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clinicalnlplab

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PubmedQA_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Acute partial sleep deprivation increases plasma concentrations of ghrelin and decreases those of leptin.', 'The objective was to observe modifications in energy intake and physical activity after acute partial sleep deprivation in healthy men.', 'Twelve men [age: 22 +/- 3 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 22.30 +/- 1.83] completed a randomized 2-condition crossover study. During the first night of each 48-h session, subjects had either approximately 8 h (from midnight to 0800) or approximately 4 h (from 0200 to 0600) of sleep. All foods consumed subsequently (jam on buttered toast for breakfast, buffet for lunch, and a free menu for dinner) were eaten ad libitum. Physical activity was recorded by an actimeter. Feelings of hunger, perceived pleasantness of the foods, desire to eat some foods, and sensation of sleepiness were also evaluated.', 'In comparison with the 8-h sleep session, subjects consumed 559 +/- 617 kcal (ie, 22%) more energy on the day after sleep restriction (P < 0.01), and preprandial hunger was higher before breakfast (P < 0.001) and dinner (P < 0.05). No change in the perceived pleasantness of the foods or in the desire to eat the foods was observed. Physical activity from 1215 to 2015 was higher after sleep restriction than after 8 h of sleep (P < 0.01), even though the sensation of sleepiness was more marked (P < 0.01).'] Does acute partial sleep deprivation increase food intake in healthy men?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We previously found that Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) improves learning and performance in a task where subjects learn to detect potential threats indicated by small target objects hidden in a complex virtual environment. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that these effects on learning and performance are related to changes in attention. The effects of tDCS were tested for three forms of attention (alerting, orienting, and executive attention) using the Attention Network Task (ANT), which were compared with performance on the object-learning task.', 'Participants received either 0.1 mA (N = 10) or 2.0 mA (N = 9) tDCS during training and were tested for performance in object-identification before training (baseline-test) and again immediately after training (immediate test). Participants next performed the Attention Networks Task (ANT), and were later tested for object-identification performance a final time (delayed test). Alerting, but not orienting or executive attention, was significantly higher for participants receiving 2.0 mA compared with 0.1 mA tDCS (p < 0.02). Furthermore, alerting scores were significantly correlated with the proportion of hits (p < 0.01) for participants receiving 2.0 mA.'] Is enhancement of object detection with transcranial direct current stimulation associated with increased attention?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans are associated with increased platelet activation and hyperreactivity of platelets to various agonists. Ossabaw swine develop all the hallmarks of MetS including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and coronary artery disease when being fed excess calorie atherogenic diet. We hypothesized that Ossabaw swine with MetS would exhibit increased platelet reactivity compared with lean pigs without MetS.', 'Ossabaw swine were fed high caloric, atherogenic diet for 44 weeks to induce MetS (n = 10) and were compared with lean controls without MetS that had been fed normal calorie standard diet (n = 10). Light transmittance aggregometry was performed using adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, thrombin, and arachidonic acid (AA) at different concentrations. Dose response curves and EC50 were calculated. Glucose tolerance testing and intravascular ultrasound study of coronary arteries were performed.', 'MetS pigs compared with lean controls were morbidly obese, showed evidence of arterial hypertension, elevated cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, and insulin resistance. Platelets from MetS pigs were more sensitive to ADP-induced platelet aggregation than leans (EC50: 1.83 ± 1.3 μM vs 3.64 ± 2.2 μM; P = 0.02). MetS pigs demonstrated higher platelet aggregation in response to collagen than lean pigs (area under the curve: 286 ± 74 vs 198 ± 123; P = 0.037) and a trend for heightened response to AA (AUC: 260 ± 151 vs 178 ± 145; P = 0.13). No significant difference was found for platelet aggregation in response to thrombin.'] Are morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome in Ossabaw miniature swine associated with increased platelet reactivity?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered an important stroke treatment strategy.', 'To determine whether normobaric oxygen is neuroprotective, and, if so, what the therapeutic time window is.', 'Experiment 1-Serial diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI (DWI and PWI) was performed after middle cerebral artery filament occlusion (MCAO) in rats randomized to FiO(2) 30% (normoxia) or FiO(2) 100% (hyperoxia). Experiment 2-48-hour lesion volumes were analyzed in rats subjected to 2-hour MCAO and randomized to normoxia or hyperoxia starting 15, 30, or 45 minutes after MCAO and ending 15 minutes after reperfusion.', 'Experiment 1-Lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were persistently low in normoxic animals. In hyperoxia-treated rats, ADC values in cortical border zones showed progressive recovery from 66 +/- 3% of contralateral before hyperoxia, to 104 +/- 20% at approximately 2 hours. Striatal ADC values showed early but ill-sustained improvement. ADC lesion volumes increased progressively in the normoxia group. In the hyperoxia group, ADC lesion volumes tended to decrease after starting hyperoxia; however, lesions later increased in size, and 2-hour lesion volumes were not significantly different from baseline. PWI showed stable right MCA hypoperfusion in all animals. Experiment 2-Hyperoxia within 30 minutes significantly reduced total and cortical lesion volumes at 48 hours after stroke. Striatal lesion volumes were significantly reduced in the hyperoxia-15 group.'] Does normobaric hyperoxia reduce MRI diffusion abnormalities and infarct size in experimental stroke?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study was to prevent induction of sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) by radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of the atria in an open-chest canine model.', 'In dogs randomized to acute studies, RFCA of the atria was performed after reproducible induction of sustained AF (lasting > 30 minutes) with burst stimulation or premature atrial pacing and perpetuation by low level cervical vagal stimulation or IV infusion of methacholine. Additionally, in four dogs, the long-term effectiveness of RFCA was assessed 7 to 21 days after ablation. Continuous discrete transmural lesions were produced with radiofrequency energy pulses (20 to 40 W for 60 seconds) delivered to five atrial epicardial sites and endovascularly to the coronary sinus wall. RFCA electrically isolated regions of the atria that became dissociated from the nonisolated parts. Atrial RFCA markedly attenuated vagally induced shortening of effective refractory period (ERP) at both isolated and nonisolated test sites located in the left and right atria (P < .001, n = 5). RFCA rendered noninducible sustained AF maintained by cervical vagal stimulation. The dose-response curve relating the dose of methacholine required to maintain AF was shifted down and to the right. AF was only inducible with high doses of methacholine. Atrial RFCA reduced the maximal sinus rate and prolonged the corrected sinus-node recovery time (P < .001, n = 6). However, RFCA did not affect atrial contractile function, AV-nodal ERP, or AV-nodal or His-Purkinje conduction times. In dogs in the chronic group, normal sinus rhythm and normal AV conduction were preserved and AF was only inducible with a high dose of methacholine. No atrial perforations resulted.'] Does radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atria reduce inducibility and duration of atrial fibrillation in dogs?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Exposure to inadequate chemotherapy may alter cancer cell behavior including their metastatic potential. Because the molecular basis of such a phenomenon is largely unclear, we investigated the possible impact of cisplatin on anoikis response on human lung carcinoma cells.', 'Using molecular and pharmacological tools, Caveolin-1 (CAV1) overexpressing and knock-down H460 cells were generated by stable transfection. The levels of CAV1 were determined by western blotting and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by specific probes.', 'Sub-toxic concentrations of cisplatin suppressed anoikis response in H460 cells. The anoikis attenuation observed, was found to be caused by CAV1 up-regulation. Exposure to cisplatin induced superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide generation; however, only hydrogen peroxide was found to be responsible for the CAV1 elevation.'] Does sub-toxic cisplatin mediate anoikis resistance through hydrogen peroxide-induced caveolin-1 up-regulation in non-small cell lung cancer cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Impaired arterial function has been implicated in diabetes-related atherosclerosis, but its determinants in high-risk adults have not been well characterised. We investigated factors associated with impaired arterial function in adults with type 2 diabetes.', 'Flow-mediated dilatation (a marker of endothelial function) and dilator response to glyceryl trinitrate (to assess smooth muscle function) of the brachial artery were assessed at baseline in 193 patients with type 2 diabetes from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Traditional risk factors were assessed and a multivariable model was constructed to identify factors independently associated with impaired arterial function.', 'Median age was 64 years (interquartile range, 58-69; 61% male) and duration of diabetes was 4 years (interquartile range, 2-9). Flow-mediated dilatation (3.06 ± 0.25%, mean ± SEM) was severely impaired but not significantly associated with other risk factors. Dilator responses to glyceryl trinitrate (10.56 ± 0.52%) were significantly and independently impaired in past and present cigarette smokers (P = 0.005) and in subjects with increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (P = 0.01).'] Are cigarette smoking and albuminuria associated with impaired arterial smooth muscle function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus : a FIELD substudy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Chronic lung diseases may have an influence on pulmonary vessel walls as well as on pulmonary haemodynamics. However, there is limited data on the occurrence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with chronic lung diseases, which have the potential to contribute to the development of pulmonary vascular abnormalities. We aimed to explore the prevalence of PE and DVT in patients with COPD and ILD.', 'We evaluated the venous thromboembolism prevalence associated with COPD and ILD using Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) data from January 2011 to December 2011. This database (HIRA-NPS-2011-0001) was created using random sampling of outpatients; 1,375,842 sample cases were collected, and 670,258 (age ≥40) cases were evaluated. Patients with COPD, ILDs, or CTD were identified using the International Classification of Disease-10 diagnostic codes.', 'The PE prevalence rates per 100,000 persons for the study population with COPD, ILD, CTD, and the general population were 1185, 1746, 412, and 113, respectively, while the DVT prevalence for each group was 637, 582, 563, and 138, respectively.'] Is pulmonary embolism more prevalent than deep vein thrombosis in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung diseases?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The evaluation of anatomic and visual outcomes in macular hole cases treated with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, brilliant blue (BB), and 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).', 'Fifty eyes of 48 patients who presented between July 2007 and December 2009 with the diagnosis of stage 2, 3, or 4 macular holes according to Gass Classification who had undergone PPV and ILM peeling were included in this study. Pre- and postoperative macular examinations were assessed with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. 23 G sutureless PPV and ILM peeling with BB was performed on all patients.', 'The mean age of patients was 63.34 ± 9.6 years. Stage 2 macular hole was determined in 17 eyes (34%), stage 3 in 24 eyes (48%), and stage 4 in 9 eyes (18%). The mean follow-up time was 13.6 ± 1.09 months. Anatomic closure was detected in 46/50 eyes (92%), whereas, in four cases, macular hole persisted and a second operation was not required due to subretinal fluid drainage. At follow-up after 2 months, persistant macular hole was detected in one case and it was closed with reoperation. At 12 months, an increase in visual acuity in 41 eyes was observed, while it remained at the same level in six eyes. In three eyes visual acuity decreased. There was a postoperative statistically significant increase in visual acuity in stage 2 and 3 cases (P < 0.05), however, no increase in visual acuity in stage 4 cases was observed.'] Do outcomes of 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling with brilliant blue in macular hole?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Aims/Introduction:\\u2002 To reveal whether visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes.', \"\\u2002 The study was conducted on 689 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes [295 women, 394 men; mean (±standard deviations (SD)) age 65\\u2003±\\u200311\\u2003years]. Variability in HbA1c was evaluated as the intrapersonal SD of serial measurements of HbA1c during the follow-up period for at least 12\\u2003months. Patients were divided into quartiles according to the SD of HbA1c, and the primary endpoint was defined as incident CVD. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).\", '\\u2002 During a median follow-up period of 3.3\\u2003years (range 1.0-6.3\\u2003years), 26\\u2003±\\u200314 measurements of HbA1c were obtained per patient and 61 episodes of incident CVD were recorded. The 5-year cumulative incidence of CVD in patients across the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of SD in HbA1c was 4.9, 8.7, 17.1, and 26.2%, respectively (P\\u2003<\\u20030.001, log-rank test). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the incidence of CVD was significantly higher in patients in the fourth quartile of SD in HbA1c compared with those in the first quartile (HR 3.38; 95% CI 1.07-10.63; P\\u2003=\\u20030.039), independent of mean HbA1c and other traditional cardiovascular risk factors.'] Are fluctuations in HbA1c associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study aimed to examine (1) whether polarity protein partitioning defective-3 (PARD-3) was expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) and contributed to endothelial barrier integrity and (2) whether altered PARD-3 expression and distribution were associated with disturbed endothelial junction protein VE-cadherin expression induced by factors derived from preeclamptic (PE) placentas.', 'PARD-3 and VE-cadherin expressions were examined by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot in confluent ECs and in ECs treated with normal and PE placental conditioned medium (CM). Protein-protein interactions between PARD-3/VE-cadherin, PARD-3/ atypical protein kinase C (aPKCλ), and VE-cadherin/aPKCλ were examined by immuno-precipitation and immunobloting.', 'Similar to VE-cadherin, PARD-3 is localized at the cell contacts in control ECs. Both PARD-3 and VE-cadherin expressions were markedly reduced in cells treated with PE-CM for 2h, but not in cells treated with normal-CM compared to non-treated controls. Cytosol staining of VE-cadherin and PARD-3 was pronounced in cells after 24h treatment with PE-CM. PARD-3/VE-cadherin and PARD-3/aPKCλ complexes were detected in PE-CM treated cells, but not in untreated control cells and in cells after recovery. In contrast, VE-cadherin/aPKCλ complex was detected in control cells and in cells after recovery, but not in PE-CM treated cells.'] Do factors derived from preeclamptic placentas perturb polarity protein PARD-3 expression and distribution in endothelial cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cholecystokinin regulates gut motility and visceral sensation. The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic value of plasma cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) concentration in children with functional abdominal pain (FAP).', 'Fifty-two children (33 girls and 19 boys) aged 6-17 years with chronic abdominal pain were included in this study. On the basis of clinical data, results of endoscopy and Criteria for Functional Disorders the patients were divided into three groups: group 1--functional dyspepsia (FD), group 2--irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), group 3--non-specific FAP. The control group consisted of children without abdominal pain in anamnesis. CCK-8 concentrations in plasma were measured with radio immunoassay technique, after plasma extraction. In study protocol we analysed CCK-8 levels in fasting state and 15, 30, 60 minutes after a standard test meal.', 'In the fasting state plasma levels of CCK-8 were similar in each group and in controls. In the IBS patients CCK-8 levels were not increased after meal. In groups 1, 3 and controls postprandial levels were higher when compared to fasting state (p<0.05). Area under curve of CCK-8 plasma concentration was the lowest in group 2, but not significant compared to controls and other groups. No correlation was found between main symptoms of FD and IBS and CCK-8 concentration in plasma.'] Is cholecystokinin octapeptide ( CCK-8 ) concentration in plasma affected in functional abdominal pain in children?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Corticosteroids are an important component of the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), with known significantly negative effects on bone and muscle. Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation may be an adjunctive therapeutic strategy to attenuate some of these adverse effects.', 'Nine children with ALL in the maintenance phase of treatment on the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) protocol 2000-2001 were treated with CrM (0.1 g/kg/day) for two sequential periods of 16 weeks (16 weeks treat > 6 weeks wash-out > 16 weeks treat). A cohort of children (N = 50) who were receiving the same chemotherapy at the same time served as natural history controls. Measurements included height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS-BMD), whole body bone mineral content (WB-BMC), fat-free mass (FFM), and percent body fat (%BF) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.', 'Despite the long course of corticosteroid treatment for ALL, children showed significant increases in height, LS-BMD, WB-BMC and FFM over approximately 38 weeks (P < 0.05) during the study. There was an increase in BMI over time, but children taking CrM had a reduction, while the natural history group showed an increase in % BF (P < 0.05 for interaction).'] Does creatine monohydrate attenuate body fat accumulation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance chemotherapy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the impact of a pharmacy protocol that converts standard rituximab infusions to a rapid 90-minute infusion on the duration of outpatient infusion center clinic visits.', 'Prospective interventional study.', 'Outpatient infusion clinic at an academic medical center.', 'Sixty-four adults who received at least one rituximab infusion that was eligible for conversion to rapid infusion between August 2010 and July 2011 and who did not receive concurrent chemotherapy or colony-stimulating agents during the same clinic visit. Of the 64 patients, 37 received the rapid infusion (intervention cohort); 27 received the nonrapid infusion (control cohort).', 'Using a hospital-approved protocol, pharmacists converted rituximab infusions that met eligibility criteria (noninitial rituximab infusion, rituximab given in the previous 90\\xa0days, age 18\\xa0yrs or older, dose 375\\xa0mg/m(2) or less per infusion, dose 1000\\xa0mg or less per infusion, and no history of a grade 3 or higher reaction) to a rapid 90-minute infusion.', 'The durations of rituximab infusion time and clinic visit time were evaluated and compared between the intervention cohort and the control cohort. Use of the pharmacy protocol to convert standard rituximab infusion to rapid rituximab infusion reduced infusion time by 110.5\\xa0minutes/infusion (median 94.5\\xa0min [interquartile range (IQR) 90-105\\xa0min] for rapid infusion vs 205\\xa0min [IQR 138-263\\xa0min] for nonrapid infusion; p<0.001) and reduced clinic visit time by 92\\xa0minutes/outpatient encounter (median 233\\xa0min [IQR 208-277] min for rapid infusion vs 325\\xa0min [IQR 275-415\\xa0min] for nonrapid infusion; p<0.001). This resulted in a reduction of the duration of outpatient clinic visits by an estimated 255-299\\xa0hours in 1\\xa0year.'] Does use of a pharmacy protocol to convert standard rituximab infusions to rapid infusion shorten outpatient infusion clinic visits?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The major antigen recognized on pig tissue by primate antibodies is a terminal galalpha1-3gal carbohydrate structure (gal antigen) present on glycolipids and glycoproteins. The production of animals from somatic cells allows for the inactivation of specific genes. It is anticipated that the complete inactivation of the gene encoding alpha1-3 galactosyltransferase, the enzyme that synthesizes the galalpha1-3gal linkage, will result in loss of that antigen from pig organs and tissue and will provide a survival benefit in pig-to-primate xenotransplants.', 'Positive-negative selection was used to produce fetal-pig fibroblasts that were a heterozygous knockout (+/-) of the alpha1-3 galactosyltransferase gene. Nuclear transfer of these cells generated pig embryos and live born pigs with the appropriate genotype. Using a novel selection method with cells from (+/-) embryos, we produced homozygous (-/-) fetal-pig fibroblast cells.', 'Southern blot analysis of the alpha1-3 galactosyltransferase gene showed that we had produced (+/-) pig embryos, (+/-) live born pigs, and (-/-) pig-fetal fibroblast cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis with some, but not all, mouse anti-gal monoclonal antibodies and sensitized human serum showed that (-/-) cells still synthesized the gal antigen at 1 to 2% of the level of control heterozygous cells.'] Do pig cells that lack the gene for alpha1-3 galactosyltransferase express low levels of the gal antigen?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the effects of a bleaching gel and a whitening strip on the microleakage of three different glass-ionomer cements.', 'Forty-five freshly extracted human premolars were used and class V cavity was prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The teeth were randomly assigned to A, B and C groups and restored as follows: Conventional strengthen glass-ionomer cement (Ketac Molar Easymix), compomer (F2000) and compomer (Dyract AP). Teeth were kept in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days. Then the specimens were thermocycled for 500 times. Each group was randomly divided into 3 subgroups which were treated for 21 days with one of the following: Whitening strip (14% hydrogen peroxide), bleaching gel (10% carbamide peroxide), or distilled water (control). After bleaching, the teeth were placed in a solution of basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours, then the teeth were sectioned longitudinally to evaluate the dye penetration. The depth of staining along the tooth restoration interface was recorded with a stereomicroscope.', 'There were no signicant differences between the two bleaching agents in microleakage of restorations (P>0.05). The two bleaching agents did not significantly affect the microleakage of compomer (P>0.05), whereas the microleakage of glass-ionomer cement in the experimental groups was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).'] Does [ Effects of bleaching agents on the microleakage of class V cavities restored with glass-ionomer cement ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To test the hypothesis that the specific acute-phase response program of the pancreas is a powerful emergency defense mechanism that is beneficial during acute pancreatitis.', 'Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study.', 'Research laboratory in a university medical school.', 'Female Wistar rats, weighing 250 to 300 g.', 'An acute-phase response was induced in rats subjected to hyperstimulation with cerulein. The development of the acute-phase reaction was monitored by the expression of the pancreatitis-associated protein I. In control animals, no acute-phase response was induced. After the first experimental procedure at periods of 2, 48, or 168 hrs, the pancreas was challenged by inducing severe necrotizing pancreatitis with retrograde infusion of taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The course of necrohemorrhagic pancreatitis and survival of the rats to the challenge was monitored with time.', 'Forty-eight hours after the onset of edematous pancreatitis, the acute-phase response was strong, as judged by the overexpression of mRNA, which encoded the pancreatitis-associated protein I, and the resulting increase in concentrations of this protein in the pancreas. When necrotizing pancreatitis was induced, the survival rate was significantly higher than in the corresponding control group. In contrast, expression of the pancreatitis-associated protein I was not detectable after 2 hrs, indicating that the acute phase had not fully developed, nor after 168 hrs when the acute phase had ended. In both cases, challenge by necrotizing pancreatitis led to similar survival rates in cerulein-treated and control rats.'] Does acute-phase response of the rat pancreas protect against further aggression with severe necrotizing pancreatitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To characterize the pharmacological profiles of a novel κ-opioid receptor agonist MB-1C-OH.', '[(3)H]diprenorphine binding and [(35)S]GTPγS binding assays were performed to determine the agonistic properties of MB-1C-OH. Hot plate, tail flick, acetic acid-induced writhing, and formalin tests were conducted in mice to evaluate the antinociceptive actions. Forced swimming and rotarod tests of mice were used to assess the sedation and depression actions.', 'In [(3)H]diprenorphine binding assay, MB-1C-OH did not bind to μ- and δ-opioid receptors at the concentration of 100 μmol/L, but showed a high affinity for κ-opioid receptor (Ki=35 nmol/L). In [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay, the compound had an Emax of 98% and an EC50 of 16.7 nmol/L for κ-opioid receptor. Subcutaneous injection of MB-1C-OH had no effects in both hot plate and tail flick tests, but produced potent antinociception in the acetic acid-induced writhing test (ED50=0.39 mg/kg), which was antagonized by pretreatment with a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist Nor-BNI. In the formalin test, subcutaneous injection of MB-1C-OH did not affect the flinching behavior in the first phase, but significantly inhibited that in the second phase (ED50=0.87 mg/kg). In addition, the sedation or depression actions of MB-1C-OH were about 3-fold weaker than those of the classical κ agonist (-)U50,488H.'] Does novel κ-opioid receptor agonist MB-1C-OH produce potent analgesia with less depression and sedation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Factor V Leiden (FvL) causing activated protein C resistance is a genetic risk factor for venous thrombosis in humans, and it's effect on atherosclerosis is controversial. We evaluated the effect of FvL mutation on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice fed with normal diet.\", 'Degree of atherosclerosis and tissue fibrin deposition were determined in Fv+/+ApoE-/-, FvQ/+ApoE-/- and FvQ/QApoE-/- mice.', 'In the presence of ApoE deficiency, homozygous FvL significantly increased atherosclerosis coverage in ApoE-/- mice (FvQ/QApoE-/- vs. Fv+/+ApoE-/-=5.0%+/-1.1% vs. 2.2%+/-0.4%, P<0.005) and tissue fibrin deposition in atherosclerotic lesion (FvQ/QApoE-/- vs. Fv+/+ApoE-/-=3.4% +/- 0.5% vs. 1.8%+/-0.4%, P<0.05). The atherosclerotic lesion of FvQ/+ApoE-/- mice was intermediate between FvQ/Q ApoE-/- and Fv+/+ApoE-/-, and there was no significant difference comparing with any of them.'] Does [ Factor V Leiden mutation lead to enhanced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study aimed to detect cell-surface vimentin (CSV) on the surface of epithelial-mesenchymal transitioned (EMT) circulating tumor cells (CTC) from blood of patients with epithelial cancers.', 'In this study, 101 patients undergoing postsurgery adjuvant chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer were recruited. EMT CTCs were detected from blood of patients using the 84-1 monoclonal antibody against CSV as a marker. EMT CTCs isolated were characterized further using EMT-specific markers, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and single-cell mutation analysis.', 'Using the 84-1 antibody, we detected CSV exclusively on EMT CTCs from a variety of tumor types but not in the surrounding normal cells in the blood. The antibody exhibited very high specificity and sensitivity toward different epithelial cancer cells. With this antibody, we detected and enumerated EMT CTCs from patients. From our observations, we defined a cutoff of <5 or ≥5 EMT CTCs as the optimal threshold with respect to therapeutic response using ROC curves. Using this defined threshold, the presence of ≥5 EMT CTCs was associated with progressive disease, whereas patients with <5 EMT CTCs showed therapeutic response.'] Do epithelial-mesenchymal transitioned circulating tumor cells capture for detecting tumor progression?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in angiogenesis and tumor growth. However, the clinical relevance of EPCs in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. Recently, some reports suggested that EPCs correlate with clinical behavior of cancer patients. We assessed the hypothesis that EPCs correlate with efficient of therapy, prognosis, and clinicopathological factors, and EPCs may offer a possible biomarker for treatment outcome in NSCLC.', 'EPCs labeled with CD34, CD133, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) antibodies were counted by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of 31 NSCLC patients. We categorized two groups of NSCLC patients according to circulating EPC numbers. We examined age, pathological stage, histological type, Fluoro-D: -glucose Positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), response to therapy, progression-free survival, and tumor size of NSCLC patients and investigated whether these factors correlate with EPC counts.', 'Circulating EPC numbers before antitumor therapy were increased in NSCLC patients compared with healthy controls (P\\xa0<\\xa00.05). In NSCLC patients, therapy was significantly effective in low circulating EPC group compared with that of high (P\\xa0<\\xa00.05). Furthermore, the low EPC group showed significantly longer progression-free survival times than that of high (P\\xa0<\\xa00.05). However, no significant associations with age, gender, histological type, pathological stage, or FDG-PET were detected.'] Are endothelial progenitor cells associated with response to chemotherapy in human non-small-cell lung cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"The risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) for patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) is approximately 0.5% per year.\", 'To investigate how patients with BE estimate and perceive their risk of developing EAC.', 'Questionnaire study.', 'Patients with BE who were undergoing surveillance endoscopy based on histologic and flow cytometric results.', 'A total of 192 patients with BE were included.', 'Individual patients were asked to estimate the numerical risk to develop EAC for patients with BE in general and for themselves. How patients perceived their own risk was measured on a scale from \"very small\" to \"very large.\"', 'At least 1 question was filled out by 169 patients (88% response). Sixty percent of respondents underestimated the numerical risk for patients with BE, in general, to develop EAC, while even more patients (69%) underestimated their own risk. Most respondents perceived their own risk as very small or small (63%).'] Do patients with Barrett 's esophagus perceive their risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma as low?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Diabetes is associated with a higher coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in women compared with men. Less aggressive control of the CHD risk factors in women can contribute to this excess mortality. Because hypertension has a high prevalence in subjects with diabetes, we compared the control of this risk factor between men and women.', 'This was a retrospective cohort study comparing blood pressure levels and trends over a 1-year period between men and women with diabetes receiving primary care. Using a chronic disease registry database, subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, aged >or=18, were identified for inclusion. Mean weighted systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were calculated for subjects with multiple longitudinal readings. Subjects were classified into four blood pressure control categories based on the mean weighted blood pressure. Comparisons were made between men and women before and after controlling for baseline characteristics.', 'A total of 3181 subjects (46% women) were included in the study. More women than men were in the moderate and severely elevated blood pressure categories (40% and 6% compared with 32% and 5%, respectively, p<0.001). The unadjusted mean SBP was 3 mm Hg higher in women (139 mm Hg in women compared with 136 in men, p<0.001). These differences remained significant after controlling for baseline variables.'] Do women with diabetes have poorer control of blood pressure than men?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['High glucose (HG) often induces unfavorable effects on proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This study aimed to explore potential molecular pathways underlying HG functional mechanism during osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, involving lncRNA AK028326 and CXCL13.', 'Murine bone marrow-derived MSCs were cultured in osteogenic-inducing medium supplemented with high glucose level at 25mM or 5.5mM as normal control. Expression levels of lncRNA AK028326 and CXCL13 were measured by using real-time PCR. The mineralized nodule formation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were detected after 21 and 7days of incubation respectively. Western blot were also performed to determine the expression of CXCL13 and osteogenic gene markers. Plasmid pcDNAs and small interference RNAs were transfected as indicated for functional analysis of AK028326 and CXCL13.', 'HG suppressed the expression of AK028326 and CXCL13 in MSCs in a time-dependent manner, and also the mineralization, ALP activity, and osteogenic gene expression, which could be reversed by overexpression of AK028326 or CXCL13. CXCL13 expression was positively regulated by AK028326 at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, CXCL13 mediated the positive regulation of AK028326 on osteogenic gene expression in MSCs and MC3T3-E1 cells, mineralization and ALP activity in MSCs and also HG-induced inhibitory effects during MSCs differentiation into osteoblast.'] Does high glucose prevent osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via lncRNA AK028326/CXCL13 pathway?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate the applicability of serine/arginine-rich protein kinase (SRPK)-specific inhibitor, SRPIN340, for attenuation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) formation using a mouse model.', 'Laser photocoagulation was performed to induce CNV in C57BL/6J mice, followed by intravitreal injection of SRPIN340 or vehicle. Seven days after the treatment, the CNV size was evaluated using a flatmount technique. Protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflammation-associated molecules, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, in the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid complex were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression levels of total Vegf, exon 8a-containing Vegf isoforms, and F4/80 (a specific marker for macrophage) were assessed using real-time PCR.', 'SRPIN340 inhibited CNV formation in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the vehicle, SRPIN340 significantly decreased the protein levels of VEGF, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and consequently inhibited macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, SRPIN340 suppressed the gene expression levels of total Vegf and exon 8a-containing Vegf isoforms.'] Does specific inhibition of serine/arginine-rich protein kinase attenuate choroidal neovascularization?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The administration of non-antifungal drugs during patient hospitalization might be responsible for discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to antifungals. Propofol is often administered to intensive care units as a sedative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of propofol lipidic infusion upon the growth and susceptibility profile of pathogenic fungi. Candida and Aspergillus were studied regarding the ability to grow and its susceptibility profile to antifungals in the presence of propofol infusion (Fresenius(R)) (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg.ml-1) and its lipidic vehicle. The intensity of fluorescence after staining with FUN1, in the presence and absence of propofol infusion, was determined by flow cytometry. Radioactivity assays were also performed in order to quantify the input of [3H]- itraconazole into the fungal cell in the presence of propofol. Assays were repeated after addition of sodium azide, in order to block efflux pumps.', 'Propofol infusion promoted budding of Candida and the germination of Aspergillus, latter forming a lipid layer around the hypha. An increase of minimal fungicidal concentrations regarding both Candida and Aspergillus strains was found for all antifungals when incubated simultaneously with propofol infusion. A decrease of the intensity of fluorescence of Candida cells was systematically observed, as well as a significant reduced intracellular uptake of [3H] itraconazole in cells treated with propofol infusion, even after the blockade of efflux pumps. The results obtained when testing with the lipid vehicle were similar.'] Does propofol lipidic infusion promote resistance to antifungals by reducing drug input into the fungal cell?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"To calculate the association of maternal salivary bacterial challenge (mutans streptococci [MS] and lactobacilli [LB]) from pregnancy through 24 months' postpartum with child caries incidence (≥1 cavitated or restored teeth) at 36 months.\", 'Dental, salivary bacterial, sociodemographic, and behavioral measures were collected at three- to six-month intervals from a birth cohort of low-income Hispanic mother-child dyads (N = 243). We calculated the relative child caries incidence, adjusted for confounding, following higher maternal challenge of MS (>4500 colony-forming units per milliliter of saliva [CFU/mL]) and LB (>50 CFU/mL) based on multivariable models.', 'Salivary MS and LB levels were greater among mothers of caries-affected children versus caries-free children. Mothers with higher salivary MS challenge were more likely to have MS-positive children (>0 CFU/mL), but maternal LB challenge was not a statistically significant predictor of child LB-positive status. Adjusting for sociodemographics, feeding and care practices, and maternal dental status, higher maternal salivary challenge of both MS and LB over the study period predicted nearly double the child caries incidence versus lower MS and LB (cumulative incidence ratio: 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 3.8).'] Do maternal oral bacterial levels predict early childhood caries development?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['High-resolution manometry (HRM) with pressure topography is used to subtype achalasia cardia, which has therapeutic implications. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics, manometric variables and treatment outcomes among the achalasia subtypes based on the HRM findings.', 'The patients who underwent HRM at the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad between January 2008 and January 2009 were enrolled. The patients with achalasia were categorized into 3 subtypes: type I - achalasia with minimum esophageal pressurization, type II - achalasia with esophageal compression and type III - achalasia with spasm. The clinical and manometric variables and treatment outcomes were compared.', 'Eighty-nine out of the 900 patients who underwent HRM were diagnosed as achalasia cardia. Fifty-one patients with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months were included. Types I and II achalasia were diagnosed in 24 patients each and 3 patients were diagnosed as type III achalasia. Dysphagia and regurgitation were the main presenting symptoms in patients with types I and II achalasia. Patients with type III achalasia had high basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure and maximal esophageal pressurization when compared to types I and II. Most patients underwent pneumatic dilatation (type I, 22/24; type II, 20/24; type III, 3/3). Patients with type II had the best response to pneumatic dilatation (18/20, 90.0%) compared to types I (14/22, 63.3%) and III (1/3, 33.3%).'] Does achalasia cardia subtyping by high-resolution manometry predict the therapeutic outcome of pneumatic balloon dilatation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cosmesis is considered one of the key reasons to perform pyloromyotomies through the umbilicus. We describe the results of pyloromyotomy using a supraumbilical incision with umbilicoplasty that allows ease of mobilization of the pylorus and excellent cosmetic results.', 'The charts of all patients undergoing transumbilical pyloromyotomy with umbilicoplasty from 2002 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data as well as operative time, details of surgical technique, and outcome were collected and analyzed.', 'Thirty-eight patients underwent a transumbilical pyloromyotomy with umbilicoplasty. The average operative time was 39.2 minutes (range, 11-66 minutes). The time to tolerating feeds was 1.14 days (range, 1-3 days), and the average length of stay was 1.84 days (range, 1-8 days). There were 2 complications: periumbilical cellulitis (n = 1) and incisional hernia (n = 1). There were no perforations and no incomplete pyloromyotomies. The cosmetic results on postoperative follow-up were subjectively excellent.'] Does transumbilical pyloromyotomy with umbilicoplasty provide ease of access and excellent cosmetic results?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and calcineurin have been reported to play important roles in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. We examined here the relation between calcineurin and ERKs in cardiomyocytes.', 'Isoproterenol activated ERKs in cultured cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats, and the activation was abolished by chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) with EGTA, blockade of L-type Ca(2+) channels with nifedipine, or depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with thapsigargin. Isoproterenol-induced activation of ERKs was also significantly suppressed by calcineurin inhibitors in cultured cardiomyocytes as well as in the hearts of mice. Isoproterenol failed to activate ERKs in either the cultured cardiomyocytes or the hearts of mice that overexpress the dominant negative mutant of calcineurin. Isoproterenol elevated intracellular Ca(2+) levels at both systolic and diastolic phases and dose-dependently activated calcineurin. Inhibition of calcineurin also attenuated isoproterenol-stimulated phosphorylation of Src, Shc, and Raf-1 kinase. The immunocytochemistry revealed that calcineurin was localized in the Z band, and isoproterenol induced translocation of calcineurin and ERKs into the nucleus.'] Does isoproterenol activate extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in cardiomyocytes through calcineurin?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Low pretransplant serum testosterone has recently been associated with increased mortality in men awaiting liver transplantation, but the potential impact on rejection has not yet been investigated.', 'Pretransplantation serum testosterone, SHBG, and other variables were collected on 190 consecutive men who received a liver transplant between 2007 and 2013. Rates of subsequent acute cellular rejection were recorded. Multivariable analysis was performed to define variables associated with rejection and other clinically important end points.', 'Thirty (16%) of 190 men experienced acute cellular rejection. Lower pretransplant testosterone was associated with lower rejection rates, -7% (95% confidence interval [CI], -2% to -12%) per nmol/L decrease in total testosterone and -4% (95% CI, -0.5% to -7%) per 10 pmol/L decrease in free testosterone. Total testosterone (correlation 0.29, P=0.04) and free testosterone (correlation 0.37, P=0.01) correlated significantly with the histological severity of rejection. Older age at transplant (+5% [95% CI, 9%-2%]) per year, and nonautoimmune etiology of liver disease (OR, 1.0 for autoimmune, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.07-0.73] for hepatitis C virus, and 0.58 [95% CI, 0.21-1.71] for other etiologies) were also associated with decreased rejection risk. In a generalized linear model including the covariates testosterone, SHBG, age, etiology, and MELD, total testosterone remained a significant predictor of rejection (adjusted OR, 1.06; P=0.03), as did age at transplant (OR, 0.95; P=0.01).'] Are low-serum testosterone levels pre-liver transplantation associated with reduced rates of early acute allograft rejection in men?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The ultra-short-acting μ-opioid receptor agonist, remifentanil, is commonly used in clinical anesthesia; however, there are limited data about the hemodynamic effects of remifentanil itself without anesthetics. We investigated the effects of an ultra-short-acting μ-opioid receptor agonist, remifentanil, on cardiovascular and sympathetic function in conscious rats.', 'The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded during continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion of remifentanil at a moderate-dose (0.25 and 0.5\\xa0μg/kg/min) and a high-dose (1.0 and 2.0\\xa0μg/kg/min) in conscious intact and sino-aortic denervated (SAD) rats. Baroreflex sensitivity was examined during remifentanil administration. Rats were administered saline or naloxone to assess the involvement of the μ-opioid receptor in the remifentanil-induced responses.', 'High-dose remifentanil induced biphasic changes in MAP and HR. Mediated by sympatho-activation, these parameters increased after briefly decreasing once. Subpressor-dose remifentanil enhanced baroreflex sensitivity. Changes in MAP, HR, and RSNA induced by remifentanil were inhibited by naloxone.'] Does high-dose remifentanil increase blood pressure and heart rate mediated by sympatho-activation in conscious rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of time-to-reperfusion on outcome after facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) i.e. PCI following early pharmacological reperfusion therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).', 'The study population consisted of 262 consecutive patients with STEMI, aged <75 years, without cardiogenic shock, presenting <12 hours of chest pain onset, transferred from community hospitals to a catheterization laboratory with time delay >90 min after pharmacological reperfusion therapy (alteplase i.v. bolus 15 mg followed by an infusion - 35 mg/60 min; abciximab i.v. bolus 0.25 mg/kg followed by a 12-hour infusion - 0.125 microg/kg/min; unfractionated heparin i.v. bolus 40 U/kg [maximum 3000 U]). One hundred seventeen patients (44.7%) received pharmacological reperfusion therapy <3 h after chest pain onset, 101 (38.5%) at 3-6 h and 44 patients (16.8%) >6 h. Patent infarct-related artery rates at initial angiography were similar among the study groups. PCI significantly improved epicardial flow in all three groups. Mortality at 12 months was significantly related to time-to-pharmacological reperfusion (3.4% [<3 h], 4.0% [3-6 h], 13.6% [>6 h], p = 0.027). At 6 months left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly improved in the two groups of patients with time-to-pharmacological reperfusion <6 hours and the time-to-pharmacological reperfusion was the independent predictor of lack of left ventricular ejection fraction recovery.'] Does time-to-reperfusion therapy influence outcome of patients with myocardial infarction subjected to facilitated PCI?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Much attention is being paid to the biologic effects of magnetic fields (MFs). Although MFs enhance tumorigenesis, they are neither mutagenic nor tumorigenic. The mechanism of their tumorigenic effect has not been elucidated.', 'To investigate the effect of MFs on apoptosis in HL-60 cells, we exposed the cells to static MFs of 6 mT generated by a magnetic disk of known intensity. Apoptosis was triggered by the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin (CPT). Activation of caspases in situ using the fluorochrome-labeled inhibitor (FLICA) method and determination of plasma membrane integrity by excluding propidium iodide (PI) were measured by both laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and flow cytometry (FC). LSC and FC identified cells at three sequential stages of their demise: early apoptosis (cells with activated caspases and PI negative); late apoptosis (cells with activated caspases but unable to exclude PI); secondary necrosis (cells with apoptotic morphology no longer stained with FLICA, not excluding PI).', 'MF alone did not induce any apoptogenic or necrogenic effect. CPT exposure led to the sequential appearance of apoptotic cells. In the presence of CPT and MF, the overall proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis was not significantly changed. However, we consistently observed a significant increase in the frequency of late apoptotic/necrotic cells when compared with samples treated with CPT alone (P < 0.001), as well as a decrease in the percentage of early apoptotic cells (P = 0.013). The data obtained by FC and LSC were consistent with each other, showing a similar phenomenon.'] Does exposure of cells to static magnetic field accelerate loss of integrity of plasma membrane during apoptosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Empirical tests that link temperature-mediated changes in behaviour (activity and resource selection) to individual fitness or condition are currently lacking for endotherms yet may be critical to understanding the effect of climate change on population dynamics. Moose (Alces alces) are thought to suffer from heat stress in all seasons so provide a good biological model to test whether exposure to non-optimal ambient temperatures influence seasonal changes in body mass. Seasonal mass change is an important fitness correlate of large herbivores and affects reproductive success of female moose.', 'Using GPS-collared adult female moose from two populations in southern Norway we quantified individual differences in seasonal activity budget and resource selection patterns as a function of seasonal temperatures thought to induce heat stress in moose. Individual body mass was recorded in early and late winter, and autumn to calculate seasonal mass changes (n\\u200a=\\u200a52 over winter, n\\u200a=\\u200a47 over summer). We found large individual differences in temperature-dependent resource selection patterns as well as within and between season variability in thermoregulatory strategies. As expected, individuals using an optimal strategy, selecting young successional forest (foraging habitat) at low ambient temperatures and mature coniferous forest (thermal shelter) during thermally stressful conditions, lost less mass in winter and gained more mass in summer.'] Do behavioural responses to thermal conditions affect seasonal mass change in a heat-sensitive northern ungulate?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Peripheral chronic total occlusions (CTO) are challenging lesions to treat. The CROSSER system (FlowCardia, Sunnyvale, CA) uses high-frequency low-amplitude vibrations to break through the cap of the CTO and had been shown to be successful in coronary CTOs. This is a case series demonstrating the use of the CROSSER system with peripheral CTOs.', 'Three patients with peripheral CTO of various lengths, locations, and complexities were treated with the CROSSER system. The device allowed placement of a guidewire across the area of occlusion, thus permitting further percutaneous intervention. The CROSSER system was effective with both ostial and distal lesions, tapered and abrupt lesion morphologies, and was used from both an ipsilateral (antegrade access) and contralateral approach.'] Do use of high-frequency vibrational energy in the treatment of peripheral chronic total occlusions?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Heel ulcers in patients with severe peripheral artery occlusive disease represent a challenge to the treating physician. They become more difficult to treat with underlying medical comorbidities. The purpose of this report is to document evidence that partial calcanectomy is simple to perform and clears infected bone, tissue, and ulceration.', 'Between July 2011 and August 2013, 30 consecutive patients presented to our department with heel wounds caused by diabetes mellitus and pressure. After evaluation by a vascular surgeon, 12 patients diagnosed with near total occlusive peripheral vascular disease were included in this report. Of the 12 patients, 7 were women. Their ages ranged from 65 to 79 years (mean, 73.3 years). After admission, surgical debridement was performed emergently with subsequent partial calcanectomy and wound closure.', 'Eight heel wounds (75%) healed completely with no further surgery to achieve defect coverage. Wound dehiscence developed in 4 patients (25%). The mean number of debridements was 1.75 (range, 1-3) with a total operation time of 71.5 minutes (range, 45-114 min). One patient died of acute myocardial infarction 2 weeks after discharge. The mean length of hospital stay was 8.3 days (range, 5-16 days).'] Does partial Calcanectomy facilitate Wound Closure of Heel Defects in High-Risk Patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To analyze the baseline clinicopathologic characteristics of prostate tumors with germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations and the prognostic value of those mutations on prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes.', 'This study analyzed the tumor features and outcomes of 2,019 patients with PCa (18 BRCA1 carriers, 61 BRCA2 carriers, and 1,940 noncarriers). The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the associations between BRCA1/2 status and other PCa prognostic factors with overall survival (OS), cause-specific OS (CSS), CSS in localized PCa (CSS_M0), metastasis-free survival (MFS), and CSS from metastasis (CSS_M1).', 'PCa with germline BRCA1/2 mutations were more frequently associated with Gleason ≥ 8 (P = .00003), T3/T4 stage (P = .003), nodal involvement (P = .00005), and metastases at diagnosis (P = .005) than PCa in noncarriers. CSS was significantly longer in noncarriers than in carriers (15.7 v 8.6 years, multivariable analyses [MVA] P = .015; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8). For localized PCa, 5-year CSS and MFS were significantly higher in noncarriers (96% v 82%; MVA P = .01; HR = 2.6%; and 93% v 77%; MVA P = .009; HR = 2.7, respectively). Subgroup analyses confirmed the poor outcomes in BRCA2 patients, whereas the role of BRCA1 was not well defined due to the limited size and follow-up in this subgroup.'] Are germline BRCA mutations associated with higher risk of nodal involvement , distant metastasis , and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To test if leflunomide, an immunomodulator, could impede the growth of an ectopic uterine tissue.', 'Endometriosis was surgically induced in 26 rats by transplanting an autologous fragment of endometrial tissue onto the inner surface of the abdominal wall. Four weeks later two rats were killed. The volume and weight of the implants were measured. The remaining rats were randomly grouped, and in group 1 no medication was given. To the rats in group 2, 35 mg/kg/d of leflunomide was administered orally. Four weeks later, rats were killed and ectopic uterine tissues were reevaluated morphologically and histologically. A scoring system was used to evaluate preservation of epithelia.', 'Two rats in the control group died 5 weeks after surgery. There was a significant difference in post-treatment spherical volumes (139.1 +/- 92.8 versus 33.5 +/- 12.5 mm3) and explant weights (156.3 +/- 105.6 versus 38.6 +/- 12.6 mg) between the control and leflunomide-treated groups. The epithelia were found to be preserved significantly better in the control group when compared with the leflunomide-treated group (median 2.5 [interquartile range, 1.25] versus median 1.00 [interquartile range, 1.5]).'] Does leflunomide -- an immunomodulator -- induce regression of endometrial explants in a rat model of endometriosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Atherosclerosis is associated with clinical, biochemical and haemodynamic risk factors. In a group of subjects studied twelve years apart, we evaluated carotid plaque development in relation to baseline and to changes at follow-up in common carotid haemodynamic profile.', \"Forty-eight participants were recruited to a cardiovascular disease prevention programme. Atherosclerotic plaques were evaluated and scored by echography. Endothelial shear stress, circumferential wall tension, and Peterson's elastic modulus as an index of arterial stiffness, were computed by echo-Doppler, along with blood viscosity data. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to test the association among the development of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and haemodynamic variations. Analyses were also performed on participants who presented at the follow-up with carotid haemodynamic variations in the left or right common carotid only.\", 'Participants (69% male) were aged 64.5\\xa0±\\xa09.7\\xa0years\\xa0at follow-up. Peak and mean endothelial shear stress was significantly lower at follow-up as previously reported; circumferential wall tension and arterial stiffness were significantly higher. Carotid plaque scores increased after 12 years (0.39\\xa0±\\xa00.72 vs. 0.67\\xa0±\\xa00.86, p\\xa0<\\xa00.01). Of the 96 common carotids analysed, shear stress reduction with aging was an independent predictor of carotid atherosclerosis (B\\xa0=\\xa0-0.063; odds ratio\\xa0=\\xa00.94; p\\xa0=\\xa00.01). Out of 48 participants, 21 (44%) showed shear stress reduction with aging in only one side of the body and, on this side, the plaque score increased (0.52\\xa0±\\xa00.98 vs. 0.90\\xa0±\\xa00.94, p\\xa0<\\xa00.05), remaining unchanged in the contralateral carotid tree.'] Is carotid endothelial shear stress reduction with aging associated with plaque development in twelve years?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Segmental bone defect is still a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. Currently available therapies for segmental bone defects have some drawbacks. Tissue engineering using pluripotent stem cells is a new, promising method for bone repair. The present study aims to promote the effect of bone defect repair using the tissue engineered bone in combination with vascularized periosteal flaps.', 'The adenoviral vector carrying Cbfa1 transduced rabbit adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and gene modified tissue engineering bone (GMB) were constructed. Rabbits with radial defects were implanted with the GMB together with vascularized periosteum (group A); or GMB with free periosteum (group B); or GMB (group C), and scaffold (group D). The bone repair effect was evaluated at 4, 8, or 12 wk, respectively, after the operations.', 'Cbfa1 proteins were strongly expressed in adipose stem cells (ADSCs) that formed a stratified network on the inner surface of the polylactic acid/ polycaprolacton (PLA/PCL) pores. Bone repair was well achieved in the rabbits treated with the Cbfa1-expressing ADSCs and vascularized flap that was markedly better than those treated with either Cbfa1-expressing ADSCs alone or with vascularized flap alone.'] Do transplantation of Cbfa1-overexpressing adipose stem cells together with vascularized periosteal flaps repair segmental bone defects?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In previous studies we found that miR-125b was down-regulated in denatured dermis of deep partial thickness burn patients. Moreover, miR-125b inhibited tumor-angiogenesis associated with the decrease of ERBB2 and VEGF expression in ovarian cancer cells and breast cancer cells, etc. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns and roles of miR-125b during the recovery of denatured dermis and heat-denatured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).', 'Deep partial thickness burns in Sprague-Dawley rats and the heat-denatured cells (52°C, 35 s) were used for analysis. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR were applied to evaluate the expression of miR-125b and ERBB2 and VEGF. The ability of angiogenesis in heat-denatured HUVECs was analyzed by scratch wound healing and tube formation assay after pri-miR-125b or anti-miR-125b transfection.', 'miR-125b expression was time-dependent during the recovery of heat-denatured dermis and HUVECs. Moreover, miR-125b regulated ERBB2 mRNA and Protein Expression and regulated angiogenesis association with regulating the expression of VEGF in heat-denatured HUVECs.'] Does the expression of miR-125b regulate angiogenesis during the recovery of heat-denatured HUVECs?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Being born small for gestational age (SGA) is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and increased cardiovascular morbidity/mortality in adulthood. Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality and is proposed to link insulin resistance with hypertension. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that sympathetic nerve activity is altered in individuals born SGA.', 'A cross-sectional, comparative study of 20 healthy adults (21-25 years old) born SGA (birth weight < -2SD score for healthy newborns) with normal and short stature, and 12 age, gender and body mass index matched individuals, born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) with normal stature.', 'Direct recordings of resting sympathetic nerve activity to the muscle vascular bed (MSA) were obtained from the peroneal nerve posterior to the fibular head. Heart rate, respiration and blood pressure were recorded during the microneurographic session.', 'MSA was increased in both groups of young adults born SGA as compared to those born AGA (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively). In the combined study group MSA was inversely correlated to birth weight, length (r = -0.59, P < 0.001 and r = -0.69, P < 0.0005, respectively) and final adult height (r = -0.58; P < 0.001).'] Do low birth size and final height predict high sympathetic nerve activity in adulthood?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Targeting of Notch signaling with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) has been considered a promising strategy for the treatment of hematological malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM). Here we investigated whether the cytotoxic effect of bortezomib, an agent commonly used in MM, could be enhanced by the addition of a GSI.', 'MM cells were treated with GSI, bortezomib or the combination thereof. Apoptosis of MM cells, proteasome activity and Notch signaling activation were determined. The effect of the drug combination was also evaluated in MM cells transfected with the active domain of Notch-1.', 'Using MM cell lines and primary MM cells isolated from the bone marrow of patients with MM we found a strong synergistic effect of bortezomib in combination with one of the GSIs studied. We next investigated the mechanism underlying this synergistic effect and determined that the effect of the drug combination was mainly dependent on the ability of the selected GSI to inhibit proteasome activity in MM cells.'] Does gamma-secretase inhibitor enhance the cytotoxic effect of bortezomib in multiple myeloma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['More and more sport associations introduce innovative devices to support referees and umpires respectively, affecting a strong need for the evaluation of these devices. This study evaluates the use of the new vanishing spray for free kicks in the German Bundesliga. In more detail, the aim of the study is to investigate if the spray reduces violations of the required minimum distance and consequently the respective punishments, if it reduces errors concerning the distance set by the referee and if it leads to a higher success rate of free kicks.', 'Therefore, 1833 free kicks of the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 season of the German Bundesliga were screened using a self-designed observational system. For the statistical analysis two parallel samples were built of 299 free kicks each.', 'The results showed no decrease of free kicks with distance violations but a significantly lower extent of these violations (χ(2)\\xa0=\\xa04.58; p\\xa0<\\xa0.05). However, none of these violations were punished appropriately. Concerning the success of free kicks, no significant impact was found neither for shots nor for crosses. In addition, no influence on the distance set by the referee could be identified.'] Does the use of vanishing spray reduce the extent of rule violations in soccer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Current classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) based on anatomic site and stage fails to capture biologic heterogeneity or adequately inform treatment.', 'Here, we use gene expression-based consensus clustering, copy number profiling, and human papillomavirus (HPV) status on a clinically homogenous cohort of 134 locoregionally advanced HNSCCs with 44% HPV(+) tumors together with additional cohorts, which in total comprise 938 tumors, to identify HNSCC subtypes and discover several subtype-specific, translationally relevant characteristics.', 'We identified five subtypes of HNSCC, including two biologically distinct HPV subtypes. One HPV(+) and one HPV(-) subtype show a prominent immune and mesenchymal phenotype. Prominent tumor infiltration with CD8(+) lymphocytes characterizes this inflamed/mesenchymal subtype, independent of HPV status. Compared with other subtypes, the two HPV subtypes show low expression and no copy number events for EGFR/HER ligands. In contrast, the basal subtype is uniquely characterized by a prominent EGFR/HER signaling phenotype, negative HPV-status, as well as strong hypoxic differentiation not seen in other subtypes.'] Does integrative analysis of head and neck cancer identify two biologically distinct HPV and three non-HPV subtypes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To contribute to the reliability and validity of a series of functional balance tests for use post stroke.', \"Within-session, test-retest and intertester reliability was tested using the kappa coefficient and intraclass correlations. The tests were performed three times and the first and third attempts compared to test the within-session reliability. The tests were repeated a few days later to assess test-retest reliability and were scored simultaneously by two physiotherapists to assess the intertester reliability. To test criterion-related validity the tests were compared with the sitting section of the Motor Assessment Scale, Berg Balance Scale and Rivermead Mobility Index using Spearman's rho.\", 'Stroke physiotherapy services of six National Health Service hospitals.', 'People with a post stroke hemiplegia attending physiotherapy who had no other pathology affecting their balance took part. Thirty-five people participated in the reliability testing and 48 people took part in the validity testing.', 'The following functional balance tests were used: supported sitting balance, sitting arm raise, sitting forward reach, supported standing balance, standing arm raise, standing forward reach, static tandem standing, weight shift, timed 5-m walk with and without an aid, tap and step-up tests.', 'The ordinal level tests (supported sitting and standing balance and static tandem standing tests) showed 100% agreement in all aspects of reliability. Intraclass correlations for the other tests ranged from 0.93 to 0.99. All the tests showed significant correlations with the appropriate comparator tests (r = 0.32-0.74 p < 0.05), except the weight shift test and step-up tests which did not form significant relationship with Berg Balance Scale (r = 0.26 and 0.19 respectively).'] Do reliability and validity of functional balance tests post stroke?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Irradiated arteries of cancer patients can be associated with atherosclerosis-like lesions containing cholesterol-laden macrophages (foam cells). Endothelial cell damage by irradiation does not completely explain the foam cell formation. We investigated the possible underlying mechanisms for ionizing radiation (IR)-induced foam cell formation.', 'Human peripheral blood monocytes were activated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor and then treated with varying doses of IR in vitro in the absence of endothelial cells. Scavenger receptor expression and foam cell formation of IR-treated macrophages were investigated in the presence or absence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. We also assessed the importance of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-activated human monocytes (macrophages) for the foam cell formation.', 'We found that IR treatment of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-activated human peripheral blood monocytes resulted in the enhanced expression of CD36 scavenger receptors and that cholesterol accumulated in the irradiated macrophages with resultant foam cell formation in the presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, when cultured on collagen gels, human macrophages formed large foam cell aggregates in response to IR. Antibodies against CD36 inhibited the IR-induced foam cell formation and aggregation, indicating that the IR-induced foam cell formation and the subsequent aggregation are dependent on functional CD36. In addition, we found that IR of human macrophages resulted in c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and that c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibition suppressed IR-induced CD36 expression and the subsequent foam cell formation and aggregation.'] Does ionizing radiation induce macrophage foam cell formation and aggregation through JNK-dependent activation of CD36 scavenger receptors?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['A clinical hallmark of sepsis is an early, hyperdynamic cardiac phase (increased cardiac output) that degrades to a hypodynamic phase, which results in poor gut perfusion and subsequent gastrointestinal (GI) hypoxemia, tissue ischemia, necrosis and loss of gut barrier function. Studies in rat cecal-ligation and puncture suggest that the potent vasodilator adrenomedullin (AM) might initiate or maintain the hypodynamic phase. We hypothesize that AM expression is increased in acute Escherichia coli bacteremia and chronic E coli-Bacteroides fragilis sepsis.', 'Acute bacteremia: male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized (urethane/alpha-chloralose), tracheotomized, and cannulated for monitoring blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) and for infusion of E coli (10(9) colony-forming units [CFU] E coli per 1 mL normal saline) and blood sampling. Arterial blood was withdrawn for arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements every 60 minutes. After 6 hours, we harvested lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and small intestine tissue samples and drew arterial and portal blood for AM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chronic sepsis: a sterile gauze pad was implanted and animals recovered for 5 days. Twenty-four hours (10(9) CFU E coli and 10(9) CFU B fragilis per 1 mL normal saline; 1 injection) or 72 hours (2 injections) after the inoculation of the back sponge, rats were anesthetized, intubated, and cannulated as above. MABP, HR, and ABG were measured for 1 hour before tissue and serum harvest for AM ELISA.', 'Sepsis increased HR and MABP in all groups. Acute sepsis caused a respiratory alkalosis and pH was also elevated in chronic sepsis. Serum AM levels were increased in all groups compared with baseline and remained elevated at every time point, but were not different between saline controls and septic animals at any time point, except for the portal serum from the 72-hour chronic sepsis, which was elevated.'] Is adrenomedullin increased in the portal circulation during chronic sepsis in rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is increasing but its residual impact on the pro-inflammatory milieu in cirrhosis, which is associated with gut dysbiosis, is unclear.', 'To define the impact of sustained virological response (SVR) on gut dysbiosis and systemic inflammation in HCV cirrhosis patients.', 'Cirrhotic out-patients with HCV with/without SVR (achieved >1 year prior) and age-matched healthy controls underwent serum and stool collection. Serum was analysed for IL-6, TNF-α and endotoxin while stool microbiota analysis was performed using multitagged pyrosequencing. Microbial comparisons were made using UNIFRAC and cirrhosis dysbiosis ratio (lower score indicates dysbiosis). Comparisons were performed between cirrhotics with/without SVR and controls vs. cirrhotic patients.', 'A total of 105 HCV cirrhotics and 45 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Twenty-one patients had achieved SVR using pegylated interferon + ribavrin a median of 15 months prior. No significant differences on demographics, cirrhosis severity, concomitant medications or diabetes were seen between cirrhotics with/without SVR. There was no significant difference in overall microbiota composition (UNIFRAC P = 0.3) overall or within specific microbial families (cirrhosis dysbiosis ratio median 1.3 vs. 1.0, P = 0.45) between groups with/without SVR. This also extended towards IL-6, TNF-α and endotoxin levels. Both cirrhosis groups, however, had significant dysbiosis compared to healthy controls [UNIFRAC P = 0.01, cirrhosis dysbiosis ratio (1.1 vs. 2.9, P < 0.001)] along with higher levels of endotoxin, IL-6 and TNF-α.'] Does hCV eradication impact gut dysbiosis or systemic inflammation in cirrhotic patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The effectiveness of excision of osteochondromas in controlling the progression of forearm and wrist deformity remains an issue of controversy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of tumor excision in the correction of forearm and wrist deformity due to multiple osteochondromas in children, with an interpretation of the results based on different patterns of deformity.', 'Fourteen forearms in thirteen children with a follow-up of more than twenty-four months (average, fifty-three months) were included in the study. The forearms were divided into two groups on the basis of the location of the tumor and the pattern of deformity. In Group 1 (six forearms), the osteochondroma was only in the distal aspect of the ulna and caused compression of the radius. In Group 2 (eight forearms), tumors were in both the distal aspect of the ulna and the ulnar side of the distal part of the radius and were in contact with each other. Radial length, ulnar shortening, radial bowing, the radial articular angle, and carpal slip were measured as radiographic parameters. Ulnar shortening and radial bowing were expressed as a percentage of the radial length to make it possible to compare data between the individuals. Each parameter was evaluated before surgery and at the time of final follow-up.', 'In Group 1, the percentage of ulnar shortening and the percentage of radial bowing had improved at the time of final follow-up; however, in Group 2, both the radial articular angle and the percentage of radial bowing had deteriorated significantly after the tumor excision (p = 0.049 and p = 0.017, respectively), even though the percentage of ulnar shortening showed no change.'] Does tumor location affect the results of simple excision for multiple osteochondromas in the forearm?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among Spanish adolescents and compare with other populations.', 'The study sample comprised 744 schoolchildren from urban and rural populations in Granada province (Southern Spain), aged from 14-20 years, who had received no orthodontic treatment. The measurement instrument was the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).', 'The mean DAI score of the whole series was 25.6 (SD, 7.94). The distribution of the four DAI grades was: DAI 1, no anomaly or malocclusion, 58.6%; DAI 2, definite malocclusion, 20.3%; DAI 3, severe malocclusion, 11.2%; DAI 4, very severe or disabling malocclusion, 9.9%. There were no statistically significant differences in DAI score between genders or those in rural vs. urban residence, but a significant difference was found between social classes, with subjects of low social class presenting the worst scores (p<0.05).'] Does malocclusions and orthodontic treatment need in a group of Spanish adolescents using the Dental Aesthetic Index?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent cardiovascular (CV) risk factor in both sexes. We studied if a diagnosis of LVH on electrocardiogram (ECG) was associated with a 'high CV risk condition' among 40- to 69-year-old individuals cared for by GPs.\", 'We studied 4250 individuals, 5.4% of whom had LVH. Cross-sectional frequencies, and age- and gender-adjusted statistical differences have been calculated.', \"All the study variables were significantly worse for 'LVH' than 'non-LVH' individuals (except smoking). The 'LVH' had both a mean '5-year CV risk' significantly greater than 'non-LVH' individuals (27.0% versus 8.6%), and a significantly higher prevalence of a '5-year CV risk >15%' (89% versus 15%).\"] Is a diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG associated with a high cardiovascular risk : findings from a 40- to 69-year-old cohort in general practice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We sought to evaluate the ability of psychiatric anxiety-disorder history to discriminate between women with and without angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) in a population with chest pain.', 'A total of 435 women with chest pain underwent a diagnostic battery including coronary angiography in order to improve testing guidelines for women with suspected CAD.', 'Women referred for coronary angiography completed questionnaires assessing prior treatment history for anxiety disorder and current anxiety-related symptoms. Analyses controlled for standard CAD risk factors.', 'Forty-four women (10%) reported receiving prior treatment for an anxiety disorder. This group acknowledged significantly higher levels of autonomic symptoms (e.g., headaches, muscle tension [F = 25.0, p < 0.0011 and higher behavioral avoidance scores (e.g., avoidance of open places or traveling alone by bus [F = 4.2, p < 0.05]) at baseline testing compared with women without prior anxiety problems. Women with an anxiety-disorder history did not differ from those without such a history with respect to the presence of inducible ischemia or use of nitroglycerin, although they were younger and more likely to describe both \"tight\" and \"sharp\" chest pain symptoms and to experience back pain and episodes of nocturnal chest pain. Logistic regression results indicated that the positive-anxiety-history group was more likely to be free of underlying significant angiographic CAD (odds ratio = 2.74, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 6.5, p = 0.03).'] Is history of anxiety disorders associated with a decreased likelihood of angiographic coronary artery disease in women with chest pain : the WISE study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine symptoms and signs in children with coeliac disease and determine whether the clinical picture at disease onset has changed as incidence of the disease has decreased in the last 10 years. This project was part of the ABIS study (All Babies in Southeast Sweden, born from October 1997 to October 1999).', 'Eight paediatric departments in Southeast Sweden recorded all children with coeliac disease and registered symptoms according to a standard form. Data were obtained from 79 children with biopsy-confirmed coeliac disease, 43 contemporary controls, and 65 historic controls.', 'When compared with children with normal intestinal biopsies, children with coeliac disease more often had abdominal distension (odds ratio [OR] = 22.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] OR = 5.00-98.25), thin extremities (OR = 5.89; 95% CI OR = 2.09-16.55), irritability (OR = 6.50; 95% CI OR = 1.83-23.03), and tiredness (OR = 15.43; 95% CI OR = 2.00-119.16). When compared with coeliac children diagnosed at < or =2 years of age in Gothenburg between 1985 and 1989, when the incidence of coeliac disease was three times higher, ABIS patients aged < or =2 years at diagnosis had less often experienced diarrhoea (OR = 0.23; 95% CI OR = 0.12-0.65), suboptimal weight gain (OR = 0.02; 95% CI OR = 0.01-0.10), or suboptimal linear growth (OR = 0.14; 95% CI OR = 0.05-0.39).'] Do symptoms and signs have changed in Swedish children with coeliac disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Using the 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique with the ex vivo culture of AC133-CD34+ cells, a transcription start site was recently identified approximately 0.7 kb upstream from the transcription start sites previously determined. The transcripts from the alternative starting exon 1a were demonstrated in the cells of both erythroid and epithelial lineages. Because the nucleotide sequence of exon 1a does not contain an ATG codon, we examined whether transcription starting from exon 1a leads to production of a functional glycosyltransferase.\", 'Stable transfection experiments into the human gastric cancer MKN28 cells were performed using the various A transferase expression plasmids.', \"Large amounts of A antigens were demonstrated on the cells transfected with the A transferase expression plasmid containing the entire cDNA from exon 1a or the 5'-truncated cDNA leading to the production of the N-truncated protein with deletion of the cytoplasmic tail and a portion of the transmembrane domain. However, negligible amounts of A antigens were observed on the cells transfected with the A transferase expression plasmids containing the 5'-truncated cDNA leading to the production of the N-truncated proteins without the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane domain.\"] Does transcription starting from an alternative promoter lead to the expression of the human ABO histo-blood group antigen?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To report a case of severe macular burn as a complication of transpupillary thermotherapy treatment for occult choroidal neovascularization.', 'Interventional case report.', 'A 65-year-old man developed a severe macular burn following transpupillary thermotherapy treatment.', 'Before treatment, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography showed a progressive, ill-defined leakage corresponding to the presence of occult choroidal neovascularization. One month after treatment, fundus examination disclosed macular atrophy. The early phases of fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography showed that the macular choroidal filling time had worsened dramatically. At the late phase of indocyanine green angiography, the initial hyperfluorescence of choroidal neovascularization was replaced by a persistent, markedly hypofluorescent area.'] Do macular burn after transpupillary thermotherapy for occult choroidal neovascularization?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Simvastatin inhibits human saphenous vein neointima formation in human saphenous vein organ cultures. However, it is not known if simvastatin actually inhibits vein graft intima hyperplasia in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms behind that. In this study, we used a murine vein graft model to address these issues.', 'Vein grafting was performed among C57BL/6 J mice treated with low-dose (2 mg kg(-1)) or high-dose (20 mg kg(-1)) simvastatin or vehicle subcutaneously 72 h before and then daily after surgery. As compared to the vehicle, simvastatin dose-dependently significantly inhibited vein graft intima hyperplasia 4 weeks after surgeries. Immunohistochemistry studies suggested that vein graft neointima was mainly composed of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and the rate of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells in the intima of vein grafts was significantly lower in simvastatin-treated groups than in control group. We isolated VSMC from mouse vena cava, simvastatin significantly reduced VSMC proliferation, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC migration in a dose-dependent manner.'] Does simvastatin exert favourable effects on neointimal formation in a mouse model of vein graft?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"The comparison of variability, reproducibility, and diagnostic performance of late-night salivary cortisol (LNSF) and urinary free cortisol (UFC) using concurrent and consecutive samples in Cushing's syndrome (CS) is lacking. Objectives, Patients, and Methods: In a prospective study, we evaluated 3 simultaneous and consecutive samples of LNSF by RIA and UFC by liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry in Cushing's disease (CD) patients (n = 43), adrenal CS patients (n = 9), and obese subjects (n = 18) to compare their diagnostic performances. In CS patients, we also performed a modified CS severity index.\", \"There was no difference in the coefficient of variation (percentage) between LNSF and UFC among the 3 samples obtained for each patient with Cushing's disease (35 ± 26 vs 31 ± 24), adrenal CS (28 ± 14 vs 22 ± 14), and obesity (39 ± 37 vs 48 ± 20). LNSF confirmed the diagnosis of hypercortisolism even in the presence of normal UFC in 17.3% of CS, whereas the inverse situation was not observed for UFC. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves for LNSF was 0.999 (95% credible interval [CI] 0.990-1.00) and for UFC was 0.928 (95% CI 0.809-0.987). The ratio between areas under the curve was 0.928 (95% CI 0.810-0.988), indicating better performance of LNSF than UFC in diagnosing CS. There was no association between the CS severity index and the degree of biochemical hypercortisolism.\"] Does late-night salivary cortisol have a better performance than urinary free cortisol in the diagnosis of Cushing 's syndrome?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are common viruses mainly infecting young children. Most infections are mild, but HPeV3 causes severe CNS infections in new-born infants.', 'The aim was to study the epidemiology of HPeVs in Finnish general population in the period 1996-2007, with special emphasis on the different types circulating in Finland.', 'A total of 2236 stool specimens were collected from 200 healthy Finnish children in a prospective birth cohort study, most before the age of 2 years. Samples were tested for the presence of HPeV RNA using a specific RT-PCR. The genotype of HPeV was determined by sequencing the VP1 genomic region.', 'HPeV RNA was detected in 144 (6.4%) specimens from 78 (39%) children. The dominant type was HPeV1 (93% of the type-identified 105 samples), although types 3 and 6 were also identified. HPeV was found sequentially in more than one sample in 43 infections lasting up to 93 days. The positive findings were distributed equally in young ages and declined towards the age of 2 years. Infections clustered around the autumn months with no obvious change between years. No significant differences were seen between boys and girls.'] Are human parechoviruses frequently detected in stool of healthy Finnish children?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The increasing prevalence of cholesterol gallstone (CG) disease has become an economic burden to the healthcare system. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only established medical agent used to dissolve gallstones. In investigating novel therapeutics for CG, we assessed the preventive effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) on the formation of CG induced by feeding a lithogenic diet (LD) containing high cholesterol levels to mice.', 'Mice were divided into the following six groups: (A) regular diet (RD); (B) RD+n-3PUFA; (C) LD; (D) LD+n-3PUFA; (E) LD+UDCA; (F) LD+n-3PUFA+UDCA. After RD/LD feeding for 2\\u2009weeks, n-3PUFA or UDCA was administered orally and the diet maintained for 8\\u2009weeks. The levels of phospholipids and cholesterol in bile, CG formation, gallbladder wall thickness, MUC gene expression in gallbladder were analyzed.', 'No stone or sludge was evident in the RD groups (Groups A, B). Mice in the n-3PUFA treatment (Groups D, F) showed significantly lower stone formation than the other LD groups (Groups C, E). The combination treatment of n-3PUFA and UDCA suppressed stone formation more than mono-therapy with n-3PUFA or UDCA. Bile phospholipid levels were significantly elevated in the Group F. Hypertrophy of the gallbladder wall was evident in mice fed LD. MUC 2, 5AC, 5B and 6 mRNA expression levels were significantly elevated in the LD-fed group, and this was suppressed by n-3PUFA with or without UDCA.'] Does n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid attenuate cholesterol gallstones by suppressing mucin production with a high cholesterol diet in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The histone-like protein Hc2 binds DNA in Chlamydia trachomatis and is known to vary in size between 165 and 237 amino acids, which is caused by different numbers of lysine-rich pentamers. A more complex structure was seen in this study when sequences from 378 specimens covering the hctB gene, which encodes Hc2, were compared.', 'This study shows that the size variation is due to different numbers of 36-amino acid long repetitive elements built up of five pentamers and one hexamer. Deletions and amino acid substitutions result in 14 variants of repetitive elements and these elements are combined into 22 configurations. A protein with similar structure has been described in Bordetella but was now also found in other genera, including Burkholderia, Herminiimonas, Minibacterium and Ralstonia.Sequence determination resulted in 41 hctB variants that formed four clades in phylogenetic analysis. Strains causing the eye disease trachoma and strains causing invasive lymphogranuloma venereum infections formed separate clades, while strains from urogenital infections were more heterogeneous. Three cases of recombination were identified. The size variation of Hc2 has previously been attributed to deletions of pentamers but we show that the structure is more complex with both duplication and deletions of 36-amino acid long elements.'] Does mosaic structure of intragenic repetitive elements in histone H1-like protein Hc2 vary within serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The incidence and predictors of spontaneous hepatitis B surface-antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) were evaluated.', 'A total of 1427 patients with chronic HBV infection, who were followed between 1994 and 2013, were investigated in this retrospective study. All data were extracted from patient files.', 'Spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance occurred in 84 patients during 8798 person-years of follow-up. The patients were categorized into 3 groups at follow-up based on HBV DNA features as continuously <100 copies/mL (Group A), 0-10,000 copies/mL (Group B), and 0 to >10,000 copies/mL (Group C). Alanine aminotransferase features in the 2 groups were categorized as continuously normal (<40 U/L) and 0 to >40 U/L. Spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance was seen primarily in patients with Group A HBV DNA features, and continuously low HBV DNA values were the main predictor of HBsAg seroclearance (P < 0.001).'] Is a persistently low HBV DNA level a predictor of spontaneous HBsAg clearance in patients with chronic hepatitis B?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hydronephrosis is characterized by substantial loss of tubules and affects renin secretion in the kidney. However, whether alterations of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2 and Mas receptor in the heart are observed in hydronephrosis is unknown. Thus, we assessed these components in hydronephrotic mice treated with AT1 receptor blockade and ACE inhibitor.', 'Hydronephrosis was induced by left ureteral ligation in Balb/C mice except sham-operated animals. The levels of cardiac ACE, ACE2 and Mas receptor were measured after treatment of losartan or enalapril.', 'Hydronephrosis led to an increase of ACE level and a decrease of ACE2 and Mas receptor in the heart. Losartan decreased cardiac ACE level, but ACE2 and Mas receptor levels significantly increased in hydronephrotic mice (p < 0.01). Enalapril increased ACE2 levels (p < 0.01), but did not affect Mas receptor in the heart. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and Ang II decreased in hydronephrotic mice, but significantly increased after treatment with losartan or enalapril.'] Does hydronephrosis alter cardiac ACE2 and Mas receptor expression in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Several recent studies have shown a strong association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and chronic kidney disease.', 'To examine the relationship between changes in liver histology and renal function in patients with NASH.', 'The present analysis represents a post hoc analysis of a recently published trial that included 261 patients with NASH who were treated with lifestyle modifications during 52 weeks. Kidney function was evaluated through Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m', 'Interestingly, a one-stage reduction in fibrosis (r = 0.20, P < 0.01) and resolution of NASH (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) were significantly correlated with an improvement in the kidney function. The eGFR values significantly increased in patients with fibrosis improvement (+7.6 ± 6.5 mL/min/1.73 m'] Is improvement in liver histology due to lifestyle modification independently associated with improved kidney function in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a first-line treatment for asthma for their anti-inflammatory effects, but they also hinder the repair of airway epithelial injury. The anti-inflammatory protein GC-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is reported to inhibit the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, which promotes the repair of airway epithelial cells around the damaged areas. We investigated whether the inhibition of airway epithelial repair imposed by the GC dexamethasone (DEX) is mediated by GILZ.', 'We tested the effect of DEX on the expressions of GILZ mRNA and GILZ protein and the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells, via RT-PCR and Western blot. We further evaluated the role of GILZ in mediating the effect of DEX on the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway and in airway epithelium repair by utilizing small-interfering RNAs, MTT, CFSE labeling, wound-healing and cell migration assays.', 'DEX increased GILZ mRNA and GILZ protein levels in a human airway epithelial cell line. Furthermore, DEX inhibited the phosphorylation of Raf-1, Mek1/2, Erk1/2 (components of the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway), proliferation and migration. However, the inhibitory effect of DEX was mitigated in cells when the GILZ gene was silenced.'] Does dexamethasone inhibit repair of human airway epithelial cells mediated by glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper ( GILZ )?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study aimed at investigating whether the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 is significantly associated with clinicopathologic features and overall survival of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).', 'Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine NR4A2 protein expression in 84 NPC tissues and 20 non-cancerous nasopharyngeal (NP) tissues. The prognostic significance of NR4A2 protein expression was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.', 'We did not find a significant association between total NR4A2 expression and clinicopathological variables in 84 patients with NPC. However, we observed that high cytoplasmic expression of NR4A2 was significantly associated with tumor size (T classification) (P = 0.006), lymph node metastasis (N classification) (P = 0.002) and clinical stage (P = 0.017). Patients with higher cytoplasmic NR4A2 expression had a significantly lower survival rate than those with lower cytoplasmic NR4A2 expression (P = 0.004). Multivariate Cox regression analysis analysis suggested that the level of cytoplasmic NR4A2 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival of patients with NPC (P = 0.033).'] Does high cytoplasmic expression of the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 predict poor survival in nasopharyngeal carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis in the world, affecting close to a million people. Circulating galactose-deficient IgA (gd-IgA), present in patients with IgAN, form immune complex deposits in the glomerular mesangium causing local proliferation and matrix expansion. Intriguing though, individuals having gd-IgA deposits in the kidneys do not necessarily have signs of glomerular disease. Recurrence of IgAN only occurs in less than half of transplanted patients with IgAN, indicating that gd-IgA is not the only factor driving the disease. We hypothesize that, in addition to IgA complexes, patients with IgAN possess a subtype of mesangial cells highly susceptible to gd-IgA induced cell proliferation.', 'To test the hypothesis, we designed a technique to culture primary mesangial cells from renal biopsies obtained from IgAN patients and controls. The cell response to gd-IgA treatment was then measured both on gene and protein level and the proliferation rate of the cells in response to PDGF was investigated.', 'When treated with gd-IgA, mesangial cells from patients with IgAN express and release more PDGF compared to controls. In addition, the mesangial cells from patients with IgAN were more responsive to treatment with PDGF resulting in an increased proliferation rate of the cells compared to control. Mesangial cells cultured from patients with IgAN expressed and released more IL-6 than controls and had a higher expression of matrix genes. Both mesangial cells derived from patients with IgAN and controls increased their expressed TGFβ1 and CCL5 when treated with gd-IgA.'] Do mesangial cells from patients with IgA nephropathy have increased susceptibility to galactose-deficient IgA1?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To predict the place of discharge or discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score for stroke survivors with moderate disability using neural network modeling. Our previous work demonstrated that the FIM predicts the level of recovery for stroke survivors with either severe or mild disabilities.', 'Neural network analysis.', 'Tertiary care rehabilitation program.', 'One hundred forty-seven consecutive stroke survivors admitted for rehabilitation with admission FIM scores between 37 and 96 were used as the training and internal test set. Seventeen other randomly selected stroke survivors were used as the external test set.', 'A neural network model was developed using a small set of clinical variables and the admission FIM score.', 'Neural network model predicting place of discharge or discharge FIM score.', 'A working and accurate model was developed to predict the discharge FIM score. The model was able to predict the 17 external test cases with an accuracy = 88%, sensitivity = 83%, specificity = 91%, positive predictive value = 83%, and negative predictive value = 91%.'] Does neural network modeling accurately predict the functional outcome of stroke survivors with moderate disabilities?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Ribonucleotide reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, which are utilized in both DNA synthesis and DNA repair. We reported previously that RR enzyme activity and R2 (catalytic subunit of RR) protein levels were increased after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) in growth-arrested human tumor cells, suggesting that R2 protein expression regulates RR activity to allow for IR damage repair. Using isogenic human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in this study, we examine the relationship of overexpression of either the R1 regulatory subunit or the R2 catalytic subunit of RR to the cellular response of IR damage.', 'We used three isogenic human nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines previously derived by Zhou et al, including KB, the parental tumor cell line; KB/M1, an R1 protein-overexpressing clone stably transfected with human R1 complementary DNA; and KB/M2, a R2 protein-overexpressing clone stably transfected with human R2 complementary DNA. We initially characterized these isogenic human tumor cell lines in exponential growth for R2 protein expression, RR enzyme activity, and R2 protein changes during the cell cycle by flow cytometry. Subsequently, the IR response in these cell lines was determined by clonogenic survival, cell cycle changes occurring after IR, and an analysis of IR DNA damage determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The effect of combining IR and hydroxyurea, a RR (R2) inhibitor, was also studied in KB and KB/M2 cells.', 'KB/M2 cells were found to have 4.5-fold higher R2 protein expression and a threefold higher RR enzyme activity in exponential growth than KB and KB/M1. Although R2 protein levels increased at the G1/S transition in all cell lines, KB/M2 cells also demonstrated consistently higher R2 protein levels throughout the cell cycle. Using a linear-quadratic analysis of IR clonogenic survival data, KB/M2 cells were more radioresistant than KB and KB/M1 cells, including both decreased alpha and decreased beta values, a finding that correlates with increased reparable IR damage. KB/M2 cells also show a reduced G2 cell cycle arrest and fewer DNA double strand breaks 18 hours after IR (6 Gy). Exposure of KB/M2 cells to hydroxyurea (300 microM) after exposure to IR restored in vitro radiosensitivity in a manner similar to that found in KB and KB/M1 cells.'] Does overexpression of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase in human nasopharyngeal cancer cells reduce radiosensitivity?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To describe a method for making morphometric analysis of the pores in the lamina cribrosa with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO).', 'Sixteen consecutive images were acquired with an SLO from the retinal surface to the bottom of the optic disc in +0.25-diopter increments. An He-Ne laser (633 nm) with a 20 degrees field of view was used. The images from each section were processed and combined with the aid of Macintosh software.', 'Eyes with physiological cupping showed uniformly round or nearly round pores, whereas eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma frequently had compressed pores.'] Does morphometric features of laminar pore in lamina cribrosa observed by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) at sea level (SL) is moderately predictive of the change in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) to acute normobaric hypoxia. However, because of progressive changes in the chemoreflex control of breathing and acid-base balance at high altitude (HA), HVR at SL may not predict PASP at HA. We hypothesized that resting oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (Spo₂) at HA would correlate better than HVR at SL with PASP at HA.', 'In 20 participants at SL, we measured normobaric, isocapnic HVR (L/min · -%Spo₂⁻¹) and resting PASP using echocardiography. Both resting Spo₂ and PASP measures were repeated on day 2 (n = 10), days 4 to 8 (n = 12), and 2 to 3 weeks (n = 8) after arrival at 5,050 m. These data were also collected at 5,050 m in life-long HA residents (ie, Sherpa [n = 21]).', 'Compared with SL, Spo₂ decreased from 98.6% to 80.5% (P < .001), whereas PASP increased from 21.7 to 34.0 mm Hg (P < .001) after 2 to 3 weeks at 5,050 m. Isocapnic HVR at SL was not related to Spo₂ or PASP at any time point at 5,050 m (all P > .05). Sherpa had lower PASP (P < .01) than lowlanders on days 4 to 8 despite similar Spo₂. Upon correction for hematocrit, Sherpa PASP was not different from lowlanders at SL but was lower than lowlanders at all HA time points. At 5,050 m, although Spo₂ was not related to PASP in lowlanders at any point (all R² ≤ 0.05, P > .50), there was a weak relationship in the Sherpa (R² = 0.16, P = .07).'] Does chemoreceptor Responsiveness at Sea Level Predict the Pulmonary Pressure Response to High Altitude?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['β-Lapachone (β-lap) is a bioreductive agent that is activated by the two-electron reductase NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Although β-lap has been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer types in an NQO1-dependent manner, the signaling pathways by which β-lap causes apoptosis are poorly understood.', 'β-Lap-induced apoptosis and related molecular signaling pathways in NQO1-negative and NQO1-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells were investigated. Pharmacological inhibitors or siRNAs against factors involved in β-lap-induced apoptosis were used to clarify the roles played by such factors in β-lap-activated apoptotic signaling pathways. β-Lap leads to clonogenic cell death and apoptosis in an NQO1-dependent manner. Treatment of NQO1-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells with β-lap causes rapid disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear translocation of AIF and Endo G from mitochondria, and subsequent caspase-independent apoptotic cell death. siRNAs targeting AIF and Endo G effectively attenuate β-lap-induced clonogenic and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, β-lap induces cleavage of Bax, which accumulates in mitochondria, coinciding with the observed changes in mitochondria membrane potential. Pretreatment with Salubrinal (Sal), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor, efficiently attenuates JNK activation caused by β-lap, and subsequent mitochondria-mediated cell death. In addition, β-lap-induced generation and mitochondrial translocation of cleaved Bax are efficiently blocked by JNK inhibition.'] Is endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced JNK activation a critical event leading to mitochondria-mediated cell death caused by β-lapachone treatment?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Opioid therapy is an increasingly used modality for treatment of musculoskeletal pain despite multiple associated risks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how preoperative opioid use affects early outcomes after total joint arthroplasty.', 'A total of 174 patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty were matched by age, gender, and procedure into 3 groups stratified by preoperative opioid use (nonuser, short acting [eg, Vicodin], long acting [eg, Oxycontin]).', 'Compared to nonusers, preoperative long-acting use was associated with increased postoperative mean opioid consumption (46 mg vs 366 mg mean morphine equivalents, P < .001) and independently predicted complications within 90 days (odds ratio: 6.15, confidence interval: [1.46, 25.95], P\\xa0= .013).'] Does long-Acting Opioid Use Independently predict Perioperative Complication in Total Joint Arthroplasty?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate whether the congested area that develops in associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) contributes to rapid future liver remnant (FLR) hypertrophy.', 'Eight patients undergoing liver partition and right portal vein (RPV) ligation within the FLR in the first operation of ALPPS were compared with eight patients undergoing RPV embolization in the FLR as the first operation of classical two-stage (CTS) hepatectomy.', 'Extrapolated kinetic growth of the FLR in ALPPS was 32.7±18.7 ml/day, 7.8-times that in CTS (4.2±2.0 ml/day, p=0.001). Extrapolated kinetic reduction in volume of the ventral aspect of the right paramedian sector, which became congested after the first procedure in ALPPS, was 19.8±11.6 ml/day, 11-times that in CTS (1.8±1.3 ml/day, p=0.001).'] Does parenchymal Congestion be Important for Rapid Regeneration of the Future Liver Remnant Following the ALPPS Procedure?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine whether heparin or the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin alter lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced monocyte activation.', 'Heparin is widely used in clinical practice to inhibit the coagulation cascade. However, heparin also is a naturally occurring glucosaminoglycan and a pleiotropic immunomodulator that binds to a variety of proteins. LPS is a component of gram-negative bacteria and is thought to be responsible for many of the deleterious effects seen in sepsis. The binding of LPS to CD14 induces a signaling cascade that results in the release of many inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).', 'Monocytes from healthy volunteers were isolated and cultured in the presence of saline, LPS (10 ng/ml), heparin (0.1 to 1000 microg/ml), or enoxaparin (0.1 to 1000 microg/ml). In blocking experiments, cells were pretreated for 60 minutes with the monoclonal anti-CD14 antibody MY4 (10 microg/ml) or with isotype-matched control IgG2 (10 microg/ml). TNF-alpha values were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significance was assessed with analysis of variance.', 'Heparin (10 to 1000 microg/ml) and enoxaparin (1000 microg/ml) significantly enhanced LPS-induced TNF-alpha release. Heparin (1000 microg/ml) or enoxaparin (1000 microg/ml) did not produce TNF-alpha in the absence of LPS. Blockade of CD14 abrogated both LPS-induced TNF-alpha release and the effect of heparin or enoxaparin to enhance LPS-induced TNF-alpha release.'] Do heparin and enoxaparin enhance endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in human monocytes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['A common approach in the management of retained placenta is administration of oxytocin followed by controlled cord traction. Previously it has also been demonstrated that intravenously administered nitroglycerin facilitates manual extraction of retained placenta. The purpose of the present trial was to examine the success rate and safety of sequential administration of intravenous oxytocin in combination with sublingual nitroglycerin for the delivery of retained placenta.', 'The report is a chart review of 24 women with retained placenta despite intravenously administered oxytocin. The women were given sublingual nitroglycerin (1 mg) to promote detachment of the placenta. Some 5 min after resorption of the tablets, controlled cord traction was carried out for a maximum of 5 min. In addition, changes in blood pressure following treatment with nitroglycerin and total blood loss during delivery were registered.', 'Twenty-one of the women delivered the placenta successfully following sublingual administration of nitroglycerin. The procedure failed in 3 women and operative manual removal under regional or general anesthesia was undertaken. No complications due to nitroglycerin were registered.'] Does sublingual nitroglycerin seem to be effective in the management of retained placenta?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Conflicting evidence exists as to whether focal cerebral ischemia contributes to cerebral amyloid deposition. We aimed to look at Aβ deposits, detected by N-methyl-2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (PiB) positron emission tomography, in patients with recent ischemic stroke. Specifically, we hypothesized that patients with recent ischemic stroke have higher local and neocortical PiB positron emission tomography retention and that this may be associated with major vascular risk factors.\", 'Ischemic stroke patients were studied using PiB positron emission tomography within 30 days and compared to age-matched controls. Distribution volume ratio maps were created using Logan graphical analysis with the cerebellar cortex as a reference.', 'Among the 21 ischemic stroke patients (median age, 76 years; interquartile range, 68-77), the ipsilateral peri-infarct region PiB retention was higher compared to the contralateral mirror region, with a PiB distribution volume ratio difference of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.2-0.44; P=0.001) at median 10 (interquartile range, 7-14) days after stroke. Two patients also had higher PiB retention within the infarct compared to the contralateral side. There was no difference in the neocortical PiB retention elsewhere in the brain among ischemic stroke patients compared with 22 age-matched normal controls (P=0.22). Among the risk factors in the ischemic stroke patients, diabetes was associated with a higher neocortical PiB retention (Spearman Rho=0.48; 95% CI, 0.28-0.72).'] Is subacute ischemic stroke associated with focal 11C PiB positron emission tomography retention but not with global neocortical Aβ deposition?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation is associated with poor sustained virological response (SVR) in genotype 1, and data on genotype 3 is limited to small numbers. We report one of the largest series of genotype 3 patients treated for recurrent hepatitis C following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).', 'From January 2002 to November 2013, of 1349 transplants, 359 patients had hepatitis C. Patients with histological recurrence were treated with pegylated interferon in escalating dose regimen for 48\\xa0weeks and weight-based ribavirin. Virological response was defined as rapid virological response (RVR-4\\xa0weeks), early virological response (EVR-12\\xa0weeks), end of treatment response (ETR-48\\xa0weeks), and SVR (24\\xa0weeks after end of treatment). SVR and no-SVR groups were compared for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, ferritin, genotype, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels before initiation of treatment.', 'The study included 67 patients who had at least 18\\xa0months of follow up after treatment initiation (45 males), aged 51\\u2009±\\u20096.3\\xa0years. Treatment was started after 16\\xa0months (median); baseline median RNA was 2.7\\u2009×\\u200910(6)\\xa0IU/mL. There was no significant difference between the SVR and no-SVR groups regarding age, sex ratio, follow up period, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, BMI, prevalence of diabetes, HCV RNA, and ferritin levels. Genotype 3, RVR, EVR, ETR, and higher LDL levels were significantly associated with SVR. Genotype 3 had a significantly higher SVR rate of 71\\xa0% as compared to an SVR rate of only 14\\xa0% in genotype 1, p\\u2009=\\u20090.0003. Absence of RVR and EVR predicted treatment failure with a specificity of 88 % and 92\\xa0%, respectively.'] Are genotype 3 and higher low-density lipoprotein levels predictors of good response to treatment of recurrent hepatitis C following living donor liver transplantation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Tumor initiation has been attributed to haploinsufficiency at a single locus for a large number of cancers. Patched1 (Ptc1) was one of the first such loci, and Ptc1 haploinsufficiency has been asserted to lead to medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma in mice.', 'To study the role of Ptc1 in cerebellar tumor development and to create a preclinical therapeutic platform, we have generated a conditional Ptc1 haploinsufficiency model of medulloblastoma by inactivating Ptc1 in Pax7-expressing cells of the cerebellum.', 'These mice developed exclusively medulloblastoma. We show that despite the presence of transcription of Ptc1, Ptc1 protein is nearly undetectable or absent in tumors. Our results suggest that Ptc1 loss of function is complete, but achieved at the protein level rather than by the classic genetic two-hit mechanism or a strict half-dosage genetic haploinsufficiency mechanism. Furthermore, we found that bortezomib, a 26S proteasome inhibitor, had a significant anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo, which was accompanied by restoration of Ptc1 protein and downregulation of the hedgehog signaling pathway. The same effect was seen for both human and mouse medulloblastoma tumor cell growth.'] Does bortezomib reverse a post-translational mechanism of tumorigenesis for patched1 haploinsufficiency in medulloblastoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma and report our experience in adrenalectomy without previous control of the adrenal vein.', 'From January 2000 to December 2005, 56 patients underwent 58 retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy procedures for the treatment of pheochromocytoma. Adequate preoperative antihypertensive preparation was performed. Intraoperative hemodynamic changes were documented in detail. During surgery, the adrenal vein was identified and ligated after dissection and mobilization of the adrenal gland.', 'One patient required conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time and estimated blood loss was 50.4 +/- 19.8 minutes (range 25 to 150) and 76.4 +/- 23.5 mL (range 20 to 300), respectively. A systolic blood pressure greater than 200 mm Hg or less than 80 mm Hg was observed in 6 and 3 patients, respectively. Moreover, an upward fluctuation of systolic blood pressure (20 mm Hg or greater) was recorded during laparoscopic manipulation in 21 patients (37.5%), and in 8 of them, it was 50 mm Hg or greater. The mean diameter of the excised masses was 4.6 +/- 1.7 cm (range 1.5 to 10.0). The mean hospital stay was 5.2 +/- 1.3 days (range 3 to 9). No patients had a major complication and none died. During the follow-up period of 5 months to 3 years, 36 patients recovered normal blood pressure without antihypertensive drugs. No tumor recurrences developed.'] Is retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy without previous control of adrenal vein feasible and safe for pheochromocytoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Lung inflammation leading to pulmonary toxicity after radiotherapy (RT) can occur in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the kinetics of RT induced plasma inflammatory cytokines in these patients in order to identify clinical predictors of toxicity.', 'In 12 NSCLC patients, RT to 60 Gy (30 fractions over 6 weeks) was delivered; 6 received concurrent chemoradiation (chemoRT) and 6 received RT alone. Blood samples were taken before therapy, at 1 and 24 hours after delivery of the 1st fraction, 4 weeks into RT, and 12 weeks after completion of treatment, for analysis of a panel of 22 plasma cytokines. The severity of respiratory toxicities were recorded using common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) v4.0.', 'Twelve cytokines were detected in response to RT, of which ten demonstrated significant temporal changes in plasma concentration. For Eotaxin, IL-33, IL-6, MDC, MIP-1α and VEGF, plasma concentrations were dependent upon treatment group (chemoRT vs RT alone, all p-values <0.05), whilst concentrations of MCP-1, IP-10, MCP-3, MIP-1β, TIMP-1 and TNF-α were not. Mean lung radiation dose correlated with a reduction at 1 hour in plasma levels of IP-10 (r2\\u200a=\\u200a0.858, p<0.01), MCP-1 (r2\\u200a=\\u200a0.653, p<0.01), MCP-3 (r2\\u200a=\\u200a0.721, p<0.01), and IL-6 (r2\\u200a=\\u200a0.531, p\\u200a=\\u200a0.02). Patients who sustained pulmonary toxicity demonstrated significantly different levels of IP-10 and MCP-1 at 1 hour, and Eotaxin, IL-6 and TIMP-1 concentration at 24 hours (all p-values <0.05) when compared to patients without respiratory toxicity.'] Is a pattern of early radiation-induced inflammatory cytokine expression associated with lung toxicity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['INTRODUCTION & HYPOTHESIS: Determine if treatment of urge incontinence with tolterodine results in changes in bladder and/or urethral sensation using Current Perception Threshold (CPT) testing.', 'Women with >or=1 incontinence episode on 7-day diary were treated with 4 mg of long-acting tolterodine for 2-months. At baseline and 2-months, participants had CPT testing of the urethral and bladder at 3 frequencies 2000, 250, and 5 Hz. Baseline and post-treatment measures were compared using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.', 'Seventeen women underwent baseline CPT testing. Four discontinued medication due to side effects and did not have repeated testing. Urethral CPT at 250 Hz was lower after treatment (median 1.3 [Interquartile range .69-2.1] and .75 [.45-1.2], p = .003) and at 5 Hz trended toward a significant decrease (1.1 [1-1.9] and .84 [.32-1.1], p = .06).'] Does tolterodine cause measurable restoration of urethral sensation in women with urge urinary incontinence?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Testicular hypotrophy is the most widely accepted indication for correcting adolescent varicocele. Previous studies in adolescents have shown a relationship between increasing grade of varicocele and the likelihood of testicular hypotrophy. As this relationship has significant clinical implications, we studied the correlation between grade and testicular volume disproportion in our adolescent varicocele population.', 'We reviewed the adolescent varicocele database at our institution. A total of 168 patients 8 to 21 years old were studied. We routinely calculated testis volumes using scrotal ultrasound. Testicular disproportion was calculated using the equation [(size of unaffected testis) - (size of affected testis)]/(size of unaffected testis) x 100%. Disproportion was categorized as less than 10%, 10% to 20% and more than 20%. Varicoceles were graded by an attending urologist with the patient standing, using the system of Dubin and Amelar. Analysis of variance and Pearson chi-square indicated no significant differences in volume differential between varicocele grades.', 'Mean +/- SD volume differential was 18% +/- 15% for grade I, 25% +/- 20% for grade II and 19% +/- 14% for grade III. ANOVA revealed no significant difference in mean volume differential between the 3 varicocele grades (p = 0.10). When categorizing patients into 3 levels of volume differential (less than 10%, 10% to 20%, more than 20%) no significant correlation was observed between varicocele and volume differential (p = 0.48, chi-square test).'] Does testicular hypotrophy correlate with grade of adolescent varicocele?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['E-cigarette use has been linked to onset of cigarette smoking among adolescents, but some commentators have suggested that this simply reflects high-risk adolescents being more likely to use e-cigarettes and to smoke. We tested whether the effect of e-cigarette use for smoking onset differs for youth who are lower versus higher on propensity to smoke.', 'School-based survey with a longitudinal sample of 1136 students (9th-11th graders, mean age 14.7\\u2005years) in Hawaii, initially surveyed in 2013 (T1) and followed up 1\\u2005year later (T2). We assessed e-cigarette use, propensity to smoke based on 3 psychosocial factors known to predict smoking (rebelliousness, parental support and willingness to smoke), and cigarette smoking status. Analyses based on T1 never-smokers tested the relation of T1 e-cigarette use to T2 smoking status for participants lower versus higher on T1 propensity to smoke.', 'The relation between T1 e-cigarette use and T2 smoking onset was stronger among participants with lower levels of rebelliousness and willingness and higher levels of parental support. A multiple logistic regression analysis with T2 smoking as the criterion tested the cross-product of T1 e-cigarette use and T1 smoking propensity score; the interaction (OR=0.88, p=0.01) indicated a significantly larger effect for smoking onset among lower risk youth.'] Is e-cigarette use differentially related to smoking onset among lower risk adolescents?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Clinical detection of ascites is a sign of decompensation and correlates with shorter survival in patients with cirrhosis. However, the prognostic relevance of sole detection of ascites by ultrasound (subclinical ascites) is not investigated so far. The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of subclinical ascites detected by ultrasound in comparison to absent or clinically detectable ascites in patients with cirrhosis.', 'Between 11/1995 and 11/2004 a total of 729 patients with cirrhosis underwent sonographic and hemodynamic (including measurement of HVPG) evaluation. The mean follow up time was 47 months (range: 0.13 - 131). Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate analysis were used to investigate differences.', '443 patients were included in the final investigation - 153 patients without ascites, 38 with subclinical ascites and 252 patients with clinical ascites. Kaplan Meier survival curves were significantly different between the three groups (p < 0.001). Interestingly, patients with subclinical ascites had similar values compared to patients with clinical ascites regarding parameters of portal hypertension (HVPG) and liver dysfunction (INR), while parameters of systemic and renal dysfunction (heart beat, creatinin, serum sodium) were similar to patients without ascites. MELD, Child-Pugh score and ascites were independent predictors of mortality in the entire group, while Child-Pugh score and HVPG were independent factors in the subclinical ascites group.'] Does subclinical ascites define an intermediate stage between compensated and decompensated cirrhosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Helicobacter pylori adheres to gastric epithelial cells and stimulates interleukin (IL)-8 production. This may be instrumental in neutrophil infiltration of the gastric epithelium that characterizes H. pylori gastritis. This study examined the molecular mechanisms leading to H. pylori-induced epithelial cell IL-8 production.', 'Electrophoretic mobility shift analyses for NF-kappa B were performed on cell and nuclear extracts from H. pylori-infected AGS and Kato III human gastric epithelial cells.', 'H. pylori infection activated the transcription factor NF-kappa B and induced nuclear translocation of both NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimers and p50 homodimers. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B (30 minutes) was followed by increased IL-8 messenger RNA (1 hour) and protein levels (4 hours) consistent with NF-kappa B up-regulation of IL-8 gene transcription. Pretreatment of AGS cells with PDTC, which blocks NF-kappa B activation, inhibited H. pylori-induced increases in IL-8 production by 90%. Immunohistochemical studies using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the I-kappa B binding region of p65 showed activated NF-kappa B in gastric epithelial cells of patients with H. pylori gastritis.'] Does helicobacter pylori infection activate NF-kappa B in gastric epithelial cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To construct and examine models of the vascular networks using the technique of vascular corrosion casting in placentas collected from normal pregnancies and from pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR).', 'Twenty placentas were collected from normal term pregnancies (Group NP) and an equal number from pregnancies with idiopathic term FGR (Group FGR) and placental vascular network models constructed by perfusing an acrylic-based solution separately into the umbilical vein and arteries. Placental blood volumes and blood vessel characteristics (number of branches, diameter, and morphology) were then examined and compared.', 'In placentas from Group NP, the veins branched five to seven times with a peripheral artery-to-vein ratio ranging from 1:2 to 1:3. In placentas from Group FGR, the veins branched only four to five times with an artery-to-vein ratio of 1:1 to 2:1 and increased evidence of nodularity and pitting of the vessel walls. The two groups showed significant differences in placental blood volume and in the mean diameters of umbilical veins and arteries. In Group FGR, significant positive correlations could be found between birth weight and placental volume, venous diameters, and select arterial diameters.'] Does vascular network modeling reveal significant differences in vascular morphology in growth-restricted placentas?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Obesity has been associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), but whether this risk is also prevalent in younger individuals is unknown. We therefore investigated the risk of AF in relation to body mass index (BMI) among young fertile women.', 'By cross-linkage of nationwide registers of childbirth and hospitalization, we identified 271 203 women without prior AF who gave birth in Denmark between 2004 and 2009. Body mass index (kg/m(2)) was examined as a risk factor for AF using proportional hazard models. Mean age was 30.6 years (4.7 SD) and median follow-up was 4.6 years (interquartile range 2.9-5.8). During the follow-up, 110 women were hospitalized with first-time AF; very few individuals had known risk factors for AF. Overall incidence rate of AF was 9.3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.7-11.2] per 100 000 person-years. According to BMI, the incidence rate of AF per 100 000 person-years was 7.4 (5.6-9.7) in normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9), 8.5 (5.5-13.1) in overweight (BMI: 25-29.9), 15.8 (9.3-26.7) in obese (BMI: 30-35), and 27.3 (15.5-48.1) in very obese (BMI >35) individuals. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for age, hyperthyroidism, and previous use of beta-blockers revealed a hazard ratio of 2.04 (95% CI: 1.13-3.69) in the obese and 3.50 (1.86-6.58) in the very obese individuals compared with normal weight.'] Is obesity a risk factor for atrial fibrillation among fertile young women : a nationwide cohort study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate and compare the neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence after ocular HSV-1 infection in ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) and control C57BL/6 (ApoE+/+) mice.', 'Age-matched (14 weeks of age) C57BL/6J (ApoE+/+) female mice and female ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were inoculated by corneal scarification with HSV-1 strain 17Syn+. Analysis of HSV-1 replication in the mouse cornea was assessed through infectious virus assays of ocular (tear film) swabs at 1 to 5 days postinoculation (PI), slit-lamp examination (SLE) of corneas at PI days 1 to 7, and survival of infected mice. The contribution of apoE to the efficient establishment of latency was measured by real-time PCR quantitation of the latent viral genome in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of infected mice.', 'These studies showed that HSV-1 strain 17Syn+ replicates efficiently in the eyes, regardless of the host ApoE genotype. Neither the scoring of corneal pathology via SLE nor the infectious virus assay of the tear film resulted in any statistical differences between ApoE knockout (-/-) mice or the C57BL/6 (ApoE+/+) mice. In mice latently infected with HSV-1, our real-time PCR data showed significantly lower viral copy numbers of HSV-1 DNA in ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mice compared with C57BL/6 (ApoE+/+) mice. C57BL/6 (ApoE+/+) mice are more susceptible to the neurovirulence of HSV-1 strain 17Syn+ than female ApoE knockout (-/-) mice, as demonstrated by the fact that 50% (7/14) of the female C57BL/6 (ApoE+/+) mice inoculated with 17Syn+ died, as opposed to none (0/14) of the age- and sex-matched ApoE knockout mice.'] Does apolipoprotein E modulate establishment of HSV-1 latency and survival in a mouse ocular model?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The term frailty refers to a condition of increased vulnerability to stressors among older people, leading to a decline in homeostatic reserve. Frailty often leads to falls, hospitalisation and mortality, hence its importance for the delivery of health care to older adults. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind frailty are not well understood, but the decreased steroid-hormone production and elevated chronic systemic inflammation of older people appear to be major contributors.', 'We used a sample of 3,160 individuals aged 50 or older from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and assessed their frailty status according to a Frailty Index. We selected 620 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in the steroid hormone or inflammatory pathways. We performed linear association analysis. The outcome variable was the square root transformation of the Frailty Index, with age and sex entered as covariates.', 'The strongest signal was detected in the pro-inflammatory Interleukin-18 gene (rs360722, P = 0.0021, β = -0.015). Further significant signals were observed in the Interleukin-12 (rs4679868, P = 0.0062, β = -0.008 and rs9852519, P = 0.0077, β = -0.008), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (rs1799986, P = 0.0065, β = 0.011) and Selectin-P (rs6131, P = 0.0097, β = -0.01) genes. None of these associations remain significant after Bonferroni correction.'] Is genetic variant of Interleukin-18 gene associated with the Frailty Index in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To explore the molecular mechanism of apoptosis of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by burn serum and subeschar tissue fluid.', 'In vitro cultured HUVECs were randomly divided into A (treated by normal serum, n = 6), B (treated by burn serum, n = 6) and C (treated by subeschar tissue fluid, n = 6) groups. The change in cellular nuclear morphology was determined by Hochst 33258 fluorescent staining, and the apoptotic rate was calculated at 24th and 36th post treatment hours (PTHs). The DNA ladder strips were observed with agarose electrophoresis at 12th and 24th PTH. The activity of caspase-3, 8, 9 was assayed by caspase colorimetric assay kit at 12 PTH.', 'It was found that nuclei appeared to be condensed and highly fluorescent granular in form in B and C groups. The nucleic apoptotic rate in B and C groups was (38.9 +/- 7.3)% and (49.5 +/- 6.5)%, respectively, which was evidently higher than that in A group (P < 0.01). The DNA ladder strips could be found by agarose electrophoresis in B and C groups. The activity of caspase-3, 8, 9 in B and C groups was significantly higher than that in A group after 12 PTHs (P < 0.01).'] Do [ Experimental study on the induction of endothelial apoptosis by burn serum and subeschar tissue fluid ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigated the effect of chemoattractant of rhTNF-alpha on TB-LCL. Set up a model for study the interaction between cytokine and B cells.', 'PTC were transfected with Epstein Barr virus, to get tonsil B lymphoblastic cell line(TB-LCL).', 'It was found rhTNF-alpha can chemotactic TB-LCL, in a dose-dependent manner and this chemotactic effect can be blocked by the neutralizing antibody E6 against TNF.'] Do [ Setup a model for study the interfere between chemokine and immunocyte ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the proportion of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) losing clinically significant amounts of weight during a standard follow-up by an endocrinologist.', 'Retrospective cohort study.', 'Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic of an academic center.', 'Obese patients with PCOS assessed between May 2002 and September 2008.', 'General nonstandardized advice on weight loss and exercise.', 'Proportion of women losing ≥5% or ≥10% of their initial weight at each of the following time interval: 2-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-18 months, 18-24 months, 24-36 months, and beyond 36 months.', 'One hundred seventeen patients with PCOS and with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 38.7 kg/m(2) and mean age of 28.5 years were followed-up for a median duration of 21.9 months (range, 2.0-61.8 months), with a median of two visits per year. More than 40% of these women lost ≥5% of their initial weight after >6 months of follow-up, and ≥20% lost ≥10% after 1 year of follow-up. More important, these proportions were maintained up to ≥3 years.'] Is clinically significant and sustained weight loss achievable in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome followed in a regular medical practice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"During acute inflammation, leukocyte infiltration is mostly neutrophilic, but later monocytes prevail. The majority of inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), become apoptotic at later stages of inflammation and are phagocytosed by neighboring cells, mostly by macrophages. Recently, it has been found that human peripheral blood monocytes also recognize apoptotic cells, which primes them to increased production of interleukin (IL)-10--a cytokine known to reduce phagocytes' ability to engulf and kill pathogens. Based on the above, we studied monocytes' ability to phagocytose and kill Staphylococcus aureus while in contact with apoptotic cells.\", 'Monocytes isolated by elutriation were co-cultured with apoptotic PMNs or Jurkat cells and exposed to viable, human serum-opsonized S. aureus. To induce apoptosis PMNs were cultured overnight while Jurkat cells were UV-treated. Apoptosis, phagocytosis of bacteria and intracellular superoxide production were measured by flow cytometry. Production of reactive oxygen species was also followed by measurement of chemiluminescence. The bactericidal effect was determined by standard colony forming units method.', 'Data presented show that contact of monocytes with apoptotic neutrophils and Jurkat cells had no influence on monocyte phagocytosis of S. aureus, the generation of reactive oxygen species, or the killing of bacteria.'] Does recognition of apoptotic cells by human peripheral blood monocytes alter their ability to phagocytize and kill Staphylococcus aureus?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Controversy surrounds the reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy after primary systemic chemotherapy. In this study, we assessed axillary ultrasound for selecting patients most likely to optimally benefit from biopsy.', 'The study included 87 patients who received primary systemic chemotherapy and underwent a sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by axillary lymph node dissection. Lymph nodes >10 mm in diameter, irregularly swollen, round, and homogeneously hypoechoic without an echo-rich center were considered axillary ultrasound positive.', 'In axillary ultrasound-negative patients before and after primary systemic chemotherapy, identification, sensitivity, and false-negative rates were 81%, 100%, and 0%, respectively. However, in patients whose lymph nodes converted from positive to negative after primary systemic chemotherapy, these values were 83%, 70.8%, and 29.2%, respectively.'] Is axillary ultrasound examination useful for selecting patients optimally suited for sentinel lymph node biopsy after primary systemic chemotherapy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Current risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction (MI) depends on left ventricular ejection fraction. Microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) is one of promising markers to predict cardiac events in patients after acute MI treated according to current guidelines.', 'In this single center study, 112 consecutive patients with the first anterior ST-elevation MI undergoing PCI <12 hours from symptom onset, were enrolled prospectively. Demographics, established risk factors, myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) perfusion, index event data and MTWA were assessed. Composite cardiac events (CCE) defined as: death, recurrent MI, sustained ventricular tachycardia (sVT) or readmission for acute heart failure (HF) were recorded during follow-up.', 'MTWA test was negative in 76, positive in 18 and undetermined in 7 patients. MTWA negative patients had significantly higher LVEF at 30 days. At 4 years, 26 patients experienced CCE (10 died, 2 reinfarcted and 14 HF events). In multivariate Cox proportional hazard model maximum CKMB, non-negative MTWA and reduced LVEF made the best model to predict CCE. Four year CCE free survival was 77% and was significantly lower for non-negative MTWA (94% vs 50%, p<0.003).'] Does microvolt T-wave alternans predict cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer leads to major histopathological response in less than 30\\xa0% of patients. Data on interim endoscopic response assessment do not exist. This exploratory prospective study evaluates early endoscopy after 50\\xa0% of the chemotherapy as predictor for later response and prognosis.', 'Forty-seven consecutive patients were included (45 resected; 33 R0 resections). All patients received baseline endoscopy and CT scans, after 50\\xa0% of their chemotherapy (EGD-1, CT-1) and after completion of chemotherapy (EGD-2, CT-2). Interim endoscopic response (EGD-1) was assessed after having received 50\\xa0% (6\\xa0weeks) of the planned 12\\xa0weeks of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Post-chemotherapy response was clinically assessed by a combination of CT scan (CT-2) and endoscopy (EGD-2). Histopathological response was determined by a standardized scoring system (Becker criteria). Endoscopic response was defined as a reduction of >75\\xa0% of the tumor mass.', 'Twelve patients were responders at EGD-1 and 13 at EGD-2. Nine patients (19.1\\xa0%) were clinical responders and 7 patients (15.6\\xa0%) were histopathological responders after chemotherapy. Specificity, accuracy, and negative predictive value of the interim EGD-1 for subsequent histopathological response were 31/38 (82\\xa0%), 36/47 (76\\xa0%), and 31/33 (93\\xa0%); and for recurrence or death, 28/30 (93.3\\xa0%), 38/47 (80.9\\xa0%), and 28/35 (80.0\\xa0%). Response at EGD-1 was significantly associated with histopathological response (p\\xa0=\\xa00.010), survival (p\\xa0<\\xa00.001), and recurrence-free survival (p\\xa0=\\xa00.009).'] Do interim endoscopy results during neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer correlate with histopathological response and prognosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine the prevalence and correlates of large weight gains and losses over a 3 y period in a heterogeneous population of participants in a study of weight gain prevention.', 'Analyses based on a cohort of 823 participants in a weight gain prevention study whose weight was measured on at least two of four annual examinations.', 'Weight gains and losses of >or=5% body weight over 1 y were observed in 9.3 and 15% of the population, respectively. Weight gains among those initially losing weight were significantly greater (3.9 kg) than among those experiencing stable weight (0.8 kg) or a large weight gain (1.5 kg) over the following 2 y. Cumulative weight changes over 3 y were -2.6, 1.0 and 7.6 kg among large loss, weight stable and large gain groups, respectively. Large weight loss was more common in smokers, large gains were more common in younger people and in those with a more extensive weight loss history, and stable weight was observed more often in individuals with less extensive histories of weight loss.'] Does prevalence and correlate of large weight gains and losses?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Biomarkers that predict clinical response, tumor recurrence or patient survival are severely lacking for most cancers, particularly for oral and pharyngeal cancer. This study examines whether gene-promoter methylation of tumor DNA correlates with survival and recurrence rates in a population of patients with oral or pharyngeal cancer.', 'The promoter methylation status of the DNA repair gene MGMT and the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A and RASSF1 were evaluated by methylation-specific PCR in 88 primary oral and pharyngeal tumors and correlated with survival and tumor recurrence. Quantitative MGMT methylation was also assessed.', '29.6% of the tumors presented with MGMT methylation, 11.5% with CDKN2A methylation and 12.1% with RASSF1 methylation. MGMT promoter methylation was significantly associated with poorer overall and disease-free survival. No differences in methylation status of MGMT and RASSF1 with HPV infection, smoking or drinking habits were observed. A significant inverse trend with the amount of MGMT methylation and overall and disease-free survival was observed (ptrend = 0.002 and 0.001 respectively).'] Is recurrence in oral and pharyngeal cancer associated with quantitative MGMT promoter methylation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]