Datasets:

TimSchopf

/

nlp_taxonomy_data

like 0

SCOPUS_ID:84856078777

"She's always been the smart one. I've always been the dumb one": Identities in the mathematics classroom

The moment-to-moment dynamics of student discourse plays a large role in students' enacted mathematics identities. Discourse analysis was used to describe meaningful discursive patterns in the interactions of 2 students in a 7th-grade, technology-based, curricular unit (SimCalc Math Worlds ®) and to show how mathematics identities are enacted at the microlevel. Frameworks were theoretically and empirically connected to identity to characterize the participants' relative positioning and the structural patterns in their discourse (e.g., who talks, who initiates sequences, whose ideas are taken up and publicly recognized). Data indicated that students' peer-to-peer discourse patterns explained the enactment of differing mathematics identities within the same local context. Thus, the ways people talk and interact are powerful influences on who they are, and can become, with respect to mathematics.

SCOPUS_ID:58149411756

"She," "He," Coexistence, and Bastardy

Before proposing a solution for the sex bias problems inherent in the generic use of the pronoun he, Spencer reviews some efforts to solve the problem. The attempted solutions are evaluated as "not an improvement ... awkward... jarring ... disturbing" (p. 782), In one case, Spencer notes that coauthors of a book "slip up" twice. To avoid the difficulties and the accompanying unpleasant experiences, Spencer suggests the use of co: "The form is derived from an old Indo-European common form for both male and female English pronouns" (p. 783). While arguing for the "goodness of fit" (p. 783) of co. Spencer acknowledges that "there is currently one exception in our language to this meaning of co-coed, in which the form has been bastardized and debased from its source" (p. 783). A clinical psychologist is assuredly not an expert in psycholinguistics, but one could reasonably argue the following: The concept of bastardy with all of its connotative meaning, including debased, derives from patriarchal, patrilineal, male primary societies and history. In short, it is a sexist concept. Ours is a difficult language to use and avoid the expression of bias. Perhaps we ought to be gentler with those who are trying. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

SCOPUS_ID:69449093406

"Should be fun-not!": Incidence and marking of nonliteral language in e-mail

According to Kreuz's principle of inferability, speakers tend to employ nonliteral language when it can reasonably be perceived by their conversational partner. In a computer-mediated communicative setting, such as e-mail, this suggests that the e-mail writer might use discourse tools that facilitate comprehension on the part of the recipient. The present study examined rates of usage for various forms of nonliteral language in 210 e-mail messages written by young adults. In 94.30% of all e-mails there was at least one nonliteral statement, and participants used an average of 2.90 nonliteral statements per e-mail. Results showed that forms of nonliteral language that are typically deemed to be riskier, such as sarcasm, were used much less frequently than other less risky forms, such as hyperbole, and were marked with discourse markers more often. This indicates that e-mail authors are sensitive to the risky nature of nonliteral language use in e-mail, yet are savvy to the tools available to them in this communicative medium. © 2009 Sage Publications.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08777v1

"Show me the cup": Reference with Continuous Representations

One of the most basic functions of language is to refer to objects in a shared scene. Modeling reference with continuous representations is challenging because it requires individuation, i.e., tracking and distinguishing an arbitrary number of referents. We introduce a neural network model that, given a definite description and a set of objects represented by natural images, points to the intended object if the expression has a unique referent, or indicates a failure, if it does not. The model, directly trained on reference acts, is competitive with a pipeline manually engineered to perform the same task, both when referents are purely visual, and when they are characterized by a combination of visual and linguistic properties.

SCOPUS_ID:85133656715

"Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication" or half a century of IT consumer identity formation: A pragmatics approach

The article examines the genesis and modification of IT consumer's identity (ITCI) in terms of certain pragmatic properties of Apple's slogans. Drawing on Barthes's concept of mythologization, underpinned by theories of personal archetypes and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the study identified ITCI-descriptors - stylistically and pragmatically connotated meanings, associated with the advertised product or customer characteristics, related to ITCI formation. Initial ITCI construction relies on cognitive needs and the Explore archetype, based on customer-associated descriptor "creativeness", marked by disregard for cooperative maxims, by oxymorons, allusions, puns and aposiopesis, iconically reproducing non-standard thinking. Subsequent stages involve the Seeker archetype hybridization with the Trickster archetype, related to ludic stylistics, paradoxes, non sequitur, and occasionalisms-compounding. Currently creativity-based identity gives way to universalization-based ITCI marked by positive politeness, indirect commissives, pronouns of inclusiveness, indefiniteness, and metonymic identification of the product with its owner. Product-associated descriptors are at the core of the ITCI field of needs. Peripheral is the need for respect, even more peripheral is the need for in-group affiliation and cognitive needs.

SCOPUS_ID:84921386389

"Sorry can you speak it in English with me?" managing routines in lingua franca doctor-patient consultations in a diabetes clinic

Research on the routines of doctor-patient consultations has been conducted in language and culture concordant dyads and in dyads where either doctor or patient uses a foreign language; yet there is an absence of scholarly engagement with consultations where both participants are using a foreign language. In seeking to address this gap, this article reports on four doctor-patient consultations involving the use of English as a lingua franca. The data form part of a larger empirical study of communication in an Irish diabetes clinic. Microanalysis, informed by Interactional Sociolinguistics, Pragmatics and Conversation Analysis, reveals a range of interactive challenges rooted in language and cultural assumptions which impact on the management of the consultation routines. The findings emphasize the strength of the doctors'professional socialization and the challenges this poses for non-native-speaker patients.

SCOPUS_ID:85059291590

"Sorry, i cannot understand": Ways of dealing with non-understanding in human-robot interaction

В статье рассматриваются способы обращения с непониманием, возникающим в ходе взаимодействия людей с роботами. Основное внимание уделяется тому, как люди реагируют на открытое выражение непонимания со стороны робота, а также на непонимание, которое сам робот не «осознает». Методологической рамкой ис- следования выступает этнометодологический конверсационный анализ, предпола- гающий выявление способов производства локального социального порядка в по- следовательностях действий. Посредством анализа разговоров между абонентами одной из российских справочных служб и роботом показано, что, несмотря на пред- ставления о непонимании как негативном феномене, заключающемся в отсутствии понимания, само непонимание является ситуативным и согласованным достижени- ем участников взаимодействия. В статье выделяются два типа условий непонимания между человеком и роботом: институциональные (связанные со специфическим организационным контекстом, в котором протекает взаимодействие и который в нем производится) и интеракционные (связанные с организацией взаимодейст- вия). На основе детального анализа транскриптов записей телефонных разговоров людей с роботами выделяются пять способов реагирования на непонимание: изме- нение акустических особенностей реплик (повышение громкости голоса, замедле- ние, удлинение пауз и т. д.), расширение первоначального высказывания (напри- мер, введение поясняющих слов), сокращение реплики до «ключевых» слов, игнорирование непонимания, добавление объяснений. При этом люди не только реагируют на непонимание со стороны робота после его возникновения, но и актив- но предугадывают его, выстраивая свои реплики так, чтобы они были понятны ро- боту. Выявленные особенности взаимодействия «человек - робот» позволяют не только более точно описать специфику взаимодействия людей с подобными инте- ракционными агентами, получающими все большее распространение в повседнев- ной жизни, но и показать, что непонимание является не сбоем в понимании, а соци- альным достижением участников взаимодействия - будь то люди или роботы. Поскольку непонимание должно демонстрироваться и распознаваться в деталях и последовательностях действий, необходимо рассматривать его как самостоятель- ный интеракционный феномен.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.02265v2

"Stop Asian Hate!" : Refining Detection of Anti-Asian Hate Speech During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Content warning: This work displays examples of explicit and/or strongly offensive language. Fueled by a surge of anti-Asian xenophobia and prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic, many have taken to social media to express these negative sentiments. Identifying these posts is crucial for moderation and understanding the nature of hate in online spaces. In this paper, we create and annotate a corpus of tweets to explore anti-Asian hate speech with a finer level of granularity. Our analysis reveals that this emergent form of hate speech often eludes established approaches. To address this challenge, we develop a model and an accompanied efficient training regimen that incorporates agreement between annotators. Our approach produces up to 8.8% improvement in macro F1 scores over a strong established baseline, indicating its effectiveness even in settings where consensus among annotators is low. We demonstrate that we are able to identify hate speech that is systematically missed by established hate speech detectors.

SCOPUS_ID:84866237671

"Straight names" (Zheng Ming): Theory of language, technology of power, and doctrine of virtue in the classical chinese philosophy

Ancient Chinese thinkers have conceptualised the function of the language, especially the written language as a societal institution, a prescriptive rule of the human behaviour. The usage of language was determined by its magical nature from the Heaven (Tian), and the tradition of the ancient kings (gu wang). This paper offers an overview of the history of the classical Chinese language philosophy, its most important figures and schools, from the Confucian roots in Confucius' Lun yu, with the idea of straight names (zheng ming), through the interpretations of Mozi and his school, the main branches of daoism, incarnated in the books of Laozi and Zhuangzi, the semantics of the thought of the "school of the names" (mingjia), and the use of the theory of language in political philosophy of the legist (fajia) school. The article focuses on the continuous and direct references of the philosophy of language to the questions of rule and power in the history of the classical Chinese philosophy.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.05947v3

"Subverting the Jewtocracy": Online Antisemitism Detection Using Multimodal Deep Learning

The exponential rise of online social media has enabled the creation, distribution, and consumption of information at an unprecedented rate. However, it has also led to the burgeoning of various forms of online abuse. Increasing cases of online antisemitism have become one of the major concerns because of its socio-political consequences. Unlike other major forms of online abuse like racism, sexism, etc., online antisemitism has not been studied much from a machine learning perspective. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first work in the direction of automated multimodal detection of online antisemitism. The task poses multiple challenges that include extracting signals across multiple modalities, contextual references, and handling multiple aspects of antisemitism. Unfortunately, there does not exist any publicly available benchmark corpus for this critical task. Hence, we collect and label two datasets with 3,102 and 3,509 social media posts from Twitter and Gab respectively. Further, we present a multimodal deep learning system that detects the presence of antisemitic content and its specific antisemitism category using text and images from posts. We perform an extensive set of experiments on the two datasets to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed system. Finally, we also present a qualitative analysis of our study.

SCOPUS_ID:84906265540

"Sure, I did the right thing": A system for sarcasm detection in speech

While a fair amount of work has been done on automatically detecting emotion in human speech, there has been little research on sarcasm detection. Although sarcastic speech acts are inherently subjective, humans have relatively clear intuitions as to what constitutes sarcastic speech. In this paper, we present a system for automatic sarcasm detection. Using a new acted speech corpus that is annotated for sarcastic and sincere speech, we examine a number of features that are indicative of sarcasm. The first set of features looks at a baseline of basic acoustic features that have been found to be helpful in human sarcasm identification. We then present an effective way of modeling and applying prosodic contours to the task of automatic sarcasm detection. This approach applies sequential modeling to categorical representations of pitch and intensity contours obtained via k-means clustering. Using a SimpleLogistic (LogitBoost) classifier, we are able to predict sarcasm with 81.57% accuracy. This result suggests that certain pitch and intensity contours are predictive of sarcastic speech. Copyright © 2013 ISCA.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.00782v1

"TL;DR:" Out-of-Context Adversarial Text Summarization and Hashtag Recommendation

This paper presents Out-of-Context Summarizer, a tool that takes arbitrary public news articles out of context by summarizing them to coherently fit either a liberal- or conservative-leaning agenda. The Out-of-Context Summarizer also suggests hashtag keywords to bolster the polarization of the summary, in case one is inclined to take it to Twitter, Parler or other platforms for trolling. Out-of-Context Summarizer achieved 79% precision and 99% recall when summarizing COVID-19 articles, 93% precision and 93% recall when summarizing politically-centered articles, and 87% precision and 88% recall when taking liberally-biased articles out of context. Summarizing valid sources instead of synthesizing fake text, the Out-of-Context Summarizer could fairly pass the "adversarial disclosure" test, but we didn't take this easy route in our paper. Instead, we used the Out-of-Context Summarizer to push the debate of potential misuse of automated text generation beyond the boilerplate text of responsible disclosure of adversarial language models.

SCOPUS_ID:85042419089

"Thanks, shokran, gracias": Translingual practices in a Facebook group

The affordances associated with networked multilingualism (Androutsopoulos, 2015) have led social media scholars to replace traditional notions of code-switching with broader concepts such as translingual practices. In an attempt to further our understanding of online multilingual linguistic practices in the context of educational telecollaboration, we examined a series of interactions taken from a larger online ethnography of a global community of English as a foreign language (EFL) educators. We describe and illustrate how, when, and why participants drew on their multilingual repertoires within a Facebook group, created by two EFL teachers for their students and where English served as the primary shared linguistic resource. Taking a computer-mediated discourse analytic approach to analyzing data that included a total of 1,206 posts and comments on the group's Facebook page, ethnographic interviews with the teachers, and online documents from their telecollaboration, we found that although this group was discursively constructed as an English-only zone by the teachers for their students to practice English, all participants-especially the teachers-eventually broke this rule, as they drew on both Spanish and Arabic for a variety of purposes, such as selecting an addressee, establishing solidarity, and modeling intercultural sensitivity.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.04636v1

"That Is a Suspicious Reaction!": Interpreting Logits Variation to Detect NLP Adversarial Attacks

Adversarial attacks are a major challenge faced by current machine learning research. These purposely crafted inputs fool even the most advanced models, precluding their deployment in safety-critical applications. Extensive research in computer vision has been carried to develop reliable defense strategies. However, the same issue remains less explored in natural language processing. Our work presents a model-agnostic detector of adversarial text examples. The approach identifies patterns in the logits of the target classifier when perturbing the input text. The proposed detector improves the current state-of-the-art performance in recognizing adversarial inputs and exhibits strong generalization capabilities across different NLP models, datasets, and word-level attacks.

SCOPUS_ID:85141506601

"The End Justifies the Memes": A Feminist Relational Discourse Analysis of the Role of Macro Memes in Facilitating Supportive Discussions for Victim-Survivors of Narcissistic Abuse

This article reports the results of a qualitative study which aimed to investigate the role of internet memes in facilitating supportive discussions among women on an online platform concerning narcissistic abuse. Narcissistic abuse is an under-recognised form of abuse underpinning experiences of domestic abuse and intimate partner violence. The study focuses upon women's communication through the use of Facebook memes. Studying these and their associated content/posts is important for examining narcissistic abuse experiences because memes have been identified as immediate conveyors of meaning, and associated posts and comments provide rich data that can generate new findings pertinent to abuse and support experiences. A total of 4 public Facebook pages concerning narcissistic abuse were used to analyse 100 memes and their attached comments/posts, which ranged from 15 to 175 per meme with an arithmetic mean of 39.4. Employing a feminist relational discourse analysis (FRDA) framework, the data were categorised in terms of thematic frames and dominant discourses of victim-survivors. The analysis identified how community-specific Facebook pages assisted help-seeking discussions and expressions of distress. It also suggested that memes function as speech acts to discursively shape online conversations related to experiences of narcissistic abuse. As immediate conveyors of meaning, memes facilitated emotional expression to provide psychosocial support and a form of feminist activism to those who experienced feelings of isolation and marginalisation within broader political, psychological, and social contexts.

SCOPUS_ID:4344690782

"The G Factor" is about variance in human abilities, not a cognitive theory of mental structure

Whatever siren-songs Anderson (2000) may have read into The g Factor (Jensen, 1998; 1999) have resulted from what may be an unfortunate illusion, for which I must take the blame for not having sufficientlr repeated and emphasized that my book was about the nature of psychometric g per se, which deals entirely with variance in human abilities. It was not my intention to present a comprehensive theory of what Anderson refers to as 'mental structure'.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.06428v1

"The Michael Jordan of Greatness": Extracting Vossian Antonomasia from Two Decades of the New York Times, 1987-2007

Vossian Antonomasia is a prolific stylistic device, in use since antiquity. It can compress the introduction or description of a person or another named entity into a terse, poignant formulation and can best be explained by an example: When Norwegian world champion Magnus Carlsen is described as "the Mozart of chess", it is Vossian Antonomasia we are dealing with. The pattern is simple: A source (Mozart) is used to describe a target (Magnus Carlsen), the transfer of meaning is reached via a modifier ("of chess"). This phenomenon has been discussed before (as 'metaphorical antonomasia' or, with special focus on the source object, as 'paragons'), but no corpus-based approach has been undertaken as yet to explore its breadth and variety. We are looking into a full-text newspaper corpus (The New York Times, 1987-2007) and describe a new method for the automatic extraction of Vossian Antonomasia based on Wikidata entities. Our analysis offers new insights into the occurrence of popular paragons and their distribution.

SCOPUS_ID:77957944264

"The Nation's Living Room": Negotiating solidarity on an Israeli talk show in the 1990s

The article explores the changing meaning and salience of the ethos of solidarity in Israeli discourse in the 1990s, as reflected on the popular talk show Live, Hosted by Dan Shilon (1991-2000). Examination of the show's format and genre, textual analysis of its cast and topical agendas, and a quantitative analysis of micro-discursive patterns attest to the globalization, individualization, and commercialization of Israeli society and media and to the erosion of the traditionally central ethos of solidarity. Live somewhat resisted this erosion by constructing idealized images of solidarity, demonstrating popular television's role as a site for cultural negotiation. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

SCOPUS_ID:84877836473

"The Old Sami" - who is he and how should he be cared for? A discourse analysis of Norwegian policy documents regarding care services for elderly Sami

This study examined four policy documents published by the Norwegian government from 1995 to 2009 describing issues regarding the provision of public services to elderly Sami in Norway. Adopting a Foucauldian discourse analytic approach, we explored how the statements regarding elderly Sami and care services in these documents are situated within contemporary ethno-political and healthcare discourses. The documents exhibited two major and interrelated trends: the predominant portrayal of the Sami and the ethos of cultural congruent care. The analysis demonstrated a high degree of discursive continuity throughout the four documents, with the image of the elderly Sami constructed in the earliest document reproduced to a large extent in the newer documents. We suggest that a critical cultural perspective offers an alternative to the understanding of culture and the concept of cultural congruent care found in the documents. From a critical cultural perspective, culture is seen as relational, changing over time, and dependent on social context, history, gender, and other factors. In this view, cultural competence does not involve learning a fixed, coherent body of knowledge comprising "the Sami culture". A critical cultural perspective challenges those who provide care to the elderly Sami to become aware of social, political, and historical processes while simultaneously acknowledging that the impacts of these processes on the lives of the individuals they encounter can never be fully known. Furthermore, this perspective prompts healthcare providers to reflect on how their assumptions about the people they encounter are shaped by their own social, cultural, economic, and professional backgrounds. We suggest that the authorities initiate a new policy document based on current insights into the everyday experiences of the current cohort of elderly Sami as well as contemporary social, ethno-political, and healthcare discourses. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.05703v1

"The Sum of Its Parts": Joint Learning of Word and Phrase Representations with Autoencoders

Recently, there has been a lot of effort to represent words in continuous vector spaces. Those representations have been shown to capture both semantic and syntactic information about words. However, distributed representations of phrases remain a challenge. We introduce a novel model that jointly learns word vector representations and their summation. Word representations are learnt using the word co-occurrence statistical information. To embed sequences of words (i.e. phrases) with different sizes into a common semantic space, we propose to average word vector representations. In contrast with previous methods which reported a posteriori some compositionality aspects by simple summation, we simultaneously train words to sum, while keeping the maximum information from the original vectors. We evaluate the quality of the word representations on several classical word evaluation tasks, and we introduce a novel task to evaluate the quality of the phrase representations. While our distributed representations compete with other methods of learning word representations on word evaluations, we show that they give better performance on the phrase evaluation. Such representations of phrases could be interesting for many tasks in natural language processing.

SCOPUS_ID:85064083866

"The end is near": Negative attitude and fear in political discourse

Discourse is a constitutive element of politics as a social practice. This chapter analyzes a political propaganda video released during the 2010 presidential election in Brazil during the final week of the run-off between Dilma Rousseff and José Serra. We employ the appraisal system (Martin and White, 2005) to investigate the language used in the video voice-over aimed at persuading people not to vote for Rousseff. The study reveals the discursive construction of a political struggle in Brazil and provides a methodological model for the systematic analysis of public discourse and language structure. Language, supported by other available semiotic resources, is deployed to represent a possible victory by Dilma Rousseff which invokes fear from the audience through negative attitudinal meanings. That benefits her political opponent, José Serra, who emerges from the narrative as the viable choice for the run-off.

SCOPUS_ID:85048334503

"The foreign language effect" and movie recommendation: A comparative study of sentiment analysis of movie reviews in Chinese and English

Affect and sentiment uncovered from multi-lingual product reviews might provide richer and more valuable clues to the underlying consumer knowledge and preferences on the product across culture. In present study, the reviews of two movies with the same genre from IMDB and DouBan were analyzed. Preliminary results indicate that there is no substantially strong evidence supporting the 'foreign language effect' in our study , partly due to the limited data studied. In additions, the results revealed that both positive and negative emotions can be interpreted as an implicit and strong recommendation signal, which might in turn be valuable in making prediction on the popularity of a movie. However, due to the limited data, the significance of different emotion labels in affecting a predicted popularity of a movie is unclear.

SCOPUS_ID:85095134911

"The heroic path to the leader of the people": The discursive construction of leadership in the Italian Communist Party (1944-1964)

The direct link between “leader” and “people” was one of the main elements in the discourse of many authoritarian and totalitarian regimes in the first half of the Twentieth Century, including Italian Fascism. Such a special relationship has also characterized the Italian Communist Party rhetoric since its pivotal transition, which began in 1944, from a revolutionary organization to the so-called partito nuovo, and continued during the Republican era. During those years, the communist press and leaders shaped a very particular political discourse on the role of Palmiro Togliatti, returned to Italy after eighteen years of Russian exile, as the greatest leader of the party. Rhetorically, the Italian people became the source and lifeblood of this legitimization, of the following idealization (in 1948), and, finally, of the canoni-zation of his person (after 1964). This essay aims to reconstruct this narrative path through an analysis of the most important speeches by the Italian communist leaders and of the main communist newspapers and magazines published between 1944 and 1964, such as «l’Unità», «Rinascita, «Vie nuove», «Il Calendario del Popolo», and «Quaderno dell’attivista».

SCOPUS_ID:85017403139

"The more embarrassing the better!" Pragmatic approach to the properties of a narrative genre

The study explores the referential interpretation of narratives (cf. Georgakopoulou 2011) through a case study of computer-mediated narrative discourse, a thread of Hungarian stories on an online discussion site. From a social cognitive perspective (see Tomasello 1999, Sinha 2005, Verschueren 1999, Croft 2009), we interpret narrative discourses as joint attention scenes whose interacting participants contribute to the intersubjective construal of referential scenes (including narrative ones) by directing and following each other's attention. Our key concern will be to examine (i) what directs our attention and how it does so during the processing of narratives, and (ii) how particular modes of directing attention invite particular modes of conceptualization. The thread we use as corpus is entitled Beégésem története 'The story of my embarrassment' (http://forum.index.hu/Article/showArticle?t=9017476&la=125481821). It contains 26.276 posts at present, from which we selected 200 posts from the same period of time, by a variety of contributors, adding up to 216 narratives in total. Our present concern is to identify genre-specific construal patterns of internet-mediated storytelling and give a methodological foundation for quantitative studies of this kind. The starting point of our empirical study is that the production and interpretation of narratives depends on the discourse participants' ability to construe both (i) the physical and social worlds of the stories in which the actions and situations unfold, and (ii) the associated mental worlds in which the agents' active consciousness is being traced through time (see Tátrai 2015). In this presentation, we focus on how the mental worlds of the story's characters are construed, which exhibits genrespecific features. We observe (i) that a story can only be interpreted as a matter of embarrassment if its participants (the undergoer and the witnesses) mentally process it as such, and (ii) that the construal of embarrassing stories can fit into various narrative schemes that are based on divergent ways in which the participants' perspectives are organised.

SCOPUS_ID:85040564505

"The name of God and the linguistic theory of the Kabbalah" revisited

SCOPUS_ID:84864812135

"The official language of telefónica is english": Problematising the construction of english as a lingua franca in the spanish telecommunications sector

This article investigates the contradictions around the construction of English as a democratising lingua franca for intercultural communication and business in the Spanish telecommunications sector. From a critical sociolinguistic ethnographic perspective, I claim that this crucial segment of the market has embraced and mobilized a rhetoric through which, by presenting this language as an unproblematised added-value resource for everyone, multinationals make claims of modernity and 'civic' entrepreneurial relationships to target lucrative economic niches, particularly multilingual transnational customers. However, these neoliberal celebratory discursive tropes on the efficiency and inclusiveness of global English contrast with the actual public language practices of the sector. English has become a pragmatic cover-up term for making claims of 'multilingual competence', but it is actually unsystematically offered only by key multinationals in specific spaces -usually call centres- and far less so by start-up operators. Overall, the sociolinguistic regime of the Spanish telecommunications sector fosters a Spanishregimented market where English ends up serving the needs of an already connected dominant technoliterate elite, while those who do not have access to English or Spanish, basically nonliterate migrant ict users, remain underserved and are forced to navigate society through these institutionalised language barriers.

SCOPUS_ID:85048963063

"The other side of language": The problem of the relationship between continuity and discreteness

This paper deals with the problem of continuity and discreteness of human consciousness. The author starts with the analysis of the "linguistic turn" in the philosophy of the 20th century when language was forthe first time regarded as an autonomous essence. While stressing the illegitimacy of overestimating of linguistic discreteness, the author identifies three types of concepts, which help to understand differently the connection between continuum and discreteness. These are "the level concepts", wherethe semantic and sensitive dimensions of the language are highlighted; "the concepts of complementarity", which show that the discreteness is always accompanied by continuum ("non-verbal moments of communication", etc.), and "the concepts of reference", where the nonverbal and hidden cultural codes of language are explicated (viz. Theories of symbols, linguo pragmatics, etc.).

SCOPUS_ID:85072795682

"The papacy of Pius XIII begins today". Multilingualism in the TV series The Young Pope and in the Italian version

This paper analyzes the use of multiple linguistic codes in audiovisual products and in translation, taking as a case study Paolo Sorrentino's TV series The Young Pope (2016). In spite of the various studies that claim that multilingual audiovisual products tend to represent a more realistic depiction of modern society from a sociolinguistic perspective, the results of the analysis seem to demonstrate that this is not always the case. Indeed, the use of languages in the TV series is realistic only to a certain extent, as English tends to be used even when it would be reasonable to expect people to speak Italian. Likewise, linguistic realism is not a priority also in the Italian version, where all languages have been dubbed into standard Italian, regardless of the origins of the speakers.

SCOPUS_ID:69849118133

"The road to the lesbian nation is not an easy one": "us" and "them" in Diva magazine

The present paper discusses Diva, Britain's only mainstream lesbian magazine. Using critical discourse analysis, the article explores Diva's importance to its readers and the pertinence of critical discourse analysis techniques to analysing the magazine. Looking at six consecutive issues, the study focuses on a close textual analysis, backed up by content analysis, of how the groups "us" and "them" are constructed. The paper concludes that the magazine's use of these categories in ways that bemoan yet bolster the distance between the two reflects Diva's position as the voice of an "oppressed group". © 2008 Taylor & Francis.

SCOPUS_ID:85097551626

"The rule specified by means of the image". Replacement of the schema by the symbol in the philosophy of language of the Addresses to the German Nation

According to the early Fichte, designation of mental concepts and highly abstract concepts happens by means of ‘schemata’. Through an unconscious mechanism, we transfer the name of a sensible thing into a supersensible object. Fichte looked upon this process as a source of mistakes. In Addresses to the German Nation, he changes his conception and puts symbols or actual images in the place of schemata. These images don’t unify sensible and supersensible notions as schemata do, rather they draw an analogy between these notions. This analogy guides the subject in creating a notion. The word initiates and inspires the process for creating a notion. Furthermore, the word shows through the image, in what way we should set in motion our capacity of representation. So the word does not offer abstract rules for the reason but gives an image which contains the rules of procedure. From my point of view, Fichte modified his theory of language not only to deal with problems immanent to the philosophy of language. He aimed to construct a philosophy of language which was much more consistent with the view of the human being and the conception of intersubjectivity according to the Wissenschaftslehre. The modified philosophy of language proves more convincingly that basically when we understand speeches of others we neither apprehend perfect meanings nor receives ideas of others more or less passively but we re-create or re-produce thoughts of the speakers.

SCOPUS_ID:84947745023

"Then you delivered my daughter": Critical discourse analysis of a letter to the obstetrician

In this paper, which is part of a broader study on the discursive representation of pregnancy and childbirth, we present a critical discourse analysis of a 'letter to the obstetrician'. The choice of this theme was motivated by the question of hospitalization of childbirth in Brazil, country where the index of caesarean surgeries registered in private hospitals is 82%, the highest in the world. In addition, the choice of this kind of letter as analytical object to this paper is due to the realization of an innovative discursive genre, related to the pro natural childbirth movement in Brazil. Employing analytical categories as assessment, cohesion, modality, presupposition and intensifi cation, we investigate styles in the text, considering the discursive construction of identity and processes of identifi cation. Our analysis indicates high use of intensifi cation and denial, beyond the recurrent expression of feelings, judgments and assessments. Taking the document as a record of a situation, we interpret the doctor's performanceevaluation as part of a wider criticism of the care model in Brazil, which embodies aspects of hegemonic struggle discursively performed.

SCOPUS_ID:84974651734

"There are too many gay categories now": Discursive constructions of gay masculinity

"Masculine capital" refers to the social power afforded by the display of traits and behaviors that are associated with orthodox, stereotypical masculinity. Men who are concerned with their masculine identity may utilize these traits and behaviors to increase their overall masculine capital, and to mitigate "failures" in other domains of masculinity. However, their success at accruing and trading masculine capital may be limited, because different traits and behaviors are not equal in the capital they convey, and their value may vary depending on the social context in which they are deployed. Research suggests that heterosexuality contributes more to masculine capital than other stereotypically masculine characteristics: The possibilities for gay men to accrue and trade masculine capital may therefore be particularly limited, especially in heteronormative contexts. Focus groups were undertaken with gay men, straight women, and straight men living in a coastal city in the south of England to explore discursive constructions of gay masculinity, and to examine gay men's possibilities for accruing and trading masculine capital. Discourse analysis identified constructions of gay masculinity in reference to hegemonic masculinity, where gay men may acquire masculine capital in similar ways to straight men. However, the meaning and value of this capital may also vary, because certain characteristics and behaviors may have different value for and between gay men than they do for straight men, and in heteronormative contexts. The analysis also identified discourses of gay masculinity where it was not constructed as a singular entity, but rather as complex, multiple, and diverse.

SCOPUS_ID:85147280432

"These cameras won't show the crowds" Intradiscursive intertextuality in Trumpian discourse's crowd size conspiracy theory

This chapter uses a linguistically-based critical discourse analytic framework to identify, isolate, and contextualize the discursive strategies involved in the construction of conspiracy theories in former US President Donald Trump's campaign-style rally speeches. Unlike simple falsehoods, conspiracy theories are discursively constructed, repeated, and must involve (specific or vague) accusations about certain agents acting against another party surreptitiously. This chapter analyzes the discursive strategies Trump uses to construct the "crowd size"conspiracy theory: the oft-repeated claim in Trumpian discourse that Trump's opponents (especially the media) routinely manipulate, mask, and underestimate the number of Trump's supporters who come to see him at events. Five discursive strategies are identified: the iconization of stock phrases, the repetition of numbers, insults, intertextuality, and recursivity. I also demonstrate how the application of these strategies is necessarily intradiscursively intertextual, i.e., characterized by repetition and reference across both speech genre (campaign rallies) and discursive context (Trumpian discourse) more broadly.

SCOPUS_ID:84942550638

"They ain't using slang": Working class students from linguistic minority communities in higher education

An impact of globalisation on higher education has been an increase in diversity in the student population in universities in English dominant settings. The increasing diversification has impacted on the linguistic ecology of higher education, resulting in a wide range of linguistic repertoires among the student body. In some institutions, particularly those situated in urban areas, the multilingual classroom may well be the norm. Bi/multilingual university students form a heterogeneous group, encompassing temporary sojourners and members of linguistic minority communities resident in the host country. These students' linguistic, cultural, ethnic and social class backgrounds impact on their knowledge and experience of using academic language in higher education. In this article, I examine academic language in relation to a group of working class undergraduate university students from linguistic minority communities in the UK. I focus on the 'socio-symbolic functions' (Morek and Heller, this issue) of academic language for the participants in the context of an academic writing programme. I consider their ascribed institutional identity, as remedial users of academic language, and their inhabited identities as bi-dialectal users of English, native speakers of English and as multilingual subjects. I discuss how the participants' ascribed institutional identity erased their bidialectal and multilingual capital and argue that higher education needs to attend to the inhabited identities of working class linguistic minority students in efforts to foster the development of their relationship to academic language.

SCOPUS_ID:84904217575

"They might read a fly speck": Musical literacy as a discursive resource in Louis Armstrong's autobiographies

Jazz has been described as a music in which the "oral" element plays a crucial role, in opposition to Western "classical" music, seen as a chiefly "written" tradition. Although such an image is frequently advocated by critics and musicians themselves, it is also true that it can generate ambivalence and negative outputs, such as the persistent myth of "primitivism" and "naivety," often associated with jazz music. Building on Social Semiotics and Critical Discourse Analysis, this study aims at analyzing how the representations of "orality" and "literacy," that emerge in some autobiographical narratives by Louis Armstrong, are generated, and how they can work as semiotic and discursive resources. It argues that the different depictions of musicians, and the attitude displayed toward musical literacy, are sensitive to the historical, societal, and political context in which texts have been produced and published, as well as to the narrator's willingness and ability to resist or subvert dominant discourses. Moreover, the characterization of a musician (or a category of musicians) as able or unable to access musical literacy can also serve local purposes, such as expressing the narrator's stance toward narrative characters. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

SCOPUS_ID:33748672492

"They say it'll kill me...but they won't say when!" drug narratives in comic books

The mass media play an important role in constructing images of drug trafficking and use that circulate through society. For this project, discourse analysis was used to examine 52 comic books and graphic novels. Comic books reproduce a dominant discourse of negative drug use which focuses on hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine. These drug narratives set up a dichotomy between victimized drug users and predatory drug dealers. Drug users are depicted as victims who may be saved rather than criminalized. By contrast, drug dealers are constructed as villains who are subjected to the ritualized violence of comic book heroes. The construction of drug users and drug dealers is also marked by gendered, racialized, and class-based patterns of representation. © 2006 School of Criminal Justice.

SCOPUS_ID:0038666362

"This is active learning": Theories of language, learning, and social relations in the transmission of Khmer literacy

This article examines the role language ideologies played in the changing instructional and social organization of Khmer literacy classes in Long Beach, California. Language and language use in classrooms have been carefully examined over the years, but analysis of how language attitudes influence pedagogical theory and practice has been largely neglected. This article reveals one way in which language ideologies engage with local theories of learning to shape not only pedagogies informing instruction but also social relations within classes.

SCOPUS_ID:80054919932

"This sentence is wrong." Detecting errors in machine-translated sentences

Machine translation systems are not reliable enough to be used "as is": except for the most simple tasks, they can only be used to grasp the general meaning of a text or assist human translators. The purpose of confidence measures is to detect erroneous words or sentences produced by a machine translation system. In this article, after reviewing the mathematical foundations of confidence estimation, we propose a comparison of several state-of-the-art confidence measures, predictive parameters and classifiers. We also propose two original confidence measures based on Mutual Information and a method for automatically generating data for training and testing classifiers. We applied these techniques to data from the WMT campaign 2008 and found that the best confidence measures yielded an Equal Error Rate of 36.3% at word level and 34.2% at sentence level, but combining different measures reduced these rates to 35.0% and 29.0%, respectively. We also present the results of an experiment aimed at determining how helpful confidence measures are in a postediting task. Preliminary results suggest that our system is not yet ready to efficiently help post-editors, but we now have both software and a protocol that we can apply tofurther experiments, and user feedback has indicated aspects which must be improved in order to increase the level of helpfulness of confidence measures. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

SCOPUS_ID:27544455442

"This world demands our attention"

This conversation deals with the social role, epistemological presuppositions, and methodological questions of critical psychology and discourse analysis. The first part of the conversation touches on the social and epistemic conditions for the turn to the concept of discourse, the current status and functions of critical psychology, and methodological principles of the empirical research practice of critical discourse analysis. The second part focuses on the methodological and epistemological background of discourse analysis, particularly the challenge of discourse analysis for mainstream/positivist models of research and the problem of a realist vs. constructionist approach to psychological inquiry. The last part illuminates the relation of critical psychology with various major social theories and movements, specifically Marxism, feminism, and psychoanalysis in the context of contemporary postmodern conditions. © 2004 FQS.

SCOPUS_ID:55149107028

"Those are only slogans": A linguistic analysis of argumentation in debates with extremist political speakers

This article examines a newspaper and a television debate between a philosopher and two politicians of the extreme rightwing party the Flemish Bloc (Vlaams Blok) in Flanders (Belgium). The debates took place in the summer and autumn of 2004, respectively, after the party had been condemned for racism by the Belgian court. The debates center around the fundamental question asked by the philosopher to what extent and in what way the party has abandoned the views which led to the verdict. The research questions are the following: (a) What tactics are used in this situation, which creates a conflict between the party's ideology and legality? (b) Are implicit meanings uncover-able beneath the surface tactics which give an answer to the philosopher's question? (c) Is the political debating style of the speakers as politicians belonging to an extremist party the same as or different from that of mainstream politicians? © 2008 Sage Publications.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.16228v2

"Thy algorithm shalt not bear false witness": An Evaluation of Multiclass Debiasing Methods on Word Embeddings

With the vast development and employment of artificial intelligence applications, research into the fairness of these algorithms has been increased. Specifically, in the natural language processing domain, it has been shown that social biases persist in word embeddings and are thus in danger of amplifying these biases when used. As an example of social bias, religious biases are shown to persist in word embeddings and the need for its removal is highlighted. This paper investigates the state-of-the-art multiclass debiasing techniques: Hard debiasing, SoftWEAT debiasing and Conceptor debiasing. It evaluates their performance when removing religious bias on a common basis by quantifying bias removal via the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT), Mean Average Cosine Similarity (MAC) and the Relative Negative Sentiment Bias (RNSB). By investigating the religious bias removal on three widely used word embeddings, namely: Word2Vec, GloVe, and ConceptNet, it is shown that the preferred method is ConceptorDebiasing. Specifically, this technique manages to decrease the measured religious bias on average by 82,42%, 96,78% and 54,76% for the three word embedding sets respectively.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03256v1

"To Target or Not to Target": Identification and Analysis of Abusive Text Using Ensemble of Classifiers

With rising concern around abusive and hateful behavior on social media platforms, we present an ensemble learning method to identify and analyze the linguistic properties of such content. Our stacked ensemble comprises of three machine learning models that capture different aspects of language and provide diverse and coherent insights about inappropriate language. The proposed approach provides comparable results to the existing state-of-the-art on the Twitter Abusive Behavior dataset (Founta et al. 2018) without using any user or network-related information; solely relying on textual properties. We believe that the presented insights and discussion of shortcomings of current approaches will highlight potential directions for future research.

SCOPUS_ID:0030519670

"To take them at their word": Language data in the study of teachers' knowledge

In this article, Donald Freeman traces how the field of research on what teachers know and how they act in classrooms, including studies of teacher thinking, teacher learning, and teacher socialization, has assumed that words can represent thought, and have thus focused on language as a way "into" understanding the inner worlds of teachers. Freeman argues that this view of language as providing a vehicle for thought - what he terms a representational view of language data - only provides part of the story. Drawing on concepts from linguistic theory, he argues that a presentational view of language data is necessary as well if we are to more fully understand the concealed relationships and social context that language embodies. He proposes an integrated approach to research on teacher knowledge that uses both views to develop a fuller understanding of teachers in relation to social context, the ways in which their thinking changes and evolves, and the role that the research process plays in shaping the data as it is gathered and analyzed.

SCOPUS_ID:84990869169

"Together, we can make corruption a thing of the past": Strategies of and oppositions to the anticorruption discourse

The main aim of the research is to discover the ways of the realization of the main strategies of the anticorruption discourse using the method of critical discourse analysis. The sources of the investigation are the texts of international anticorruption organizations, specifically, "Transparency International". The intertextuality and interdiscoursivity of the anticorruption discourse demonstrate not only all of the trends that characterized the discourse of later capitalism, but also led to the creation of a new type of discourse. Anticorruption discourse is the kind of neoliberal discourse oriented to the dissemination of democratic regimes and principles of the free market on the global level. Referential and predicative strategies show that civil society takes the leadership in global anticorruption activity, emphasized by the demonstration of the weaknesses of governments and business. Both argumentation strategies and strategies of legitimation demonstrate the main aims of fighting corruption and the conditions of its effectiveness. The topoi of anticorruption discourse represent the features of anticorruption-ism that are formed according to the principle of the "mirror answer"; to be efficient, the curbing of corruption should have the same characteristics. Another kind of opposition includes the plain contrast between corruption and anticorruption-ism, which represents the "positive representation of the in-group (anticorruption civil society) and the negative representation of the out-group (corruption and corruptioners)".

SCOPUS_ID:84873129922

"Too Asian?" or the Invisible Citizen on the Other Side of the Nation?

In November 2010, Maclean's magazine published a provocative article "Too Asian?" which aroused hot debate and critique from various social groups. However, its racist nature and the role of media in reinforcing racial stereotypes, manufacturing consent, and naturalizing unequal power relations has not been examined in a systematic way. Using critical discourse analysis, this paper aims to reveal its ideological and hegemonic function in constructing unequal social identities and social relations which consequently prevents racialized minorities from accessing post-secondary educational opportunities. Four themes are identified and discussed here. First, the "Too Asian?" article reinforces an Us/Them division and a "forever foreigner" identity of racialized minorities. Second, it essentializes ethnic culture and identifies culture rather than structural constraints as an explanation for individual social behaviors. Third, it represents "Asian" students as self-segregationists who should be blamed for their own exclusion. Last, but most important, it aims to justify white privilege in the field of post-secondary education by questioning the idea of meritocracy as university admission criteria and suggests maintaining "WASP Credentials." © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

SCOPUS_ID:84883596582

"Transitory hieroglyphiques": Deaf people and signed communication in early modern theories of language

http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0701v1

"Translation can't change a name": Using Multilingual Data for Named Entity Recognition

Named Entities (NEs) are often written with no orthographic changes across different languages that share a common alphabet. We show that this can be leveraged so as to improve named entity recognition (NER) by using unsupervised word clusters from secondary languages as features in state-of-the-art discriminative NER systems. We observe significant increases in performance, finding that person and location identification is particularly improved, and that phylogenetically close languages provide more valuable features than more distant languages.

SCOPUS_ID:80055083089

"Uma revolução democrática é sempre uma revolução inacabada" - Or - "A democratic revolution must always remain unfinished": Commemorating the Portuguese 1974 revolution in newspaper opinion texts

This article analyses the discursive construction of collective memories and the function of commemorative events for national identity. It focuses on how the 30th anniversary of the Portuguese 1974 revolution was portrayed in the government's Programme of Action issued for the 2004 commemorations and in fortythree newspaper opinion articles also published in 2004. The 1974 revolution ended a 48-year right-wing dictatorship and has shaped subsequent historical events since the 1970s. When the Programme of Action changed the 1974 slogan 'April is revolution' into 'April is evolution', the written press responded by conducting a debate on this reframing. Using the Discourse-Historical Approach in CDA as the analytical framework, this paper highlights the discursive strategies on which the government's manifesto was built and explores the opinion articles' ongoing political and ideological tensions over the revolution, its commemorations, and how it paved the way into Europe, by describing the main macro-discursive strategies and raising issues regarding the (mis)representation of social actors and social action. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

SCOPUS_ID:84978264653

"Unexplored facts" in foreign language teaching didactics in military sports institute

The article contains the basic provisions of bilingual interpreting training for cadets of Military Institute of Physical Culture based on the cognitivecommunicative approach. In the context of the article interpreting activities of cadets and graduates of Military Institute of Physical Culture act as a target and tools of interpreting. The fundamentals of formation of professional interpreting competency based on the analysis and interpretation of the concepts of linguistic code, message, information, communication, memory, type of speech activity are stipulated in the paper.

SCOPUS_ID:55349118181

"Usability + usefulness = trust": An exploratory study of Australian health web sites

Purpose - The aim is to explore users' reactions to health information web sites from the perspective of trust, retrieval of relevant information and ease-of-use, and to establish the link between perceived quality, trust, and usability. Design/methodology/approach - An analysis of three Australian health web sites was undertaken. A usability test was conducted on those three web sites resulting in 207 completed user evaluations. The evaluations included both quantitative and qualitative data. Findings - The three investigated health information web sites do not meet the needs of health consumers. More details such as how information is selected to engender greater trust need to be provided. The retrieval of relevant information could be improved through the implementation of functionality such as spell checking and information differentiation. Finally, ensuring web sites are easy to use contributes to the level of trust users have in a web site. Research limitations/implications - This was a relatively small study investigating only three generic Australian health web sites, the results however suggest that a larger study looking at other health web sites is needed. Practical implications - For government agencies developing health information web sites more attention needs to be paid to the design of these web sites if users are to be encouraged to use the web site and return. The research suggests that effective health information web sites must be perceived to be of reliable quality, be trustworthy, have some level of intelligence to assist in the retrieval of relevant information, and be easy to use. Originality/value - Although there is much research relating to the relationship between web site design and trust for e-commerce transactional web sites this work has not been undertaken for web sites designed for information retrieval, in particular little work has been done of health information web sites. This paper fills in some of the gaps. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

SCOPUS_ID:85018976242

"VC/DC" - Video versus domain concepts in comments to learner-generated science videos

The recently finished EU project JuxtaLearn aimed at supporting students' learning of STEM subjects through the creation, exchange and discussion of learner-made videos. The approach is based on an eight-stage activity cycle in the beginning of which teachers identify specific "stumbling blocks" for a given theme (or "tricky topic"). In JuxtaLearn, video comments were analyzed to extract information on the learners' acquisition and understanding of domain concepts, especially to detect problems and misconceptions. These analyses were based on mapping texts to networks of concepts ("network-text analysis") as a basis for further processing. In this article we use data collected from recent field trials to shed light on what is actually discussed when students share their own videos in science domains. Would the aspect of video-making dominate over activities related to a deepening of domain understanding? Our findings indicate that there are different ways of balancing both aspects and interventions will be needed to bring forth the desired blend.

SCOPUS_ID:84879787388

"Voices of the People": Linguistic Research among Germany's prisoners of war during world war I

This paper investigates the history of the Royal Prussian Phonographic Commission, a body that collected and archived linguistic, ethnographic, and anthropological data from prisoners-of-war (POWs) in Germany during World War I. Recent literature has analyzed the significance of this research for the rise of conservative physical anthropology. Taking a complementary approach, the essay charts new territory in seeking to understand how the prison-camp studies informed philology and linguistics specifically. I argue that recognizing philological commitments of the Phonographic Commission is essential to comprehending the project contextually. My approach reveals that linguists accommodated material and contemporary evidence to older text-based research models, sustaining dynamic theories of language. Through a case study based on the Iranian philologist F. C. Andreas (1846-1930), the paper ultimately argues that linguistics merits greater recognition in the historiography of the behavioral sciences. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 49 3 Summer 2013 10.1002/jhbs.21607 Original Article Original Articles © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

SCOPUS_ID:85099100527

"We Speak Pidgin!" - Family Language Policy as the Telling Case for Translanguaging Spaces and Monolingual Ideologies

With the increase in global movement, both temporary (travel and transsettlement) and permanent (e/immigration), traditional conceptions of the linguistic processes rooted largely in the long-term translocation(s) or migrations are revisited through the study of family language policy. The present study of family language policy serves as a telling case (Mitchell, 1984) of (1) translanguaging (Williams, 1994) as a practical theory of language (Li, 2018), describing how the transnational individual experienced the construction of two intergenerational translanguaging spaces (Li, 2011): the family and the community and (2) how the phenomenon of monolingual ideologies infiltrates the translanguaging space of the family to exert its influences toward the standard, in this case the standard Russian dialect. Importance of increased mobility characteristic of contemporary times and the central role of temporality in linguistic processes and their disruptions are discussed in this article.

SCOPUS_ID:85133824427

"We dream of climbing the ladder; to get there, we have to do our job better": Designing for Teacher Aspirations in rural Côte d'Ivoire

As governments in developing countries race to solve the global learning crisis, a key focus is on novel teaching approaches as taught in pedagogical programs. To scale, these pedagogical programs rely on government teacher training infrastructure. However, these programs face challenges in rural parts of Africa where there is a lack of advisor support, teachers are isolated and technology infrastructure is still emerging. Conversational agents have addressed some of these challenges by scaling expert knowledge and providing personalized interactions, but it is unclear how this work can translate to rural African contexts. To explore the use of such technology in this design space, we conducted two related studies. The first was a qualitative study with 20 teachers and ministry officials in rural Côte d'Ivoire to understand opportunities and challenges in technology use for these stakeholders. Second, we shared a conversational agent probe over WhatsApp to 38 teachers for 14-weeks to better understand what we learned in the survey and to uncover realistic use cases from these stakeholders. Our findings were examined through a theoretical lens of aspirations to discover sustainable design directions for conversational agents to support teachers in low infrastructure settings.

SCOPUS_ID:84938209021

"We may face the risks" ... "risks that could adversely affect our face": A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of modality markers in CSR reports

In recent years, CSR disclosures have increased exponentially. The genre combines informative and promotional purposes, data and reputation-building.Through a corpus-assisted discourse analysis of CSR reports issued by energy companies, this study tries to unveil how words are non-neutrally used to construct discourses and views and increase profitability.The paper focuses on verbal markers of forward-looking statements, elements conveying modality and authorial stance, in order to investigate their contribution to the creation of an ethical image.The analysis highlighted that self-promotion is enacted through mainly optimistic projections, stressing a constant commitment and communicating an already optimal performance, while relativising risks.

SCOPUS_ID:77954168004

"We must agree on our vision": New Zealand Labour's discourse of globalisation and the nation from 1999-2008

From 1999-2008, New Zealand's Labour-led coalition Government fashioned a specific discourse of globalisation and the nation. Within a representation of globalisation as a realm of hostile competition, New Zealanders were increasingly addressed as contributors to an urgently necessary and meaningfully shared national response. While there was nothing particularly unusual about this discourse, the history and structure of New Zealand society meant that its political and ethical implications could be seen particularly clearly in this setting. This article analyses three key features of the government's discourse - its future-focussed orientation, its heavy use of imperative terms and its careful use of the first person plural - and shows how they led logically to a reductive address and positioning of individuals and sub-state groups. Drawing on elements of CDA and critical political theory, it explores how the discursive construction of a shared (national) purpose served an anti-political function by marginalising divergent perspectives, including the historically-based claims of the indigenous Maori. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

SCOPUS_ID:85059945216

"We must unite now or perish!": Kwame Nkrumah's creation of a mythic discourse?

This paper presents a discourse-mythological analysis of the rhetoric of a pioneering Pan-African and Ghana's independence leader, Kwame Nkrumah, drawing on Ruth Wodak's discourse-historical approach to critical discourse analysis. The thesis of the paper is that Nkrumah's discourse, in its focus on the emancipation and unification of Africa, can be characterized as mythic, a discursive exhortation of Africa to demonstrate to the world that it can better govern itself than the colonizers. In this vein, the paper analyzes four discursive strategies employed by Nkrumah in the creation and projection of his mythology: the introduction or creation of new discourse events, presupposition and implication, involvement (the use of indexicals) and lexical structuring and reiteration. This study is, therefore, presented as a case study of mythic discourse within the domain of politics.

SCOPUS_ID:84905573479

"Well-done, Mr. Mayor!": Linguistic analysis of municipal facebook pages

The increasing use of social networks has given rise to a new kind of relations between residents and authorities at the municipal level, where residents can speak directly to administrators and representatives, can take part in open discussions, and may have more direct involvement and influence on local affairs. The more direct democracy facilitated by social media outlets fascinates communication and political science researchers. But while most of their attention is drawn to national politics, the municipal arena can be even more affected by these new means of direct communication. This paper focuses on municipal administration on Facebook, and analyzes the discourse that has developed between citizens and local administrators on municipal Facebook pages, using automatic digital tools. The formal Facebook pages of all of the cities in Israel were extracted using digital tools, and all posts and comments published on these pages in a period of six months were analyzed using automatic linguistic analysis tools that provided information regarding the use and frequencies of words and terms in the texts. The paper presents the prominent topics, use of language, and basic features of citizens-municipalities interactions in formal Facebook pages. The study discusses the findings, their implications, and the advantages and limitations of using digital tools to analyze texts in a digital research field. Copyright © 2014 ACM.

SCOPUS_ID:84894049290

"Westerners," "Chinese," and/or "Us": Exploring the intersections of language, race, religion, and immigrantization

Based on a four-year ethnography, I draw on critical race theory and Bourdieuian theory of language to analyze why a Chinese Immigrant couple regarded their 1.5-Generation Chinese Canadian leaders at an evangelical Christian church as "Westerners," and how the leaders differentiated themselves from "Westerners" and "Chinese/Immigrants." I argue that language and race intersect in complicated ways to racialize Immigrants and their children differently, and linguistic nationalism as a form of structural racism permeates everyday interactions. © 2014 by the American Anthropological Association.

SCOPUS_ID:85128598953

"What Can I Cook with these Ingredients?" - Understanding Cooking-Related Information Needs in Conversational Search

As conversational search becomes more pervasive, it becomes increasingly important to understand the users' underlying information needs when they converse with such systems in diverse domains. We conduct an in situ study to understand information needs arising in a home cooking context as well as how they are verbally communicated to an assistant. A human experimenter plays this role in our study. Based on the transcriptions of utterances, we derive a detailed hierarchical taxonomy of diverse information needs occurring in this context, which require different levels of assistance to be solved. The taxonomy shows that needs can be communicated through different linguistic means and require different amounts of context to be understood. In a second contribution, we perform classification experiments to determine the feasibility of predicting the type of information need a user has during a dialogue using the turn provided. For this multi-label classification problem, we achieve average F1 measures of 40% using BERT-based models. We demonstrate with examples which types of needs are difficult to predict and show why, concluding that models need to include more context information in order to improve both information need classification and assistance to make such systems usable.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.04151v1

"What Do You Mean by That?" A Parser-Independent Interactive Approach for Enhancing Text-to-SQL

In Natural Language Interfaces to Databases systems, the text-to-SQL technique allows users to query databases by using natural language questions. Though significant progress in this area has been made recently, most parsers may fall short when they are deployed in real systems. One main reason stems from the difficulty of fully understanding the users' natural language questions. In this paper, we include human in the loop and present a novel parser-independent interactive approach (PIIA) that interacts with users using multi-choice questions and can easily work with arbitrary parsers. Experiments were conducted on two cross-domain datasets, the WikiSQL and the more complex Spider, with five state-of-the-art parsers. These demonstrated that PIIA is capable of enhancing the text-to-SQL performance with limited interaction turns by using both simulation and human evaluation.

SCOPUS_ID:84879496202

"What a homeless can do in this situation?"A critical discourse analysis of the representation of hostels and shelters in Brazilian street papers

The present article brings an overview of our Master's research on newspapers and magazines targeting people in street situation. In our study, we analyzed texts published on the three following street papers: Boca de Rua, Aurora da Rua, and Ocas, which are the product of the direct discursive action of people who find themselves in street situation, focusing on the representations that build the welfare network of the State Governments for the population in street situation. From this analysis, we propose a socially critical explanation about the existing contradictions in welfare systems that do not aid and whose keynote is the systemic and systematic violence from the perspective of its users who discursively re-contextualize the treatment given in shelters, hotels and lodgings of the network.

SCOPUS_ID:84881112689

"What i cannot build i cannot understand": Transgressive discourses in life sciences and synthetic biology

The article scrutinizes the genealogy of transgressive discourses in the fields of the natural sciences, metaphysics, and religion. Throughout Western cultural history, and still today, we find influential examples that transgress the borders between empirical method and metaphysical knowledge claims. These borders are shifting constantly and thus it seems more fruitful to address their negotiation as an ongoing discourse in Western culture, rather than trying to fix the distinction between knowledge of nature and knowledge of the divine, linking these fixed borders to the systems of religion and philosophy on the one hand, and to the natural sciences on the other. The article analyzes the discursive entanglements of scientific and religious systems of knowledge about nature and the divine. Within a theoretical framework of historical discourse analysis, the cientification of religion since the eighteenth century is discussed, followed by a case study that addresses contemporary life sciences and synthetic biology. © 2013 by Koninklijke Brill N.V., Leiden, The Netherlands.

SCOPUS_ID:84899451984

"What if there was no oxygen?": Responding to hypothetical questions in an intelligent tutoring agent

Our aim is for intelligent tutoring agents to replace traditional and even online textbooks with personalized, adaptive, one-to-one instruction. We focus on science subjects, and describe an approach to answering hypothetical questions from the student, such as "Would cellular respiration continue in the absence of oxygen?" Copyright © 2013, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:85121702865

"What if we start at the top right?": Proposals in Spanish and Italian in pragmatically oriented dialogues

Within the field of Cross-Cultural Pragmatics, the analysis on the working of the linguistic act of proposing in Spanish and Italian hasn't attracted enough attention if compared to other acts such as, among others, requests, invitations, refusals and compliments. In this study we approach this topic starting from the hypothesis that two languages that are perceived to be close from a cultural perspective should activate similar pragmatic strategies when proposing something. Through the analysis of 16 pragmatically oriented conversations we will see that, along the lines of previous studies, Italian and Spanish speakers activate slightly different strategies when formulating a proposal despite the starting point.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1612.07843v1

"What is Relevant in a Text Document?": An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach

Text documents can be described by a number of abstract concepts such as semantic category, writing style, or sentiment. Machine learning (ML) models have been trained to automatically map documents to these abstract concepts, allowing to annotate very large text collections, more than could be processed by a human in a lifetime. Besides predicting the text's category very accurately, it is also highly desirable to understand how and why the categorization process takes place. In this paper, we demonstrate that such understanding can be achieved by tracing the classification decision back to individual words using layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP), a recently developed technique for explaining predictions of complex non-linear classifiers. We train two word-based ML models, a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a bag-of-words SVM classifier, on a topic categorization task and adapt the LRP method to decompose the predictions of these models onto words. Resulting scores indicate how much individual words contribute to the overall classification decision. This enables one to distill relevant information from text documents without an explicit semantic information extraction step. We further use the word-wise relevance scores for generating novel vector-based document representations which capture semantic information. Based on these document vectors, we introduce a measure of model explanatory power and show that, although the SVM and CNN models perform similarly in terms of classification accuracy, the latter exhibits a higher level of explainability which makes it more comprehensible for humans and potentially more useful for other applications.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.08056v3

"What makes a question inquisitive?" A Study on Type-Controlled Inquisitive Question Generation

We propose a type-controlled framework for inquisitive question generation. We annotate an inquisitive question dataset with question types, train question type classifiers, and finetune models for type-controlled question generation. Empirical results demonstrate that we can generate a variety of questions that adhere to specific types while drawing from the source texts. We also investigate strategies for selecting a single question from a generated set, considering both an informative vs.~inquisitive question classifier and a pairwise ranker trained from a small set of expert annotations. Question selection using the pairwise ranker yields strong results in automatic and manual evaluation. Our human evaluation assesses multiple aspects of the generated questions, finding that the ranker chooses questions with the best syntax (4.59), semantics (4.37), and inquisitiveness (3.92) on a scale of 1-5, even rivaling the performance of human-written questions.

SCOPUS_ID:85108614870

"When a garden encourages you to read" A reading text test based on psycholinguistics

Evaluating a child's reading is a delicate process. The results help to guide a diagnosis of "dyslexia" or other learning disability. Reading is no longer considered solely as a skill acquired through adequate pedagogy. It is conceived as the integration of a bundle of skills widely shared with oral language (Piérart, 2021). At the present time, an in-depth assessment of reading can no longer be conceived independently of the in-depth assessment of the facets of oral language associated with reading: lexical knowledge and their rapid evocation, an excellent understanding of syntactic structures, benchmarks stable and fine phonological skills, efficient verbal memory, the ability to manipulate phonology (metaphonological skills) and to analyze the structure of sentences (metasyntactic skills) .These observations prompted us to propose a test of reading a text including the words are subject to frequency, length and regularity control. This test is calibrated on 332 children from 7 to 10 years old. Its interest lies in the fact that it is a short text, pleasant to read, calibrated and which takes into account the various parameters included in the reading act: speed, correctness and comprehension.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.10155v1

"When they say weed causes depression, but it's your fav antidepressant": Knowledge-aware Attention Framework for Relationship Extraction

With the increasing legalization of medical and recreational use of cannabis, more research is needed to understand the association between depression and consumer behavior related to cannabis consumption. Big social media data has potential to provide deeper insights about these associations to public health analysts. In this interdisciplinary study, we demonstrate the value of incorporating domain-specific knowledge in the learning process to identify the relationships between cannabis use and depression. We develop an end-to-end knowledge infused deep learning framework (Gated-K-BERT) that leverages the pre-trained BERT language representation model and domain-specific declarative knowledge source (Drug Abuse Ontology (DAO)) to jointly extract entities and their relationship using gated fusion sharing mechanism. Our model is further tailored to provide more focus to the entities mention in the sentence through entity-position aware attention layer, where ontology is used to locate the target entities position. Experimental results show that inclusion of the knowledge-aware attentive representation in association with BERT can extract the cannabis-depression relationship with better coverage in comparison to the state-of-the-art relation extractor.

SCOPUS_ID:84878329920

"Who am I?" identity, evaluation, and differential equations

In this paper we study the connection between the use of evaluative language and the building of both personal and social identities, from the perspective of Dynamical System Theory. We primarily discuss two issues: 1) The use of evaluation (in the sense given to the term by Alba-Juez and Thompson (forthcoming)) as a means to the construction of both individual and group identities, thus exploring how the connection between linguistic choices and social identities is shaped by interactional needs for stancetaking. In order to illustrate this connection, we examine examples of the use of evaluative language in a web social network, and we analyze some of the discourse elements showing ways of positioning that act as catalysts for the emergence of a multifactorial dynamic system of identities. 2) The consideration of Dynamical System Theory (DST) as a theoretical framework for the modeling of language and identity. Although originally a mathematical theory, DST has been adopted by cognitive science as a valid framework for the study of cognitive phenomena, on the grounds that natural cognition is a dynamical phenomenon. Within the realm of (socio) linguistics and pragmatics, this study is to a certain degree in line with some recent studies such as Gibbs (2010), Geeraerts, Kristiansen and Peirsman (2010), or Moreno Fernández (2012). Thus, we herein focus on how linguistic evaluation intervenes in the intricate dynamical system of identity, and even though we do not engage in complex mathematical disquisition, we argue that the idea and philosophical foundation underlying DST can lead us towards the 'integration' of the complex equation of identity construction, and that consequently the field has great potential for further research. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

SCOPUS_ID:85019189739

"Who was Pietro Badoglio?" Towards a QA system for Italian history

This paper presents QUANDHO (QUestion ANswering Data for Italian HistOry), an Italian question answering dataset created to cover a specific domain, i.e. the history of Italy in the first half of the XX century. The dataset includes questions manually classified and annotated with Lexical Answer Types, and a set of question-answer pairs. This resource, freely available for research purposes, has been used to retrain a domain independent question answering system so to improve its performances in the domain of interest. Ongoing experiments on the development of a question classifier and an automatic tagger of Lexical Answer Types are also presented.

SCOPUS_ID:85071143521

"Why drones for ordinary people?" digital representations, topic clusters, and techno-nationalization of drones on Zhihu

Unmanned and unwomaned aerial vehicles (UAV), or drones, are breaking and creating new boundaries of image-based communication. Using social network analysis and critical discourse analysis, we examine the 60 most popular question threads about drones on Zhihu, China's largest social question answering platform. We trace howcontroversial issues around these supposedly novel tech products are mediated, domesticated, visualized, or marginalized via digital representational technology. Supported by Zhihu's topic categorization algorithm, drone-related discussions form topic clusters. These topic clusters gain currency in the government-regulated cyberspace, where their meanings remain open to widely divergent interpretations and mediation by various agents. We find that the largest drone company DJI occupies a central and strongly interconnected position in the discussions. Drones are, moreover, represented as objects of consumption, technological advancement, national future, and uncertainty. At the same time, the sense-making process of drone-related discussions evokes emerging sets of narrative user identities with potential political effects. Users engage in digital representational technologies publicly and collectively to raise questions and represent their views on new technologies. Therefore, we argue that platforms like Zhihu are essential when studying views of the Chinese citizenry towards technological developments.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05852v1

"Why is this misleading?": Detecting News Headline Hallucinations with Explanations

Automatic headline generation enables users to comprehend ongoing news events promptly and has recently become an important task in web mining and natural language processing. With the growing need for news headline generation, we argue that the hallucination issue, namely the generated headlines being not supported by the original news stories, is a critical challenge for the deployment of this feature in web-scale systems Meanwhile, due to the infrequency of hallucination cases and the requirement of careful reading for raters to reach the correct consensus, it is difficult to acquire a large dataset for training a model to detect such hallucinations through human curation. In this work, we present a new framework named ExHalder to address this challenge for headline hallucination detection. ExHalder adapts the knowledge from public natural language inference datasets into the news domain and learns to generate natural language sentences to explain the hallucination detection results. To evaluate the model performance, we carefully collect a dataset with more than six thousand labeled <article, headline> pairs. Extensive experiments on this dataset and another six public ones demonstrate that ExHalder can identify hallucinated headlines accurately and justifies its predictions with human-readable natural language explanations.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08384v2

"Wikily" Supervised Neural Translation Tailored to Cross-Lingual Tasks

We present a simple but effective approach for leveraging Wikipedia for neural machine translation as well as cross-lingual tasks of image captioning and dependency parsing without using any direct supervision from external parallel data or supervised models in the target language. We show that first sentences and titles of linked Wikipedia pages, as well as cross-lingual image captions, are strong signals for a seed parallel data to extract bilingual dictionaries and cross-lingual word embeddings for mining parallel text from Wikipedia. Our final model achieves high BLEU scores that are close to or sometimes higher than strong supervised baselines in low-resource languages; e.g. supervised BLEU of 4.0 versus 12.1 from our model in English-to-Kazakh. Moreover, we tailor our wikily supervised translation models to unsupervised image captioning, and cross-lingual dependency parser transfer. In image captioning, we train a multi-tasking machine translation and image captioning pipeline for Arabic and English from which the Arabic training data is a translated version of the English captioning data, using our wikily-supervised translation models. Our captioning results on Arabic are slightly better than that of its supervised model. In dependency parsing, we translate a large amount of monolingual text, and use it as artificial training data in an annotation projection framework. We show that our model outperforms recent work on cross-lingual transfer of dependency parsers.

SCOPUS_ID:84875352993

"Wild Scouts": Swedish Scouting Preparing Responsible Citizens for the Twenty-First Century

The aim of this article is to analyze the Swedish scout program. Socialization is used as a theoretical tool in the analysis. The method is inspired by critical discourse analysis. What are children and young people being prepared for, how is it accomplished, and by whom? The findings reveal two discourses: doing things as an investment for the future versus having fun. In "the scout factory," the movement is the initiator, the leader the performer, and the young person the individual who is to become the final product-a responsible citizen. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.07367v2

"Will You Find These Shortcuts?" A Protocol for Evaluating the Faithfulness of Input Salience Methods for Text Classification

Feature attribution a.k.a. input salience methods which assign an importance score to a feature are abundant but may produce surprisingly different results for the same model on the same input. While differences are expected if disparate definitions of importance are assumed, most methods claim to provide faithful attributions and point at the features most relevant for a model's prediction. Existing work on faithfulness evaluation is not conclusive and does not provide a clear answer as to how different methods are to be compared. Focusing on text classification and the model debugging scenario, our main contribution is a protocol for faithfulness evaluation that makes use of partially synthetic data to obtain ground truth for feature importance ranking. Following the protocol, we do an in-depth analysis of four standard salience method classes on a range of datasets and shortcuts for BERT and LSTM models and demonstrate that some of the most popular method configurations provide poor results even for simplest shortcuts. We recommend following the protocol for each new task and model combination to find the best method for identifying shortcuts.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.05253v1

"With 1 follower I must be AWESOME :P". Exploring the role of irony markers in irony recognition

Conversations in social media often contain the use of irony or sarcasm, when the users say the opposite of what they really mean. Irony markers are the meta-communicative clues that inform the reader that an utterance is ironic. We propose a thorough analysis of theoretically grounded irony markers in two social media platforms: $Twitter$ and $Reddit$. Classification and frequency analysis show that for $Twitter$, typographic markers such as emoticons and emojis are the most discriminative markers to recognize ironic utterances, while for $Reddit$ the morphological markers (e.g., interjections, tag questions) are the most discriminative.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.07040v1

"World Knowledge" in Multiple Choice Reading Comprehension

Recently it has been shown that without any access to the contextual passage, multiple choice reading comprehension (MCRC) systems are able to answer questions significantly better than random on average. These systems use their accumulated "world knowledge" to directly answer questions, rather than using information from the passage. This paper examines the possibility of exploiting this observation as a tool for test designers to ensure that the use of "world knowledge" is acceptable for a particular set of questions. We propose information-theory based metrics that enable the level of "world knowledge" exploited by systems to be assessed. Two metrics are described: the expected number of options, which measures whether a passage-free system can identify the answer a question using world knowledge; and the contextual mutual information, which measures the importance of context for a given question. We demonstrate that questions with low expected number of options, and hence answerable by the shortcut system, are often similarly answerable by humans without context. This highlights that the general knowledge 'shortcuts' could be equally used by exam candidates, and that our proposed metrics may be helpful for future test designers to monitor the quality of questions.

SCOPUS_ID:44949124711

"Yeah right": Sarcasm recognition for spoken dialogue systems

The robust understanding of sarcasm in a spoken dialogue system requires a reformulation of the dialogue manager's basic assumptions behind, for example, user behavior and grounding strategies. But automatically detecting a sarcastic tone of voice is not a simple matter. This paper presents some experiments toward sarcasm recognition using prosodic, spectral, and contextual cues. Our results demonstrate that spectral and contextual features can be used to detect sarcasm as well as a human annotator would, and confirm a long-held claim in the field of psychology -that prosody alone is not sufficient to discern whether a speaker is being sarcastic.

SCOPUS_ID:84906978528

"You are children but you can always say...": Hypothetical direct reported speech and child-parent relationships in a Heritage Language classroom

The paper investigates how children attending a religious Russian Heri-tage Language school are taught to relate to their parents in culturally acceptable ways. It examines hypothetical direct reported speech that promotes respectful and humble communication behavior in interactions with their parents. The paper is based on discourse analysis of audio-and video-recorded interactions and longitudinal ethnographic observations. Analysis demonstrates that the moral concept of humility is valued in the school and is considered important for children's everyday lives outside of school. Through the use of hypothetical reported speech children receive concrete understandings of this complex moral concept. The use of hypothetical reported speech allows for creation of a situation where absent parties become active characters. The hypothetical reported quotes are presented as relevant to all of the children while being simultaneously "typical" and "de-personalized." This allows teachers to avoid accusing a particular child of behaving inappropriately toward a parent. Furthermore, the role of mothers is highlighted in the quotes positioning them as important in the everyday lives of children. While the hypothetical reported speech demonstrates to the children how to be respectful and humble toward parents, it also presents ways to disagree with the parents. Prosody was found to be utilized in the hypothetical speech as an important way to allow for positioning of the social actors in relation to each other to take place. The teachers produce a "layering of voices" (Bakhtin 1981) in the quotes. This layering allows an opportunity for the teachers to express their own stances toward the quotes while at the same time to present to the children acceptable norms through creation of typified characters.

SCOPUS_ID:38749134172

"You are free to set your own hours": Governing worker productivity and health through flexibility and resilience

Flexible work is now endemic in modern economies. A growing literature both praises work flexibility for accommodating employees' needs and criticizes it for fueling contingency and job insecurity. Although studies have identified varied effects of flexible work, questions remain about the workplace dimensions of flexibility and how occupational workplace health is managed in these workplaces. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study of how managers in the computer software industry situate workplace flexibility and approach worker health. In-depth interviews were conducted with managers (and some workers) at 30 firms in Ontario, Canada. Using a critical discourse analysis approach, we examine managers' optimistic descriptions of flexibility which emphasize how flexible work contributes to workers' life balance. We then contrast this with managers' depictions of flexibility work practices as intense and inescapable. We suggest that the discourse of flexibility, and the work practices they foster, make possible and reinforce an increased intensity of work that is driven by the demands of technological pace and change that characterize the global information technology and computer software industries. Finally, we propose that flexible knowledge work has led to a re-framing of occupational health management involving a focus on what we call "strategies of resilience" that aim to buttress workers' capacities to withstand intensive and uncertain working conditions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03012v2

"You are grounded!": Latent Name Artifacts in Pre-trained Language Models

Pre-trained language models (LMs) may perpetuate biases originating in their training corpus to downstream models. We focus on artifacts associated with the representation of given names (e.g., Donald), which, depending on the corpus, may be associated with specific entities, as indicated by next token prediction (e.g., Trump). While helpful in some contexts, grounding happens also in under-specified or inappropriate contexts. For example, endings generated for `Donald is a' substantially differ from those of other names, and often have more-than-average negative sentiment. We demonstrate the potential effect on downstream tasks with reading comprehension probes where name perturbation changes the model answers. As a silver lining, our experiments suggest that additional pre-training on different corpora may mitigate this bias.

SCOPUS_ID:85092238185

"You gotta be able to pay your own way": Canadian news media discourse and young adults' subjectivities of successful adulting

Youth transitions to adulthood and traditional markers of adulthood are becoming more fluid, uncertain, and extended in contemporary societies. Despite these shifts, public discourses surrounding young adult transitional trajectories are dominantly informed by a linear benchmark perspective. This framework positions establishing financial autonomy with the goal of permanently leaving the parental home as central to successful adulthood. In this paper, we integrate textual news media and interview data to critically interrogate contemporary public discourses of adulting in tandem with Canadian young adults' subjective understandings of adulthood. We conduct Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA) using two complementary data sources: (1) a selection of Canadian news media addressing youth transitions to adulthood (n = 44), and (2) interviews with Canadian young adults, assessing their perceptions and experiences of adulthood (n = 20). Our findings reveal that media and personalized constructions of successful adulthood are synonymous with financial independence and responsibility. These social norms reflect and shape young adults' subjective meanings of adulthood and inform the ways of being that young people imagine as ideal.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.01526v2

"You made me feel this way": Investigating Partners' Influence in Predicting Emotions in Couples' Conflict Interactions using Speech Data

How romantic partners interact with each other during a conflict influences how they feel at the end of the interaction and is predictive of whether the partners stay together in the long term. Hence understanding the emotions of each partner is important. Yet current approaches that are used include self-reports which are burdensome and hence limit the frequency of this data collection. Automatic emotion prediction could address this challenge. Insights from psychology research indicate that partners' behaviors influence each other's emotions in conflict interaction and hence, the behavior of both partners could be considered to better predict each partner's emotion. However, it is yet to be investigated how doing so compares to only using each partner's own behavior in terms of emotion prediction performance. In this work, we used BERT to extract linguistic features (i.e., what partners said) and openSMILE to extract paralinguistic features (i.e., how they said it) from a data set of 368 German-speaking Swiss couples (N = 736 individuals) who were videotaped during an 8-minutes conflict interaction in the laboratory. Based on those features, we trained machine learning models to predict if partners feel positive or negative after the conflict interaction. Our results show that including the behavior of the other partner improves the prediction performance. Furthermore, for men, considering how their female partners spoke is most important and for women considering what their male partner said is most important in getting better prediction performance. This work is a step towards automatically recognizing each partners' emotion based on the behavior of both, which would enable a better understanding of couples in research, therapy, and the real world.

SCOPUS_ID:84890235103

"You need some laugh bones!": Leveraging AAL in a high school English classroom

The purpose of this study was to examine how a White teacher (Gina) responded to African American Language (AAL) in ways that situated students as valuable members of a high school English classroom. This 5-month qualitative study in a 10th grade classroom drew from positioning theory and discourse analysis to make sense of classroom interactions with AAL. Findings show that although Gina was not fluent in AAL, she leveraged it in ways that positioned students as members of the literacy community by doing the following: (a) opening opportunities for students to use AAL in ways that contributed to the community, (b) not dismissing or ridiculing the use of AAL, and (c) maintaining a classroom of respect when AAL was used in ways that disrespected that community. Implications from the study suggest that teaching high school English is not only about knowledge of content or best practices but also about leveraging multiple languages in ways that position students as participants of a literacy community. © The Author(s) 2013.

SCOPUS_ID:85111250050

"You were resisting the whole time!": Assumption of guilt in police-civilian question-response interactions

This chapter uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) (Blommaert and Bulcaen 2000) to examine white police interactions with Black civilians in the United States. The syntactic, pragmatic, and discursive evidence in the interactions indicates the officers approach the interactions through an arrest framework based on assumption of civilian guilt. In contrast, it is arguable from the ways civilians ask questions and react to the officers' accusations they frame the interactions as information exchanges. Because of this difference in framing, officers interpret actions allowable within an information exchange as "resistance"within an arrest framework, justifiying use of force against the civilians. This bias in the way civilians are treated when officers assume guilt problematizes this institutional interaction as unsafe for Black civilians.

SCOPUS_ID:84942924118

"You will be glad you hung onto this quit": Sharing information and giving support when stopping smoking online

This linguistic study investigates information exchange with a focus on persuasion, in an online smoking cessation forum, based on a small corpus of discussion threads. Fellow quitters share information about how to best deal with their quit-smoking journey; they encourage each other to persevere in quitting and give each other advice on medication or coping with withdrawal symptoms. According to interpersonal pragmatics, these interactions always feature both informational and relational aspects. It is thus of interest how participants share information in online settings, for example, the kind of speech acts participants use to convey information, and how participants show their authenticity or expertise through language. The content structure of messages was determined by categorizing entire messages of threads into discursive moves, that is, what a passage contributes to ongoing interaction. Results illustrate that sharing information happens in a certain order on threads, in which there are clear communicative expectations of help-seekers and advice-givers. In view of the help-giving purpose of the forum, there was a preference for sharing personalized information in the form of advice and assessment. Advice-giving can serve to reinforce help-seekers' determination, but is also used to provide specific instructions for action. When assessing, participants normalize concerns through the use of will-future, and reassure with present continuous do and praise efforts. While help-givers legitimize advice and assessment by referring to their own experience, help-seekers show their authenticity by describing withdrawal symptoms and how they are coping. These findings highlight that sharing information and giving support are inextricably linked; the declared persuasive purpose of wanting to affect each other's quitting journey meant that, ultimately, any information or advice is aimed at reinforcing the help-seekers' determination.

SCOPUS_ID:36049051923

"You" and "I," "Us" and "Them": A systemic-discursive approach to the study of ethnic stereotypes in the context of British-Greek heterosexual couple relationships

Systemic family therapy accounts of ethnic stereotypes in the context of ethnically mixed couple relationships have tended to focus on the interpersonal-psychological realm of the couple relationship. Discourse analytic research, on the other hand, has highlighted the role of such stereotypes in the construction of national identity and has stressed the importance of a historical and ideological approach. In this article, we will present our attempt to develop a systemic-discursive approach to the study of stereotypes in the particular context of British-Greek heterosexual couple relationships by building on both fields. © 2007 © FPI, Inc.

SCOPUS_ID:85008400455

"You're only talking - Keeping silence". Light and shade-poem

The author of the article puts Tadeusz Dabrowski's poems, the poet from Gdansk, as the subject to reflextion. The considerations include the following volumes of poetry: Te Deum (2008), Black square (2009), Between (2013). The author analyses the selected poems in reading-response criticism aspect and in the context of the theory of language mediation and the act of communication. By developing allusions to light and shade figure philosophy by Martin Heidegger as well as the analogies of Dabrowski's poetry to photography, he tries to show the specificity of Tadeusz Dabrowski's poetic output.

SCOPUS_ID:84930807585

"amaphi ama-subjects eniwa-enjoy-ayo esikolweni?": Code-switching and language practices among bilingual learners in the Eastern Cape

The speech behaviour in which at least two distinct languages are used in the same conversation (code-switching) is a pervasive feature found in the language produced by fluent bilinguals, particularly when the speakers engage in informal conversation. The multilingual context of South Africa ensures that code-switching is not only a common phenomenon, but that it is probably the most natural speech pattern for presenting multiple identities of self. This study explored the language practices of isiXhosa learners at different stages of an English-medium grade school to determine (a) the stage at which code-switching between isiXhosa and English emerges as a feature of informal speech and (b) the extent to which increased competence in English affects the nature of code-switching which may in turn serve as an indicator of language shift from isiXhosa to English. The study revealed that as early as the Foundation Phase code-switching seems to be a prominent feature of informal speech in certain contexts. More importantly the study revealed that, contrary to expectations, increased competence in English does not necessarily lead to language shift from isiXhosa to English, but rather it leads to more integrated usage of both English and isiXhosa.

SCOPUS_ID:84903203515

"and I am also gay": Illiberal pragmatics, neoliberal homonormativity and LGBT activism in Singapore

For decades, members of Singapore's LGBT communities have been unsuccessfully advocating for rights. However, since the state introduction of the Internet, there has been a profound shift in the relationship between LGBT Singaporeans and their nation. In this article I examine recent Internet-influenced developments in LGBT activism and position them within the framework of illiberal pragmatics, which highlights the ambivalent logic employed by Singaporean authorities when formulating social and legal policy. I describe how illiberal pragmatism, in combination with a Singaporeanspecific neoliberal homonormativity, has changed strategies of LGBT activism and provided new ways to think about rights.

SCOPUS_ID:85126204438

"beautiful work, you're rock stars!": Teacher Analytics to Uncover Discourse that Supports or Undermines Student Motivation, Identity, and Belonging in Classrooms

From carefully crafted messages to flippant remarks, warm expressions to unfriendly grunts, teachers' behaviors set the tone, expectations, and attitudes of the classroom. Thus, it is prudent to identify the ways in which teachers foster motivation, positive identity, and a strong sense of belonging through inclusive messaging and other interactions. We leveraged a new coding of teacher supportive discourse in 156 video clips from 73 6th to 8th grade math teachers from the archival Measures of Effective Teaching (MET) project. We trained Random Forest classifiers using verbal (words used) and paraverbal (acoustic-prosodic cues, e.g., speech rate) features to detect seven features of teacher discourse (e.g., public admonishment, autonomy supportive messages) from transcripts and audio, respectively. While both modalities performed over chance guessing, the specific language content was more predictive than paraverbal cues (mean correlation = .546 vs. .276); combining the two yielded no improvement. We examined the most predictive cues in order to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying messages in teacher talk. We discuss implications of our work for teacher analytics tools that aim to provide educators and researchers with insight into supportive discourse.

SCOPUS_ID:84969940726

"being bilingual means being a foreigner". Categorizing linguistic diversity among students in Danish higher education

One of the effects of the internationalization of Danish higher education is a more mobile and linguistically heterogeneous student population aiming at both the national and international labor market. At the same time efforts to increase participation in higher education among domestic students have resulted in a more diverse student body in terms of social and ethnic background. To some extent the two groups of students overlap but they are treated very differently by the university administration. Whereas students with international experience are counted and categorized as such, and are offered language courses before going abroad or when arriving in Denmark, minority students are either part of the mainstream or identifi ed as in need of remedial courses. The latter does not correspond very well with the general shift towards more learner-centered approaches in higher education, which potentially opens up to a resource perspective on multilingual students' language background. The present paper is a literature review focusing on the various labels used when categorizing students according to their linguistic background. The purpose of this is to raise awareness about labelling as a sensitive issue and to propose a multilingual pedagogical framework for students to benefi t from their full language potential during their academic studies.

SCOPUS_ID:84947072975

"believe me when i say that this is not an attack on American parents": The intercultural in intercultural parenting books

Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother (Chua 2011) and Bringing up bébé: One American mother discovers the wisdom of French parenting (Druckerman 2012) are two recent global bestsellers belonging to a relatively new discursive genre: the intercultural parenting book. The purpose of this article is to present the first findings of an extensive study on this category of texts. I will show in what ways Franco-American intercultural parenting books (FAIPBs) display intercultural features: how do their authors, who not only have intercultural experience but write about this experience, negotiate competing practices and discourses about childrearing from different cultural contexts in their personal narratives? First, the study is placed in the theoretical framework of Cross-Cultural Discourse Analysis. The analysis then focuses on how the authors portray their own intercultural development and interact with their readers to foster intercultural development on their behalf. Finally, the discussion highlights how non-child-centred child rearing, which the authors culturally situate as being a French practice, is discursively promoted. A comparison with "monocultural" guides shows the influence of the community in which the authors were first socialized on their discursive productions, even when they explicitly criticize this community for its childrearing practices.

SCOPUS_ID:85075283248

"bitter-Sweet Love"

This article offers an analysis ofSappho's famous phrase "sweetbitter love" in light of the cognitive linguistic theory of conceptual metaphors. Metaphors drawn from physical source domains in reference to abstract experiences already occur in our earliest sources of ancient Greek literature and the synaesthetic conceptual metaphor EXPERIENCING IS TASTING is weil attested in early Greek poetry. However, Sappho's combination oftwo opposite sensations in reference to the ambiguous feeling of love is probably a novel coinage and so appropriate that its metaphoricity is hardly feit, something that already for Aristotle marked ideal metaphor usage.

SCOPUS_ID:84954305346

"blaming the Flowers for Wilting"

Amid growing concern about the graying population, an emerging theme in public health discourse is that of "successful aging." In this article, we use a governmentality lens to analyze a Canadian health promotion video, titled "Make Health Last: What Will Your Last 10 Years Look Like?" and viewers' responses to its message. The video presents starkly different scenarios of the last decade of life, conveying a neo-liberal rationality in which health in old age is positioned as a matter of individual choice. Our analysis suggests that while viewers generally support the video's message of personal responsibility for health, some are uneasy about implied claims that age-related illness can be prevented by choosing to be healthy. We argue that the video's simplistic messaging about health in later life raises disturbing questions about health promotion campaigns that deny the "normal" aging body and blame the elderly for "deciding" not to remain youthful and healthy.

SCOPUS_ID:84907859286

"but me no buts": The theological debate between the Hasidim and the mitnagdim in light of the discourse-markers theory

The linguistic theory of discourse markers may often help us to decipher the roots of theological controversies in traditional cultures, where both of the parties declare loyalty to the same doctrines. According to this theory, if two sentences are coupled by "but," the conjunction bears the implicature that the statement that comes after the "but" is the one that the speaker wishes to emphasize, or grant salience over the statement that comes before it. Examined on the theological texts of the Hasidim and the Mitnagdim, the theory is proved useful: for the Hasidim, statements on the Simple Unity of God are placed after "but," while the Mitnagdim place statements on the multiplicity in which it appears in our world.

SCOPUS_ID:85027330698

"caught between a Rock and a Hard Place" - Between Discourses of Empowerment and Solicitude: Danish Public Sector Service Professionals' Discourses of Nonattendance

Nonattendance constitutes a profound challenge in public sector services targeting young adults with mental health difficulties. Therefore, researchers and practitioners are occupied with trying to resolve this. For clinicians to be aware of their own naturalized and perhaps inappropriate communicative practices, we investigated the established normative organizational logics behind explanations and strategies related to nonattendance. We performed a critical discourse analysis on material collected through participatory research throughout 2015. Three discourses were identified: solicitude, responsibility, and youth discourse. Although the discourses were complex and entangled, they were used by all practitioners. Furthermore, some of the discourses, especially the responsibility and the solicitude discourses, were inherently tension filled, and practitioners experienced frustration in dealing with these tensions. The youth discourse can be understood as a coping mechanism to deal with these tensions because it distributes responsibility for nonattendance to general social and cultural processes.

SCOPUS_ID:85143279465

"cephalgia" or "migraine"? Solving the headache of assessing clinical reasoning using natural language processing

In this op-ed, we discuss the advantages of leveraging natural language processing (NLP) in the assessment of clinical reasoning. Clinical reasoning is a complex competency that cannot be easily assessed using multiple-choice questions. Constructed-response assessments can more directly measure important aspects of a learner's clinical reasoning ability, but substantial resources are necessary for their use. We provide an overview of INCITE, the Intelligent Clinical Text Evaluator, a scalable NLP-based computer-assisted scoring system that was developed to measure clinical reasoning ability as assessed in the written documentation portion of the now-discontinued USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills examination. We provide the rationale for building a computer-assisted scoring system that is aligned with the intended use of an assessment. We show how INCITE's NLP pipeline was designed with transparency and interpretability in mind, so that every score produced by the computer-assisted system could be traced back to the text segment it evaluated. We next suggest that, as a consequence of INCITE's transparency and interpretability features, the system may easily be repurposed for formative assessment of clinical reasoning. Finally, we provide the reader with the resources to consider in building their own NLP-based assessment tools.

SCOPUS_ID:85080071083

"corsican sociolinguistics": Key words and concepts of a cross-linguistic theory

This article presents the set of the central concepts of so-called "Corsican sociolinguistics" mainly elaborated by Marcellesi. It also shows the history of their collective elaboration within Marcellesi's research center and on the Corsican ground. It aims at showing that they constitute a whole coherent sociolinguistic theory which is useful for many sociolinguistic situations and not only for Corsican.