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SCOPUS_ID:84891162964

'We're the nurses': Metaphor in the discourse of workplace socialisation

New employees face a challenging task when integrating into a new work context as they are exposed to unfamiliar interactional norms and workplace practices. This study explores the role of metaphor during the acquisition of such norms and practices through an analysis of interaction between a skilled Chinese migrant intern and his assigned mentor in the accounting team of a New Zealand government department. The study identifies metaphorical language used during the workplace socialisation period as forming multiple emergent metaphor structures which play a key role in forming a cohesive picture of 'the way we do things round here'. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

SCOPUS_ID:84923184466

'Well i don't feel that': Schemas, worlds and authentic reading in the classroom

This article explores reading in the English classroom through a cognitive linguistic lens. In particular, we consider how students' ability to engage with a text, which we term authentic reading, can be facilitated or restricted. We draw on two case studies featuring Year 7 students working with the novel Holes (Sachar 2000), and the short story 'The man who shouted Teresa' (Calvino 1996) respectively, and argue for the benefits of using cognitive linguistics as a tool for teachers and researchers to 'think with' when considering reading in the classroom.

SCOPUS_ID:0036103356

'What an ugly baby!' Risk dominance, sympathy, and the coordination of meaning

The understanding of coordination games has increased greatly over the last thirty years through advances in game theory and tests in experimental economics laboratories. A given utterance, of necessity, is a puzzle and creates a coordination game of meaning. The solution principles used in this game should be consistent with those found in all coordination games, and can explain certain elements of pragmatics: in particular, when a speaker can successfully employ irony, metaphor, humor, hints, indirectness, and implication.

SCOPUS_ID:0036020998

'What did you say'?: Understanding conversational breakdowns in children with speech and language impairments

The study examined the types of mistakes children make during conversations with a familiar partner. The current investigation differs from previous studies because it asked what it is about the language of children with specific language impairment and phonological disorder (SLI:PD) that causes mothers to ask for clarification. Videotaped interactions were coded with the Breakdown Coding System to describe breakdowns. Not surprisingly, results indicated that children with SLI:PD were more difficult to understand than peers because of phonological errors and reduced intelligibility, supporting long-held beliefs about the functional impact of phonological impairments. Less predictable, however, was the finding that when children with SLI:PD were intelligible, mothers had more difficulty understanding them because of ambiguous utterances and underspecified pronouns, or because of semantically inappropriate or inaccurate information. Implications are discussed, and breakdown descriptions are presented as a useful supplement to current assessment methods and intervention planning.

SCOPUS_ID:85026661755

'What is this corpus about?': Using topic modelling to explore a specialised corpus

This paper introduces topic modelling, a machine learning technique that automatically identifies 'topics' in a given corpus. The paper illustrates its use in the exploration of a corpus of academic English. It first offers the intuitive explanation of the underlying mechanism of topic modelling and describes the procedure for building a model, including the decisions involved in the model-building process. The paper then explores the model. A topic in topic models is characterised by a set of co-occurring words, and we will demonstrate that such topics bring us rich insights into the nature of a corpus. As exemplary tasks, this paper identifies the prominent topics in different parts of papers, investigates the chronological change of a journal, and reveals different types of papers in the journal. The paper further compares topic modelling to two more traditional techniques in corpus linguistics, semantic annotation and keywords analysis, and highlights the strengths of topic modelling.We believe that topic modelling is particularly useful in the initial exploration of a corpus.

SCOPUS_ID:61849134453

'What lay ahead...': A media portrayal of disability and assisted suicide

Our society treats people with disabilities in an inequitable manner when compared with non-disabled people. This marginalisation is especially telling in the area of end-of-life issues. The confounding of disability with terminal illness can support practices of encouraging death via assisted suicide and other means for people who, although vulnerable, are not at the end of their lives. The purpose of this paper is to examine a series of news articles covering a Canadian story of assisted suicide. From 2004-2006, newspapers followed the case of Marielle Houle, a mother accused of assisting her son in committing suicide. Although he had a disabling condition at the time of his death, Fariala was not at the end of his life. We use the analytical framework of critical discourse analysis to understand what role, if any, the press played in creating and reinforcing larger societal assumptions about living and dying with a disability. © 2009 nasen.

SCOPUS_ID:0033637902

'What makes you think you exist?': A speech move schematic and its application to pinter's the birthday party

This paper presents and defends a basic scheme of four primary speech moves (Informs, Questions, Requests, and Undertakings) and a fifth secondary one (Acknowledgements), which it is claimed allow a rough parsing of typical interactions. The scheme is then put to work in the discourse analysis of one play-scene, the interrogation scene in Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party. The discussion is focussed on the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the speech move scheme and the selectivity entailed in applying it in interpretation. The scheme is offered as one possible component, but one with general validity and ease of use, in the array of analytical resources that must be invoked to foster the detailed analyses of interaction - literary stylistic or otherwise - that we ultimately require. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:85046255077

'What should a woman do and imagine to have bulimia?': Co-constructing patient expertise in psychotherapy with bulimia patients

One of the goals of psychotherapy with bulimia patients is identification of the functions of the eating disorder in their lives. Thus, as in any psychotherapeutic approach, the therapist should facilitate the patient's disclosure of his or her experience of living with bulimia. Talking about one's dysphoric experiences and, particularly in the case of bulimia, symptoms and experiences that commonly deprive people with bulimia of dignity, constitutes an emotional challenge for the patient and an equally challenging interactional task for the therapist. Using the example of one therapy session with a female bulimia patient, we examine how the therapist and the patient interactionally engage in co-constructing the patient's expertise - involving epistemics of experience as well as epistemics of expertise - concerning the illness in the interactional here-and-now. Applying tools and insights from discourse and conversation analysis, we examine the sequences in which the patient shifts the topical focus from a general observation concerning bulimia to her personal experience, to be further pursued interactionally by the therapist. We also discuss how the therapist downgrades her epistemic position and (concurrently) foregrounds and olsters the patient's voice as expert to accomplish the session's therapeutic goals.

SCOPUS_ID:85131885745

'Where do I come from?' Interrogating imagined childbirth within a sexuality education museum exhibit

This paper critically explores the pedagogy of Science World in creating disciplined, birthing patients within the sexuality education BodyWorks gallery on display in Vancouver, Canada. Using Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis, I explore the ways in which power/knowledge circulates to regulate and de-agentalise bodies in a science museum encounter. I consider the regimes of truth that emerge regarding the good/right/correct way to give birth and to be a woman: that is, as White, heteronormative, slender, conforming, always a mother, but and mostly a uterus. In exposing regimes of truth within the encountered curriculum of the science museum, the hope is that sexuality educators might (re)consider space for the unruly and awe-ful within pedagogies of childbirth.

SCOPUS_ID:85077814814

'Where is My Parcel?' Fast and Efficient Classifiers to Detect User Intent in Natural Language

We study the performance of customer intent classifiers designed to predict the most popular intent received through ASOS.com Customer Care Department, namely 'Where is my order?'. These queries are characterised by the use of colloquialism, label noise and short message length. We conduct extensive experiments with twowell established classification models: logistic regression via n-grams to account for sequences in the dataand recurrent neural networks that perform the extraction of these sequential patterns automatically. Maintaining the embedding layer fixed to GloVe coordinates, a Mann-Whitney U test indicated that the F1 score on aheld out set of messages was lower for recurrent neural network classifiers than for linear n-grams classifiers (M1=0.828, M2=0.815; U=1, 196, P=1.46e-20), unless all layers were jointly trained with all other network parameters (M1=0.831, M2=0.828, U=4, 280, P=8.24e-4). This plain neural network produced top performance on a denoised set of labels (0.887 F1) matching with Human annotators (0.889 F1) and superior to linear classifiers (0.865 F1). Calibrating these models to achieveprecision levels above Human performance (0.93 Precision), our results indicate a small difference in Recall of 0.05 for the plain neural networks (training under 1hr), and 0.07 for the linear n-grams (training under 10min), revealing the latter as a judicious choice of model architecture in modern AI production systems.

SCOPUS_ID:84863873053

'Who am I?': Exploring identity in online discussion forums

Identity became apparent as an important theme while investigating the role of interaction in the asynchronous discussion forums of an online post-graduate TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) education subject. Identity emerged through dialogic choices as students projected an impression of themselves, negotiated their positioning within the group, and established what was valued in this context. Without usual face-to-face meaning making cues, what students post to the forums carry the load of what they mean. Discourse analysis of the initial forums using systemic functional linguistics, provided insights into how identity was being constructed concurrently through interpersonal manoeuvring. This reveals a process of multiple identity construction, with the effect of perceived negative identity discussed. The impact of different tasks on identity formation is also considered. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

SCOPUS_ID:50249174601

'Who do you think you're talking to?' - The discourse of learning and teaching strategies

As part of the ongoing enhancement and assurance of quality in the UK higher education sector, universities have been required by the Higher Education Funding Council of England to prepare learning and teaching strategies since 1999. As part of an institutional strategy development process, an investigation of currently available strategies was carried out. The research reported here uses a critical discourse approach to analyse a sample of UK learning and teaching strategies. The results show a set of highly impersonalized texts, where staff are largely absent and students are objectified. Such findings raise questions about whether the learning and teaching strategy discourse disengages the very people who 'make and shape' policy, thus inhibiting institutional enhancement of learning and teaching practices. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

SCOPUS_ID:84860471755

'Why Don't They Just Do What We Tell Them?' Different Alcohol Prevention Discourses in Denmark

In recent decades great focus has been placed on the excessive consumption of alcohol by young Danes. In this connection, Danish parents have been called upon by the national health authorities to function as prevention workers with a view to reducing their children's alcohol intake. Parallel to these efforts, and also responding to the increase in drinking by young people, efforts to reduce the harm caused by the drinking practices of adolescents have grown bottom-up among parents. In this article we identify and compare these two seemingly contrasting discourses, both of which influence the prevention field: a public alcohol prevention discourse and an everyday discourse, respectively. The analysis is based on alcohol legislation, public health programmes and national alcohol recommendations, as well as on a qualitative study of a special Danish phenomenon: parties for young people organized by parents. In the two discourses alcohol consumption is presented differently. However, traditionally liberal Danish alcohol policy plays an important role in both: the central feature of this policy relies on individual control rather than on public regulation. © 2012 SAGE Publications and Young Editorial Board.

SCOPUS_ID:84880387132

'Women of the diaspora': A feminist critical discourse analysis of migration narratives of dual career Zimbabwean migrants

This study explores the establishment and maintenance of gendered ideologies and practices within the household of dual career Zimbabwean migrants in the Diaspora, viewedfrom the lens of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis. With a limited sample, the study explores the construction of gendered identities by analysing language use in responses to photographs of men engaged in activities that, in normative gender discourses, are considered 'women's work. Drawing on qualitative data in the form of responses to inter-discursive photographs, the findings suggest that patriarchal norms significantly influence responses, which may reflect the establishment and maintenance of gendered 'cultural' identities and roles regarding household tasks. On the one hand, household tasks are viewed as indexical of femininity and the upholding of African cultural value systems, thus naturalizing the association of women with the home. Some women 'collude' in reinforcing divisive patriarchal and familial beliefs about female and male roles and view any potential reconstruction of gendered identity within the household as a transgression of socioculturally prescribed behavioural norms for women while others contest such stereotypes. On the other hand, when confronted with the need to take on childcare and other domestic duties traditionally ascribed to women, while at the same time being under considerable pressure to live up to accepted masculine ideals of their home countries, male migrants experience a loss of identity as family provider, leading to a redefinition and reproduction of a 'new' patriarchal position within the household based on remembered significance. © 2013, EQUINOX PUBLISHING.

SCOPUS_ID:85097714304

'You are an idiot!' - How conversational agent communication patterns influence frustration and harassment

Conversational Agents (CA) in the form of digital assistants on smartphones, chatbots on social media, or physical embodied systems are an increasingly often applied new form of user interfaces for digital systems. The human-like design of CAs (e.g., having names, greeting users, and using self-references) leads to users subconsciously reacting to them as they were interacting with a human. In recent research, it has been shown that this social component of interacting with a CA leads to various benefits, such as increased service satisfaction, enjoyment, and trust. However, numerous CAs were discontinued because of inadequate responses to user requests or only making errors because of the limited functionalities and knowledge of a CA, which can lead to frustration. Therefore, investigating the causes of frustration and other related emotions and reactions highly relevant. Against this background, this study investigates via an online experiment with 169 participants how different communication patterns influence user's perception, frustration, and harassment behavior of an error producing CA.

SCOPUS_ID:54249148038

'You can't do it.. it's theory rather than practice': Staff use of the practice/principle rhetorical device in talk on empowering people with learning disabilities

This study explores the discourses of support staff of people with learning disabilities talking about how choices and control are promoted or denied for service-users. A semi-structured interview based on issues identified in the White Paper 'Valuing People' was administered to 15 professional care-givers of people with learning disabilities. These were transcribed and analysed using discourse analysis. The analysis demonstrated the use of two dominant discursive themes: increasing autonomy and practicalities talk. These themes were frequently mobilized together in a manner that paralleled what Wetherell et al. (1987) termed a 'practice/ principle rhetorical device,' to argue against increasing choices and control. The implications of this are discussed, as are the subject positions offered to staff and service-users. Copyright © 2008 SAGE Publications.

SCOPUS_ID:77955666371

'You can't' but 'I do': Rules, ethics and the significance of shifts in pronominal forms for self-positioning in talk

Mulhaüsler and Harré contend that pronoun systems set out fields of expression 'within which people can be . . . presented as agents of one kind or another'. Despite interest in pronominal forms by various discourse researchers, analysis of pronouns-in-use from this perspective remains underdeveloped. This article undertakes such an analysis, drawing on Rees's theories about the 'distance from the self' encoded in different pronouns. Our data, from interviews analysed as talk-in-interaction, show participants shifting between pronominal registers as a way of presenting their social world and positioning themselves as agents within it. 'Fourth-person' pronouns allow the distancing of reports of lack of agency from the deictic centre of self and express a 'deontic modality' through which one can position oneself in relation to moral imperatives. Along with shifts into and out of the first-person register, this is notably used to maintain an agentive self-positioning in talk about situations of relative powerlessness. © The Author(s) 2010.

SCOPUS_ID:70749144446

'You could take this topic and get a fistfight going': Communicating about feminism in interviews

In this article, I analyze discourse from three group interviews to come to a better understanding of how young people communicate about feminism and the factors that can complicate and disrupt this communication. I analyze both the ways that the interview, as a speech event, evokes expectations and assumptions in participants and shapes how they interact, and how participants' ideologies about feminism affect the way the interviews transpire. An equally important component of my project was to explore how feminism could translate into a research method. Throughout this article, I reflexively examine my research practices and analyses and identify the successes and shortcomings I had while attempting to conduct a research study consistent with feminist values. © 2009 SAGE Publications.

SCOPUS_ID:0031485219

'You get the nicotine and that in your blood' - Constructions of addiction and control in women's accounts of cigarette smoking

In this study discourse analysis was used in order to gain a greater understanding of the multiple meanings that women smokers attach to cigarette smoking. The discursive constructions used by women to explain and justify their smoking behaviour were identified by analysing the transcripts of four semi-structured interviews. All respondents framed their accounts of cigarette smoking within a discourse of addiction, reflecting the prevalence of this construction within the disciplines of medicine, psychology and health promotion. The deterministic and disempowering implications of this discourse are discussed in relation to the subsequent identification of constructions of control and self-regulation which were utilized by most of the respondents. This article also discusses the significance and implications of these discursive constructions to health promotion efforts. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

SCOPUS_ID:84924759985

'You have to do 60 minutes of physical activity per day .. I saw it on TV': Children's constructions of play in the context of Canadian public health discourse of playing for health.

Public health institutions in many industrialised countries have been launching calls to address childhood obesity. As part of these efforts, Canadian physical activity campaigns have recently introduced children's play as a critical component of obesity prevention strategies. We consider this approach problematic as it may reshape the meanings and affective experiences of play for children. Drawing on the analytical concept of biopedagogies, we place Canadian public health discourse on play in dialogue with children's constructions of play to examine first, how play is promoted within obesity prevention strategies and second, whether children take up this public health discourse. Our findings suggest that: (i) the public health discourse on active play is taken up and reproduced by some children. However, for other children sedentary play is important for their social and emotional wellbeing; (ii) while active play is deemed to be a solution to the risk of obesity, it also embodies contradictions over risk in play, which children have to negotiate. We argue that the active play discourse, which valorises some representations of play (that is, active) while obscuring others (that is, sedentary), is reshaping meanings of play for children, and that this may have unintended consequences for children's wellbeing.

SCOPUS_ID:85018844180

'You have to do 60 minutes of physical activity per day ... I saw it on TV': Children's constructions of play in the context of Canadian public health discourse of playing for health

Public health institutions in many industrialised countries have been launching calls to address childhood obesity. As part of these efforts, Canadian physical activity campaigns have recently introduced children's play as a critical component of obesity prevention strategies. We consider this approach problematic as it may reshape the meanings and affective experiences of play for children. Drawing on the analytical concept of biopedagogies, we place Canadian public health discourse on play in dialogue with children's constructions of play to examine first, how play is promoted within obesity prevention strategies and second, whether children take up this public health discourse. Our findings suggest that: (i) the public health discourse on active play is taken up and reproduced by some children. However, for other children sedentary play is important for their social and emotional wellbeing; (ii) while active play is deemed to be a solution to the risk of obesity, it also embodies contradictions over risk in play, which children have to negotiate. We argue that the active play discourse, which valorises some representations of play (that is, active) while obscuring others (that is, sedentary), is reshaping meanings of play for children, and that this may have unintended consequences for children's wellbeing.

SCOPUS_ID:85007416081

'You're not really a visitor, you're just a friend': How older volunteers navigate home visiting

At the intersection of increasing social support needs due to population ageing and the promotion of older age as a time of contribution and social connection, volunteering is an important focus with advantages for older people. One service that addresses both these imperatives is home visiting services. Home visiting services connect home visitors with isolated older people. To examine how older people navigate volunteering for a home visiting service, six visitors were interviewed and the interviews were analysed using discourse analysis. A professionalism discourse was used to construct home visiting as a structured social support service that improved the lives of isolated older people. A personal relationship discourse constructed home visiting as an opportunity to forge long-term relationships that benefit both parties. At times these two discourses created tension for home visitors. Examining how the home visiting service is described by the service organisation online explains these tensions. The online materials construct active older volunteers as providing professional services while those they visit are constructed as receiving friendship. These discourses provide different ageing identities for visitors from those they visit, which contributes to the difficulties in navigating home visiting services. Addressing these tensions will enable service co-ordinators to better meet the needs of both visitors and clients in the context of increasing need for such services.

SCOPUS_ID:84867244499

'You've got to teach people that racism is wrong and then they won't be racist': Curricular representations and young people's understandings of 'race' and racism

This paper critically examines the discursive (mis) representation of 'race' and racism in the formal curriculum. Combining qualitative data derived from interviews with 35 young people who were enrolled in a Dublin-based, ethnically diverse secondary school, with a critical discursive analysis of 20 textbooks, the paper explores parallels between young people's understandings of 'race' and racism and curricular representations of these constructs. It is argued that the formal education system reinforces, rather than challenges, popular theories of racism, and endorses the ideological framework of colour-blind racism by providing definitions and explanations which individualize, minimize, and naturalize racism. The analysis centres on four major inter-related themes: (1) the individualization of racism; (2) the attribution of racism to difference; (3) the role of narratives of denial and redemption in the construction of an 'anti-racist' state; and (4) the reification of 'race'. The final section of the paper seeks to synthesize some of the broader political and ethical consequences and ideological effects of dominant discourses on 'race' and racism, and offers some concrete illustrations of how 'race' and racism could be re-narrativized in schools. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

SCOPUS_ID:0344069756

'Young at heart': Discourses of age identity in travel agency interaction

This paper examines, through discourse analysis at a micro level, how age identities become interactionally constructed through talk. After a brief overview of the constructivist arguments, the focus is on a single-case interaction between an older client couple and three travel agency assistants. The various means by which age is made salient by the participants and the ensuing age identities that are created for and by the couple in particular are investigated. The images of the 'elderly' as portrayed in holiday brochures, providing one dimension of the context of this encounter and being significant in older travellers' self-identity construction, are also looked at. It is argued that discourse analysis has a useful contribution to make in social gerontology in that it can illuminate the interactive processes through which ageing and old age can be defined.

SCOPUS_ID:85018209939

'Your comments are meaner than your score': Score calibration talk influences intra- and inter-panel variability during scientific grant peer review

In scientific grant peer review, groups of expert scientists meet to engage in the collaborative decision-making task of evaluating and scoring grant applications. Prior research on grant peer review has established that inter-reviewer reliability is typically poor. In the current study, experienced reviewers for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) were recruited to participate in one of four constructed peer review panel meetings. Each panel discussed and scored the same pool of recently reviewed NIH grant applications. We examined the degree of intra-panel variability in panels' scores of the applications before versus after collaborative discussion, and the degree of inter-panel variability. We also analyzed videotapes of reviewers' interactions for instances of one particular form of discourse-Score Calibration Talk-as one factor influencing the variability we observe. Results suggest that although reviewers within a single panel agree more following collaborative discussion, different panels agree less after discussion, and Score Calibration Talk plays a pivotal role in scoring variability during peer review. We discuss implications of this variability for the scientific peer review process.

SCOPUS_ID:80051935119

'getting people on board': Discursive leadership for consensus building in team meetings

Meetings are increasingly seen as sites where organizing and strategic change take place, but the role of specific discursive strategies and related linguistic-pragmatic and argumentative devices, employed by meeting chairs, is little understood. The purpose of this article is to address the range of behaviours of chairs in business organizations by comparing strategies employed by the same chief executive officer (CEO) in two key meeting genres: regular management team meetings and 'away-days'. While drawing on research from organization studies on the role of leadership in meetings and studies of language in the workplace from (socio)linguistics and discourse studies, we abductively identified five salient discursive strategies which meeting chairs employ in driving decision making: (1) Bonding; (2) Encouraging; (3) Directing; (4) Modulating; and (5) Re/Committing. We investigate the leadership styles of the CEO in both meeting genres via a multi-level approach using empirical data drawn from meetings of a single management team in a multinational defence corporation. Our key findings are, first, that the chair of the meetings (and leading manager) influences the outcome of the meetings in both negative and positive ways, through the choice of discursive strategies. Second, it becomes apparent that the specific context and related meeting genre mediate participation and the ability of the chair to control interactions within the team. Third, a more hierarchical authoritarian or a more interpersonal egalitarian leadership style can be identified via specific combinations of these five discursive strategies. The article concludes that the egalitarian leadership style increases the likelihood of achieving a durable consensus. Several related avenues for research are outlined. © The Author(s) 2011.

SCOPUS_ID:34248850642

'only' as a determiner and as a generalized quantifier

Two types of linguistic theories have been particularly concerned with the analysis of 'only': pragmatics, in particular focus theory and presupposition theory, and generalized quantifier (GQ) theory, the latter in the negative sense that it has been eager to show that 'only' is not a GQ. Judging from such analyses, then, it would appear that the analysis of 'only' is not at home in the grammar of natural language. The main negative point of the present article is to dispute this. The main positive point is the observation that there are strong relationships between 'all', 'the' and 'only'. We propose a way to account for them. © 1991 N.I.S. Foundation (1991).

SCOPUS_ID:85083889129

(A)Symmetry in vowel features in verbs and pseudoverbs: ERP evidence

This paper examines the processing of height and place contrasts in vowels in words and pseudowords, using mismatch negativity (MMN) to determine firstly whether asymmetries resulting from underlying representations found in the processing of vowels in isolation will remain in a word context and secondly whether there is any difference in the way these phonological differences manifest in pseudowords. The stimuli are two sets of English ablaut verbs and corresponding pseudowords (sit ~ sat/*sif ~ *saf and get ~ got/*gef ~ *gof) contrasting in vowel height ([HIGH] vs. [LOW]) and place of articulation ([CORONAL] vs. [DORSAL]). In line with previous research, the results show a processing asymmetry for place of articulation in both words and nonwords, while different vowel heights result in symmetrical MMN patterns. These findings confirm that an underspecification account provides the best explanation for featural processing and that phonological information is independent of lexical status.

SCOPUS_ID:85139740453

(AL)BERT Down the Garden Path: Psycholinguistic Experiments for Pre-trained Language Models

This study compared the syntactic capabilities of several neural language models (LMs) including Transformers (BERT / ALBERT) and LSTM and investigated whether they exhibit human-like syntactic representations through a targeted evaluation approach, a method to evaluate the syntactic processing ability of LMs using sentences designed for psycholinguistic experiments. By employing garden-path structures with several linguistic manipulations, whether LMs detect temporary ungrammaticality and use a linguistic cue such as plausibility, transitivity, and morphology is assessed. The results showed that both Transformers and LSTM exploited several linguistic cues for incremental syntactic processing, comparable to human syntactic processing. They differed, however, in terms of whether and how they use each linguistic cue. Overall, Transformers had a more human-like syntactic representation than LSTM, given their higher sensitivity to plausibility and ability to retain information from previous words. Meanwhile, the number of parameters does not seem to undermine the performance of LMs, contrary to what was predicted in previous studies. Through these findings, this research sought to contribute to a greater understanding of the syntactic processing of neural language models as well as human language processing.

SCOPUS_ID:84987796844

(Almost) never letting go: Inference retention during text understanding

This chapter describes the conditional retention theory and its implications in detail, and shows how conditional retention in a modular processing framework accounts for a wide range of recent experimental data on lexical disambiguation. The chapter presents an argument for the theory that provides a coherent account of the various ways in which different contextual conditions influence facilitation of word meanings throughout the time course of lexical access. The chapter discusses the relationship between these two disambiguation processes, which leads to a more unified theory of language understanding. Conditional retention provides a mechanism by which incorrect lexical decisions can be corrected for supplanting incorrect decisions. Conditional retention also explains the different time courses for facilitation of meanings in a variety of conditions: dominant and subordinate meanings, contextually appropriate and inappropriate meanings, words in isolation, words in biasing contexts, and words in non biasing contexts. The principle of conditional retention also provides a new perspective to view the pragmatic inference decision process.

SCOPUS_ID:85030719529

(Anti-)Latinate syntax in Renaissance dialogue: Romance translations of Erasmus's Uxor Mempsigamos

Romance texts translated from Latin-especially in the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance period- A re supposed to contain numerous syntactic phenomena which can be explained as direct calques from the source text. Nevertheless, scholars often refer exclusively to this phenomenon i.e. the calque itself or Latinism when talking about Latinate constructions. Hence why other interesting related phenomena which are very significant in relation to the attitude adopted by the translator towards the syntax of the Latin text still remain almost neglected. Indeed, having an all-inclusive panorama of the syntactic possibilities available to the translator with regard to the original text also requires taking into account translational solutions other than the calque-Latinism-, which is the reason for the introduction of the terms Anti-Latinism, Hyper-Latinism, and Hetero-Latinism in my paper. The present study, based on a corpus of nine different 16th-century Romance translations-Spanish, Italian, French-of Erasmus's dialogue Uxor mempsigamos, aims to verify the extent to which Latinate syntactic strategies are actually common in the translations under analysis as well as to check whether the reason for such strategies stems from the source text itself or they occur regardless of the latter.

SCOPUS_ID:85008235627

(Aspect, rating) summarization based on topic model

This paper proposes a topic model TMPP (Topic Model based on Phrase Parameter), which can extract the aspects and associated with their ratings for the evaluated entities in online reviews. TMPP has three characterisitcs: (1)It assumes the review is represented as a bag-of-phrase. (2)It extends the document-topic parameter from the standard LDA as a set of (aspect, rating). (3)It incorporates the prior knowledge. We introduce the physical meaning of each parameter for the TMPP, the generative process for the TMPP and the representation of the prior knowledge. Furthermore, the reason and advantage of incorporating the aspect cluster into the TMPP are presented; the mechanism of obtaining the (aspect, rating) is also given by extracting the aspects and associated with their ratings from the online product reviews. We conduct extensive experiments on a very large real life dataset from taobao. com and find that TMPP can produce high quality (aspect, rating) summarization if each review has an overall rating by comparing the performance between existing baseline models and TMPP.

SCOPUS_ID:84874262016

(Big) usage data in web search

Web Search, which takes its root in the mature field of information retrieval, evolved tremendously over the last 15 years. The field encountered its first revolution when it started to deal with huge amounts of Web pages. Then, a major step was accomplished when engines started to consider the structure of the Web graph and leveraged link analysis in both crawling and ranking. Finally, a more discrete, but no less critical step, was made when search engines started to monitor and exploit the numerous (mostly implicit) signals provided by users while interacting with the search engine. In this tutorial we focus on this "revolution" of large scale usage data. In the first part of this tutorial, we focus on usage data, which typically refers to any type of information provided by the user while interacting with the search engine. It comes first under its raw form as a set of individual signals, but is typically mined after multiple signals have been aggregated and linked to the same interaction event. The two major types of such data are (1) query streams, which include the query string that the user issued, together with the time-stamp of the query, a user identifier, possibly the IP of the machine on which the browser runs, and (2) click data, which include the reference to the element the user clicked on the page together with the timestamp, user identifier, possibly IP, the rank of the link if it is a result, etc. Exploiting usage data under its multiple forms brought an unprecedented wealth of implicit information to Web Search. We discuss in the second part of this tutorial some of the key Web search applications that it made possible. One such example is the query spelling correction feature embodied now in all search engines. In fact, after years of very sophisticated spell checking research, simply counting similar queries at a small edit distance would in most cases surface the most popular spelling as the correct one, a beautiful and simple demonstration of the wisdom of crowds principle. © 2013 Authors.

SCOPUS_ID:85081730058

(De)legitimation of monolingual ideologies in a US teachers’ online forum

The prevalence of English monolingualism in the current sociopolitical public has well been documented in the field of educational linguistics. In the United States, the monolingual underpinnings of educational policies have been criticized extensively for putting language minority (LM) students at a disadvantage. An important consequence of such policies is that teachers, who are in the position to enact them, could internalize the covert ideological underpinnings, and in turn, engage in the reproduction of unequal power structure through teaching and discursive practices. Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Linguistics, this study examines the teacher discourse produced in an online forum and explores how they talk about language, monolingualism, and multilingualism. Adopting Van Leeuwen’s [2008. Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford University Press] categorization of legitimation strategies, the analysis illustrates some prevalent ways in which (de)legitimation strategies are used to reinforce marginalization of LM students. Also, the study shows examples of counter discourse among those who advocate for more bi/multilingual and inclusive ways to work with LM students. The paper further discusses the role of teachers’ discursive practices in reproducing and maintaining predominant monolingual ideologies and practices.

SCOPUS_ID:84875103037

(De)legitimising hunting - Discourses over the morality of hunting in Europe and eastern Africa

Hunting is an activity that appears to provoke - often immediate and strongly pronounced - moral assessments, i.e., judgments of what is 'right' or 'wrong'. A large body of literature explores these moral arguments, often from a philosophical or normative perspective, focusing on specific types of hunting. However, studies that ground such explorations in empirical, systematically analysed, yet contextualised data seem to be missing. We argue that such an approach is essential to understand conflicts over hunting and wildlife management, and present data from focus group discussions and interviews with hunters, non-hunters and hunting critics across six countries in Europe and eastern Africa. Our findings suggest that moral arguments play an extremely important role in the legitimation and delegitimation of hunting practices through discourse. In particular, study participants referred to the motives of hunters as a factor that, in their eyes, determined the acceptability of hunting practices. Moral argumentations exhibited patterns that were common across study sites, such as a perceived moral superiority of the 'moderate' and 'measured', and a lack of legitimacy of the 'excessive'. Implicit orders of hunting motives were used to legitimise types of hunting that were suspected to be contested. On the basis of these findings, we discuss how the moral elements of hunting discourses relate to broader discourses on environmental management, and how these are used to establish (or dispute) the legitimacy of hunting. Our analysis also suggests that there might be more overlap between moral arguments of hunters, non-hunters and hunting critics than popularly assumed, which, where required, could be used as a starting point for conflict management. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

SCOPUS_ID:84959052033

(De-)legitimizing medical professional discourses: evaluations from foreign English teachers in Japan

Utilizing Donal Carbaugh's work on Cultural Discourse Analysis, this study explores the intersection of language, intercultural, and health communication within the context of globalization by focusing upon foreign language teachers as migrant workers. As part of a larger study interviewing 49 migrant workers in Japan, this study focuses upon 10 specific individual accounts of Assistant English Language Teachers' (ALTs) medical encounters and interactions with Japanese medical providers (JMPs) in Japan to uncover: (a) discursive practices ALTs use to (de)-legitimize JMPs and (b) cultural assumptions ALTs expect of JMPs. In particular, three ways are uncovered wherein terms of talk between ALTs and JMPs influenced perceptions and conceptions of medical interaction in Japan. First, place was rendered meaningful by ALTs by using two interrelated terms: ‘back home' and ‘here.' Such demarcations operated to (de)-legitimize the medical professional's practices, procedures, and credibility. Second, construals of ‘good' and ‘bad' providers are highlighted as ALTs attempted to make sense of their medical interactions. Finally, the relationship between ALTs’ conception of space and place are considered in light of ALTs’ provider construals. Theoretical, practical, and future implications are discussed.

SCOPUS_ID:84903614395

(Des)contextualized assessment of the english language in primary teaching - The distance between theory and practice

Current paper analyzes evaluations of the theoretical proposal of contextualized assessment (from PCNs) and the contingency of this practice. The corpus comprised ten assessments provided by teachers to students of the 6th to 9th grades of elementary government schools in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Analyzed documents revealed emphasis on systemic aspects, especially grammar correction, through objective and structured exercises. There does not seem to be any interaction with the student; activities are predominantly abstract, with only slight significance. This may be due to the language concepts of the teachers and which guided their practice. Such a concept sees language as an idealized construct unrelated to world reality and which reduces learning to the knowledge of grammar.

SCOPUS_ID:85081583094

(Detection and recovery effects of wrongly written characters in context among readers of chinese as a second language)

Reading processes are an important issue in psycholinguistics. Scholars have different opinions about the processes and cognitive models involved in reading. Moreover, whether wrongly written Chinese characters can be detected and restored in context is also the focus of much research (among which the relationship and role of orthographic layers, phonological layers, and semantic layers also lead to different views and divergent opinions). With the support of modern science and technology, eye movement experiments can be used to record and analyze the actual cognitive processes of readers. This study explores whether there is any effect on detecting and restoring wrongly written characters in context for readers of Chinese as a second language. How phonetics and orthography are linked to each other are used to further explore and discuss the above controversy. Therefore, based on the connectionist model this study uses an eye movement experiment to analyze the recognition speed of similar orthography, similar phonetics and orthography, and homophones in the correct context for Chinese learners from different language backgrounds (Sino-sphere and non-Sino-sphere) and different language levels. Through a comprehensive analysis of three variables, early eye movement indicators (first fixation duration and first run dwell time) are analyzed. Visual time and late eye movement indicators (total dwell time, regression path duration, and fixation count) are used to illustrate the recognition sequence and speed between orthography, phonology and semantics. In the process, a more specific connectionist model is established. Five noteworthy results are clear: (1) There is no significant difference in eye movement between sentences with and without wrongly written characters, so it is believed that the words can be read smoothly by learners, that is, the wrongly written character can be automatically repaired to complete the understanding of words and sentences. (2) Sino-sphere and non-Sino-sphere learners both show a strong connection between orthographic and semantics in the early recognition process of language, but the effect of recovery and detection of non-Sino-sphere learners is weaker than Sino-sphere learners. (3) Sino-sphere learners recognize better characters that have similar orthography, which means that the connection between orthography and semantics is stronger; the non-Sino-sphere learners recognize better the homophone. In other words, the connection between phonetics and semantics is stronger. (4) In the later stage of the cognitive process of character recognition, Sino-sphere learners rely more on the conversion of phonetics and semantics. Non-Sino-sphere learners have the same decoding speed for the phonetic, orthographic, and combination. (5) In the model of native speakers' recognition, the decodingspeed of the combination of phonetic, orthographic, and combination are the same, and none of them is dominant. Therefore, its cognitive structure is a stable and mature structure in native readers. Overall, learners of Chinese as a second language perform differently in detecting and restoring wrongly written character in reading, and learners of different language backgrounds and language proficiencies have different performance in Chinese character recognition. This has important implications for teaching Chinese characters and words to speakers of other languages. Teachers can learn from this study how to improve teaching methods, and Chinese learners can adopt more scientific and effective learning methods.

SCOPUS_ID:84948979200

(Dis) Union at 150: Collective Memories of Secession

This article reports on the results of an exploratory qualitative study of the collective memories of Secession held by a diverse group of university students (n = 54) at a large southern research institution. Participants completed a survey that asked them to produce a narrative of Secession as well as to rank a selection of heroes and provide an explanation for their ranking. We found that the majority of responses contained elements from different, and even opposing, collective-memory traditions, including the Lost Cause and freedom-quest narratives of the Civil War. The article explores the responses using a theoretical framework based on the socio-cultural theories of language and narrative developed by Bakhtin and Wertsch in light of historical work done on collective memory of the Civil War.

SCOPUS_ID:85045027912

(Dis)Continuity: The cultural intelligence hypothesis reconsidered

According to linguistic functionalism, the cultural theory of language rests on the assumption of general learning abilities in the human individual. Such general intelligence encompasses various capabilities, including an efficient working memory, swift learning from experience, and the ability to plan complex actions under displaced conditions. Over the past two decades, a further hypothesis has emerged that social intelligence, in particular, explains the human-unique ability to engage in linguistic behavior. In this view, humans possess a special predisposition for social cooperation, along with an ability to understand others, not grounded in general intelligence. This trend has produced an unfortunate effect, namely, that the cultural theory of language no longer invokes cognitive continuity, i.e., homology—a critical point originally used to defend functionalism against generative theorizing. The current paper draws attention to this problem and critically analyzes the premises of the social intelligence hypothesis in its opposition to the notion of general intelligence. It concludes that linguistic explanations embracing functionalism are more compatible with claims of continuity in that they can acknowledge, rather than deny, the cultural abilities of nonhuman primates.

SCOPUS_ID:85060616008

(Dis)encountersand (re)arrangements: What would Michel Pêcheux say about a theory of subject for literary journalism?

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the concept of subject used in

SCOPUS_ID:85096961108

(Divergent) participation in the California vowel shift by Korean Americans in Southern California

This study investigates the participation in the California Vowel Shift by Korean Americans in Los Angeles. Five groups of subjects participated in a picture narrative task: First-, 1.5-, and second-generation Korean Americans, Anglo-Californians, and (non-immigrants Korean late learners of English. Results showed a clear distinction between early vs. late bilinguals; while the first-generation Korean Americans and the late learners showed apparent signs of Korean influence, the 1.5- and the second-generation Korean Americans participated in most patterns of the California Vowel Shift. However, divergence from the Anglo-Californians was observed in early bilinguals' speech. Similar to the late bilinguals, the 1.5-generation speakers did not systematically distinguish prenasal and non-prenasal/æ/. The second-generation speakers demonstrated a split-/æ/ system, but it was less pronounced than for the Anglo-Californians. These findings suggest that age of arrival has a strong effect on immigrant minority speakers' participation in local sound change. In the case of the second-generation Korean Americana, certain patterns of the California Vowel Shift were even more pronounced than for the Anglo-Californians (i.e.,/It/-lowering,/a/-/o/ merger,/u/- and/A/-fronting). Moreover, the entire vowel space of the second-generation Korean Americans, especially female speakers, were more fronted than that of the Anglo-Californians. These findings suggest that second-generation Korean Americans mays be in a more advanced stage of the California Vowel Shift than Anglo-Californians or the California Vowel Shift is on n different trajectory for these speakers. Possible explanations in relation to second-generation Korean Americans' intersecting gender, ethnic, and racial identities, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

SCOPUS_ID:85113959010

(Dys)prosody in parkinson’s disease: Effects of medication and disease duration on intonation and prosodic phrasing

The phonology of prosody has received little attention in studies of motor speech disor-ders. The present study investigates the phonology of intonation (nuclear contours) and speech chunking (prosodic phrasing) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a function of medication intake and duration of the disease. Following methods of the prosodic and intonational phonology frame-works, we examined the ability of 30 PD patients to use intonation categories and prosodic phrasing structures in ways similar to 20 healthy controls to convey similar meanings. Speech data from PD patients were collected before and after a dopaminomimetic drug intake and were phonologi-cally analyzed in relation to nuclear contours and intonational phrasing. Besides medication, disease duration and the presence of motor fluctuations were also factors included in the analyses. Overall, PD patients showed a decreased ability to use nuclear contours and prosodic phrasing. Medication improved intonation regardless of disease duration but did not help with dysprosodic phrasing. In turn, disease duration and motor fluctuations affected phrasing patterns but had no impact on intonation. Our study demonstrated that the phonology of prosody is impaired in PD, and prosodic categories and structures may be differently affected, with implications for the understanding of PD neurophysiology and therapy.

SCOPUS_ID:85146387798

(En)gendering Peace: A Queer Feminist Analysis of South Africa’s (2020-2025) National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security

| This research paper presents a queer feminist analysis of gendered discourses in South Africa’s (SA) (2020-2025) National Action Plan (NAP) on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS). It builds on an extensive field of WPS scholarship by using the case study of SA’s NAP to illustrate how policy can be used to harness critical gendered language and create possibilities for radical (re)imaginings of gendered peace. While a considerable knowledge base that explores the gendered discourses of NAPs on WPS already exists, a key gap in the literature —that has only more recently begun to be explored with greater rigor— is the bridging of queer and feminist theories to further push the boundaries of discursive policy analysis. Against this backdrop, feminist critical discourse analysis (CDA) was applied to the NAP case study to surface dominant and counter-discourses on gender and their possible inclusionary/exclusionary effects. Key findings centre the potential value of policy discourses which, in their fragmen-tation, ruptures, continuities and ambivalences, can facilitate opportunities for queer peace at the instrumental level and beyond.

SCOPUS_ID:85072812618

(Exclusion begins at home. Critical analysis of the construction of the discursive representation of transgender identity in relation to family and other social actors)

The aim of this work is to analyze the construction of the discursive representation of transgender identity in its relation to various social actors, based on the linguistic analysis of a corpus of life stories produced by trans people in Buenos Aires City between 2012 and 2016. The theoretical framework is Critical Discourse Analysis and the methodology is qualitative and inductive. The results show that, through different linguistic strategies that combine reinforcing and mitigating resources, family is constructed as a key social actor in the exclusion of trans people.

SCOPUS_ID:85063403612

(Greek passage), from Classical Greek to Koine Greek

Based upon the corpus of Classical and Hellenistic Greek, the goal of this study is to analyze the lexicon of fraternity both in its diachronic evolution and from the point of view of linguistic typology. The lexicon of fraternity in Classical Greek and in non-semiticized Koine Greek can be compared to that of Classical Latin, where the word frater is free from any hyperonymical function and refers to the son of either one or both parents of the person one is referring to. The situation in Septuagintal Greek and New Testament Greek, by contrast, is similar to that of Vietnamese, where the word corresponding to works as an hyperonym of the different “relatives” within the lexicon of fraternity.

SCOPUS_ID:85139827883

(IM)POLITE STRATEGIES IN TELECINEMATIC DISCOURSE: IRONY AND SARCASM IN THE TV SERIES VIS A VIS

This paper addresses the use of the annotations and descriptions in the scripts of a Spanish television series as metapragmatic labels that classify (im)polite instances as ironic or sarcastic. Fictional data are proposed as a corpus that allows a first-order approach to the lay understanding and evaluation of (im)polite utterances as ironic or sarcastic, as the scriptwriters use them in the scripts when addressing the production crew. Our qualitative analysis allows us to focus on the main (im)polite strategies marked as ironic or sarcastic in the corpus and shows a substantial similiarity in the use of both labels.

SCOPUS_ID:85082936678

(IN)Tolerant on gender: Comparison of english and slovenian arguments against changing sexist language

With the participation of women in the public sphere and social relations, the need for a cultural transformation arose, which would represent and address both genders. One of the more important questions posed by many feminist linguists during the Second Wave Feminism was how the eradication of linguistic sexism could affect the situation of men and women in society. Many of the opponents of linguistic changes and imposing nonsexist alternatives did not agree with the premise of the interconnection of society and language, and produced numerous arguments. The aim of the article is to present the typical arguments against linguistic changes that appeared in foreign (English-speaking) research in the 1970s, and find parallels with the recent arguments of Slovenian linguists. The aim of the article, as well as a long-term interest, is to better understand the beliefs of the opponents of linguistic changes by identifying and knowing their arguments. We see this as a possible approach to a (potential) collaboration in the future.

SCOPUS_ID:85106500957

(ISA 15:9) and (QOH 1:15): On dialectal wordplay and nasal spreading in the bible

Biblical punsters occasionally moved beyond the confines of Standard Biblical Hebrew, producing dialectal wordplay. In a number of cases, the nonstandard form is a phonological variant from another dialect. The best-known examples of this type involve dialectal differences in diphthong contraction (monophthongization). Less attention has been paid to cases involving a phonological process called nasal spreading, known from Old Canaanite, Hebrew, Aramaic, etc. One product of this process is the toponym in “the waters of Dimon are full of blood” (Isa 15:9), referring to the Moabite town of Dibon. The form was a phonological variant of a dialectal form used in a prophecy against Moab to emphasize the appropriateness of the punishment. Another example is found in (Qoh 1:15), which means both “an incalculable loss” and “an irreplaceable loss.” In the second meaning, is a dialectal form of “be made good,” a phonological variant produced by nasal spreading.

SCOPUS_ID:85026839662

(Im)politeness and L2 socialization: Using reactions from online fora to a world leader's 'impolite' behavior

(Im)politeness is socio-culturally and socio-pragmatically relative and is also a significant and ever-present aspect of human interaction that affects the construction, maintenance, reproduction and transformation of our relationships. It should therefore be a prominent part of the L2 curriculum. In German language classes at North American colleges and universities, it is, however, a neglected area. Furthermore, pragmatically rich target language usage - which is necessary in order to teach (im)politeness at higher levels of proficiency - is conspicuously absent from the German teaching materials used in these institutes. Instructors usually have to create their own learning activities, drawing examples from authentic interactions. This chapter discusses why the Internet is a good source of such authentic discourse and reports on a German class activity which makes use of a video clip containing a controversial incident with respect to (im)politeness, together with a handful of English and German comments taken from online fora. These comments refer to the "shoulder rub" President George W. Bush gave to German Chancellor Angela Merkel at the G8 Summit in St. Petersburg, Russia in 2006. More specifically, as evaluations of the (in)appropriateness of Bush's behavior, they focus on (im)politeness. The analysis shows variation in the perceptions of (im)politeness both within and between larger speech communities, which makes the comments ideal material for teaching and learning (im)politeness in university-level language classes. By learning to pay attention to the pivotal role socio-cultural and socio-pragmatic aspects play in the perception and interpretation of interactional behavior, the learners in this study appear to achieve an enhanced awareness of the complexity and the omnipresent nature of (im)politeness in (intercultural) encounters. Most importantly, they grasped that it is the interpretation of the use of verbal and nonverbal behavior in a specific socio-cultural context that is (im)polite, not the (non)verbal behavior itself.

SCOPUS_ID:84964713826

(Im)politeness strategies in social networks: A comparative analysis of Facebook and Twitter

The aim of this paper is to analyze the (im)politeness present in two popular social networks in Spain, namely Facebook and Twitter, using both quantitative and qualitative comparative studies. To do this, comments made to a publication that contains exactly the same text that was written by the same journalist are analyzed, firstly, on his Facebook profle, and, secondly, on his Twitter profle. In conclusion, a wide use of impoliteness in both social networks has been observed; more specifically, the discursive categories of impoliteness reach 70.66% of the corpus on Facebook, and 60.66% on Twitter, and the discourse on Facebook is generally found to be rather more ofensive.

SCOPUS_ID:85020529223

(In)civility and online deliberation: readers’ reactions to race-related news stories

Reacting to an increase in gratuitous racist and sexist comments made by readers in response to online articles, media outlets in South Africa have begun closing down their comments sections, an action that has been repeated many times over across the globe. After a particularly abusive tirade against a young women who wrote an article about being black in Cape Town, Independent Media established an advisory panel in 2014 to investigate the nature of user-generated content (UGC) on their news site, Independent Online (IOL). One of the panel’s recommendations was that what is meant by “uncivil” discourse on online news sites be delineated more accurately and narrowly. Employing computer-mediated discourse analysis, we explore the nature of civility and incivility generated by readers of online news. We look at readers’ posts in response to race-based topics and uncover the complexities inherent in describing both (in)civility and deliberative discourse precisely. Our sample is drawn from the South African newspaper Mail & Guardian Online, one of the few national media establishments that permitted user comments during our data collection phase.

SCOPUS_ID:85099182021

(Info)Graphically Inclined: A framework of infographic learning

Infographics are appearing in children’s magazines, picture books, and informational texts. Understanding, and ultimately creating, these complex visual representations of information or data requires higher level thinking skills to analyze and understand how the text and graphics work together to convey meaning. The authors provide a framework for infographic exploration, investigation, creation, and integration into larger writing pieces. Each phase of the framework includes specific considerations to assist teachers in scaffolding their students’ infographic learning. Providing students with support through exposure to many types of infographics and modeling infographic interpretation prepares students to critically examine and use infographics as they encounter them both in and out of school.

SCOPUS_ID:39049135401

(Inter) subjectification, Japanese syntax and syntactic scope increase

This paper investigates the correlation between semantic-pragmatic change of (inter) subjectification and its syntactic effects. It points out that the diachronic change of subjectification > intersubjectification (Traugott 2003) finds its synchronic counterpart in the rigid predicate order of Japanese. Furthermore, paying closer attention to a layered model in Japanese traditional linguistics, it claims that Japanese episodes of (inter)subjectification display core to peripheral positional shifts of grammaticalized items. In contrast, the opposite directionality is exhibited with the case of possible desubjectification (imperative > conditional). Putting these issues all together, the paper questions syntactic scope decrease as a parameter of grammaticalization, and supports instead structural scope increase, as in "C-command scope increase" (Tabor and Traugott 1998), "raising/upwards movement" (Roberts and Roussou 2003) and "syntactic impoverishment" (Company forthcoming a, b). Aside from this specific focus, this paper is also an attempt to synthesize the rich tradition of Japanese linguistic studies on subjectivity with their Western counterparts. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

SCOPUS_ID:85049833490

(Inter-)Fonología del Español Contemporáneo (I)FEC: Methodology of a research program for corpus phonology

The present contribution describes and discusses the methodology of the corpus phonological research program (Inter-)Fonología del Español Contemporáneo -(I)FEC-, which aims to document both the phonic varia-tion in the Spanish-speaking world and the pronunciation of Spanish as an L2 and a foreign language in different learner groups. Partly based on the methodology of the French research program (Inter)Phonologie du Français Contemporain -(I)PFC-, (I)FEC includes, in addition to a word list with several (potential) minimal pairs and a reading task, also a discourse completion task (DCT) aiming to collect data for the analysis of different intonational tunes. The paper offers a detailed description of the individual tasks of the protocol, before discussing practical aspects of the data collection.

https://aclanthology.org//W04-0501/

(Invited presentation) The Perils and Rewards of Developing Restricted Domain Applications

SCOPUS_ID:84893742526

(Judicious) Interpretation: Walter Benjamin Reads the Early German Romantics

In his doctoral dissertation-The Concept of Criticism in German Romanticism, finished in 1919 and published as a book in 1920-Walter Benjamin explores the epistemological and aesthetic foundations of the concept of criticism expounded by the early German Romantics Friedrich Schlegel and Novalis. Many of the themes in the dissertation recur in his later work, which has led scholars to believe that much of Benjamin's thought is directly influenced by the Romantics. However, a detailed investigation of the origins and development of the dissertation reveals that the picture is much more complicated. Reading the dissertation alongside the biographical material now available, this article argues that the major themes which preoccupy Benjamin in The Concept of Criticism in German Romanticism, including his theories of language and knowledge as well as his messianic philosophy of history, in fact predate his study of the Romantics. As well as being a potential entry ticket to an academic career, the dissertation constitutes Benjamin's first sustained attempt to develop and consolidate his own epistemology and aesthetics in a more or less systematic way. He does so through a series of 'judicious interpretations' of the Romantics, whose work he reads selectively, anachronistically and creatively to provide a vehicle for his own thought. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

SCOPUS_ID:85137318248

(LISACMT) Language Identification and Sentiment analysis of English-Urdu 'code-mixed' text using LSTM

Sentiment analysis is the method of identifying and extracting the opinions, attitudes, and polarity indicated in a text. Individuals, organizations and companies make decisions based on the sentiments expressed by users toward products, services, social or cultural issues, and government policies. Advancements in Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence makes text analysis easier. However, text classification is more focused on the English language. The increase in social-media content available on a number of platforms is predominantly informal and noisy. Social-media content influenced by the regional languages makes the text analysis more challenging. A new phenomenon called code-mixing which involves mixing of linguistic units of one language into the utterances of another language is nowadays exhibited on social-media textual content. To deduce useful information from this type of text is a challenging task. This paper presents a language identification and sentiment analysis method for English-Urdu code-mixed text using deep learning approaches. For language identification Artificial Neural network along with character based embedding has been used. A baseline Long Short-Term Memory approach using word based embeddings has been employed for sentiment classification. Both language identification and sentiment classification approaches showed promising results.

https://aclanthology.org//W07-0718/

(Meta-) Evaluation of Machine Translation

SCOPUS_ID:85073980571

(Mis) leading Britain’s conversation: The cultivation of consent on the Nigel Farage radio phone-in show

In this article, I adopt the socio-cognitive approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA) to interpret the discourse found on the popular UK radio phone-in programme the Nigel Farage Show. Evidence emerged of positive self-presentation and negative other representation through denials of prejudice, discursive de-racialisation and the use of war metaphors and lexis referencing legality, criminality and the collective. However, the control over this forum was its defining feature which appeared to propagate an anti-immigration stance and normalise the aforementioned lexis. This control was evident through the selection and placement of contributors, the influence of cognitively central participants, the foregrounding of Trump’s rhetoric, topic selection, protection offered to in-group members and topicalisation which supported the in-group and served to vilify the views and identity of the out-group. All of which led to the creation of a closed community devoid of alternatives.

SCOPUS_ID:85095131358

(Mis)Measuring people's attitudes from social media

Activities of people, recorded via digital devices or online environments, offer increasingly comprehensive pictures of both individual and group-level behavior, potentially allowing inferences within and outside the platforms. These digital traces are often in the form of textual units such as tweets or Reddit posts or comments. Compared to solicited survey responses, social media posts are the organic, unsolicited thoughts of people on a variety of topics, and the language in these posts are a key to their attitudes, beliefs and values. Notwithstanding the many promises of digital traces, recent studies have begun to discuss the errors that can occur when digital traces are used to learn about social phenomena. In this thesis, I propose to first, diagnose and characterize issues in the measurement of people's attitudes at scale, and second, mitigate these errors through theory-driven solutions. To critically study and record errors and biases in using digital traces for measuring human behavior, we propose a systematic framework, named 'Total Error Framework for Digital Traces' (TED). TED is inspired by and adapted from the Total Survey Error Framework, developed and employed in survey methodology to assess the validity and reliability of survey-based studies. To mitigate errors unearthed by examining Computational Social Science through TED, we apply several domain specific solutions, such as using linguistic theories to understand people's attitudes. This thesis contributes in improving the reliability and validity of attitude measurement from digital traces.

SCOPUS_ID:17444378941

(Mis)alignments in counseling for Huntington's Disease predictive testing: Clients' responses to reflective frames

As a sequel to an earlier paper (Sarangi et al., 2004. J Genet Couns, 13(2), 135-155) examining genetic counselors' initiation of reflective frames, in this paper we analyze the variable ways in which clients respond to such reflective frames in the clinical setting. Of the six types of reflective questions identified, we focus on two types, which recur throughout the counseling protocol: (i) questions about clients' decisions to have genetic testing and (ii) questions exploring the potential impact of a positive or negative test result. The analytic focus here is on the mismatches surrounding clients' apparent readiness to discuss coping with the onset of disease (risk of disease) when they have been asked to discuss coping with genetic test results (risk of knowing). Our theoretical discussion is centered around the notion of alignment as a framework for locating the convergence and divergence of counselors' and clients' agendas in interaction. Drawing on detailed transcripts of 24 Huntington's Disease counseling consultations in South Wales, we analyze 119 counselor-client question-response sequences using the methodology of discourse analysis. Preliminary coding of clients' responses led us to identify three recurrent themes: (a) gaining knowledge as a basis for future action; (b) needing to know as a subjective necessity; and (c) downplaying what can be known. In a further analysis of extended data extracts, we draw attention to how clients display varying degrees of engagement with regard to the testing process and outcomes along the temporal and social axes. At one extreme, clients may take up the opportunity to engage in self-reflection, and thus endorse the legitimacy of the reflective frame. At the other extreme, clients may implicitly or explicitly challenge the relevance of self-reflection, and hence the usefulness of this counselor-initiated routine. We suggest that clients' varied response behaviors result from the perceived need of some clients to display their 'readiness' for predictive testing-an overarching 'meta-question' posed by the very existence of the counseling protocol. © 2005 Springer Science+Media, Inc.

SCOPUS_ID:85091752491

(Non-)Interacting with conversational agents: Perceptions and motivations of using chatbots and voice assistants

Conversational agents (CAs) such as Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are increasingly penetrating everyday life. From a Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) perspective, designing CAs that appropriately support the way they are used within daily life is still challenging. While initial design guidelines for human-AI interaction exist, we still know little about how users actually perceive CAs within their daily lives and what aspects motivate their usage of such tools. Within our research, we therefore conducted an interview study with 29 participants to uncover daily positive and negative experiences with CAs. By revealing how users currently perceive CAs, we identify quality criteria that could inform their future design. By evaluating these criteria with respect to existing research discourses about user experience (UX) guidelines for CAs, we contribute to the field by extending these guidelines from an end-user's perspective.

SCOPUS_ID:85099352792

(Non-)honorific ways of referring to public figures in the polish media discourse in Lithuania

This article focuses on the ways of referring to public figures which involve the use of honorifics when talking about high-ranking representatives of society. In the Polish cultural tradition this function is performed by official and professional titles and the honorific pan/pani 'mister/misses'. The study analyses designations used by participants of the discussion programme “Szósty dzień tygodnia” [The Sixth Day of the Week], which is broadcast on the Polish Radio “Znad Wilii” [By the Wilia River] in Lithuania. The research material includes 10 radio broadcasts aired in 2015 and 2016, featuring a total of 24 people (the host and 23 guests). The aim of the study is to identify the most frequently applied constructions that consist of personal names and official/professional titles, and to determine different functions of the honorific pan/ pani in these constructions. The quantitative analysis makes it possible to identify the frequency of particular constructions and the tendencies prevailing in the media discourse. The qualitative analysis of the collected material reveals a variety of functions performed by the honorific pan/pani. Depending on the formal or pragmatic context, this item may endow a construction with a shade of respect or, conversely, make it derogatory. The female honorific pani firstly has a grammatical function: it is used with the titles and surnames which are masculine in form as the only indicator of female gender (e.g. pani prezydent, pani premier Szydło).

SCOPUS_ID:85090652241

(Not only) Linguistic View on Machine Translation (Following the Example of the Translations of Technical Documentation Texts from English to Slovak)

Machine translation is currently a very widespread translation technology, translating from one language to another. In the first part of the paper, we explain the basic principles of the machine translation process, we also identify the reasons behind their error rate, and the influence of grammatical differences of the translated languages and type of translated texts on the error rate. In the second, exemplification part of the paper, we categorize and analyze errors that have occurred in the machine translation of technical documentation from English to Slovak. We believe that our analysis will prove the perspective and usability of machine translation, especially in texts that are not difficult to translate (texts with stereotyped expressions using schematic constructions, sentences, such as technical documentation), despite the errors which occurred in translations (the analysis of the machine translation output showed that not every error is equally serious with regard to its influence on the adequate transfer of the meaning of the source text into the target text).

https://aclanthology.org//1993.iwpt-1.6/

(Pictorial) LR Parsing from an Arbitrary Starting Point

In pictorial LR parsing it is always difficult to establish from which point of a picture the parsing process has to start. This paper introduces an algorithm that allows any element of the input to be considered as the starting one and, at the same time, assures that the parsing process is not compromised. The algorithm is first described on string grammars seen as a subclass of pictorial grammars and then adapted to the two-dimensional case. The extensions to generalized LR parsing and pictorial generalized LR parsing are immediate.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09848v1

(Psycho-)Linguistic Features Meet Transformer Models for Improved Explainable and Controllable Text Simplification

State-of-the-art text simplification (TS) systems adopt end-to-end neural network models to directly generate the simplified version of the input text, and usually function as a blackbox. Moreover, TS is usually treated as an all-purpose generic task under the assumption of homogeneity, where the same simplification is suitable for all. In recent years, however, there has been increasing recognition of the need to adapt the simplification techniques to the specific needs of different target groups. In this work, we aim to advance current research on explainable and controllable TS in two ways: First, building on recently proposed work to increase the transparency of TS systems, we use a large set of (psycho-)linguistic features in combination with pre-trained language models to improve explainable complexity prediction. Second, based on the results of this preliminary task, we extend a state-of-the-art Seq2Seq TS model, ACCESS, to enable explicit control of ten attributes. The results of experiments show (1) that our approach improves the performance of state-of-the-art models for predicting explainable complexity and (2) that explicitly conditioning the Seq2Seq model on ten attributes leads to a significant improvement in performance in both within-domain and out-of-domain settings.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10003v1

(QA)$^2$: Question Answering with Questionable Assumptions

Naturally-occurring information-seeking questions often contain questionable assumptions -- assumptions that are false or unverifiable. Questions containing questionable assumptions are challenging because they require a distinct answer strategy that deviates from typical answers to information-seeking questions. For instance, the question "When did Marie Curie discover Uranium?" cannot be answered as a typical when question without addressing the false assumption "Marie Curie discovered Uranium". In this work, we propose (QA)$^2$ (Question Answering with Questionable Assumptions), an open-domain evaluation dataset consisting of naturally-occurring search engine queries that may or may not contain questionable assumptions. To be successful on (QA)$^2$, systems must be able to detect questionable assumptions and also be able to produce adequate responses for both typical information-seeking questions and ones with questionable assumptions. We find that current models do struggle with handling questionable assumptions -- the best performing model achieves 59% human rater acceptability on abstractive QA with (QA)$^2$ questions, leaving substantial headroom for progress.

SCOPUS_ID:84882824857

(R) as a Variable

The phoneme/r/varies a great deal between and within languages with respect to its articulatory and acoustic realization. Such variation can be stratified sociolinguistically, making (R) an important sociolinguistic variable. Most research in this field has been carried out on English, but English has the advantage of a great deal of variation in/r/, with different national and regional standards as well as vernacular variation. This chapter details some of the historical and ongoing patterns of variation in/r/in light of its underlying phonetic nature and the different sociolinguistic contexts in which it can be found. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:84958749098

(Re)Searching culture in foreign language textbooks, or the politics of hide and seek

ABSTRACT: Textbooks are curriculum artefacts that embody particular ideologies and legitimise specific types of knowledge [Apple, M. W. (1982). Education and power. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul; Apple, M. W., & Christian-Smith, L. K. (1991). The politics of the textbook. In M. W. Apple & L. K. Christian-Smith (Eds.), The politics of the textbook (pp. 1–21). London, NY: Routledge]. As the general public tends to associate them with truth rather than opinion [Meyer, C. J., & Rosenblatt, P. C. (1987). Feminist analysis of family textbooks. Journal of Family Issues, 8(2), 247–252. Retrieved from: http://jfi.sagepub.com/], textbooks can contribute to the circulation of particular representations and stereotypes. In the past decades, there has been an increasing interest in analysing the ways in which textbooks (re)produce representations of history, ethnic groups, minorities and gender differences, to name a few. Foreign language research has focused on the representation of foreign and native culture(s), given that this term has been central in debates in the areas of second and foreign language theories [Weninger, C., & Kiss, T. (2013). Culture in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks: A semiotic approach. TESOL Quarterly, 47(4), 694–716. Retrieved from http://www.tesol.org/read-and-publish/journals/tesol-quarterly]. Using a qualitative synthesis research approach, this paper analyses a pool of studies on the representation of culture in foreign language textbooks to answer a main question: How do language textbooks represent foreign culture? Findings will contribute to understanding how textbook discourse favours some representations of culture and why it does so. In turn, they may also inform teaching and learning practices, such as the actual use of language textbooks in the classroom, in which teachers’ and students’ agency is undeniable.

SCOPUS_ID:78649316367

(Re)Storying Obama: An Examination of Recently Published Informational Texts

American publishers have published numerous children's books about Barack Obama over the past several years; most take the form of informational biographies. This article reports on a research project aimed at how these books incorporate sociohistorical narratives, particularly those related to the civil rights movement. Though the features of the books might cause the reader to presume political neutrality, the books link readers to distinct Discourses (Gee, 1996), suggesting particular ideologies. In this article, we identified the following differences: (1) specific happenings from Obama's life were included in some texts while omitted in others; (2) when the events were included, how they were framed differed; and (3) the narrative constructions of the events varied. We use the differences amongst these texts to argue for the importance of critical literacy in elementary classrooms. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

SCOPUS_ID:84892391571

(Re)constructing economic citizenship in a welfare state - Intersections of gender and class

Purpose - The purpose of the paper is to discuss and illustrate how contemporary market discourses rearticulate socio-political relationships and identities, including the rights, duties, and opportunities of individuals and categories of individuals as citizens. More specifically, the purpose is to analyze how "economic citizenship" is articulated and negotiated in the intersection of (Nordic) welfare state ideals and shareholder-oriented market discourses. The paper further elaborates on how different identity markers, especially gender and class, intersect in these articulations and contribute to exclusionary practices. Design/methodology/approach - The paper approaches the articulation of economic citizenship through an empirical study that focusses on business media representations and online discussions of a major factory shutdown in Finland. Drawing from discourse theory and the notions of representational intersectionality and translocational positionality, the paper analyzes how gender and class intersect in the construction of economic citizenship in the business media. Findings - The study illustrates how financialist market discourses render citizenship intelligible in exceedingly economic terms, overriding social and political dimensions of citizenship. The business media construct hierarchies of economic citizens where two categories of actors claim full economic citizenship: the transnational corporation and the transnational investor. Within these categories, particular systems of privilege intersect in similar ways, rendering them masculine and upper middleclass. Whether interpreted as hegemonic or counter-hegemonic, the financialist discourses rearticulate the social hierarchies and moral landscape in Finnish society. Originality/value - The paper contributes to critical/feminist management studies by elaborating on the role of the business media as an important site of political identity work, positioning, and moral regulation, where neoliberal ideas, based upon and reproducing masculine and elitist systems of privilege, appear as normalized and self-evidently valued. Copyright © 2014 Emerald Group Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:85078625031

(Re)constructing social hierarchies: a critical discourse analysis of an international charity’s visual appeals

A British coffee chain’s fundraising practices constitute a background for this study to examine ideological discourses behind British charitable giving. The charity executes projects in coffee growing communities by providing education for children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The study takes a critical stance from a discursive paradigmatic perspective to analyse visual contents used by the charity. The applied visual critical discourse analysis was inspired by Barthes’ semiotic theory. Findings suggest that the adverts’ interpretative repertoires can serve ideologies that sustain the donors’ social-cultural dominance over the recipients by justifying group-based social hierarchies. The chains of signifiers do not question the spectators’ moral position but rationalise status quo and maintain undisturbed consumption. Findings suggest the possibility that the discourses of prosocial behaviour incited under consuming conditions do not challenge but may even justify global inequality. This finding presents challenges facing charitable organisations balancing their work within wider commercial and cultural contexts.

SCOPUS_ID:85098822307

(Re)construing meaning in NLP

Human speakers have an extensive toolkit of ways to express themselves. In this paper, we engage with an idea largely absent from discussions of meaning in natural language understanding-namely, that the way something is expressed reflects different ways of conceptualizing or construing the information being conveyed. We first define this phenomenon more precisely, drawing on considerable prior work in theoretical cognitive semantics and psycholinguistics. We then survey some dimensions of construed meaning and show how insights from construal could inform theoretical and practical work in NLP.

SCOPUS_ID:85061668423

(Re)counting rape in Alfred's domboc and early English law

This article uses quantitative and linguistic methodologies to explore how sexual violations to the female body were understood and subsequently adjudicated in Anglo-Saxon England, using Alfred's domboc, or “judgement book,” as primary evidence. While the specificity with which Alfred considered rape from other forms of sexual misconduct has been noted before, the true severity of this crime during his reign, as well as the ways in which conventional systems of retribution were restructured in order to grant an equal level of protection to all classes of women, has never before been considered. By first quantifying the number of rape clauses, then analysing the shifting scales of retribution in relation to a woman's body worth, and finally assessing the lexical complexity of these clauses, this paper uses a new system of law-code analysis to argue that Alfred's treatment of rape was unique among Anglo-Saxon rulers. As these methodological approaches to the domboc demonstrate, these crimes merited a particularly harsh form of retribution in comparison to the sex-related laws of both his predecessors and successors.

SCOPUS_ID:85071947927

(Re)introducing vygotsky’s thought: From historical overview to contemporary psychology

Theories formulated by Russian psychologist and educator Lev Vygotsky currently range from being applied and celebrated across multiple contexts to be considered outdated. In this paper, we maintain that such inconsistency in application stems from the overreliance on translated or reformulated Vygotskian theories, the attempts to understand these ideas in isolation from the scientific historical context of their development, and the impact of Vygotsky’s personal life circumstances on the development of his scholarship. It is known that Vygotsky’s untimely death prevented him from elaborating on his theoretical views and expanding his early empirical work. We suggest that Vygotsky’s scholarship could be better understood in light of the core principles that transcend all aspects of his work. In this paper, we elaborate on two such core principles: theories of language development and their relation to the integrated systemic approach to psychological development. We argue that although linguistic and historical boundaries have shaped the common perception of Vygotskian theories in anglophone research in a specific way, there is a potential for a renewed application of these theories to modern psychology that might be especially relevant in light of the increasingly interdisciplinary character of the modern science. To support our argument, we provide a brief overview and examples of potential connections between Vygotsky’s scholarship with contemporary landscape in psychological science. The paper presents a brief introduction to the topic of Vygotskian work and its application to modern psychology, rather than an addition to the field of Vygotskian scholarship. It is geared toward non-Vygotskian scholars and invites researchers working in interdisciplinary areas of psychology.

SCOPUS_ID:84959331999

(Re)mapping Terra Nullius: Hindmarsh, Wik and Native Title Legislation in Australia

In this paper, I argue that the Hindmarsh and Wik cases stand as crucial case studies that evidence the ongoing (re)production of terra nullius within contemporary Australian contexts. They bring into focus the critical importance the signifiers of property, capitalist ‘productivity’ and legality within the settler-colonial state. Alongside notions of ‘civility,’ discourses surrounding ‘economic productivity’ and ‘equality before the law’ are consistently mobilised in these cases to (re)assert white sovereignty. In contradistinction to the discourses that construct Indigenous people’s relation to land as a singular and affective ‘affinity,’ media, political and legal texts script white Australian land uses such as farming and mining as ‘productive’ and necessary for economic prosperity. They are posited with ‘monetary’ output and juridical standing in order to (re)produce the narrative that the continent was lawfully ‘settled’ by ‘illustrious’ white Australians. Moreover, these signifiers ramify within colonial law. Following these cases, the state amended the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 and the Native Title Act 1993 respectively. They ensured the material construction of the Hindmarsh Island Bridge and the revocation of specific Indigenous land rights in order to sustain the settler-colonial state’s claims to sovereignty.

SCOPUS_ID:85128556964

(Re)politicization of climate change mitigating projects: environmental forms and motives of the Seine Nord Europe canal

Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies are gaining visibility and support. Decision-makers are defending the extension of large infrastructures that are low greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters, as a way to act quickly and massively without calling into question existing economic models. This situation depoliticizes these projects, masking their other ecological consequences such as their impacts on biodiversity. This article examines how promoters of these projects depoliticized its socio-technical futures while other actors re-politicized them. Using the example of the Seine Nord Europe Canal project, we show a politicization of the territorial future and a depoliticization of the environmental future. This depoliticization is based on the techno-optimist discourse promoting large-scale infrastructures as the only possible solution to the global ecological and climate crisis. It uses a selective framing of the environment that makes some elements visible and others invisible. We conducted semi-structured interviews with biodiversity stakeholders in the territories that would be impacted by the canal. Based on the concepts of environmental forms and motives, we reconstructed the environmental ontologies ignored by the dominant discourse and assembled them into three alternative scenarios. We present the method of investigation and identification of these motives and discuss the likelihood of the constructed scenarios participating in a re-politicization based on the reactions of various actors.

SCOPUS_ID:85041610782

(Re)producing the ‘natural man’ in men’s online advice media: achieving masculinity through embodied and mental mastery

This paper focuses on analysis of one component of a larger study exploring men’s online sex advice. The parent project examines the use of casual sex with multiple women as a mandatory obligation in accumulating social status and esteem in men’s online Pick-Up Artist (PUA) advice outlets. While earlier analysis focused on the adoption of militaristic language and the sexual use of women’s bodies to defend male privilege among PUA members, the present analysis attends to the reliance on essentialised, embodied constructions of a homogeneous authentic masculinity. Adopting a feminist poststructuralist framework and discourse analysis, we describe an interpretive repertoire–uncovering the natural–that comprises two themes: embodying work, wherein core masculinity is located within the male body and requires ritualistic practice to harness more proficient manhood, and mental mastery, wherein the path to success extends beyond bodily work and outward performance, necessitating subjective transformation to ‘authentically become’ a new kind of man. Masculinity in PUA texts is framed simultaneously as being in crisis and as an essentialised role ascribed to men as directors of (hetero)sex, with PUA authors frequently adopting an adversarial tone in relation to the preservation of masculinity.

SCOPUS_ID:85099821784

(Re)producing wilderness tourism discourses in Algonquin Provincial Park

Particular types of nature-based tourism programs, including multi-day children’s overnight/residential summer camp canoe tripping programs in North America, often (re)produce (neo)colonial constructions of nature and the “wilderness.” The purpose of this paper is to expose how wilderness is constructed and circulated in the context of a particular summer camp’s canoe trips in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Within this paper, we identify how specific legacies of colonialism are maintained and redeployed through the practices and representations of summer camp canoe trippers. Specifically, analyses show how canoe trippers (re)produce and (re)enact the wilderness as seemingly empty, untouched, and pristine spaces. Drawing on a Foucauldian-styled discourse analysis, this research exposes recurrent power relations that normalize, re-inscribe, and enable unjust wilderness discourses on Canadian summer camp canoe trips.

https://aclanthology.org//W13-4916/

(Re)ranking Meets Morphosyntax: State-of-the-art Results from the SPMRL 2013 Shared Task

SCOPUS_ID:84904992803

(Re-)flected bodies: On the relationship between body and language

Although in the modern age there were plenty of attempts to overcome the mindbody dualism, its philosophical theories of languages reintroduced it in a subtle but not less effective way. In this article several theorems to think on the materiality of the sign are discussed, and the preponderance, from Kierkegaard to the post-Saussurean structuralism, of thinking the materialization as something necessary but arbitrary in its modality, is shown. The body of language under this understanding is not only that which can be modified, but that which must be modifiable: the corporeality of the utterance must be substitutable in order to preserve the unit of meaning. Nevertheless, in many cases, the meaning comes precisely from the unsubstitutable singularity, from the configuration of the signs in poetry or from the inimitable actor's gestures. The article argues for introducing in this discussion the phenomenological distinction between Körper (objective body) and Leib (lived body or operating body), which - as Husserl suggested - may also be thought from the difference between the representable and the irrepresentable, between what does not have a constituent role and hence can be substituted, and what allows to be represented by another because it is unsubstitutable.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.06351v1

(Self-Attentive) Autoencoder-based Universal Language Representation for Machine Translation

Universal language representation is the holy grail in machine translation (MT). Thanks to the new neural MT approach, it seems that there are good perspectives towards this goal. In this paper, we propose a new architecture based on combining variational autoencoders with encoder-decoders and introducing an interlingual loss as an additional training objective. By adding and forcing this interlingual loss, we are able to train multiple encoders and decoders for each language, sharing a common universal representation. Since the final objective of this universal representation is producing close results for similar input sentences (in any language), we propose to evaluate it by encoding the same sentence in two different languages, decoding both latent representations into the same language and comparing both outputs. Preliminary results on the WMT 2017 Turkish/English task shows that the proposed architecture is capable of learning a universal language representation and simultaneously training both translation directions with state-of-the-art results.

SCOPUS_ID:80052381932

(Sub)regular robotic languages

This paper brings together concepts from linguistics and formal language theory and applies them to model robot behavior. This is done by defining a class of formal languages that capture the abstract behavior of robots which can be described as hybrid systems with stable continuous dynamics. It is shown that this class of languages falls within the Subregular hierarchy, thereby enabling computationally efficient operations between elements of the class. Specifically, we show that the languages in question are Star-free, but do not belong into two well-known subclasses, members of which have been used in linguistics to construct models of natural language sound pattern acquisition. © 2011 IEEE.

SCOPUS_ID:85093527729

(Turlututu, le chapeau pointu) or from Perception to Production of the Vowel /y/ by Polish Speakers

Our basic assumption is that all voices are born from listening. We will focus on the pronouncing difficulties of the vowel /y/ by Polish learners of level A1/A2: a preliminary descriptive and comparative study, corroborated by an acoustic study, determined that the phoneme /y/ is often pronounced: 1) too posterior and/or too loose (thus tending towards the /u/); 2) too anterior (tending towards the /i/). However, the vowels /i/ and /u/ exist in Polish and are the closest corresponding sounds to the vowel /y/, absent in the Polish vocal system. This acoustic study is based on three phases of data recording/analysis: I) diagnostic phase-to detect the tendency of each speaker on the axis of acuity; II) phase of repetition of stimuli according to the principles of the verbo-tonal method of phonetic integration (MVT); III) phase of reinvestment of the skills at the end of a month of corrective phonetics class by the verbo-tonal method at the University of Opole (Poland).

SCOPUS_ID:0036117244

(Un)reasonable doubt? The invocation of children's consent in sexual abuse trial judgments

The techniques of discursive psychology were used to analyze the discourse of offence descriptions in criminal trial judgments in recent cases of child sexual abuse in Canada. In certain cases, descriptions of the complaints provided resources that judges mobilized as a warrant for doubt by contrasting children's negative reception of sexual abuse with the innocuous or positive character of subsequent social contact with offenders. This argument emphasizes the agency of children in consenting to affiliate with offenders, presuming that authentic victims can and would avoid further involvement. Although a child's consent to sexual contact is no longer a possible defence under Canadian law, these findings show how the notion of consent can enter current trial decisions. Recommendations suggest ways of incorporating alternative conceptions of abuse in which repeated contact with offenders is viewed as consonant with children's dependent relationships with familiar (and often familial) abusers.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2108.05682v2

(Un)solving Morphological Inflection: Lemma Overlap Artificially Inflates Models' Performance

In the domain of Morphology, Inflection is a fundamental and important task that gained a lot of traction in recent years, mostly via SIGMORPHON's shared-tasks. With average accuracy above 0.9 over the scores of all languages, the task is considered mostly solved using relatively generic neural seq2seq models, even with little data provided. In this work, we propose to re-evaluate morphological inflection models by employing harder train-test splits that will challenge the generalization capacity of the models. In particular, as opposed to the na{\"i}ve split-by-form, we propose a split-by-lemma method to challenge the performance on existing benchmarks. Our experiments with the three top-ranked systems on the SIGMORPHON's 2020 shared-task show that the lemma-split presents an average drop of 30 percentage points in macro-average for the 90 languages included. The effect is most significant for low-resourced languages with a drop as high as 95 points, but even high-resourced languages lose about 10 points on average. Our results clearly show that generalizing inflection to unseen lemmas is far from being solved, presenting a simple yet effective means to promote more sophisticated models.

SCOPUS_ID:85084719598

(Unused) potentials of educators’ covert language policies at public schools in Limpopo, South Africa

Language policy is an influencing factor of the educational outcome for pupils in Africa. Colonial languages have been largely used and African Languages are neglected. Despite this, the South African Constitution (1996) declares eleven official languages. However, curricular developments favour Afrikaans and English. To analyse the implementation of the official language policy, we focus on Limpopo Province. Over 1000 questionnaires were answered by teachers. This approach aimed to analyse the language practices and language attitudes of teachers. Schools in Limpopo showed significant differences between the official language policy and the daily language practices. Some teachers implement the official language policy; others use one or more African languages in their oral communications during the lessons in the form of Code Switching. This is seen in relation to the contemporary debates regarding translanguaging as an educational pedagogy.

SCOPUS_ID:85114665812

(What) Can Deep Learning Contribute to Theoretical Linguistics?

Deep learning (DL) techniques have revolutionised artificial systems’ performance on myriad tasks, from playing Go to medical diagnosis. Recent developments have extended such successes to natural language processing, an area once deemed beyond such systems’ reach. Despite their different goals (technological development vs. theoretical insight), these successes have suggested that such systems may be pertinent to theoretical linguistics. The competence/performance distinction presents a fundamental barrier to such inferences. While DL systems are trained on linguistic performance, linguistic theories are aimed at competence. Such a barrier has traditionally been sidestepped by assuming a fairly close correspondence: performance as competence plus noise. I argue this assumption is unmotivated. Competence and performance can differ arbitrarily. Thus, we should not expect DL models to illuminate linguistic theory.

SCOPUS_ID:85093295266

(almost) unsupervised grammatical error correction using a synthetic comparable corpus

We introduce unsupervised techniques based on phrase-based statistical machine transla- tion for grammatical error correction (GEC) trained on a pseudo learner corpus created by Google Translation. We verified our GEC sys- tem through experiments on a low resource track of the shared task at Building Educa- tional Applications 2019 (BEA2019). As a re- sult, we achieved an F0:5 score of 28.31 points with the test data.

SCOPUS_ID:85137403059

*Mököröön > Mögürüön ~ Möŋürüön ‘Megüren’: One Ethnonym of Buryat Origin in Yakut Discourse Revisited

Introduction. The article examines the onym Megüren (Yak. Möŋürüön < Mögürüön) used as a name of several administrative units in the territory of Yakutia, mainly those included in Meginsky (Yak. Mäŋä) District. The available 17th-century written sources — i.e. earliest Russian-language documents on Yakuts — mention no such onym. And it was E. Pekarsky who already pointed out that the Yakut word mögürüön ‘round-thick’ could be a Mongolic borrowing and, in particular, tended to trace parallels in the Buryat language. Subsequent researchers paid no attention to both the word and the corresponding ethnonym. Goals. The paper aims to analyze origins of the word the ethnic name stems from. Materials and methods. In the absence of early historical accounts, the work explores linguistic sources to investigate phonetic appearances of the Yakut onym in question and comparable data in other languages, primarily Mongolic ones. The latter include not only vocabularies but also materials dealing with personal onomastics. Some folklore elements also prove instrumental in settling the issue. Conclusions. The analysis of phonetic properties inherent to the Yakut ethnonym möŋürüön — in comparison with different forms of the word in Buryat dialects — makes it possible to conclude that it penetrated the Yakut discourse precisely from a language essentially close to western Buryat dialects characterized by the use of /ö/ in the first syllable (/ü/ in standard Buryat) and vowel labialization in non-first syllables. Other features outline the upper chronological limit of the word’s arrival in Yakut to the late 17th century since the observed properties are as follows: /g/ > /ŋ/ assimilation; presence of a long vowel in -VgVcomplex, and the intervocalic /g/ from the Mongolic /k/ not yet transformed into the Buryat /χ/.

SCOPUS_ID:85119360962

*SEM@NAACL-HLT 2019 - 8th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics

The proceedings contain 32 papers. The topics discussed include: SURel: a gold standard for incorporating meaning shifts into term extraction; word usage similarity estimation with sentence representations and automatic substitutes; beyond context: a new perspective for word embeddings; composition of sentence embeddings: lessons from statistical relational learning; multi-label transfer learning for multi-relational semantic similarity; scalable cross-lingual transfer of neural sentence embeddings; second-order contexts from lexical substitutes for few-shot learning of word representations; pre-trained contextualized character embeddings lead to major improvements in time normalization: a detailed analysis; and Bot2Vec: learning representations of chatbots.

SCOPUS_ID:77950742013

*kL &gt; TL sound change in germanic and elsewhere: Descriptions, explanations, and implications

An underdescribed sound change in Germanic is the shift of initial kl and gl to tl and dl respectively. Though not widely known, KL > TL has occurred more than once in the history of Germanic. Relevant phonetic factors include coarticulation and perceptual similarity. A third structural factor in Germanic and elsewhere is a pre-existing TL gap. KL > TL gives rise to common TL clusters, though, under many phonological analyses, TL clusters are disfavored or marked. Typological comparison suggests that TL clusters are not marked, but that contrasts between KL and TL are disfavored. © Walter de Gruyter.

SCOPUS_ID:14844298648

*t to k: An Austronesian sound change revisited

Although the change of *t to k in Hawaiian has been known and commented on for over 15O years, the widespread driftlike character of this development within Austronesian as a whole has generally gone unappreciated. This paper examines 20 historically independent instances of a *t > k change in at least 43 languages. Twelve of these changes are confined to Oceanic languages, seven to languages of eastern Indonesia, and one to western Indonesia. Almost without exception, the change *t > k has followed the loss of *k. In four languages *t > k took place only word-finally, and in two others it appears to be dissimilatory. Both structural and perceptual motivations for the change are considered, and it is concluded that *t > k usually begins as free variation within an enlarged phonological space created by the loss of *k. A few instances are difficult to reconcile with this explanation, and continue to present a challenge to linguistic theory. © by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:84873884744

-ile and the pragmatic pathways of the resultative in Bantu Botatwe

The Bantu sufixile, common across Bantu, has intricate interpretive patterns in many languages, and especially in the languages in the group known as Bantu Botatwe. While showing evidence for the common grammaticalization pathway from resultative to anterior to perfective or simple past, the -ile sufix in these languages also has numerous information-structuring functions. For example, in Totela (K41), the sufix is crucially linked with discourse relevance, while in Tonga (M64), it contradicts or revises a proposition in the discourse context set. This paper argues that these and all other functions seen with -ile in the Bantu Botatwe languages can be derived from a resultative origin, and that the pragmatic, information-structuring nature of the resultative itself should be taken into account in semantic reconstructions of the -ile sufix in Bantu.

SCOPUS_ID:44949223618

/nailon/ - Software for online analysis of prosody

This paper presents /nailon/ - a software package for online real-time prosodic analysis that captures a number of prosodic features relevant for interaction control in spoken dialogue systems. The current implementation captures silence durations; voicing, intensity, and pitch; pseudo-syllable durations; and intonation patterns. The paper provides detailed information on how this is achieved. As an example application of /nailon/, we demonstrate how it is used to improve the efficiency of identifying relevant places at which a machine can legitimately begin to talk to a human interlocutor, as well as to shorten system response times.

SCOPUS_ID:75449101646

/r/-liaison in English: An empirical study

This article presents the results of an empirical study on the phenomenon of /r/-liaison (i.e., linking /r/ and intrusive /r/) in non-rhotic English from the perspective of usage-based Cognitive Linguistics. The study looks into sociolinguistic, phonetic and usage-based factors that condition variability in /r/-liaison through the analysis of news archives from the BBC World Service website (years 2004 and 2005). The paper argues that a thorough understanding of the phenomenon of /r/-liaison requires an analysis of the di.erent aspects that condition its use and the use of empirical methods to study it. © Walter de Gruyter.

SCOPUS_ID:67349149046

1-D chaincode pattern matching for compression of Bi-level printed farsi and arabic textual images

In some scripts, especially the Farsi/Arabic script, letters normally attach together and produce many different patterns, some of which are fully or partially similar. Detecting such patterns and exploiting them to reduce the library size, has a rather great effect on the compression ratio. In this paper, a lossy/lossless compression method is proposed for bi-level printed text images in archiving applications. For this, we propose a new 1-D pattern matching technique in the chain coding domain that uses the proposed technique of detecting the repetitive sub-signals in order to detect the fully or partially similar patterns. Experimental results show that the compression performance of the proposed method is considerably better than those of the existing bi-level printed text image compression methods as high as 1.8-4.2 times in the lossy case and 1.6-3.8 times in the lossless case at 300 dpi. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:84883289559

10 Years of probabilistic querying - What next?

Over the past decade, the two research areas of probabilistic databases and probabilistic programming have intensively studied the problem of making structured probabilistic inference scalable, but - so far - both areas developed almost independently of one another. While probabilistic databases have focused on describing tractable query classes based on the structure of query plans and data lineage, probabilistic programming has contributed sophisticated inference techniques based on knowledge compilation and lifted (first-order) inference. Both fields have developed their own variants of - both exact and approximate - top-k algorithms for query evaluation, and both investigate query optimization techniques known from SQL, Datalog, and Prolog, which all calls for a more intensive study of the commonalities and integration of the two fields. Moreover, we believe that natural-language processing and information extraction will remain a driving factor and in fact a longstanding challenge for developing expressive representation models which can be combined with structured probabilistic inference - also for the next decades to come. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.

SCOPUS_ID:84876933746

100^th anniversary of Prof. Eugen Pauliny

The last piece of the extensive academic work of Eugen Pauliny is Vývin slovenskej deklinácie (Development of the Slovak Declination). The paper aims to point out some relations and boundaries between several levels of language, as well as numerous typical features of the Slovak declination from the point of view of comparison and typology. By the knowledge of contemporary research in the field of the Slovak comparative morphology - comprised in the synthetizing work Slovanský jazykový atlas (Slavic Linguistic Atlas), where Eugen Pailiny formed its bases on an international scale and represented the Slovak linguistics in the project - the author proves justification of Pauliny's method respecting structural and extra-lingual relations between development changes on various levels of language. Vývin slovenskej deklinácie, by its explication, logical induction and cogent argumentation on the one hand concludes the academic work of Eugen Pauliny, and on the other hand, it opens up new perspectives of synthesising interpretation of language development from the comparative point of view.