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as of the 2000 united states census there were 25 737 people 8 082 households and 6 780 families residing in the borough the population density was 2 457 7 people per square mile 949 1 km2 there were 8 209 housing units at an average density of 783 9 per square mile 302 7 km2 the racial makeup of the borough was 79 19 white 1 13 african american 0 05 native american 17 23 asian 0 01 pacific islander 0 89 from other races and 1 51 from two or more races hispanic or latino of any race were 4 87 of the population |
paramus is known for its multitude of stores and malls it has five major indoor shopping centers serving residents in the areas of bergen county and passaic county in new jersey and rockland county in new york new jersey does not levy a sales tax on clothes and shoes which makes it an attractive shopping destination for people even further away in new york city who pay sales tax on clothing items above 110 in price in addition to the lower standard rate of 6 625 in new jersey compared to 8 875 in new york city the spending levels generated by the malls have made paramus one of the top retail zip codes in the country |
at the intersection of routes 4 and 17 is westfield garden state plaza the largest and best known mall in the borough westfield garden state plaza is the largest mall in the westfield group s global portfolio and the largest in new jersey with a gross leasable area of on route 4 are the outlets at bergen town center known as the bergen mall until 2006 paramus place and the shoppes on iv on route 17 are paramus park paramus towne square paramus design center and the fashion center |
many national chain stores boast paramus as their most prominent locations nordstrom s paramus location which was its first new york area store when it opened in september 1990 with strong sales volume is their best performing there are 25 retailers that occupy multiple stores in paramus including macy s which had outlets in three malls for a period of time some retail analysts view paramus as being two markets centered on the two major highways lord taylor has locations at both westfield garden state plaza and fashion center giving paramus the distinction of the only town with more than one lord taylor location toys r us had two locations fashion center a location on the eastbound side of route 4 paramus also housed a babies r us on the northbound side of route 17 but it closed in 2018 later that year the fashion center and route 4 toys r us locations closed due to the company s bankruptcy in 1983 paramus was one of the first locations opening a kids r us store when toys r us was revived in 2019 after emerging from bankruptcy the first new toys r us store opened at westfield garden state plaza on november 27 2019 however it closed again on january 26 2021 as a result of financial losses caused by the covid 19 pandemic h m has three locations in paramus paramus park westfield garden state plaza and the outlets at bergen town center |
in addition to the state blue laws that apply to all of bergen county paramus has even stricter restrictions preventing stores selling non food items from opening on sundays these laws were enacted shortly after garden state plaza opened out of fear that the mall would cause high levels of congestion in the borough it is one of the last places in the united states to have such an extensive blue law this law was called into question when a bj s wholesale club opened at the routes 4 17 junction bj s was allowed to open on sundays but is only allowed to sell food and basic necessities the store has been structured to restrict access to items that cannot be purchased on sunday paramus has its own blue laws that are significantly more restrictive than those in effect in other communities in bergen county |
more than 63 of bergen county voters rejected a referendum on the ballot in 1993 that would have repealed the county s blue laws though the paramus restrictions would have remained in place an unsuccessful 2010 proposal by governor of new jersey chris christie would have ended the state s blue laws now only enforced in bergen county with the governor citing industry estimates that the 1 1 billion in added retail revenue on sundays would generate an additional 65 million in sales taxes for the state in november 2012 governor chris christie issued an executive order temporarily suspending the blue laws in both bergen county and paramus due to the effects of hurricane sandy a decision that was upheld despite a court challenge by the borough of paramus the blue law suspension was in effect on sunday november 11 but was back in effect the following sunday |
currently paramus lone movie theater complex is a 16 screen amc theatres located in an area of new construction at westfield garden state plaza prior to the opening of the amc complex a number of theatres were closed in the borough including the route 4 tenplex and the cineplex odeon route 17 triplex once located next to westfield garden state plaza on route 17 the triplex and tenplex theatres was opened on october 12 1965 by century theatres and was closed on may 24 2007 by loews cineplex entertainment on may 25 2007 the new amc theatres opened at westfield garden state plaza the paramus picture show known as cinema 35 until 1997 closed in december 2004 in the wake of declining attendance a 12 screen regal cinemas was planned to open at paramus park as part of renovations that would have replaced the sears store with a stew leonard s location however the plans were cancelled after stew leonard s took up more space than expected |
paramus is the home to two county parks on the eastern side of the borough is van saun county park a park that features bergen county s only zoo home to a wide variety of wild and domestic animals living in recreated habitats natural to each species van saun park also has a playground train ride carousel athletic fields and pony rides the washington spring site in the park takes its name from reports that general washington drank water from the spring here while his troops were encamped nearby west of the hackensack river the continental army is reported to have utilized the old spring at the base of these slopes during the september encampment west of the hackensack river |
the borough has four golf courses two are open to the public with the paramus golf course operated by the borough and orchard hills county golf course operated by the county the two private golf course located in paramus are the ridgewood country club and arcola country club ridgewood country club was ranked as the 6 center ranked among top 500 holes in the world golf magazine 2000 and ranked 84 on the list of most prestigious clubs in america golf connoisseur 2006 |
during the week of the 4th of july paramus holds its own independence day celebration first there is the performance of the paramus community orchestra at the paramus bandshell which takes place on july 2 next on the 3rd there is a softball game between the paramus fire department and the paramus police department held annually since 2011 on the 4th there is a parade the parade route starts at the intersection of century road and farview avenue and ends at memorial elementary school on the 5th there is a fireworks display at the cliff gennarelli paramus sportsplex |
paramus is governed under the borough form of new jersey municipal government which is used in 218 municipalities of the 565 statewide making it the most common form of government in new jersey the governing body is comprised of a mayor and a borough council with all positions elected at large on a partisan basis as part of the november general election a mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four year term of office the borough council is comprised of six members elected to serve three year terms on a staggered basis with two seats coming up for election each year in a three year cycle the borough form of government used by paramus is a weak mayor strong council government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie the mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two thirds majority vote of the council the mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council |
in the 2016 presidential election republican donald trump received 6 565 votes 49 5 vs 41 1 countywide ahead of democrat hillary clinton with 6 312 votes 47 6 vs 54 2 and other candidates with 389 votes 2 9 vs 4 6 among the 13 434 ballots cast by the borough s 18 526 registered voters for a turnout of 72 5 vs 72 5 in bergen county in the 2012 presidential election republican mitt romney received 6 123 votes here 50 0 vs 43 5 countywide ahead of democrat barack obama with 5 907 votes 48 3 vs 54 8 and other candidates with 105 votes 0 9 vs 0 9 among the 12 234 ballots cast by the borough s 17 617 registered voters for a turnout of 69 4 vs 70 4 in bergen county in the 2008 presidential election republican john mccain received 6 885 votes here 51 1 vs 44 5 countywide ahead of democrat barack obama with 6 386 votes 47 4 vs 53 9 and other candidates with 106 votes 0 8 vs 0 8 among the 13 470 ballots cast by the borough s 17 747 registered voters for a turnout of 75 9 vs 76 8 in bergen county in the 2004 presidential election republican george w bush received 6 868 votes here 52 3 vs 47 2 countywide ahead of democrat john kerry with 6 103 votes 46 5 vs 51 7 and other candidates with 87 votes 0 7 vs 0 7 among the 13 123 ballots cast by the borough s 17 206 registered voters for a turnout of 76 3 vs 76 9 in the whole county |
in the 2013 gubernatorial election republican chris christie received 64 4 of the vote 4 888 cast ahead of democrat barbara buono with 34 8 2 641 votes and other candidates with 0 8 60 votes among the 7 809 ballots cast by the borough s 17 083 registered voters 220 ballots were spoiled for a turnout of 45 7 in the 2009 gubernatorial election republican chris christie received 4 298 votes here 49 7 vs 45 8 countywide ahead of democrat jon corzine with 3 857 votes 44 6 vs 48 0 independent chris daggett with 376 votes 4 3 vs 4 7 and other candidates with 32 votes 0 4 vs 0 5 among the 8 656 ballots cast by the borough s 17 354 registered voters yielding a 49 9 turnout vs 50 0 in the county |
paramus is home to four special education schools new alliance academy located on midland ave provides educational and ancillary therapeutic services for high school teenagers experiencing acute psychological distress the epic school educational partnership for instructing children is located on north farview avenue next to the our lady of visitation church the alpine learning group is located on county route 62 close to linwood avenue and p r i d e school which is a part of the eclc school which serves three other locations in new jersey has a location on sette drive the bergen county special services school district which provides public special education services on a countywide basis is headquartered in paramus |
nj transit bus routes 144 145 148 155 157 162 163 164 165 and 168 serve the port authority bus terminal in midtown manhattan the 171 and 175 routes provide service to the george washington bridge bus station and local service is offered on the 709 722 751 752 753 755 756 758 762 and 770 routes nine of the 22 nj transit buses that serve paramus do not provide service on sundays the 722 does not provide services on saturdays and sundays |
documented colonies of red necked wallabies exist in the united kingdom in staffordshire a breeding colony established itself after breaking loose from a private zoo in leek staffordshire in the 1930s their population seems to have peaked in the 1970s reaching numbers between 60 and 70 there were no confirmed sightings of the wallabies between 2000 and 2007 with some locals believing they must have died out in 2009 newspapers reported wallaby sightings including clear pictures that made reference to sightings in 2008 in recent years bbc news has documented numerous wallaby sightings across the uk |
in 1934 near south pittsburg tennessee an kangaroo or kangaroo like beast was reported by several witnesses over a five day period and to have killed and partially devoured several animals including ducks geese a german shepherd police dog and other dogs kangaroos are typically unaggressive and vegetarian a witness described the animal as looking like a large kangaroo running and leaping across a field a search party followed the animal s tracks to a mountainside cave where they stopped the animal was never found and national news coverage drew widespread ridicule |
in 1974 in chicago illinois two chicago police officers were called to investigate a report that a kangaroo was standing in someone s porch after a brief search the officers located the animal in an alleyway but were unable to capture it over the next month numerous kangaroo sightings were reported in illinois and the neighboring states of indiana and wisconsin with timing suggesting more than one animal if reports were accurate a kangaroo was seen the next day by a paperboy the next week in illinois and the week after that just outside plano illinois reported by a police officer who said it jumped eight feet from a field into the road thirty minutes later a kangaroo was reported back in chicago then reported on the following three days in the surrounding countryside a few days later there were a rash of sightings in indiana reports ceased about a month after the original story |
lymm village centre is a designated conservation area notable for its historic buildings both listed and unlisted these include the french style terracotta former town hall currently unlisted st peter s church oughtrington hall and lodge formerly owned by a cadet branch of the leigh family and now lymm high school and lymm hall a former domville family residence foxley hall home to a cadet branch of the ancient booth family before ownership passed to the carlisle family is no longer standing but fustian cutting cottages on church road and arley grove do survive the parish church of st peter oughtrington is an example of gothic revival architecture st mary s church lymm overlooking lymm dam was in a state of disrepair by the mid 1800s so the leigh family commissioned the noted newcastle architect john dobson to rebuild it the 1521 tower was retained and raised but the need for additional stonework meant the tower was rebuilt in 1887 |
lymm has a number of other sports facilities including lymm golf club and nearby high legh park golf club lymm lawn tennis and croquet club lymm oughtrington park cricket club whose home ground is in the former grounds of oughtrington hall a former ancestral home of a cadet branch of the leigh family and lymm leisure centre which is next door to the cricket club at lymm high school burford lane farm is one of many horse riding venues in north cheshire crown green bowling takes place in stage lane the oughtrington club having been established over a hundred years |
production began at 659 parramatta road leichhardt under the management of osborne and with the financial backing of arthur shannon who created the company grain products to manufacture the cereal osborne s friend malcolm ian macfarlane from new zealand joined him to take on a marketing role the product was so successful that in october 1928 shannon sold the rights in the product to the australasian conference association limited sanitarium health food company a wholly owned subsidiary and venture of the seventh day adventist church in australia macfarlane suggested that they ship the product to new zealand where it proved so successful that it became difficult to adequately supply the market from australia osborne and macfarlane went to new zealand and factories were established in auckland and christchurch however once again shannon sold out to the australasian conference association limited |
while in south africa osborne and macfarlane sought to obtain more satisfactory financial backing to secure osborne s product a group was formed osborne refined the product and he and macfarlane went to england to form the british african cereal company ltd which they registered in london in 1932 as a private company with the proprietor shown as weetabix limited of weetabix mills burton latimer kettering all shares in the company were specified to be under the control of the directors the first of whom were bennison osborne malcolm ian macfarlane alfred richard upton and arthur stanley scrutton for the purpose of differentiating the product from that sold in australia new zealand and south africa the product was named weetabix |
osborne and macfarlane became the joint managing directors with osborne controlling production and macfarlane controlling marketing sites for the factory were examined with burton latimer in northamptonshire eventually being chosen due in part to the offer of a disused flour mill by a mr george who requested shares in the company and who was subsequently offered a seat on the existing board of directors in 1933 macfarlane left the company to pursue other business interests leaving osborne as the sole managing director george eventually became chairman of the board osborne sold his shareholding to the directors in july 1936 at which time the company was renamed weetabix limited |
corona del mar high school cdm is a public school located in the eastbluff neighborhood of newport beach california and belongs to the newport mesa unified school district it is a combination of a middle school 7th and 8th grades and a high school 9th 10th 11th and 12th grades the school was founded in 1962 and has an enrollment of approximately 2 500 students the school covers an area of just over 1 700 000 square feet according to us news there are 92 full time teachers |
the name of the manor of worlton was changed to the manor of dyffryn st nicholas in the 18th century when the dyffryn estate was sold to thomas pryce who built the second building to be known as dyffryn house a georgian manor on the site in 1749 the first house known as dyffryn house is located in st david s place goodwick and dates back to 1595 although no extensive work was undertaken to the grounds pryce did begin some additions including the construction of the walled garden dipping pools and some ornamental plantings |
after john cory s death in 1910 the job of further developing the gardens fell to cory s third son reginald who had inherited the estate reginald was a leading figure in the royal horticultural society and a keen horticulturalist and plant collector who during the early 1900s jointly sponsored several worldwide plant hunting expeditions many of the plants on display at dyffryn exist as a direct result of these forays the most outstanding being acer griseum paper bark maple grown from seed brought back from china by the famous plant hunter ernest wilson |
on reginald s death in 1934 the dyffryn estate was passed to his sister florence on her death in 1937 the estate was bought by sir cennydd traherne in 1939 sir cennydd traherne leased the dyffryn house and gardens to glamorgan county council as a botanical garden on a 999 year lease in 1973 the gardens were used as the venue to host a garden party to commemorate the dissolution of glamorgan county council in 1995 sir cennydd traherne died and in 1999 his nephew councillor rhodri llewellyn traherne sold the freehold of dyffryn house and gardens to the vale of glamorgan for the sum of 300 000 |
the present dyffryn house was built in 1893 94 under the ownership of john cory by architect e a lansdowne of newport and was one of the last large country manors to be built in wales a long narrow mansion the architectural style is vaguely second french empire the main entrance located on the north side of the building is protected by a porte cochere which leads into a lofty hall the windows looking out over the driveway from the hall depict elizabeth i at tilbury the hall also features the most notable of the manor s impressive chimneypieces incorporating at its centre a late 17th century marble cartouche of arms flanked by life size wooden mannerist figures of ceres and prudence other rooms of note include the oak room whose chimneypiece is flanked by cross legged cherubim each with six wings the drawing room and boudoir have jacobean alabaster mantle pieces |
the eastern and largest section of the gardens contains the arboretum that begins with the kennel bank leading to the rockery the central section which divides the arboretum in the east from the garden rooms to the west contains dyffryn house and its lawns beginning with the house to the north extending southwards to the vine walk a series of arches each containing a different species of vine the two main lawns include the croquet lawn closest to dyffryn house which runs east to west parallel to the main building and the great lawn the great lawn runs north south and at its centre a longitudinal canal which has at its centre a large bronze fountain the fountain is in chinese style and has a bronze chinese dragon wrapped around it thought to be from the 1950s the great lawn ends with a fountain pool for which there is currently a fundraising drive to repair the two bronze statues fujin and raijin japanese shinto gods of wind and lightning that used to be here are now housed in the glass houses at the southern end of the lawns is the vine walk and lavender garden the latter containing a red brick folly |
there are many theories used to explains how many monophthongs are used in the garhwali language the non garhwali indian scholars with some garhwali scholars who believes garhwali as a dialect of hindi who follows common hindustani phonology argue that there are eight vowels found within the language are i u e o a garhwali language scholar mr bhishma kukreti argues that is not present in the language instead of it long schwa i e is used although it can be accepted that southern garhwali dialects have uses of instead if we follow his rule of vowel length we found that there are five vowels found in garhwali the three are with their vowel length as other two o e with no vowel length but there are 13 vowels founded by mr anoop chandra chandola as follows i u e o y his arguments can be accepted as universal also which is used only in southern dialects but borrowed to standard dialect for distinction purposes but bhishma kukreti s argument about vowel length is also accepted hence we concluded that garhwali standard garhwali in this mean has twelve vowels i u e o y where three has vowel length |
the reasons for this are manifold key amongst them is the lack of patronization at the state and central government levels garhwali is regarded as a dialect or mother tongue as per the census of languages and is counted as a dialect of hindi it has not received patronage at the state level history has a role to play as well historically sanskrit was the language of the garhwali court and garhwali was the language of the people during the british raj and in the period after independence of india the garhwal region was included in the hindi speaking state of uttar pradesh for decades further uttar pradesh government s policy of affirmative action through the law of reservation of jobs for the scst population in uttar pradesh is said to have led to increased migration of hindi speakers from the plains of uttar pradesh to the cities of garhwal to make up for the low percentage of scst population in garhwal these factors are also said to contribute to increased importance of hindi and reduced prestige for garhwali language in the minds of the local population |
out migration for economic reasons has further relegated the language to low prestige status amongst its speakers since the creation of garhwal army regiments during the british rule temporary out migration had been the trend over the last century as most of the economic opportunities tended to concentrate in plain areas temporary out migration followed by eventual return migration was witnessed since 2000 the situation has changed substantially with many out migrating permanently along with families from garhwal mainly to eke out their livelihoods and better future of their children |
successive state governments have not done much to stem the tide the state does not accord garhwali the status of state language hindi and sanskrit are the official languages of uttarakhand state universities did not have garhwali language departments till as recently as 2014 garhwali has not received much attention from the academia and much of the research on the language has been driven by local linguists in 2017 the state government announced a proposal to adopt english as the medium of instruction for early age learners from class 1 in 18000 government schools thus ignoring the key role played by the mother tongue or home language in early learning and subject based learning |
ceding to long standing demands to make garhwali the official language of uttarakhand and to be taught at schools and universities in 2014 the uttarakhand state government issued orders to set up departments of kumaoni and garhwali languages at kumaon university and garhwal university respectively and to introduce kumaoni and garhwali language courses at the undergraduate level in 2016 state council of educational research and training scert announced that garhwali kumaoni jaunsari and rang languages would be introduced on pilot basis for students in standard one to 10th in government schools under the know your uttarakhand project in july 2019 the uttarakhand government announced that garhwali language school books would be introduced in primary schools from classes 1 to 5 in a pilot project in 79 schools in pauri garhwal district |
at the national level there have been constant demands to include garhwali in the 8th schedule of the constitution of india so that it could be made one of the scheduled language of india in july 2010 a member of parliament from pauri garhwal satpal maharaj brought a private member s bill in the lok sabha to include garhwali and kumaoni languages in the eighth schedule of the constitution as is the case with most private member s bills this bill was not discussed in parliament and has since lapsed |
the akhil garhwal sabha a citizen s group in dehradun aims to raise awareness amongst young garhwalis about garhwali language and culture from 2012 onwards it has been organising an annual 2 week garhwali language workshop in which it provides training in the language and presents the interesting specificities of the language to the learners in dehradun it has also been the organiser of a series of 7 days cultural programmes called kautig uttarakhand mahotsava from 1998 onwards to promote traditional folk dances and traditions of uttarakhand it publishes a monthly garhwali newspaper called rant raibar on the initiative of the akhil garhwal sabha the uttarakhand state department of culture published a comprehensive dictionary of the garhwali language which has hindi and english meanings of the garhwali words a team of authors led by eminent garhwali scholars achalanand jakhmola and bp nautiyal sourced garhwali words spoken in all areas of garhwal and compiled them in a most comprehensive lexicon of the language |
in 2017 the delhi state government announced its intention to create 12 regional language academies under the government s art culture and languages department including an academy for garhwali language in 2018 the uttarakhand state government announced plans to launch a state cultural centre as a hub of all cultural activities in dehradun which would have an auditorium six art galleries a library a museum an amphitheatre and a place for symposiums and seminars to promote uttarakhand s traditional pahari language and culture |
modern day garhwali has rich literature in all genres including poetry novels short stories and plays earlier garhwali language was present only as folklore it had practically no literature though according to saklani a regular literary activity throughout the known history of garhwal has been reported with most of such efforts related to the orthodox themes of religious matters poetics astronomy astrology and ayurveda etc most of these works were the copies of the ancient texts however few original works related to history poetry religion and architecture are also said to exist it was only in the 20th century due to the influence of english language modern literary forms and themes were adopted this literature was written both in hindi and garhwali |
the oldest manuscript in garhwali that has been found is a poem named ranch judya judige ghimsaan ji written by pt jayadev bahuguna 16th century in 1828 ad maharaja sudarshan shah wrote sabhaasaar in 1830 ad american missionaries published the new testament in garhwali the gospel of st matthew in garhwali was printed at lucknow in the year 1876 pandit gobind prasad ghildyal b a translated the first part of the hindi rajniti into garhwali and this was printed at almora in 1901 several specimens of garhwali were also found in pandit ganga datt upreti s hill dialects of the kumaon division pandit ganga datt upreti also collected and published proverbs folklore of kumaun and garhwal in 1894 the principal forms of garhiwali grammar were first published in dr kellogg s hindi grammar 2nd edition london 1893 the first and comprehensive research work about the garhwali language its various dialects where is it spoken number of speakers grammar vocabulary phrases and specimens was done in part iv volume ix of the linguistics survey of india |
the five local hindi newspapers of garhwal of the early 20th century helped to bring about cultural and political awakening in garhwal the early writers keen to project and nurture the cultural heritage of garhwal these papers were conscious of the cultural exclusiveness of the region and nurtured the feeling for garhwal nationalism atma ram gairola wrote in a poem that garhwalis of both the parts state and british are extremely proud of the fact that we are garhwalis writers like chandra mohan raturi and tara dutt gairola asked the young writers to write only in the garhwali language because one could write more sweetly poignantly and judiciously in one s own mother tongue these poets and writers brought renaissance in the garhwali literature collections of various oral folk literary traditions like ancient folk songs mangal bhadiyali panwara etc were also made available during this period |
the grapes refer to the town s winegrowing tradition which came to an end in the 18th century but was revived in the 1960s on the wingertsberg the blue wavy fess refers to the town s name interpreted as being from the old high german for babbling brook or brook of dietz compare here 775 jahre dietzenbach published by dietzenbach town executive the town s current arms were determined by dietzenbach s community councillors in 1957 and approved by the then hessian interior minister schneider |
in 1977 church was elected vice president of the union when church punched a former umwa staffer in a dispute over a leak to the press miller asked church to be his running mate but miller was not in good health and after a stroke and heart attack in the spring of 1978 he turned day to day operation of the union over to church mostly recovered by the fall miller exhibited many of his autocratic defensive habits he told the union s executive board on october 29 1979 that he was considering resigning then in the same speech he accused church of plotting to against him to seize the presidency of the union |
miller continued to fight with the union s executive board and leadership but ill health ended his presidency in november 1979 miller suffered a second heart attack while at his home in charleston west virginia by this time his political opponents had decided that his erratic behavior and poor physical condition justified putting him on involuntary leave church traveled to charleston and sitting at miller s bedside he negotiated miller s resignation in return umwa s executive board agreed to give miller the title of president emeritus for life and guaranteed him his full salary as well as medical and pension benefits until the end of his term of office which would end in 1982 miller resigned the presidency of the united mine workers on november 16 1979 and church was elected to succeed him |
in june 1990 no 42 tb squadron won the fincastle trophy once again this time at cfb greenwood nova scotia in october 1990 the squadron deployed its crews to seeb international airport oman and later to raf akrotiri cyprus in january 1991 as part of operation granby nimrod mr 2 xv244 battle star 42 was credited with 14 mission markings and four ship kills while deployed one of the squadron s crews were credited with having achieved the highest number of assisted kills six achieved operating in a high air threat environment the same crew subsequently received the arthur barratt memorial award |
no 42 r squadron made the nimord s last visit to gibraltar on 20 21 march 2010 as part of operation active endeavour the squadron flew its last nimrod mr 2 flight on 30 march 2010 with xv232 visiting rockall st kilda raf st mawgan raf valley and raf lossiemouth it was originally expected that no 42 r squadron would serve as the ocu for the bae systems nimrod mra 4 however it was cancelled as part of the 2010 strategic defence and security review with no 42 r squadron formally disbanding alongside the other nimrod units on 26 may 2011 |
as of the census of 2000 there were 1 994 people 730 households and 556 families residing in the village the population density was 2 100 7 people per square mile 810 4 km there were 761 housing units at an average density of 801 7 per square mile 309 3 km the racial makeup of the village was 90 69 white 1 80 african american 0 20 native american 1 30 asian 0 60 from other races and 1 10 from two or more races hispanic or latino of any race were 5 51 of the population |
according to the 2011 census the population of the town was 56 063 and total number of households was 15 444 and spread across an area of 30 65 sq km the current population of the town is 63 004 and total no of households hh is 17 681 with population growth rate of 1 1 which is divided into 30 election wards the municipal boundary and current population is used for preparation of sfd as per the slum survey there are 20 notified slums in mandapeta with a total population of 20 153 the slum pockets are scattered in different localities of the town mainly in the outskirt of the town |
schwaller de lubicz was the founder in 1919 with other members of the theosophical society of the esoteric right wing french group called affranchis that published a journal l affranchi hi rarchie fraternit libert a monthly journal of art and philosophy dealing with a spiritual and social renewal within the framework of a mystical political philosophy its president was ren bruyez on 23 july 1919 the group dissolved and another group was formed in its place les veilleurs the vigilants to which at least according to the historian pierre mariel the young rudolf hess belonged its uniform consisted of a dark shirt high boots and riding breeches akin to the sturmabteilung |
schwaller de lubicz lived in egypt for twelve years studying the temples of thebes in detail he with the french egypologist alexandre varille developed the symbolist approach to ancient egypt he argued that egyptian temples were used for mystical initiations and that their design incorporated symbolism expressing a belief system that combined religion philosophy art and science he believed for instance that the egyptians were aware of astronomical concepts like axial precession which was reflected in their religious beliefs he linked the astrological age of gemini with the development of the dualistic themes in egyptian religion the age of taurus with the bull god apis and the age of aries with the god amun who was depicted as a ram he also argued that the human form was the basis for ancient egyptian architecture and he equated parts of the temples with parts of the human body his three volume work the temple in man includes a drawing that compares the plan of luxor temple to the shape of a human skeleton lynn picknett and clive prince argue that these ideas were influenced by schwaller de lubicz s existing beliefs such as syncretism and theosophy like many other esotericist figures he believed that egyptian civilization dated back much farther than conventional egyptian chronology allows |
with his cousins alfred i du pont and pierre s du pont t coleman du pont bought out the family s explosives business in delaware he was president from 1902 until 1915 during which time he oversaw the acquisitions of more than one hundred competitors he was a key player in the formation of the holding company e i du pont de nemours company of new jersey in 1907 the dupont company was sued for antitrust violations he later sold off his stake of the business in 1914 |
du pont had control of the hotel mcalpin claridge atlantic city wallick s and other american hotels together with lucius m boomer president of boomer du pont properties corporation and husband of j rgine boomer du pont owned a number of other hotels in 1918 they purchased the waldorf astoria hotel in new york city then in 1920 the willard hotel in washington d c and in 1925 the company purchased the bellevue stratford hotel in philadelphia from the heirs of the founder george c boldt |
in 1908 du pont proposed a modern road that was to run the length of delaware from selbyville north to wilmington as part of a philanthropic measure this roadway was planned to improve travel and bring economic development to kent and sussex counties the dupont highway was to be modeled after the great boulevards of europe and was to have a wide right of way consisting of a wide roadway for automobiles flanked by dual trolley lines wide roadways for heavy vehicles wide unpaved roadways for horses and sidewalks utilities were to be buried underground below the horse roadways the highway was also to include agricultural experimental stations and monuments for future surveying trolley revenues would help pay for the construction of the roadway |
the delaware state highway department took over construction and the dupont highway was completed in 1923 when the final section near odessa was finished the dupont highway was a boon to southern delaware which had formerly been economically isolated from the large cities of the northeast in conjunction with the rise of the automobile the highway spurred the growth of the delaware beaches by greatly improving access to the coast for tourists from northern delaware and adjacent portions of the northeast megalopolis southern delaware also developed into a major truck farming region due to having much greater access to urban markets no longer fully reliant on the railroads to transport their goods farmers in sussex and kent counties could market their fruits vegetables and broiler chickens directly to consumers in the north |
du pont was appointed to the u s senate on july 7 1921 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of u s senator josiah o wolcott during this term he served with the republican majority in the 67th congress however he lost his bid to complete the term in a special election on november 7 1922 on the same day he also lost his bid for the full term to follow in both instances losing to democrat thomas f bayard jr a wilmington lawyer who was married to one of du pont s cousins |
shades of death road sometimes referred to locally as just shades is a two lane rural road of about in length in central warren county new jersey it runs in a generally north south direction through liberty and independence townships then turns more east west in allamuchy township north of the interstate 80 i 80 crossing south of i 80 it runs alongside jenny jump state forest and offers access to it at several points the road is the subject of folklore and numerous local legends in 2013 the syfy channel s haunted highway series did a segment on the road |
to the right of ghost lake there is a small cave once used by the lenape weird nj says that though the cave is now easily accessible and also covered in graffiti archaeologists who surveyed the area in 1918 found pottery shards flint and broken arrow heads from their findings the archaeologists concluded that the fairy hole was not often visited it may have been used as a simple resting point for traveling or hunting lenape but with its close proximity to several known burial sites it is said to be a sacred or religiously important site this survey was conducted before the creation of ghost lake |
weird new jersey writes that visitors to this stable site at night have reported extremely local fogs surrounding it and seeing apparitions in it or sometimes even in clear weather and also claimed the air is sometimes unusually chilly and feeling general unease in the area for no immediately apparent reason an additional legend claims that sometimes nocturnal visitors to lenape see an orb of white light appear near the end of the road which chases vehicles back out to shades of death and if it turns red in the process those who see it will die this may be due to an old tree near the end of lenape that was never cut down when the road was built as a result the road forks right before the tree and a big red reflector has been nailed to the tree to warn drivers another legend says that if one circles around the tree and drives down the road again at midnight a red light will shine and the driver will never survive |
another legend tells of a bridge where if drivers stop past midnight with their high beams on and honk their horns three times they will see the ghosts of two young children who were run over while playing in the road this legend actually refers to a bridge over the flatbrook on old mine road not far from shades of death the bridge is no longer accessible by car as a newer larger bridge has been built next to it the original bridge can still be reached on foot |
in the mid 1610s shah abbas i renewed his effort to bring georgia more completely into the safavid empire and subjected kakheti to repeated invasions in 1614 1615 and 1616 in a series of georgian insurrections and iranian reprisals sixty to seventy thousand people were killed and more than one hundred thousand kakhetian peasants were forcibly deported into iran the population of kakheti dropped by two thirds once flourishing towns like gremi and zagemi shrank to insignificant villages agriculture declined and commerce came to a standstill by 1648 the indefatigable taimuraz had finally been ousted from kakheti the safavid government tightened its control of kakheti implemented a policy of replacing the native population with nomadic turkic tribes at the same time the dagestani mountaineers started to attack and colonize the kakhetian marchlands |
in 1659 kakhetians staged a general uprising thwarting safavid plans to settle tens of thousands of turkomans in kakheti yet kakheti remained under iran s political control the three aristocratic leaders of the uprising surrendered and were executed some years later vakhtang v shah nawaz a muslim georgian king vali of kartli managed to obtain the shah s permission to install his son archil as king vali in kakheti for a time the two kingdoms of eastern georgia were virtually united under shah nawaz and his son and a period of relative peace ensued making the town of telavi his capital in place of gremi which was ruined by the iranian invasions archil set out to implement a program of reconstruction however the promising situation was of short duration archil s ascension in kakheti marked the beginning of a rivalry between the two bagrationi branches the mukhrani to which archil belonged and the house of kakheti dispossessed of the crown in the person of teimuraz i this latter house finally succeeded at the expense of their apostasy to islam in reestablishing themselves in 1703 and ruled henceforth at the pleasure of their safavid suzerains this proved to be of little benefit however and the kingdom continued to be plagued by the incessant dagestani inroads |
from 1724 to 1744 kakheti was subjected to the successive ottoman and iranian occupations however the service rendered by the kakhetian prince teimuraz ii to nader shah of iran in the struggle against the ottomans resulted in an annulment of heavy tribute paid by kakheti to the iranian court in 1743 in 1744 as a reward for their loyalty nader granted the kingship of kartli to teimuraz ii and that of kartli to his son erekle ii both monarchs were crowned in accordance to a christian tradition in 1745 they exploited the turmoil in iran that followed nader s assassination in 1747 and established themselves as virtually independent rulers their rule helped to stabilize the country economy began to revive and the dagestani attacks were reduced but not eliminated when teimuraz died on january 8 1762 erekle succeeded him thus uniting eastern georgia as a single state for the first time in nearly three centuries in the form of the kingdom of kartli kakheti |
after the restoration of the monarchy belasyse was appointed lord lieutenant of the east riding of yorkshire 1660 1673 and governor of kingston upon hull 1661 1673 while from 1665 to 1666 he held the posts of governor of tangier and captain general of the forces in africa according to samuel pepys he accepted the post only for the profit it brought in 1666 7 belasyse was in england his appointment as governor of tangier was withdrawn and he was appointed captain of the gentlemen at arms in 1672 he resigned this appointment as he was unwilling to take the oath of conformity introduced under the test act |
at the time of the plot of titus oates belasyse along with four other catholic peers henry arundell 3rd baron arundell of wardour william howard 1st viscount stafford william herbert 1st marquis of powis and william petre 4th baron petre was denounced as a conspirator and formally impeached in parliament belasyse was said to have been designated commander in chief of a supposed popish army by the jesuit superior general giovanni paolo oliva but charles ii according to von ranke burst out laughing at the idea that this infirm old man who could hardly stand on his feet due to gout would be able even to hold a pistol the informer william bedloe who had once worked for belasyse such first hand knowledge was invaluable to informers in making their lies sound more plausible now accused him of ordering the murder of the respected magistrate sir edmund berry godfrey which remains unsolved to this day it was never made clear why belasyse or indeed any other catholic should wish to kill godfrey who was notably tolerant in religious matters belasyse in his defence referred to his age and ill health and reasonably pointed out that under the tolerant rule of charles ii he was living out his last years in comfort what possible reason had he to wish for a change of regime the government for example was well aware that the catholic mass was celebrated regularly at his london house but made no effort to prevent it |
the most that could plausibly be said against him was that he was a friend of the senior civil servant edward colman an ardent and politically active catholic who was executed for his supposed part in the plot in december 1678 and that colman had visited belasyse the night before he gave himself up to the authorities however colman in fact seems to have been guilty of nothing more than indiscreet correspondence with the french court in which he outlined his wildly impractical schemes for the advancement of the catholic faith in england there is no reason to think that belasyse even if he knew of this correspondence shared colman s opinions |
square waves are used as timing references or clock signals because their fast transitions are suitable for triggering synchronous logic circuits at precisely determined intervals however as the frequency domain graph shows square waves contain a wide range of harmonics these can generate electromagnetic radiation or pulses of current that interfere with other nearby circuits causing noise or errors to avoid this problem in very sensitive circuits such as precision analog to digital converters sine waves are used instead of square waves as timing references |
during the early time of greek history as shown in the odyssey greek agriculture and diet was based on cereals sitos though usually translated as wheat could in fact designate any type of cereal grain in reality 90 of cereal production was barley even if the ancients were aware of the better nutritional value of wheat the growing of barley was less demanding and more productive attempts have been made to calculate attica grain production in the period but results have not been conclusive |
animal husbandry seen as a sign of power and wealth in the works of homer was in fact not well developed in ancient greece while the mycenaean civilization was familiar with the rearing of cattle the practice was restricted as a result of geographic expansion into less suitable terrain goats and sheep quickly became the most common livestock less difficult to raise and providers of meat wool and milk usually in the form of cheese pork and poultry chicken and geese were also raised oxen were rare and normally used as a work animal though they were occasionally used as sacrificial animals see hecatomb donkeys mules and their mixes were raised as pack or draught animals |
it is likely that most farms practiced some limited animal husbandry poultry or small animals grazing on waste land or fed kitchen scraps combined farm livestock operations also existed as well as those specializing in livestock an inscription also mentions a certain eubolos of elateia in phocis the owner of 220 head of cattle and horses and at least 1000 sheep and goats flocks of sheep were herded between the valley in winter and the mountains in summer taxes existed for the transit or stopover of flocks in cities |
the olive harvest took place from late autumn to the beginning of winter either by hand or by pole they were placed in wicker baskets and left to ferment for a few weeks before being pressed the screw press although referred to as the greek press by pliny the elder xviii 37 was a late 2nd century bce roman invention oil was preserved in terra cotta vases for use later this was also the time for pruning of trees and vines and harvesting of legumes |
spring was the rainy season farmers took advantage of this to bring fallow ground back into production they practised biennial crop rotation alternating from year to year between fallow and cultivated attempts to introduce triennial crop rotation with legumes in the third year ran into problems due to the poor greek soil lack of power and absence of mechanization the greeks did not use animal manure possibly due to the low number of cattle the only soil additive was weeds ploughed back into the ground after fields came out of fallow |
in early autumn they collected deadfall and prepared supplies of firewood while winters were mild on the coast they could be brutal in the highlands farmers also had to break the hard crust that had formed over the summer on grain fields to do this required three passes since the ard was wooden metal shares were rare and only scratched the uppermost subsoil without inverting it a hoe and mallet were also used to break clumps of earth the fallow land for next year was sown by hand this was the time of the grape harvest the grapes were crushed by foot in large vats then the wine was left to ferment in jugs after that process people could drink the ambrosial wine and enjoy it |
in the nearly four centuries that passed between hesiod and xenophon no improvements can be found in agriculture tools remained mediocre and there were no inventions to lighten the work of either man or animal it was not until the rise of romans that the water mill came into wide use employing hydraulic power to augment muscle power it took until the middle ages for true plows which turned the earth to be widely adopted neither irrigation nor soil improvements nor animal husbandry saw notable advances only the very richest of land such as that of messinia was capable of supporting two crops per year |
from the 8th century bce tensions grew between the great landowners and the peasants who were finding it more and more difficult to survive this can probably be explained by population growth brought on by reduced infant mortality and aggravated by the practice of equally subdividing land amongst several inheritors each generation attested to by both homer and hesiod in athens the crisis was resolved with the arrival of solon in 594 bce he forbade and introduced other measures intended to help the peasants in the 5th century bce the practice of liturgy leitourgia literally public work placed the responsibility for provision of public services heavily on the shoulders of the rich and led to a reduction in large scale land ownership it is estimated that most citizens of hoplite rank owned around 5 hectares of land in sparta the reforms of lycurgus led to a drastic redistribution of land with 10 to 18 hectare lots kleroi distributed to each citizen elsewhere tyrants undertook redistributions of land seized from wealthy political enemies |
from the 4th century bce onwards property starts to become concentrated among few land owners including in sparta where according to aristotle the land has passed into the hands of a few politics ii 1270a nevertheless the aristocratic estates in greece never achieved the scope of the great roman latifundia during the classical period the wealthy alcibiades possessed only 28 hectares plato 1 alcibiades 123c in all cases land remains intimately associated with the concept of wealth the father of demosthenes possessed 14 talents and for land owned only a home but he was the exception when the banker pasion made his fortune he hurried to buy land |
in the 12th century the abbey reached the climax of its splendour in 1165 abbot oderisius ii had a new church built and the monastery further enlarged while the former apart sculptures and canvasses is still the same the latter is today only a small fraction of the edifice in the year 1200 it housed 80 120 benedictines monks it has several studios laboratories a large library and a rich archive whose texts are now in rome two cloisters a bakery an ambulatory stables a recovery for pilgrims and much other features |
pursuant to the local government in the philippines the political seat of the municipal government is located at the municipal hall in the history of the philippines 1521 1898 the gobernadorcillo was the chief executive who held office in the presidencia during the american rule 1898 1946 history of the philippines 1898 1946 the elected mayor and local officials including the appointed ones held office at the municipal hall the legislative and executive departments perform their functions in the sangguniang bayan session hall and municipal trial court respectively and are located in the town hall |
gabriel proved an excellent student and his excellence in academic life was only outdone by the great progress he was making in his spiritual life at the same time gabriel began to display the first symptoms of tuberculosis the news did not worry gabriel who was in fact joyful he had prayed for a slow death so as to be able to prepare himself spiritually throughout his illness he remained cheerful and kept up all his usual practises he was a source of great edification and inspiration to his fellow students who sought to spend time with him at his deathbed gabriel had proved himself an exemplary religious and a perfect follower of the passionist rule being especially devoted to the virgin mary |
before he could be ordained a priest gabriel died in the retreat at isola del gran sasso the early hours of february 27 1862 in the presence of the community holding close an image of our lady of sorrows and smiling peacefully those who were with gabriel when he died reported that at the moment of death he sat up in bed and his face became radiant as he reached out to an otherwise unseen figure that was entering the room it was the opinion of father norbert that saint gabriel had seen the virgin mary at the very moment of his death |
immediately thereafter father norbert wrote a biography of his life in 1866 four years after the death of gabriel the passionists were forced to abandon the monastery of isola del gran sasso and the church where gabriel lay buried went deserted for 30 years since his death the fame of gabriel s sanctity had spread through the local area as well as amongst the passionists in 1891 the congregation decided to formally open proceedings for gabriel s canonisation and a year later a committee visited his grave to examine his remains upon the arrival of the committee at isola del gran sasso the townspeople surrounded the church determined not to have the body of gabriel taken from their midst two years later the passionist returned to resume their life at isola del gran sasso near the city of teramo |
the two miracles presented for the beatification of gabriel were the inexplicable healings of maria mazzarella from pulmonary tuberculosis and periostitis and the instantaneous cure of dominic tiber from an inoperable hernia gabriel was beatified by pope pius x on may 31 1908 present at the ceremony were his brother michael his companion brother sylvester and his director father norbert the outbreak of the first world war delayed gabriel s canonisation for a while but on may 13 1920 he was raised to the altars by pope benedict xv |
millions of pilgrims visit st gabriel s shrine in isola del gran sasso d italia near teramo each year to see the saint s burial place and the monastic house in which he lived out his final years there is an ongoing tradition every march when thousands of high school students from the abruzzo and the marche regions of italy visit his tomb 100 days before their expected graduation day and pray to him in order to achieve good scores on their final every two years from mid july to the beginning of october the italian staur s onlus foundation hosts at the sanctuary of saint gabriel a celebrated exposition of contemporary religious arts with an average of 2 million visitors per year this is one of the 15 most visited sanctuaries in the world |
there were 568 households of which 36 6 had children under the age of 18 living with them 54 9 were married couples living together 11 3 had a female householder with no husband present 4 0 had a male householder with no wife present and 29 8 were non families 24 6 of all households were made up of individuals and 12 7 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older the average household size was 2 52 and the average family size was 3 02 |
the azawagh refers to the dry structural basin which once carried a northern tributary of the niger river the azawagh river known as dallol bosso further south the river which ran some in prehistoric times dried up after the neolithic subpluvial and created a basin of some its valley which geologists call the iullemmeden basin is bordered by the hoggar mountains and their foothills in the north the a r mountains in the east and the adrar des ifoghas in the west the bedrock of the region is cretaceous paleocene limestone and clay which was cut by erosion and covered by aeolian sand in the upper pleistocene |
during the 1970s and 1980s a series of droughts forced increasing numbers of the region s nomadic population into villages and towns the droughts also sparked a rebellion by the region s tuareg population with groups such as front for the liberation of a r and azaouak and the front for the liberation of tamoust rebelling against the nigerien government while the arab islamic front of azawad popular movement for the liberation of azawad revolutionary liberation army of azawad and the popular liberation front of azawad opposed the government of mali |
woodring won the kansas gubernatorial election of 1930 in a controversial three way race with republican frank haucke and write in candidate and goat gland transplantation specialist john brinkley brinkley won the most votes but the state only counted ballots with j r brinkley written in disqualifying tens of thousands of ballots with variants like john brinkley written in woodring himself admitted he would have lost had all brinkley s votes been counted woodring served as governor of kansas from 1931 to 1933 as the only democrat elected to a statehouse office his efforts to cut expenditures were largely blocked by republicans so he cut his own salary and the highway department the one place where democrats had control |
woodring served as assistant secretary of war from 1933 to 1936 with supervision over procurement matters he was promoted and served as secretary of war under president franklin roosevelt from 1936 to 1940 he projected the recommendations of his predecessor for increasing the strength of the regular army national guard and the reserve corps during his tenure he directed a revision of mobilization plans to bring personnel and procurement into balance and stressed the need to perfect the initial peacetime protective force |
a strict non interventionist woodring came under pressure from other cabinet members to resign in the first year of world war ii secretary of the interior harold ickes met with roosevelt at least twice to call for woodring s firing but fdr was at first unwilling to do so instead appointing outspoken interventionist louis a johnson as woodring s assistant secretary of war woodring and johnson were immediately at odds and quickly reached the point where they refused to speak to each other on june 20 1940 roosevelt ended the struggle by finally firing woodring replacing him with long time republican politician henry stimson woodring remained isolationist opposing the selective training and service act of 1940 |
dickman was given command of the 3rd infantry division in november 1917 at the onset of the united states entrance into world war i he deployed the 3rd division to france aboard the leviathan at noon on march 4 1918 he was the 3rd division commander at chateau thierry in may 1918 and was made famous at the second battle of the marne in july 1918 while allied forces on both flanks retreated the 3rd division stood fast in the face of enemy offensives which led to their moniker the rock of the marne |
the third army was established under the command of dickman by general john j pershing in france to advance to the rhein and hold the coblenz bridgehead then prepare to serve after the war as the army of occupation of the rhineland the third army would have become the army of occupation whether or not the enemy signed the peace agreement american fighting units not sent home were consolidated under third army and prepared to attack if germany did not accept the terms of peace the united states itself was not to sign the agreement but remained technically at war with germany for two more years |
as a writer of westerns his books include before the colors fade 1971 along our country road 1985 i remember yesteryear 1974 heinhold s first and last chance saloon jack london s rendezvous 1974 and grass grown trails 1981 his writings were cited in his 1985 induction into the cowboy hall of fame outside of that genre he wrote many other books including century on an iowa farm 1959 i remember hastings 1965 political americana 1967 clarence arthur ellsworth artist of the old west 1885 1964 1967 country roads to washington 1976 and rhymes of a plain countryman 1980 |
building information modeling bim is a process supported by various tools technologies and contracts involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places building information models bims are computer files often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data which can be extracted exchanged or networked to support decision making regarding a built asset bim software is used by individuals businesses and government agencies who plan design construct operate and maintain buildings and diverse physical infrastructures such as water refuse electricity gas communication utilities roads railways bridges ports and tunnels |
however the terms building information model and building information modeling including the acronym bim did not become popularly used until some 10 years later in 2002 autodesk released a white paper entitled building information modeling and other software vendors also started to assert their involvement in the field by hosting contributions from autodesk bentley systems and graphisoft plus other industry observers in 2003 jerry laiserin helped popularize and standardize the term as a common name for the digital representation of the building process facilitating exchange and interoperability of information in digital format had previously been offered under differing terminology by graphisoft as virtual building bentley systems as integrated project models and by autodesk or vectorworks as building information modeling |
the pioneering role of applications such as rucaps sonata and reflex has been recognized by laiserin as well as the uk s royal academy of engineering due to the complexity of gathering all the relevant information when working with bim some companies have developed software designed specifically to work in a bim framework these applications differ from architectural drafting tools such as autocad by allowing the addition of further information time cost manufacturers details sustainability and maintenance information etc to the building model |
an early bim standard was the cimsteel integration standard cis 2 a product model and data exchange file format for structural steel project information cimsteel computer integrated manufacturing of constructional steelwork cis 2 enables seamless and integrated information exchange during the design and construction of steel framed structures it was developed by the university of leeds and the uk s steel construction institute in the late 1990s with inputs from georgia tech and was approved by the american institute of steel construction as its data exchange format for structural steel in 2000 |
construction operations building information exchange cobie is also associated with bim cobie was devised by bill east of the united states army corps of engineers in 2007 and helps capture and record equipment lists product data sheets warranties spare parts lists and preventive maintenance schedules this information is used to support operations maintenance and asset management once a built asset is in service in december 2011 it was approved by the us based national institute of building sciences as part of its national building information model nbims us standard cobie has been incorporated into software and may take several forms including spreadsheet ifc and ifcxml in early 2013 buildingsmart was working on a lightweight xml format cobielite which became available for review in april 2013 in september 2014 a code of practice regarding cobie was issued as a british standard bs 1192 4 |
traditional building design was largely reliant upon two dimensional technical drawings plans elevations sections etc building information modeling extends the three primary spatial dimensions width height and depth incorporating information about time so called 4d bim cost 5d bim asset management sustainability etc bim therefore covers more than just geometry it also covers spatial relationships geospatial information quantities and properties of building components for example manufacturers details and enables a wide range of collaborative processes relating to the built asset from initial planning through to construction and then throughout its operational life |
bim authoring tools present a design as combinations of objects vague and undefined generic or product specific solid shapes or void space oriented like the shape of a room that carry their geometry relations and attributes bim applications allow extraction of different views from a building model for drawing production and other uses these different views are automatically consistent being based on a single definition of each object instance bim software also defines objects parametrically that is the objects are defined as parameters and relations to other objects so that if a related object is amended dependent ones will automatically also change each model element can carry attributes for selecting and ordering them automatically providing cost estimates as well as material tracking and ordering |
for the professionals involved in a project bim enables a virtual information model to be shared by the design team architects landscape architects surveyors civil structural and building services engineers etc the main contractor and subcontractors and the owner operator each professional adds discipline specific data to the shared model commonly a federated model which combines several different disciplines models into one combining models enables visualisation of all models in a single environment better coordination and development of designs enhanced clash avoidance and detection and improved time and cost decision making |
for example a building owner may find evidence of a leak in his building rather than exploring the physical building he may turn to the model and see that a water valve is located in the suspect location he could also have in the model the specific valve size manufacturer part number and any other information ever researched in the past pending adequate computing power such problems were initially addressed by leite and akinci when developing a vulnerability representation of facility contents and threats for supporting the identification of vulnerabilities in building emergencies |
there have been attempts at creating information models for older pre existing facilities approaches include referencing key metrics such as the facility condition index fci or using 3d laser scanning surveys and photogrammetry techniques separately or in combination or digitizing traditional building surveying methodologies by using mobile technology to capture accurate measurements and operation related information about the asset that can be used as the basis for a model trying to model a building constructed in say 1927 requires numerous assumptions about design standards building codes construction methods materials etc and is therefore more complex than building a model during design |