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clinicalnlplab

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PubmedQA_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Although hypochondriasis is considered to be of high relevance in the healthcare sector, its prevalence in the general population has been investigated in few studies. The aims of this study were to estimate prevalence rates of hypochondriasis and of subthreshold conditions and to describe their associated features such as quality of life and healthcare utilization in a representative community sample.', 'Analyses of the present study are based on the German Health Interview and Examination Survey-Mental Health Supplement (N = 4181, representative for the German population from 18-65 years). The assessment included interviews for somatic conditions and mental disorders and self-report ratings on health-related quality of life, healthcare utilization, disability days, and physical activity.', 'Only three cases (0.05%) were identified as meeting full criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) hypochondriasis. The prevalence rate of the less restrictively defined form of hypochondriasis, (\"subthreshold hypochondriasis\") was 0.58% and an additional 2.12% reported having had illness worries for at least 6 months but did not meet further hypochondriasis criteria. The two subthreshold diagnostic groups provided strong evidence of difference from the nonhypochondriac controls: comorbidity with psychiatric and medical disorders and healthcare utilization were higher, and quality of life was markedly reduced.'] Do features of hypochondriasis and illness worry in the general population in Germany?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The functional impact of gout is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of hand function in gout.', 'Twenty unselected patients with gout were recruited from rheumatology clinics. No patient had an acute gout flare at assessment. Participants were assessed for clinical characteristics of gout, including the site and number of tophi. Hand function was assessed by the Sollerman hand function test. Fingertip to palm (FTP) distance measurement, grip strength and the Disability Assessment of Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire scores were also recorded. Data were analysed by simple and multiple linear regression models.', 'The median Sollerman score was 75.5 (range 31-80). The median hand FTP distance was 2.91 (0.88-6.69) cm, grip strength was 31 (4-71) kg, and DASH score was 28.77 (0-76.47). Of the clinical characteristics measured, the number of joints of the hand with overlying tophi (hand tophus joint count) was the strongest single predictor of the Sollerman score (r2 = 0.59), and also predicted the other measures of hand mobility and function. A multiple regression model including hand tophus joint count, sex, number of gout flares in the preceding 6 months, gout disease duration and hand tender joint count was a better predictor of the Sollerman score than hand tophus joint count alone (r2 = 0.81, F(4,14) = 3.94, P = 0.024).'] Does tophaceous joint disease strongly predict hand function in patients with gout?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is thought to induce oxidative stress. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is widely used in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases including tuberculosis due to its mucolytic and anti-oxidant activities. Here, we tested whether NAC exerts a direct antibiotic activity against mycobacteria.', 'Oxidative stress status in plasma was compared between pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and those with latent M. tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or healthy uninfected individuals. Lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation and cell death, as well as accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured in cultures of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis and treated or not with NAC. M. tuberculosis, M. avium and M. bovis BCG cultures were also exposed to different doses of NAC with or without medium pH adjustment to control for acidity. The anti-mycobacterial effect of NAC was assessed in M. tuberculosis infected human THP-1 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice lacking a fully functional NADPH oxidase system. The capacity of NAC to control M. tuberculosis infection was further tested in vivo in a mouse (C57BL/6) model.', 'PTB patients exhibited elevated levels of oxidation products and a reduction of anti-oxidants compared with LTBI cases or uninfected controls. NAC treatment in M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophages resulted in a decrease of oxidative stress and cell death evoked by mycobacteria. Importantly, we observed a dose-dependent reduction in metabolic activity and in vitro growth of NAC treated M. tuberculosis, M. avium and M. bovis BCG. Furthermore, anti-mycobacterial activity in infected macrophages was shown to be independent of the effects of NAC on the host NADPH oxidase system in vitro. Short-term NAC treatment of M. tuberculosis infected mice in vivo resulted in a significant reduction of mycobacterial loads in the lungs.'] Does n-acetyl-cysteine exhibit potent anti-mycobacterial activity in addition to its known anti-oxidative functions?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Anaerobic or low oxygen conditions occur when maize plants are submerged or subjected to flooding of the soil. Maize survival under low oxygen conditions is largely dependent on metabolic, physiological and morphological adaptation strategies; the regulation mechanisms of which remain unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the response to adverse biotic or abiotic stresses at the post-transcriptional level. The aim of this study was to understand submergence-responsive miRNAs and their potential roles in submerged maize roots.', 'A custom muParaflo microfluidic array containing plant miRNA (miRBase: http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk) probes was used to explore differentially expressed miRNAs. Small RNAs from treated roots were hybridized with the microarray. The targets and their cis-acting elements of small RNA were predicted and analysed by RT-PCR.', 'Microarray data revealed that the expression levels of 39 miRNAs from nine maize and some other plant miRNA families were significantly altered (P < 0.01). Four expression profiles were identified across different submergence time-points. The zma-miRNA166, zma-miRNA167, zma-miRNA171 and osa-miRNA396-like were induced in the early phase, and their target genes were predicted to encode important transcription factors, including; HD-ZIP, auxin response factor, SCL and the WRKY domain protein. zma-miR159, ath-miR395-like, ptc-miR474-like and osa-miR528-like were reduced at the early submergence phase and induced after 24 h of submergence. The predicted targets for these miRNAs were involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, including starch synthase, invertase, malic enzyme and ATPase. In addition, many of the predicted targets were involved in the elimination of reactive oxygen species and acetaldehyde. Overall, most of the targets of induced miRNAs contained the cis-acting element, which is essential for the anaerobic response or hormone induction.'] Are submergence-responsive MicroRNAs potentially involved in the regulation of morphological and metabolic adaptations in maize root cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study analyzes the effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis comparing off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) and on-pump CABG operations.', 'In a prospective, nonrandomized, comparative evaluation, patients scheduled for elective myocardial revascularization were studied. Due to possible confounding factors patients with postoperative retransfusion of mediastinal shed blood were excluded. Nine patients underwent OPCAB operation and 16 underwent on-pump CABG. Activated clotting time (ACT) was adjusted to 250 seconds in OPCAB (81 +/- 18 [mean +/- SD] IU/kg heparin) and to more than 480 seconds in on-pump CABG (400 IU/kg heparin, additional 10,000 IU in pump prime). Perioperatively blood samples were collected and hematologic and hemostatic variables including fibrinopeptide A (FPA), fibrin monomer (FM), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and D-dimer were analyzed.', 'Both groups showed comparable demographic variables. Number of grafts per patient was slightly higher in the on-pump group (3.6 +/- 0.6 versus 3.0 +/- 1.1, p = 0.23). The FPA levels did not differ significantly between the groups. The FM, TAT, and D-dimer values were significantly higher in on-pump CABG (p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.0001, respectively), reflecting increased coagulant and fibrinolytic activity. This was also the case when values were corrected for hemodilution.'] Does off-pump coronary artery bypass operation increase procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity : preliminary results?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Fascin 2 is a retinal-specific member of the fascin family of actin filament-bundling proteins. Fascin 2 mutation in humans results in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa or macular degeneration. To investigate the role of fascin 2 in photoreceptor survival, the authors examined its localization in photoreceptors and characterized its interactions with actin filaments in vitro.', 'Fascin 2 localization was determined by immunohistochemistry and transgenic expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged fascin 2 in Xenopus laevis rods. Fascin 2 actin-binding and actin-bundling activity were examined in sedimentation assays using bacterially expressed fusion proteins and polymerized actin. To assess the role of phosphorylation of a conserved serine (amino acid 39) in fascin 2 on subcellular localization and actin-binding, effects of serine mutants were also examined in transgenic Xenopus and in in vitro assays.', 'Fascin 2 is localized to actin filament bundles of the photoreceptor inner segment and calycal processes. Like fascin 1, fascin 2 binds and cross-links actin filaments. Mutation of serine 39 to an aspartic acid reduced fascin 2 binding of actin filaments and abolished fascin 2 bundling of actin filaments in vitro but produced no detectable effect on GFP-tagged fascin 2 localization in transgenic Xenopus.'] Is retina-specific protein fascin 2 an actin cross-linker associated with actin bundles in photoreceptor inner segments and calycal processes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Primary care asthma management is often not compatible with national evidence-based guidelines. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and impact of the Asthma APGAR tools to enhance implementation of asthma guideline-compatible management in primary care practices.', 'Twenty-four primary care practices across the US.', 'This is a mixed methods study. Quantitative data were used to assess changes in guideline recommended asthma management including use of daily controller therapy, planned care visits, and education and information documentation before and after implementation of the Asthma APGAR. Qualitative data from focus group sessions were used to assess health care professional and patient perceived usability and value of the Asthma APGAR tools during office visits for asthma.', 'Implementing the Asthma APGAR tools in the 24 practices was associated with enhanced asthma visit-related medical record documentation including significant increases in recording of activity limitations due to asthma and asthma symptom frequency, asthma medication nonadherence, asthma triggers, and the patients\\' perceived response to therapy (p < 0.01 for each item). Some care processes also increased significantly including assessment of inhaler technique and prescribing of daily controller therapy among patients with persistent asthma. Focus groups of patients and of clinical staff reported that the Asthma APGAR tools were easy to use, \"made sense\" and \"improved care\" was given and received.'] Do introduction of Asthma APGAR tools improve asthma management in primary care practices?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic vs. laparotomic surgery for the treatment of hypersplenism with gallstones.', 'Forty patients were treated with splenectomy and cholecystectomy using either totally laparoscopic surgery (laparoscopic group) or laparotomy (laparotomy group). The outcomes were duration of the surgery, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative complications, and number of postoperative hospitalization days.', 'There was no difference in the duration of the surgery between both groups. No patient experienced intraoperative complications. There were postoperative pleural effusions (N.=3) and bleeding at the puncture site (N.=1) in laparoscopic group, and postoperative pleural effusions (N.=2), incision infection (N.=2) and peritoneal effusion (N.=1) in laparotomy group. The length of postoperative hospitalization was markedly shorter in laparoscopic group. The follow-up for 3 to 15 months after the surgery demonstrated that hypersplenism was corrected in all patients. All blood markers (white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin) recovered to normal levels. The portal vein thrombosis occurred in 6 patients of laparoscopic group and 5 patients of laparotomy group; this was controlled by oral administration of Warfarin and enteric coated Aspirin capsules.'] Is laparoscopic surgery more advantageous than laparotomic surgery for treatment of hypersplenism with gallstones?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Vitamin A is a multifunctional vitamin that can inhibit the formation of Th17 cells, which are probably involved in the development of relapses in MS. Furthermore, it promotes Treg formation. Therefore, vitamin A can be hypothesized to be lower in patients than in healthy controls, and to decrease relapse risk in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients.', 'To compare vitamin A levels in MS patients and controls, and to investigate whether vitamin A levels are associated with relapse risk.', 'In a case-control study all-trans-retinol levels were compared between 31 RRMS patients and 29 matched controls. In a prospective longitudinal study in 73 RRMS patients, serum samples for all-trans-retinol measurements were taken every eight weeks. Associations between all-trans-retinol concentrations and relapse rates were calculated using Poisson regression with the individual serum levels as time-dependent variable. Associations between vitamin A and vitamin D were calculated.', 'Mean vitamin A levels were lower in patients (2.16μmol/l) than in controls (2.44μmol/l) but with borderline significance (p=0.05). In the longitudinal study, during follow-up (mean 1.7 years), 58 patients experienced a total of 139 relapses. Monthly moving averages of all-trans retinol levels were categorized into tertiles: a low (<2.9μmol/l), medium (2.9-3.7μmol/l) and high level (>3.7μmol/l). Relapse rates were not associated with serum all-trans retinol levels (p>0.2), in univariate nor in multivariate analysis. Serum concentrations of all-trans-retinol and 25-OH-vitamin D were positively correlated, although this correlation was weak (r=0.15).'] Is vitamin A associated with exacerbations in multiple sclerosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Pre-clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans. However, only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans. We aimed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids, blood pressure, systemic oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism.', 'We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre. Overweight or obese men and women (n=33) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each. Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period. Blood lipid profiles, day time ambulatory blood pressure, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention. Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo. Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans, enterolactone and enterodiol, increased by approximately 8-fold (P<0.001). Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered. In addition, markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and lipid peroxidation (F(2)-isoprostanes) were not affected.'] Does sesame supplementation improve cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight men and women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Probucol is a lipid-lowering drug that is often prescribed for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. However, it is not known whether probucol can change the lesion quality of atherosclerosis.', 'We examined this possibility using WHHL rabbits, a model of human familial hypercholesterolemia. Three-month-old male WHHL rabbits were treated with either probucol(85 mg/kg/day) or atorvastatin(6 mg/kg/day) for 16 weeks, and their plasma lipid levels and atherosclerotic lesions were compared with those of a control group.', 'We found that probucol treatment reduced the plasma cholesterol levels, but less remarkably than atorvastatin treatment. In spite of this, probucol treatment led to a prominent reduction of aortic en face lesions by 39%(P＜0.01), whereas atorvastatin reduced these by 16%(P＞0.05), compared with those in the control. Histological examinations revealed that the aortic lesions of probucol-treated rabbits were characterized by reduced macrophages and increased smooth muscle cells compared with those from both the control and atorvastatin groups. Furthermore, probucol treatment reduced the coronary artery stenosis and increased the plaque stability.'] Does probucol suppress macrophage infiltration and MMP expression in atherosclerotic plaques of WHHL rabbits?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Proliferative activity in tumors depends on regulation of the cell cycle. p27(Kip1) (p27) plays a pivotal role as a negative regulator of the cell cycle. A decrease in p27 expression has been reported in many kinds of tumors, but little is known regarding p27 in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).', 'Expression of p27 and the related cyclins (cyclin A, cyclin E, and cyclin D1) was examined immunohistochemically in 67 patients with of clear cell RCC. The Ki-67 labeling index (MIB-1 LI) and clinicopathologic parameters related to a poor prognosis also were analyzed. To determine their prognostic significance, univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed.', 'In tumors, there was considerable immunoreactivity for cyclin A, cyclin D1, and MIB-1, and the mean values for each were 1.08%, 16.1%, and 1.5%, respectively. Cyclin E expression was rare. The expression of p27 was correlated strongly with the expression of cyclin A (correlation coefficient, 0.432; P < 0.0004) and cyclin D1 (correlation coefficient, 0.476; P < 0.0004). Also, an inverse correlation was present between p27 expression and tumor size (P = 0.0377). In univariate analysis, the unfavorable prognostic factors were high TNM stage (P < 0.0001), large tumor size (P = 0.0016), high histologic grade (P = 0.0104), and low p27 expression (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, high TNM stage (P = 0.0035) and low p27 expression (P = 0.0235) were independent prognostic factors for disease specific survival in patients with RCC.'] Is low expression of p27 ( Kip1 ) associated with tumor size and poor prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Oxidative stress is a major factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. The objectives were to investigate the effects of chamomile tea consumption on glycemic control and antioxidant status in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM).', 'This single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 subjects with T2 DM (males and females) ages 30 to 60 y. The intervention group (n = 32) consumed chamomile tea (3 g/150 mL hot water) 3 times per day immediately after meals for 8 wk. The control group (n = 32) followed a water regimen for same intervention period. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and 3-d, 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial. Data were analyzed by independent t test, paired t test, and analysis of covariance.', 'Chamomile tea significantly decreased concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin, serum insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and serum malondialdehyde, compared with control group (all P < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were significantly increased by 6.81%, 26.16 %, 36.71 % and 45.06% respectively in chamomile group compared with these variables in control group at the end of the intervention (all P < 0.05).'] Does chamomile tea improve glycemic indices and antioxidants status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In Drosophila, segment-specific muscle pattern is thought to be determined by the autonomous function of homeotic selector genes in the mesoderm in combination with inductive cues from the developing epidermis and nervous system. Here, we have examined the roles of homeotic genes in the patterning of the somatic muscles of the thoracic segments of Drosophila.', \"We determined the expression patterns of homeoproteins in the mesoderm of the thoracic segments during embryonic and adult development. We found that, unlike the mesoderm of the first and third thoracic segments which express Sex combs reduced and Antennapedia (Antp), respectively, the mesoderm of the second thoracic segment does not express any known homeotic selector gene of the Antp or bithorax complex. In animals homozygous for Antp null mutations, the muscles of the second thoracic segment were affected in the embryo, probably as an indirect consequence of its requirement in the ectoderm. Animals that specifically lacked Antp function in the mesoderm, but expressed the gene in the epidermis, developed with a normal muscle pattern in the second thoracic segment. Furthermore, specific ectopic expression of Antp and other homeotic selector genes in the mesoderm of the second thoracic segment respecified its muscle pattern, indicating that these genes are not required autonomously during muscle development in this segment. Finally, we showed that Antp continues to be expressed in the mesoderm of the homeotically transformed third thoracic segment in the 'four-winged fly', and suggest that this is a likely reason for the failure of flight muscle development in the transformed segment.\"] Are muscles in the Drosophila second thoracic segment patterned independently of autonomous homeotic gene function?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To prospectively determine the accuracy of four-dimensional (4D) kt-broad-use linear acquisition speed-up technique (BLAST) accelerated MRI (kt-BLAST) for the assessment of left-ventricular (LV) volumes and mass as well as right-ventricular (RV) volumes in comparison to standard multiple breathhold cine imaging.', 'A total of 40 patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent cardiac MRI. In each patient a standard multislice cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence was performed with complete ventricular coverage during multiple breathholds. Additionally, a kt-BLAST-accelerated 4D sequence with complete ventricular coverage was acquired during one single breathhold. For comparison of SSFP and kt-BLAST, the following LV parameters were determined: end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, ejection fraction, end-diastolic diameter and mass. For comparison of RV dimensions, end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and ejection fraction were assessed.', 'LV volumes, ejection fraction, diameter, and mass showed a strong correlation between SSFP and kt-BLAST (r=0.98-0.99; P<0.01). In addition, RV parameters demonstrated a high correlation (r=0.97-0.98; P<0.01). For all parameters, the calculated bias between both methods was found to be minimal (0.4-4%).'] Does four-dimensional single breathhold magnetic resonance imaging using kt-BLAST enable reliable assessment of left- and right-ventricular volumes and mass?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Prevention of alveolar bone destruction is a clinical challenge in periodontal disease treatment. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits osteoclastogenesis and suppresses bone resorption.', 'To study the effects of RANKL inhibition on alveolar bone loss, an experimental ligature-induced model of periodontitis was used. A total of 32 rats were administered human OPG-Fc fusion protein (10 mg/kg) or vehicle by subcutaneous delivery twice weekly for 6 weeks. Negative or positive controls received no treatment or disease through vehicle delivery, respectively. Biopsies were harvested after 3 and 6 weeks, and mandibulae were evaluated by microcomputed tomography (microCT) and histology. Serum levels of human OPG-Fc and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRAP-5b) were measured throughout the study by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analyses included analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests.', 'Human OPG-Fc was detected in the sera of OPG-Fc-treated animals by 3 days and throughout the study. Serum TRAP-5b was sharply decreased by OPG-Fc treatment soon after OPG-Fc delivery and remained low for the observation period. Significant preservation of alveolar bone volume was observed among OPG-Fc-treated animals compared to the controls at weeks 3 and 6 (P <0.05). Descriptive histology revealed that OPG-Fc significantly suppressed osteoclast surface area at the alveolar crest.'] Does rANKL inhibition through osteoprotegerin block bone loss in experimental periodontitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['An inflammatory response to altered lipoproteins that accumulate in the arterial wall is a major component of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Statins reduce plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and are effective treatments for atherosclerosis. It is hypothesized that they also modulate inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine whether lovastatin inhibits macrophage inflammatory processes and clarify its mechanism of action.', 'We examined the effects of statins on phagocytosis of antibody-coated red blood cells by cultured human monocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Lovastatin, simvastatin, and zaragozic acid, a squalene synthase inhibitor, blocked Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis by cultured human monocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The inhibitory effect of lovastatin on Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis was prevented completely by addition of mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate, LDL, or cholesterol to the culture medium. The inhibitory effect of zaragozic acid was reversed by addition of LDL, but not by the addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, to the medium. In addition, the effect of lovastatin on phagocytosis is a function of cell activation because treatment of cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or lipopolysaccharide prevented inhibition of phagocytosis by lovastatin.'] Is statin inhibition of Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages modulated by cell activation and cholesterol?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (ZAG) was found to influence lipolysis in adipose tissue and has recently been proposed as a candidate factor in the regulation of body weight.', 'To elucidate the association of serum ZAG level with body weight and percentage of body fat in normal, obese subjects and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice.', 'The relationship between serum ZAG and obesity-related parameters was studied in 44 human subjects and 36 mice fed standard food and HFD. Furthermore, the effects of ZAG overexpression on adipose tissue of mice was also evaluated by using a liposome transfection method.', 'Serum ZAG level was significantly lower in obese patients and obese mice in comparison to that in people and mice with normal weight. The further statistical analysis demonstrated that ZAG level was negatively correlated with body weight (r=-0.62, P<0.001), body mass index (r=-0.64, P<0.001), waist circumference(r=-0.68, P<0.001), hip circumference (r=-0.60, P<0.001), percentage of body fat (r=-0.52, P=0.03) and fat mass(r=-0.59, P=0.01) in human subjects after adjustment for age and sex. Furthermore, ZAG overexpression in mice reduced body weight and the percentage of epididymal fat. The decreased FAS, ACC1 and DGAT mRNA and the increased HSL mRNA were also observed in epididymal adipose tissue in ZAG overexpression mice.'] Is zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein involved in regulation of body weight through inhibition of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Chemerin is an adipokine that regulates insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Prolonged hyperinsulinaemia is associated with higher systemic chemerin, and insulin induces adipose tissue chemerin release. These findings led us to hypothesize that systemic chemerin may be associated with post-prandial glucose metabolism and/or may even be induced after oral glucose load. Therefore, the effect of insulin on adipocyte chemerin levels and systemic chemerin in mice was analysed. Further, systemic levels of chemerin after oral glucose load in nondiabetic individuals were studied.', 'Chemerin levels were determined in adipocytes after short-term and long-term treatment with insulin. Effects of acute hyperinsulinaemia were studied in mice. Chemerin was measured during oral glucose tolerance test in 66 healthy, nondiabetic individuals stratified for established body mass index categories.', 'Insulin induces chemerin release from adipocytes within 24 h, while cellular levels are not affected. Short-term hyperinsulinaemia also upregulates adipocyte chemerin in vitro but has no effect on adipose tissue and chemerin serum levels of mice. Systemic chemerin is higher in overweight/obese than normal-weight controls and positively correlates with total cholesterol. Chemerin is not associated with markers of insulin sensitivity like fasting glucose or insulin. Fasting chemerin levels are similar to concentrations measured 1 and 2 h after oral glucose uptake in overweight and obese donors.'] Is adipocyte chemerin release induced by insulin without being translated to higher levels in vivo?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study explores the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in mice exposed to cadmium (Cd).', 'NAC (150 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to mice exposed to Cd (10-50 mg/L) in drinking water for 6 weeks. The changes of cell damage and death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes, as well as Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway in brain neurones were assessed. To verify the role of mTOR activation in Cd-induced neurotoxicity, mice also received a subacute regimen of intraperitoneally administered Cd (1 mg/kg) with/without rapamycin (7.5 mg/kg) for 11 days.', 'Chronic exposure of mice to Cd induced brain damage or neuronal cell death, due to ROS induction. Co-administration of NAC significantly reduced Cd levels in the plasma and brain of the animals. NAC prevented Cd-induced ROS and significantly attenuated Cd-induced brain damage or neuronal cell death. The protective effect of NAC was mediated, at least partially, by elevating the activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the level of glutathione in the brain. Furthermore, Cd-induced activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in the brain was also inhibited by NAC. Rapamycin in vitro and in vivo protected against Cd-induced neurotoxicity.'] Does n-acetyl-L-cysteine protect against cadmium-induced neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting ROS-dependent activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in mouse brain?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Rationing of health care is universal in systems free at the point of delivery. United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) policy is for treatment on the basis of \"clinical need.\" Surgeons routinely prioritize elective cases, and structured assessments of symptom severity have been suggested as a rational method of prioritization. We hypothesized that patient psychological factors would play an important role in prioritization as currently practiced.', \"Two hundred thirty participants were recruited from a potential pool of 259 eligible referrals to an orthopaedic department for assessment of lower limb arthroplasty. Participants were assessed at time of referral and followed for 2.5 years. Associations were estimated between participant's psychological distress, illness perceptions, and the outcome of surgical prioritization.\", \"One hundred forty-one participants were listed for arthroplasty; 62 (44%) of these were considered urgent cases. Pain was the only univariate predictor of this outcome. Patient's psychological distress and illness perceptions were not associated with being classified as urgent even after adjusting for clinical and demographic status. In a multivariate model, only older age showed an independent effect (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.14, 6.66) of increasing the chances of being considered urgent. Urgent cases had a 3-month-shorter inpatient wait among the 108 participants operated on during the study.\"] Do patient psychological characteristics have minimal influence on surgical prioritization?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, Central, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO.\", 'Randomised controlled trials of psychosocial interventions for chronic orofacial pain were included. Psychosocial interventions targeted towards changing thoughts, behaviours and/or feelings that may exacerbate pain symptoms through a vicious cycle were eligible. Primary outcomes were pain intensity/severity, satisfaction with pain relief and quality of life.', 'Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Dichotomous outcomes, were expressed as risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals, continuous outcomes as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane test for heterogeneity and the I2 test. Meta-analyses were conducted using the random-effect or the fixed-effect models.', 'Fifteen of the 17 eligible studies were on temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), two on burning mouth syndrome. Psychosocial interventions improved long-term pain intensity (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.50 to -0.18) and depression (SMD -0.35, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.16). However, the risk of bias in these studies was high.'] Does weak evidence support the use of psychosocial interventions for chronic orofacial pain?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We sought to identify the predictors of non-calcified plaque (NCP) burden in patients with low coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores of 1-100.', 'We studied 920 consecutive patients clinically referred for coronary CT angiography (CCTA) with concomitant CAC scoring. The 276 patients with CAC 1-100 were divided into four groups based on the CAC score: CAC = 0, 1-10, 11-50, and 51-100. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed for the demographic, risk factor, and CAC score predictors of number of coronary segments with NCP.', 'Mean age was 55 ± 11 years and 56% were women. Demographics and risk factors failed to identify NCP involvement in univariate models. The lone predictor of NCP burden was the absolute CAC score, which was persistently associated with NCP in multivariable models (CAC 51-100 vs. CAC 1-10, β-coefficient 0.35, p = 0.03).'] Is absolute coronary artery calcium score the best predictor of non-calcified plaque involvement in patients with low calcium scores ( 1-100 )?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, -3 and -8 and localize them and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and -2 in human cervical tissue during the cervical ripening process.', 'Cervical biopsies were obtained from 10 term-pregnant (TP) women and from nine women immediately after vaginal delivery. Ten nonpregnant (NP) women served as controls. Levels of MMP-1, -3 and -8 were analyzed in supernatants of homogenized cervical tissue by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA). Localization with immunohistochemistry of these MMPs and TIMP-1 and -2 was performed using monoclonal antibodies.', 'MMP-8 reached its peak median level, 7300 ng/mg wet weight, in biopsies obtained from postpartum (PP) women, as compared to 86 ng/mg wet weight in NP (p<0.001) and 266 ng/mg wet weight in TP (p=0.016) women. The immunohistochemical results confirmed these findings, with a clear increase in MMP-8 staining in ripened cervix localized primarily in the stromal tissue. Levels of MMP-1 and -3 as measured with EIA were low in all three groups, but immunohistochemically a more frequent positive staining for MMP-1 and -3 was registered in pregnant cervical tissue compared to nonpregnant. For TIMP-1 and also for TIMP-2 immunohistochemical analysis showed that staining in all groups was more prominent in pregnant cervical tissue compared to nonpregnant.'] Does matrix metalloproteinase-8 correlate with the cervical ripening process in humans?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We investigated the effect of epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (Egfl7) on nuclear factor-κB activation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and neutrophil adhesion to human coronary artery endothelial cells after calcineurin-inhibition-induced injury.', 'Human coronary endothelial cells were incubated with cyclosporine (CyA) 10 μg/mL with or without Egfl7 (100 ng/mL) or the Notch receptor activator Jagged1 (200 ng/mL) for 6 to 48 hours. CyA upregulated nuclear factor-κB (p65) activity (128 ± 2% of control, P<0.001) in nuclear extracts, as determined with a DNA-binding activity ELISA. This activity was inhibited by Egfl7 (86 ± 3% of control; P<0.001 versus CyA alone). Jagged1 blocked Egfl7-induced nuclear factor-κB inhibition (105 ± 4% of control; P<0.05 versus CyA plus Egfl7). CyA upregulated cell-surface intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression (215 ± 13% of control; P<0.001), as determined by flow cytometry. This expression was suppressed by Egfl7 (148 ± 5%; P<0.001 versus CyA alone). Jagged1 attenuated the intercellular adhesion molecule-1-suppressive effect of Egfl7 when administered with CyA (193 ± 3% versus 148 ± 5%; P<0.01). CyA increased neutrophil adhesion to human coronary endothelial cells (control 20 ± 5%, CyA 37 ± 3%; P<0.001 versus control) in a nonstatic neutrophil adhesion assay. This increase was attenuated by Egfl7 (22 ± 6%; P<0.001 versus CyA alone). Jagged 1 attenuated the effect of Egfl7 on neutrophil adhesion (31±3%; P<0.001 versus Egfl7 plus CyA).'] Is epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 a novel inhibitor of neutrophil adhesion to coronary artery endothelial cells injured by calcineurin inhibition?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Intermittent hypoxia, a hallmark of sleep apnea, is a major factor for hypertension and impaired vasoreactivity.', 'To examine the temporal occurrence of these two outcomes in order to provide insight into mechanisms and early cardiovascular disease identification.', 'Functional and structural cardiovascular alterations were assessed in C57BL6 mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia (21-4% Fi(O(2)), 30-s cycle, 8 h/d) or air for up to 35 days. Blood pressure, heart rate, and urinary catecholamines were measured at Days 1 and 14. Hindquarter vasoreactivity was assessed at Days 14 and 35, including vasoconstriction to norepinephrine, endothelium-, and non-endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Aorta, heart, and hindquarter skeletal muscles were immunostained for vascular markers PECAM-1 and collagen IV.', 'Hemodynamic alterations occurred from Day 1, characterized by blood pressure surges with bradytachyarrhythmia driven by cyclic hypoxia. At Day 14, blood pressure at normoxia was elevated, with predominant diastolic increase. With hypoxia, vasopressive catecholamines were elevated, blood pressure surged with a lower hypoxic threshold, whereas heart rate fluctuations decreased. Histologic alterations started from Day 14, with decreased endothelial PECAM-1 expression in descending aorta and left heart. Impaired peripheral vasoreactivity occurred at Day 35, including hypervasoconstriction to norepinephrine secondary to sympathetic hyperactivity, without changes in pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors or in endothelium- and non-endothelium-dependent vasodilation.'] Does intermittent hypoxia induce early functional cardiovascular remodeling in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Tendon-bone healing after rotator cuff repair occurs by fibrovascular scar tissue formation, which is weaker than a normal tendon-bone insertion site. Growth factors play a role in tissue formation and have the potential to augment soft tissue healing in the perioperative period.', 'Our study aim was to determine if rhPDGF-BB delivery on a collagen scaffold can improve tendon-to-bone healing after supraspinatus tendon repair compared with no growth factor in rats as measured by (1) gross observations; (2) histologic analysis; and (3) biomechanical testing.', 'Ninety-five male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent acute repair of the supraspinatus tendon. Rats were randomized into one of five groups: control (ie, repair only), scaffold only, and three different platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) doses on the collagen scaffold. Animals were euthanized 5 days after surgery to assess cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. The remaining animals were analyzed at 4 weeks to assess repair site integrity by gross visualization, fibrocartilage formation with safranin-O staining, and collagen fiber organization with picrosirius red staining, and to determine the biomechanical properties (ie, load-to-failure testing) of the supraspinatus tendon-bone construct.', 'The repaired supraspinatus tendon was in continuity with the bone in all animals. At 5 days, rhPDGF-BB delivery on a scaffold demonstrated a dose-dependent response in cellular proliferation and angiogenesis compared with the control and scaffold groups. At 28 days, with the numbers available, rhPDGF-BB had no effect on increasing fibrocartilage formation or improving collagen fiber maturity at the tendon-bone insertion site compared with controls. The control group had higher tensile loads to failure and stiffness (35.5 ± 8.8 N and 20.3 ± 4.5 N/mm) than all the groups receiving the scaffold, including the PDGF groups (scaffold: 27 ± 6.4 N, p = 0.021 and 13 ± 5.7 N/mm, p = 0.01; 30 µg/mL PDGF: 26.5 ± 7.5 N, p = 0.014 and 13.3 ± 3.2 N/mm, p = 0.01; 100 µg/mL PDGF: 25.7 ± 6.1 N, p = 0.005 and 11.6 ± 3.3 N/mm, p = 0.01; 300 µg/mL PDGF: 27 ± 6.9 N, p = 0.014 and 12.7 ± 4.1 N/mm, p = 0.01).'] Does rhPDGF-BB promote early healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To reach consensus among prescribers of different specialties and experience on the usefulness of computerised alerts and strategies for reducing low-value alerts within a commercial electronic prescribing system.', 'We conducted a Delphi technique where participants were sent a 10-question survey in rounds 1 and 2 to rate the usefulness of existing alert types and to indicate if 1) therapeutic duplication alerts should be adjusted so that they fired only when both medication orders were active; 2) local messages should be changed to hyperlinks rather than alerts. Forty-seven prescribers completed round 1 and 21 round 2.'] Does identification of strategies to reduce computerized alert in an electronic prescribing system using a Delphi approach?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Compound microsatellites are a special variation of microsatellites in which two or more individual microsatellites are found directly adjacent to each other. Until now, such composite microsatellites have not been investigated in a comprehensive manner.', 'Our in silico survey of microsatellite clustering in genomes of Homo sapiens, Maccaca mulatta, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Gallus gallus, Danio rerio and Drosophila melanogaster revealed an unexpected high abundance of compound microsatellites. About 4 - 25% of all microsatellites could be categorized as compound microsatellites. Compound microsatellites are approximately 15 times more frequent than expected under the assumption of a random distribution of microsatellites. Interestingly, microsatellites do not only tend to cluster but the adjacent repeat types of compound microsatellites have very similar motifs: in most cases (>90%) these motifs differ only by a single mutation (base substitution or indel). We propose that the majority of the compound microsatellites originates by duplication of imperfections in a microsatellite tract. This process occurs mostly at the end of a microsatellite, leading to a new repeat type and a potential microsatellite repeat track.'] Does survey of microsatellite clustering in eight fully sequenced species shed light on the origin of compound microsatellites?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The RANKL-OPG axis is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis and bone turnover activity. Its contribution to bone resorption under altered mechanical states, however, has not been fully elucidated. Here we examined the role of OPG in regulating mechanically induced bone modeling in a rat model of orthodontic tooth movement.', 'The maxillary first molars of male Sprague-Dawley rats were moved mesially using a calibrated nickel-titanium spring attached to the maxillary incisor teeth. Two different doses (0.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg) of a recombinant fusion protein (OPG-Fc), were injected twice weekly mesial to the first molars. Tooth movement was measured using stone casts that were scanned and magnified. Changes in bone quantity were measured using micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis was used to quantify osteoclasts and volumetric parameters. Finally, circulating levels of TRAP-5b (a bone resorption marker) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.', 'The 5.0 mg/kg OPG-Fc dose showed a potent reduction in mesial molar movement and osteoclast numbers compared to controls (p<0.01). The molar movement was inhibited by 45.7%, 70.6%, and 78.7% compared to controls at days 7, 14, and 21 respectively, with the high dose of OPG. The 0.5 mg dose also significantly (p<0.05) inhibited molar movement at days 7 (43.8%) and 14 (31.8%). While incisor retraction was also decreased by OPG-Fc, the ratio of incisor to molar tooth movement was markedly better in the high-dose OPG group (5.2:1, p<0.001) compared to the control group (2.3:1) and the low-dose OPG group (2.0:1).'] Does local delivery of osteoprotegerin inhibit mechanically mediated bone modeling in orthodontic tooth movement?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Somatic paravertebral block (SPVB) appears to provide effective and prolonged nerve block in children; however, study of its use in this population is limited. We compared SPVB with no block in children undergoing appendectomy.', 'Thirty-six children aged 3-16 yr undergoing open appendectomy were involved in this prospective randomized controlled study. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in N(2)O/oxygen. All subjects received fentanyl, acetaminophen and ketorolac during anesthesia. Group I (SPVB) subjects received a right SPVB at T(11), T(12), and L(1) using 0.2% ropivacaine 0.25 mL.kg(-1) with epinephrine 1:200,000 preoperatively. Group II (Control) had only bandaids applied to skin. Both groups were given morphine 0.05 mg.kg(-1) iv every 2 hr if pain scores reached 5/10 on a visual analogue scale. Acetaminophen was administered postoperatively every 6 hr to both groups. Time to first dose of morphine, total dose of morphine in 24 hr, and any adverse effects up to 24 hr after surgery were recorded.', 'Group I (SPVB) subjects required significantly less morphine than Group II (Control) patients (0.12 +/- 0.07 vs 0.34 +/- 0.15 mg.kg(-1), respectively; P < 0.001), and time to their first dose was significantly longer (7.1 +/- 4.4 vs 2.5 +/- 1.6 hr, respectively; P < 0.001). Incidence of vomiting was 11% with Group I and 27% with Group II (P = 0.21). No other adverse effects were observed in either group.'] Does somatic paravertebral block decrease opioid requirements in children undergoing appendectomy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is thought to play a key role in the initiation of Smad-independent TGF-β signaling. This study investigated the role of TAK1 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) lens epithelial cells.', \"TAK1 was overexpressed in the HLE B-3 cell line by transfecting TAK1-pcDNA3 and TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1)-pcDNA3 plasmids. The expression levels of TAK1, phospho-TAK1, E-cadherin, and fibronectin were detected by Western blot analysis and immunocytofluorescence to analyze the effects of overexpression. The levels of α-SMA and type I collagen were analyzed by real-time PCR. Quantitative data were analyzed by Student's t test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (multiple comparisons using LSD test).\", 'Western blot analysis showed in the TAK1-pcDNA3 plasmids group, expression of TAK1 proteins (1.00±0.03) with a maximum upregulation of approximately 80% at 24 h than it was in the control group (0.19±0.09)(t=8.02, P< 0.01); Western blot analysis showed in the TAB1-pcDNA3 plasmids group, expression of TAB1 proteins (1.00±0.02) with a maximum upregulation of approximately 78% at 24 h than it was in the control group (0.22±0.08)(t=7.63, P<0.01). The levels of E-cadherin/Beta-actin had significant differences among control, overexpression of TAK1 together with TAB1, overexpression of TAK1, and overexpression of TAB1 (1.00±0.02, 0.12±0.03, 0.98±0.09, 0.92±0.08;F=31.03, P<0.01). The levels of fibronectin/Beta-actin had significant differences among control, overexpression of TAK1 together with TAB1, overexpression of TAK1, and overexpression of TAB1 (0.11±0.03, 1.00±0.05, 0.16±0.04, 0.21±0.05;F=35.12, P<0.01). Overexpression of TAK1 with TAB1 resulted in upregulated expression of fibronectin, and downregulated expression of E-cadherin. The expression of E-cadherin was increased and the expression of fibronectin was decreased by TAK1 siRNA and TAK1 chemical inhibitors in the presence of TGF-β2.'] Does [ TAK1 promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The present study investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human urate transporter 1 (hURAT1) gene are associated with primary hyperuricaemia (HUA) in Han Chinese people.', \"A total of 538 subjects (215 cases and 323 control subjects) were recruited from Qingdao, China. SNPs in potentially functional regions of the gene were identified and genotypes determined by direct sequencing. Association analyses were conducted using Fisher's exact test and logistic regression assuming a genotype model.\", \"By sequencing the promoter, 10 exons, and the exon-intron junctions of the hURAT1 gene, 14 SNPs were identified. Two of the SNPs identified were associated with susceptibility to HUA. The first was a rare intron 3 (11 G-->A) SNP (p=0.0005), where carriers of the 'A' allele had a 3.4-fold (95% CI 1.67 to 6.93) increased risk of HUA. The second was a common exon 8 (T1309C) SNP (rs7932775), where carriers of one and two 'C' alleles had respective fold increased risks of 1.64 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.52) and 2.32 (95% CI 1.37 to 3.95). These SNPs had a joint additive effect of risk of HUA, with those individuals carrying at least one 'A' allele at the intron 3 SNP and two 'C' alleles at rs7932775 having a 5.88-fold (95% CI 1.25 to 15.57) increased risk of HUA in comparison to those with no risk alleles.\"] Are multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human urate transporter 1 ( hURAT1 ) gene associated with hyperuricaemia in Han Chinese?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate whether mechanical stress induces mineral deposits that contribute to matrix degradation at the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cartilage.', 'Female Spraguee-Dawley rats were subjected to an unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) procedure. Histology, electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to examine cartilage matrix structures and composition of mineral deposit in the affected TMJ cartilage. Protein and/or RNA expression of phenotypic markers and mineralization modulators and matrix degradation was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and/or real-time PCR. Synthetic basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate (CPPD) crystals were used to stimulate ATDC5 cells for their impact on cell differentiation and gene expression.', 'Fragmented and disorganized collagen fibers, expanded fibrous spaces, and enhancement of matrix vesicle production and mineral deposition were observed in matrices surrounding hypertrophic chondrocytes in cartilage as early as 2-weeks post-UAC and exacerbated with time. The mineral deposits in TMJ cartilage at 12- and 20-weeks post-UAC had Ca/P ratios of 1.42 and 1.44, which are similar to the ratios for BCP. The expression of mineralization inhibitors, NPP1, ANK, CD73, and Matrix gla protein (MGP) was decreased from 2 to 8 weeks post-UAC, so were the chondrogenic markers, Col-2, Col-X and aggrecan. In contrast, the expression of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and MMP13 was increased 4-weeks post-UAC. Treating ADTC5 cells with BCP crystals increased MMPs and ADAMTS5 expression, but reduced matrix production in a time-dependent manner.'] Does unilateral anterior crossbite induce aberrant mineral deposition in degenerative temporomandibular cartilage in rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) may be caused by mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The aim of this study was to validate immunohistochemistry and family history as prescreening tools to predict germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6.', 'Pedigrees from 250 families were extended, cancer diagnoses were verified, and families were classified according to the Amsterdam and the Bethesda criteria. Tumor specimens were examined with immunohistochemistry for the presence of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 proteins. Mutation analyses were performed in blood samples from the same patients.', 'Blood samples from affected index persons in 181 families and tumor specimens from 127 of the affected index persons were obtained. Thirty tumors lacked one or more gene products. Sensitivity of immunohistochemistry to detect mutation carriers was 100%, specificity was 82%, and positive predictive value was 85%. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values for the Amsterdam criteria were 82%, 8%, and 45%, respectively, and for the Bethesda criteria were 100%, 0%, and 48%, respectively. Distribution of mutations was MLH1 = 4, MSH2 = 11, and MSH6 = 4.'] Does immunohistochemistry identify carriers of mismatch repair gene defects causing hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Burns and pressure sores are common injuries during cast application. Various factors such as water temperature, padding, and cast material layers may play a role in these injuries; however, the effect of cast molding on temperatures and pressures has not been investigated. This raises the following questions, does the application of molding during cast application: (1) alter skin level temperatures in a variety of cast materials? and (2) risk inducing either thermal injury or pressure necrosis?', 'An upper extremity model was created to measure pressure and temperature underneath casting materials. Cast padding, water bath temperature, and cast thickness were standardized. A 3-point mold was simulated using 3 casting materials-Fiberglass only, Plaster Only splint, and Plaster splint overwrapped with Fiberglass-while pressure and temperature were recorded.', ': Pressure application led to a statistically significant (P<0.0001) increase in temperature at the sites where the mold was applied although absolute temperature did not reach the theoretical burn threshold of 49 to 50°C for the casting materials studied. With pressure applied, the Plaster/Fiberglass combination reached an average peak temperature of 47.9°C, which was maintained for up to 6 minutes. Neither Fiberglass nor Plaster Only reached peak temperatures of this magnitude (average of 42.7 and 43.6°C, respectively). Peak (369 mm Hg) and highest residual (21 mm Hg) pressures were below harmful levels.'] Does effect of pressure applied during casting on temperatures beneath cast?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of downregulation of HIF-1α gene on human U251 glioma cells and examine the consequent changes of TMZ induced effects and explore the molecular mechanisms.', 'U251 cell line stably expressing HIF-1α shRNA was acquired via lentiviral vector transfection. The mRNA and protein expression alterations of genes involved in our study were determined respectively by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay and colony formation assay, cell invasion/migration capacity was determined by transwell invasion assay/wound healing assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.', 'We successfully established a U251 cell line with highly efficient HIF-1α knockdown. HIF-1a downregulation sensitized U251 cells to TMZ treatment and enhanced the proliferation-inhibiting, invasion/migration-suppressing, apoptosis-inducing and differentiation-promoting effects exerted by TMZ. The related molecular mechanisms demonstrated that expression of O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene (MGMT) and genes of Notch1 pathway were significantly upregulated by TMZ treatment. However, this upregulation was abrogated by HIF-1α knockdown. We further confirmed important regulatory roles of HIF-1α in the expression of MGMT and activation of Notch1 pathways.'] Does downregulation of HIF-1a sensitize U251 glioma cells to the temozolomide ( TMZ ) treatment?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To assess drug-compliance observed among patients with suspected streptococcal pharyngitis treated with twice-daily antibiotic regimens (b.i.d.) and others with thrice-daily regimens (t.i.d.).', \"A prospective study in the primary care setting was designed in which patients with pharyngitis and three or more Centor criteria, non-allergic to beta-lactam agents, treated with several b.i.d and t.i.d antibiotic regimens based on doctor's choice, were recruited. Patient compliance was assessed with electronic monitoring.\", 'A total of 113 patients were enrolled (64 in the t.i.d. group and 49 in the b.i.d. group). Mean openings ranged from 70.3 to 83.3% of the total amount of pills. All the parameters analysed indicated significantly worse compliance with the t.i.d. regimens. Eleven patients allocated to the t.i.d. group took at least 80% of the pills (17.2%), this being significantly lower than those who received b.i.d. antibiotics (59.2%; p < 0.001). The percentage of patients who opened the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) container the satisfactory number of times a day was systematically lower among t.i.d. regimens, this being statistically significant from day three (p < 0.05). Patients assigned to t.i.d. regimens more frequently forgot the afternoon dose.'] Is [ Compliance rate of antibiotic therapy in patients with acute pharyngitis very low , mainly when thrice-daily antibiotics are given ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy represents an attractive anti-cancer treatment but requires further optimization of its efficacy and safety in clinically relevant models, such as those using a tumor antigen and TCR of human origin. Currently, however, there is no consensus as to what protocol is most optimal for retroviral human TCR gene transfer into primary murine T cells, most notably with respect to virus pseudo-type.', 'Primary murine T cells were transduced, expanded and subsequently tested for transgene expression, proliferation and antigen-specific function. To this end, murine leukemia virus (MLV) retroviruses were produced upon transfection of various packaging cells with genes encoding either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or TCRalphabeta specific for human melanoma antigen gp100(280-288) and the helper elements GAG/POL and ENV. Next to viral pseudotyping, the following parameters were studied: T cell densities; T cell activation; the amounts of IL-2 and the source of serum used to supplement medium.', 'The pseudo-type of virus produced by packaging cells critically determines T cell transduction efficiencies. In fact, MLV-A and MLV-E pseudo-typed viruses derived from a co-culture of Phoenix-A and 293T cells resulted in T cell transduction efficiencies that were two-fold higher than those based on retroviruses expressing either VSV-G, GALV, MLV-A or MLV-E envelopes. In addition, T cell densities during transduction were inversely related to transduction efficiencies. Further optimization resulted in transduction efficiencies of over 90% for GFP, and 68% for both a murine and a human (i.e. murinized) TCR. Importantly, TCR-transduced T cells proliferate (i.e. showing a log increase in cell number in a few days) and show antigen-specific function.'] Is gene transfer of human TCR in primary murine T cells improved by pseudo-typing with amphotropic and ecotropic envelopes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Videokeratography has enabled detection of inferior steepening patterns in patients thereby designated as keratoconus suspects. Since no information about the corneal thickness of these eyes is available, we studied several patients with such patterns, and compared the corneal thickness of their eyes with that of normals.', \"Three groups of patients who had undergone videokeratography were studied with ultrasonic pachymetry centrally and in four quadrants at the 3-mm clear zone: 44 eyes with true keratoconus, 23 eyes of individuals with inferior steepening of the cornea who were family members of patients with keratoconus; and 44 normal eyes never fitted with contact lenses. The corneal thickness of the eyes in the first two groups was then compared with that in the third using ANOVA and Student's t test.\", 'Corneal thickness in the normal eyes and in those with inferior steepening was similar in all except the inferotemporal quadrant. In this quadrant, the corneas of the eyes with inferior steepening were thinner than those of the normal eyes: 544 +/- 32 microns vs 581 +/- 30 microns (p < .05)'] Is inferior steepening associated with thinning of the inferotemporal cornea?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The recently demonstrated association between C-reactive protein (CRP) level and body mass index (BMI) raised the question of the link between CRP and the degree of obesity. In the present study, we measured CRP in a healthy population with a wide range of BMI in order to appreciate the influence of overweight in the interpretation of CRP results in clinical use.', 'Blood donors, aged from 19 to 65 years, were included in the study. According to BMI, subjects were classified into 3 groups: A (BMI<25 kg/m(2), n=611); B (25-30, n=147); C (> 30, n=34).', 'CRP values were different among women and men. CRP progressively increased with BMI in women. These results clearly showed that average level of CRP was quite different according to BMI and gender of the subjects and generated different normal ranges of CRP expressed in mg/L (median, 75(th) percentile): Group A: women: 0.44, 0.93; men: 0.40, 0.79, Group B: women: 1.28, 1.84; men: 0.84, 2.17, Group C: women: 3.61, 7.21; men: 1.16, 3.08.'] Are interpretation of circulating C-reactive protein levels in adults : body mass index and gender a must?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin in preventing contrast agent-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing coronary angiography and explore the mechanism.', 'A total of 180 patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) were randomized into regular dose and high dose atorvastatin groups (n=90). Serum creatinine (Scr), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), cystatin, peripheral blood levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) before and after the procedure were compared between the two groups.', 'The incidence of CIN was significantly lower in high-dose atorvastatin group than in the regular dose group. At 48-72 h after the surgery, serum Scr and cystatin levels were significantly lower and eGFR was significantly higher in the high-dose group. At 24 h after the surgery, MPO and MDA levels were significantly lower, and SOD activity was significantly higher in high-dose group than in the regular dose group.'] Does [ Atorvastatin prevent contrast agent-induced renal injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography by inhibiting oxidative stress ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hypoglycemia is a barrier to the achievement of glycemic targets and limits the beneficial effects of improved glucose control on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in cardiovascular homeostasis and predict future cardiovascular events. Therefore, we herein analyzed the association between occurrence of hypoglycemia and EPC changes in T2D patients after optimization of glucose control with basal insulin therapy.', 'In the NCT00699686 trial, 42 T2D insulin-naïve patients received a 3 + 3-month cross-over therapy with glargine and detemir. There were 43 minor and 2 severe hypoglycemic episodes in 19 patients (45.2 %, 0.54 episodes/patient/year). Changes in EPCs were analyzed in relation to the occurrence of hypoglycemia during the trial.', 'Patients with hypoglycemia had a higher final HbA1c at 6 months than patients without, although absolute HbA1c changes were not significantly different. Though PCs increased at study end, in patients experiencing at least 1 hypoglycemic episode, the changes in CD34(+), CD133(+) progenitor cells and CD34(+)KDR(+) EPCs were significantly lower than the respective changes in patients without incident hypoglycemia, even after correcting for confounders. During treatment with detemir, which induced >twofold less hypoglycemia than glargine, CD34(+)KDR(+) EPCs increased significantly more than during treatment with glargine.'] Does hypoglycemia affect the changes in endothelial progenitor cell levels during insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"We sought to assess the impact of the American College of Cardiology's Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) project for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) care, encompassing 33 acute-care hospitals in southeastern Michigan, on rates of mortality in Medicare patients treated in Michigan.\", 'The GAP project increases the use of evidence-based therapies in patients with AMI. It is unknown whether GAP also can reduce the rate of mortality in patients with AMI.', 'Using a before (n = 1,368) and after GAP implementation (n = 1,489) cohort study, 2,857 Medicare patients with AMI were studied to assess the influence of the GAP program on mortality. Multivariate models tested the independent impact of GAP after controlling for other conditions on in-hospital, 30-day, and one-year mortality.', 'Average patient age was 76 years, 48% were women, and 16% represented non-white minorities. The rate of mortality decreased after GAP for each interval studied: hospital, 10.4% versus 13.6%; 30-day, 16.7% versus 21.6%; and one-year, 33.2% versus 38.3%; all p < 0.02. After multivariate adjustment, GAP correlated with a 21% to 26% reduction in mortality, particularly at 30 days (odds ratio of GAP to baseline 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59 to 0.94; p = 0.012) and one year (odds ratio 0.78; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.95; p = 0.013), particularly in the patients for whom a standard discharge tool was used (1-year mortality, odds ratio 0.53; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.76; p = 0.0006).'] Is guideline-based standardized care associated with substantially lower mortality in medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction : the American College of Cardiology 's Guidelines Applied in Practice ( GAP ) Projects in Michigan?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study was designed to elucidate the in vivo efficacy of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on wound healing in non diabetic and diabetic rats.', 'Ninety-six male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into six groups. Saline-moistened gauze, pure gelatin or EGF in gelatin-microsphere dressings were used in a dermal excision model in both normal and streptomycin-induced diabetic rats. Wound healing was evaluated on day 7 and 14. Reduction in wound area, hydroxypyroline content and tensile strength of the wound were evaluated in each rat. Tissue samples taken from the wounds were examined histopathologically for reepithelialisation, cellular infiltration, number of fibroblasts, granulation and neovascularisation.', 'On day 7, the use of EGF-containing dressing was observed to reduce the wound area better when compared with the other dressings tested. This effect was significant in normal rats rather than diabetic rats. The difference in reduction of wound area did not persist on day 14. No significant effect on hydroxyproline content of the wound was found with EGF-containing dressing in either normal or diabetic rats. There was a statistically significant increase in tensile strength values of EGF-applied non diabetic rats over the 14 day period. An increase in tensile strength was prominent in also EGF-applied diabetic rats on day 14. Histological examination revealed higher histopathologic scores in EGF-applied diabetic and non diabetic rats.'] Does epidermal growth factor-containing wound closure enhance wound healing in non-diabetic and diabetic rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine whether polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and late onset rheumatoid arthritis have identical or similar HLA-DRB1 genetic associations.', 'Seventy five PMR cases without evidence of giant cell arteritis were available for study. One hundred seven RA cases were investigated, of which 62 had disease onset after age 60 years. All cases were compared with 145 ethnically matched controls. All cases and controls originated from Lugo, NW Spain. HLA-DRB1 typing was performed on DNA samples using PCR based molecular methods.', 'Early onset RA (< or =40 yrs) was strongly associated with DRB1*04 (DRB1*0401 and *0404). In contrast late onset RA (> or = 60 yrs) was not associated with DRB1*04 but was associated with DRB1*01. Stratification of late onset RA cases by rheumatoid factor status revealed that DRB1*01 was only increased in seropositive RA cases. Late onset seronegative RA cases exhibited increased frequency of DRB1*13/*14; this was also observed in PMR cases where coexistence of GCA had been excluded.'] Do seronegative rheumatoid arthritis in elderly and polymyalgia rheumatica have similar patterns of HLA association?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cirrhotic patients tend to develop malnutrition by fasting, yet the importance of nutritional care during examination-associated fasting has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine the effects of a nutritional supplement on nutrition and stresses caused by examination-associated fasting in cirrhotic patients.', 'Twenty-nine cirrhotic patients were enrolled in this study. No energy was supplied to patients in the fasting group (n = 11) prior to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examination. A supplement of 200 kcal was given to the patients in the supplement group (n = 18) prior to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examination. The effect of the supplement on stresses was evaluated by self-rating questionnaire. Changes in biochemical parameters were also investigated before and after computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examinations.', 'There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, or liver function tests between the two groups at the start of the study. In the supplement group, stress scores for physical symptoms (thirst and light-headedness) and mental symptoms (hunger, hypodynamia and fatigue) were significantly lower compared to those in the fasting group. Also in the supplement group, peripheral 3-hydroxybutyric acid and free fatty acids levels were significantly decreased compared to those in the fasting group, to within normal ranges. In addition, a decrease in prothrombin time was significantly inhibited by intake of the supplement.'] Does supplement improve nutrition and stresses caused by examination-associated fasting in patients with liver cirrhosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Plasmids of Borrelia species are dynamic structures that contain a large number of repetitive genes, gene fragments, and gene fusions. In addition, the transposable element IS605/200 family, as well as degenerate forms of this IS element, are prevalent. In Helicobacter pylori, flanking regions of the IS605 transposase gene contain sequences that fold into identical small stem loops. These function in transposition at the single-stranded DNA level.', 'In work reported here, bioinformatics techniques were used to scan Borrelia plasmid genomes for IS605 transposable element specific stem loop sequences. Two variant stem loop motifs are found in the left and right flanking regions of the transposase gene. Both motifs appear to have dispersed in plasmid genomes and are found \"free-standing\" and phylogenetically conserved without the associated IS605 transposase gene or the adjacent flanking sequence. Importantly, IS605 specific stem loop sequences are also found at the 3\\' ends of lipoprotein genes (PFam12 and PFam60), however the left and right sequences appear to develop their own evolutionary patterns. The lipoprotein gene-linked left stem loop sequences maintain the IS605 stem loop motif in orthologs but only at the RNA level. These show mutations whereby variants fold into phylogenetically conserved RNA-type stem loops that contain the wobble non-Watson-Crick G-U base-pairing. The right flanking sequence is associated with the family lipoprotein-1 genes. A comparison of homologs shows that the IS605 stem loop motif rapidly dissipates, but a more elaborate secondary structure appears to develop in its place.'] Are stem loop sequences specific to transposable element IS605 found linked to lipoprotein genes in Borrelia plasmids?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Efficient slow freezing protocols within serum-free and feeder-free culture systems are crucial for the clinical application of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. Frequently, however, hES cells must be cryopreserved as clumps when using conventional slow freezing protocols, leading to lower survival rates during freeze-thaw and limiting their recovery and growth efficiency after thawing, as well as limiting downstream applications that require single cell suspensions. We describe a novel method to increase freeze-thaw survival and proliferation rate of single hES cells in serum-free and feeder-free culture conditions.', 'hES cells maintained on Matrigel-coated dishes were dissociated into single cells with Accutase and slow freezing. After thawing at 37 degrees C, cells were cultured in mTeSR medium supplemented with 10 microM of Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y-27632 for 1 day.', 'The use of Y-27632 and Accutase significantly increases the survival of single hES cells after thawing compared with a control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, by treatment of hES cell aggregates with EGTA to disrupt cell-cell interaction, we show that Y-27632 treatment does not directly affect hES cell apoptosis. Even in the presence of Y-27632, hES cells deficient in cell-cell interaction undergo apoptosis. Y-27632-treated freeze-thawed hES cells retain typical morphology, stable karyotype, expression of pluripotency markers and the potential to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers after long-term culture.'] Does rOCK inhibitor improve survival of cryopreserved serum/feeder-free single human embryonic stem cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Enterocystoplasty is the gold standard to perform bladder reconstruction. Since this technique has a high morbidity rate, several matrix scaffolds have been proposed to support the urothelial maturation. Unfortunately, epithelial cells failed to fully integrate the cell-matrix interactions and therefore appropriate signalling pathways of normal differentiation. Based on these observations, we proposed to culture bladder urothelial cells (BUC) onto a matrix self-assembled by bladder mesenchymal cells (BMC), to form a vesical model (VM).', \"Different serum proportions were assessed to obtain a manipulable matrix deposited by BMC. The BUC were then seeded onto the BMC's matrix to evolve in a three-dimensional culture. Haematoxylin-eosin staining, immunolabeling, scanning electron microscopy, western blot and matrix metalloproteinases analysis were performed for the VM characterization.\", \"We were able to obtain an original matrix made of collagen-I and presenting specific organization. Matrix remodelling was observed and led to a cellular compartmentalization. The reconstructed urothelium developed in a pseudostratified arrangement, displaying an adequate cellular polarity and apical membrane remodelling of superficial cells. Like native bladder, cytokeratin 14 immunolabeling was not observed in our VM, which indicate the conformity of the development sequence taken by BUC under the influence of the BMC's matrix.\"] Does organ-specific matrix self-assembled by mesenchymal cells improve the normal urothelial differentiation in vitro?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study is to examine whether pretreatment findings in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using contrast-enhanced ultrasound can predict local or distant recurrence after radiofrequency ablation (RFA).', 'Subjects of the prospective study were 54 patients with HCC lesions treated by RFA. Intensity differences between lesion and liver parenchyma at early arterial (4 seconds) and peak enhancement times and washout at late phase were provided on contrast-enhanced sonograms with perflubutane microbubble agent. The pretreatment findings were examined with respect to intrahepatic local and distant recurrence.', 'Univariate analysis showed that intensity differences at the early arterial time (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.6; p = 0.042) and lesion frequency (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-5.0; p = 0.044) were risk factors for distant recurrence. Multivariate analysis showed that intensity differences at the early arterial time (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-5.8; p = 0.014) and lesion frequency (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3-6.5; p = 0.015) were risk factors for distant recurrence. The cumulative distant recurrence rate for patients with intensity differences at the early arterial time was greater at less than 10 dB than at 10 dB or higher (33.3% and 91.3% vs 23.9% and 65.1% at 1 and 2 years, respectively; p = 0.035). The cumulative distant recurrence rate was 16.5% and 61.1% at 1 and 2 years, respectively, in patients with solitary lesions and 54.7% and 77.4% at 1 and 2 years, respectively, in patients with multiple lesions (p = 0.0296). No pretreatment findings were predictive for local recurrence.'] Does pretreatment microbubble-induced enhancement in hepatocellular carcinoma predict intrahepatic distant recurrence after radiofrequency ablation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) the P-wave is prolonged as a marker of delayed atrial conduction which is associated with atrial fibrillation. The study aim was to analyse the impact of ASD closure in adults on P-wave duration and morphology by means of signal-averaged P-waves (PSA-ECG) and to investigate potential mechano-electrical interactions.', 'PSA-ECG was obtained before and 8+/-6 months after ASD closure in 35 adult patients (age 53+/-15 years). Heart chamber sizes and pulmonary artery pressure levels were assessed by echoDopplercardiography.', 'P-wave duration and morphology did not change after ASD closure (148+/-16 vs 144+/-16 ms, P=0.07). P-wave duration did not relate to age at repair, preclosure atrial sizes or pulmonary artery pressure. Pre- or postclosure atrial fibrillation propensity was associated with longer P-wave duration both before and after ASD closure.'] Is atrial myocardial pathoelectrophysiology in adults with a secundum atrial septal defect unaffected by closure of the defect . A study using high resolution signal-averaged orthogonal P-wave technique?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Dietary protein content is related clinically to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Here, we investigated how dietary protein content (12-24 % energy) within the range used by humans affected renal manifestations including the expressions of genes involved in the renin-angiotensin (RA) system in control and diabetic mice. Moreover, we examined the effects of dietary protein content on HbA1c and urinary glucose.', 'Control (CT) and leptin receptor-deficient obese (db) mice, 5 weeks old, were fed the diets below. Under ad libitum conditions, mice were fed 12, 18, and 24 % energy from protein (L-, M-, and H-diets) for 8 weeks. Under pair-feeding conditions, db mice were supplied H-diet (db-Hp) to the equivalent energy to that consumed by db-L mice. Renal manifestations and values related to glucose and insulin were examined biochemically and pathologically.', 'Under ad libitum conditions, db mice consumed food and water dose dependently of the dietary protein content, although they were consumed similarly by CT mice. CT-L mice showed lower urinary albumin and kidney weight, in association with lower mRNA levels of angiotensinogen and renin, than CT-H mice. Under pair-feeding conditions, db-L mice showed a lower ratio of kidney/body weight, HbA1(C), and urinary glucose, and a higher β-cell distribution rate in the pancreas than db-Hp mice.'] Does low-protein diet improve blood and urinary glucose levels and renal manifestations of diabetes in C57BLKS-db/db mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting in a combined dopamine and serotonin deficiency. About 50% of the cases set in the neonatal period. Here, we report an atypical clinical presentation with moderate symptoms.', 'At 10months old, the patient presented paroxysmal eye movements without seizures, and feeding difficulties which were attributed to gastroesophageal reflux. She was investigated at the age of 7years, because of orofacial dyspraxia, hypomimie, axial hypotonia and focal segmental dystonia, bilateral ptosis, without evidence for cognitive impairment.', 'HVA [110nM; (reference value (rv): 202-596)] and HIAA (12nM; rv: 87-366) decreased, OMD (520nM; rv: 5-60) and 5-HTP (56nM; rv: 2-16) increased in CSF. We confirmed the diagnosis of AADC deficiency because the activity in plasma was low: 4pmol/min/ml; rv: 16-137. The kinetic analysis revealed a sixfold increase in the apparent affinity for L-dopa (4.26mM; control=0.71), but the V (max) was unchanged (37.5pmol dopamine/min/ml; control=39.1), suggesting a modification in the substrate binding-site. Molecular analysis revealed two heterozygous mutations in the DDC gene: c1040G > A; pR347Q already described, and a novel mutation c478C > T, pR160W.'] Do kinetic analyses guide the therapeutic decision in a novel form of moderate aromatic Acid decarboxylase deficiency?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To assess the results obtained in our clinic with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in severe male factor infertility and failed fertilization and to determine if the age of the female has any impact on those results.', 'Retrospective study.', 'Private high-complexity Human Reproduction Center.', 'One hundred five couples with a total of 114 procedures. Eighty-six were classified as severe male factor and 19 were classified as previous failed fertilization.', 'Treatment was performed by ICSI.', 'Normal fertilization, cleavage, and implantation, total, term, and ongoing pregnancy rates in the total population and in different age brackets.', 'Excellent fertilization, cleavage, and implantation rates were obtained with this procedure (78%, 85%, and 13.5%, respectively). The total pregnancy rates were 43% and 46% per cycle and per transfer and 31.5% and 33.6% in terms of term and ongoing pregnancy rates. A significant reduction in implantation and total, and term and ongoing pregnancy rates was seen after the age of 35 years.'] Is female age an important parameter to predict treatment outcome in intracytoplasmic sperm injection?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the biocompatibility of a novel formulation of a silicone-based endodontic sealer GuttaFlow 2 (GF2; Coltène/Whaledent, Langenau, Germany) with the original (GFO) and fast-set (GFF) formulations of GuttaFlow and with an epoxy resin sealer, AHPlus Jet (AH+J; Dentsply, York, PA).', 'Sealers were set into 3 × 5.5 mm discs. Cell culture media was used to extract leachable products at 24 hours and 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were incubated with sealer elutes for 24 hours and evaluated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the calcein AM assay. Cell attachment was evaluated on set sealer that was either rinsed or unrinsed with cell media for 1 week. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test.', 'Both calcein and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays revealed that periodontal ligament cell viability was reduced on AH+J at 1, 2, and 4 weeks compared with all GuttaFlow sealers. There were no differences in cell viability between the GuttaFlow samples, and all displayed high rates of cell survival at all time periods. After 2 hours, cell attachment to the rinsed GFO and GFF samples exceeded the control, and at 24 hours cell attachment on all GuttaFlow samples exceeded the control. AH+J sealers supported significantly less cell attachment when compared with all GuttaFlow sealers. Cell attachment to set sealers showed better cell attachment when rinsed compared with unrinsed.'] Does a novel GuttaFlow sealer support cell survival and attachment?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) are related to trophoblasts, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by GTDs as well as normal placentas. However, the asparagine-linked sugar chains on hCG contain abnormal biantennary structures in invasive mole and choriocarcinoma, but not normal pregnancy or hydatidiform mole. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-IV (GnT-IV) catalyses β1,4-N-acetylglucosamine branching on asparagine-linked oligosaccharides, which are consistent with the abnormal sugar chain structures on hCG.', 'We investigated GnT-IVa expression in GTDs and placentas by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and RT-PCR. We assessed the effects of GnT-IVa knockdown in choriocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo.', 'The GnT-IVa was highly expressed in trophoblasts of invasive mole and choriocarcinoma, and moderately in extravillous trophoblasts during the first trimester, but not in hydatidiform mole or other normal trophoblasts. The GnT-IVa knockdown in choriocarcinoma cells significantly reduced migration and invasive capacities, and suppressed cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. The extent of β1,4-N-acetylglucosamine branching on β1 integrin was greatly reduced by GnT-IVa knockdown, although the expression of β1 integrin was not changed. In vivo studies further demonstrated that GnT-IVa knockdown suppressed tumour engraftment and growth.'] Does high expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IVa promote invasion of choriocarcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['• To explore the efficacy and safety of testosterone undecanoate (TU) (Nebido®; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) in patients with bilateral germ cell testicular cancer (GCTC) who have switched androgen substitution from testosterone enanthate (Primoteston Depot®, Bayer Schering Pharma AG).', \"• In total, 47 bilaterally orchidectomized GCTC patients were included in a prospective study to monitor serum gonadal hormones, biochemical safety and symptoms of hypogonadism based on the Aging Males' Symptoms scale during TU treatment for a 28-week period.\", \"• During treatment, serum levels of total (TT) and calculated free testosterone (CFT) increased with simultaneously decreasing levels of FSH and LH. However, considerable variations in median levels of TT and CFT were observed during the study. The highest levels of TT and CFT were observed 1-2 weeks after each injection and the lowest immediately before the second injection. • Insufficient levels of TT (< 8 nmol/L) were observed in 10 patients, with nine of these during the second half of the first treatment cycle. Supernormal levels of TT (> 35 nmol/L) were measured in 28 patients of which 26 occurred at least once during the first 3 weeks of each treatment cycle. • A follow-up review at median 39 months after study start showed a median steady-state injection interval of 10 weeks, with an individual variability of 6-14 weeks. Symptoms according to the Aging Males' Symptoms scale remained unchanged. No severe toxicity was encountered. Only one patient experienced transient elevation of serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase with maximal Common Toxicity Criteria, grade 2.\"] Does androgen substitution with testosterone undecanoate in survivors of bilateral testicular cancer require individually-adjusted injection intervals?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a relatively modest session of exercise on insulin sensitivity and fatty acid uptake the next day in obese adults.', 'Eleven sedentary obese adults (male/female: 3/8; BMI 37 ± 1 kg/m(2); peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 20 ± 1 mL/kg/min) completed three experimental trials. On two of these occasions, subjects exercised to expend 350 kcal in the afternoon. These two exercise trials were identical except for the exercise intensity (50% VO2peak [EX50] and 65% VO2peak [EX65]) and the duration of exercise necessary to expend 350 kcal (EX50 = ≈ 70 min; EX65 = ≈ 55 min). Subjects also completed a control trial (CON), without exercise. The next morning, we measured insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and whole-body fatty acid uptake (palmitate rate of disappearance from plasma [Rd]).', 'Exercise increased insulin sensitivity the next day, but whereas the 35% improvement after EX50 compared with CON was statistically significant (P = 0.01), the 20% improvement after EX65 was not (P = 0.17). Despite nearly identical values between CON and EX65 (P = 0.88), systemic fatty acid uptake was lower after EX50 compared with EX65 (P = 0.02), but not quite significant compared with CON (P = 0.07). Importantly, the change in fatty acid uptake after exercise compared with CON was negatively correlated with the change in insulin sensitivity for all trials (r = -0.60, P = 0.003).'] Is a single session of low-intensity exercise sufficient to enhance insulin sensitivity into the next day in obese adults?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Incident investigation reports do not usually contain enough information to aid in studying boom arm vertical speed for roof bolting machines to determine the impact that appendage speed had on an operator's risk of experiencing a contact. Laboratory experiments with human subjects are also not feasible because of safety and ethical issues.\", \"Researchers successfully developed a three-dimensional computer model that uses virtual human simulation software as the primary means to gather contact data when the boom arm touches the operator's hand, arm, head, or leg.\", 'Data analysis of roof bolter simulations shows that the speed of the boom arm is the most important factor in determining the risk of an operator making contact. Regardless of other variables, contact incidents were always greater when the bolter arm was moving up, greater on the hand, and greater for the boom arm part of the machine. The reason why the subject experiences more contacts when the boom arm is moving up rather than down is that more risky behaviors occur during drilling and bolting when the boom arm is ascending. Based on the data collected, boom speeds greater than 13 in/sec result in a substantial increase in risk to the roof bolter operator of making contact. Speeds less than or equal to 13 in/sec are associated with a more modest relative risk of making contact, which represents a decrease in potential hazard.'] Do computer simulations help determine safe vertical boom speeds for roof bolting in underground coal mines?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Low temperature preservation causes unique liver injuries to the sinusoidal lining cells characterized by endothelial cell detachment and rounding and Kupffer cell activation. These changes are similar to those observed during the early stages of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate if cold preservation injury is caused by the activation of angiogenic mechanisms.', 'Livers were obtained from rats pretreated with three well-known antiangiogenic agents (minocycline, interferon alfa-2b, and fumagillin) and were stored for various durations in cold preservation solutions. The effects of the drugs were evaluated by morphometric assessment of endothelial cell injury in H&E, trypan blue, and immunostained (TIE2/Tek) biopsy specimens. Graft functions and survival were evaluated in isolated perfused rat liver and arterialized orthotopic liver transplantation models.', 'Sinusoidal lining cell integrity and viability were significantly improved in animals pretreated with the drugs. Reperfusion injury and survival were also better in pretreated animals. Interferon alfa was the most potent agent, reducing injury even in livers preserved in the current most commonly used solution (University of Wisconsin solution).'] Do antiangiogenic agents protect liver sinusoidal lining cells from cold preservation injury in rat liver transplantation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential in the control of tolerance. Evidence implicates Tregs in human autoimmune conditions. Here we investigated their role in systemic sclerosis (SSc).', 'Patients were subdivided as having limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc, n = 20) or diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc, n = 48). Further subdivision was made between early dcSSc (n = 24) and late dcSSc (n = 24) based upon the duration of disease. 26 controls were studied for comparison. CD3+ cells were isolated using FACS and subsequently studied for the expression of CD4, CD8, CD25, FoxP3, CD127, CD62L, GITR, CD69 using flow cytometry. T cell suppression assays were performed using sorted CD4CD25(high)CD127(-) and CD4CD25(low)CD127(high) and CD3(+) cells. Suppressive function was correlated with CD69 surface expression and TGFbeta secretion/expression. The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD25(high)FoxP3(high)CD127(neg) T cells was highly increased in all SSc subgroups. Although the expression of CD25 and GITR was comparable between groups, expression of CD62L and CD69 was dramatically lower in SSc patients, which correlated with a diminished suppressive function. Co-incubation of Tregs from healthy donors with plasma from SSc patients fully abrogated suppressive activity. Activation of Tregs from healthy donors or SSc patients with PHA significantly up regulated CD69 expression that could be inhibited by SSc plasma.'] Is increased frequency and compromised function of T regulatory cells in systemic sclerosis ( SSc ) related to a diminished CD69 and TGFbeta expression?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study is to report the efficacy of long subcutaneous tunnelling of external ventricular drains in reducing rates of infection and catheter displacement in a paediatric population.', 'In children requiring external ventricular drainage, a long-tunnelled drain was placed and managed according to a locally agreed guideline. End points were novel CSF infection incurred during the time of drainage and re-operation to re-site displaced catheters. Data were compared to other published series.', 'One hundred eighty-one long-tunnelled external ventricular drains (LTEVDs) were inserted. The mean age was 6.6 years (range 0-15.5 years). Reasons for insertion included intraventricular haemorrhage (47 %), infection (27 %), tumour-related hydrocephalus (7.2 %), as a temporising measure (17 %) and trauma (2.2 %). The overall new infection rate for LTEVD was 2.76 %. If the 48 cases where LTEVDs were inserted to treat an existing infection are excluded, the infection rate was 3.8 % (5/133). The mean duration of insertion was 10 days (range 0-42 days). Four LTEVDs (2.2 %) were inadvertently dislodged, requiring reinsertion. Thirteen patients required removal of EVD alone. There was a significant difference (p\\u2009<\\u20090.05) when comparing our infection rate to 14 publications of infection rates in short-tunnelled EVDs; however, there was no difference when comparing our data to three publications using LTEVDs.'] Does long subcutaneous tunnelling reduce infection rates in paediatric external ventricular drains?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Adenoid cystic carcinomas are rare tumors with an indolent clinical course, but frequent local relapses. The identification of tumors with a higher relapse risk seems to be interesting. Hence we investigated parameters of glucose metabolism, which were found associated with poor prognosis in other malignancies.', 'Specimen of 29 patients were investigated immunohistochemically with antibodies against p-AKT, TKTL-1 (transketolase-like 1), M2PK (M2 pyruvate kinase), and GLUT-1. Proliferation was investigated by staining with Ki67. The tumors were located at the major or minor salivary glands. Only the typical cribriform subtype was investigated. The initial tumor stage was pT1 or pT2.', 'Expression of p-AKT was significantly (P = 0.036) associated with a higher relapse risk in multivariate analysis. Low expression of M2PK was non-significantly (P = 0.065) predictive for a higher risk. TKTL-1 and GLUT-1 were expressed in the majority of cases, albeit not associated with relapse risk.'] Does expression of p-AKT characterize adenoid cystic carcinomas of head and neck with a higher risk for tumor relapses?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Ultraviolet-A1 (UVA1) phototherapy is effective for a variety of dermatological diseases. We examined the effectiveness and reliability of low-dose UVA1 phototherapy (60 kJ/m2/treatment) in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We studied the changes in immunological parameters.', 'The patients received a 9-week course of phototherapy according to the following regimen: five times a week during the first 3 weeks, three times a week during the second 3 weeks and twice during the last 3 weeks. Among other things, we analysed the proportions of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, T cytotoxic (Tc1) and Tc2 cell populations in the peripheral blood of patients by flow cytometric detection of intracytoplasmic interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL-4).', 'Our study showed the improvement of clinical symptoms determined by the subjective clinical disease activity scoring and the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). By the end of UVA1 phototherapy, the mean value of SLEDAI had decreased from 7.2+/-5.6 to 0.9+/-1.8, which was significant (P = 0.005). Immunological investigations detected a decrease in the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing Th1 and Tc1 cells and a decrease in the Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 ratios after UVA1 therapy.'] Does ultraviolet-A1 phototherapy modulate Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 balance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study was to determine the fraction of men who would qualify for active surveillance in a population based cohort diagnosed with prostate cancer. In those who qualified and subsequently underwent primary treatment with radical prostatectomy, we assessed the rate of upgrading and up staging.', 'SABOR is a Clinical and Epidemiologic Center of the EDRN (Early Detection Research Network), NCI (National Cancer Institute), with 3,828 men enrolled at the time of review. Of these men 320 were diagnosed with prostate cancer, of whom 281 had sufficient data for review. These 281 cases were reviewed to determine suitability for active surveillance using 2 sets of criteria. Criteria 1 were prostate specific antigen density less than 15%, 2 or fewer cores involved with cancer, Gleason score 6 or less and cancer involving 50% or less of biopsy volume. Criteria 2 were 4 or fewer cores with Gleason 3 + 3 cancer and only 1 core of Gleason 3 + 4 cancer with up to 15% of core involved with Gleason 3 + 4 disease. For those undergoing radical prostatectomy, we examined rates of up staging and upgrading.', 'Of the 281 patients, 187 (67%) qualified for active surveillance under criteria 1 and/or 2. Treatment data were available on 178 patients, and 74 underwent radical prostatectomy. Using the initial biopsy, 14 men (33.1%) who met criteria 1 and 9 (25%) who met criteria 2 were upgraded and/or up staged on final pathological review. By comparison, 38% of those who did not qualify for active surveillance were upgraded and/or up staged.'] Is active Surveillance an Appropriate Management Strategy for a Proportion of Men Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer by Prostate Specific Antigen Testing?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most fatal types of malignancy, is increasing worldwide, and particularly in Egypt where there is a confluence of its contributing factors, including high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, widespread use of pesticides, and diets that are contaminated by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rural areas. We investigated knowledge, attitudes, and prevention practices related to HCV infection and pesticides use in rural Egypt, where over half of the population resides and agriculture is the predominant occupation.', 'From two rural villages we recruited 67 residents aged 18-80 years, who completed a 40-item survey that included questions about demographics, knowledge of and protective measures relevant to pesticides use in the home and in agriculture, awareness and perceptions of HCV infection and its treatment and prevention.', 'Among the 67 study participants, gender distribution was equal, the mean age was 47.2, and one third never attended school. More than 50% reported using pesticides at home, but fewer reported having some knowledge about its health effects. Twelve participants were agricultural workers, and 11 of them applied pesticides in the field and knew about their toxicity; however only one person was correctly using the appropriate protective equipment. Among all the participants, 52 did not know what causes HCV infection, and 42 of those who knew it was a virus mentioned incorrect modes of transmission; and 30 did not know the disease manifestations.'] Do knowledge and perceptions of hepatitis C infection and pesticides use in two rural villages in Egypt?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The study aimed to assess whether onset headache is an ominous sign in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.', 'A large population of ischemic stroke patients was obtained from the Taiwan Stroke Registry. Stroke subtypes were classified by the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. On the basis of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second version, onset headache was defined as a new headache that developed at the onset of ischemic stroke. Clinical features and impact on stroke outcomes, including in-hospital stroke in evolution, changes in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on discharge, and Barthel index and modified Rankin scale ≤6 months after stroke were compared between those with and without onset headache.', 'Among 11 523 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, 848 had onset headache (7.4%). Patients with specific cause, large-artery atherosclerosis, or cardioembolism were more likely to have onset headache. Patients with onset headache were younger, predominantly female, and more likely to have posterior circulation ischemic lesions. Compared with patients without onset headache, those with onset headache had a lower frequency of stroke in evolution (4.5% versus 6.7%; adjusted relative risk, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.79), greater improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on discharge (0.08 versus -0.20; P=0.02), higher mean Barthel index scores (86.5±20.0 versus 83.9±23.3; adjusted difference, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-2.89), and a lower frequency of modified Rankin scale higher than 2 (27.6% versus 31.5%; adjusted relative risk, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.95) at 1-month follow-up. There was also a trend for better functional outcome in 3- and 6-month follow-ups.'] Does onset headache predict good outcome in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In order to explore the potential role of GABA, acetylcholine and glutamate in the caudo-lateral peribrachial area (C-PBL) over Rapid-Eye-Movement sleep (REM) onset and maintenance as well as on synchronized sleep with ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves (SP) in cats, a muscimol, carbachol and L-glutamate local application was performed and behavioral states were assessed.', 'Fourteen chronically implanted, adult, male cats underwent a 23 hour polysomnographic recording after 3 pharmacological manipulations: carbachol, muscimol and L-glutamate. Each cat received all three drugs randomly with a seven day interval.', '1) Carbachol increases waking, SP and REM sleep while decreases slow wave sleep (SWS). 2) Muscimol decreases SP percentage and number while increases REM sleep onset. 3) Carbachol facilitates PGO activity and increases the latency to both SWS1 and REM sleep but enhances PGO activity while muscimol decreases it.'] Does gABAA receptor agonist at the caudo-lateral peribrachial area suppress ponto-geniculo-occipital waves and its related states?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Ankyrin 3 (ANK3) has been strongly implicated as a risk gene for bipolar disorder (BD) by recent genome-wide association studies of patient populations. However, the genetic variants of ANK3 contributing to BD risk and their pathological function are unknown.', 'To gain insight into the potential disease relevance of ANK3, we examined the function of mouse Ank3 in the regulation of psychiatric-related behaviors using genetic, neurobiological, pharmacological, and gene-environment interaction (G×E) approaches. Ank3 expression was reduced in mouse brain either by viral-mediated RNA interference or through disruption of brain-specific Ank3 in a heterozygous knockout mouse.', 'RNA interference of Ank3 in hippocampus dentate gyrus induced a highly specific and consistent phenotype marked by decreased anxiety-related behaviors and increased activity during the light phase, which were attenuated by chronic treatment with the mood stabilizer lithium. Similar behavioral alterations of reduced anxiety and increased motivation for reward were also exhibited by Ank3+/- heterozygous mice compared with wild-type Ank3+/+ mice. Remarkably, the behavioral traits of Ank3+/- mice transitioned to depression-related features after chronic stress, a trigger of mood episodes in BD. Ank3+/- mice also exhibited elevated serum corticosterone, suggesting that reduced Ank3 expression is associated with elevated stress reactivity.'] Does the ANK3 bipolar disorder gene regulate psychiatric-related behaviors that are modulated by lithium and stress?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine the effect of giving antibiotics on the day of surgery (DOS) vs DOS and first postoperative day (DOS+1) for prophylaxis against surgical site infection (SSI) in clean-contaminated head and neck surgery (CCHNS).', 'Retrospective multi-institution analysis using University HealthSystem Consortium data.', 'A multivariate logistic regression model of 8836 discharge records from patients undergoing CCHNS was used to determine the odds of SSI for antibiotic agent/duration combinations.', 'Ninety-two academic and affiliated medical centers from 2008 to 2011.', 'Ampicillin/sulbactam, clindamycin, cefazolin + metronidazole, and cefazolin alone were the most common antibiotics. For patients receiving antibiotics only on DOS, there was no significant difference in odds of SSI based on antibiotic choice. When given on the DOS and DOS+1, patients receiving ampicillin/sulbactam had a reduction in odds of SSI by over two-thirds (odds ratio [OR], 0.28 [95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.61], P = .001, compared with ampicillin/sulbactam on DOS only), whereas this effect was not seen with clindamycin (1.82 [0.93-3.56], P = .078, compared with clindamycin on DOS only). Prolonging clindamycin beyond the DOS was associated with a higher odds of SSI compared with DOS-only ampicillin/sulbactam (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.33-5.30; P = .006). These relationships held in a subset of physicians and hospitals that used multiple different regimens. DOS+1 regimens were not associated with an increased odds of antibiotic-induced complications.'] Does antibiotic and Duration of Perioperative Prophylaxis predict Surgical Site Infection in Head and Neck Surgery?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for patients with aggressive prostate cancer. Although ADT improves survival, it increases the risk of diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that ADT increases adverse cardiovascular events as early as 3 months after initiation in patients with cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that ADT may impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to increases in lipids and insulin resistance and may provide a link for heightened cardiovascular risk in this population.', 'We prospectively evaluated conduit artery endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation, lipids, and insulin resistance in 16 consecutively treated men (mean age 66 ± 7 years; 25% with diabetes) with prostate cancer before and after 3 months of ADT. High-resolution B-mode ultrasound was used to assess flow-mediated (endothelium-dependent) and nitroglycerine-mediated (endothelium-independent) brachial artery vasodilation. ADT significantly increased insulin resistance, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was greater at 3 months than at baseline (10.8% [interquartile range: 7.7% to 14.6%] versus 8.9% [interquartile range: 4.0% to 12.6%], respectively; P=0.046, allometric P=0.037). Nitroglycerine-mediated vasodilation did not change from baseline (P>0.2). The subset of participants on ADT for 6 months returned for reevaluation at 1 year. In this group, endothelium-dependent vasodilation increased from baseline to 3 months and returned to baseline 6 months after ADT withdrawal (9.4% [interquartile range: 6.9% to 10.9%], 11.6% [interquartile range: 7.9% to 15.2%], and 9.0% [interquartile range: 5.1% to 12.5%], respectively; P=0.05).'] Does androgen deprivation therapy reversibly increase endothelium-dependent vasodilation in men with prostate cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In our hospital, lumbar epidural analgesia had been used for postoperative analgesia following vaginal total hysterectomy (VTH). But some patients experienced severe abdominal pain or numbness of the legs. Therefore we planned a randomized prospective study to compare lower thoracic epidural analgesia and lumbar epidural analgesia following VTH.', 'Fifty patients were allocated to two groups: those who received lower thoracic epidural analgesia(T group)and the other who received lumbar epidural analgesia (L group). Both groupsreceived the same continuous epidural analgesia using fentanyl and ropivacaine after the operation.', 'The T group required significantly lower frequency of analgesic agents compared with that of the L group (2.5±1.9 times vs. 1.2±1.1 times, P< 0.05). Fewer patients in the T group had felt numbness in their legs compared to the L group (8% vs. 55%, P<0.05).'] Does [ Lower thoracic epidural analgesia improve postoperative analgesia following vaginal total hysterectomy ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Mild traumatic brain injury (cerebral concussion) results in cognitive and emotional dysfunction. These injuries are a significant risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder. However, because physically traumatic events typically occur in a highly emotional context, it is unknown whether traumatic brain injury itself is a cause of augmented fear and anxiety.', 'Rats were trained with one of five fear-conditioning procedures (n = 105) 2 days after concussive brain trauma. Fear learning was assessed over subsequent days and chronic changes in fear learning and memory circuitry were assessed by measuring N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and glutamic acid decarboxylase, 67 kDa isoform protein levels in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA).', 'Injured rats exhibited an overall increase in fear conditioning, regardless of whether fear was retrieved via discrete or contextual-spatial stimuli. Moreover, injured rats appeared to overgeneralize learned fear to both conditioned and novel stimuli. Although no gross histopathology was evident, injury resulted in a significant upregulation of excitatory N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the BLA. There was a trend toward decreased γ-aminobutyric acid-related inhibition (glutamic acid decarboxylase, 67 kDa isoform) in the BLA and hippocampus.'] Does concussive brain injury enhance fear learning and excitatory processes in the amygdala?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a recently discovered antiangiogenesis protein. PEDF possesses powerful anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and antifibrosis properties. It has been reported that PEDF can regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. This study aimed to evaluate whether recombinant PEDF protein could attenuate allergic airway inflammation and airway remodeling via the negative regulation of VEGF using a murine model of chronic ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma and BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells.', 'In an in vivo experiment, mice sensitized with OVA were chronically airway challenged with aerosolized 1% OVA solution for 8 weeks. Treated mice were given injections of recombinant PEDF protein (50 or 100 μg/kg body weight) via the tail vein. In an in vitro experiment, we investigated the effects of recombinant PEDF protein on VEGF release levels in BEAS-2B cells stimulated with IL-1β.', 'Recombinant PEDF protein significantly inhibited eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling, including goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial collagen deposition, and airway smooth muscle hypertrophy. In addition, recombinant PEDF protein suppressed the enhanced expression of VEGF protein in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in OVA-challenged chronically allergic mice. In the in vitro experiment, VEGF expression was increased after IL-1β stimulation. Pretreatment with 50 and 100 ng/mL of recombinant PEDF protein significantly attenuated the increase in VEGF release levels in a concentration-dependent manner in BEAS-2B cells stimulated by IL-1β.'] Does administration of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor inhibit Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in Chronic OVA-Induced Mice via VEGF Suppression?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The objective of the study was to compare updatable unemployment rates with the unemployment rate and composite deprivation indices from the 1991 Census as health needs indicators for small areas.', 'Townsend, Carstairs and Jarman indices and male unemployment rates were calculated from the 1991 Census, for 275 wards of the former East Anglian health region with unchanged boundaries between 1981 and 1991. Male unemployment rates were also derived from April 1991 unemployment benefit claimant figures, using both Office of Population Censuses and Surveys mid-year estimates of population and estimates derived from Family Health Services Authority patient registers as the denominator. Ward values were compared using Pearson product moment correlation.', 'All three unemployment measures were closely related to each other and all were broadly as effective in predicting ward variations in mortality and long-term illness in 1991 as the compound deprivation indices of Jarman. Townsend and Carstairs.'] Does unemployment rate as an updatable health need indicator for small areas?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Sei-1 is an oncogene capable of inducing double minute chromosomes (DMs) formation. DMs are hallmarks of amplification and contribute to oncogenesis. However, the mechanism of Sei-1 inducing DMs formation remains unelucidated.', 'DMs formation significantly increased during serial passage in vivo and gradually decreased following culture in vitro. micro nuclei (MN) was found to be responsible for the reduction. Of the DMs-carrying genes, Met was found to be markedly amplified, overexpressed and highly correlated with DMs formation. Inhibition of Met signaling decreased the number of DMs and reduced the amplification of the DMs-carrying genes. We identified a 3.57Mb DMs representing the majority population, which consists of the 1.21 Mb AMP1 from locus 6qA2 and the 2.36 Mb AMP2 from locus 6qA2-3.', 'We employed NIH-3T3 cell line with Sei-1 overexpression to monitor and characterize DMs in vivo and in vitro. Array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed to reveal amplification regions and DMs-carrying genes. Metaphase spread was prepared to count the DMs. Western blot and Met inhibition rescue experiments were performed to examine for involvement of altered Met signaling in Sei-1 induced DMs. Genomic walking and PCR were adopted to reveal DMs structure.'] Does met promote the formation of double minute chromosomes induced by Sei-1 in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate many developmental processes, including the developmental onset of cochlear differentiation and function. TH action is mediated mostly by triiodothyronine (T3) bound to thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs). At positive regulated genes and in the absence of THs, nuclear co-repressors are bound to TRs and decrease basal transcription rate. Ligand (T(3)) binding results in the dissociation of co-repressors and the recruitment of co-activators to the complex, which results in full transcriptional activation.', 'We measured cochlear function in two knock-in mouse models: TRβ(E457A/E457A), with the TRβ co-activator binding surface (AF-2) disrupted to prevent co-activator binding; and TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T), which is unable to bind T(3). Cochlear morphology and function were analyzed in 10-week-old normal and mutated mice. Cochlear function was determined by measuring auditory brainstem responses, cochlear tuning and compound action potential (CAP) thresholds.', 'All TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T) and 85% of the TRβ(E457A/E457A) mice presented elevated CAP thresholds (P < 0.05 or less). Five percent of the TRβ(E457A/E457A) mice presented normal CAP thresholds with broadened cochlear tuning. TRβ(E457A/E457A) and TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T) presented developmental defects that led to a decreased width (P < 0.01) and an increased thickness (P<0.01) of the tectorial membrane. In addition, TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T) animals showed an increased tectorial membrane area (P<0.01).'] Is complete activation of thyroid hormone receptor β by T3 essential for normal cochlear function and morphology in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Caspase-8 is a key regulator of apoptosis. Its cancer cell antigen induced cell death activity is strongly impacted by the insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism CASP8 -652 6N ins/del (rs3834129). We studied the association of this polymorphism with renal cell carcinoma risk and pathology.', 'In this hospital based case-control study 500 Austrian patients were genotyped, including 250 with renal cell carcinoma, and 250 age and gender matched healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction amplified genomic DNA was evaluated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and automatic sequencing. We assessed associations with renal cell carcinoma risk and pathological factors, and performed a meta-analysis of the literature.', 'The CASP8 -652 6N ins/del polymorphism was significantly linked to renal cell carcinoma (chi-square for trend = 9.50, p = 0.002). Compared with ins/ins, del/del was associated with a 57% decreased risk of the disease (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.26-0.73, p = 0.002). Furthermore, del/del was associated with a lower risk of distant metastases (p <0.05) but not with T stage, N stage or grade. On meta-analysis the CASP8 -652 6N ins/del polymorphism was associated with renal cell carcinoma risk (p <0.001).'] Is the CASP8 -652 6N insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism associated with renal cell carcinoma risk and metastasis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Strict maintenance of normovolemia is standard of care in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), and induced hypervolemia is often used to treat delayed cerebral ischemia from vasospasm. We tested the hypothesis that positive fluid balance could adversely affect clinical outcomes in aSAH.', 'We reviewed 288 patients with aSAH admitted to the Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit (NICU) from October 2001 to June 2011. We collected data on fluid balance during NICU stay, clinical and radiographic evidence of vasospasm, cardiopulmonary complications, and functional outcomes by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) on follow-up (mean 8 ± 8 months). Poor functional outcome was defined as an mRS score 3-6. Associations of variables of interest with outcome were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Propensity scores were estimated to account for imbalances between patients with positive versus negative fluid balance and were included in multivariable models.', 'Average net fluid balance during the NICU stay was greater in patients with poor functional outcome (3.52 ± 5.51 L versus -.02 ± 5.30 L in patients with good outcome; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, positive fluid balance (P = .002) was independently associated with poor functional outcome along with World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade (P < .001), transfusion (P = .003), maximum glucose (P = .005), and radiological evidence of cerebral infarction (P = .008). After regression adjustment with propensity scores, the association of positive fluid balance with poor functional outcome remained significant (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.29; P < .001).'] Does positive Fluid Balance be Associated With Poor Outcomes in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The fungus Marssonina brunnea is a causal pathogen of Marssonina leaf spot that devastates poplar plantations by defoliating susceptible trees before normal fall leaf drop.', 'We sequence the genome of M. brunnea with a size of 52 Mb assembled into 89 scaffolds, representing the first sequenced Dermateaceae genome. By inoculating this fungus onto a poplar hybrid clone, we investigate how M. brunnea interacts and co-evolves with its host to colonize poplar leaves. While a handful of virulence genes in M. brunnea, mostly from the LysM family, are detected to up-regulate during infection, the poplar down-regulates its resistance genes, such as nucleotide binding site domains and leucine rich repeats, in response to infection. From 10,027 predicted proteins of M. brunnea in a comparison with those from poplar, we identify four poplar transferases that stimulate the host to resist M. brunnea. These transferas-encoding genes may have driven the co-evolution of M. brunnea and Populus during the process of infection and anti-infection.'] Does sequencing the genome of Marssonina brunnea reveal fungus-poplar co-evolution?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an inherited X-linked muscular disease, is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy that is responsible for death in 40% of patients. Our objective was to determine whether inotropic reserve is predictive of LV trend over time.', 'A total of 69 DMD patients (age 12.2±2.3 years) were investigated. At baseline, LVEF and the presence of inotropic reserve (defined as an increase in LVEF >10% during dobutamine infusion) were investigated using radionuclide ventriculography. During follow-up (FU), LVEF was remeasured after a mean 29±19 months delay. In the whole population, mean LVEF was 58±8% at baseline and declined to 54±11% during FU (P =0.004). At baseline, 21 patients (30.4%) had LVEF <55% and 38 had no LV inotropic reserve. LVEF declined in the 38 patients (55.1%) without LV inotropic reserve (58±8% to 52±10%, P =0.001), and not in the other patients (58±8% to 57±11%, P =0.516) (P =0.042 for trends in LVEF between groups after adjustment for age, FU duration, and baseline LVEF). Fewer patients with vs. without inotropropic reserve at baseline show a depressed LVEF <55% during follow-up(35.5% vs. 63.2%, respectively, P =0.030). Similar findings were observed in the subgroups of patients with LVEF >45% or 55% at baseline.'] Is reduced inotropic reserve predictive of further degradation in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Bacteria and archaea develop immunity against invading genomes by incorporating pieces of the invaders' sequences, called spacers, into a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) locus between repeats, forming arrays of repeat-spacer units. When spacers are expressed, they direct CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins to silence complementary invading DNA. In order to characterize the invaders of human microbiomes, we use spacers from CRISPR arrays that we had previously assembled from shotgun metagenomic datasets, and identify contigs that contain these spacers' targets.\", 'We discover 95,000 contigs that are putative invasive mobile genetic elements, some targeted by hundreds of CRISPR spacers. We find that oral sites in healthy human populations have a much greater variety of mobile genetic elements than stool samples. Mobile genetic elements carry genes encoding diverse functions: only 7% of the mobile genetic elements are similar to known phages or plasmids, although a much greater proportion contain phage- or plasmid-related genes. A small number of contigs share similarity with known integrative and conjugative elements, providing the first examples of CRISPR defenses against this class of element. We provide detailed analyses of a few large mobile genetic elements of various types, and a relative abundance analysis of mobile genetic elements and putative hosts, exploring the dynamic activities of mobile genetic elements in human microbiomes. A joint analysis of mobile genetic elements and CRISPRs shows that protospacer-adjacent motifs drive their interaction network; however, some CRISPR-Cas systems target mobile genetic elements lacking motifs.'] Do cRISPR-Cas systems target a diverse collection of invasive mobile genetic elements in human microbiomes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Sigma receptor 1 (σR1) is a non-opioid transmembrane protein that may act as a molecular chaperone at the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial membrane. Ligands for σR1, such as (+)-pentazocine [(+)-PTZ], confer marked retinal neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro. Recently we analyzed the retinal phenotype of mice lacking σR1 (σR1 KO) and observed normal retinal morphology and function in young mice (5-30 weeks) but diminished negative scotopic threshold responses (nSTRs), retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, and disruption of optic nerve axons consistent with inner retinal dysfunction by 1 year. These data led us to test the hypothesis that σR1 may be critical in forestalling chronic retinal stress; diabetes was used as the model of chronic stress.', 'To determine whether σR1 is required for (+)-PTZ neuroprotective effects, primary RGCs isolated from wild-type (WT) and σR1 KO mice were exposed to xanthine-xanthine oxidase (10 µM:2 mU/ml) to induce oxidative stress in the presence or absence of (+)-PTZ. Cell death was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. To assess effects of chronic stress on RGC function, diabetes was induced in 3-week C57BL/6 (WT) and σR1 KO mice, using streptozotocin to yield four groups: WT nondiabetic (WT non-DB), WT diabetic (WT-DB), σR1 KO non-DB, and σR1 KO-DB. After 12 weeks of diabetes, when mice were 15-weeks old, intraocular pressure (IOP) was recorded, electrophysiologic testing was performed (including detection of nSTRs), and the number of RGCs was counted in retinal histological sections.', 'In vitro studies showed that (+)-PTZ could not prevent oxidative stress-induced death of RGCs harvested from σR1 KO mice but afforded robust protection against death of RGCs harvested from WT mice. In the studies of chronic stress induced by diabetes, the IOP measured in the four mouse groups was within the normal range; however, there was a significant increase in the IOP of σR1 KO-DB mice (16 ± 0.5 mmHg) compared to the other groups tested (σR1 KO non-DB, WT non-DB, WT-DB: ~12 ± 0.6 mmHg). Regarding electrophysiologic testing, the nSTRs of σR1 KO non-DB mice were similar to WT non-DB mice at 15 weeks; however, they were significantly lower in σR1 KO-DB mice (5 ± 1 µV) compared to the other groups, including, notably, σR1 KO-nonDB (12±2 µV). As expected, the number of RGCs in σR1 KO non-DB mice was similar to WT non-DB mice at 15 weeks, but under chronic stress of diabetes there were fewer RGCs in retinas of σR1 KO-DB mice.'] Does diabetes accelerate retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in mice lacking sigma receptor 1?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The present study was designed to evaluate the role of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) in intrahepatic staging and the impact on surgical strategy for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM).', 'The study included 515 patients who had undergone liver resection for CRLM at two tertiary care referral centers. Data from a prospectively collected database were retrospectively analysed. Early intrahepatic recurrence was assessed at 3 and 6 months after resection and was considered as residual disease undetected by IOUS. Performance of imaging modalities was compared by analysis of studies on individual patients.', 'A total of 1,370 liver metastases were detected preoperatively with a median of 3 imaging modalities. MRI and PET were performed in 51 and 42 % of the patients, respectively. Median number of days between last imaging and surgery was 18. Contrast-enhanced IOUS was performed in 136 patients (26.4 %). Intraoperatively, 293 new nodules were found in 132 patients: on histology 280 were CRLM (17.6 %). Surgical strategy was changed in 140 patients (27.2 %). On multivariate analysis synchronous and bilobar metastases ≥ 3 in number, BMI ≥ 30, and time between last imaging and surgery longer than 18 days resulted in predictive factors indicating new nodules detected by IOUS. Early intrahepatic recurrences were 3.7 and 7.9 % at 3 and 6 months. Performance of CT, MRI, FDG-PET, and intraoperative staging was compared: sensitivity was 63.6, 68.8, 53.6, and 92 % and specificity was 91, 92.3, 95.8, and 97.8 %, respectively'] Does intraoperative liver ultrasound still affect surgical strategy for patients with colorectal metastases in the modern era?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Insulin resistance is present in the setting of congestive heart failure. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a naturally occurring incretin with both insulinotropic and insulinomimetic properties.', 'We investigated the safety and efficacy of a 5-week infusion of GLP-1 (2.5 pmol/kg/min) added to standard therapy in 12 patients with New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure and compared the results with those of 9 patients with heart failure on standard therapy alone. Echocardiograms, maximum myocardial ventilation oxygen consumption (VO2 max), 6-minute walk test, and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure quality of life score (MNQOL) were assessed. Baseline demographics, background therapy, and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction were similar between groups. GLP-1 significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (21 +/- 3% to 27 +/- 3% P < .01), VO2 max (10.8 +/- .9 ml/O2/min/kg to 13.9 +/- .6 ml/O2/min/kg; P < .001), 6-minute walk distance (232 +/- 15 m to 286 +/- 12 m; P < .001) and MNQOL score (64 +/- 4 to 44 +/- 5; P < .01). Benefits were seen in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. There were no significant changes in any of the parameters in the control patients on standard therapy. GLP-1 was well tolerated with minimal episodes of hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal side effects.'] Does glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion improve left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To prevent hypercapnia, voluntary hyperventilation is recommended for patients with increased intracranial pressure before the induction of general anesthesia. We sought to determine whether this maneuver results in a lower PaCO2 than breathing 3 min of oxygen 100% by face mask (preoxygenation) after intubation. Thirty patients requiring general anesthesia were randomly assigned to breathe either 3 min of oxygen 100% by face mask (Group P) or 1 min of oxygen 100% followed by 2 min of voluntary hyperventilation with oxygen 100% (Group H). All patients received a standard rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia followed by a 90-s period of apnea. Patients were then tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated. Five arterial blood gas samples were taken: with room air, after preoxygenation or hyperventilation, after 60 and 90 s of apnea, and after tracheal intubation. Voluntary hyperventilation decreased PaCO2 before rapid-sequence induction (hyperventilation, 30.0 +/- 3.5 mm Hg versus preoxygenation, 37.9 +/- 5.2 mm Hg; P < 0.0001), but after 60 s of apnea, both groups had similar PaCO2 (hyperventilation, 36.1 +/- 3.3 mm Hg versus preoxygenation, 35.6 +/- 3.4 mm Hg; P = 0.673), and no benefit was found after intubation (hyperventilation, 40.5 +/- 3.9 mm Hg versus preoxygenation, 41.4 +/- 2.7 mm Hg; P = 0.603). We conclude that voluntary hyperventilation before rapid-sequence induction does not provide protection against potential hypercapnia during intubation.'] Does voluntary hyperventilation before a rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia decrease postintubation PaCO2?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Since the only three cases of granulocytic sarcoma among patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) seen at our institution during the last 12 years were each associated with the 8;21 translocation [t(8;21)], we sought to determine if this association is specific and more frequent than previously recognized.', 'We report three patients with AML and t(8;21) who developed granulocytic sarcomas, and review the world literature.', 'Between 1980 and 1992, 53 cases of AML French-American-British (FAB) M2 were identified at our institution. Eight (15%) patients had t(8;21). Three of these eight patients (38%) developed granulocytic sarcoma. All three of our patients received conventional intensive antileukemic chemotherapy yet had short relapse-free survival durations. Several series of patients with t(8;21) report that granulocytic sarcomas occur in approximately 18% of this population, which is four times the expected incidence in AML. Thirty-seven cases have been previously reported. Although karyotype analyses were not reported in many cases of granulocytic sarcoma in the literature, the vast majority of abnormal karyotypes in patients with AML involved t(8;21). Recent work with a cell line derived from a patient with t(8;21) indicates that such cells are unusually adherent to culture bottles and are aggregable'] Is granulocytic sarcoma associated with the 8 ; 21 translocation in acute myeloid leukemia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To study if partnership modifies the effect of gastrointestinal symptoms on quality of life after radiation therapy for prostate cancer.', 'Using a study-specific questionnaire we conducted a cross-sectional follow-up of the occurrence gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life after radiation therapy for prostate cancer. We obtained information from 874 prostate cancer survivors treated with radiation therapy at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden between 1994 and 2006. In this paper we describe how partnership status affects the association between gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life.', 'We found that unpartnered men with gastrointestinal symptoms reported a lower quality of life than unpartnered men without such symptoms. Unpartnered men with symptoms had an excess risk of low quality of life compared with unpartnered men without symptoms for those experiencing altered composition of stools, prevalence ratio 3.8 (95% CI 1.1-13.1), leakage, 3.6 (1.3-10.1), sensory bowel symptoms, 4.5 (1.6-12.8), and for urgency, 4.2 (1.2-15.1). We also found that unpartnered men with symptoms had an excess risk of low quality of life compared with partnered men with symptoms for those experiencing altered composition of stools, prevalence ratio 2.9 (95% CI 1.4-5.8), leakage 2.8 (1.2-6.4), sensory bowel symptoms 3.4 (1.5-7.4), urgency 2.6 (1.2-5.8), and for any gastrointestinal symptom 2.5 (1.3-4.9).'] Does partnership status affect the association between gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life after radiation therapy for prostate cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine in a cross sectional study the influence of femoral torsion (FT) and passive hip external rotation (PER) on turnout (TO). Starting age, years of classical ballet training, and current and past dance training intensity were assessed to determine their influence on FT, PER, and TO in pre-professional female dancers.', 'Sixty four dancers (mean (SD) age 18.16 (1.80) years) were recruited from four different dance training programmes. They completed a dance history questionnaire. FT was measured using a clinical method. PER was measured with the subjects prone, and TO was measured with the subjects standing.', 'Mean TO was 136 degrees, mean unilateral PER was 49.4 degrees, and mean FT was 18.4 degrees. A positive correlation was observed between PER combined (PERC) and TO (r = 0.443, p < 0.001). A negative association was found between FT combined (FTC) and PERC (r = -0.402, p = 0.001). No association was found between starting age or years of classical ballet training and FTC, PERC, or TO. Dancers who trained for six hours a week or more during the 11-14 year age range had less FT than those who trained less (mean difference 6 degrees, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 10.3). Students currently training for longer had higher levels of TO (p < 0.001) but comparable PERC and FTC.'] Is dance training intensity at 11-14 years associated with femoral torsion in classical ballet dancers?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The ability to expand and maintain bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in vitro is an important aspect of their therapeutic potential. Despite this, the exact composition of stromal cell types within these cultures and the potential effects of non-stem cells on the maintenance of MSC are poorly understood.', 'C57BL/6J BM stroma was investigated as a model to determine the relationship between MSC and non-multipotent cells in vitro. Whole BM and single-cell derived cultures were characterized using flow cytometry and cell sorting combined with multipotent differentiation. Proliferation of individual stromal populations was evaluated using BrdU.', 'At a single-cell level, MSC were distinguished from committed progenitors, and cells lacking differentiation ability, by the expression of CD105 (CD105+). A 3-fold reduction in the percentage of CD105+ cells was detected after prolonged culture and correlated with loss of MSC. Depletion of CD105+ cells coincided with a 10-20% increase in the frequency of proliferating CD105(-) cells. Removal of CD105(-) stroma caused increased proliferation in CD105+ cells, which could be diminished by conditioned media from parent cultures. Comparison of the multipotent differentiation potential in purified and non-purified CD105+ cells determined that MSC were detectable for at least 3 weeks longer when cultured in the absence of CD105(-) cells.'] Do non-multipotent stroma inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is an important inflammatory cytokine; its presence has been documented in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, its role as a predictor of death or heart failure is unclear. We sought to investigate this and compared it with N terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a marker of death or heart failure.', 'We studied 291 post-AMI patients. The plasma concentration of CT-1 and NT-proBNP was determined using in-house noncompetitive immunoassays and patients followed for death or heart failure. There were 27 deaths and 19 readmissions with heart failure. CT-1 was raised in patients with death or heart failure compared with survivors (median [range] fmol/mL, 0.9 [0.1-392.2] vs. 0.67 [0-453.3], P = .019). Using a multivariate binary logistic model CT-1 (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.2, P = .031) and NT-proBNP (OR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1-5.2, P = .026) predicted death or heart failure independently of age, sex, previous AMI, serum creatinine, and Killip class. The receiver-operating curve for CT-1 yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.53-0.70, P = .017); for NT-proBNP the AUC was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.69-0.86, P < .001); the logistic model combining the 2 markers yielded an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.91, P < .001).'] Does cardiotrophin-1 predict death or heart failure following acute myocardial infarction?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA), added to dissociated developing neural retinal cells, induces progenitor cells to adopt the rod cell's fate. Retinoic acid (RA) also produces apoptotic cell death in developing tissues. The effects of retinoids on mouse retinal development were examined.\", 'Retinas were explanted on postnatal day (PN)1 and cultured with or without the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) attached. Retinas were cultured for 3 weeks in the absence or presence of 100 or 500 nM ATRA or 9CRA. Morphologic development and apoptotic cell death were examined using cell-specific immunocytochemical markers, the TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method, and a caspase assay.', 'Retinal explants, with and without RPE, had similar age-dependent increases in opsin expression. In contrast, explants with RPE had less apoptosis during the first week than retinas without RPE. In explants with RPE, ATRA or 9CRA produced rod-selective apoptotic cell death in which 20% to 25% were lost by PN7 with no further loss by PN21. 9CRA-treated explants without RPE had a decreased number of apoptotic cells and a higher number of (rhod)opsin-positive cells at PN3.'] Does retinoic acid produce rod photoreceptor selective apoptosis in developing mammalian retina?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Ectodomain cleavage (shedding) of transmembrane proteins by metalloproteases (MMP) generates numerous essential signaling molecules, but its regulation is not totally understood. CD44, a cleaved transmembrane glycoprotein, exerts both antiproliferative or tumor-promoting functions, but whether proteolysis is required for this is not certain. CD44-mediated contact inhibition and cellular proliferation are regulated by counteracting CD44 C-terminal interacting proteins, the tumor suppressor protein merlin (NF2) and ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, moesin). We show here that activation or overexpression of constitutively active merlin or downregulation of ERMs inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced [as well as serum, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)] CD44 cleavage by the metalloprotease ADAM10, whereas overexpressed ERM proteins promoted cleavage. Merlin- and ERM-modulated Ras or Rac activity was not required for this function. However, latrunculin (an actin-disrupting toxin) or an ezrin mutant which is unable to link CD44 to actin, inhibited CD44 cleavage, identifying a cytoskeletal C-terminal link as essential for induced CD44 cleavage. Cellular migration, an important tumor property, depended on CD44 and its cleavage and was inhibited by merlin. These data reveal a novel function of merlin and suggest that CD44 cleavage products play a tumor-promoting role. Neuregulin, an EGF ligand released by ADAM17 from its pro-form NRG1, is predominantly involved in regulating cellular differentiation. In contrast to CD44, release of neuregulin from its pro-form was not regulated by merlin or ERM proteins. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton however, also inhibited NRG1 cleavage. This current study presents one of the first examples of substrate-selective cleavage regulation.'] Does tumor Suppressor NF2 block Cellular Migration by Inhibiting Ectodomain Cleavage of CD44?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the incidence rates of cystoid macular edema (CME) and epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation after uncomplicated primary 23-G and 25-G retinal detachment (RD) repair and to identify risk factors associated with postoperative CME and ERM formation.', 'This was a consecutive interventional case series of 587 eyes that underwent one RD repair with 23-G or 25-G pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with scleral buckling. Epiretinal membrane and CME were confirmed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA).', 'A total of 587 eyes with a mean follow-up of 404 days had incidence rates of 35.1% for ERM and 15.2% for CME. The incidence of ERM after combined PPV and scleral buckling (48.4%) (n = 61) was greater (p&lt;0.0001) compared to that after PPV alone (31.2%) (n = 144).'] Do epiretinal membrane and cystoid macular edema after retinal detachment repair with small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Arsenic (As) is an environmental pollutant that induces numerous pathological effects, including neurodevelopmental disorders.', 'We evaluated the role of the LKB1-AMPK pathway in As-induced developmental neurotoxicity using Neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cells as a model of developing neurons.', 'The addition of low concentrations of As (<or= 5 microM) during differentiation caused an inhibitory effect on the neurite outgrowth in N2a cells in the absence of cell death. Activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) induced by retinoic acid in differentiating cells was blocked by As. Pretreatment with the AMPK-specific activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside or overexpression of a constitutively active AMPK-alpha1 plasmid reversed As-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth. The activation of LKB1 (serine/threonine kinase 11), a major AMPK kinase, was also suppressed by As by inhibiting both the phosphorylation and the translocation of LKB1 from nucleus to cytoplasm. Antioxidants, such as N-acetyl cysteine and superoxide dismutase, but not catalase, protected against As-induced inactivation of the LKB1-AMPK pathway and reversed the inhibitory effect of As on neurite outgrowth.'] Does arsenic inhibit neurite outgrowth by inhibiting the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Proton-pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE) is a newly recognized entity that must be differentiated from eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Little is known about this condition. We aimed to determine the prevalence of PPI-REE and EoE in patients undergoing upper endoscopy and determine features that distinguish the two groups.', 'This prospective study conducted at the University of North Carolina from 2009 to 2011 enrolled consecutive adult patients undergoing outpatient upper endoscopy. Subjects had esophageal biopsies to quantify the maximum eosinophil count per high-power field (eos/hpf; hpf=0.24 mm(2)). If biopsies revealed ≥15 eos/hpf, subjects were treated with twice daily PPI for 8 weeks and endoscopy was repeated. If ≥15 eos/hpf persisted despite PPI therapy, EoE was diagnosed. If there were <15 eos/hpf, PPI-REE was diagnosed. The proportion of patients in each group was calculated, and patients with EoE and PPI-REE were compared.', 'Of the 223 subjects enrolled, 173 had dysphagia and 50 did not. Of those with dysphagia, 66 (38%) had ≥15 eos/hpf. After the PPI trial, 40 (23%) were confirmed to have EoE, and 24 (14%) had PPI-REE. Of those without dysphagia, 2 (4%) had ≥15 eos/hpf, and after the PPI trial, 1 (2%) had EoE. Compared with EoE, PPI-REE patients were more likely to be older and male and less likely to have typical endoscopic findings of EoE. However, none of the individual factors was independently predictive of PPI-REE status on multivariable analysis. Similarly, although some endoscopic findings were differentially distributed between PPI-REE and EoE, none were significantly associated with disease status on multivariable analysis.'] Do clinical and endoscopic characteristics reliably differentiate PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis in patients undergoing upper endoscopy : a prospective cohort study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Propofol is a popular agent for providing procedural sedation in pediatric population during lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. Adjuvants like clonidine and fentanyl are administered intrathecally to prolong the duration of spinal anesthesia and to provide postoperative analgesia. We studied the propofol requirement after intrathecal administration of clonidine or fentanyl in infants undergoing lower abdominal surgeries.', 'Sixty-five ASA I infants undergoing elective lower abdominal surgery under spinal anesthesia were assigned into four groups in this prospective randomized double-blinded study. Group B received bupivacaine based on body weight (<5 kg = 0.5 mg kg(-1); 5-10 kg = 0.4 mg kg(-1)). Group BC received 1 microg kg(-1) of clonidine with bupivacaine, group BF received 1 microg kg(-1) of fentanyl with bupivacaine, and patients in group BCF received 1 microg kg(-1) each of clonidine and fentanyl with bupivacaine. A bolus of 2-3 mg kg(-1) of propofol bolus was administered for lumbar puncture. Sedation was assessed using a six-point sedation score (0-5) and a five-point reactivity score (0-4) which was based on a behavioral score. After achieving a sedation and reactivity score of 3-4, the patients were placed lateral in knee chest position and lumbar puncture performed and test drug administered. Further intraoperative sedation was maintained with an infusion of 25-50 microg kg(-1) min(-1) of propofol infusion.', 'The mean +/- SD infusion requirement of propofol decreased from 35.5 +/- 4.5 in group B to 33.4 +/- 5.4 microg kg(-1) min(-1) in group BF and further decreased to 16.7 +/- 6.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1) and 14.8 +/- 4.9 microg kg(-1) min(-1) in group BC and BCF, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between BC and BCF groups. The mean sedation and reactivity scores were higher in groups BC and BCF when compared to groups B and BF.'] Does intrathecal clonidine decrease propofol sedation requirements during spinal anesthesia in infants?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The antiviral efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogues whose main limitation is relapse after discontinuation requires long-term therapy. To overcome the risk of relapse and virological breakthrough during long-term therapy, we performed a phase I/II, open, prospective, multicentre trial using a HBV envelope-expressing DNA vaccine.', '70 patients treated effectively with nucleos(t)ide analogues for a median of 3\\u2005years (HBV DNA <12\\u2005IU/mL for at least 12\\u2005months) were randomised into two groups: one received five intramuscular injections of vaccine (weeks 0, 8, 16, 40 and 44) and one did not receive the vaccine. Analogues were stopped after an additional 48\\u2005weeks of treatment in patients who maintained HBV DNA <12\\u2005IU/mL with no clinical progression and monthly HBV DNA for 6\\u2005months. The primary endpoint was defined as viral reactivation at week 72 (HBV DNA >120\\u2005IU/mL) or impossibility of stopping treatment at week 48.', 'Reactivation occurred in 97% of each group after a median 28\\u2005days without liver failure but with an HBV DNA <2000\\u2005IU/mL in 33%; 99% of adverse reactions were mild to moderate. Immune responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot and proliferation assays: there was no difference in the percentage of patients with interferon-γ secreting cells and a specific T-cell proliferation to HBcAg but not to HBsAg after reactivation in each group.'] Does anti-HBV DNA vaccination prevent relapse after discontinuation of analogues in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B : a randomised trial -- ANRS HB02 VAC-ADN?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Statins have potent anti-inflammatory effects in laboratory studies of pulmonary inflammation. We investigated whether statin users had improved outcome when admitted with community-acquired pneumonia.', 'We carried out a prospective observational study of patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia between January 2005 and November 2007. The use of statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and aspirin were recorded. The outcomes of interest were 30-day mortality, need for mechanical ventilation or inotropic support, and the development of complicated pneumonia.', 'On multivariate logistic regression, statin use was associated with significantly lower 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.85, P=.01) and development of complicated pneumonia (AOR 0.44, 95% CI, 0.25-0.79, P=.006). There was no effect on requirement of mechanical ventilation or inotropic support (AOR 0.93, 95% CI, 0.49-1.76, P=.8). Patients prescribed statins had more severe pneumonia (median Pneumonia Severity Index 4, interquartile range [IQR] 3-4) compared with patients not prescribed cardiovascular drugs (median Pneumonia Severity Index 3, IQR 2-4, P < .0001). Despite this, C-reactive protein levels on admission were significantly lower in patients prescribed statins (median 119 mg/L, IQR 46-215) compared with patients prescribed no cardiovascular drugs (182 mg/L, IQR 66-326, P < .0001). On multivariate logistic regression, statin use was independently protective against a C-reactive protein that failed to fall by 50% or more at day 4 (AOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27-0.92, P=.02).'] Is prior statin use associated with improved outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]