@GENE$, while the mother is heterozygous for the @GENE$/299-300delAT (Fig. 1k). | 2,737,700 | GJB3;7338 | GJB2;2975 | 235delC;tmVar:c|DEL|235|C;HGVS:c.235delC;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2706;RS#:80338943 | A194T;tmVar:c|SUB|A|194|T;HGVS:c.194A>T;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:117385606;CA#:118313 | 0no label
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CVID, common variable immunodeficiency disorder; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; sIgAD, selective IgA deficiency; T1D, Type 1 Diabetes, sHGUS, symptomatic hypogammglobulinaemia of uncertain significance; WT, wild-type. (b) Electropherograms showing the @VARIANT$ mutation of TCF3 and @VARIANT$ (c.310T>C) mutation of TACI gene in the proband II.2. The proband's son (III.1) has inherited the TCF3 T168fsX191 mutation, but not the @GENE$/TACI C104R mutation. The proband's clinically unaffected daughter (III.2) has not inherited either mutation. The TCF3 T168fsX191 mutation was absent in the proband's parents, indicating a de novo origin. (c) Schema of wild-type and truncated mutant TCF3 T168fsX191 gene. Exons coding E2A functional domains, activation domain 1 and 2 (@GENE$, AD2) and helix-loop-helix (HLH) domains are shown. | 5,671,988 | TNFRSF13B;49320 | AD1;56379 | T168fsX191;tmVar:p|FS|T|168||191;HGVS:p.T168fsX191;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:6929 | C104R;tmVar:p|SUB|C|104|R;HGVS:p.C104R;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:23495;RS#:34557412;CA#:117387 | 0no label
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Variants in all known WS candidate genes (EDN3, @GENE$, MITF, @GENE$, SOX10, SNAI2, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (@VARIANT$; p.Asn322fs) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in SNAI3 (c.607C>T; @VARIANT$) and TYRO3 (c.1037T>A; p.Ile346Asn) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | EDNRB;89 | PAX3;22494 | c.965delA;tmVar:c|DEL|965|A;HGVS:c.965delA;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:4286 | p.Arg203Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|203|C;HGVS:p.R203C;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:333929;RS#:149676512;CA#:8229366 | 0no label
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The @VARIANT$ (p.His596Arg) mutation of @GENE$ has been reported in a 66-year-old patient with sporadic primary familial brain calcification who was also clinically asymptomatic (Guo et al., 2019). The c.317G>C (@VARIANT$) variant of @GENE$, a rare single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs544478083), has not yet been shown to be related to PFBC and is likely benign predicted by Mutation Taster, PolyPhen-2, and PROVEAN (data not shown). | 8,172,206 | SLC20A2;68531 | PDGFRB;1960 | c.1787A>G;tmVar:c|SUB|A|1787|G;HGVS:c.1787A>G;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:6575 | p.Arg106Pro;tmVar:p|SUB|R|106|P;HGVS:p.R106P;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:5159;RS#:544478083 | 0no label
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The nucleotide sequence showed a G to C transition at nucleotide 769 (@VARIANT$) of the coding sequence in exon 7 of EDA, which results in the substitution of Gly at residue 257 to Arg. Additionally, the nucleotide sequence showed a monoallelic @VARIANT$ (c.511C>T) of the coding sequence in exon 3 of WNT10A, which results in the substitution of Arg at residue 171 to Cys. DNA sequencing of the parents' genome revealed that both mutant alleles were from their mother (Fig. 2A), who carried a heterozygous EDA mutation (c.769G>C) and a heterozygous WNT10A c.511C>T mutation, and showed absence of only the left upper lateral incisor without other clinical abnormalities. No mutations in these genes were found in the father. Sequence analyses of EDA and WNT10A genes. (A) The @GENE$ mutation c.769G>C and @GENE$ mutation c.511C>T were found in patient N1, who inherited the mutant allele from his mother. | 3,842,385 | EDA;1896 | WNT10A;22525 | c.769G>C;tmVar:c|SUB|G|769|C;HGVS:c.769G>C;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:1896;RS#:1057517882;CA#:16043329 | C to T transition at nucleotide 511;tmVar:c|SUB|C|511|T;HGVS:c.511C>T;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:116998555;CA#:2113955 | 0no label
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Moreover, a heterozygous p.Gly213Ser (@VARIANT$) mutation was detected in exon 3 of @GENE$, this leads to the substitution of Gly at residue 213 to Ser. Sequence analyses revealed that both mutant alleles were from his mother (Fig. 2D), who had a very mild phenotype of isolated tooth agenesis. His father did not have mutations in either of these genes. "S3" is a 14-year-old girl who had the typical clinical characteristics of HED: sparse hair, 26 missing permanent teeth, hypohidrosis, dry skin, and eczema on her body, but no plantar hyperkeratosis or nail abnormalities (Table 1). The heterozygous @VARIANT$ (c.466C>T) mutation was found in exon 3 of @GENE$, it results in the substitution of Arg at residue 156 to Cys. | 3,842,385 | WNT10A;22525 | EDA;1896 | c.637G>A;tmVar:c|SUB|G|637|A;HGVS:c.637G>A;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:147680216;CA#:211313 | p.Arg156Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|156|C;HGVS:p.R156C;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:1896;RS#:132630313;CA#:255655 | 0no label
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The nucleotide sequence showed a T deletion at nucleotide 252 (c.252DelT) of the coding sequence in exon 1 of EDA; this leads to a frame shift from residue 84 and a premature @VARIANT$. Additionally, a monoallelic C to T transition at nucleotide 511 (@VARIANT$) of the coding sequence in exon 3 of WNT10A was detected, this leads to the substitution of Arg at residue 171 to Cys. Analyses of his parents' genome showed that the mutant @GENE$ allele was from his mother (Fig. 2C), however, we were unable to screen for WNT10A mutations because of insufficient DNA. "S2" is a 17-year-old boy who had curly hair, 17 missing permanent teeth and hypohidrosis, his skin and nails were normal (Fig. 1 and Table 1). The p.Arg153Cys (c.457C>T) mutation was found in exon 3 of EDA, it results in the substitution of Arg at residue 153 to Cys. Moreover, a heterozygous p.Gly213Ser (c.637G>A) mutation was detected in exon 3 of @GENE$, this leads to the substitution of Gly at residue 213 to Ser. | 3,842,385 | EDA;1896 | WNT10A;22525 | termination at residue 90;tmVar:p|Allele|X|90;VariantGroup:10;CorrespondingGene:1896 | c.511C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|511|T;HGVS:c.511C>T;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:116998555;CA#:2113955 | 0no label
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In those samples, no mutation was detected on the second allele either in @GENE$-exon-1/splice sites or in GJB6. To investigate the role of @GENE$ variations along with GJB2 mutations for a possible combinatory allelic disease inheritance, we have screened patients with heterozygous GJB2 mutations for variants in Cx31 by sequencing. Analysis of the entire coding region of the Cx31 gene revealed the presence of two different missense mutations (@VARIANT$ and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity along with the @VARIANT$ and 299delAT of GJB2 in 3 simplex families (235delC/N166S, 235delC/A194T and 299delAT/A194T). | 2,737,700 | Cx26;2975 | GJB3;7338 | N166S;tmVar:p|SUB|N|166|S;HGVS:p.N166S;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:121908851;CA#:118311 | 235delC;tmVar:c|DEL|235|C;HGVS:c.235delC;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2706;RS#:80338943 | 0no label
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We report digenic variants in SCRIB and PTK7 associated with NTDs in addition to SCRIB and @GENE$ heterozygous variants in additional NTD cases. The combinatorial variation of PTK7 c.1925C > G (@VARIANT$) and @GENE$ c.3323G > A (@VARIANT$) only occurred in one spina bifida case, and was not found in the 1000G database or parental samples of NTD cases. | 5,966,321 | CELSR1;7665 | SCRIB;44228 | p.P642R;tmVar:p|SUB|P|642|R;HGVS:p.P642R;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:5754;RS#:148120569;CA#:3816292 | p.G1108E;tmVar:p|SUB|G|1108|E;HGVS:p.G1108E;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:23513;RS#:529610993;CA#:4918763 | 0no label
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On the other hand, two missense mutations of the EPHA2 gene were identified in two families, @GENE$: @VARIANT$ (p.434A>T), EPHA2: c.1063G>A (p.G355R) and SLC26A4: c.1229C>A (p.410T>M), @GENE$: @VARIANT$ (p.T511M) (Fig. 6a, b). | 7,067,772 | SLC26A4;20132 | EPHA2;20929 | c.1300G>A;tmVar:c|SUB|G|1300|A;HGVS:c.1300G>A;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:5172;RS#:757552791;CA#:4432772 | c.1532C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|1532|T;HGVS:c.1532C>T;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:1969;RS#:55747232;CA#:625151 | 0no label
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Variants in all known WS candidate genes (@GENE$, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, SOX10, SNAI2, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (c.965delA; p.Asn322fs) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in @GENE$ (c.607C>T; @VARIANT$) and TYRO3 (c.1037T>A; @VARIANT$) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | EDN3;88 | SNAI3;8500 | p.Arg203Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|203|C;HGVS:p.R203C;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:333929;RS#:149676512;CA#:8229366 | p.Ile346Asn;tmVar:p|SUB|I|346|N;HGVS:p.I346N;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7301;RS#:12148316;CA#:7494886 | 0no label
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Since TTC26 is an intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein in cilia, we aimed to identify potential interactions between @GENE$ and TTC26. Using coimmunoprecipitation assays, we found that the myc-tagged mutant @VARIANT$ and p.R197C @GENE$ proteins pulled down the Flag-tagged mutant @VARIANT$ and p.R566L FLNB proteins, respectively (figure 2D, E). | 7,279,190 | FLNB;37480 | TTC26;11786 | p.R50C;tmVar:p|SUB|R|50|C;HGVS:p.R50C;VariantGroup:21;CorrespondingGene:79989;RS#:143880653;CA#:4508058 | p.A2282T;tmVar:p|SUB|A|2282|T;HGVS:p.A2282T;VariantGroup:6;CorrespondingGene:2317;RS#:1339176246 | 0no label
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We identified a novel compound heterozygous variant in BBS1 c.1285dup (p.(Arg429Profs*72); a likely pathogenic novel variant affecting the conserved residue 354 in the functional domain of @GENE$ (@VARIANT$; p.(Asn354Lys)); a pathogenic new homozygous nucleotide change in BBS7 that leads to a stop codon in position 255, c.763A > T, and a likely pathogenic homozygous substitution c.1235G > T in @GENE$, leading to the change p.(@VARIANT$). | 6,567,512 | BBS2;12122 | BBS6;10318 | c.1062C > G;tmVar:c|SUB|C|1062|G;HGVS:c.1062C>G;VariantGroup:22;CorrespondingGene:583 | Cys412Phe;tmVar:p|SUB|C|412|F;HGVS:p.C412F;VariantGroup:15;CorrespondingGene:8195;RS#:1396840386 | 0no label
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Moreover, patients carrying a LAMA4 @VARIANT$ mutation have a significantly reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) in cardiomyocytes. These findings support the importance of LAMA4 as a structural and signalling molecule in cardiomyocytes, and may indicate the modifier role that missense variations in LAMA4 play in the disease. Digenic heterozygosity has been described in some DCM cases and is often associated with a severe presentation of DCM. Moller et al. reported an index case with digenic variants in @GENE$ (@VARIANT$) and @GENE$ (R326Q), both encoding sarcomeric proteins that are likely to affect its structure when mutated. | 6,359,299 | MYH7;68044 | MYBPC3;215 | Pro943Leu;tmVar:p|SUB|P|943|L;HGVS:p.P943L;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:3910;RS#:387907365;CA#:143749 | L1038P;tmVar:p|SUB|L|1038|P;HGVS:p.L1038P;VariantGroup:8;CorrespondingGene:4625;RS#:551897533;CA#:257817954 | 0no label
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Two different GJB3 mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity with the 235delC and 299delAT of @GENE$ were identified in three unrelated families (235delC/N166S, 235delC/A194T and @VARIANT$/@VARIANT$). Neither of these mutations in @GENE$ was detected in DNA from 200 unrelated Chinese controls. | 2,737,700 | GJB2;2975 | Cx31;7338 | 299delAT;tmVar:c|DEL|299|AT;HGVS:c.299delAT;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:2706 | A194T;tmVar:c|SUB|A|194|T;HGVS:c.194A>T;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:117385606;CA#:118313 | 0no label
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(C) The sequence of the @VARIANT$ variant is well-conserved from humans to tunicates. (D) SH175-389 harbored a monoallelic p.V193E variant of GJB2 and a monoallelic @VARIANT$ variant of GJB3. DFNB1 = nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness 1, GJB2 = gap junction protein beta 2, GJB3 = gap junction protein beta 3, @GENE$ = gap junction protein beta 6, @GENE$ = microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. | 4,998,745 | GJB6;4936 | MITF;4892 | p.R341C;tmVar:p|SUB|R|341|C;HGVS:p.R341C;VariantGroup:7;CorrespondingGene:161497;RS#:1359505251 | p.A194T;tmVar:p|SUB|A|194|T;HGVS:p.A194T;VariantGroup:18;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:117385606;CA#:118313 | 0no label
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Two different GJB3 mutations (@VARIANT$ and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity with the 235delC and 299delAT of GJB2 were identified in three unrelated families (235delC/N166S, @VARIANT$/A194T and 299delAT/A194T). Neither of these mutations in Cx31 was detected in DNA from 200 unrelated Chinese controls. Direct physical interaction of Cx26 with Cx31 is supported by data showing that Cx26 and Cx31 have overlapping expression patterns in the cochlea. In addition, by coimmunoprecipitation of mouse cochlear membrane proteins, we identified the presence of heteromeric @GENE$/@GENE$ connexons. | 2,737,700 | Cx26;2975 | Cx31;7338 | N166S;tmVar:p|SUB|N|166|S;HGVS:p.N166S;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:121908851;CA#:118311 | 235delC;tmVar:c|DEL|235|C;HGVS:c.235delC;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2706;RS#:80338943 | 0no label
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Results Cosegregating deleterious variants (GRCH37/hg19) in CACNA1A (NM_001127222.1: c.7261_7262delinsGT, @VARIANT$), REEP4 (NM_025232.3: c.109C>T, p.Arg37Trp), TOR2A (NM_130459.3: c.568C>T, p.Arg190Cys), and ATP2A3 (NM_005173.3: c.1966C>T, p.Arg656Cys) were identified in four independent multigenerational pedigrees. Deleterious variants in @GENE$ (NM_022460.3: c.94C>A, @VARIANT$) and GNA14 (NM_004297.3: c.989_990del, p.Thr330ArgfsTer67) were identified in a father and son with segmental cranio-cervical dystonia first manifest as BSP. Deleterious variants in @GENE$,TRPV4,CAPN11,VPS13C,UNC13B,SPTBN4,MYOD1, and MRPL15 were found in two or more independent pedigrees. | 6,081,235 | HS1BP3;10980 | DNAH17;72102 | p.Pro2421Val;tmVar:p|SUB|P|2421|V;HGVS:p.P2421V;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80346 | p.Gly32Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|G|32|C;HGVS:p.G32C;VariantGroup:25;CorrespondingGene:64342 | 0no label
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It turned out to be that only @GENE$-c.3035C>T (@VARIANT$) and @GENE$-c.1103C>T (@VARIANT$) were predicted to be causive by both strategies. | 5,725,008 | SCAP;8160 | AGXT2;12887 | p.Ala1012Val;tmVar:p|SUB|A|1012|V;HGVS:p.A1012V;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:22937 | p.Ala338Val;tmVar:p|SUB|A|338|V;HGVS:p.A338V;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:64902 | 0no label
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He is a carrier of @GENE$ (MIM 606463; GenBank: NM_001005741.2; rs7673715) @VARIANT$; p.N409S and @GENE$ (MIM 600509; NM_000352.4; @VARIANT$) c.3989-9G>A mutations. | 5,505,202 | GBA;68040 | ABCC8;68048 | c.1226A>G;tmVar:c|SUB|A|1226|G;HGVS:c.1226A>G;VariantGroup:7;CorrespondingGene:2629;RS#:76763715;CA#:116767 | rs151344623;tmVar:rs151344623;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:6833;RS#:151344623 | 11
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We identified a novel compound heterozygous variant in @GENE$ @VARIANT$ (p.(Arg429Profs*72); a likely pathogenic novel variant affecting the conserved residue 354 in the functional domain of @GENE$ (c.1062C > G; p.(Asn354Lys)); a pathogenic new homozygous nucleotide change in BBS7 that leads to a stop codon in position 255, @VARIANT$, and a likely pathogenic homozygous substitution c.1235G > T in BBS6, leading to the change p.(Cys412Phe). | 6,567,512 | BBS1;11641 | BBS2;12122 | c.1285dup;tmVar:c|DUP|1285||;HGVS:c.1285dup;VariantGroup:20;CorrespondingGene:582 | c.763A > T;tmVar:c|SUB|A|763|T;HGVS:c.763A>T;VariantGroup:29;CorrespondingGene:55212 | 0no label
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Interestingly, one FALS proband carried 3 variants, each of which has previously been reported as pathogenic: SOD1 p.G38R, ANG p.P136L, and @GENE$ p.T1249I. Nine apparently sporadic subjects had variants in multiple genes (Table 4), but only two were well-established ALS mutations: TARDBP @VARIANT$ was found in combination with @GENE$ @VARIANT$ while a subject with juvenile-onset ALS carried a de novo FUS p.P525L mutation with a paternally-inherited intermediate-sized CAG expansion in ATXN2. | 4,293,318 | DCTN1;3011 | VAPB;36163 | p.G287S;tmVar:p|SUB|G|287|S;HGVS:p.G287S;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:23435;RS#:80356719;CA#:586459 | p.M170I;tmVar:p|SUB|M|170|I;HGVS:p.M170I;VariantGroup:45;CorrespondingGene:9217;RS#:143144050;CA#:9924276 | 0no label
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Two SALS patients carried multiple ALS-associated variants that are rare in population databases (ANG @VARIANT$ with VAPB p.M170I and @GENE$ p.R408C with SETX @VARIANT$ and @GENE$ p.T14I). | 4,293,318 | TAF15;131088 | SETX;41003 | p.K41I;tmVar:p|SUB|K|41|I;HGVS:p.K41I;VariantGroup:28;CorrespondingGene:283;RS#:1219381953 | p.I2547T;tmVar:p|SUB|I|2547|T;HGVS:p.I2547T;VariantGroup:58;CorrespondingGene:23064;RS#:151117904;CA#:233108 | 0no label
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The ages of onset of the patients with the @GENE$ variants reported in this study were later than juvenile ALS onset, which generally manifests before 25 years of age. Previous studies suggested that heterozygous variants in the ALS2 may be causative for adult-onset sALS. @GENE$ encodes three protein isoforms that have been described as nuclear-matrix and DNA/RNA binding proteins involved in transcription and stabilization of mRNA. In the present study, two novel heterozygous variants (P11S, S275N) were detected. The @VARIANT$ variant affects the b isoform of the MATR3 protein (NM_001194956 and NP_001181885), contributing to splicing alteration of other isoforms. Further evidence is required to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenicity of these alterations. We discovered several variants in ALS candidate and risk genes. In a patient with LMN-dominant ALS with slow progression, we found two novel variants (@VARIANT$ and G4290R) in the DYNC1H1 gene. | 6,707,335 | ALS2;23264 | MATR3;7830 | P11S;tmVar:p|SUB|P|11|S;HGVS:p.P11S;VariantGroup:6;RS#:995345187 | T2583I;tmVar:p|SUB|T|2583|I;HGVS:p.T2583I;VariantGroup:31;CorrespondingGene:1778 | 0no label
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Proband 17 inherited CHD7 @VARIANT$ and @GENE$ @VARIANT$ variants from his unaffected father and mother, respectively. Notably, proband P05 in family 05 harbored a de novo @GENE$ c.1664-2A>C variant. | 8,152,424 | CDON;22996 | FGFR1;69065 | p. Trp1994Gly;tmVar:p|SUB|W|1994|G;HGVS:p.W1994G;VariantGroup:14;CorrespondingGene:55636 | p. Val969Ile;tmVar:p|SUB|V|969|I;HGVS:p.V969I;VariantGroup:13;CorrespondingGene:50937;RS#:201012847;CA#:3044125 | 0no label
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In addition, we have confirmed that immunoreactive signal corresponding to the anti-ephrin-B2 antibody was colocalized with that to the anti-@GENE$ antibody in the inner ear (Supplementary Fig. 3g). These results suggest an important role of ephrin-B2 as an inducer of EphA2 endocytosis with the transmembrane binding partner, pendrin, while its effect is weaker than that of ephrin-A1. Aberrant regulation of pathogenic forms of pendrin via EphA2 Some pathogenic variants of @GENE$ are not affected by EphA2/ephrin-B2 regulation. a, b Immunoprecipitation of EphA2 with mutated pendrin. myc-pendrin A372V, L445W, Q446R, @VARIANT$ were not co-immunoprecipitated with EphA2. Densitometric quantifications are shown (b). Mean +- SEM; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analyses; *p < 0.05; (n = 3). c, d Immunoprecipitation of EphA2 with mutated pendrin. Immunocomplex of myc-pendrin L117F, @VARIANT$ and F355L was not affected. | 7,067,772 | EphA2;20929 | pendrin;20132 | G672E;tmVar:p|SUB|G|672|E;HGVS:p.G672E;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:5172;RS#:111033309;CA#:261423 | S166N;tmVar:p|SUB|S|166|N;HGVS:p.S166N;VariantGroup:22;CorrespondingGene:23985 | 0no label
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The most common mutation was p.R1110Q (@GENE$: c.3329G>A), which was found in 5 patients, accounting for 11% of all the cases. Of the 3 novel variants in DUOX2, @VARIANT$ was a frameshift mutation and had a potential deleterious effect on protein function and p.D137E and @VARIANT$ were missense mutations located in the peroxidase-like domain (Fig. S3A). A total of 9 variants in TG were identified in 8 CH patients (8/43, 18.6%), 2 of which had >=2 TG variants. Apart from carrying TG mutation(s), 6 cases also had mutation(s) in genes associated with DH (SLC26A4, DUOX2, DUOXA2 and TPO). A total of 6 TPO variants were separately found in 6 patients (6/43, 14%) in heterozygous status. All but 1 patient had a @GENE$ mutation in association with mutation(s) in different genes. | 7,248,516 | DUOX2;9689 | TPO;461 | p.T803fs;tmVar:p|FS|T|803||;HGVS:p.T803fsX;VariantGroup:61;CorrespondingGene:50506 | p.E389K;tmVar:p|SUB|E|389|K;HGVS:p.E389K;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:7253;RS#:377424991 | 0no label
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Surprisingly, we identified two missense mutations in the proband: NM_001257180.2, exon10, c.1787A>G, @VARIANT$ in SLC20A2 (Figure 1c) and NM_002609.4, exon3, c.317G>C, @VARIANT$, rs544478083 in @GENE$ (Figure 1d). Subsequently, we further detected the distribution of the two variants in this family and found that the proband's father carried the @GENE$ mutation, the proband's mother and maternal grandfather carried the PDGFRB variant (Figure 1a). | 8,172,206 | PDGFRB;1960 | SLC20A2;68531 | p.His596Arg;tmVar:p|SUB|H|596|R;HGVS:p.H596R;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:6575 | p.Arg106Pro;tmVar:p|SUB|R|106|P;HGVS:p.R106P;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:5159;RS#:544478083 | 0no label
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These findings support the importance of @GENE$ as a structural and signalling molecule in cardiomyocytes, and may indicate the modifier role that missense variations in LAMA4 play in the disease. Digenic heterozygosity has been described in some DCM cases and is often associated with a severe presentation of DCM. Moller et al. reported an index case with digenic variants in @GENE$ (@VARIANT$) and MYBPC3 (@VARIANT$), both encoding sarcomeric proteins that are likely to affect its structure when mutated. | 6,359,299 | LAMA4;37604 | MYH7;68044 | L1038P;tmVar:p|SUB|L|1038|P;HGVS:p.L1038P;VariantGroup:8;CorrespondingGene:4625;RS#:551897533;CA#:257817954 | R326Q;tmVar:p|SUB|R|326|Q;HGVS:p.R326Q;VariantGroup:6;CorrespondingGene:4607;RS#:34580776;CA#:16212 | 0no label
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Two unrelated KS patients had heterozygous NELF mutations and mutation in a second gene: NELF/KAL1 (c.757G>A; p.Ala253Thr of NELF and @VARIANT$; @VARIANT$ of KAL1) and NELF/TACR3 (c. 1160-13C>T of @GENE$ and c.824G>A; p.Trp275X of @GENE$). | 3,888,818 | NELF;10648 | TACR3;824 | c.488_490delGTT;tmVar:p|DEL|488_490|V;HGVS:p.488_490delV;VariantGroup:8;CorrespondingGene:26012 | p.Cys163del;tmVar:p|DEL|163|C;HGVS:p.163delC;VariantGroup:10;CorrespondingGene:3730 | 0no label
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Two SALS patients carried multiple ALS-associated variants that are rare in population databases (ANG @VARIANT$ with @GENE$ @VARIANT$ and @GENE$ p.R408C with SETX p.I2547T and SETX p.T14I). | 4,293,318 | VAPB;36163 | TAF15;131088 | p.K41I;tmVar:p|SUB|K|41|I;HGVS:p.K41I;VariantGroup:28;CorrespondingGene:283;RS#:1219381953 | p.M170I;tmVar:p|SUB|M|170|I;HGVS:p.M170I;VariantGroup:45;CorrespondingGene:9217;RS#:143144050;CA#:9924276 | 0no label
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(E) The @GENE$ mutation @VARIANT$ and WNT10A mutation @VARIANT$ were found in patient S3, who inherited the mutant allele from his mother. (F) The mutations c.1045G>A in EDA and c.511C>T in @GENE$ were found in patient S4, but his mother's DNA sample could not be obtained. | 3,842,385 | EDA;1896 | WNT10A;22525 | c.466C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|466|T;HGVS:c.466C>T;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:1896;RS#:132630313;CA#:255655 | c.637G>A;tmVar:c|SUB|G|637|A;HGVS:c.637G>A;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:147680216;CA#:211313 | 0no label
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Subsequently, genetic testing for the LQT1, LQT2, LQT3, LQT5, and LQT6 genes identified a heterozygous c.3092_3096dup (@VARIANT$) mutation of the KCNH2 gene (@GENE$) and a heterozygous c.170T > C (@VARIANT$) unclassified variant (UV) of the KCNE2 gene (LQT6). The UV (missense mutation) of the KCNE2 gene is likely a pathogenic mutation, what results in the digenic inheritance of LQT2 and @GENE$. Genetic screening revealed that both sons are not carrying the familial KCNH2 mutation. | 6,610,752 | LQT2;201 | LQT6;71688 | p.Arg1033ValfsX26;tmVar:p|FS|R|1033|V|26;HGVS:p.R1033VfsX26;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:3757 | p.Ile57Thr;tmVar:p|SUB|I|57|T;HGVS:p.I57T;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:9992;RS#:794728493 | 0no label
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The mutations of KCNH2 p.307_308del and @GENE$ @VARIANT$ were found in the proband by WES and validated as positive by Sanger sequencing. Additionally, the heterozygous SCN5A p.R1865H was carried by I: 1 and II: 2, but not carried by I: 2 (Figure 1a). Except II: 1, other family members without cardiac event or cardiac disease did not carry KCNH2 mutation. Moreover, the conservation analyses demonstrated that the mutant sites of amino acid sequences of SCN5A and @GENE$ protein were highly conserved (Figure 2). Therefore, KCNH2 @VARIANT$ was considered as de novo mutation in II: 1 (Figure 1a and Figure 3). | 8,739,608 | SCN5A;22738 | KCNH2;201 | p.R1865H;tmVar:p|SUB|R|1865|H;HGVS:p.R1865H;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:6331;RS#:370694515;CA#:64651 | p.307_308del;tmVar:p|DEL|307_308|;HGVS:p.307_308del;VariantGroup:16;CorrespondingGene:3757 | 0no label
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Additionally, the nucleotide sequence showed a monoallelic C to T transition at nucleotide 511 (c.511C>T) of the coding sequence in exon 3 of @GENE$, which results in the substitution of @VARIANT$. DNA sequencing of the parents' genome revealed that both mutant alleles were from their mother (Fig. 2A), who carried a heterozygous EDA mutation (c.769G>C) and a heterozygous WNT10A c.511C>T mutation, and showed absence of only the left upper lateral incisor without other clinical abnormalities. No mutations in these genes were found in the father. Sequence analyses of @GENE$ and WNT10A genes. (A) The EDA mutation @VARIANT$ and WNT10A mutation c.511C>T were found in patient N1, who inherited the mutant allele from his mother. | 3,842,385 | WNT10A;22525 | EDA;1896 | Arg at residue 171 to Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|171|C;HGVS:p.R171C;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:116998555;CA#:2113955 | c.769G>C;tmVar:c|SUB|G|769|C;HGVS:c.769G>C;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:1896;RS#:1057517882;CA#:16043329 | 0no label
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In family 18287 we detected a possible bilineal inheritance, with variants in both @GENE$ and PKD2 (Figure 1). Two pregnancies were interrupted due to a prenatal finding of polycystic kidney disease at ultrasound examination at 20 and 13 gestational weeks, respectively. The mother was 33 year old; she had multicystic bilateral disease without affected family members, and showed a de novo missense variant p.(@VARIANT$) in PKD2. The father was a healthy 44 years old man with no signs of kidney cystic disease at ultrasound, and showed a variant in PKD1, p.(Ser123Thr), and a second variant in @GENE$, p.(@VARIANT$). | 7,224,062 | PKD1;250 | PKD2;20104 | Cys331Thr;tmVar:p|SUB|C|331|T;HGVS:p.C331T;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:23193;RS#:144118755;CA#:6050907 | Arg872Gly;tmVar:p|SUB|R|872|G;HGVS:p.R872G;VariantGroup:9;CorrespondingGene:5311;RS#:755226061;CA#:3004303 | 0no label
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In Family A, there was digenic inheritance of two heterozygous variants: a novel variant in @GENE$ (c.3925G > A, @VARIANT$) and a known DCM mutation in @GENE$ (c.2770G > A; @VARIANT$). | 6,359,299 | LAMA4;37604 | MYH7;68044 | p.Asp1309Asn;tmVar:p|SUB|D|1309|N;HGVS:p.D1309N;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:3910;RS#:782046057 | p.Glu924Lys;tmVar:p|SUB|E|924|K;HGVS:p.E924K;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:4625;RS#:121913628;CA#:13034 | 11
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In Gata4ki mice with @VARIANT$ mutation interaction of Gata4 with cofactor Fog is abrogated, and consequently animals display anomalies of testis development. Moreover, GATA4 functionally interacts with NR5A1 in Sertoli cell cultures to positively regulate the expression of AMH, and therefore, it has been reported that mutations in NR5A1 may cause 46,XY DSD due to lack of interaction with @GENE$. No gonadal involvement is mostly detected in families with GATA4 mutations and isolated CHD, possibly because some of the variants retain some DNA-binding activity and exhibit different degrees of transcriptional activation on gonadal promoters and thus, remain able to synergize with NR5A1. In the present study, the @VARIANT$ mutation was found in a patient with a complex CHD, genital ambiguity, and persistent Mullerian ducts, which led to female gender assignment. We propose that cysteine to arginine change in position 238 of GATA4 lacks activity to bind DNA reducing the transactivation of @GENE$ critically. | 5,893,726 | GATA;6699 | AMH;68060 | p.Val217Gly;tmVar:p|SUB|V|217|G;HGVS:p.V217G;VariantGroup:6;CorrespondingGene:14463 | p.Cys238Arg;tmVar:p|SUB|C|238|R;HGVS:p.C238R;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2626 | 0no label
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A male (ID041), unrelated to ID104, carried heterozygous missense variants c.1513G > A (@VARIANT$) in @GENE$ and c.353A > G (@VARIANT$) in @GENE$. He was seen at 7 years and 10 months and, at that time, was severely developmentally delayed in multiple domains (motor, cognitive, and language). | 7,463,850 | EHMT1;11698 | MFSD8;115814 | p.Gly505Ser;tmVar:p|SUB|G|505|S;HGVS:p.G505S;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:79813;RS#:757679895;CA#:5374656 | p.Asn118Ser;tmVar:p|SUB|N|118|S;HGVS:p.N118S;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:256471;RS#:774112195;CA#:3077496 | 11
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None of the variants in genes previously associated with HI segregated with the HI phenotype with the exception of the @GENE$ [GRCh37/hg19; chr10:@VARIANT$; NM_033056: c.3101G > A; @VARIANT$] and @GENE$ [GRCh37/hg19; chr17:72915838C > T; NM_173477:c.1093G > A; p.(Asp365Asn)] variants which displayed digenic inheritance (Fig. 1a). | 6,053,831 | PCDH15;23401 | USH1G;56113 | 55719513C > T;tmVar:g|SUB|C|55719513|T;HGVS:g.55719513C>T;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:65217 | p.(Arg1034His);tmVar:p|SUB|R|1034|H;HGVS:p.R1034H;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:124590 | 0no label
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Results Family with inherited neutropaenia, monocytosis and hearing impairment associated with mutations in @GENE$ and @GENE$. Pedigree, phenotypes and mutation status are indicated as per the key provided (a). Causative heterozygous mutations in GFI1 (@VARIANT$/c.1145A > G) and MYO6 (@VARIANT$/c.3526A > C) were identified by whole exome sequencing performed on III-1 and IV-1. | 7,026,993 | GFI1;3854 | MYO6;56417 | p.N382S;tmVar:p|SUB|N|382|S;HGVS:p.N382S;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2672;RS#:28936381;CA#:119872 | p.I1176L;tmVar:p|SUB|I|1176|L;HGVS:p.I1176L;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:4646;RS#:755922465;CA#:141060203 | 11
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Three rare missense variants (R2034Q, @VARIANT$, and E2003D) of the SPG11 gene were found. The high detection rate of missense variants of this gene is probably due to the large size of the coding region; therefore, we suggest that these SPG11 variants are unlikely to be deleterious. Variants in the @GENE$ gene are most commonly associated with autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, although homozygous variants have been recently identified in juvenile ALS, and heterozygous missense variants in sALS. Variants in UBQLN2 have been shown to be a cause of dominant X-linked ALS. A previously reported (M392V,) and a novel variant (Q84H) were found in the @GENE$ gene. The novel @VARIANT$ variant affects the N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain of the ubiquilin-2 protein, which is involved in binding to proteasome subunits. | 6,707,335 | SPG11;41614 | UBQLN2;81830 | L2118V;tmVar:p|SUB|L|2118|V;HGVS:p.L2118V;VariantGroup:13;CorrespondingGene:80208;RS#:766851227;CA#:7534152 | Q84H;tmVar:p|SUB|Q|84|H;HGVS:p.Q84H;VariantGroup:43;CorrespondingGene:29978 | 0no label
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Her mother with @VARIANT$ in COL4A5 and her father with a missense mutation @VARIANT$ in COL4A4 had intermittent hematuria and proteinuria. In proband of family 29, in addition to a glycine substitution (p. (Gly1119Ala)) in @GENE$ in the heterozygous state, there was another heterozygous nonsense mutation c.5026C > T in @GENE$ genes. | 6,565,573 | COL4A3;68033 | COL4A4;20071 | c.1339 + 3A>T;tmVar:c|SUB|A|1339+3|T;HGVS:c.1339+3A>T;VariantGroup:23;CorrespondingGene:1287 | c.4421C > T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|4421|T;HGVS:c.4421C>T;VariantGroup:14;CorrespondingGene:1286;RS#:201615111;CA#:2144174 | 0no label
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We provide evidence that mutations in the @GENE$ and @GENE$ genes can interact to cause hearing loss in digenic heterozygotes. RESULTS Mutations at the gap junction proteins Cx26 and Cx31 can interact to cause non-syndromic deafness In total, 108 probands screened for mutations in the Cx26 gene were found to carry a single recessive mutant allele. In those samples, no mutation was detected on the second allele either in Cx26-exon-1/splice sites or in GJB6. To investigate the role of GJB3 variations along with GJB2 mutations for a possible combinatory allelic disease inheritance, we have screened patients with heterozygous GJB2 mutations for variants in Cx31 by sequencing. Analysis of the entire coding region of the Cx31 gene revealed the presence of two different missense mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity along with the @VARIANT$ and 299delAT of GJB2 in 3 simplex families (235delC/@VARIANT$, 235delC/A194T and 299delAT/A194T). | 2,737,700 | Cx26;2975 | Cx31;7338 | 235delC;tmVar:c|DEL|235|C;HGVS:c.235delC;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2706;RS#:80338943 | N166S;tmVar:p|SUB|N|166|S;HGVS:p.N166S;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:121908851;CA#:118311 | 0no label
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Three rare missense variants (R2034Q, @VARIANT$, and E2003D) of the SPG11 gene were found. The high detection rate of missense variants of this gene is probably due to the large size of the coding region; therefore, we suggest that these SPG11 variants are unlikely to be deleterious. Variants in the @GENE$ gene are most commonly associated with autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, although homozygous variants have been recently identified in juvenile ALS, and heterozygous missense variants in sALS. Variants in UBQLN2 have been shown to be a cause of dominant X-linked ALS. A previously reported (M392V,) and a novel variant (@VARIANT$) were found in the UBQLN2 gene. The novel Q84H variant affects the N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain of the @GENE$ protein, which is involved in binding to proteasome subunits. | 6,707,335 | SPG11;41614 | ubiquilin-2;81830 | L2118V;tmVar:p|SUB|L|2118|V;HGVS:p.L2118V;VariantGroup:13;CorrespondingGene:80208;RS#:766851227;CA#:7534152 | Q84H;tmVar:p|SUB|Q|84|H;HGVS:p.Q84H;VariantGroup:43;CorrespondingGene:29978 | 0no label
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Molecular genetic studies A previously described homozygous @GENE$ nonsense mutation (@VARIANT$, p. R434*) had initially been identified in P1 and P2, for which their parents and unaffected sibling were heterozygous (Fig. 1). DNA was not available from the deceased sibling. The severity of the CH prompted investigation for an additional genetic mutation using whole-exome sequencing in P1 and P2. In addition to coding regions, significant intronic sequences were covered using this technique, enabling detection of a homozygous essential splice site change in @GENE$ (@VARIANT$), at the intron 14/exon 15 boundary, validated by Sanger sequencing in both cases. | 5,587,079 | DUOX2;9689 | DUOX1;68136 | c.1300C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|1300|T;HGVS:c.1300C>T;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:50506;RS#:119472026;CA#:116636 | c.1823-1G>C;tmVar:c|SUB|G|1823-1|C;HGVS:c.1823-1G>C;VariantGroup:17;CorrespondingGene:53905 | 11
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Variants in all known WS candidate genes (EDN3, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, SOX10, SNAI2, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (c.965delA; p.Asn322fs) was identified in the @GENE$ gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in SNAI3 (c.607C>T; @VARIANT$) and @GENE$ (c.1037T>A; @VARIANT$) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | MITF;4892 | TYRO3;4585 | p.Arg203Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|203|C;HGVS:p.R203C;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:333929;RS#:149676512;CA#:8229366 | p.Ile346Asn;tmVar:p|SUB|I|346|N;HGVS:p.I346N;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7301;RS#:12148316;CA#:7494886 | 0no label
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Results Cosegregating deleterious variants (GRCH37/hg19) in CACNA1A (NM_001127222.1: c.7261_7262delinsGT, p.Pro2421Val), REEP4 (NM_025232.3: c.109C>T, @VARIANT$), TOR2A (NM_130459.3: @VARIANT$, p.Arg190Cys), and ATP2A3 (NM_005173.3: c.1966C>T, p.Arg656Cys) were identified in four independent multigenerational pedigrees. Deleterious variants in HS1BP3 (NM_022460.3: c.94C>A, p.Gly32Cys) and GNA14 (NM_004297.3: c.989_990del, p.Thr330ArgfsTer67) were identified in a father and son with segmental cranio-cervical dystonia first manifest as BSP. Deleterious variants in @GENE$,TRPV4,CAPN11,VPS13C,@GENE$,SPTBN4,MYOD1, and MRPL15 were found in two or more independent pedigrees. | 6,081,235 | DNAH17;72102 | UNC13B;31376 | p.Arg37Trp;tmVar:p|SUB|R|37|W;HGVS:p.R37W;VariantGroup:10;CorrespondingGene:80346;RS#:780399718;CA#:4663211 | c.568C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|568|T;HGVS:c.568C>T;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:27433;RS#:376074923;CA#:5250615 | 0no label
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Two SALS patients carried multiple ALS-associated variants that are rare in population databases (@GENE$ p.K41I with @GENE$ p.M170I and TAF15 @VARIANT$ with SETX @VARIANT$ and SETX p.T14I). | 4,293,318 | ANG;74385 | VAPB;36163 | p.R408C;tmVar:p|SUB|R|408|C;HGVS:p.R408C;VariantGroup:9;CorrespondingGene:8148;RS#:200175347;CA#:290041127 | p.I2547T;tmVar:p|SUB|I|2547|T;HGVS:p.I2547T;VariantGroup:58;CorrespondingGene:23064;RS#:151117904;CA#:233108 | 0no label
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Whole-exome sequencing testing more than 50 genes known to cause myopathy revealed variants in the COL6A3 (@VARIANT$), @GENE$ (rs143445685), @GENE$ (@VARIANT$), and DES (rs144901249) genes. | 6,180,278 | RYR1;68069 | CAPN3;52 | rs144651558;tmVar:rs144651558;VariantGroup:6;CorrespondingGene:1293;RS#:144651558 | rs138172448;tmVar:rs138172448;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:825;RS#:138172448 | 0no label
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In patient AVM226, we identified the compound heterozygous variants c.3775G>A (@VARIANT$) and c.2966A>T (@VARIANT$) in @GENE$ (table 2). @GENE$ and DSCAM have similar neurodevelopmental functions and are essential for self-avoidance in the developing mouse retina. | 6,161,649 | DSCAM;74393 | DSCAML1;79549 | p.Val1259Ile;tmVar:p|SUB|V|1259|I;HGVS:p.V1259I;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:1826;RS#:1212415588 | p.Gln989Leu;tmVar:p|SUB|Q|989|L;HGVS:p.Q989L;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:83394;RS#:1212415588 | 0no label
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Two different GJB3 mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity with the 235delC and 299delAT of @GENE$ were identified in three unrelated families (235delC/N166S, 235delC/@VARIANT$ and @VARIANT$/A194T). Neither of these mutations in @GENE$ was detected in DNA from 200 unrelated Chinese controls. | 2,737,700 | GJB2;2975 | Cx31;7338 | A194T;tmVar:c|SUB|A|194|T;HGVS:c.194A>T;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:117385606;CA#:118313 | 299delAT;tmVar:c|DEL|299|AT;HGVS:c.299delAT;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:2706 | 0no label
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To investigate the role of GJB3 variations along with GJB2 mutations for a possible combinatory allelic disease inheritance, we have screened patients with heterozygous @GENE$ mutations for variants in Cx31 by sequencing. Analysis of the entire coding region of the @GENE$ gene revealed the presence of two different missense mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity along with the 235delC and 299delAT of GJB2 in 3 simplex families (235delC/N166S, 235delC/A194T and 299delAT/A194T). In family A, a profoundly hearing impaired proband was found to be heterozygous for a novel @VARIANT$ of GJB3, resulting in an asparagine into serine substitution in codon 166 (N166S) and for the @VARIANT$ of GJB2 (Fig. 1b, d). | 2,737,700 | GJB2;2975 | Cx31;7338 | A to G transition at nucleotide position 497;tmVar:c|SUB|A|497|G;HGVS:c.497A>G;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:121908851;CA#:118311 | 235delC;tmVar:c|DEL|235|C;HGVS:c.235delC;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2706;RS#:80338943 | 0no label
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SCN5A p.R1865 and KCNH2 p.307_308 of amino acid sequences were highly conserved across the common species Sanger sequencing for SCN5A and @GENE$ mutations. KCNH2 p.307_308del and SCN5A p.R1865H of the proband were validated as positive by Sanger sequencing. Additionally, I: 1 and II: 2 carried with the heterozygous for SCN5A @VARIANT$. Except II: 1, other family members did not carry with the KCNH2 mutation RNA secondary structure prediction The RNA secondary structure differences were presented by the RNAfold WebSever (Figure 4). Compared with wild-type KCNH2 (Figure 4a), the structure of KCNH2 p.307_308del affected the single-stranded RNA folding, resulting in a false regional double helix (Figure 4b). The minimum free energy (MFE) of KCNH2 @VARIANT$ increased, which thus lead to a reduction of structural stability. However, @GENE$ p.R1865H showed no significant influence on the RNA structure (Figure 4c,d). | 8,739,608 | KCNH2;201 | SCN5A;22738 | p.R1865H;tmVar:p|SUB|R|1865|H;HGVS:p.R1865H;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:6331;RS#:370694515;CA#:64651 | p.307_308del;tmVar:p|DEL|307_308|;HGVS:p.307_308del;VariantGroup:16;CorrespondingGene:3757 | 0no label
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Only 9 mutations previously reported as recurrent were detected in our series of patients (i.e. 11% of the mutations), specifically, c.1996C>T, c.223delG, c.1556G>A, c.494C>T, @VARIANT$ and c.5749G>T in @GENE$, c.238_239dupC in USH1C, and c.2299delG and @VARIANT$ in @GENE$. Therefore, in the process of designing any strategy for USH molecular diagnosis, taking into account the high prevalence of novel mutations appears to be of major importance. | 3,125,325 | MYO7A;219 | USH2A;66151 | c.3719G>A;tmVar:c|SUB|G|3719|A;HGVS:c.3719G>A;VariantGroup:87;CorrespondingGene:4647;RS#:542400234;CA#:5545997 | c.10712C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|10712|T;HGVS:c.10712C>T;VariantGroup:83;CorrespondingGene:7399;RS#:202175091;CA#:262060 | 0no label
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The detected R572W variant affects the nuclear localization signal 2 (amino acids 568-574) of the @GENE$ protein. A previously characterized pathogenic nonsense variant (G1177X) and a rare missense alteration (R1499H) were detected in the ALS2 gene, both in heterozygous form. The alsin protein encoded by the ALS2 gene is involved in endosome/membrane trafficking and fusion, cytoskeletal organization, and neuronal development/maintenance. Both homozygous and compound heterozygous variants in the ALS2 gene have been described as causative for juvenile ALS. The @VARIANT$ nonsense variant was first detected in compound heterozygous form in a family with two affected siblings suffering from infantile ascending spastic paralysis with bulbar involvement. The ages of onset of the patients with the ALS2 variants reported in this study were later than juvenile ALS onset, which generally manifests before 25 years of age. Previous studies suggested that heterozygous variants in the @GENE$ may be causative for adult-onset sALS. MATR3 encodes three protein isoforms that have been described as nuclear-matrix and DNA/RNA binding proteins involved in transcription and stabilization of mRNA. In the present study, two novel heterozygous variants (@VARIANT$, S275N) were detected. | 6,707,335 | CCNF;1335 | ALS2;23264 | G1177X;tmVar:p|SUB|G|1177|X;HGVS:p.G1177X;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:57679;RS#:386134180;CA#:356568 | P11S;tmVar:p|SUB|P|11|S;HGVS:p.P11S;VariantGroup:6;RS#:995345187 | 0no label
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Interestingly, one FALS proband carried 3 variants, each of which has previously been reported as pathogenic: SOD1 p.G38R, ANG @VARIANT$, and @GENE$ p.T1249I. Nine apparently sporadic subjects had variants in multiple genes (Table 4), but only two were well-established ALS mutations: TARDBP p.G287S was found in combination with @GENE$ @VARIANT$ while a subject with juvenile-onset ALS carried a de novo FUS p.P525L mutation with a paternally-inherited intermediate-sized CAG expansion in ATXN2. | 4,293,318 | DCTN1;3011 | VAPB;36163 | p.P136L;tmVar:p|SUB|P|136|L;HGVS:p.P136L;VariantGroup:7;CorrespondingGene:283;RS#:121909543;CA#:258112 | p.M170I;tmVar:p|SUB|M|170|I;HGVS:p.M170I;VariantGroup:45;CorrespondingGene:9217;RS#:143144050;CA#:9924276 | 0no label
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Results Cosegregating deleterious variants (GRCH37/hg19) in CACNA1A (NM_001127222.1: c.7261_7262delinsGT, p.Pro2421Val), REEP4 (NM_025232.3: c.109C>T, p.Arg37Trp), TOR2A (NM_130459.3: c.568C>T, p.Arg190Cys), and @GENE$ (NM_005173.3: c.1966C>T, @VARIANT$) were identified in four independent multigenerational pedigrees. Deleterious variants in HS1BP3 (NM_022460.3: c.94C>A, p.Gly32Cys) and GNA14 (NM_004297.3: @VARIANT$, p.Thr330ArgfsTer67) were identified in a father and son with segmental cranio-cervical dystonia first manifest as BSP. Deleterious variants in DNAH17,TRPV4,CAPN11,@GENE$,UNC13B,SPTBN4,MYOD1, and MRPL15 were found in two or more independent pedigrees. | 6,081,235 | ATP2A3;69131 | VPS13C;41188 | p.Arg656Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|656|C;HGVS:p.R656C;VariantGroup:21;CorrespondingGene:489;RS#:140404080;CA#:8297011 | c.989_990del;tmVar:c|DEL|989_990|;HGVS:c.989_990del;VariantGroup:16;CorrespondingGene:9630;RS#:750424668;CA#:5094137 | 0no label
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Two unrelated KS patients had heterozygous NELF mutations and mutation in a second gene: NELF/@GENE$ (c.757G>A; @VARIANT$ of NELF and c.488_490delGTT; p.Cys163del of KAL1) and NELF/@GENE$ (c. 1160-13C>T of NELF and c.824G>A; @VARIANT$ of TACR3). | 3,888,818 | KAL1;55445 | TACR3;824 | p.Ala253Thr;tmVar:p|SUB|A|253|T;HGVS:p.A253T;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:26012;RS#:142726563;CA#:5370407 | p.Trp275X;tmVar:p|SUB|W|275|X;HGVS:p.W275X;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:6870;RS#:144292455;CA#:144871 | 0no label
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Variants in all known WS candidate genes (EDN3, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, SOX10, SNAI2, and @GENE$) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (c.965delA; p.Asn322fs) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in @GENE$ (c.607C>T; @VARIANT$) and TYRO3 (c.1037T>A; @VARIANT$) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | TYRO3;4585 | SNAI3;8500 | p.Arg203Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|203|C;HGVS:p.R203C;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:333929;RS#:149676512;CA#:8229366 | p.Ile346Asn;tmVar:p|SUB|I|346|N;HGVS:p.I346N;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7301;RS#:12148316;CA#:7494886 | 0no label
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Variants in all known WS candidate genes (EDN3, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, @GENE$, @GENE$, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (c.965delA; @VARIANT$) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in SNAI3 (c.607C>T; p.Arg203Cys) and TYRO3 (c.1037T>A; @VARIANT$) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | SOX10;5055 | SNAI2;31127 | p.Asn322fs;tmVar:p|FS|N|322||;HGVS:p.N322fsX;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:4286 | p.Ile346Asn;tmVar:p|SUB|I|346|N;HGVS:p.I346N;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7301;RS#:12148316;CA#:7494886 | 0no label
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II: 1 carried the digenic heterozygous mutations of @GENE$ @VARIANT$ and @GENE$ p.R1865H. I: 1 and II: 2 were heterozygous for SCN5A @VARIANT$. Except II: 1, other family members did not carry KCNH2 mutation. | 8,739,608 | KCNH2;201 | SCN5A;22738 | p.307_308del;tmVar:p|DEL|307_308|;HGVS:p.307_308del;VariantGroup:16;CorrespondingGene:3757 | p.R1865H;tmVar:p|SUB|R|1865|H;HGVS:p.R1865H;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:6331;RS#:370694515;CA#:64651 | 0no label
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Variants in all known WS candidate genes (EDN3, EDNRB, @GENE$, @GENE$, SOX10, SNAI2, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (@VARIANT$; p.Asn322fs) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in SNAI3 (c.607C>T; @VARIANT$) and TYRO3 (c.1037T>A; p.Ile346Asn) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | MITF;4892 | PAX3;22494 | c.965delA;tmVar:c|DEL|965|A;HGVS:c.965delA;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:4286 | p.Arg203Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|203|C;HGVS:p.R203C;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:333929;RS#:149676512;CA#:8229366 | 0no label
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Compared to WT (wild-type) proteins, we found that the ability of GFP-CYP1B1 @VARIANT$ and GFP-@GENE$ E229K to immunoprecipitate HA-TEK E103D and HA-@GENE$ @VARIANT$, respectively, was significantly diminished. | 5,953,556 | CYP1B1;68035 | TEK;397 | A115P;tmVar:p|SUB|A|115|P;HGVS:p.A115P;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:1545;RS#:764338357;CA#:1620052 | Q214P;tmVar:p|SUB|Q|214|P;HGVS:p.Q214P;VariantGroup:10;CorrespondingGene:7010 | 0no label
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CSS161458 had a heterozygous splicing variant @VARIANT$ in RIPPLY1, as described above, and a heterozygous missense variant c.464G>T(@VARIANT$) in MYOD1 was also identified. Although no direct interaction between @GENE$ and @GENE$ has been reported, they may together dysregulate the TBX6 pathway given the deleterious nature of both variants (Table 2). | 7,549,550 | RIPPLY1;138181 | MYOD1;7857 | c.156-1G>C;tmVar:c|SUB|G|156-1|C;HGVS:c.156-1G>C;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:92129 | p.Arg155Leu;tmVar:p|SUB|R|155|L;HGVS:p.R155L;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:4654;RS#:757176822;CA#:5906444 | 0no label
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These two individuals were heterozygous carriers of @VARIANT$ mutation in @GENE$ and p.V255M in GGCX. Since heterozygous carriers of p.R1141X in ABCC6 alone do not manifest PXE and GGCX mutations with respect to coagulation disorder are recessive, these findings suggest that the skin phenotype in these two individuals may be due to digenic inheritance. In this case, haploinsufficiency of the carboxylase activity and reduced ABCC6 functions could be complementary or synergistic. The reasons for the fact that the proband's father and her brother were heterozygous carriers of mutations in the ABCC6 gene (p.R1141X) and the GGCX gene (p.S300F) yet did not display any cutaneous findings are not clear. Specifically, while both GGCX mutations resulted in reduced enzyme activity, the reduction in case of protein harboring the @VARIANT$ mutation was more pronounced than that of p.V255M. In this context, it should be noted that the substrate employed in the carboxylase assay is a pentapeptide, Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, and it is possible that the activity measurements if done on full-length @GENE$ as substrate would show differential activity with these two mutant enzymes. | 2,900,916 | ABCC6;55559 | MGP;693 | p.R1141X;tmVar:p|SUB|R|1141|X;HGVS:p.R1141X;VariantGroup:6;CorrespondingGene:368;RS#:72653706;CA#:129115 | p.S300F;tmVar:p|SUB|S|300|F;HGVS:p.S300F;VariantGroup:16;CorrespondingGene:2677;RS#:121909684;CA#:214948 | 0no label
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To investigate the role of GJB3 variations along with GJB2 mutations for a possible combinatory allelic disease inheritance, we have screened patients with heterozygous GJB2 mutations for variants in @GENE$ by sequencing. Analysis of the entire coding region of the Cx31 gene revealed the presence of two different missense mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity along with the 235delC and @VARIANT$ of @GENE$ in 3 simplex families (235delC/@VARIANT$, 235delC/A194T and 299delAT/A194T). | 2,737,700 | Cx31;7338 | GJB2;2975 | 299delAT;tmVar:c|DEL|299|AT;HGVS:c.299delAT;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:2706 | N166S;tmVar:p|SUB|N|166|S;HGVS:p.N166S;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:121908851;CA#:118311 | 0no label
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We identified a novel compound heterozygous variant in @GENE$ @VARIANT$ (p.(Arg429Profs*72); a likely pathogenic novel variant affecting the conserved residue 354 in the functional domain of BBS2 (@VARIANT$; p.(Asn354Lys)); a pathogenic new homozygous nucleotide change in BBS7 that leads to a stop codon in position 255, c.763A > T, and a likely pathogenic homozygous substitution c.1235G > T in @GENE$, leading to the change p.(Cys412Phe). | 6,567,512 | BBS1;11641 | BBS6;10318 | c.1285dup;tmVar:c|DUP|1285||;HGVS:c.1285dup;VariantGroup:20;CorrespondingGene:582 | c.1062C > G;tmVar:c|SUB|C|1062|G;HGVS:c.1062C>G;VariantGroup:22;CorrespondingGene:583 | 0no label
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Compared to WT (wild-type) proteins, we found that the ability of GFP-CYP1B1 A115P and GFP-CYP1B1 E229K to immunoprecipitate HA-TEK E103D and HA-TEK @VARIANT$, respectively, was significantly diminished. GFP-CYP1B1 R368H also exhibited relatively reduced ability to immunoprecipitate HA-TEK I148T (~70%). No significant change was observed with HA-TEK G743A with GFP-CYP1B1 E229 K as compared to WT proteins (Fig. 2). The WT and mutant @GENE$ proteins expressed at similar levels in the cells, indicating that the mutations did not affect the expression or stability of the proteins (Fig. 2). We also tested the potential of the mutant TEK and CYP1B1 proteins to associate with wild-type CYP1B1 and TEK, respectively. As shown in Supplementary Fig. 3a, the mutant HA-TEK proteins E103D and I148T exhibited diminished interaction with wild-type GFP-CYP1B1. On the other hand, mutant GFP-@GENE$ @VARIANT$ and R368H showed perturbed interaction with HA-TEK. | 5,953,556 | TEK;397 | CYP1B1;68035 | Q214P;tmVar:p|SUB|Q|214|P;HGVS:p.Q214P;VariantGroup:10;CorrespondingGene:7010 | A115P;tmVar:p|SUB|A|115|P;HGVS:p.A115P;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:1545;RS#:764338357;CA#:1620052 | 0no label
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Based on these findings, we conclude that, unlike LQTS-associated mutations, the @GENE$-@VARIANT$ variant does not severely affect the function of the channel. 2.3.2. @GENE$-p.C108Y Exhibits a Dominant-Negative Loss-of-Function Heterologous expression studies demonstrated that KCNH2-@VARIANT$ is a non-functional channel (Figure 4A). | 5,578,023 | KCNQ1;85014 | KCNH2;201 | p.R583H;tmVar:p|SUB|R|583|H;HGVS:p.R583H;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:3784;RS#:199473482;CA#:6304 | p.C108Y;tmVar:p|SUB|C|108|Y;HGVS:p.C108Y;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:3757 | 0no label
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This patient with the @VARIANT$ NELF missense mutation also had a hemizygous KAL1 deletion of the completely conserved @VARIANT$ within the whey-acidic-protein (WAP) domain that forms a disulphide bridge with Cys134 of anosmin-1 (Figure S1C,D). Unilateral renal agenesis in this patient is likely related to this deleterious KAL1 mutation. The third KS male was heterozygous for both @GENE$ and @GENE$ nonsense mutations. | 3,888,818 | NELF;10648 | TACR3;824 | p.Ala253Thr;tmVar:p|SUB|A|253|T;HGVS:p.A253T;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:26012;RS#:142726563;CA#:5370407 | Cys163;tmVar:p|Allele|C|163;VariantGroup:9;CorrespondingGene:3730 | 0no label
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Variants in all known WS candidate genes (EDN3, @GENE$, @GENE$, PAX3, SOX10, SNAI2, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (c.965delA; @VARIANT$) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in SNAI3 (@VARIANT$; p.Arg203Cys) and TYRO3 (c.1037T>A; p.Ile346Asn) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | EDNRB;89 | MITF;4892 | p.Asn322fs;tmVar:p|FS|N|322||;HGVS:p.N322fsX;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:4286 | c.607C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|607|T;HGVS:c.607C>T;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:333929;RS#:149676512;CA#:8229366 | 0no label
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Functional characterisation of AIS-associated FLNB variants According to alignment to the @GENE$ protein domain, most of the AIS-associated FLNB variants are located within immunoglobulin-like filamin repeat regions, some of which belong to the domain of interaction with @GENE$ (figure 2A). Of note, @VARIANT$ is located within the actin-binding domain of FLNB. We transfected wild-type or mutant plasmids into HEK293T cells and found that some FLNB variants (including p.M1803L, p.S2503G and p.T2166M; online supplementary figure 1) resulted in cytoplasmic focal accumulation, and some other FLNB variants (including p.R566L, @VARIANT$, p.S2503G, p.R199Q and p.R2003H; online supplementary figure 2) altered actin dynamics (online supplementary figures 1 and 2). | 7,279,190 | FLNB;37480 | FLNA;1119 | p.R199Q;tmVar:p|SUB|R|199|Q;HGVS:p.R199Q;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:79989;RS#:1175244100 | p.A2282T;tmVar:p|SUB|A|2282|T;HGVS:p.A2282T;VariantGroup:6;CorrespondingGene:2317;RS#:1339176246 | 0no label
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Results Family with inherited neutropaenia, monocytosis and hearing impairment associated with mutations in @GENE$ and MYO6. Pedigree, phenotypes and mutation status are indicated as per the key provided (a). Causative heterozygous mutations in GFI1 (@VARIANT$/c.1145A > G) and @GENE$ (@VARIANT$/c.3526A > C) were identified by whole exome sequencing performed on III-1 and IV-1. | 7,026,993 | GFI1;3854 | MYO6;56417 | p.N382S;tmVar:p|SUB|N|382|S;HGVS:p.N382S;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:2672;RS#:28936381;CA#:119872 | p.I1176L;tmVar:p|SUB|I|1176|L;HGVS:p.I1176L;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:4646;RS#:755922465;CA#:141060203 | 0no label
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Other family members who have inherited @GENE$ @VARIANT$ and TNFRSF13B/TACI C104R mutations are shown. CVID, common variable immunodeficiency disorder; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; sIgAD, selective IgA deficiency; T1D, Type 1 Diabetes, sHGUS, symptomatic hypogammglobulinaemia of uncertain significance; WT, wild-type. (b) Electropherograms showing the T168fsX191 mutation of TCF3 and @VARIANT$ (c.310T>C) mutation of @GENE$ gene in the proband II.2. | 5,671,988 | TCF3;2408 | TACI;49320 | T168fsX191;tmVar:p|FS|T|168||191;HGVS:p.T168fsX191;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:6929 | C104R;tmVar:p|SUB|C|104|R;HGVS:p.C104R;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:23495;RS#:34557412;CA#:117387 | 0no label
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Only 9 mutations previously reported as recurrent were detected in our series of patients (i.e. 11% of the mutations), specifically, c.1996C>T, @VARIANT$, c.1556G>A, c.494C>T, c.3719G>A and c.5749G>T in @GENE$, c.238_239dupC in USH1C, and c.2299delG and @VARIANT$ in @GENE$. Therefore, in the process of designing any strategy for USH molecular diagnosis, taking into account the high prevalence of novel mutations appears to be of major importance. | 3,125,325 | MYO7A;219 | USH2A;66151 | c.223delG;tmVar:c|DEL|223|G;HGVS:c.223delG;VariantGroup:77;CorrespondingGene:4647;RS#:876657415 | c.10712C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|10712|T;HGVS:c.10712C>T;VariantGroup:83;CorrespondingGene:7399;RS#:202175091;CA#:262060 | 0no label
|
Analysis of the entire coding region of the @GENE$ gene revealed the presence of two different missense mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity along with the 235delC and @VARIANT$ of @GENE$ in 3 simplex families (235delC/N166S, 235delC/A194T and 299delAT/A194T). In family A, a profoundly hearing impaired proband was found to be heterozygous for a novel @VARIANT$ of GJB3, resulting in an asparagine into serine substitution in codon 166 (N166S) and for the 235delC of GJB2 (Fig. 1b, d). | 2,737,700 | Cx31;7338 | GJB2;2975 | 299delAT;tmVar:c|DEL|299|AT;HGVS:c.299delAT;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:2706 | A to G transition at nucleotide position 497;tmVar:c|SUB|A|497|G;HGVS:c.497A>G;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:121908851;CA#:118311 | 0no label
|
Variants in all known WS candidate genes (EDN3, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, SOX10, @GENE$, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (c.965delA; @VARIANT$) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in SNAI3 (c.607C>T; p.Arg203Cys) and @GENE$ (@VARIANT$; p.Ile346Asn) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | SNAI2;31127 | TYRO3;4585 | p.Asn322fs;tmVar:p|FS|N|322||;HGVS:p.N322fsX;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:4286 | c.1037T>A;tmVar:c|SUB|T|1037|A;HGVS:c.1037T>A;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7301;RS#:12148316;CA#:7494886 | 0no label
|
We have excluded the possibility that mutations in exon 1 of @GENE$ and the deletion of GJB6 are the second mutant allele in these Chinese heterozygous probands. Two different @GENE$ mutations (N166S and A194T) occurring in compound heterozygosity with the 235delC and @VARIANT$ of GJB2 were identified in three unrelated families (235delC/N166S, 235delC/A194T and 299delAT/@VARIANT$). | 2,737,700 | GJB2;2975 | GJB3;7338 | 299delAT;tmVar:c|DEL|299|AT;HGVS:c.299delAT;VariantGroup:12;CorrespondingGene:2706 | A194T;tmVar:c|SUB|A|194|T;HGVS:c.194A>T;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:2707;RS#:117385606;CA#:118313 | 0no label
|
Interestingly, one FALS proband carried 3 variants, each of which has previously been reported as pathogenic: SOD1 @VARIANT$, @GENE$ p.P136L, and DCTN1 p.T1249I. Nine apparently sporadic subjects had variants in multiple genes (Table 4), but only two were well-established ALS mutations: TARDBP p.G287S was found in combination with VAPB p.M170I while a subject with juvenile-onset ALS carried a de novo FUS @VARIANT$ mutation with a paternally-inherited intermediate-sized CAG expansion in ATXN2. Two SALS patients carried multiple ALS-associated variants that are rare in population databases (ANG p.K41I with VAPB p.M170I and TAF15 p.R408C with SETX p.I2547T and @GENE$ p.T14I). | 4,293,318 | ANG;74385 | SETX;41003 | p.G38R;tmVar:p|SUB|G|38|R;HGVS:p.G38R;VariantGroup:50;CorrespondingGene:6647;RS#:121912431;CA#:257311 | p.P525L;tmVar:p|SUB|P|525|L;HGVS:p.P525L;VariantGroup:62;CorrespondingGene:2521;RS#:886041390;CA#:10603390 | 0no label
|
The @VARIANT$ (c.1045G>A) mutation in exon 9 of @GENE$ and heterozygous @VARIANT$ (c.511C>T) mutation in exon 3 of WNT10A were detected. These mutations were not found in his father's genome, but because his mother's DNA sample was unavailable, the origin of the mutant alleles was not clear (Fig. 2F). All novel mutations that were identified in this study were not found in the normal controls. Protein structure analysis The results of protein structure analyses of @GENE$ are shown in Figure 3. | 3,842,385 | EDA;1896 | WNT10A;22525 | p.Ala349Thr;tmVar:p|SUB|A|349|T;HGVS:p.A349T;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:1896;RS#:132630317;CA#:255657 | p.Arg171Cys;tmVar:p|SUB|R|171|C;HGVS:p.R171C;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:116998555;CA#:2113955 | 0no label
|
Moreover, the presence of other variants (@GENE$-p.R583H, KCNH2-@VARIANT$, and @GENE$-@VARIANT$) could further enhance the effects of the mutant channels, thus resulting in incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of the phenotype. | 5,578,023 | KCNQ1;85014 | KCNE1;3753 | p.K897T;tmVar:p|SUB|K|897|T;HGVS:p.K897T;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:3757;RS#:1805123;CA#:7162 | p.G38S;tmVar:p|SUB|G|38|S;HGVS:p.G38S;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:3753;RS#:1805127;CA#:131330 | 0no label
|
Future studies will focus on determining how double homozygous mutations in @GENE$ (@VARIANT$) and @GENE$ (@VARIANT$) result in increased intracellular pro-COL1A1 levels and increased pro-COLA1 secretion. | 4,853,519 | SEC23A;4642 | MAN1B1;5230 | 1200G>C;tmVar:c|SUB|G|1200|C;HGVS:c.1200G>C;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:10484;RS#:866845715;CA#:259543384 | 1000C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|1000|T;HGVS:c.1000C>T;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:11253;RS#:387906886;CA#:129197 | 11
|
(E) The EDA mutation @VARIANT$ and @GENE$ mutation c.637G>A were found in patient S3, who inherited the mutant allele from his mother. (F) The mutations c.1045G>A in @GENE$ and @VARIANT$ in WNT10A were found in patient S4, but his mother's DNA sample could not be obtained. | 3,842,385 | WNT10A;22525 | EDA;1896 | c.466C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|466|T;HGVS:c.466C>T;VariantGroup:5;CorrespondingGene:1896;RS#:132630313;CA#:255655 | c.511C>T;tmVar:c|SUB|C|511|T;HGVS:c.511C>T;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:80326;RS#:116998555;CA#:2113955 | 0no label
|
We observed that in 5 PCG cases heterozygous CYP1B1 mutations (@VARIANT$, p.E229 K, and p.R368H) co-occurred with heterozygous @GENE$ mutations (@VARIANT$, p.I148T, p.Q214P, and p.G743A) indicating a potential digenic inheritance (Fig. 1a). None of the normal controls carried both the heterozygous combinations of @GENE$ and TEK mutations. | 5,953,556 | TEK;397 | CYP1B1;68035 | p.A115P;tmVar:p|SUB|A|115|P;HGVS:p.A115P;VariantGroup:0;CorrespondingGene:1545;RS#:764338357;CA#:1620052 | p.E103D;tmVar:p|SUB|E|103|D;HGVS:p.E103D;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7010;RS#:572527340;CA#:5015873 | 0no label
|
Variants in all known WS candidate genes (@GENE$, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, SOX10, @GENE$, and TYRO3) were searched and a novel rare heterozygous deletion mutation (@VARIANT$; p.Asn322fs) was identified in the MITF gene in both patients. Moreover, heterozygous missense variants in SNAI3 (c.607C>T; p.Arg203Cys) and TYRO3 (@VARIANT$; p.Ile346Asn) gene was identified in the exome data of both patients. | 7,877,624 | EDN3;88 | SNAI2;31127 | c.965delA;tmVar:c|DEL|965|A;HGVS:c.965delA;VariantGroup:4;CorrespondingGene:4286 | c.1037T>A;tmVar:c|SUB|T|1037|A;HGVS:c.1037T>A;VariantGroup:2;CorrespondingGene:7301;RS#:12148316;CA#:7494886 | 0no label
|
Dataset Card for DUVEL
Dataset Summary
This dataset was created to identity oligogenic variant combinations, i.e. relation between several genes and their mutations, causing genetic diseases in scientific articles written in english. At the moment, it contains only digenic variant combinations, i.e. relations between two genes and at least two variants. The dataset is intended for binary relation extraction where the entities are masked within the text.
Supported Task
The dataset can be used to train a model for text-classification
(as the relation extraction task is here considered as a classification task). Success on this task is typically measured by achieving a high F1-score.
The BiomedBERT-large (https://huggingface.co/microsoft/BiomedNLP-BiomedBERT-large-uncased-abstract) currently achieves the best performance with the following F1-score of 0.8371, with a precision of 0.8506 and a recall of 0.8239.
Languages
The dataset consists in text extracted from scientific articles written in english (en).
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
Each instance describes the two genes and two variants composing the potential digenic variant combination, as well as the fragment of text with the masked entities, the PubMed Central identifier of the article and the label of the instance (i.e., if the fragment of text contains a valid digenic variant combination or not, respectively 1 and 0).
{
'sentence': 'Two unrelated KS patients had heterozygous NELF mutations and mutation in a second gene: NELF/@GENE$ (@VARIANT$; p.Ala253Thr of @GENE$ and c.488_490delGTT; p.Cys163del of KAL1) and NELF/TACR3 (c. 1160-13C>T of NELF and c.824G>A; @VARIANT$ of TACR3).',
'pmcid': 3888818,
'gene1': 'KAL1;55445',
'gene2': 'NELF;10648',
'variant1': 'c.757G>A;tmVar:c|SUB|G|757|A;HGVS:c.757G>A;VariantGroup:3;CorrespondingGene:26012;RS#:142726563;CA#:5370407',
'variant2': 'p.Trp275X;tmVar:p|SUB|W|275|X;HGVS:p.W275X;VariantGroup:1;CorrespondingGene:6870;RS#:144292455;CA#:144871',
'label': 0
}
Data Fields
sentence
: string, text containing the entities masked with either @GENE$ for the gene type or @VARIANT$ for the mutation type. The text can be either single or cross-sentence, but no longer than 256 tokens according to the BiomedBERT tokenizer (see BiomedBERT).pmcid
: int, PubMed Central identifier of the article from which the text was extracted (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/)gene1
: string, first gene mention as it appears in the text and internal identifier.gene2
: string, second gene mention as it appears in the text and internal identifier.variant1
: string, first variant mention as it appears in the text, with its normalized form, HGVS form (https://varnomen.hgvs.org/), gene where it occurs, and eventually variation identifier is available.variant2
: string, second variant mention as it appears in the text, with its normalized form, HGVS form (https://varnomen.hgvs.org/), gene where it occurs, and eventually variation identifier is available.label
: int, class of the instance, 0 if there is no relation between the entities, 1 if there is.
Data Splits
Dataset is split between train, dev and test sets. Splitting has been done with a stratified split based on the labels in order to maintain a similar distribution (around 9.4% of positive class).
train | test | dev | |
---|---|---|---|
Total number of instances | 6553 | 1689 | 200 |
Number of positive instances | 616 | 159 | 19 |
Total number of articles | 79 | 75 | 51 |
Number of articles with positive instances | 61 | 51 | 12 |
Number of articles with negative instances | 78 | 73 | 50 |
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
The curation of oligogenic variant combinations requires high expertise and time, while the number of genetic studies have increased across the years, especially with the apparition of the next-generation sequencing technologies. This dataset aims to support such curation by extracting potential candidates directly from the text.
Source Data
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Scientific articles containing oligogenic variant combinations potentially causing genetic diseases were retrieved from OLIDA, the OLIgogenic diseases DAtabase. Articles were filtered to keep only those containing at least one digenic variant combination, i.e. combination between two genes and at least one variant in each gene. The articles were then pre-annotated with the help of PubTator API (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/pubtator/api.html) to obtain the full text of the articles with the genes and variants identified.
Fragment of texts to annotate were created by extracting all the text (both single and cross-sentence) containing two different gene and two different variant mentions with a maximum length of 256 tokens, as tokenized by the BiomedBERT tokenizer (see BiomedBERT). Text containing tables or incomplete sentences were excluded during the annotation process.
Who are the source language producers?
The dataset is machine-generated, as the full annotated text of the article is retrieved from the PubTator API and then the relevant text containing two genes and two variants are generated through python scripts.
Annotations
The annotation was done with the ALAMBIC platform, with an Active Learning (AL) setting (see Nachtegael 2023).
Annotation process
1500 samples were randomly selected to be labelled, with 1000 samples for the test set and 500 as seed for the AL process. 9 iterations of AL selection of 500 samples with the Margin Sampling strategy was conducted with BiomedBERT as the model used for the selection (see BiomedBERT), samples subsequently annotated. The annotation limit was initially set at 6000 samples, but was exceeded due to several restarts of the process due to exclusion of invalid instances.
The annotator had access to the genes and variants, the PMCID of the article the text was extracted from and the text with the masked entities. One out of three possible classes is given to each fragment of text :
- 0 for the absence of a digenic variant combination relation in the text.
- 1 for the presence of a digenic variant combination relation. The genes and the variants need to be relating to each other for there to be a valid relation. If the entities are involved in an alleged digenic relation according to OLIDA, but the syntactic aspects of the text showed no clear relation between the entities, then the text contains no relation. The combination needs to be carried by at least one individual.
- -1 if the fragment of text is not valid. The text can be deemed as invalid if one of the entities is not a valid entity, i.e. not a valid gene name or mutation, or the text contains an unfinished sentence or invalid sentence, i.e. with part of the text being a table. Invalid gene name and mutation comprised : (a) error in the annotation, e.g. P05, a patient denomination, which was annotated as a gene name or the cell line HEK293 which was annotated as variant; (b) genes in species not human; (c) Isoforms denominations of proteins and (d) gene products. Tables were excluded as it is not considered as comprehensive text without the notion of their structure. To be used, they would need to be parsed in order to convey this structure, which is not rendered in free text.
Only instances from the positive and the negative classes (labels of 0 and 1) are included in the final data set, all the invalid instances are excluded from further use as they do not fill our quality standards.
It must be noted that while the articles were filtered for those containing digenic variant combinations, it is possible to also find oligogenic variant combinations involving more than two genes and/or two variants. In that case, a subset of those variant combinations, i.e. two gene-variant pairs which are connected in the text and are part of the variant combination, were considered as a valid digenic variant combinations and classified them as class 1.
Who are the annotators?
Annotation was done by Charlotte Nachtegael, one of the author and curator of OLIDA, with a substantial background in genetics and molecular biology.
Personal and Sensitive Information
None.
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
The dataset should help to the curation of complex genetic diseases, contributing to the research of such medical problems. It should not, at the moment, but used exclusively for support of the curation and not as the curation iteself of oligogenic/digenic variant combinations.
Discussion of Biases
Some diseases are more studied/known as oligogenic, thus the variants and genes could be biased towards those gene panels more well-known. Moreover, some articles are more represented in the dataset than others because they had more genes and/or variants in the text than others.
The named entity recognition step was also done automatically, so it could be possible that some entities were not recognized and thus ignored when creating the candidates. When errors were encountered during the annotation process, the candidates were excluded from the dataset.
Other Known Limitations
None.
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
This work was supported by the Service Public de Wallonie Recherche by DIGITALWALLONIA4.AI [2010235—ARIAC]
- Charlotte Nachtegael, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Licensing Information
This dataset is under the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike 4.0 license.
Citation Information
TBA
@article{DUVEL_2024,
author = {},
title = {},
journal = {},
year = {2024}
}
Contributions
Thanks to Barbara Gravel and Sofia Papadimitriou for their initial work with OLIDA. Thanks to Jacopo De Stefani, Anthony Cnudde and Tom Lenaerts for their help with the experimental design and writing of the paper for DUVEL.
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